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Jones-Mote reaction | Article about Jones-Mote reaction by The Free Dictionary
https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Jones-Mote+reaction
(redirected from Jones-Mote reaction)
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hypersensitivity,
heightened response in a body tissue to an antigen or foreign substance. The body normally responds to an antigen by producing specific antibodiesantibody,
protein produced by the immune system (see immunity) in response to the presence in the body of antigens: foreign proteins or polysaccharides such as bacteria, bacterial toxins, viruses, or other cells or proteins.
..... Click the link for more information. against it. The antibodies impart immunityimmunity,
ability of an organism to resist disease by identifying and destroying foreign substances or organisms. Although all animals have some immune capabilities, little is known about nonmammalian immunity.
..... Click the link for more information. for any later exposure to that antigen. When exposure takes place under certain physiological conditions, or in allergic individuals with abnormal immune systems, a heightened immune response results that causes cell damage. Histamines, substances released from damaged cells, cause dilation of small blood vessels, tissue inflammation, and constriction of the bronchi of the lungs. Anaphylaxisanaphylaxis
, hypersensitive state that may develop after introduction of a foreign protein or other antigen into the body tissues. When an anaphylactic state exists, a second dose of the same protein (commonly an antibiotic such as penicillin, or certain insect venoms) will
..... Click the link for more information. is the immediate, sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reaction to drugs or serum to which an individual has been previously sensitized. Serum sicknessserum sickness,
hypersensitive response that occurs after injection of a large amount of foreign protein. The condition is named for the serum taken from horses or other animals immunized against a particular disease, e.g., tetanus or diphtheria.
..... Click the link for more information. is a similar but milder hypersensitivity to serum proteins or drugs that occurs several weeks after injection of foreign material. Delayed reaction allergies occur when cells of the immune system, the lymphocytes, that have previously been sensitized react to antigenic substance. The lymphocytes slowly infiltrate an area, such as skin exposed to poison ivy toxin and cause tissue damage. Anaphylaxis, serum sickness, and delayed sensitivity may occur in otherwise normal, nonallergic individuals as well as allergics, as a response to substances that are highly sensitizing. Individuals with allergic, or atopic, hypersensitivity form special weak types of antibodies, that cause local tissue damage and such symptoms as hiveshives
(urticaria), rash consisting of blotches or localized swellings (wheals) of the skin, caused by an allergic reaction (see allergy). The swelling is caused by distention of the skin capillaries and escape of serum and white cells into the skin and tissues.
..... Click the link for more information. , hay feverhay fever,
seasonal allergy causing inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes. It is characterized by itching about the eyes and nose, sneezing, a profuse watery nasal discharge, and tearing of the eyes.
..... Click the link for more information. , and asthmaasthma
, chronic inflammatory respiratory disease characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, and a tight feeling in the chest. A cough producing sticky mucus is symptomatic.
..... Click the link for more information. . Antihistaminesantihistamine
, any one of a group of compounds having various chemical structures and characterized by the ability to antagonize the effects of histamine. Their principal use in medicine is in the control of allergies such as hay fever and hives.
..... Click the link for more information. are drugs that prevent histamine from acting on blood vessels, bronchioles, and other organs. Acute reactions, such as anaphylaxis, are treated by giving epinephrineepinephrine
, hormone important to the body's metabolism, also known as adrenaline. Epinephrine, a catecholamine, together with norepinephrine, is secreted principally by the medulla of the adrenal gland.
..... Click the link for more information. and other sympathomimetic drugs. Steroids such as cortisonecortisone
, steroid hormone whose main physiological effect is on carbohydrate metabolism. It is synthesized from cholesterol in the outer layer, or cortex, of the adrenal gland under the stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
..... Click the link for more information. are also given to suppress inflammation and depress the immune system. In some cases, hypersensitized individuals receive injections of gradually increasing quantities of the antigenic material to which they are sensitive, in order to avoid or lessen their hypersensitivity to that particular substance.
Heightened reactivity to antigens (molecules capable of stimulating an immune response). Many different examples of hypersensitivity have been recognized in animals and humans. These are often referred to collectively as allergies, and clinically may take such forms as asthma, hives, hay fever, anaphylactic reactions to certain foods or insect venoms, some forms of eczema and kidney diseases, and skin reactions to poison ivy antigens and many other substances. See Antigen
Because molecules foreign to the body are often antigenic, the various forms of hypersensitivity are most commonly induced either by exposure to foreign antigens derived from microorganisms during infections, or by contact with certain noninfectious agents (some plant pollens, some drugs, and certain simple chemicals such as components of poison ivy). However, under certain circumstances, molecules of the body itself can induce an immune response. In these cases, hypersensitivity reactions can be directed against antigens of the body's own organs or tissues. Whether foreign or derived from the body itself, antigenic substances often produce little or no tissue reaction in unsensitized individuals. But once hypersensitivity develops, additional exposure to antigen can give rise to clinically obvious symptoms (hives, sneezing, runny nose), tissue damage, or even (in certain extreme cases) death. See Autoimmunity
The development of hypersensitivity in animals or humans may be divided into two phases. During the first phase, induction of hypersensitivity, exposure of the organism to antigen results in (1) recognition of the antigen by cells of the immune system; (2) proliferation (multiplication) of the types of immune cells that recognize and respond to that antigen; and (3) long-term storage of the information required to recognize and respond to the antigen in immune “memory” cells. Although a variety of cell types assist in these processes, all of the three functions are primarily dependent on various types of lymphocytes.
Once the state of hypersensitivity has been induced, reexposure of the organism to the antigen that induced the response usually leads to the second phase, expression of a hypersensitivity reaction. Hypersensitivity reactions historically have been classified according to two characteristics: the delay between the exposure of a previously sensitized (hypersensitive) individual to antigen and the development of a clinically recognizable reaction; and the types of cells and humoral substances thought to be responsible for the induction and expression of the reaction. According to this scheme, classical delayed hypersensitivity reactions differ from other forms of hypersensitivity in first becoming clinically prominent in sensitized individuals approximately 1 day after exposure to the specific antigen against which the individual expresses hypersensitivity; and depending for their expression on the activity of certain lymphocytes (thymic-dependent lymphocytes, or T cells) rather than soluble antibodies. By contrast, immediate hypersensitivity reactions may develop within seconds or minutes of exposure to specific antigen, and require the participation of antibodies. See Antibody
In addition to its association with certain infections, delayed hypersensitivity has been implicated in a variety of noninfectious disease processes. These include the annoying reactions induced in some individuals by contact with certain plants (for example, poison ivy), detergents, or drugs, as well as certain of the immune responses resulting in the rejection of transplanted tissues such as skin, kidneys, and hearts. In many of these processes, the immunological reactions are thought largely to reflect the activity of T lymphocytes (as in classical delayed hypersensitivity), whereas in others soluble antibodies may also have a role. See Cellular immunology, Transplantation biology
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, collectively known as allergies, occur usually within minutes or up to a few hours after inhalation, ingestion, or injection of an antigen. Such reactions may be severe, even life-threatening, such as anaphylactic shock and asthma, or relatively minor but uncomfortable, such as hay fever or urticaria (hives). They may be of short duration—hours for anaphylaxis—or prolonged for several days or even weeks, as in immune complex-induced vasculitis. See Allergy
Hypersensitivities have been classified into four main types with different mechanisms: type I, anaphylaxis or atopy; type II, cytotoxic or cytolytic; type III, immune complex or Arthus reaction; and type IV, delayed or cellular-immune; the last type has been described above.
In type I the antigen is recognized immunologically upon first exposure and initiates antibody formation, usually of immunoglobulin E (IgE) or IgG class. IgE-mediated allergy, known as atopy, has a strong hereditary component, and occurs commonly in humans and dogs, while IgG-mediated anaphylaxis can occur in most vertebrates. The antibodies (IgE or IgG) attach or fix to target cells, such as tissue mast cells and blood basophils. Upon subsequent exposure to the antigen, the target cell–fixed antibodies react with antigen to cause degranulation and release of chemical mediators, such as histamine. See Histamine, Immunoglobulin
In cytotoxic or cytolytic (type II) reactions, the antigen may be certain altered body cells themselves; they may be altered physically or by chemicals and drugs attached to the cells. These are usually circulating cells, such as red blood cells coated with penicillin, platelets coated with a drug, or white blood cells coated with sulfonamides. Altered cells are recognized by the body's immune system as foreign or altered self, and IgG or IgM antibodies are formed which react with the altered cells and activate the serum complement enzymatic cascade that culminates in the lysis of the altered cells. Thus, cytotoxic hypersensitivity leads to anemia, bleeding due to low platelet levels, and increased infections from loss of white blood cells (agranulocytosis).
In immune complex or Arthus (Type III) reaction, neither antibody nor antigen is fixed to cells. Rather, they combine in various ratios in blood and tissues. If they are in the proper ratio, they form microprecipitates, or immune complexes, in capillaries and venules. The immune complexes activate complement to form chemoattractants for neutrophils and monocytes. Microprecipitates and phagocytosing neutrophils block the small vessels, resulting in a typical Arthus reaction—lack of blood to the tissue and subsequent tissue necrosis and death.
[¦hī·pər‚sen·sə′tiv·əd·ē]
(immunology)
The state of being abnormally sensitive, especially to allergens; responsible for allergic reactions.
<a href="https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Jones-Mote+reaction">hypersensitivity</a>
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John T Wolohan
Syracuse University, Department of Sport Management
Press and Media (13)
John T. Wolohan is a sports lawyer, academic, consultant, and author. He joined Syracuse University Sport Management program in 2011 and the Syracuse University College of Law in 2014. In addition to having published numerous articles on legal issues in sport and being one of the lead editors of the book “Law for Recreation and Sport Managers” by Cotten and Wolohan, Professor Wolohan has been teaching and working in the fields of sports law, gaming law, and sports media rights for over 25 years.
Professor Wolohan is a frequent speaker, panelist, and moderator at professional organization meetings, sports law and business conferences, and law schools. He has spoken or moderated at, among others, American Bar Association, the Sports Lawyers Association, the Australian & New Zealand Sports Law Association, National Sports Law Institute, Sport and Recreation Law Association, ,International Association of Sports Law, Syracuse Law School’s Sports Law Symposium, George Washington University Law School, China University of Political Science and law, International Sport Business Symposium, the European Association of Sport Management and Tencent's Digital Sports Global Summit.
Sociology, M.A., Syracuse University
Law, J.D., Western New England University
History, B.A., University of Massachusetts Amherst
Doping in Sports
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics where John T Wolohan is active. These topic labels come from the works of this person. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Sexual Harassment Medicine & Life Sciences
Athletes Medicine & Life Sciences
Sports Social Sciences
Students Medicine & Life Sciences
Law Social Sciences
school law Social Sciences
Sexual harassment Business & Economics
recreation Social Sciences
A further anti-trust challenge to the NCAA’s athlete compensation cap (In Re: NCAA Athletic Grant-in-Aid Cap.)
Wolohan, J. T., Apr 12 2019, In : LawinSport.
Paving the way to professionalism for college athletes – A review of California’s Fair Pay for Play Act
Wolohan, J. T., Sep 20 2019, In : LawinSport.
How legal sports betting could benefit the pro leagues
Wolohan, J. T., May 21 2018, Fortune.
School Board found Negligent in Coach’s Abuse
Wolohan, J. T. & Gao, F., Nov 2018, 3 p. Athletic Business.
Sports Betting in the States, and the Future of the Game
Wolohan, J. T., Sep 2018, In : SocialEducation. 82, 4, p. 184 - 187 4 p.
Post-Murphy v. NCAA: What is the Future Sports Betting Landscape in the United States?
John T Wolohan (Speaker)
Hyperandrogenism and the IAAF Gender Verification Regulations: Are they Really Designed to “Ensure Fair and Meaningful Competition”?
The Intersection of Athletics and Higher Education
John T Wolohan (Invited speaker)
International Symposium on Theory and Practice of Sports Law in New Era
John T Wolohan (Participant)
Australian & New Zealand Sports Law Association (ANZSLA) Conference
China state broadcaster and Tencent stop airing pre-season NBA games
Law Allowing College Players to Profit From Their Image Has Big Implications
Purdue U. Wants to Bar Professors From Betting on Its Games. Here’s Why.
Conduct annual audit of athletic programs to ensure compliance with Title IX
Oakland files lawsuit against NFL for Raiders’ move to Las Vegas
View all 13 press and media
Contact John T Wolohan
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LINGUIST 65: African American Vernacular English (AFRICAAM 21, CSRE 21, LINGUIST 265)
Vocabulary, pronunciation and grammatical features of the systematic and vibrant vernacular English [AAVE] spoken by African Americans in the US, its historical relation to British dialects, and to English creoles spoken on the S. Carolina Sea Islands (Gullah), in the Caribbean, and in W. Africa. The course will also explore the role of AAVE in the Living Arts of African Americans, as exemplified by writers, preachers, comedians and actors, singers, toasters and rappers, and its connections with challenges that AAVE speakers face in the classroom and courtroom. Service Learning Course (certified by Haas Center). UNITS: 3-5 units. Most students should register for 4 units. Students willing and able to tutor an AAVE speaking child in East Palo Alto and write an additional paper about the experience may register for 5 units, but should consult the instructor first. Students who, for exceptional reasons, need a reduced course load, may request a reduction to 3 units, but more of their course grade will come from exams, and they will be excluded from group participation in the popular AAVE Happenin at the end of the course.
Terms: Spr | Units: 3-5 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, GER:EC-AmerCul, WAY-ED
Instructors: Rickford, J. (PI) ; Anderson, M. (TA) ; Mendelsohn, J. (TA) ; Mengesha, Z. (TA)
LINGUIST 65 | 3-5 units | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, GER:EC-AmerCul, WAY-ED | Class # 29387 | Section 01 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | LEC | Students enrolled: 17 / 30
04/01/2019 - 06/05/2019 Tue, Thu 3:00 PM - 4:20 PM at 160-124 with Rickford, J. (PI); Mendelsohn, J. (TA); Mengesha, Z. (TA)
Instructors: Rickford, J. (PI); Mendelsohn, J. (TA); Mengesha, Z. (TA)
LINGUIST 65 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, GER:EC-AmerCul, WAY-ED | Class # 29388 | Section 02 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | DIS | Students enrolled: 8
04/01/2019 - 06/05/2019 Tue 4:30 PM - 5:20 PM at 160-319 with Mendelsohn, J. (TA)
Instructors: Mendelsohn, J. (TA)
LINGUIST 65 | 3-5 units | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, GER:EC-AmerCul, WAY-ED | Class # 34600 (CANCELLED) | Section 03 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | LEC
LINGUIST 65 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, GER:EC-AmerCul, WAY-ED | Class # 34601 | Section 04 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | DIS
04/01/2019 - 06/05/2019 Thu 6:30 PM - 7:20 PM at 160-328 with Mengesha, Z. (TA)
Instructors: Mengesha, Z. (TA)
04/01/2019 - 06/05/2019 Wed 4:30 PM - 5:20 PM at 160-323 with Anderson, M. (TA); Mengesha, Z. (TA)
Instructors: Anderson, M. (TA); Mengesha, Z. (TA)
LINGUIST 83Q: Translation
Preference to Sophomores. What is a translation? The increased need for translations in the modern world due to factors such as tourism and terrorism, localization and globalization, diplomacy and treaties, law and religion, and literature and science. How to meet this need; different kinds of translation for different purposes; what makes one translation better than another; why some texts are more difficult to translate than others. Can some of this work be done by machines? Are there things that cannot be said in some languages?
Terms: Win | Units: 3 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci
Instructors: Kay, M. (PI)
LINGUIST 83Q | 3 units | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci | Class # 30690 | Section 01 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | ISS | Students enrolled: 8
01/07/2019 - 03/15/2019 Mon, Wed 3:30 PM - 5:20 PM at 460-126 with Kay, M. (PI)
Notes: Introductory Seminar. Preference to sophomores; first-year students admitted if space available. Advance sign-up process and deadlines at http://introsems.stanford.edu. Preference to sophomores.
LINGUIST 105: Phonetics (LINGUIST 205A)
Phonetics is the systematic study of speech. In this class, we will learn about the physical gestures and timing involved in the articulation of spoken language and about the resulting acoustic signal that is decoded into linguistic units by the human auditory system. The class is structured into two parts: A practical lab component, and a class component. This course highlights both the complexity of the physical nature of producing spoken language, and the highly variable acoustic signal that is interpreted by listeners as language. By the end of this course, you should: (1) Understand the process of preparing an utterance to articulating it; (2) Understand the basic acoustic properties of speech; (3) Provide detailed phonetic transcriptions of speech; (4) Produce and understand the gestures involved in nearly all of the world's speech sounds, and (5) Understand the ways this knowledge can be used to advance our understanding of spoken language understanding by humans and machines.
Terms: Win | Units: 4 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-SMA
Instructors: Sumner, M. (PI) ; Gratton, C. (TA)
LINGUIST 105 | 4 units | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-SMA | Class # 27412 | Section 01 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | LEC | Students enrolled: 52 / 45
01/07/2019 - 03/15/2019 Tue, Thu 9:00 AM - 10:20 AM at School of Education 334 with Sumner, M. (PI); Gratton, C. (TA)
Instructors: Sumner, M. (PI); Gratton, C. (TA)
LINGUIST 105 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-SMA | Class # 31460 | Section 02 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | DIS | Students enrolled: 17 / 18
01/07/2019 - 03/15/2019 Thu 10:30 AM - 11:20 AM at 20-21G with Gratton, C. (TA)
Instructors: Gratton, C. (TA)
01/07/2019 - 03/15/2019 Fri 9:30 AM - 10:20 AM at 260-004 with Gratton, C. (TA)
01/07/2019 - 03/15/2019 Fri 10:30 AM - 11:20 AM at 260-004 with Gratton, C. (TA)
LINGUIST 110: Introduction to Phonology
Introduction to the sound systems of the world's languages, their similarities and differences. Theories that account for the tacit generalizations that govern the sound patterns of languages.
Terms: Aut | Units: 4 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-FR
Instructors: Anttila, A. (PI) ; Borgeson, S. (TA)
LINGUIST 110 | 4 units | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-FR | Class # 27908 | Section 01 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | LEC | Students enrolled: 18
09/24/2018 - 12/07/2018 Tue, Thu 9:00 AM - 10:20 AM at School of Education 334 with Anttila, A. (PI); Borgeson, S. (TA)
Instructors: Anttila, A. (PI); Borgeson, S. (TA)
LINGUIST 110 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-FR | Class # 30123 | Section 02 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | DIS | Students enrolled: 9
09/24/2018 - 12/07/2018 Wed 9:30 AM - 10:20 AM at 200-107 with Borgeson, S. (TA)
Instructors: Borgeson, S. (TA)
LINGUIST 120: Introduction to Syntax
Grammatical constructions, primarily English, and their consequences for a general theory of language. Practical experience in forming and testing linguistic hypotheses, reading, and constructing rules.
Last offered: Autumn 2015 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-FR
LINGUIST 130A: Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics (LINGUIST 230A)
Linguistic meaning and its role in communication. Topics include logical semantics, conversational implicature, presupposition, and speech acts. Applications to issues in politics, the law, philosophy, advertising, and natural language processing. Those who have not taken logic, such as PHIL 150 or 151, should attend section. Pre- or corequisite: 120, 121, consent of instructor, or graduate standing in Linguistics.
Terms: Win | Units: 4 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-FR
Instructors: Potts, C. (PI) ; Cohn-Gordon, R. (TA) ; Korat, O. (TA)
LINGUIST 130A | 4 units | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-FR | Class # 29020 | Section 01 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | LEC | Students enrolled: 50 / 80
01/07/2019 - 03/15/2019 Tue, Thu 10:30 AM - 11:50 AM at McCullough 115 with Potts, C. (PI); Cohn-Gordon, R. (TA); Korat, O. (TA)
Instructors: Potts, C. (PI); Cohn-Gordon, R. (TA); Korat, O. (TA)
LINGUIST 130A | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-FR | Class # 29021 | Section 02 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | DIS | Students enrolled: 20 / 30
01/07/2019 - 03/15/2019 - with Cohn-Gordon, R. (TA)
Instructors: Cohn-Gordon, R. (TA)
LINGUIST 130A | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-FR | Class # 33534 | Section 03 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | DIS | Students enrolled: 1
01/07/2019 - 03/15/2019 Fri 2:30 PM - 3:20 PM at 160-314 with Cohn-Gordon, R. (TA); Korat, O. (TA)
Instructors: Cohn-Gordon, R. (TA); Korat, O. (TA)
LINGUIST 130B: Introduction to Lexical Semantics
Introduction to basic concepts and issues in the linguistic study of word meaning. We explore grammatical regularities in word meaning and the relation between word meaning and the conceptual realm. The questions we address include the following. How is the meaning of a word determined from its internal structure? How can simple words have complex meanings? What is a possible word? How does a word's meaning determine the word's syntactic distribution and what kind of reasoning does it support? What kind of information belongs to the lexical entry of a word? The course will show that the investigation of the linguistic and semantic structure of words draws on the full resources of linguistic theory and methodology. Prerequisites: Linguist 1 or equivalent or permission of the instructor. Linguist 130A is not a prerequisite for this course.
Terms: Spr | Units: 3-4 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-FR
Instructors: Condoravdi, C. (PI) ; Luo, Y. (TA)
LINGUIST 130B | 3-4 units | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-FR | Class # 30954 | Section 01 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | LEC | Students enrolled: 34 / 35
04/01/2019 - 06/05/2019 Tue, Thu 3:00 PM - 4:20 PM at Econ 139 with Condoravdi, C. (PI); Luo, Y. (TA)
Instructors: Condoravdi, C. (PI); Luo, Y. (TA)
LINGUIST 130B | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-FR | Class # 31796 | Section 02 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | DIS | Students enrolled: 5
04/01/2019 - 06/05/2019 Tue 4:30 PM - 5:20 PM at 240-101 with Luo, Y. (TA)
Instructors: Luo, Y. (TA)
LINGUIST 140: Learning to Speak: An Introduction to Child Language Acquisition
None of us were born talking. We all had to learn it. How did we do that? We start the journey by looking at the perception of sounds before birth. We follow infants as they discover the sounds of their native languages. We talk about how the infant mind breaks the speech stream into words, phrases, and sentences; how it makes sense of language and uses it to convey thoughts and feelings. We finish by discussing how the majority of children in the world learn two or more languages at once. The course content will introduce you to major topics in child language acquisition. Assignments will help you develop skills in collecting, analyzing, and reporting empirical data. The class project involves collecting data from children at the Bing Nursery school on campus as well as the analysis of a large dataset of children's speech online. Class discussion and projects focus on giving you a hands-on experience with critical and scientific thinking.
Last offered: Spring 2018 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci
LINGUIST 142: Heritage Languages (LINGUIST 242)
The linguistic and cultural properties of Heritage languages, which are partially acquired and supplanted by a dominant language in childhood. Topics: Syntactic, phonological and morphological properties of heritage languages, implications from experimental HL research for language universals, cultural vs. linguistic knowledge, the role of schooling in HL competence, influence of the dominant language on the HL, and pedagogical issues for HL learners in the classroom.
LINGUIST 150: Language and Society
How language and society affect each other. Class, age, ethnic, and gender differences in speech. Prestige and stigma associated with different ways of speaking and the politics of language. The strategic use of language. Stylistic practice; how speakers use language to construct styles and adapt their language to different audiences and social contexts. This course must be taken for a minimum of 3 units to be eligible for Ways credit.
Terms: Aut | Units: 4 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-ED, WAY-SI
Instructors: Hilton, K. (PI)
LINGUIST 150 | 4 units | UG Reqs: GER:DB-SocSci, WAY-ED, WAY-SI | Class # 30124 | Section 01 | Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit | LEC | Students enrolled: 16 / 25
09/24/2018 - 12/07/2018 Mon, Wed 10:30 AM - 12:20 PM at 380-381T with Hilton, K. (PI)
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Phones Technology
Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ beat iPhone 7 Plus in Customer Reports
Emma Stocking
The new Samsung flagship devices have beaten all the other incredible smartphones by taking first two spots on the list, according to the latest Consumer Reports.
After facing a so much criticism on the launch of the disastrous smartphone Galaxy Note 7, Samsung launched the two most prevailing and astounding smartphones later, as a compensation of the ‘burns’.
The two smartphone Galaxy S8 and S8+has performed outstandingly well according to the latest Consumer Reports and the two flagship devices ranked as the best two smartphones.
Samsung Galaxy S8+ is leading the list whereas the other flagship device pf the company Galaxy S8 stood second. For the narrow and sleek design and extraordinary battery life, the Consumer Reports extol the smartphone.
The iPhone 7 Plus and LG G6 featured a dual camera setup but this feature couldn’t defeat top notch cameras of Samsung smartphones. The LG G6 stood in the fourth place and Apple’s iPhone 7 Plus took the fifth place.
It seems like Samsung has taken over the smartphone world as the third spot is also taken by Samsung’s another startling smartphone Galaxy S7 edge.
This is quite predictive as Samsung has given a new sleek design to the latest flagship devices, the bezel-less display without a physical home button enhance the exquisiteness of the smartphones.
The ability of the devices to survive underwater and the bezel-less display were also lauded in the report. Well, there are some things which the Consumer reporter’s folks didn’t like was its one-handed operation and the recommendations to try out the smartphone before the users purchase them.
Richard Fisco (the lead phone tester) stated, “Even on the smaller model, it will be hard for most users to reach the upper regions of the screen with their thumb.”
This can be a minor drawback but it won’t affect the devices as there are many other compelling features which are packed in Galaxy S8 and S8+. The camera of the two incredible smartphones is heavily praised as it enables the user to capture some amazing shots in low light.
The video-recording capabilities of Samsung devices are simply outstanding and the users who are looking for a smartphone that has a sleek design and remarkable camera then one should go for Samsung’s new handsets ( S8 or S8+).
The reports states, “Finally, a few top-end cameras, including the iPhone 7 Plus and the LG G6, have dual rear-facing cameras, to enhance either zoom or wide-angle photography. The Samsung phones haven’t gone that route yet—and we don’t think they suffer for it.”
It seems like Samsung has taken seriously the failure of Galaxy Note 7 and now has brought two impressive smartphones which are dominating the top smartphones list.
Apple’s iPhone 7 Plus was launched nine months ago and this might be the reason for placing it on the fifth spot. But the three smartphones which are leading the list are launched recently and therefore, a change in the rankings can be expected after the launch of iPhone 8.
By the end of this year, the competition will become hard-hitting between the two technology giants as Samsung is all set to launch its big screen phone Note 8 with a Snapdragon 836 chip which will be the smartphone to feature it.
Samsung has put a lot of pressure on Apple, now let’s see whether Apple will be able to defeat Samsung or not.
Upcoming iPhones will have ‘Wireless Charging’ and ‘Waterproofing’ technologies
BIKI – The World’s First Bionic Robot Fish
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by Fairtrade America and Friends
True fair trade is about mutually beneficial relationships rooted in trust and respect spanning geographic and cultural boundaries.
As a global movement, fair trade brings attention to people around the world who work under exploitative conditions and highlights the true costs of goods in global supply chains. Organizations and activists, businesses and brands, farmers, workers and artisans have diligently worked for more than 40 years to bring greater balance to the terms of trade.
In recent months, we have watched as the term ‘fair trade’ has been grossly misused by politicians to energize their supporters while vilifying others. We have seen the term used to exclude people and encourage an isolationist agenda. These ideas stand in direct opposition to the concepts of justice and inclusivity that underlie our movement.
For far too long, conventional trade has maintained a narrow focus on the lowest common denominator. Efficiency at all costs, lower prices, and little consideration for the full social, economic and environmental impacts have been hallmarks of conventional international trade. Massive consolidation of power in supply chains has resulted in fewer options for consumers, farmers and workers, and unprecedented wealth controlled by few. Oxfam’s recent report on global inequality revealed that just eight men control more wealth than the world’s 3.6 billion poorest people combined.
If we hope for a society – in the U.S. and around the world – that is more equal and just, we must press trade into the service of people.
Global trade and the trade deals that accompany it are not inherently bad. They provide an opportunity to deliver the benefits of trade more broadly, but only if they are used for that purpose. Fair trade, with its focus on inclusion and empowerment, shows that trade can – and must – be more equitable.
True fair trade creates shared value throughout supply chains.
True fair trade promotes openness and transparency.
True fair trade respects human rights.
True fair trade supports diversity.
We the undersigned support trade that is truly equitable for all, including artisans, farmers and workers, traders and brands, consumers and civil society. Fair trade will never be about exclusion, but about expanding the benefits of trade for those who need it most.
As the U.S. considers renegotiating or entering into new international trade agreements, we encourage the inclusion of true fair trade principles. We urge all who care about human rights, shared value, transparency and diversity to call, write or meet with their elected officials and make your voice heard.
Fair World Project
Fairtrade America
Fair Trade Federation
Fair Trade USA
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Poi (performance art)
(Redirected from Glowsticking)
This article is about the performance art. For other uses, see Poi (disambiguation).
Find sources: "Poi" performance art – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Traditional poi performance using short style poi
Poi refers to both a style of performing art and the equipment used for engaging in poi performance. As a performance art, poi involves swinging tethered weights through a variety of rhythmical and geometric patterns. Poi artists may also sing or dance while swinging their poi. Poi can be made from various materials with different handles, weights, and effects (such as fire).
Poi originated with the Māori people of New Zealand, where it is still practiced today. Poi has also gained a following in many other countries. The expansion of poi culture has led to a significant evolution of the styles practiced, the tools used, and the definition of the word "poi."
1 Māori culture
1.1 Traditional construction
2 Modern poi
2.1 Practice poi
2.2 Performance poi
2.3 Glow poi
2.4 Meteor
2.5 Fire poi
3 Health benefits of poi
Māori cultureEdit
A dance using traditional poi at Tāmaki Māori Village
In the Māori language, poi can mean the physical objects used by the dancers, the choreography itself, or the accompanying music.[1] In Māori culture, poi performance is usually practiced by women. Some legends indicate that it was first used by men to develop wrist flexibility for the use of hand weapons such as the club-like patu, mere, and kotiate,[2] but recent academic study has found no evidence to confirm this story.[3]
Māori poi come in two forms: short, with strings equal to the length of the fingertips to the wrist; and long, with strings equal to the distance from fingertips to shoulder.[4][5] A performance includes storytelling and singing in conjunction with choreographed poi routines and is often presented alongside other disciplines, such as waiata a ringa, haka and titi torea (included in kapa haka performances). Poi feature in the 1980s hit song "Poi E".[6]
Traditional constructionEdit
Early 20th-century Māori poi at the South Canterbury Museum in Timaru, New Zealand. Made of raupō and stuffed with newspaper.
Originally, poi were most commonly made from harakeke (New Zealand flax, Phormium tenax) and raupō (Typha orientalis). Makers stripped and scraped flax to provide the muka (inner flax fibre), which was twisted into two strands to make the taura (cord) as well as the aho (ties). A large knot was tied at one end of the cord, around which the core was formed from the pithy middle of the raupō stem. Dampened strips of raupō stems were then wrapped around the ball and tied off around the cord, forming the covering . The other end of the cord was often decorated with a mukamuka, a tassel made from muka formed around a smaller knot. Occasionally, smaller tassels called poi piu were affixed to the base of the poi ball.[7] Construction and design varied widely depending on regional, tribal, and personal preferences.
Another variety of poi is poi tāniko. In this construction, the outer shell was made of finely woven muka using a pattern based on a fishing net;[8] these poi sometimes included strands that were dyed yellow to form a diamond pattern known as Te Karu ō te Atua (the Eye of God).
In the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, a cottage industry developed from the manufacture of raupō poi for sale to tourists, especially in the Rotorua area. Tourist-friendly variations included miniature poi that could be worn in buttonholes and as earrings.
Traditional raupō poi are less likely to be used by modern poi artists since traditional materials wear quickly with frequent use. Also, flax and raupō are becoming increasingly difficult to find as the wetlands where they are naturally found have been drained or made into conservation reserves (although traditional harvesting is, generally, allowed by law).
Today, most performance poi are made from durable and readily available modern materials. Cores are often made of foam or crumpled paper, while skins consist of plastic or loomed fabrics, such as tulle. Tassels are usually made of wool.
Modern poiEdit
Performer with fire poi
Modern poi coexists with traditional Maori poi and enjoys a broader, worldwide audience.
Traditional Maori poi is generally performed in group choreography at cultural events, with vocal and musical accompaniment. By contrast, modern poi is generally performed by individuals, without singing and with less structured choreography. The tools and styles used are more varied. Many people first encounter poi in the form of fire spinning, but fire spinning is just one form of this highly varied art.[9]
Modern poi borrows significantly from other physical arts, including various schools of dance and many object manipulation arts. Poi is practiced around the world and can often be seen at large festivals like Burning Man, European Juggling Convention.
Unlike many physical arts, learning poi does not usually involve formal education. Most spinners learn from each other or teach themselves using DVDs or online resources. A strong sense of community and self-teaching are key elements of modern poi.[10]
Poi with streamers
Practice poiEdit
Beginners often learn using a simple pair of practice poi, which are typically constructed from soft materials such as socks or stockings that are weighted with soft household objects such as bean bags, juggling balls, balloons filled with legumes, or small toys. Simple poi can also be constructed from tennis balls and lengths of rope.
More advanced practice poi models can include swivels (for orbital-type tricks), weighted handles (for tosses), or incorporate contact stage balls to enable the spinner to execute contact poi moves (i.e., rolls and fishtails).
Performance poiEdit
Performers often use poi with bright, contrasting colors to enhance aesthetics and emphasize patterns. Some performance poi also incorporate tails or streamers for visual effect.
Glow poi
Glow poiEdit
Poi can be performed in the dark to dramatic effect when spinners use poi containing a light source, such as UV-sensitive materials, LED lights, or chemical glow sticks. Glowstringing, or using glowsticks swung from shoelaces, is popular at festivals and raves. It is also noted that while poi focuses on the manipulation of the head (the other side of the cord/chain from where you are holding), glowstringing focuses on the manipulation of the cord.
MeteorEdit
Meteor were cross-adapted from poi and from a Chinese martial arts weapon called the meteor hammer. The meteor is often constructed similar to poi, or can actually be made using poi. The meteor, however, also incorporates an additional short chain, rope, or bar in the center. This format means that most poi skills will translate to meteor, plus some staff, rope dart and chain whip skills as well.
Fire poiEdit
See also: Fire performance
Fire poi use wicks made from kevlar or Technora or another flame resistant material for the weighted ends. The wicks are soaked in fuel, set on fire, and then spun for dramatic effect.
Health benefits of poiEdit
A scientific study conducted by Kate Riegle van West at the University of Auckland showed significant improvements in grip strength, balance, and attention after one month of poi practice.[11] She and others in various countries are working with poi as a therapeutic intervention and helping organisations implement poi wellbeing programmes.[12]
Circus skills
Eskimo yo-yo
Hooping
Meteor hammer
Poi tricks
^ Huata, Ngāmoni (2000), Te Rita Papesch, ed., The rhythm and life of poi, Auckland: HarperCollins, ISBN 1-86950-273-6, pg 12
^ Poi Dance, TKI
^ Paringatai, Karyn (2004). Poia mai taku poi: Unearthing the knowledge of the past. Masters thesis, University of Otago.
^ Poi at TKI
^ Poi performance video
^ Poi E, nzhistory.net.nz
^ Huata, pp 88-98
^ Huata pp99-100
^ Riegle-Van West, K. (2018). The effects of International Poi on physical, cognitive, and emotional health in healthy older adults (Thesis thesis). ResearchSpace@Auckland.
^ Riegle van West, Kate; Stinear, Cathy; Buck, Ralph (February 2019). "The Effects of Poi on Physical and Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults". Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. 27 (1): 44–52. doi:10.1123/japa.2017-0273. ISSN 1063-8652. PMID 29543125.
^ Riegle van West, Kate. "SpinPoi". SpinPoi: Poi Health Research. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
Further readingEdit
Riegle van West, Kate (2018). The effects of International Poi on physical, cognitive, and emotional health in healthy older adults. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/37338
Huata, Ngāmoni (2000), Te Rita Papesch (ed.), The rhythm and life of poi, Auckland: HarperCollins, ISBN 1-86950-273-6
Shennan, Jennifer & McLean, Mervyn (September 1979). Remarks on Youngerman's "Maori Dancing since the Eighteenth Century". Ethnomusicology 23 (3), pp. 493–499.
Youngerman, Suzanne (January 1974). Maori Dancing since the Eighteenth Century. Ethnomusicology 18 (1), pp. 75–100.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Poi.
Poi in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Maori.org.nz Traditional Māori poi performance
Maori Poi Performance Origins and Tricks of Poi
Research in New Zealand Performing Arts - a free online research journal that discusses Maori music and related performing
Home of Poi - a repository of community-created learning videos, along with active discussion forums on poi and performance
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poi_(performance_art)&oldid=931564095#Glow_poi/glowstringing"
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Amanda Cassar as @FinanceChicks
All About @financechicks
Business Chicks, The Hunger Project, Travels & Adventures
A Good Horn, Good Brakes, and Good Luck!
Image February 9, 2019 Amanda Cassar @financechicks Leave a comment
So, it turns out that you go to sleep to the sounds of horns blasting and awake to the same frenetic activity. It kind of completely set the tone for a dynamic tour of Delhi and an amazing introduction to India.
In Australia, hearing a horn means you’ve done or seen something stupid or seriously upset a fellow traveler. In India it means, ‘hey, I’m here, look out!’ Or even, ‘I’m just completely in love with this horn that my vehicle has kindly provided for my unlimited use and intend to show my gratitude repeatedly.’ Road markings are a complete joke and aren’t even used as a guideline for motorists, riders or those pushing a cart.
Opting to immediately head out to explore the sights, rather than wallowing in my one night only special upgraded suite with a spa, I did a spot of research, and found a private all day tour for AU$50 and set off to hit the town… the Old Town to start with.
My driver Rahul told me that you need three things when driving in India: a good horn, good brakes and good luck! (he may need more luck with the brakes…)
And what an epic day it turned out to be. Although it felt unhurried and quite relaxed, we managed to visit some amazing places. Hindus, Muslims, Christians and Buddhists all reside in India and its sites and architecture reflect its diverse history.
I met my guide Qayoom when we started at the Jama Masjid, the largest Mosque in Delhi (incredible architecture) and snooped at the view of Old Delhi from all three gates. Shoes off and swathed in a bright yellow wrap, I wandered the walls of this building that can house 25,000 worshipers at a single time.
It was then a bicycle rickshaw ride through the Chandni Chowk area to see some more sights.
Zinat-ul Masjid or the Fatahpuri Mosque, surrounded by homes for those learning, and schools for children, was next. Koi splashed in the pond set aside for wudu (ceremonial washing before entering a mosque) as plans were underway to set up for Friday worship.
This was soon followed by a spot of shopping for the alleged purest spices on earth at the bazaar. (I may or may not be eating butter chicken and green curry for some time to come!) Seeing man and beast hauling the goods on carts from the supply areas to the shops made me almost glad of an office job.
Next up was a wander around the outside of the Red Fort which commenced its life in 1639 and was completed in 1648, taking almost 9 years to finish. It remained the main residence of the emperors of the Mughal dynasty for the next 200 years and today houses a number of museums (currently under renovation.)
We reconnected with Rahul here and made our way to Raj Ghat, the final resting place and memorial site for Mahatma Gandhi. Judging by the number of school groups on site, he’s still as highly revered for brokering a peaceful independence for India as he was back in the day… before being stopped by a bullet.
As it turns out, blondes may have more fun and I was accosted by bold, young schoolboys wanting photos with the white lady to mark their time at Raj Ghat, and smiles and waves from the shyer girls. (Unsure how pics of the granddaughter of a British Indian army officer will fit into their school report on this important excursion in their formative years.)
Up after that was an authentic Indian lunch at Pindi, with resident snake charmer lurking outside! I think I could have truly finished my tour right there with a full stomach and great pics, but there was still so much more to accomplish.
Isa Khan’s (an Afghan noble who fought against the Mughal’s) garden tomb followed, complete with new puppies, and it felt like I’d entered Dome Appreciation Day by the end of this site visit. There’s truly some clever people and amazing artisans who helped create these brilliant buildings. It’s kind of a shame that their residents don’t get to truly enjoy their final resting place. But then, maybe the traipsing of millions of tourists around their graves would be some consolation in that at least, they are remembered.
The Bu-Halima gateway then took us through to the real reason for our visit here, Humayun’s Tomb, another great building with extensive use of red sandstone, a final resting place for an Indian Moghul, as commissioned by his first wife and chief consort, and set in spectacular grounds. It’s now a UNESCO World Heritage site and well worth a wander – but if you can’t handle seriously steep stairs, it may not be for you!
And last stop, which we just made in the nick of time, was the $10 million, white marble Baha’i Lotus Temple. Twenty -seven large petals forming nine sides, and nine swimming pools complete this House of Worship that has become a prominent attraction. The temple is available as a place of reflection regardless of your personal religious affiliation, or lack thereof. CNN has referred to it as the most visited building in the world. And with the sun setting behind, it was a fitting end to a big day and wonderful introduction to Delhi.
If you’ve been before, what are some of your highlights and ‘must-do’ things in this incredible city? Or, if you haven’t been, what’s on your bucket list? There’s still more to come from me! I’ve only just begun…
Chandni ChowkIndiaJama MosqueLotus TempleNew DelhiSpice Markettravel
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A little bit of life, travel and money… according to Amanda Cassar
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Dr Joble Joseph
General (internal) medicine, Renal medicine
Dr Joseph trained at St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry. He went on to complete his Higher Specialist Training in Renal Medicine and General Medicine in London including posts at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, St George's Hospital and King's College Hospital.
He sees all manner of renal and general medical patients. He has a special interest in hypertension runs such a service in his NHS practice. He manages a variety of nephrology patients requiring specialist renal input including electrolyte disturbance, proteinuria, microscopic haematuria, renal diabetes, renal anaemia, chronic renal failure, acute kidney injury, long term transplant management and those requiring renal replacement therapy (dialysis).
Dr Joseph also sees patients who have unexplained symptoms or those who fall in the category of general medical conditions.
All adult patients including adult and chronic kidney disease; hypertension (elevated blood pressure); electrolyte disturbance; proteinuria; microscopic haematuria; dipstick haematuria; renal diabetes; renal anaemia; chronic renal failure; acute kidney injury; polycystic kidney disease; renovascular disease; glomerulonephritis; nephrotic syndrome; dialysis
Consultant in Nephrology and General Medicine
Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
Fellow Royal College of Physicians 2018
BSc (Hons) St Bartholomew’s & The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry 1998
MBBS St Bartholomew’s & The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry 2001
Master of Business Administration (MBA) Cass Business School 2011
CCT Renal and General Medicine, 2012
Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians
Filter by: All hospital lists Partnership Network Extended Choice with Central London Participating Hospitals Prime with Key London Prime Network Heartbeat National Heartbeat Local
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Mike & Dave Need Wedding Dates
Tags: Adam Devine, Alice Wetterlund, Andrew Jay Cohen, Anna Kendrick, Aubrey Plaza, Bad Neighbours, Bill Nighy, Brendan O'Brien, Bret Easton Ellis, Craigslist, David Ayer, Hawaii, Jake Szymanski, Jonah Hill, Kieran Culkin, Kumail Nanjiani, L&H, Let's Be Cops, Marc Maron, Mike & Dave Need Wedding Dates, Sam Richardson, Saturday Night Live, Scott Pilgrim, Scott Pilgrim Vs the World, Seth Rogen, Silicon Valley, SNL, Stephanie Faracy, Stephen Root, Sugar Lyn Beard, Suicide Squad, The Boat That Rocked, The Bret Easton Ellis Podcast, The Heat, UCD, Zac Efron
Zac Efron and Adam Devine need nice girls to accompany them to Hawaii for their sister’s wedding. Instead they get Aubrey Plaza and Anna Kendrick.
The inseparable Stangle brothers Mike (Adam Devine) and Dave (Zac Efron) live together in a chaotic flat, work together selling liquor to the harassed likes of Marc Maron, and party together just a bit too hard. And so their parents (Stephen Root and Stephanie Faracy) insist that they both find nice girls to bring as wedding dates or be barred from the wedding of their beloved younger sister Jeanie (Sugar Lyn Beard). The idea being that the brothers rile each other up when they go stag, whereas some respectable girls will calm them down. But when their Craigslist ad goes viral, they get royally played and end up taking Tatiana (Aubrey Plaza) and Alice (Anna Kendrick). Soon the self-absorbed co-dependent hedonistic BFFs Tatiana and Alice have wreaked more destructive chaos on the wedding than the brothers stag ever could have.
Bill Nighy at a 2009 L&H Q&A promised with perfect deadpan that The Boat That Rocked contained “a lot of stupid jokes … profoundly stupid jokes.” One might say that Mike & Dave Need Wedding Dates is a stupid comedy, a profoundly stupid comedy, without many jokes. It is in fact a variation on the great transatlantic comedy chasm, but unlike previous summer puzzlers Let’s Be Cops and The Heat this is not an obvious thriller script repurposed as a comedy by the addition of crassness, crudity, and mugging for laughs rather than the insertion of jokes and comic characters. Bad Neighbours writers Andrew Jay Cohen and Brendan O’Brien have penned a cookie-cutter Apatow gross-out rom-com about accepting responsibility, but without Rogen or Hill to riff absurdly, the improvisation encouraged by SNL director Jake Szymanski produces little of true value.
Continuing the trend noted by Bret Easton Ellis whereby gay characters fade out of spectacle aimed at the international market but proliferate in domestic fare, we have stand-up Alice Wetterlund as Cousin Terry; a bisexual yuppie tormenting Mike in a fashion not dissimilar to Kieran Culkin’s constant poaching of Anna Kendrick’s boyfriends in Scott Pilgrim. Except that, as with Silicon Valley star Kumail Nanjiani’s bizarre cameo as a masseur, in the absence of charm and wit you find yourself unsure how to interpret this. Laughing at and with minorities at the same inclusive time? Is it a bold move or sheer laziness to have Jeanie’s black fiancé Eric (Sam Richardson) be so unambiguously boring? Is the movie’s apparent need for Beard to do what Plaza and Kendrick presumably wouldn’t slightly creepy or predictable? And can zippy pacing and breeziness overcome inanity?
Mike & Dave Need Wedding Dates, like Suicide Squad, contains lines in TV spots and trailers that don’t appear in the movie. But we don’t need Szymanski’s director’s cut.
Jamie & Spencer Need Movie Dates
Tags: 50/50, Adam Devine, Andrew Jay Cohen, Anna Kendrick, Aubrey Plaza, Bad Neighbours, Brendan O'Brien, Funny Or Die, Instagram, Jake Szymanski, Jamie & Spencer Need Movie Dates, Jamie Laing, Jonathan Levine, London, Mike & Dave Need Wedding Dates, Oscar Wilde, SNL, Spencer Matthews, Stephen Root, Twitter, Zac Efron
“Life imitates art far more than art imitates life” said Oscar Wilde, and so to celebrate the release of Mike & Dave Need Wedding Dates on August 10th, eligible bachelors Jamie Laing and Spencer Matthews are looking for two friends to join them as their dates to a preview screening of the film in London on August 2nd.
To enter the competition, applicants must comment on Jamie Laing’s post on Twitter or Instagram, tagging 1 friend that they would like to enter the competition with, explaining why they would make the best dates for Jamie and Spencer.
Entry for the competition is open now and closes Wednesday 27th of July at 11:59pm GMT.
See here for terms and conditions. Entrants must be 18 or older.
Mike & Dave Need Wedding Dates sees hard-partying brothers Mike (Adam Devine) and Dave (Zac Efron) place an online ad to find the perfect dates for their sister’s Hawaiian wedding. They’re looking for respectable girls at the insistence of their father (Stephen Root) who doesn’t want them ruining the wedding. But the ad soon goes viral and instead of respectable girls they get a conniving and uncontrollable duo (Aubrey Plaza, Anna Kendrick) and find themselves outsmarted and out-partied.
Kendrick’s 50/50 director Jonathan Levine produces a script by Bad Neighbours creators Andrew Jay Cohen and Brendan O’Brien as SNL and Funny Or Die director Jake Szymanski makes his cinematic debut.
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Sky Road TV & Film Festival
Filed under: Talking Movies,Talking Television — Fergal Casey @ 5:16 pm
Tags: A Nightingale Falling, BAI, Barbara McCann, Barry Ryan, Bellaghy, Beyond Reach Of Our Pity, Bob Quinn, Brian Reddin, Brogen Hayes, Ceolchuairt Iamaice, Clifden, Damien Dunne, Daniel Anderson, Derry, Donald Clarke, Eamonn O Cualain, Garret Daly, Gavin Burke, Gearoid Mac Lochlainn, Gerry Burke, iday, Irish Film Board, It Came from Connemara!!, Ivor Carroll, Jill Beardsworth, Jim Sheridan, John B Keane, John Sheahan - A Dubliner, Laura Ni Cheallaigh, Letterfrack, Liam McGrath, Loretta Ni Ghabhain, Maggie Breathnach, Martha O'Neill, Martina McGlynn, Maurice Sweeney, Michael Keegan, Nicola Timmins, Nora Windeck, Paddy Hayes, Paschal Cassidy, Paula Meehan, Philip Bromwell, PJ Curtis, Proinsias Ni Ghrainne, Richard Harris, Roger Corman, Ross Whitaker, RTE, Se Merry Doyle, Seamus Heaney - Iarscribhinn - Imeall, Sky Road TV & Film Festival, Station House Theatre, Tara Brady, TG4, The Abandoning, The Field, The Swing, Tommy Tiernan, Tommy: To Tell You The Truth, Turnaround for Little Terns, Vanessa Gildea
The inaugural Sky Road TV & Film Festival drew to a close today, following a weekend of screenings of Irish TV and film-making talent across features, shorts, documentaries and new media in both English and Irish languages, at The Station House Theatre in Clifden Co. Galway. Highlights on Sunday included a screening of The Field, with special guest Jim Sheridan, 25 years after it was first filmed in the locality and the world premiere of Tommy: To Tell You The Truth with comedian Tommy Tiernan in attendance.
The festival brought unexpected stories to audiences throughout the three days, both entertaining and thought-provoking from a broad range of emerging and established filmmakers, all of whom were in the running for the Festival awards which were announced following the closing film.
“It’s been an exhilarating and exciting first festival” said Eamonn O Cualain, Festival Chairman. “The quality and quantity of submissions for our first programme enabled us to deliver what we hope has been a unique festival experience. The support and positive feedback has been overwhelming from both the film industry and our audiences. The local goodwill and enthusiasm has been particularly reassuring and encouraging.”
There were nine awards in association with industry organisations TG4, RTE, BAI and the Irish Film Board. The judging panel included a range of figures from the Irish film Industry including Jim Sheridan, Bob Quinn, Ross Whitaker, Martha O’Neill, Paddy Hayes, Jill Beardsworth, Barbara McCann, Loretta Ni Ghabhain and film journalists Daniel Anderson, Tara Brady, Gavin Burke, Donald Clarke, Brogen Hayes and Nicola Timmins.
The winners were:
Best Short Film in association with The Irish Film Board
Winner: The Abandoning
A film about the memory of a house where the past and present are not separate places
Director: Vanessa Gildea. Producer: Se Merry Doyle
Best Short Film, First Time Director in association with The Irish Film Board
Winner: The Swing
A coming of age story about two young brothers who find themselves in a perilous situation that kicks up memories of their past
Director: Damien Dunne. Producer: Nora Windeck
Winner: A Nightingale Falling
Set in Ireland during The war of Independence, two sisters’ lives are changed forever as they care for a wounded soldier in their home.
Director: Garret Daly/Martina McGlynn. Producer: Martina McGlynn, Gerry Burke, Garret Daly, PJ Curtis
Best Feature Documentary in association with TG4
Winner: John Sheahan – A Dubliner
A revealing and beautifully made portrait of a man who was an integral part of the national institution that is The Dubliners.
Director: Maurice Sweeney. Producer: Liam McGrath/Ceoladh Sheahan
Best Short Documentary in association with RTE
Winner: Seamus Heaney – Iarscribhinn – Imeall
This special edition of Imeall celebrates the life and poetry of Seamus Heaney as we visit the farmlands of Bellaghy, Co. Derry that inspired so many of his poems.
Director: Paschal Cassidy. Producer: Maggie Breathnach
Best Documentary Series in association with BAI
Winner: Ceolchuairt Iamaice
Belfast troubadour Gearoid Mac Lochlainn embarks on a reggae pilgrimage to Jamaica to see if the message of one love that crossed sectarian boundaries in his teenage years in Belfast is still alive in Jamaica.
Director: Paddy Hayes. Producer: Laura Ni Cheallaigh
Best 3 minute short, New Media, filmed on a mobile or smart device
Winner: Turnaround for Little Terns
A news report for RTE which was filmed on an iphone 5S. Wicklow farmer Michael Keegan is hoping to restore the tractor which helped his grandfather win the 1964 World Ploughing Championship.
Director: Philip Bromwell
Winner: iday
One minute video concentrating on energy and power
Director/producer: Ivor Carroll
The Spirit of the Festival Award was presented in recognition of a film, television programme or event that encapsulates the spirit of the Sky Road TV & Film Festival each year.
Winner: It Came From Connemara!!
This feature documentary tells the unique story behind Roger Corman’s film factory in Connemara.
Director/Producer: Brian Reddin
TG4 Pitch an idea to make a 25 minute documentary worth €25,000
In a unique and exciting opportunity TG4 offered aspiring filmmakers a chance to pitch their ideas to make a 25 minute documentary worth €25,000. Fifteen original pitches were shortlisted from a total of sixty one entries to pitch to commissioning editors on stage at the Festival in either the Irish or English language. Participants travelled from Dublin, Meath, Clare, Cork, Galway and Connemara.
The winner was Barry Ryan, a native of Clifden with ‘Beyond Reach Of Our Pity’. His idea for a short documentary, about a young boy who died in Letterfrack’s industrial school, was inspired by a line of poetry from Paula Meehan. He will receive an initial €1,000 to develop a detailed written treatment from the synopsis, under the guidance of an experienced TV director. If TG4 considers this treatment of an acceptable standard for production the budget awarded will be €24,000.
“The standard was excellent, very clear pitches were delivered with great passion and belief. The range of ideas was truly amazing from highly personal stories to historical concepts to contemporary social commentary, across a broad geographical spread. While we chose ‘Beyond Reach Of Our Pity’ as the pitch winner we will also request a number of participants to submit their ideas for the next TG4 commissioning round on October 6th. All in all a very stimulating and exciting session.” Proinsias Ni Ghrainne, Commissioning Editor, TG4
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Spike Webb 51-43-22-2 (KO 30)
Bouts 118 Rounds 876
Birth Name Maurice H. Webb
Birthdate 12 Sep 1906
Height 6′ 0½″ / 184cm
Residence Savannah, Georgia, USA
Boxer Division middleweight
Spike Webb Career Record
122 161/73 13-9-1 Johnny Chong 160/73 W (PTS 4) 26 Oct 1936 Coliseum Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
121 151/68 3-4-0 Marcelino Carrillo 151/68 W (TKO 5) 15 Sep 1934 Miramar Garden, Havana, Cuba
120 151/68 debut Johnny Segars 159/72 D (PTS) 06 Aug 1934 Cinderella Ballroom, Miami, Florida, USA
119 151/68 debut Eddie Lang 159/72 W (KO 2) 23 Jul 1934 Cinderella Ballroom, Miami, Florida, USA
118 157/71 11-1-1 Otto Kushner 160/73 D (PTS) 30 Apr 1934 Benjamin Field Arena, Tampa, Florida, USA
117 153/69 2-4-0 Leo Bailey 159/72 L (PTS 8) 24 Apr 1934 Legion Armory, Saint Petersburg, Florida, USA
116 155/70 3-2-3 Stanley Savage 158/72 L (PTS 0) 12 Dec 1933 Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
115 153/69 25-16-4 Roy Bailey 160/73 L (TKO 9) 27 Nov 1933 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
113 151/68 23-16-4 Roy Bailey 157/71 L (PTS 10) 09 Oct 1933 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
112 0/0 5-0-1 Otto Kushner 0/0 W (PTS 10) 03 Oct 1933 Blimp Hangar Arena, Saint Petersburg, Florida, USA
111 151/68 debut Red Scrogham 169/77 D (PTS) 25 Sep 1933 Orlando, Florida, USA
110 0/0 119-38-36 Duke Tramel 0/0 L (KO 2) 20 Sep 1933 San Angelo, Texas, USA
109 149/68 12-11-8 Curtis Mullens 144/65 L (NWS 10) 21 Aug 1933 Mobile, Alabama, USA
108 152/69 20-9-6 Abe Luckey 150/68 W (TKO 7) 07 Aug 1933 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
107 149/68 21-13-4 Roy Bailey 0/0 W (PTS 10) 25 Jul 1933 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
106 150/68 13-7-1 Tommy Beck 153/69 L (PTS 10) 18 Jul 1933 Jacksonville, Florida, USA
105 0/0 13-6-6 Pat Flaherty 0/0 W (PTS 0) 06 Jul 1933 Savannah, Georgia, USA
104 151/68 5-2-1 Frankie Murphy 151/68 W (KO 5) 12 Jun 1933 Sullivan's Bowl, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
103 0/0 9-5-0 Clarence Posey 0/0 D (PTS) 24 May 1933 Cain Street Arena, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
102 157/71 debut Pat McGinnis 153/69 W (KO 2) 22 May 1933 Sullivan's Bowl, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
101 0/0 8-5-1 Babe Kiser 0/0 W (KO 3) 04 May 1933 Savannah, Georgia, USA
100 157/71 32-19-9 Rufus Miles 154/70 L (PTS 8) 09 Jan 1933 Armory, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
99 149/68 30-19-8 Rufus Miles 147/67 D (PTS) 07 Nov 1932 Brown's Arena, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
98 154/70 2-2-0 Erwin Cummings 181/82 W (RTD 7) 31 Oct 1932 Sullivan's Bowl, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
97 155/70 15-5-1 Leroy Brown 163/74 L (PTS 10) 06 Oct 1932 Savannah, Georgia, USA
96 160/73 31-18-5 Eric Lawson 160/73 L (MD 10) 19 Sep 1932 Sullivan's Bowl, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
95 0/0 31-18-4 Eric Lawson 0/0 D (PTS) 08 Sep 1932 Savannah, Georgia, USA
94 0/0 21-9-7 Red Journee 0/0 D (PTS) 22 Jul 1932 Oasis, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA
93 154/70 12-3-1 Leroy Brown 159/72 L (PTS 10) 20 Jun 1932 Sullivan's Bowl, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
92 0/0 15-5-1 Ken Overlin 0/0 L (PTS 8) 08 Jun 1932 Arena, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
91 153/69 29-17-6 Rufus Miles 149/68 D (PTS) 30 May 1932 Brown's Arena, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
90 0/0 6-3-0 Sammy Kyzar 0/0 L (NWS 10) 11 May 1932 Mobile, Alabama, USA
89 0/0 19-3-12 Harry Paul 0/0 L (PTS 8) 07 Apr 1932 Cinderella Ballroom, Miami, Florida, USA
88 157/71 37-24-10 Earl Johnson 167/76 D (PTS) 03 Mar 1932 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
87 159/72 17-9-7 Lou Halper 0/0 W (PTS 10) 19 Feb 1932 Coliseum, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
86 0/0 15-7-0 Herb Anderson 0/0 W (KO 6) 05 Feb 1932 Coliseum, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
85 0/0 17-9-5 Lou Halper 0/0 D (PTS) 15 Jan 1932 Coliseum, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
84 0/0 16-6-8 Billy Shell 0/0 L (PTS 10) 17 Dec 1931 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
83 157/71 88-12-13 Tommy Freeman 153/69 L (PTS 10) 23 Nov 1931 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
82 155/70 26-7-3 Sargis Prevost 158/72 W (KO 5) 22 Oct 1931 Cinderella Ballroom, Miami, Florida, USA
81 153/69 10-5-2 Nicolas Claudio 157/71 W (PTS 10) 05 Oct 1931 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
80 0/0 1-0-0 Casey Jones 0/0 W (TKO 2) 21 Sep 1931 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
79 0/0 16-3-2 Gordon Fortenberry 0/0 L (TKO 6) 28 Aug 1931 Cinderella Ballroom, Miami, Florida, USA
78 153/69 34-14-3 Patsy Pollock 149/68 W (PTS 10) 21 Aug 1931 Cinderella Ballroom, Miami, Florida, USA
77 153/69 28-9-5 Joe Knight 165/75 L (PTS 10) 07 Aug 1931 Cinderella Ballroom, Miami, Florida, USA
76 150/68 14-6-6 Billy Shell 157/71 D (PTS) 13 Jul 1931 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
75 0/0 26-8-5 Joe Knight 0/0 W (PTS 10) 03 Jul 1931 Cinderella Ballroom, Miami, Florida, USA
74 150/68 28-10-4 Young Russell 149/68 W (KO 4) 22 Jun 1931 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
73 0/0 26-8-6 Ted Goodrich 0/0 D (PTS) 09 Jun 1931 Atlanta, Georgia, USA
72 0/0 2-1-0 Jack Wolfe 0/0 W (TKO 7) 06 Jun 1931 Birmingham, Alabama, USA
71 159/72 9-6-2 Doc DuBose 152/69 W (PTS 6) 12 May 1931 Coliseum Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
70 0/0 3-3-3 Curtis Mullens 0/0 D (PTS) 04 May 1931 Back Bay Arena, Biloxi, Mississippi, USA
69 148/67 2-0-0 Bob Sage 145/66 W (KO 6) 28 Apr 1931 Coliseum Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
68 0/0 22-6-3 Sargis Prevost 0/0 L (PTS 10) 14 Apr 1931 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
67 0/0 9-9-3 Jimmy Griffin 0/0 W (KO 2) 30 Mar 1931 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
66 0/0 14-25-1 Maxie Pelz 0/0 W (KO 2) 27 Feb 1931 Melbourne, Florida, USA
65 0/0 debut Bruce Taylor 0/0 W (KO 1) 19 Feb 1931 Coliseum, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
64 0/0 29-34-11 Tod Smith 0/0 W (PTS 10) 12 Feb 1931 Coliseum, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
63 0/0 45-10-2 Relampago Saguero 0/0 L (PTS 10) 05 Feb 1931 Coliseum, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
62 0/0 15-26-4 Johnny Gerarden 0/0 W (KO 8) 02 Jan 1931 Coliseum, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
61 0/0 7-13-1 Kewpie Trimble 0/0 W (PTS 10) 29 Dec 1930 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
60 158/72 36-2-2 Bob Godwin 163/74 L (PTS 10) 22 Dec 1930 Daytona Beach, Florida, USA
59 148/67 4-3-0 Johnny Semas 148/67 D (PTS) 01 Dec 1930 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
58 0/0 24-6-2 Antonio Dominguez 0/0 L (PTS 10) 20 Nov 1930 Coliseum, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
57 0/0 6-8-3 Blondy Parker 0/0 W (KO 5) 12 Nov 1930 Post Gymnasium, Fort Benning, Georgia, USA
56 0/0 25-6-5 Ted Goodrich 0/0 D (PTS) 07 Nov 1930 City Auditorium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
55 0/0 7-6-4 Tommy Rios 0/0 L (PTS 10) 10 Jun 1930 Atlanta, Georgia, USA
54 157/71 13-7-1 George LaMarre 160/73 W (KO 7) 14 Apr 1930 Lakeland, Florida, USA
53 0/0 15-2-7 Sam Crosby 0/0 L (PTS 10) 01 Apr 1930 Waterfront Park, Saint Petersburg, Florida, USA
52 0/0 32-23-7 Red Riley 0/0 D (PTS) 16 Jan 1930 Coliseum, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
51 0/0 13-13-2 Ollie Joyner 0/0 W (KO 4) 07 Jan 1930 Auditorium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
50 0/0 7-2-8 Marshall Cardwell 150/68 L (PTS 10) 20 Dec 1929 LaGrange, Georgia, USA
49 0/0 18-3-2 Stiles Attaway 0/0 W (KO 2) 17 Dec 1929 Auditorium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
48 0/0 58-26-20 Willie Ptomey 0/0 W (PTS 10) 26 Nov 1929 Fort Benning Arena, Fort Benning, Georgia, USA
47 0/0 5-7-2 Spike Kelly 0/0 W (KO 1) 08 Nov 1929 Auditorium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
46 0/0 60-31-12 Enrique Ponce de Leon 0/0 N (NC) 15 Oct 1929 Legion Arena, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
45 0/0 22-15-2 Buster Newberry 0/0 L (PTS 10) 06 Sep 1929 Neese Hall, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
44 0/0 debut Cal Hubbard 0/0 W (TKO 2) 02 Sep 1929 Municipal Auditorium, Macon, Georgia, USA
43 0/0 19-3-2 Joe Smallwood 0/0 W (PTS 8) 30 Aug 1929 Roanoke, Virginia, USA
42 144/65 15-12-6 Billy Gannon 146/66 W (PTS 6) 17 Jun 1929 Waltz Dream Arena, Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA
41 149/68 9-9-3 Roxie Allen 150/68 L (PTS 8) 03 May 1929 South Jersey A.A., Camden, New Jersey, USA
40 147/67 3-1-0 Pete Shedrick 147/67 L (PTS 8) 29 Apr 1929 Waltz Dream Arena, Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA
39 0/0 3-13-0 Jack Kirten 0/0 N (NC) 19 Apr 1929 Orlando, Florida, USA
38 0/0 28-9-5 Tommy Herman 0/0 L (PTS 10) 09 Apr 1929 Legion Arena, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
37 0/0 9-29-1 Danny Fagan 0/0 W (PTS 10) 04 Mar 1929 Coliseum, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
36 0/0 94-21-18 Jack Britton 0/0 L (PTS 10) 26 Feb 1929 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
35 0/0 14-20-2 Johnny Gerarden 0/0 W (TKO 8) 13 Feb 1929 Biscayne Arena, Miami, Florida, USA
34 0/0 5-6-2 Whitey Mellinor 0/0 W (PTS 10) 05 Feb 1929 Legion Arena, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
33 0/0 5-10-2 Buster Newberry 0/0 W (PTS 10) 14 Jan 1929 Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
32 0/0 8-0-1 Bob Godwin 0/0 D (PTS) 27 Dec 1928 Coliseum, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
31 0/0 14-10-0 Earl Hudson 0/0 W (KO 5) 04 Dec 1928 Legion Arena, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
30 0/0 5-0-2 George Rohanna 0/0 L (PTS 8) 27 Nov 1928 Norfolk, Virginia, USA
29 0/0 7-8-1 Ken Burris 0/0 D (PTS) 23 Nov 1928 Norfolk, Virginia, USA
28 0/0 3-6-2 Lefty Louie 0/0 W (KO 2) 20 Nov 1928 Legion Arena, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
27 0/0 1-3-1 Sailor Criscola 0/0 D (PTS) 09 Nov 1928 Norfolk, Virginia, USA
26 0/0 50-23-17 Willie Ptomey 0/0 L (PTS 10) 10 Aug 1928 LaGrange, Georgia, USA
25 151/68 0-4-2 Red Wilson 150/68 D (PTS) 20 Jul 1928 LaGrange, Georgia, USA
24 0/0 4-6-2 Dave Eddleman 0/0 W (PTS 8) 18 Jun 1928 Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
23 0/0 31-21-7 Alex Hart 0/0 L (PTS 10) 08 May 1928 Neese Hall, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
22 0/0 72-25-15 Larry Avera 0/0 W (PTS 10) 16 Mar 1928 LaGrange, Georgia, USA
21 0/0 7-1-1 Ted Goodrich 0/0 L (PTS 10) 23 Jan 1928 Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
20 0/0 3-1-1 Ted Goodrich 0/0 L (TKO 6) 22 Nov 1927 Ringside Club, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
19 0/0 36-15-3 Willie Greb 0/0 L (TKO 7) 07 Nov 1927 Auditorium, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
18 0/0 66-24-15 Larry Avera 147/67 L (PTS 10) 13 Oct 1927 Auditorium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
17 0/0 6-7-1 Ken Burris 0/0 W (PTS 10) 12 Oct 1927 Duncan Park, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
16 0/0 4-5-2 Judge Horning 0/0 D (PTS) 09 Sep 1927 Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
15 0/0 debut Charlie Mangum 0/0 L (NWS 10) 02 Sep 1927 State Prison, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
14 0/0 6-0-1 Stiles Attaway 0/0 L (PTS 10) 19 Aug 1927 Gainesville, Georgia, USA
13 0/0 1-5-1 Mike Owens 0/0 W (KO 3) 29 Jul 1927 Armory Hall, Augusta, Georgia, USA
12 151/68 22-17-3 Jimmy King 154/70 L (PTS 10) 22 Mar 1927 Back Bay Arena, Biloxi, Mississippi, USA
11 0/0 4-2-1 Tom O'Rourke 0/0 D (PTS) 04 Jan 1927 Auditorium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Judges: Guy Butler 0-0 , Dick Hawkins 0-0
10 0/0 49-39-16 Young Wallace 0/0 L (PTS 10) 21 Sep 1926 Auditorium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
9 0/0 4-2-1 Sailor Sid Taylor 0/0 W (KO 5) 07 Sep 1926 Auditorium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
8 0/0 debut Bumps Walker 0/0 L (PTS 10) 06 Aug 1926 Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
7 0/0 4-0-0 Terry Roberts 0/0 W (KO 2) 01 Jun 1926 Auditorium, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
6 0/0 10-8-2 Zack Blanchard 0/0 L (PTS 6) 04 Mar 1926 Legion Arena, Gulfport, Mississippi, USA
5 0/0 2-4-0 Terry McMullen 0/0 L (PTS 8) 09 Feb 1926 Findlay, Ohio, USA
4 0/0 debut Kid Oaks 0/0 D (NWS) 28 Jan 1926 Miami Field, Miami, Florida, USA
3 0/0 5-6-3 Tony Taranto 0/0 W (TKO 5) 02 Nov 1925 Mobile, Alabama, USA
2 151/68 5-0-2 Buster Mallini 146/66 L (PTS 6) 18 Aug 1925 Back Bay Arena, Biloxi, Mississippi, USA
1 156/71 1-0-1 Jeff Carroll 178/81 W (PTS 4) 09 Jun 1925 Back Bay Arena, Biloxi, Mississippi, USA
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The Florida Bookshelf
Publication Announcements
Review Roundups
Purchase UPF Books
June 2, 2016 June 2, 2016 University Press of Florida Review Roundup
June 2016 Review Roundup
This month we are jumping into summer with more great reviews for UPF books!
An Ecotourist’s Guide to the Everglades and the Florida Keys
By Robert Silk
“Offers travel tips as well as insight into ‘Old Florida’ and the region’s Native American roots.”—Publishers Weekly
“This handy guide explores the Everglades and the Florida Keys, providing details about the sights, smells, and attractions that would appeal to naturalists, ecotourists, and outdoorsy travelers. Areas of interest include Fakahatchee Strand Preserve, Ten Thousand Islands, Big Cypress, Shark Valley, Miccosaukee Indian Village, Coral Castle, Biscayne National Park, Everglades National Park, Dry Tortugas National Park, and Key West.”—Library Journal
The Odyssey of an African Slave
By Sitiki
Edited by Patricia C. Griffin
“Presents the only known narrative of a Florida slave. . . . This is an important account of a 19th-century life that flows from freedom to bondage and then back to freedom. It offers modern readers a rarely seen glimpse into a slave’s life during Florida’s transition from territory to statehood.”—Civil War News
Music Everywhere: The Rock and Roll Roots of a Southern Town
By Marty Jourard
“A surprising breath of fresh air. . . . Rocks back and forth between the macrocosm of larger trends (the Beatles’ invasion and takeover, the growth of the hippie counterculture) and the daily lives of aspiring musicians living in or passing through Florida’s heartland.”—Florida Weekly
“Chronicles a golden era during which Gainesville was home to eight future Rock and Roll Hall of Famers and a slew of other young musicians who pursued their passion with fervor. . . . A nostalgic romp down Memory Lane.”—Gainesville Downtown
Indian River Lagoon: An Environmental History
By Nathaniel Osborn
“A fascinating concise study of this unique piece of Florida real estate, historian Nathaniel Osborn covers all the bases: dredging, filling, farming, fishing, citrus, industry, tourists, astronauts, retirees and, of course, mosquito control. Each have had a major impact on the fragile ecosystem behind the barrier islands.”—Florida Times-Union
Remembering Paradise Park: Tourism and Segregation at Silver Springs
By Lu Vickers and Cynthia Wilson-Graham
“The first to examine Silver Springs’ little known sister park, Paradise Park. . . . [It] unveils the complex origins and demise of Silver Springs’ separate theme park for African Americans.”—Senior Times
Havana Hardball: Spring Training, Jackie Robinson, and the Cuban League
By César Brioso
“Conjures a colorful era of baseball that predated big-money sports.”—Foreign Affairs
A Pioneer Son at Sea: Fishing Tales of Old Florida
By Gilbert L. Voss
Edited by Robert S. Voss
“Great value as a record of Florida’s maritime memory, narrated in a straightforward yet very personal manner by an extraordinary native son.”—Bulletin of Marine Science
Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime, and Violence in the Americas Today
Edited by Bruce M. Bagley and Jonathan D. Rosen
“An extensive overview of the drug trade in the Americas and its impact on politics, economics, and society throughout the region. . . . Highly recommended.”—Choice
Challenge and Change: Right-Wing Women, Grassroots Activism,
and the Baby Boom Generation
By June Melby Benowitz
“The scope of this book is impressive. The author covers every major issue, including the Vietnam War and the Equal Rights Amendment. . . . Highly recommended.”—Choice
The Versailles Restaurant Cookbook
By Ana Quincoces and Nicole Valls
“Versailles is an elegant icon of an upended ancient regime, mixing nostalgia for a lost homeland with kitsch décor that recalls a style of 1950s Miami. . . . The accessible recipes [the authors] offer cover all the basics: classic sofrito marinade (garlic, onion, tomato, bell peppers), ropa vieja (shredded flank steak), black beans and rice, a rich flan, and strong Cuban coffee.”—Foreign Affairs
Sustainable Gardening for the Southeast
By Susan M. Varlamoff
“A practical resource guide to sustainable gardening, . . . written for gardeners in the Southeast to help them take advantage of the region’s lengthy growing season and to give them tips for amending the heavy clay soil. But don’t be put off by the ‘Southeast’ in the title if you live in another part of the country. No matter where you live, you can apply Varlamoff’s sound principles for sustainable gardening.”—Mother Nature Network
Tagged An Ecotourist's Guide to the Everglades and the Florida Keys, Ana Quincoces, books, Bruce M. Bagley, César Brioso, Challenge and Change, Cynthia Wilson-Graham, Drug trafficking, Drug Trafficking Organized Crime and Violence in the Americas Today, Everglades, Florida, Florida Keys, Gilbert L. Voss, Havana Hardball, Indian River Lagoon, Jonathan D. Rosen, June Melby Benowitz, lu vickers, Marty Jourard, Music Everywhere, Nathaniel Osborn, Nicole Valls, Patricia C. Griffin, reading, Remembering Paradise Park, Review Roundup, Robert S. Voss, Robert Silk, Sitiki, summer, Susan M. Varlamoff, Sustainable Gardening for the Southeast, The Odyssey of an African Slave, university press of florida, Versailles Restaurant Cookbook
Published by University Press of Florida
View all posts by University Press of Florida
Our Fall/Winter Catalog is Now Available!
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Categories Select Category African American Studies (44) Archaeology & Anthropology (167) Art, Architecture, & Photography (63) Author Post (77) Awards (30) Biography & Autobiography (28) Dance (22) Distributed by University Press of Florida (3) Events & Exhibits (92) Florida (111) Food & Cooking (39) Gardening (29) Gatorbytes (18) History (175) Holiday Gift Guide (8) Interns (22) Latin American & Caribbean Studies (78) Literature & Literary Criticism (86) Music (15) Nature & Environment (82) New to Paperback (23) Political Science (24) Press News (54) Publication Announcement (486) Reading List (3) Religion (5) Review Roundup (45) Sale (68) Science & Technology (35) Sports & Recreation (12) Staff News (22)
We are excited to announce our Spring & Summer 2020 season! Link in bio. • Highlights include an eye-opening journey through some of America’s most innovative greenway projects, stories of Hurricane Maria survivors, a cookbook showcasing the ingredients and flavors of the Caribbean, photographs from the golden age of Jewish South Beach, a biography of exiled Black Panther Pete O’Neal, a vividly illustrated study of artist books made in Cuba, an archaeological portrait of the connection between people and dogs across the ages, and an accessible introduction to Icelandic sagas. And in connection with University Press of Florida’s 75th anniversary, we will be publishing THIS DAY IN FLORIDA HISTORY, a 365-day tour through five centuries of Florida history.
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23 October 2016 24 March 2019 OG Nick Marsh
Album Review | Danny Brown – XXX
Click HERE to purchase this album
This album was released on August 15th in 2011. It’s pretty much Danny Brown’s breakout project. I mean, from what I understand he already had a pretty good buzz, but this one really put him on another level. If The Hybrid was like Danny Brown’s Culdesac, then XXX was his Camp. It’s one of those popular projects that people always mention in conversations alongside tapes like Acid Rap & The Water[s]. In fact, I honestly thought this project was a mixtape until like 5 minutes ago. I guess it’s because it was originally released as a free download on DatPiff. It was listed as the third best mixtape of the millennium by Pitchfork too. I guess it doesn’t really matter. These days mixtapes and albums are basically the same thing. I thought The Hybrid was great, so if this project is really that much better then I’m expecting it to be dope af.
Track 1: XXX (Prod. Frank Dukes)
Alright, I can already tell that this is about to be a much more polished and cohesive project than The Hybrid. This beat is dope af. Danny Brown’s goin’ in with his signature delivery. Man. Frank Dukes killed this shit. I love this beat. Danny Brown sounds great over it too. The whole song is just one great verse. “The way a nigga going might go out like Sam Cooke / Or locked up calling home for money on my books / ‘Cause if this shit don’t work, nigga, I failed at life / Turning to these drugs, now these drugs turned my life / And it’s the downward spiral; got me suicidal / But too scared to do it, so these pills will be the rifle / Surpassing all my idols / Took the wrong turn / But can’t go back now so now let that blunt burn.” Everything about this song is great to me. I love the production, and the verse is dope af. I love the way Danny Brown writes about addiction and living in the hood. He’s really good at describing fucked up shit. “Dark nights tryna sleep; stomach on fire / Delusional from hunger, so I couldn’t get tired / Imagining the equalizer goin’ from green to red / Words that rhyme together just appear all in my head.” I definitely fuck with this shit. This is dope af. 5/5
Track 2: Die Like A Rockstar (Prod. skywlkr)
Oh fuuuuck. Gotdamn. This beat is fucking crazy. It’s really dark, and almost experimental sounding. This is so fucking dope. This dark ass beat combined with Danny’s eccentric beat makes this one of the weirdest songs I’ve heard in a long time. In a cool way tho. I love this shit. “Manuscript sick shit, prescription addiction / Sniffing adderall off the counter in my kitchen / Tripping off the shit that had Brian Wilson flipping / Experiment so much it’s a miracle I’m living.” Fuck yes. So far this project is exactly what I’m hoping it would be. I love the way he’s rapping about addiction. You would think more rappers would try to rap about shit like this. I guess a lot of rappers try to, but none of them ever do it this well. ScHoolboy Q did it well on Prescription, but aside from that I can’t think of any other good examples. That song Addiction by Kanye was cool, but it was very surface level. You can really tell that Danny Brown is an addict himself. All throughout this song he compares himself to celebrities who have passed away from drug overdoses. “I’ma die like a rockstar.” Jesus Christ. This beat is fucking incredible. I love this track. This is dope af. 5/5
Track 3: Pac Blood (Prod. brandUn DeShay)
Hmm… This sound effect in the beat sounds familiar… Yeah… I’m pretty sure that exact same sample was used in Extradite by Freddie Gibbs. I really don’t have a good way to describe it. If you listen to both of these songs you’ll see what I’m talking about. It’s not really a bad thing. It’s just something I noticed. It plays a much bigger role in this song than it does in Extradite tho. It was just a sound effect in the background of that song, but here it’s part of the primary loop. I think the way it was incorporated into this song was a lot more creative. I still love the Extradite beat tho. The first verse was dope. He’s using his normal, more toned down delivery. “Every time I indent you can see the intent / Leave your mind bent, hanging on the every sentence / Have no apprentice; style uninherited / Laughing at you peasants ’cause my penmanship is excellence.” The hook is dope af too. “Rhymes that make the Pope wanna get his dick sucked / Had Virgin Mary doing lines in the pick-up / Make Sarah Palin deepthroat ’til she hiccup / Had T.D. Jakes ’round this bitch doing stick-ups.” He fucking killed this shit. “Langston Hughes with a blew fuse and a screw loose / Maya Angelou abused child with her notebook / Spitting like Kipling with a tooth missing / Tongue bring torture to men, women and children.” I definitely fuck with this one. He fucking spazzed on this shit. This is dope af. 5/5
Track 4: Radio Song (Prod. brandUn DeShay)
This beat is really dope. I love how weird and experimental the production is. It’s literally just a snare pattern. There’s some light bass in the background too. It evolves a bit more during the hook. The first verse was nice. He’s goin’ in about how you need to make commercialized, Poppy, soft shit to make it onto the radio. The hook is kinda annoying, but it’s cool lyrically. “They say you need a hit, a chart toppin’ single / That’s why it’s called commercial because you need a jingle / A smash crowd banger; play it all night long / You never get on without a radio song / So this my radio song.” This song would never be played on the radio. It’s really good tho. The second verse was dope af. It could be stretched as a diss to a lot of mainstream rappers. He referenced a ton of wack hit songs from artists like T.I. & Wiz Khalifa. “There’s no originality; carbon copy singles / He made ‘Black & Yellow?‘ I’ma make ‘Black & Emo‘ / That’s why these wack rappers, they never last long / Don’t care about music, just radio songs.” I really enjoyed this song. It didn’t impress me as much as the other songs so far, but it’s still a good track. This is dope. 4/5
Track 5: Lie4 (Prod. skywlkr)
Yesssss. I love how weird the production on this album is. The Hybrid’s production was nowhere near as experimental as this. Same goes for Old if I’m remembering correctly. Good lord. This beat is fucking amazing. GOTDAMN. I feel like if you aren’t paying really close attention, you’d probably think Danny Brown is a hypocrite. This song could easily be mistaken as one of those Poppy, mainstream singles that he was criticizing in the previous song. He’s rapping about how much money he has and partying. If you really listen to him tho it’s clear that this is supposed to be a commentary on people who are monetarily irresponsible. “SHUH-POW bitch, wow / Been had hundreds / Nah, nigga I’m lying / You know that I be fronting.” His flow was kinda underwhelming, but I fuck with the first verse lyrically. “That income tax swag / That bad dame in my lap / Just copped her a bag.” The hook is dope. The second verse is even better than the first lyrically. I’m still not really impressed with his flow. I’d love to hear someone like Denzel Curry spit over this beat. He would’ve sounded great over this. An underwhelming flow isn’t enough for me to penalize this song tho because everything else about it is great. This is dope af to me. 5/5
Track 6: I Will (Prod. Squadda Bambino)
Hahahaha. Wow. This beat sounds like they sampled one of them soft ass, airy, Drake-inspired R&B songs and transformed it into an experimental Hip Hop beat. It’s dope. The hook is fine. Uh oh… “Take it off, baby, bend over, let me see it / You looking for a real pussy eater? I can be it / Quit playing with me, girl, and bring that over here / And climb aboard my face; put that pussy on my beard.” Yikes… Nah… Nah, I’m not feelin’ this shit. Anyone who knows me should’ve known that I wouldn’t be feelin’ this one. It’s a song about eating pussy. I don’t like super vulgar sex songs like this. It’s not really something that I enjoy hearing about… I’m not really a prudish person. I’m not offended by this like Nancy Grace would be. I just don’t see the appeal in this kinda shit. “If it’s smelling sweet I’ll lick it for a hour / And even if it’s sour I might lick it in the shower / I go dumb and ignorant when I’m on that clitoris / Lick your ass delirious; my tongue game so damn serious.” Why the fuck would I wanna hear somebody rap about that shit? I have no problems with oral sex. I just… I’m not entertained by this kinda music. I obviously wasn’t feelin’ the first verse lyrically, but I wasn’t even feelin’ his flow either. The second verse was even worse. “Oh, that nigga scared? Let me show you what it’s ’bout / Spread apart the lips, put that clit up in my mouth / And that thang so juicy, I’ma call it jamba / Licking it in circles got me calling me your papa.” Do people really just drive down the street listening to shit like this? I don’t get it. I’m sorry, y’all. I just can’t. I can’t do this one. The only thing I liked about this track was the beat, and even that wasn’t super impressive to me. That last line where he brings it full circle and connects his addiction to this track was pretty cool tho. “I’m swagged up; I’m off a pill / Could fuck you for an hour ’cause I can’t feel.” This shit is still wack to me tho. 2/5
Track 7: Bruiser Brigade Feat. Dopehead (Prod. skywlkr)
Oh my fuck. This beat is crazy. It’s so fucking weird. I’m not feelin’ this hook tho. Ehhhh. I’m not fuckin’ with this first verse either. He’s rapping about drinking a lot… It’s just not really very interesting. The beat is great, but the first verse… The rhymes, lyrics, and flow were all just so basic. “Yo bitch, she wanna fuck me / Yo bitch, she wanna suck me / What the fuck you think she ‘posed to do? / But if she fuck me she gotta fuck the crew.” This reminds me of the songs on Odd Future’s projects with Jasper & Taco. The only difference is that this isn’t funny. So far everything about this song is bad to me except the beat. The second verse from Danny was alright I guess. I liked the harder, more gangsta direction that he went in, but it still just wasn’t that entertaining to me. Dopehead’s goin’ in now. He really sounds just like Danny Brown with a slightly different voice. That line about Swizz Beatz’s hairline was slightly humorous, but aside from that his verse did nothing for me. Nah. I’m not feelin’ this one. It’s wack. 2/5
Track 8: Detroit 187 Feat. Chip$ (Prod. Nick Speed)
This beat isn’t bad. Okay, I didn’t think this would happen, but Danny’s delivery is starting to get slightly annoying. It’s not really that bad for me tho. The first verse was cool. The second verse was better. There’s no hook. This is easily the least interesting song on the whole album so far. I mean, I definitely like it more than the previous two tracks, but there’s just not really much to say. There doesn’t really seem to be a specific theme or concept behind this song, and the structure is very simplistic. This Chip$ guy is on the final verse. Meh. He did his thing I guess. I don’t think his verse was bad, but nothing about it really stood out at all. It was alright tho. The same can be said for this track. It’s just decent to me. I wouldn’t ever have the desire to listen to this song again, but I don’t really think it’s that bad. It’s tolerable. 3/5
Track 9: Monopoly (Prod. Quelle Chris)
Oh shitfuck. This beat is dope af. Yes. Danny’s rapping his motherfucking ass off right now. “My nigga, you ain’t been what I been through / And if so, you would take a pencil through your temple / ‘Cause I done served fiends on they menstrual / Ain’t even have pads; stuffed they panties with tissue.” I think this track would’ve fit in pretty well on The Hybrid. Oh I guess that might be because Quelle Chris produced this track; he handled a lot of the production on The Hybrid. Fuck. Danny just dropped another F bomb. Aside from that, the first verse was dope af. There’s no hook. There’s just a short break between the two verses. He killed both of ’em. I really liked his flow on the second verse too. It was kinda disturbing how aggressive his delivery suddenly got when he yelled “FUCK HER FACE” towards the end of the track. I really like this one tho. This is dope af to me. 5/5
Track 10: Blunt After Blunt (Prod. skywlkr)
This beat is cool. I love Danny’s delivery on this track. It’s really… Hmm. I guess “aggressive” is the word I should use. The first verse was dope af. Damn. I love how hard this shit is. I don’t know why, but the hook is kinda hard for me to take seriously… “I smoke blunt after blunt after blunt after blunt after blunt after blunt.” It’s not bad tho. The second verse was cool. Man… I don’t know. I definitely like the song. I just wish the hook was a little better. I just can’t take it seriously for whatever reason. The two verses were cool. I could’ve done without some of the more vulgar lyrics (Kush got a nigga feeling awesome / Ate that bitch pussy ’til she squirted like a dolphin / Told her bend over; hit that shit doggy / Called her a cab then I told that bitch to call me), but it wasn’t too bad. I liked the dark beat, and Danny’s aggressive delivery was really cool too. This is dope. 4/5
Track 11: Outer Space (Prod. skywlkr)
My source tells me that the streets do NOT fuck with this album. I’m certainly enjoying it tho. This beat is dope af. Danny’s goin’ the fuck in. The first verse was cool. The second verse is vulgar, but it’s just so over the top that I can’t help but laugh at it. “I’m a motherfucking motherfucker / Fucking on your mother with two rubbers; I do fuck her / No cover just her booty on a pillow / Your bitch said my dick tastes like tropical fruit Skittles.” There’s not really a hook. The verses are just separated by what sounds like a movie quote. The third verse was cool. He rapped a lot about sex on this track, but I didn’t really mind it that much for some reason. He sounded really good over this beat. I’m not blown away, but I definitely enjoyed this track. It’s dope. 4/5
Track 12: Adderall Admiral (Prod. Paul White)
This beat is weird as fuck. It’s great. The flow and rhyme scheme he was using for the intro were really dope. “Fucked her in her mouth; she washed it down with Tabasco.” I’m pretty sure that’s the 4th or 5th time he’s mentioned face fucking someone. The structure of this track is so weird. It’s just one verse split into four short sections. That “intro” that I mentioned was just the first section of the verse. The beat is weird as hell too. I definitely like the song. It’s just so weird that I’m struggling to describe how I feel about it. The beat almost sounds like a less abrasive clipping. instrumental. Lyrically, this song is pretty similar to most of the other tracks. He’s rapping a lot about having sex. It’s not as vulgar as a track like I Will tho. I fuck with this one. It’s not amazing, but I enjoyed it. This is dope. 4/5
Track 13: DNA (Prod. Frank Dukes)
Oh shit? …This is… Wow. He’s not using his signature, over the top delivery anymore. It’s the same delivery that he used on Drinks On Me. He’s rapping about his addiction again. “It’s in my DNA ’cause my pops like to get fucked up the same way / It’s in my DNA ’cause my moms like to get fucked up the same way.“
I’m glad he’s finally diving deeper into the negative side of drug use. The first verse was really dope. I definitely prefer this side of Danny Brown. The party music gets pretty old to me after a while and I don’t even like parties, so it’s nice to actually get some substance. If you’ve listened to Old, this is the kinda song that’d be on Side A. Most of the other shit on this album would probably end up on Side B. The second verse was great. This is easily one of my favorite songs on the album so far. This is dope af. 5/5
Track 14: Nosebleeds (Prod. DJ House Shoes)
This beat is dope af. Danny’s rapping about a drug addict. Man. I wish the whole album was this serious. “Cocaine on counter tops, separate in lines / Every time she do it she says this her last time / Chasing that high from the very first time / Back in her dorm room in 2009.” Gotdamn. This track is dark as fuck. There’s only one verse. The whole song is just over a minute and a half long. It’s awesome tho. There’s no happy ending to this track. He’s literally just painting the picture of a cokehead snorting lines until her nose starts bleeding. Pretty fucked up stuff. I love shit like this tho. This is dope af. 5/5
Track 15: Party All The Time (Prod. brandUn DeShay)
This beat is dope af. Lyrically, this song kinda sounds like a successor to Drinks On Me. The first verse was great. The hook is very simple, but I really like it. I love how mellow this production is. The second verse was fantastic. Danny Brown is a really poetic lyricist when he’s not rapping about having sex and the benefits of drug use. “Wanting her to change, but she won’t, dog / Just another number in a fucking call log / Lost in the fog, head in the smoke / Laughing at the world ’cause her life is a joke.” This is another great song. I love this track. It’s dope af. 5/5
Track 16: EWNESW (Prod. Quelle Chris)
This beat is dope. The autobiographical content of this track is cool, but I’m not sure how I feel about the hook. It’s not bad enough to completely ruin the track, but I could’ve done without it. The first verse was nice. He’s rapping about where he grew up. The second verse was dope af. “I’m living in the city where the weak get swallowed / Belly of the beast; we don’t care about tomorrow.” This is a good song. Nothing about this track really stands out and pushes it to the next level for me, but I still enjoyed it. This is dope to me. 4/5
Track 17: Fields (Prod. Paul White)
This beat is really dope. Now he’s rapping more about how his hometown affected him personally. He tells a story about how he got jumped when he was on the way to get bread from the store for his mom in the first verse. The hook is fine. It’s really simplistic, but it works. The second verse was absolutely fantastic. “I’m doing drugs thought I’d never ever try / That had my eyes so dry; dog, I WISH I could cry.” He really put his ass into this one. “Lost in the streets niggas playing that gun game / Where nobody wins; just a bunch of mamas losing / Dead body in the field, nobody heard the shooting / We living in the streets where the options is limited / ‘Cause its burnt buildings instead of jobs and businesses.” This is another fantastic song. Holy FUCK this album is longer than a motherfucker. This song in particular is dope af tho. 5/5
Track 18: Scrap Or Die (Prod. Paul White)
Alright, just two more tracks. Oh fuck. FUCK. OH MY FUCK. WHAT. This beat is fucking incredible. Good lord. It’s so fucking weird. Yes. This track is gangsta as hell too. Danny’s tellin’ the story of how he robbed the fuck outta some abandoned house with his family. “Now we at the place, skullies on, bare face / ‘Bout to leave this bitch bare and strip the whole damn place / My unc’ took outside; he ripping down the gutters / So we inside tearing up this motherfucker.” You can tell they were in a really desperate situation because they’re literally taking every single thing that was in the house, including “the hot water tank and leftover appliances.” The hook is cool. I guess he’s gonna try to sell that shit to a junkyard. Damn. He was about to tear up a closed school, but a police officer caught him doing it. The song just ended. I’m gonna be honest; I didn’t even know “scrapping” was a thing. I didn’t know people did this shit. You learn something new every day I guess. It was definitely interesting to hear about. I really enjoyed this track. This is dope af to me. 5/5
Track 19: 30 (Prod. skywlkr)
What the hell? These horns sound so weak. Not in a bad way tho. It sounds intentional. I could see it being a turnoff for some people. It doesn’t really bother me personally; it’s just kinda weird. I feel like I’ve called almost every beat on this album weird tho. Gotdamn. Danny Brown is rapping his motherfucking ass off right now. He’s actually switching between his regular voice and his loud, obnoxious delivery mid verse. He’s even switching his flow up a lot too. This song has the same structure as the first track. It’s just one long verse. He fucking killed it tho. “The last ten years I been so fucking stressed / Tears in my eyes, let me get this off my chest / The thought of no success got a nigga chasing death / Doing all these drugs in hopes of OD’ing next: XXX.” This is definitely one of my favorite songs on the album. This is dope af. 5/5
Holy fuck that was one long ass album. It was great tho. I like this one a little more than The Hybrid. I absolutely loved the weird, experimental production, and I of course enjoyed the commentary on addiction. Again, I don’t know why more rappers don’t try to rap about shit like that. It’s not a perfect album tho. My main problem with this is that it was too long. He could’ve cut some of these tracks. Maybe some of the tracks before DNA. The first 12 tracks all have kind of a similar mood. I just kinda feel like he overdid it with all the party tracks. In my opinion there should’ve been way more shit like tracks 13 through 19. I just felt like the subject matter started getting slightly repetitive until I got to DNA. Once I got to DNA it almost felt like I was listening to a whole other project. The more energetic, less introspective stuff was fantastic at first. I feel like it kinda plateaued towards the middle tho. However, aside from that I think this album is fucking dope. That’s really the only criticism I have. I just wanted more shit like DNA & Party All The Time instead of stuff like Bruiser Brigade & I Will. So yeah. This album is great. I’m really glad I finally got around to listening to it. It’s dope.
Favorite Song: DNA
Least Favorite: I Will
Share this review on Twitter & Facebook
Watch the videos below for more thoughts on this album
BrandUn DeShay
Chip$
DJ House Shoes
Dopehead
Nick Speed
Quelle Chris
skywlkr
Squadda Bambino
Previous Album Review | Danny Brown – The Hybrid
Next Album Review | Danny Brown – Old
AnonymousVato says:
It’s a great project, I like both spectrums this record touches on there’s some playfulness whilst there’s exploration of his own personal demons.
You gotta understand, tracks like “I Will” aren’t made to listen while in the ride or studying or sitting around doing random stuff, it’s background music for when you’re at the stripclub throwing $100 bills at your favorite dancer(s), know what I mean?
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The Trump Presidency
By gottaplan, November 12, 2016 in Current Events
DarkandStormy 813
No big deal - Trump is threatening the license for NBC today. This is life now.
And still advocating/demanding forced patriotism from some guys who run around on a field for three hours a week.
YABO713 1,477
I've dedicated a sizable portion of my legal career and studies to issues re: Constitutional Law. I have never seen a President completely disregard notions of Constitutionality like Trump's tweet today. When GWB had mass surveillance, I was irate. When Obama continued it, I was irate. When SCOTUS deemed a penalty a tax, I was irate. But at least those instances had a rationale behind it that could serve as the basis of an argument.
Here, we have a sensitive, little man who is tired of his feelings being hurt. He is essentially attempted to institute a massive prior restraint. Mind you, our Founding Fathers were wanted for crimes against the Crown, among other reasons, for their "libelous and treasonous" publications.
Honestly, continue to call yourself a conservative if you follow him. Just know, you are not. You are directly OPPOSED to the principles for which Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and John Jay risked their lives. I am so sick of this anti-intellectual buffoon.
down4cle 2
How can you honestly continue to stand for freedom and support a president issuing statements about challenging the license of media networks that give you unfavorable coverage. Not to mention that networks don't technically have licensed individual stations do.
BECAUSE HE GONE BUILD A WALL AND HILLARY SHUD B IN PRISON! IF U AINT ON THE TRUMP TRAIN GET LOST, CUCK. HE MAKES THE INSIGNIFICANT WHITE MAN FEEL SIGNIFICANT AGAIN.
Gramarye 163
Define "follow him." "Follow" as in (a) prefer him to any Democratic challenger, (b) prefer him to any past or future Republican primary challenger, or © actively support everything he asks for and think it would be good for the country and the institution of the presidency if he got his way?
#45 reads like the crazy right-wing authors on Twitter. Overthrow CNN, NBC, etc. because they give us bad coverage! Wahhhhh!
All technology starts out expensive and then becomes cheaper with greater development. The same is and will be true of hybrid and electric cars. Or do you still pay $1000 for a VCR?
Except apple products which actually increase in price YoY, because apple.
I'd say you're a Trump follower if 5 of the following 9 criteria have ever applied to you:
1. You have used the phrase "fake news" in any serious context.
2. You believe Hillary Clinton should be in prison but not Jared Kushner.
3. You support a border wall along Mexican border because "that'll stop em"
4. You like the fact that he is not able to clearly elucidate any policy positions because he "is a normal guy"
5. You are fine with him ignoring the Emoluments provision / not releasing his tax returns.
6. You believe the Legislative Branch's job is to follow his agenda.
7. You do not believe the Russia meddled in our election - directly or indirectly.
8. You believe Robert Mueller is attacking Trump with a biased investigation.
9. You support ad hominen attacks of our intelligence officials / Senators / Judges / Media figures on twitter.
Eminem on Trump
^Trump will not send Pence to go to an Eminem show and leave after 5 minutes.
Clefan98 394
We must protect Eminem at all cost.
He spit fire and he spoke the truth.
Kid Rock wouldn't be anything at all without pandering to those with ignorant, southern, country fried values. He can thank trailer parks all across America for his success, while he grew up in a 1.3 Million dollar mansion in Michigan.
^ In a way he is very similar to Trump. Pretending to be common folk but really they are elites.
Meanwhile, while we debate 19th century technology, Trump is calling for review of a major network's license. It's time for Congress to act!
The best (worst?) part of him wanting to go after NBC's license (and perhaps CNN by equating them) is that RT (Russia Today) is a Russian-sponsored news site that operates in this country. https://www.rt.com/
gottaplan 117
More interesting than the tweet you referenced is the sheer volume of his tweets. I am not on twitter and don't pay much attention to it but looking at his feed, he's posting all the time, several times a day. Wow.
"No one's going to work more than me."
"I won't leave the White House on the weekends because there's so much work to do."
"I won't take vacations but I'll just be working."
^ Sometimes on some other sites when I mention how much Trump lies I get the Trumpie that asks me to give specific lies. I usually list tons of them never included those. But I always follow up with asking them to list 10 true unambiguous things that Trump has said. The usually shuts them down.
Yeah I don't think it's unreasonable of me to expect our president to have no idea who Jemele Hill is...
I wonder why trump lies about things we can easily verify. Now he got Mattis on record to lie for him too. ETTD
Today, President Trump continued his feud with Tennessee’s Senator Corker - one of the most powerful Republicans in the Senate - by calling him “liddle.”
One of the most frequent responses I hear about President Trump is that he just needs to be “given a chance.” Well...
Trump won the presidential election via the Electoral College despite the majority of Americans not voting for him, he inherited a Republican-controlled (and very conservative) House and Senate, immediately got to appoint a Justice to an already-conservative Supreme Court, and had a sizable and frequent-voting group of Americans backing him.
He has, quite literally, been afforded every single “chance” that the US Constitution provides for. He’s just really, really, really not good at this.
jbcmh81 0
Literally none of those reasons would rationally justify supporting Trump. Not anymore and probably never.
Trump tweeted 66 times about four lives lost at Benghazi.
But not once on the four soldiers killed in Niger. https://t.co/opVZogYmpC
Trump never cared about the people that died in Benghazi and he doesn't care about the green berets. Trump cares about Trump only
VANITY FAIR—"Advisers worry Trump’s behavior will cause the Cabinet to take extraordinary Constitutional measures to remove him from office"
The possibility of removing POTUS via the 25th Amendment is now being discussed IN THE WHITE HOUSE.
Edit: here's the article....
https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/10/donald-trump-is-unraveling-white-house-advisers
It's getting to the point where I worry an actual attempt to remove Trump from office will result in Trump doing something drastic. If he's going down, he's going to take everyone with him kind of thing.
Trump, just now: "It is frankly disgusting the press is able to write whatever it wants to write.”
Uh, yeah, it's called the First Amendment.
BTW, Trump also just claimed stock market gains actually offset national debt. Actually, they don't. https://t.co/ul2eKQQHVJ
audidave 115
I'm not sure how many more "unfit" examples are needed b4 the GOP pulls the plug on this goofball. I think i had a better economic understanding in 7th grade of the country than he does. Pathetic.
On a positive note it sounds like Sasse is the latest Senator that has negative thoughts about the current dude in the white house
Ram23 81
I remember 15-20 years ago, when Eminem was last relevant, he was always risque, politically incorrect, and challenged the status quo. Now that he's a washed up middle aged white guy it appears he's finally sold out. This is sad to see but not all that surprising - now if Blink 182 ever comes out with some anti-Trump propaganda music for their liberal overlords like Eminem just did, I will truly be crushed.
sir2gees 0
Rhodes Tower 629'
Even Rush is questioning Trump. I don't agree his motives are "pure", but Rush makes some good points. ( I can't believe I agree with Rush Limbaugh)
Limbaugh: Trump's comments on NFL 'starting to make me nervous'
"There’s a part of this story that’s starting to make me nervous, and it’s this: I am very uncomfortable with the president of the United States being able to dictate the behavior and power of anybody. That’s not where this should be coming from," Limbaugh said on his show. Trump is continually tweeting — I know what he’s doing, and I understand why he’s doing it, and his motives are pure; don’t misunderstand. But I don’t think that it is useful or helpful for any employee anywhere to be forced to do something because the government says they must," he continued.
"We don’t want the president being able to demand anybody that he’s unhappy with behave in a way he requires," Limbaugh added.
http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/354985-limbaugh-trumps-comments-on-nfl-starting-to-make-me-nervous
mu2010 152
I think the fact you're so upset proves he's risque and relevant and politically incorrect. You seem to be in the group he called out and flicked off if I'm not mistaken. That's pretty ballsy of him when many artists would never risk alienating their fans. And if there's any artist who doesn't listen to "overlords," it's Eminem, who has been detached from Hollywood for a long time and does his own thing. So that criticism is laughable. If he didn't want to do this, he would have stayed home.
You just have this whole set of rules that you only apply in one direction but not in the other. Anything that upsets other people is "risque" while anything that upsets you couldn't possibly be.
ColDayMan 663
♫ An Apollo Legend ♫
Not in music, but hate to break it to ya, but...
http://www.nme.com/news/music/blink-182-discuss-punk-writing-music-age-donald-trump-2099758
Blink-182 bassist Mark Hoppus, who called Trump's travel ban "disgraceful." "For me, this is uncharted territory," says Hoppus. "But we're kind of in a time of crisis. I don't know how to use my voice yet – but it feels good to do it."
http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/as-trump-era-begins-musicians-begin-new-wave-of-protests-w465790
"You don't just walk into a bar and mix it up by calling a girl fat" - buildingcincinnati speaking about new forumers
FEMA assisted post-Katrina recovery for over TEN YEARS.
Why expect POTUS to know anything about the govt he heads?
https://t.co/RXJ8bqhK5P
I remember 15-20 years ago, when Eminem was last relevant, he was always risque, politically incorrect, and challenged the status quo.
How is calling out the sitting POTUS not challenging the status quo? Isn't that literally the existing state of affairs?
Because we are all ruled by liberal progressive California elite overlords and there are no conservative Republicans in any position of power anywhere in the world besides Donald J Trump.
This is a perfect example of what I'm getting at. Everyone has different political opinions, but most people can separate their work from their personal views. I'm not the type to boycott anyone or anything because of their political views, but I'm the type that is not interested in politically heavy content. I feel the same way about NFL protests - I could care less what the players' political opinions are. They get paid to move a football up and down a field for my enjoyment - if they want to inject their political opinions into the mix, the enjoyment factor goes down.
Because dissing the president is the new normal, it's expected, especially in Hollywood and especially at a place like the BET awards. People aren't shocked and appalled at what he did, they're blasé. The new counter culture, the new "punk," is showing support for the president. It's risqué, it's shocking, it riles people up - it's basically avant-garde at this point. Trump is in the White House sticking it to the man and it's thrown any semblance of left wing counter culture into complete disarray.
The writer destroys Republicans and Democrats alike, and rightly so....
Faster, Steve Bannon. Kill! Kill!
https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/faster-steve-bannon-kill-kill/2017/10/11/77bdf5c2-aea7-11e7-be94-fabb0f1e9ffb_story.html
Cleburger 540
LOL When Bannon mentioned the 25th amendment Trump said "What's that??"
“I Hate Everyone in the White House!”: Trump Seethes as Advisers Fear the President Is “Unraveling”
In recent days, I’ve spoken with a half dozen prominent Republicans and Trump advisers, and they all describe a White House in crisis as advisers struggle to contain a president that seems to be increasingly unfocused and consumed by dark moods.
This is a perfect example of what I'm getting at. Everyone has different political opinions, but most people can separate their work from their personal views.
Everyone but the 45th President of the United States.
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HomeReform Movement Sheds Publishing Arm
Reform Movement Sheds Publishing Arm
Michael KaminerApril 22, 2015Thinkstock
The Union for Reform Judaism is getting out of the publishing business.
Reform Judaism’s governing body will hand over production of its printed materials — from bar-mitzvah training materials to school curricula to poetry and cookbooks — to Behrman House, the venerable New Jersey-based publisher of academic and Jewish books.
A second partner, the Central Conference of American Rabbis, will take over the URJ’s Torah commentaries, including highly regarded works like “The Torah: A Modern Commentary” and “The Torah: A Women’s Commentary.”
URJ’s chief program officer, Mark Pelavin, told the Forward the decision grew out of planning priorities, not financial concerns.
“The URJ made a decision to find partners to take over its publishing arm as part of a far-reaching strategic planning process,” he said. “Although URJ Press consistently turned a profit, we decided to allocate our resources in other areas, in particular the newly-clarified key audiences of congregational leadership and youth.” Demand for URJ’s books has remained constant, Pelavin said.
The shuttering of URJ’s in-house publishing arm will result in some musical chairs. Michael Goldberg, publisher and editor-in-chief of the Books and Music division for six years, will assume a new position as director of knowledge management on the URJ’s Strengthening Congregations team. As part of URJ’s wide-ranging 2020 Vision strategic plan, the team “supports congregations so that they remain relevant and effective, thriving as centers of Jewish life today and for future generations,” according to the URJ web site.
Lauren Theodore, a URJ spokesperson, said the closure will result in job losses. “Some of the staff have other positions at the URJ, some are moving to Behrman, and some may yet be offered positions. But, of course, a small number of positions were eliminated,” she said in an email.
While the URJ will stay involved in content creation, the partnership gives 94-year-old Behrman House final cut. “Behrman House has made clear that they want us involved going forward, and we have developed a formal mechanism for that,” Pelavin said. “But the final editorial decisions are theirs.”
According to David Behrman, Behrman House’s president, those decisions may involve modernizing and digitizing slightly musty texts.
“The URJ’s list is almost exclusively print-based,” Behrman told the Forward by email. “I see a future in which every new Behrman House book is offered in a digital or blended version.”
The publisher “will build on the current materials, adapting them to new technologies, educational environments and venues,” Behrman said. “An immediate priority will be to develop additional materials for the URJ’s CHAI curriculum, which is used in several hundred schools but which is 10 years old. Among our improvements will be ancillary materials which support more modern educational practices, for example project-based learning. And we will explore creating a blended—book and digital—version of CHAI to be offered on the Behrman House Online Learning Center platform.”
Behrman wouldn’t disclose specific terms of the deal, but said the URJ will profit from material it created for a long time. The publisher will also acquire URJ’s entire inventory of existing titles.
“The URJ will receive a royalty on all sales of books and software which were developed by the URJ Press, for the lifetime of the materials,” he said. “This will ensure that they continue to benefit the Reform movement.”
According to a profile in the Newark Star-Ledger, Behrman House shifted from an exclusive print publisher into one that offers a range of digital lesson plans over the last decade. It also became one of the first Jewish educational publishers to create its own online learning portal, with classes primarily for religious school students from Reform and Conservative congregations, last year.
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Union for Reform Judaism
Michael Kaminer
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Benjamin Franklin Papers
Documents filtered by: Author="Adams, John" AND Correspondent="Franklin, Benjamin"
sorted by: date (descending)
To Benjamin Franklin from John Adams, 29 June 1784
From John Adams
Copy: Massachusetts Historical Society
The Hague June 29. 1784
The Baron de Reishack,8 has several times said to me that his Court expected that Congress would announce formally their Independence, and asked me, if any Step of that Sort had been taken.9 That I may be able to give him an Answer, I must request of your Excellency to inform me whether you have made the annunciation directed in the first Article of the Instructions of the 29 of October 17831 and what is the answer.
I have the Pleasure to learn, by report only however that Mr Jay is appointed Minister of foreign Affairs and that Mr Jefferson is appointed to Madrid,2 and that Mr Johnson has received and transmitted to your Excellency, a Packet which probably contains an authentic Account, as it Seems to be posteriour to the Appointment, by being addressed only to your Excellency and to me.3 I Should be glad to know whether there is any Thing else of Consequence, and whether it appears to be the design and Expectation of Congress that I should join you, where you are.
His Excellency Benjamin Franklin
[Note numbering follows the Franklin Papers source.]
8. Franz Freiherr von Reischach, minister plenipotentiary of the Holy Roman Empire in the Netherlands: Repertorium der diplomatischen Vertreter, III, 82.
9. JA had written to Thomas Mifflin on June 22 that several foreign ministers, including Reischach, had informed him that with the definitive treaty ratified, Congress should send a letter to all European governments giving formal notice of American independence. This, according to the diplomats, was standard practice. JA advised Mifflin on what the letter ought to say, and noted that the answers given by the various sovereigns would cause orders to be issued to all their representatives, official, civilian, and military, “to treat all Americans, Citizens of the United States according to their Characters”: Adams Papers, XVI, 243–4.
1. The article instructed the peace commissioners to announce to Joseph II or one of his ministers the desire of the United States to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce: XLI, 154–5. Without waiting for BF’s reply, JA sent Reischach a copy of the article the following day: Adams Papers, XVI, 258–9.
2. JA learned this from William Bingham, who had just received letters from Philadelphia informing him that TJ had been selected to replace Jay, who intended to return to America: Adams Papers, XVI, 251.
3. Edmund Jenings wrote JA on June 23 about the arrival of this packet: Adams Papers, XVI, 246. It probably contained Mifflin’s letter of March 20, above, and its enclosures. Joshua Johnson had volunteered the previous year to forward mail for BF from London (XL, 424), but we have found no cover letter from him.
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-42-02-0240
Note: The annotations to this document, and any other modern editorial content, are copyright © the American Philosophical Society and Yale University. All rights reserved.
Franklin Papers
“To Benjamin Franklin from John Adams, 29 June 1784,” Founders Online, National Archives, accessed September 29, 2019, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-42-02-0240. [Original source: The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 42, March 1 through August 15, 1784, ed. Ellen R. Cohn. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2017, pp. 383–384.]
From Franklin to Adams [27 June 1784]
From Franklin to Adams [4 July 1784]
All correspondence between Franklin and Adams
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Markus Petritz/Futurism
Future Society
EU to Internet Companies: You Have Three Months to Get Rid of Extremist Content
"We still need to react faster against terrorist propaganda and other illegal content.”
Brad Jones March 2nd 2018
/ Future Society
/ Hate Speech
/ Internet
/ Social Media
/Hate Speech
/Internet
/Social Media
The European Union has given internet companies including YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Google three months to start taking steps to remove extremist content.
The European Commission advised companies that removing “terrorist content” like hate speech and Islamic State propaganda should be prioritized, according to a report from Reuters. They also set guidelines for curbing other illegal content, including the unauthorized sharing of copyrighted material — but companies have six months, not three, to address those concerns.
“While several platforms have been removing more illegal content than ever before … we still need to react faster against terrorist propaganda and other illegal content which is a serious threat to our citizens’ security, safety and fundamental rights,” said Digital commissioner Andrus Ansip in a press release.
The Commission also stated that internet companies needed to be prepared to take down extremist content within an hour of being notified. It recommended companies are implement automated systems that flag and remove illegal content as soon as it is posted.
While these recommendations are non-binding, they could factor into future legislation. If there isn’t sufficient evidence after three months that internet companies are curbing recommended content, the European Commission may pass continent-wide laws that would compel companies to pursue similar action.
Germany already introduced a law to curb the use of social media to publish hate speech in October 2017. Sites and services that don’t get rid of the content within 24 hours (or seven days for more complex cases) are subject to fines of up to €50 million by German authorities, according to a report from Tech Crunch.
European Union legislation could follow a similar format.
Both Germany and the European Union’s guidelines are efforts to minimize the flood of easily accessible extremist content on the internet. According to the Guardian, European governments have said that this type of content has inspired radical individuals who have executed terrorist attacks in various European cities.
If the EU can successfully curb terrorist content on the internet, it could play a role in preventing tragedies like the Paris attacks in November 2015, or the 2016 attack on a Christmas market in Berlin.
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Hack Away
Researchers Find Major Security Flaws in Popular App TikTok
War on the Web
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Normal Day
Putin Signs Bill to Create Tightly-Controlled “Russian Internet”
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How do you accommodate newbies while still creating depth in the design of light/dark systems for MUDs (or other text-based games)?
I've been pondering a redesign of our MUD's light/dark system. Our current system accommodates new players by simply not saddling them with being unable to see should they happen to wander outside of a populated area at night. I would like, in redesigning the light system, to stop making accommodations. I take the accommodations as a sign the system is less than ideal for everyone.
I appreciate the way visual games are afforded to handle this; we can generally see the area around our character, and in some cases can obtain bonuses to the radius within which we can see. I haven't been able to come up with a good way to port this concept to a MUD, at least without a concept of relative position that our current code-base just doesn't support. If we didn't have multiple player sub-classes based on the darkness they can create, I would be inclined to make it so all players can see the room they're in, get rid of torches, and be done with it.
I've spent a few hours searching and have failed to dig up compelling discussions on the topic. I'm sure they exist--I find it hard to believe the topic hasn't been aired somewhere. I'm curious how others would approach a light/dark system needing no exceptions for newbies, while still being able to accommodate classes, such as the undead, which need darkness (indeed, part of their power comes from their ability to keep others from seeing.)
text-based lighting mud
abathurabathur
You could have alternative, very short, vague descriptions of locations for use at night. Also available interactions with elements of the room could be different. This way the player could be able to for example notice that there is some road sign pointing to some important location (which might be the city) and during day the player could be able to read that sign.
Maciej PendolskiMaciej Pendolski
You could provide players with some easy to obtain equipment to see in the dark (a torch, for example), but discourage its use for advanced players by making other equipment options available which result in superior character performance, but do not have the light perk.
An easy to acquire torch, for example, could be useful as a weapon itself in the beginning, so it's dual-use light source and weapon. Or it could fill the offhand equipment slot which a newbie has no use for, because two-handed weapons, shields or dual-wielding weapons aren't available to them yet.
But a player who has progressed further might opt to use a harder to acquire two-handed sword instead which is a much superior weapon, but doesn't create light, so the player has to learn how to navigate the world without the aid of light in exchange for more combat ability.
\$\begingroup\$ Torches could also be disfavored by higher-level characters who can afford alternatives because a light source attracts wandering monsters. \$\endgroup\$ – user16989 Mar 19 '13 at 12:58
\$\begingroup\$ In one game I remember there was a 'utility' slot for which items were rare and high-level...with the exception of a light-rod, which you could get from a newbie quest. Invariably Low-level characters always used the light since they had absolutely nothing better to equip in that slot, but higher-level characters had access to much better items, which they equipped instead. \$\endgroup\$ – Textmode Aug 29 '13 at 15:00
I'm going to make a presumption here, in that experienced players can cope with the dark. What I'd do is follow the route of several other games, and give a one week grace period, for example. During this time, new players can get used to playing the game - note that there would only be a limited amount of light, and this could possibly even be shrunk down over time to acclimatise players to the game. In this way, new players aren't faced with a seemingly impossible game to start with, but after a while they can then play evenly with other people.
PolarPolar
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged text-based lighting mud or ask your own question.
How could I expose the engine API for text-adventure games?
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pete23
About pete23
San Francisco , CA
Life, art, movies, etc.
Peterg11102@yahoo.com
Thank You Dr. Edwards and Dr. Gehring!
pete23 replied to Auburnrebecca's topic in The Master of Suspense: 50 Years of Hitchcock
Yes thank you for a brilliant summer. Now I feel lost without reading and looking at videos and doing quizzes! Until next topic!
Pre-Code that Pushed the Envelope
pete23 replied to HomesoulM's topic in Pre-Code Films
Waterloo Bridge is it for me!
8/2/17 Lecture Note Discussion: Who Would be a Hitchcock Collaborator in 2017?
pete23 replied to Dr. Rich Edwards's topic in The Master of Suspense: 50 Years of Hitchcock
From the knowledge of Hitchcock working style--the closest of the modern directors who can or possess a trace of Hitch's ethics would be Scorsese. They are both visual people. Since Alexandre Phillipe said he would love to see more comedies from Hitchcock to which I agreed. To this I add the Coen brothers. They possess a dark humor that would be in line with Hitchcock's English black humor to a tee. John Williams, though he worked with Master before, I would like to have seen the collaboration comes to fruition. I think John Williams is more closely in style of Bernard Herrmann. As for costume, Edith Head was an interesting person to say the least. With her contract at Paramount which was to last from the 30s to early 60s was unique. It is widely known that her name gets credited on "A" pictures. Her clothes were never considered pretty. It was correct for the character. Doris Day said that about Head clothes in "Man Who Knew too Much". Her clothes were indigenous to that period and it worked. Her clothes for all of Hitchcock's blondes were correct for the period with the exception of those for Eva Marie Saint. The suits worn by Novak, Hedren, Kelly and Day, all share her touch known as Edith Head suit--the semi-fitted three buttons suit paired with a slim a-line pencil skirt are perhaps her legacy with Hitchcock where his dictive were precise and often left no room for creativity. (Everyone who loved classic knew of her Oscars award for 1954 Sabrina. It wasn't her designs and wiling her contract her name was credited, but thus created one of cinematic most celebrated collaboration of designer and star which still holds the film goers to imagination to this day.) From that brief essay above, Sandy Powell would be a good fit. She designed costumes that fit the character and not an actress personal taste. Cinematography: no one comes to mind. Editor: Thelma Schoonmaker. A brilliant woman and a shade of Alma in her eagle-eye observation would be a perfect fit.
Questions for Alexandre Philippe for August 1st Shindig
Vertigo is often quoted as Hitch's greatest film. How much do you think the San Francisco locations enchance the visual effects or is it irrelevant because it looked like a travelogue? Does that apply to the famous locations used?
Daily Dose #20: Look! (Opening Scene of Frenzy)
1) Frenzy opens with a panoramic view of London. A travelogue made by an Londoner who had missed his city and wanted to share in its stunning view. Though the view of the Thames River is in both Frenzy and The Lodger. the difference is that Lodger starts with a scream, pan to crowd in frantic manner. With Frenzy, it opens so calmly and majestically that underlies what will happen later. The crowd is there more subdued than Lodger. Then we hear a scream and a body is discovered. 2) The usual touches are the use of public space. The crowd as a starting point of the story. He use of black humor is not amused here. We see a constant politician presenting himself to the a crowd and a precise someone screams and mayhem insured. A body is discovered. Due to the relaxation of the codes, Hitchcock was more able to indulge his darker self. Hence, the nudity, the graphic depiction of the crime. His earlier efforts were bogged down by the production codes thus most of his themes are suppressed or coded. Now free of that Hitchcock was able to be free to tell his narrative in a way more mature way. 3) Hitchcock was able to use the new technology for his narrative. The use of helicopter shot is still spectacular. The swooping shot of London proper is more reminiscent of the opening to To Catch a Thief. That breezy look of beauty that underlies the ugliness beneath its veneer.
Daily Dose #19: Real Identities (Opening Scene of Marnie)
1. The scene opens with the yellow purse tucked a woman's arm as we see as the camera pans up to reveal a dark-haired femme in dark brown tweed suit leaving the train platform. Then we her unpacking in a hotel room. (Notice that her new wardrobe was not in bags. In the yesteryears, shopping for clothing is packed into boxes.) We come to know this woman is in a hurry. Then we see her washing out her dark color in the sink and voila she becomes a blond-a new identity. And she sports a new color palette of clothes along with a new sleek hairdo. We know from this transformation that Marnie is not who she is and she is running away. Her reaction to objects is of nonchalant and uncaring. She tends throw things away as something of disposal as last year's clothes or lover. The key in which she locks the suitcase of loaded cash is seen be thrown away into the street grate. She seems not to care about the cash that is now left behind the train station. (Hitchcock loves those trains!!!) She is a sociopath if ever there is one. All her actions are done without empathy. It is about her and her needs at that moment. 2. Herrmann score is perfect to the tee. It demonstrates so well in the opening scene throughout the train platform. The score has a soft romantic tone. But as the scene progress to her washing out her hair the score gets louder and stronger. It fits the scene as the character dramatically changes from one persona to another. 3. Hitchcock's cameo is at the beginning with the master uncharacteristically looking into the camera. I believe it was his winking at us the audience for being naughty for following Marnie as she swayed down the hall admiring her view. We the audience is still voyeur de riquer.
Daily Dose #18: Love Birds (Opening Scene of The Birds)
1. I have to say how excited to see Tippi/Melanie walked across San Francisco's Union Square (my hometown) gave me such goosebumps. She crossed Geary and Powell Streets where the fabled cable cars clanked its way to the stars was like a scene from a frothy romantic-comedies of that era. Think Doris Day/Rock Hudson. As she approaches the Davidson's Pet Shop, As she climbed the stairs and banter with the lady behind the counter, Mitch came in. Dashing, well-dressed and groomed, a younger version of Cary Grant (not as tall) caught the eye of Melanie. From there the scene takes on a light, comedic nuances as the two very attractive leads do the mating dance. What is noticeable is the fact Mitch and Melanie are definitely interested in each other. Mitch is aware of Melanie's blatant lies about her knowledge of birds. He is an expert and knows how to gage a lie as he is a lawyer. As a romantic ploy, it played against what is to come and a backstory of boy meets girl, girl do boy wrong, and girl wants boy back. 2. The sound of birds in the opening scene screeching is to provide the audience a clue to what to come and subconsciously embed into our psyche to enhance the suspense. The various birds chirping throughout the opening scene without a score is truly experimental. We hear it as the film unfolds to its final dramatic ending. It is so scary and frightening as the whole film is only accompanied by the sound of birds. 3. Hitchcock is a master of self-promotion and here he does it early on in the reels. While we come to expect his infamous cameos, we anxiously look for him and often is distracting from the story on the screen. The Birds is an exception. He made his cameo and disappeared from the duration of the film. Therefore we are free from the stress and able to concentrate on the remaining story plots. Hitch certainly loves the number 2. Two dogs, both the leads are seeking two birds are so part of the Hitchcockian world. Double is his game.
Daily Dose #17: What Do I Do With My Free Afternoon? (Title Sequence and Opening Scene of Psycho)
1) The collaboration of Bass and Herrmann is extraordinary effective both visually and aurally. Herrmann's score of violin simulates the sound of screams coupled with the linear lines of Bass' graphic that looks like knives stabbing is so eerie. When I saw it on a TCM/Fathom event a few years back, as the credit begins, I found myself to be on-edge, nervous and highly alert to what is to come. 2) Hitchcock precisely set the exact time, date, and place as though as a police report would start out. He is giving us specific details for us to remember whether it is important or not. He wanted to remember this date and time as something will alter that day. Something extraordinary will happened. We have to remember it! Hitchcock loves to explore the voyeur in us, the audience, From the half drawn shaded window as it swooped in, we are vastly becoming invested in his universe. He entered the scene this way is to give it a more intimacy than say an opening door. It is through a window does a voyeur peeps. It reminds me of Rear Window except we are looking inward and out toward the other windows beyond the yard. 3) The opening scene serves to tell Marion's story quite clearly. She is working at a dead-end job with no prospect. She is having a tryst with a man who comes into town. She sees him on he lunch hours only. There is something bubbling beneath Marion's veneer. Her tone of voice to her lover is edgy almost nonchalant. It appears Marion's in charge of the situation instead of the lover. It is she who is running the show. She is already planning something when she returns to the office. Her dissatisfaction with her life and hoping for a better her lover is about to take shape and form. The way she is dressed is by far a difference from North by Northwest. A bar and slip in 1959 would have comandeered a today NC17 is shocking, but the codes were fast disappearing. Even the half-naked torso of John Gavin is risqué in that men of that period. Yes, we have seen shirtless men on the beach and whatnot, however, but never in the bedroom, lying on a bed in the throes of loving making. The 1960s have begun.
Daily Dose #16: It's a Nice Face (Scene from North by Northwest)
1) The two leads as beautiful as ever does have genuine chemistry that is often cannot manufacture. This is what we call X factor. Cary Grant and Eva Marie Saint had it spades. Cary Grant had owned his persona of suave sophistication since the 1930s and Saint had been a model, a successful stage actress before her Oscars award. They were at the heights of their fame and beauty. Combined they made an electric scene in the dining car. The chemistry between Grant and Saint is unmistakeable. The attraction is heightened by the erotic banter however subtle it was. This is coupled by the fact the two leads genuinely liked each other and respected each other. Therefore, the palatable hint of sexual attraction is there. The audience can and will feel the energy and heat generated from the looks, the smiles, and winks of these two devastatingly beautiful leads. 2) The scene is very quiet and subtle. The use of the matchbook is brilliant as it is to the audience's eye just a matchbook. It is not noticed until Roger (Grant) picked it up to light her cigarette. Then Kendall (Saint) noticed the initials and asked "what's the O for" to which he replied nothing. It is Grant as Roger to mock himself and his screen persona. As the conclusion of the scene, we see Saint blow out the match. Very erotic and sexy. 3) We hear the everyday noises such as the train, dishes clanking and murmurs. The accompanying score is low and soft so we can hear the two leads conversation. The sound design only enhances the scene or rather love scene of the two leads.
Daily Dose #15: Lissajous Figures (Title Design Sequence from Vertigo)
1) The opening of the film title says just what it is. The strange green glow spirals and the very slow repetitive of the music gives a sense of being hynoptic under a spell. Certainly the extreme close-up of Kim Novak's eyes and mouth is very intimate as well the darting of the eyes as credits come forth. The close up is so tight that we see her pores is bit overkill obsession on the borderline of creepiness. Hint of the future mental state of the mad genius later on. 2) I have to say the detailed close-up shot of Kim Novak's eye. The eye which we have seen in Spellbound through the lens of Dali is very direct. It is saying the eye is the window to your mind and how you interpret what you see. The continual spinning spirals coming from her eye is more or less a statement of being entranced in a dream. Throughout the opening the spirals spinning is meant to put the watcher into another space and time. The inhabitations of the watcher is heightened to a level of fear, anxiety and confusion. 3) The synchronize relationship between Saul and Herrmann is by-far the most effective here. The timing of the eerie score juxtapose with the continual spinning spirals is enticing. Catnip for the film goers. It sucks you into that trance-like state. I find myself in that state as the film unfolds!
Daily Dose #14: Here Lie the Broken Bones of L.B. Jefferies (Opening Scene of Rear Window)
1) The opening scene is spectacular in the way it brings the audience into the narrative. The shot of the window out onto the patio and onto the buildings surrounding LB's own is vivid. The details of each of the windows are detailed down to the patterns on the walls. Each of those windows have its own stories to tell and the genius of Hitch is that fleshed out those details. I get a sense that he gave the background actors in those lodgings the freedom to improvise and create their own narratives. Each window is like a miniature screen of a movie with its own stories. But it is controlled not by reality, but by our own making. The audience is enmeshed by the visuals and sounds that is to draw us into that world. The vantage point is really the audience as we become the LB. We are now know the morning habit of our "neighbors" from the bachelor next door to the couple standing on a balcony having coffee, the couple who are forced to sleep on the balcony due to the stifling heat and to Miss Torso's daily habit of putting on her bar and doing her leg stretches. Despite of how we feel about voyeurism-but we can't take eyes away. We want more and we shall get more. 2) I learned a lot about LB's life as the camera panned around his cramped apartment. The cast is the starter that we know he is immobiled for duration of the film. Then we see his life strewn about the room. The broken camera. From this bit of visual, we know he is a photographer and on the walls hung pictures of far-off places with plenty of actions. We know he is an adrenaline junkie. And also we know he also does portraiture as the negative of a smiling woman in frame juxtaposed next to a stack of similar magazine as Life of the same woman. 3) Hitch by using the opening of the back yard of LB's apartment is to make the audience a participant in the story. Also he knows that human nature is that we are curious. Thus I, as an audience, I have become a voyeur. (Sidebar after this) Hitchcock seeks to elicit a sense of shame and pleasure in presenting us with this panorama of windows with lives in it. As a voyeur, we become so entranced that we project our own imaginations and thoughts onto those people across the way. For sure, I don't feel guilty, maybe for the first minute or two; but afterward I wanted to know more. 4) Agreed. This is Hitch's best film opening. While it does have his touches such as a public space, the crowd is placed in various windows. It is still Hitchcock! His most visual. **Sidebar** Please allow me to indulge, Professor Edwards. You see, I lived in New York years ago and lived in the back of a building similar to LB's. So I know a thing of two about voyeurism. I, not unlike LB Jeffries, have taken to look out of my window and to see my neighbors through theirs. Try as hard I might. I just couldn't look away. Hitchcock had in Rear Window forced us to confront our tendency to voyeurism. There are times, I had seen my neighbors in various stages or undress or nude (Hitchcock was right this does excite and draw you in), picking their noses or just oblivious to the fact they are naked standing in front of the window. I often see them during my daily chores and not unlike LB or Lisa, I let my imagination go regarding these unknown beings. Strangely once I met them at the grocery or at the butcher, they are not that far from my imagination of them!
Daily Dose #13: Criss Cross (Opening Scene of Strangers on a Train)
1) In how many ways does Hitchcock play with or visually manifest the metaphor of “criss cross” or “criss-crossing” in this introductory sequence. [For those who haven’t seen the film yet, the idea of “criss cross” is central idea in this film, a theme Hitch sets up from the opening frames of this film] Be specific. Criss crossing has an metaphor of how lives can be crossed. The criss cross of the train tracks is the most obvious. As well as the entrance of the two characters as they criss-crossed each other in the arrival of the taxis. The train track is more visual as it heads to become a single track; it gives a sense the eventual of being one single path. 2) Even in this brief scene, how does Hitchcock create a sense of contrast between Guy (Farley Granger) and Bruno (Robert Walker)? Consider everything from camera work, to clothing and shoes, to dialogue and speech, for example. Men Fashion: Let's not kid ourselves, clothes does make the man as in this case the shoes have it all. We see two pairs of distinct shoe styles. One is a pair of wingtip spat which one can say the man who wears this is one of daring and flashy and yes, flamboyant. The other is a pair of discreet and possibly dark-tan wingtip laced up oxfords. It tells of a man who is of elegance, classic and not-a-risk taker of any kind. As we see the body shot, we see the classic dark-tan shoes are wearing a possibly dark navy blazer with charcoal grey trouser. The spats boy is wearing a light gray or in color suit which gives a tale of cockiness and confidence. Bruno's is definitely flamboyant in his choice tie and very bold tie-clip bears his name! Notice how the trousers' length are just above the shoes. Hitch wanted the shoes to be seen as a character. Camera: The shots are most in angles. Hitch hints of oddity to the characters. Dialogue: Guy's almost lack of conversation as oppose to Bruno's confidence and sureness in his opening introduction. Bruno's speech is bold and assertive as Guy's passive in silence and in its short sentences. It is Bruno who takes control of the conversation and even getting up to sit next to Guy. Guy is almost darkness and seems to be backing away. But Guy is too fascinated by Bruno's nonchalant bravadas to even care. 3) While the visual design gets the most attention typically, how does the Dimitri Tiomkin score function as part of the mood and atmosphere of this opening sequence? The score is like another part of the character as we see in the opening scene at the train station. For Guy, we get a sense of classic, softer notes than Bruno's loud almost in-your-face jazz. The music sets mood of the characters as well as setting up the story as it rolls out before our eyes.
Daily Dose #10: Nothing on Me (Opening Scene of Shadow of a Doubt)
1. As the scene opens, we see Uncle Charlie lying on a bed in a darkened room. He is smoking and the camera pans to the floor where a small pile of bills streamed on the floor. I get the sense this is not a man on-the-run or a man who is not bothered by his deeds. At first glance, I wondered where the money came from-a bank perhaps. He is non-chalant and very cool to the surface. A making of a psychopath. Since Hitch has dealt the themes of duality, we see the coolness and the anxious as the opposite. As the landlady informed Charlie that two men is inquiring about him. We saw nothing but calm. The landlady drew the shades and left. The anger within him comes boiling to the surface as he throw a glass to the floor. He proceed to put on his hat and headed out the house. He sees the two men in questions across the street and boldly walked up to them and defiantly bumped one of them to instigate the game of cat and mouse. Within this brief scene, we know Uncle Charlie is not what he pretends to be. A fine start to a road trip into Hitchcock's world. 2. Haven't yet seen The Killers. I can suppose that the man, like Charlie, is contemplating some form of sort while lying on a bed. I can imagine there are deep shadows on the face and the room to indicated mood. Both men, I can assume, are killers. The difference is that one is on his way to the gallows and one is about to escape. While both are psychopaths, one is caught and one is about to be caught himself. 3. The music here served as a character as well as the picturesque township of Santa Rosa. It sets the mood of the film. The best example is the Merry Widow waltz. The score tells you what was in Charlie's past all without a single word.
pete23 started following Daily Dose #4: Depends on Your Point of View (Scene from Downhill) July 11, 2017
Daily Dose #9: Last Night I Dreamt (Opening Scene of Rebecca)
1. Describe how this opening is different from the multiple opening scenes you have seen in the Daily Doses from the British silent and/or sound period? The sound period ushers in a productive period for Hitch as he has access to bigger budget and the "stars" for his vision. There is not much difference with the exception of narration providing the set-up for the audience as I call it, we, the voyeurs. The narration by Joan Fontaine is quite faithful to the novel's opening and gives the audience a background into what we are about to see. 2. What are the Hitchcock "touches" in this opening that help you identify this as a film directed by Alfred Hitchcock? We see the close-up of the gate to Manderley. As the dolly moves into the twisting drive way toward the mansion along with narration, we are introduced to the most important character in the film, Manderley. The shot of the crashing waves upon rocks and the vertical shot of Olivier standing on the edge of the cliff is a touch of the unmistakeable Hitchcock touch. 3. How does this opening sequence use Manderley--the house itself--as a kind of character in the story? What affect does the flashback structure and the voiceover narration have on your experience of this scene? It gives a structure and sense of the story as it unfolds. I come to know a bit of the past of these two people.
Daily Dose #8: Cooling Our Heels (Opening Scene from The Lady Vanishes)
1. Using specific examples, describe how Hitchcock opens The Lady Vanishes. What tone, mood, or atmosphere is Hitchcock establishing for the audience very early on in this picture? Pay particular attention to the music. The opening is in public space beloved by Hitch. A hotel of nondescript with the exception of the cuckoo clock that marks time. The crowd of travelers are rested on their luggages waiting for the hotel manager as goes about his flight. The music is also a mood indicator which Hitchcock used to the maximum. The music is light and airy enough to present a mood of light-hearted traveling scene. Music is to play a future in Htich's cinematic achievements. His use of music as mood to full effect. The beginning as we see the manager and a customer sans dialogue is reminiscent of his silent films. The action does not need words to express the action. 2. Discuss the characters of Caldicott and Charters in this scene. What do the performances of Caldicott and Charters add to this scene. The characters are hilarious. They were used as a comic tour-de-force in a whimsy opening scenario. As Professor Edwards added in his lecture video, listen to their dialogue which I did. I know the tight English accents are not what we used to here; not the posh tones of Masterpiece theater, but rather a more natural and perhaps regional accent. The tidbit of their conversation is very much political in nature. Thanks to our fearless Professor to whom i owed a debt gratitude of having learned something new about this film which I have seen many times. Now, I have to pay more attention aurally when it plays on Friday evening. 3. From their doorway entrance to their staircase exit, describe how Hitchcock uses dialogue, camera movement, and the placement of characters in the frame to establish Iris (Margaret Lockwood) as the star of this scene. Margaret Lockwood while was a brunette beauty. She was not standing in the middle of the frame sandwiched by her blonde companions. She was staged on the right side of the frame and yet it is her bit of dialogue that enable the audience to distinguish her from the blondes. They knew who was the leader of the pack and took command. As the scene progresses, the camera as though by nature follows her lead as they ascend the stairs to their room. I knew she was in-control of the situation as she is the boldest of the three to correct the manager of his pronunciation of Avalanche, how cheeky and in French. She continues to assert her character dominance with ordering a magnum of champagne, a girl after my own heart. She has got chuzputah. Not a bad thing to have if you are about to be a woman who is going to need it the most in the next 98 minutes.
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with comments.", "url": "https://frith-in-thorns.livejournal.com/38719.html", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "http://www.dreamwidth.org/tools/commentcount?user=frith_in_thorns&ditemid=38961" }, "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Frith", "image": "https://l-userpic.livejournal.com/123254485/20985143" }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Journal frith_in_thorns", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://frith-in-thorns.livejournal.com", "contentUrl": "https://l-userpic.livejournal.com/123254485/20985143" } } }
Music: Coldplay - Hurts Like Heaven
so, sherlock aired
I... sort of feel that it would have been much better if it hadn't been so long. From about 2/3 of the way through it seemed to flounder about rather a lot. Then it was like a massive domino of plot twists which made no sense and just came out of nowhere.
Things I really liked, though!
- Mycroft being canonically gay.
- Irene being canonically gay. (Yes, I'm sorry, I'm just an angry queer.)
- The entire thing with the blogs and Sherlock being so confused and John and this was adorable.
- Drugged Sherlock. (No one is going to be surprised at this, either.)
- Sherlock just being so... not really grasping normality.
- MRS HUDSON. She was made of awesome.
- The Holmes brothers bickering in Buckingham Palace.
- SO MANY PUNS ON CONAN-DOYLE'S TITLES.
Things I really didn't like
- The continuing effort to paint Molly as pathetically as possible.
- A plane full of dead people? Really?
- The fact that, instead of winning, Irene got completely destroyed and then had to have her life saved by Sherlock.
- Complete lack of Sally. I was really looking forward to seeing her again.
- The complete pointlessness of John's girlfriend. Just... so unoriginal.
- SHERLOCKED.
I was going to be annoyed here about how they had Irene identify as a lesbian but then be all sexually attracted to ~Sherlock the special snowflake, but I've come to the conclusion that she was just playing him. Or, if she wasn't, I DON'T CARE OKAY.
Tags: sherlockbbc, tv reactions
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Posts Tagged ‘Ringo’
'Beach Boys vs Beatlemania', 1964, American popular culture, AstridKirchherr, author G. A. De Forest, Beatles, Bobby Darin, British Invasion, Buddy Holly, Capitol, Chuck Berry, Colonel Parker, Elvis Presley, Fab Four, Fats Domino, George Harrison, George Martin, Harrypottermania, Jerry Lee Lewis, John Lennon, Lennon-McCartney, Little Richard, Lord of the Rings, Murray "the K" Kaufman, Murray the K, music review, Paul McCartney, pop music, Ringo, Ringo Starr, Riverdance, Rock Around the Clock, rock music, Sixties Music, teen idols, The Beatles
ROCK MUSIC — Beach Boys vs Beatlemania: “WE LOVE YOU BEATLES, OH YES WE DO!”
In celebrity, generational/fashion, history, music on February 9, 2008 at 6:16 am
Excerpt #1 from BEACH BOYS vs BEATLEMANIA: Rediscovering Sixties Music by G. A. De Forest, published by Booklocker.com and available for around $19.95 from Amazon, Borders, Books-a-Million, Barnes & Noble or any other of your favorite Internet stops
Sales peak thus far: #23 on Amazon.com’s hot 100 Music History & Criticism books (April 26th 2008)
The Fab Four, mops flourishing by mid 1964
To be caught up in Beatlemania ’64 was something as exciting as it was indescribable. Imagine Irish music, Riverdance and leprechaun outfits taking over the world—held aloft for everyone else to aspire to: a crude but apt comparison. The Beatle phenomenon has been uncritically celebrated long past the point of drop-dead kicking-the-corpse boredom, so to this day no one has been able to say convincingly what their music had to do with it. But you had to be there—the pop culture ‘happening’ of the mid-Sixties. It was experienced so deeply by many youths it seemed all that was needed to fix the world was immersion in Beatledom so everything would turn “fab”. Harrypottermania is the only phenomenon to compare with it today.
Tony Barrow, rock journalist and Beatle publicist: “The whole thing changed. The balance of power fell from an average age of 40 to 25 overnight.”
Derek Taylor, Beatle and later Beach Boy publicist: “We saw them in that sense [of being saviors]. People saw them as being some sort of answer to the miseries of the world or in our own little lives. They were the four-headed Santa Claus.”
Astrid Kirchherr, designer of the Beatlehair: “My heart just opens up with pride and joy to know I was so lucky to get to know these wonderful people who deserved all this fame and fortune.”
Astrid Kirchherr: “You could tell Paul really hated [Stuart]” (Salewicz).
Murray Kaufman (Murray the ‘K’), star DJ and self-proclaimed Fifth Beatle: “To this day when you hear [other superstars] you know it. With every album The Beatles gave us a 180-degree change. A completely different change, a different sound, a different attitude. They kept changing with us. The Beatles inspired a lot of the political and social revolution that took place, because from a subliminal standpoint The Beatles represented change. We saw the Beatles change right in front of our eyes.”
This habit of the Beatles being diverted every six months sounds alarmingly like a description of one of the Sixties’ most charming and persuasive fakers, Andrew Loog Oldham, by his friend John Douglas: “… a dilettante: though he’d got natural ability, he didn’t stick long with things, because there was always something new to have a crack at.”
George Martin, who produced all the Beatle records: “In my book The Beatles were the greatest performers and writers ever… They were never satisfied with sticking to one style, one format, one sound… I think I was part of a five-piece group… My particular specialty in the beginning was introductions, endings and solos. The rest of the song was theirs. Later on it [was] the addition of things they hadn’t thought of—all the backward guitar stuff and that kind of thing.”—Excerpts from Pritchard & Lysaght’s The Beatles: an Oral History (1998).
Note that Martin’s “specialty” was composing beginnings, endings and middles of Beatle songs?! “The rest of the song was theirs”, he adds amusingly. For Martin it all came down to how well crafted the song and the variety of ways they were presented. For Murray the K, how mutable the sound and attitude. Changeability was the common theme. So they might rate above Gilbert & Sullivan in adventurousness but below genuine artists in not having a recognisable style. Picasso changing his Blue Period and succeeding phases every four to six months?—the interval between Beatle albums. Novelty, and reading constantly changing trends— Murray the K: “They kept changing with us””—was their real stock in trade.
These four Liverpool lads of Irish descent had no small touch of the blarney in their blood: the pixieish wit; the crude, crying-into-your-beer sentiment and, encouraged by Dylan, self-pitying bitterness in layers; and Celtic “animal magnetism”—as ascribed by Brian Wilson to the Britons in general. If the Irish kissed the Blarney Stone for luck the Beatles and their minders must have ravished it full-frontal. Ritualistic mystique was all there staged in the Beatles—the Parisian styled hair, the Gallic cut suits, the Beatle bow in unison from the waist. Even Paul’s intriguing German-made ‘violin’ bass guitar, like no other. Was he dead?—Only true initiates could read the signs. It all assumed titanic significance, like Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter overlapping into real life.
Clean-cut American Beach Boys as they looked on the arrival of the Beatles, February 1964: didn't stand a chance
They had charm by the bucketful; presence—not the smarm or vacuous additood that passes for it today and is glibly called charisma. To immune observers they were interchangeable mop-tops, but fans knew better: John, the defiant leader with a loose chip on his shoulder, standing at the mike bowlegged gunslinger style; Paul, the smooth, fun-loving pretty boy and the most versatile musically, popping out melodies literally in his sleep—but called “the shrewdest and the toughest” by a teacher who knew them both; George, “the Dark Horse”—only fragments showing above surface, the most “vociferous” at the first meeting with George Martin and the most business minded, but passive-aggressive because dominated by his senior partners, overlooked until his death prompted a gushing media, when his palatial estate showed he had just as massive an ego; Ringo, contributing his personality on drums and off, the best actor in films—seemingly earthbound, living off a suitcase of baked beans on a spiritual exploration of India (the others ate theirs in the studio, scooped from silver service). Starting with no higher ambition than to open a hairdressing salon once the Beatles had struck modest success, ironically he was probably the most spiritual one through his childhood illnesses. But he was painted goofy. Girls liked to mother him for his melancholy. Later, with his head shorn, on his unshaven days he bore an unfortunate resemblance to Yasser Arafat.
At the start they were so… fluffy—and so saleable. While little girls wanted them as cuddly toys who walked, talked, peed and sang, mature females too fantasized about cuddling up to one or other of them. It wasn’t that the marketing strategy was inspired— just that everyone jumped on the bandwagon at once creating an unstoppable momentum, the more venal devotees grabbing fortunes hand over fist. The worldwide money-go-round was carved up continent by continent by seriously monied men, who made Elvis’s Colonel Tom Parker look like a nickel-and-dime grifter. There were Beatle suits and ties, Beatle shoes, Beatle wigs, even Beatle guitars and drum kits. On their first trip to the US, from their tiny cut of the money generated by their own image the group made more from Beatle bubblegum than from performances.
Despite their “Luv, Luv, Luv” mantra, nasty personal politics emerged in breakup as all burst into song unflattering to all—tit for tat attacks in unbounded superstar self-indulgence, abusing their exalted position to demean their art form. Yet because the group died violently in its prime (and resisted all pleas for a rebirth) the Princess Diana Effect mummifies a far-fetched pristine image. There is no question of speaking ill of their legacy, and an objective reappraisal of their value will wait till all media contemporaries in their thrall have retired from the airwaves.
While the Beatles weren’t responsible for every loopy gesture of fandom a finger points at them for hyping it: shaking their hair got their biggest audience reaction, not playing a favorite song—all of their songs were favored. The fans were screaming too loud to care how the music sounded, or if it sounded at all, so that the group at times stopped singing (or substituted bawdy rhymes) unnoticed. Their unbounded, unconditional success has a lot to answer for in foisting a travesty on the musical world, preventing a genuinely new course for modern popular music. They could be accused of corrupting rock in their own way as much as the tame Elvis-lookalikes they allegedly saved rock’n’roll from.
AS AMERICAN POPSTERS PROTESTED AT THE TIME, the Beatles—first called “the English Everly Bros” though Phil & Don weren't thrilled about it—were offering little that Stateside acts hadn't, musically; they had once even called themselves the Four Everlys. Their records were unsophisticated, producer George Martin having no experience in rock, coming from the show tradition of the Goons (Peter Sellers, Spike Milligan & Harry Secombe), forerunners of Monty Python. Sound engineer “Hurricane” Smith had to work with primitive UK studio equipment. So it is no wonder to the ears of American industry professionals ‘Please Please Me’ sounded like the Country Pop of the real Everlys. In fact it is very much like ‘That's Old Fashioned’ (1962)—so, an attractive recording but obviously nothing new.
English record producer and former rock journo Charlie Gillett: “For a while in the mid-Sixties, to be an American producer in Britain was to be in a distinct category, as Americans were recognized to have more adventurous production styles [and] played an important part in educating our engineers in American production techniques.” Yanks in the UK included Jimmy Miller helming the Rolling Stones and Spencer Davis Group, Shel Talmy the Kinks and The Who, Bert Berns (a.k.a. Russell) of Don Kirshner/Brill Building pop producing recordings for Them and Lulu, Felix Pappalardi for Cream, and Phil Spector, eventually, for the Beatles themselves. Yet Gillett claims Beach Boy music, from the same mainsprings of rock, was outdated on the arrival of the Beatles— without offering any illustration of his point—and presumably came right on first hearing the Beatles in 1964 (?)! Maybe it is to fit this outlandish statement that Gillett post-dates the commencement of Brian Wilson productions three years to ’65.
While well-bred manager Brian Epstein put his twopenn’th in about what the Beatles should record, the group obviously knew better and were happy leaving to chance Capitol’s doctoring of the master tapes in America—recognising virtually any Americans (and Capitol ‘experts’ fell into that category for rock’n’roll) would improve on Parlophone’s work done with the Beatles’ own input. No surprise that many Beatle records, especially releases outside the US, have a quirky feel of Tin Pan Alley uncomfortably mixed with rockabilly, or an English attempt at it.
Yes, they were different, in their Old World charm that urban Americans had long forgotten. If their charm and humor was Irish via Liverpool, the down-to-earth opportunism—and an awe of all that was flashy in American culture—was pure working-class England. An American equivalent might be experientially deprived hillbilly Jethro Beaudine coming to the big city and aping all he saw—in his fashion. Their presentation, via influences from Bert Kaempfert, Klaus & Astrid & Jurgen, Brian Epstein, came from Continental Europe. Not only appearance: Close your eyes and listen to early Beatle music, and picture everyman’s Liverpool-via-Hamburg group putting out the same: an act that Rory Storm & the Hurricanes could call their equal. People who knew them and their music intimately at the time said it. It was on top of hundreds of years of European traditional music that they attempted to overlay rock’n’roll. Question: Was this rock’n’roll, an advance on rock’n’roll, or a diluted alternative more related to other Euro acts: Edith Piaf, Johnny Halliday, James Last, Kraftwerk?
Lennon & McCartney came up with a perfect combination of show tunes and ersatz rock’n’roll—not a blending of the two but a craft division as in two assembly streams in a song factory. Their rock’n’roll was as straight as they could make it, improving in the late Sixties with ‘Revolution’ and ‘Back in the USSR’; and their Music Hall songs, which by Sgt Peppers they learned to give a rock veneer, were pure sentiment. Everyone could take something from it, and this catchall ‘something for everyone’ approach— that Elvis had turned to in 1960—brought unparalleled success.
It was all over after the music critic of The Times anointed Lennon & McCartney “the greatest composers since Beethoven”— not even Gilbert & Sullivan. Their habit of descending a third from minor to major, then another third back to major (as in ‘Can’t Buy Me Love’—personal communication from Celia Wood-Calvert)—brought comparisons with Schubert but was the sort of thing untutored musicians not hidebound by academic orthodoxies were likely to stumble upon in the normal course of exploring possibilities. It was their good fortune to be hailed for it.
Alan Livingston, Capitol president and inventor of Bozo the Clown, presents the Beach Boys with what must be their first RIAA Gold Discs in 1965: they were always albums, never singles, and awarded so late because audited belatedly.
A passage in Gerry Bloustein’s Musical Visions: Selected Conference Proceedings from 6th National Australian/New Zealand IASPM compares Lennon-McCartney songwriting with Brian Wilson’s. “The songwriters who most often utilised blues-based songforms were Brian Wilson and John Lennon-Paul McCartney. Wilson’s surf and hot rod songs… often involve original and creative adaptations of the standard blues form, and in this sense Wilson should be accorded more credit as the songwriter who was best able to create a logical development of 1950s rock, and surf groups should be considered to be updated rock and roll bands.
“Wilson’s use of the blues-based form is deserving of some detailed attention. He rarely used the form for a complete song… Most of Wilson’s songs are verse-chorus forms, while in some songs (such as ‘Little Deuce Coupe’, ‘Little Honda’) the blues form is employed in the verse but not the chorus. In others (like ‘Dance Dance Dance’, ‘Drag City’ and ‘Surf City’) the reverse applies. The other technique employed by Wilson was to vary the standard chord progression over the last four bars of the form, thereby creating a striking hook effect, usually in combination with prominent multi-part vocals and a strong lyric hook. This technique is evident on ‘Shut Down’, ‘Drag City’, ‘Surf City’ and ‘Three Window Coupe’.
“Lennon-McCartney also used (copied?) [Bloustein’s term] this latter technique, most notably in ‘Day Tripper’ and they too created some idiosyncratic adaptations of the form… Like Wilson, Lennon-McCartney rarely employed the form for a complete song. Their nor-mal procedure was to use the blues scheme for the A section of the typical AABA form and to create a strongly contrasting B section by using a progression totally unconnected with the blues idiom, as in songs such as ‘I Feel Fine’, ‘Can’t Buy Me Love’ and ‘She’s a Woman’.”
Bloustein goes on to point out that during 1963-66 no other successful writers but the Motown ones make significant use of the blues-based form. But Beatle use of it was strongly tempered by their AABA scheme, which “had been commonly used by popular songwriters for ‘thousands of Tin Pan Alley tunes… a form totally predictable to mid-century listeners’.”
The AABA songform is four 8-bar sections. Many Beatle songs were dependent on a quirky, not to say cute ‘middle eight’ (B) section that caused traditionalists to prick up their ears in gladness.
The myth of Beatle omnipotence—almost a religious belief in which faith triumphs over facts—was reinforced by the likes of Gillett when he misinformed his readers (1975) that “the Beatles brought the idea of the organic songwriting, singing and instrument-playing unit to the American record business”—a myth perpetuated by Murray Kaufman as late as 1998. It was there in germ form in Johnny Cash & the Tennessee Three; even, mostly, Elvis Presley, Scotty Moore, Bill Black & D J Fontana; and Buddy Holly & the Crickets. The Beach Boys took it to the ultimate before the Beatles, as such, were ever recorded.
ACCORDING TO THE ROCK HISTORIAN’S BOOK OF Genesis one summer 15-year-old Paul McCartney saw John Lennon, twenty months older, singing with his band for the local Woolton village fete in their home city of Liverpool, the chief north-of-England port that serviced Lancashire’s coal mines and had cargoed cotton from the Confederacy during the American Civil War in defiance of Abraham Lincoln. Equivalent to New York City’s East River dockland but without the prosperity—Great Britain had won the war but “lost the peace”—Liverpool working people were clannish and proud of their scrappy cum entrepreneurial Irish roots. For the Dead End Kids, in the Hollywood B-movies that had informed so many British Empire kids, read John, Paul, George & Ringo. Who can imagine latter-day serene guru George Harrison as the head-butting kid he was, as described by Paul, when he joined the Quarry Men? Lennon, better at lyrics, and McCartney took quirky Scouse humor and added clever wordplay for their songs. Once they started mixing with the fashionable-arty London crowd in 1963 literary pretentions crept in.
It was early 1958 that the three-man core of the Beatles consolidated. This was three years after Lonnie Donegan hit with skiffle, and Bill Haley & His Comets impacted rock’n’roll on Britain with deva-stating results via ‘Shake, Rattle and Roll’ and ‘Rock Around the Clock’, the theme from gang/rebellion movie Blackboard Jungle. English youths—egged on by violent Teddy Boy subculture—reacted accordingly when Haley & the Comets toured just a few months before, rioting and tearing up seats with flick knives. More than the Teddy Boy image and attire rubbed off on the Quarry Men. Reportedly, the lads themselves were not above a bit of opportunistic rough-housing to get what they wanted from the mean streets of Liverpool or Hamburg.
And it was two years after Elvis Presley. The younger and better looking Elvis had burst from the Tupelo, Mississippi backwoods into throbbing blues center Memphis, Tennessee to mix r&b and country music and take over Teen America. His scintillating, melodramatised performances of ‘Heartbreak Hotel’ and ‘Hound Dog’ were frenetic and frailly breathless, and held to be extraordinary, coming as they did from a white man’s vocal cords. His ‘Jailhouse Rock’ broke a year later at the time Lennon and McCartney were meeting, with Buddy Holly’s ‘That’ll Be the Day’ and ‘Peggy Sue’, and Jerry Lee Lewis’s ‘Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ On’ and ‘Great Balls of Fire’ just as popular.
Though less authentic than Elvis’s earlier Sun recordings of ‘That’s Alright Mama’, ‘Mystery Train’, ‘Baby Let’s Play House’ and ‘Good Rockin’ Tonight’, white rock’n’roll was, after a breach birth, coming out of incubation. Always just a heartbeat and last gasp away from crib death by misadventure, it would soon be rolled on in its slumber by hefty corporate America, rock’n’roll’s domineering stepmother.
Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley and Fats Domino had already scored their first hits on the (white) pop charts—‘Tutti Frutti’, ‘Maybelline’, ‘Bo Diddley’/‘I’m a Man’, ‘Ain’t That a Shame’. All were remorseless rock’n’rollers, until Richard repented, and were black—so couldn’t be teen icons in the eyes of the music industry of the time. The substitutes who were allowed to make white girls go all gooey were pale-complected, fussily groomed Italo-American boys—Bobby Darin, Frankie Avalon, Fabian, Freddy Cannon, Bobby Rydell, James Darren, Lou Christie. Ethnics like Tony Orlando, Teddy Randazzo and Steve Alaimo who didn’t ‘regularize’ their names had viable recording careers but were obviously less stellar. The teen idols were promoted by Bandstand and Pat Boone’s series from the 1957-58 tv season, Billboard magazine and its new Hot 100, and a host of other mass media outlets.
The absence of Elvis Presley in the army for two years cleared the way for these ballroom imitations to replace real rock’n’roll.
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EITHER STOP IRAN OR STOP THE GODDAMN WORLD I WANNA GET OFF!
Iran: We Would Win Nuclear War
Iran Dismisses Criticism of Israel Remarks
Supreme Iranian ruler Ayatollah Ali Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani said last Friday that the Muslim world would win a nuclear exchange with Israel, aggravating fears Tehran’s quest for atomic weapons indeed has one purpose: the annihilation of what it calls the Zionist “cancer.”
“[The] application of an atomic bomb would not leave anything in Israel – but the same thing would just produce damages in the Muslim world,” Hashemi-Rafsanjani was quoted as saying by the government-controlled Iran Press Service.
The spiritual leader, who wields ultimate power in Iran, made the comments during a prayer service in Tehran. It was the first time an Islamic leader of such prominence openly suggested a nuclear attack against the Jewish state, media analysts told the IPS.
Iran’s leaders are “saying very clearly what the Iranians will do if they have a nuclear bomb – they would like to destroy the State of Israel,” Shalom said. Hat tip Right Wing Nuthouse
Speaking to Fox News a day earlier, US President George W. Bush said his administration also views Iran as a true existential threat to the Jewish state.
“I’m concerned about a theocracy that has got little transparency, a country whose president has declared the destruction of Israel as part of their foreign policy, and a country that will not listen to the demands of the free world to get rid of its ambitions to have a nuclear weapon,” Bush told his interviewer.
“I called it part of the ‘axis of evil’ for a reason,” the president added.
However, the most serious punitive diplomatic measure being discussed is Iran’s exclusion from the 2006 World Cup soccer tournament scheduled to take place in Germany next summer.
The Eurabians are CLOWNS. Sad pathetic clowns.
A German Intelligence Service report that says, "Given that the missiles with
longer ranges will be available in the future, and in view of assumed efforts to
provide them with nuclear warheads, Iran will be in a position to reach the
whole of Israel and part of Central Europe." "In plain language," says Bild,
"this means that the ‘madmen of Tehran’ could reach targets in the whole of
Germany." WSJ
Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee Chairman Yuval Steinitz insists the solution lies in the threat of “brute force.”
me too, so why delay? the lefties cry no matter what. It’s up to us to make sure they are free to whine, cry, commit treason, and undermine the country.
Steinitz told CNS News Thursday he recently conveyed to officials in Washington that Iran can be prevented from obtaining nuclear weapons without the use of force, but only if the West is prepared to make it clear to Tehran that it is in fact prepared to use overwhelming military force.
“It’s the only chance [to make them back down],” Steinitz said, warning that “if Iran becomes a nuclear power, it will become a global nuclear superpower.”
But Tehran has been hearing and defying Western threats for years. How the US and Europe could now convince Iran of their seriousness without actually initiating armed hostilities remains unclear.
How about nonexistent? Unclear my ass, NONEXISTENT.
Meanwhile, a report published by the US Army War College this week said neither military nor diplomatic efforts were going to stop Iran’s nuclear weapons program.
Entitled “Getting Ready for a Nuclear-Ready Iran”, the report pointed out that “given Iran’s extensive nuclear know-how and capabilities, it is unlikely that the United States or its allies can deny Iran the technical ability to covertly make nuclear weapons.”
The authors instead suggested that Israel try to set an example by first dismantling its nuclear capabilities.
I love this bullshit, Yeah, that’s the ticket, disarm. Oh and while you are disarming hold up the white flag as well. These are the geniuses at US Army War college…….
They admitted, however, that Iran would likely not follow suit, leaving Israel without a deterrent in the crosshairs of a regime with both the desire and the means to annihilate the Jewish state.
IRAN’S COMMERCE
MINISTER STRESSES WTO MEMBERSHIP
Asia Pulse via Yahoo! Australia &
NZ Finance
Trade / foreign investment Iran’s Minister of
Commerce Massoud Mir-Kazemi voiced the country’s resolve here Saturday to become
a fully-fledged member of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Iran warned Britain, France and Germany Sunday not to make "exorbitant demands" during negotiations scheduled this week on the Islamic republic’s disputed nuclear programme.
tells West to be tolerant of Holocaust views Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s denial of the
Holocaust is a matter for academic discussion and the West should be more
tolerant of his views, Iran’s foreign ministry spokesman said yesterday. Academic discussion? Sounds like the Columbia MEALAC department. Hardline Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s view that Jews were never
massacred during World War II is "scientific", Iran’s foreign ministry has
insisted. While the Israeli president accused the EU of ‘weakness’ towards Iran – Israeli President Moshe Katsav accused the European Union on Sunday of showing "hesitation and weakness" in the face of Iran’s nuclear programme. I think Israel is not being tough enough. WTF does Iran get off telling anyone that they can or can not exist, or that their brutal history was a rumor? That despot is channeling Amon Goeth
[Amon Goeth: "Today is history. Today will
be remembered. Years from now the young will ask with wonder about this day.
Today is history and you are part of it. Six hundred years ago when elsewhere
they were footing the blame for the Black Death, Casimir the Great – so called –
told the Jews they could come to Krakow. They came. They trundled their
belongings into the city. They settled. They took hold. They prospered in
business, science, education, the arts. With nothing they came and with nothing
they flourished. For six centuries there has been a Jewish Krakow. By this
evening those six centuries will be a rumor. They never happened. Today is
Meanwhile, they are busy – very busy, Turkish court says Iran trained Islamist radicals
A Turkish court has said that Iran trained
Turkish Islamist radicals and supported "terrorist" activities aimed at
undermining Turkey’s strictly secular order, media reports said Sunday. The
accusations came in the reasoning that an Ankara court wrote over the
convictions in July of nine Islamist militants in a long-running case over the
murders of four prominent pro-secular intellectuals.
Iran’s new Minister of Interior is implicated in grave human rights violations over the past two decades, possibly including crimes against humanity in connection with the massacre of thousands of political prisoners,Ministers of Murder: Iran’s New Security
Cabinet said in a briefing paper released today.
Human Rights Watch also said that the new Minister of Information should be investigated for his possible involvement in a dissident’s killing.
MORE hat tip Regime Change Iran
We have only one option with these destroyers, REGIME CHANGE IN IRAN. The Imperative to Use Force Against Iranian Nuclearization
The good news? Homeland Security Here hat tip JEvn
Goss warns Ankara
to be ready for a possible U.S. aerial operation against Iran and
Syria. As people in the U.S. readied
themselves for Christmas, few were aware that CIA Director Porter Goss was in
Ankara, Turkey on Monday, engaged in a meeting that lasted over four hours with
Turkish Intelligence officials. Goss, accompanied by a large delegation, brought
secret data about Iran as he met with officials of the Milli Istihbarat
Teskilati, or MIT. Goss allegedly asked for Turkish support for the Bush
administration’s policies on Iran’s nuclear activities, telling Turkish
officials that Iran has nuclear weapons, a situation that created a huge threat
to Turkey and other countries in the region.Goss said that Iran
sees Turkey as an enemy and will "export its regime," warning Ankara to be ready
for a possible U.S. aerial operation against Iran and Syria.
On Tuesday Goss was
driven in his armored BMW to a meeting with Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
Additional dialogue reportedly focused on the intelligence data,
with Goss warning Ankara to be
ready for a possible U.S. aerial operation against Iran and
RELATED: IRAN
ALREADY NUCLEAR ARMED
Anti-Israel Propaganda at Global Security? So many Arabists, so little time.
From the Officer’s Club
OK, all in all, I am aware that Iran doesn’t recognize Israel, and that there is
a lot of anti-Israeli sentiment in the Arab world. But can an objective source
like Global Security really reference an article discussing Israel and Iran- and
not refer to one of the two main players as somehow “not” a country but an
“entity”?
Further, the animus between Iran and Israel is obviously at a
breaking point, especially when Iranian “President” Mahmud Ahmadinejad calls the
Holocaust a "myth"
says that Israel (whoops, Zionist Entity- the Global Security Edit) should be
relocated out of the Middle East. And if things couldn’t get any worse, we get
this from Der
Spiegel with Iran expert Ali Ansari. Stand by for the insanity:
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Internationally, the only times we hear from
Ahmadinejad
are when he talks about Israel. What do people in Iran think
about him otherwise?
Ansari: I think where he really crossed the line
where the domestic audience is concerned is when he said a green aura
was coming out of his head during his speech to the United Nations.
This conversation got filmed, and people can watch it on DVD. Ahmadinejad came
home from his speech and told an ayatollah that everyone at the General Assembly
— all these world leaders — didn’t even blink for thirty minutes (out of awe).
Lots of people have seen this in Iran, and it makes him seem a bit too
superstitious.
I’m sorry- WHAT??!?!
.. he said a green aura was coming out of his head during his speech
to the United Nations…
Here’s my final word on this. If we’re going to take ONE side here to be
legitimate, serious, and worthy of a title above “entity,” it should be the side
that’s leader isn’t talking about green auras emerging from his cranium during
UN speeches.
Fix this, Global Security.
UPDATE: Iran’s President Has His Eye on
Lest you get
carried away with the good news from Iraq, consider what’s happening in Iran.
Negotiations to deny this certifiable lunatic genocidal weapons
have been going nowhere. Everyone knows they will go nowhere. And no one will do
anything about it.
and don’t miss this;
Last month, Ahmadinejad said publicly that the main mission of
the Islamic Revolution is to pave the way for the reappearance of the Twelfth
Imam. As in some versions of fundamentalist Christianity, the second coming will
be accompanied by the usual trials and tribulations, death and destruction.
Iranian journalist Hossein Bastani reported Ahmadinejad saying in official
meetings that the hidden imam will reappear in two years.
So a Holocaust-denying, virulently anti-Semitic, aspiring
genocidist, on the verge of acquiring weapons of the apocalypse, believes that
the end is not only near, but nearer than the next American presidential
election. This kind of man would have, to put it gently, less inhibition about
starting Armageddon than a normal person.
It gets worse. After his speech to the U.N. in September,
Ahmadinejad was caught on videotape telling a cleric that during the speech an
aura, a halo, appeared around his head right on the podium of the General
Assembly. "I felt the atmosphere suddenly change. And for those 27 or 28
minutes, the leaders of the world did not blink… It seemed as if a hand was
holding them there, and it opened their eyes to receive the message from the
Islamic Republic."
Check out what the dhimmi leftists would have us do here hat tip Ron
UPDATE: And what do Iran’s Arab neighbors in the Gulf say? SHOCKA!
Gulf summit raps Israel, not Iran, on nuclear issue
ABU DHABI (Reuters) – U.S.-allied Gulf Arab leaders called on Monday for a nuclear weapons-free Middle East, but singled out only Israel, not Iran, despite having voiced alarm at Tehran’s nuclear ambitions during their two-day meeting.
CharlieSeattle on Armed Iranian Jihadi Arrested Near Mar-a-Lago with Machete Is a REFUGEE
felix1999 on Conservatives Will Not Forgive Senate for Buckling on Impeachment
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Land conservation gifts launch new decade
Home » News » Land conservation gifts launch new decade
By Going Green - Jan 5, 2020 | 0 comments
Land protection is documented as one of the most critical ways to mitigate the impact of climate change on wildlife, and land owners in the North Quabbin region are stepping up to the challenge.
In the face of dire news about the climate and declining bird populations, Mount Grace Land Conservation Trust can celebrate two recent victories, including increased conservation land, added wheelchair access at the Eagle Reserve Conservation Area in Royalston and fundraising efforts to protect Sunset View Farm in Winchendon, according to a Mount Grace press release.
Danny Hillis and Taylor Milsal recently donated a conservation restriction on over 167 acres in Winchendon and Rindge, N.H., with the goal of keeping their property “forever wild.” The interstate property includes the entirety of Robbins Pond, forests, wetlands and fields.
“Mount Grace designed a conservation plan for our property with designated areas for wildly important re-wilding and farming,” Milsal said. “Now we can ring in the new year with the joyful certainty that this unique property will be enjoyed as it was meant to be, for generations to come.”
Roughly 30 years ago, Mount Grace created the Arthur Iversen Conservation Area in Warwick after receiving a gift of land. This year, that area grew to 565 acres after Laurence Fitzmaurice, who sits of the Mount Grace board of directors, donated the 49-acre Earle Acres property, surrounded entirely by the existing conservation land, to Mount Grace. The Arthur Iversen Conservation Area reflects the Mount Grace belief in the importance of balance and the strength of a diversity approach to conservation ethics, for both managed woodlands and wild lands.
“Climate change is a real threat to our community and way of life,” explained Mount Grace Deputy Director Emma Ellsworth. “These two land owners recognized their personal capacity to make real change by partnering with Mount Grace and conserving their land for the benefit of everyone.”
Just this year, the trust opened its second wheelchair-accessible trail at the Eagle Reserve Conservation Area in Royalston — called the David H. Small Community Nature Trail. The wetland is home to many threatened wildlife species including bald eagles, pied-billed grebes and ebony boghaunter dragonflies.
“We are working to make sure everyone in our region, from families with young children in strollers to people using a wheelchair or cane, can experience the abundant wildlife on this beautiful property,” said KimLynn Nguyen, stewardship manager at Mount Grace.
Also in 2019, Mount Grace embarked on a fundraising campaign to protect Chuck and Livvy Tarleton’s Sunset View Farm in Winchendon to ensure the roadside farm and fields will remain active farmland. More than 200 donors contributed to the campaign, participating in house parties, bake sales and other events.
“Unlike many other places, this region still has opportunities to protect large intact woodlands, family farms, clean, cold water streams and a rural way of life,” said Leigh Youngblood, Mount Grace’s executive director. “I encourage everyone who is interested in joining this crucial effort to help meet our $150,000 fundraising goal.”
Interested parties can donate online at mountgrace.org/donate-now or by mailing a check to Mount Grace Land Conservation Trust at 1461 Old Keene Road, Athol, MA 01331
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About Annie - A Short Biography
Do I Look Stupid?
I Had No Choice
The Lifelong Emotional Trauma Of Surrendering A Child To Adoption
Welcome To Happiness Beyond Belief
What is 'Emmote'?
The Benefits of Emmote
Our Vision For 'Emmote'
What Is A Negative Belief?
Core Belief.1; I Am Abandoned
Core Belief. 2; I'm Am Worthless
Core Belief. 3; I'm Not Good Enough
Core Belief. 4; I Hate Myself
I'm Petrified Of The Dark!
"You Make Me Really Angry"
Anger - The Vicious Cycle
Change Yourself - Change the World
Interview For A New Job
"I Have To Be Right"
How Do We Become Addicted?
Turning Off The Addiction Switch
How to Get Over Addictions - Fast
Living on Automatic Pilot
A Belief Making Machine
How To Get Rid of Anxiety & Panic Attacks
What's In Your Future?
What Are Negative Predictions
What's Wrong With Positive Affirmations?
Why Does Positive Thinking Fail?
Change The Way You Feel
Self-Esteem Starts On The Inside
Unhappy With The Way You Look?
Do You Love Your Body?
"I Hate The Way I Look"
Comparing Ourselves to Others
How Do We Get Eating Disorders?
Love & Marriage - Is It Just a Belief System?
Do Fairytales Create Negative Beliefs?
Love And Other Bruises
How to Get Over Jealousy Fast
Finding The Man Of Your Dreams
Lady Ga-Ga - So Alone
You Just Broke Your Child's Heart
What Is Criticism?
What Is Empathy?
Becoming Real & Growing Up
Playing The Game Of Life
'Hey You With The Guilty Conscience'
Miss Goody Two-Shoes
Wealth-Beyond Belief
Growing Up Poor
Everybody Worries About Money
Are You Weighed Down By Debt?
Does Money Buy Self-Esteem?
"Never Take Money From Strangers!"
How To Get Over The Pain Of Bullying
Are You Lonely Tonight?
Emotional Pain Is Killing Us!
Curing Fibromyalgia & Depression
Do Your Feel You're Going Mad?
And The Truth Will Set You Free
Healing Years Of Depression
Home » Lifelong Emotional Trauma Of Surrendering A Child To Adoption
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This story is extremely personal and difficult to write but has been lived by millions of women around the world and is still being lived by us today.
If you are unintentionally pregnant and are thinking (or being pressured) into surrendering your baby for adoption you will need to understand the lifelong grief and trauma you will experience once you have your child taken from you.
I want to share my story with you because you deserve to know what the emotional outcome of giving up a child can be and the negative consequences that could happen as a result.
There are four important areas to the grief and trauma attached to surrender that I'd like to share with you from my own firsthand experience and that of other women having been through the same harrowing journey. These are Dissociation, Secrecy, Anger, Yearning & Family. Much of the information I share with you is from my own extensive research into why I felt so dissociated through most of my life.
As young women, I do not think any of us had any real understanding of what would happen to us once we gave up our child, or the impact it would have on not only us but on our own family and the families we would have later in our lives. I have been writing this story for years but was prompted to turn it into a post after watching a TV programme last night.
Sunday 14th July 2013
I watched 'Midwives' on TV last night and in this particular episode there were two young single mothers having babies. Both the father's of the unborn babies were not around although both turned up at the hospital for the births.
During the programme I found myself crying with empathy for these young girls, for the lives they were trying to make for themselves and their babies and that they looked so afraid and alone. But in my eyes they were extremely courageous and had made the choice to keep their baby however hard it might be.
Their predicament took me back to 1965 when at seventeen I became pregnant after one particularly unspectacular sexual encounter in a car with a much older man I had known (and believed I loved) for some time.
After this brief encounter, I never saw him again but a few weeks later realised I had missed my periods and was probably pregnant. A visit to the doctor confirmed this. Back then there was no such thing as terminations (unless illegal) or drinking a bottle or two of gin and having scalding hot baths - neither choice appealed to me . The only real choices a young, unmarried, pregnant girl had back then was to keep the child or have it adopted
I was living at home in a three room apartment with my parents and two sisters and there was no room for a baby, so I was persuaded by my doctor, social workers and my father to give the baby up for adoption. My first response to thinking about having my baby adopted was 'shock'. "Give my baby away! No way", Never!"
Yet whilst in this state of 'shock' I was expected to make what was the most important 'decision’ I would ever have to make in my life. And because often young girls are usually pressured into to make this ‘decision’ quickly, I do not believe I was able to make a logical or informed decision. Of course I didn't want to, of course I argued and protested and cried myself to sleep night after night. But it was no use. The wheels had been set in motions, new parents were found who were eagerly waiting the birth. There was no turning back. I had made my bed, I would have to lie in it - for the rest of my life.
Had I known then that when the day came to give up my beautiful daughter, or about the terrible emotional implications, not only on me, but also on all the relationships I would have in my life, the dissociation, the deep sense of guilt and shame and the ever present sadness that would impact me for most of my life, I would never have given her up. Had I known then that this would create a wound that would never heal, I would never have agreed to surrender her. Nobody told me that I would be severely emotionally impacted by this decision for the rest of my life.
Nobody warned me, nobody warned me against it. I was a child forced to give up a child!
Dissociation!
During pregnancy the primary physiological task is for a mother to bond with her baby. To think about separating from her child, as the mother is encouraged to do when she considers adoption, at the same time that a bond is developing with her unborn child, triggers emotions that do not go well together. This makes it extremely unlikely that an expectant mother who has surrendered her baby will really understand 'what it will feel like to separate and live apart from her baby after birth'.
In fact, she may 'shut down' emotionally in order to defend herself against all of the stress she is experiencing. In my case I started experiencing 'dissociation' from about the time I finally agreed to give my daughter up at around five months pregnant.
Dissociation is the aspect of the birth-mother’s experience that explains why often she does not understand what has happened for some time after it has happened. Perhaps she will never completely understand. I remember thinking often that I would 'kill myself' once the adoption was complete because I couldn't contemplate 'going on without my baby'.
But even after an extremely long and difficult birth, even after taking care of my beautiful baby girl for ten days in the hospital, even as I watched the Social Worker push my daughter away from me in a big grey pram, even though inside my head a voice was screaming "NO, STOP, you can't take my baby!" the 'dissociated me' just stood there helplessly, hopelessly, at the bus stop with my mother, and when it eventually came, we got on and went home as if nothing had happened.
Here is the entry from my 'Dissociation Journal' about this awful time.
"To go home on the bus with my mother who was too distraught herself to talk to me, in too much pain of her own to comfort me (because unbeknownst to me then she had lived this exact same nightmare before). To go into the bedroom I shared with my two sisters and silently sob into my pillow, the tears of one who is broken into a million pieces.
To never be able to shed those tears in front of anybody, to 'keep them to myself', to 'not make a fuss'. And then the next day to get up and pretend that everything was normal, that nothing of any import had happened, to pretend that she did not exist. To never speak of her, to never discuss it or talk about it again. To have to forget it and get on with my life as if this had never happened. Never speak of her, to anybody, never to share this pain and this heartbreak. To never deal with the pain, to never grieve for my baby, or for what we both had lost. It was pushed aside, swept under the mat. Another family skeleton pushed to the back of the closet.
I remember vaguely some weeks later having to go to the Adoption Agency and sign the final papers that said I could never have my baby. Did I go on my own? Were my parents with me? I don’t remember anything. Never thinking I had a choice or any chance of keeping her, again convinced it was better for everybody if I gave her up. But it was not better and never has been better for me!
Did I further dissociate then, was this travesty of justice another warning to me that the world was a dangerous and bad place, where I could trust nothing and no-one. Did my brain just shut down a little further to protect me from going mad, or killing myself? Because I did think these things every day".
This dissociation, which we use to ward off the feelings of trauma, pain, anguish, loss of control and deep depression, takes a great deal of energy to sustain and leads to a deep, pervasive sadness of which, even we, might not be aware. This can last for many years, or in some cases even a lifetime.
In my case I never realised the toxic extent of my unfelt grief until at the age 52 I became seriously ill. Only then, when I was in agonising physical pain, did I start putting the pieces together and realised the buried grief, anger and guilt of surrendering my child had bought me totally emotionally and physically undone.
This was one of the blackest and bleakest periods of my life when had I lost everything that meant anything to me, and then had to find a way to heal both the emotional and physical pain. This has taken many years to achieve and is still a work in progress, for how can one totally heal when the thing that caused the illness is still unknown?
Many years later I was to ask myself what does dissociation really mean? If we are dissociated why can we still through all the pretence of happiness, OKness, the numbness, the emptiness, still feel this vast well of sorrow and grief that threatens to overwhelm us if we don’t keep a tight rein on it? Why can’t we just feel nothing? Why do we still feel hopeless and useless and want to kill ourselves?
Why is it that we seem to function well on the surface, making it appear to ourselves and others that we are fine and yet inside we are as unstable as dynamite. Ready to explode at any time. And then I realised that dissociation is VITAL to our survival, even when we don't want to survive, because without it I would not be here writing this. The brain is an extraordinary vehicle for compartmentalising our life into sections so separate from each other they could be existing in several different people's bodies.
Secrecy!
This profound dissociation contributes to the SECRECY which permeates the life of us surrendering birth-mothers, compounding and complicating our pain. Over the years this secrecy can interfere with the development of closeness in all our relationships and cause us to suffer silently and alone.
If we later marry we might not tell our husband or any subsequent children. Even if the family does know, the surrender is usually treated as a taboo subject, not to be discussed, although it might be discussed by other family members as happened to me only a while ago.
Although I had told both my children when they were quite young they had an older sister, when my 9 year old granddaughter said to me a while ago "You sold your first baby didn't you Nana", I was so severely shocked at first didn't know how to respond. I told her I did not 'sell my baby' but had to give her up because I was too young and didn't have my own house or any money to keep her. Later I scolded my son for discussing my private business with such a young child as she had completely misinterpreted what her dad had told her. I felt somehow betrayed and cheapened. Chinese Whispers!
I rarely told any of the men I was to have relationships with along the road of my life. I was married briefly to my children's father, but was unable to sustain a lasting relationship, or be in one that I felt I didn't deserve, I felt too guilty for that. I didn't want their sympathy because I believed I didn't deserve it. After all it was me that made the decision to have my daughter adopted and never being able to get close to anyone was the price I had to pay.
Anger!
Surrendering mothers go through stages of ANGER. First there is the rage which is the natural response to the frustration of the maternal longing. Anger is a key expression of the hurt - she is furious over being deprived of the one being so most desperately needs - her baby. Unable to speak about the 'Secret', much of this anger is suppressed and in many cases becomes a life-long depression covered up by dissociation.
When I realised that the pain I lived with could have been prevented by the very people I trusted to help me, I experienced deep feelings of impotence, helplessness and rage. As my father was the closest one to me, I hated him with a vengeance.
These feelings add to the trauma of the separation from our child, underlining the intensity of our anger and shifts 'adoption grief' far beyond typical bereavement, because we rarely know what has happened to our child.
All my life I felt incredibly angry at myself for having allowed the adoption. For not standing up to these people. I blamed myself entirely for what happened and directed that anger inwards, feeling ashamed, hopeless, guilty and depressed. I used to imagine myself running down the road outside the hospital taking Nicola out of the pram and taking her home with me. Then I would feel so ashamed that I hadn't done that. And hated myself for it.
So we try to fill the void or suppress the anger, anesthetise the self-hatred with alcohol, food, drugs or sex or self-abuse, anything but feel that sense of outrage and vulnerability. In my case I slept with who would become my husband for one weekend and fell pregnant again with my second daughter.
Yearning, Longing, Searching!
The loss of a child produces a high state of physical and emotional alarm. Mothers who lose children to adoption often describe feelings of panic, irritability, tenseness and other signs of restless anxiety about losing their subsequent children.
When I had my second daughter just fifteen months later (a typical psychological reaction for girls giving up a first child to adoption) I had such a difficult labour that I was sure I had 'lost' her when she stopped breathing and I was given an emergency episiotomy and she was rushed to emergency to get her to breath. After a couple of days she was fine, but for a long time I used to wake up in the night and hold a mirror over her mouth to make sure she was still alive and breathing.
Women who lose pregnancies and babies say "I want my baby back". Even if her 'baby' is an 18 year old. The birth-mother is 'frozen in time'. Another way in which these women experience the yearning is in dreams. Pregnancy loss in general has been compared to the loss of a limb or the loss of 'self'. The ongoing nature of the birth-parent loss has been compared to the experience of relatives of MIA's (Missing in action).
Unfortunately for me, three years later I also lost a child through miscarriage at five months pregnant, having to go through a full eight hours labour in order to give birth to my fourth child that I never even saw. This miscarriage was also placed in the SECRET/TOO HARD box and never talked about, discussed or looked at until the grief about my first child broke through.
I had spent my whole life searching and yearning for a love that would fill up the hole inside and the emptiness I always felt. A love that would forgive me and allow me to forgive myself for my failure to stand up for myself and let others control me and my life. Yet ultimately this love and forgiveness could only come from me, and from allowing myself to grieve and let go of the self-loathing and anger I felt at myself.
Family!
As we discuss the birth-mother's experience and how this affects all her relationships, as well as how the women's siblings, spouses, grandparents, other children and other family members are directly affected by the loss of the child to adoption and we add the birth-father (if he is known or interested) and his family, it is obvious that many people are affected by this loss.
And what about the child we surrendered. These are the questions I have asked myself many time over the past forty-seven years. Did I do the right thing? Is she happy? Has she had a good life? Did I make the right choice? Does she hate me for abandoning her? Will she ever find me? Will she be able to love me after what I did to her? Is she still alive? Did her adoptive parents love her as I would have done? It is a terrible litany of unanswered questions one person should never have to keep asking herself.
I love my siblings but I have always longed for a closer relationship with them. I have always felt that there is a something 'different' and 'separate' about me. That they don't really understand what I have been through. How could they? But when I see how close they are to each other, I often feel that I am not part of 'their' family. This is not their fault of course, nobody who has not experienced giving up a child would be able to understand the feeling of separateness and fear of closeness we experience.
And lastly I want to speak to the siblings of the child who is surrendered. Studies have shown that the siblings of surrendered children might suffer certain aspects of their mother's grief, much as one might find with the loss of a sibling to death.
Is our buried grief and 'dissociation' symbiotically picked up by later siblings. Do they intuit that their mother is not wholly 'there' for them? The emotional impact of both the loss of a brother or sister and questions about the affect of their mother's having 'given away' a sibling are difficult to assess, but nonetheless I have thought about this often.
Perhaps this is why my second daughter has abandoned me as she believes I 'abandoned' my first daughter, and that "I was not there for her", except her act is a deliberate one and mine was enforced. Is there a unconscious part of her that wants her to 'pay me back' somehow for 'giving away' her sister. Does she believe I gave her sister up willingly? Is she grieving for the sister she never knew? It is a terrible double loss for me. And for the millions of other young birth-mother's and their families who have been left emotionally bereft and lost from surrendering a child.
And what about the families of the adoptive parents? What has happened to them? A couple of friends in the same situation as me, when meeting their daughters discovered that all was not as one would have dreamed. Happy ever after - no way! Many of these couples had their own children after they had adopted one. How is it possible to treat an adopted child the way you would treat your own?
What about inherited traits, looks, hair colour and temperament? How does an adopted child feel when looking at her siblings knowing she looks and behaves totally different from them. Does she feel like an intruder, the odd-one out, an outcast, different. What will she believe about her birth mother?
I have worked with adults who were adopted, their sense of abandonment comes from a place so deep inside them they feel it somehow in their cells, even before they know they were adopted.
I have secretly and silently mourned for my daughter for forty-seven years, I think about her every day, is she is OK? Is she is alive? Some years, in the early years, I tried not to think about her at all, because I could not allow myself to do that. Because I had two other children to love and care for, because I hoped she had loving parents and was happy, and to save myself.
I am now sixty-five and still suffering from the after-effects of surrendering my child. I have spent many years working on myself to break free from my dissociation and to become a whole person. It has been a difficult and lifelong journey. One that I would counsel anyone considering giving up a child to adoption regardless of age; "DO NOT DO IT".
For those of you currently considering adoption, for your families and friends I want you to understand about the great significance of childbearing loss in women's lives and how it will never heal. If you can keep your child, no matter how difficult, though today there are many avenues of help for single mothers of which there were none when I went through this terrible experience. Do not allow anyone to pressure you into doing something you do not want to do. You must go and speak to a doctor or counselor if you feel you cannot make the right decision by yourself.
Belief systems aside, the only time I would recommend adoption is if the child's life is in danger in any way. Whether it is because the environment the mother lives in is in a war or drug zone or if the family situation is dangerous to the mother and the child.
If you cannot keep your baby, then you must take action immediately to terminate the pregnancy if you live in a country where it is available. Though termination is difficult and takes a while to deal with, most women eventually get over the guilt and move on with their lives. Please do not take this as an assumption that I agree with termination, I would prefer that no woman get pregnant unless she wants to, so obviously protection is the best way to ensure you never have to go through this trauma but it is the best solution for many girls stuck with unintentional pregnancy.
It is not worth the lifetime of pain for both mother and child to go down the adoption route. You will always be asking the question "Did I do the right thing? Ultimately the answer is NO, for both you and your child's emotional well-being.
If you or your family has a story to share or you'd like to leave a comment about Adoption that might help someone else, I would be honoured to have you share them with us, as the worst thing about this tragedy is that we feel we are all alone in it. Please leave your comments below.
©Annie Moyes - July 2013
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Development of a cyclic voltammetry method for the detection of Clostridium novyi in black disease
L.L. Liu
D.N. Jiang
G.M. Xiang
C. Liu
J.C. Yu
X.Y. Pu
Genet. Mol. Res. 13 (1) : 1724-1734 DOI: 10.4238/2014.January.14.9
Black disease is an acute disease of sheep and cattle. The pathogen is the obligate anaerobe, Clostridium novyi. Due to difficulties of anaerobic culturing in the country or disaster sites, a simple, rapid, and sensitive method is required. In this study, an electrochemical method, the cyclic voltammetry method, basing on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), electrochemical ion bonding (positive dye, methylene blue), was introduced. DNA extracted from C. novyi specimens was amplified through the LAMP reaction. Then the products combined were with methylene blue, which lead to a reduction in the oxidation peak current (ipA) and the reduction peak current (ipC) of the cyclic voltammetry. The changes of ipA/ipC were real-time measured by special designed electrode, so the DNA was quantitatively detected. The results displayed that this electrochemical detection of C. novyi could be completed in 1-2 h with the lowest bacterial concentration of 102 colony forming units/mL, and high accuracy (96.5%), sensitivity (96%), and specificity (97%) compared to polymerase chain reation. The cyclic voltammetry method was a simple and fast method, with high sensitivity and high specificity, and has great potential to be a usable molecular tool for fast diagnosis of Black disease.
Cyclic voltammetry
Clostridium novyi
Black disease
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Tag: Fort Gaines
1949: Clay County High created
Clay County became one of the earlier Georgia school systems to consolidate down to one high school in 1949, when a ruling from the state made it the only solution.
The Clay County board decided May 17, 1949 to join Bluffton and Fort Gaines high schools together.
“The section was taken with some apparent hesitation by the board after public hearings at the courthouse Tuesday morning had revealed the step as one to be taken only because of curtailed allotments from the state,” said Fort Gaines’ News Record on May 19.
The state, said The News Record, had cut their allotment of teachers by four. Bluffton elementary was entitled to three, the elementary at Fort Gaines to six and the consolidated high school earned four.
Elementaries were kept in both cities. The new high school was housed in that building in Fort Gaines.
Clay’s board said it reserved the right to break up the monopoly on high school education if the situation ever bettered. It never seemed to do so, though conditions did not get worse.
When requesting money from the State School Building Authority in 1952, all Clay County High wanted was a vocational building, which at most cost $68,500.
Little changed at Clay until total integration in 1970, with students from A. Speight coming in. Clay County High combined with Randolph County in 1980 and as Randolph-Clay survives as the last of Georgia’s five post-total integration multi-county high school educational attempts.
Sources: The News Record – May 19, 1949, Aug. 21, 1952, Nov. 26, 1953
Author ghsbpPosted on July 24, 2017 June 20, 2017 Categories Consolidation effortsTags Bluffton, Clay, consolidation, Fort Gaines, Randolph-ClayLeave a comment on 1949: Clay County High created
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Tory leadership contest: Raab, Boris and Gove prepare to depose May
March 29, 2019 Dianne Reeves Online news
The pack of senior Tories fighting to take over from Theresa May all stepped up their campaigns today after the Prime Minister’s Brexit withdrawal deal was rejected for a third time.
The vote increases the chances of another general election in the coming months, suggesting any new Conservative leader could have to fight Jeremy Corbyn for power soon after they are installed in the role.
If a snap election is called in the coming weeks, Mrs May could have to fight it herself.
But more likely is that Mrs May could stand down after agreeing a long negotiation extension with the EU, prompting a 12-week leadership election and a potential general election in around six months.
Mrs May only offered to quit if deal was passed, but even though she lost again her days are numbered and senior Tories are frantically jostling for position to replace her.
Prominent Brexiteers Boris Johnson and Dominic Raab fell in line to support the deal today, potentially denting their support among hardline leavers who opposed it.
Meanwhile, supporters of Michael Gove suggested he might already have as many as 50 MPs signed up to back him, while other contenders include Sajid Javid, Esther McVey and Jeremy Hunt.
Boris Johnson will now step up his bid to become PM after Theresa May’s latest defeat
Boris’s old foe Michael Gove (pictured today) is currently a popular favourite to stop him
Gove supporters say the Environment Secretary is someone with ‘impeccable Leave credentials’ who had also ‘bothered to reach out to Remainers’.
Last night Mr Johnson appeared to win the backing of Donald Trump. In a response to a question about the Tory leadership battle and Brexit, the President replied: ‘I like Boris Johnson a lot. He’s a friend of mine.’
According to William Hill, Mr Gove is the favourite to be next Tory leader at 5/2, followed by Mr Johnson (4/1), Jeremy Hunt (6/1), Mr Raab (8/1) and Sajid Javid (9/1).
Following today’s votes, the deputy chairman of the eurosceptic European Research Group of Tory Eurosceptics, Steve Baker, called on Mrs May to step down immediately.
Declaring that this should be ‘the final defeat’ for the PM’s deal, Mr Baker said: ‘I regret to say it is time for Theresa May to follow through on her words and make way so that a new leader can deliver a Withdrawal Agreement which will be passed by Parliament.’
Boris and Gove, pictured in 2016 during the Vote Leave campaign, fell out after the referendum when Gove announced he would stand for leader, severely denting Boris’s chances. Boris then decided not to run
So who are the candidates looking to replace May and what chance have they got?
Michael Gove – 5/2
Unlike Boris and Raab, Gove has kept on board with May’s deal and will therefore have greater appeal among his remainer colleagues. He was also seen as a ‘high priest of Brexiteers’, meaning he could appeal to Tories on both sides of the divide.
The drawback of this position is that hardline leavers and remainers may see him as part of opposing side. His other potential drawback is his perceived disloyalty after he knifed Boris Johnson in last leadership contest.
Mr Gove, 51, the adopted son of a Scottish fish merchant, is a cabinet heavyweight who’s served as Education Secretary and Justice Secretary.
His debating skills, intellect and wit put him well above many candidates and is popular with Tory members.
Boris Johnson – 4/1
The 54-year-old former Foreign Secretary is undoubtedly the best-known candidate outside of the Westminster bubble.
His scruffy style, regular TV appearances, chaotic private life and show-off Classics references make him well known to the electorate.
He has experience of power and winning elections, having been twice voted London mayor but was seen as a bumbling foreign secretary.
He is unpopular among many MPs, who may form a ‘Stop Boris’ campaign to prevent him getting to Number 10.
However, party grassroots members love him and he’s top of the ConservativeHome league table.
It has been claimed Home Secretary Sajid Javid (pictured in Downing Street) has floated the idea of a ‘dream ticket’ with him as Prime Minister and Mr Gove as Chancellor
Former Brexit secretary Dominic Raab fell in line behind the deal today, denting his popularity among hardline Brexiteers
Sajid Javid – 9/1
The Home Secretary, 49, is a remainer who changed to a Brexiteer after the referendum.
He is the son of a bus driver who came to Britain from Pakistan with £1 in his pocket. Javid proved himself in business, becoming head of credit trading at Deutsche Bank.
He has experience of being Culture and Business secretary, a role in which he cracked down on union rights.
His strengths are seen as his extraordinary rags-to-riches back story, but is widely seen as a wooden and poor public speaker.
There were rumours earlier this week that he could form part of the ‘Stop Boris’ ticket, with Michael Gove potentially in support.
Dominic Raab – 8/1
The 46-year-old former Brexit Secretary and diehard Brexiteer is the son of a Czech-born Jewish refugee who fled the Nazis in 1938 and died of cancer when Raab was 12.
He is relatively inexperienced, lasting only four months as Brexit Secretary. He voted against May in leadership confidence vote. Mr Raab is seen as a skilled debater who honed his skills as an adversarial lawyer with blue chip legal firm Linklaters.
His weekness is that he seen lacking people skills and thus is unlikely to beat a more experienced candidate.
Others in the running include Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt and Work and Pensions Secretary Esther McVey
FACT BOX TITLE
If Mrs May’s deal goes through, the UK is likely to leave the EU on May 22 and she would resign as Tory leader that day but stay on as interim PM while the contest to replace her begins.
Any Tory MP can stand but they need two nominations from colleagues.
A series of secret votes would be held every Tuesday and Thursday among the 314 members of the Conservative Parliamentary Party.
The last-placed candidate is eliminated at every stage and once it is clear who the front-runners are the back-markers usually drop out and support someone else.
After David Cameron stood down following the referendum in 2016 there were five candidates in the first round, who were whittled down to two: Theresa May and Andrea Leadsom.
The final two candidates then move on to the second phase, when party members vote by postal ballot.
Candidates will be expected to make speeches to members and tour the country to try to win support. This second phase is likely to last for up to a month.
Only members who have been in the party for three months or more can vote in a leadership contest, so joining now would not entitle you to a say.
Conservative sources say the whole process could be completed within a month to six weeks.
Jeremy Hunt – 6/1
The Foreign Secretary, 52, is an ex-Remainer who may arouse suspicion among the party’s Brexiteer members.
He is the eldest son of Admiral Sir Nicholas Hunt and is married to a Chinese wife and he speaks Mandarin.
He has business experience and, before politics, he set up an educational publisher which was sold for £30million in 2017.
Mr Hunt has widespread cabinet experience and was the longest-serving health secretary in history.
Despite being one of the most experienced ministers in the field, unusually, he has made few political enemies and is therefore seen as someone who could unite the party after devisive battles over Brexit.
Andrea Leadsom – 20/1
The Leader of the Commons gained quite following when she stood for leader in 2016, but her bid fell apart when she made an ill-considered comment comparing her experience as a mother to the childless Mrs May.
Mrs Leadsom is a 55-year-old mother of three and a former city trader.
Since then however, she has blossomed as Leader of the Commons, winning plaudits for taking on Speaker John Bercow.
Popular among members and colleagues, she is now widely expected to have another tilt as leading the party.
Esther McVey – 50/1
The 51-year-old former Welfare Secretary is also an ardent Brexiteer.
She spent the first two years of her life in foster care and was a breakfast TV presenter before becoming a Tory MP on Merseyside.
Won plaudits with members for resigning from Cabinet over Brexit deal and is seen as tough, having braved out vicious targeting by Labour during her time as welfare minister.
Some in the party say she doesn’t have the intellectual fire power for top job and she is ranked 14th in ConservativeHome league table.
Andrea Leadsom is also expected to throw her name into the hat after her bid in 2016
Link hienalouca.com
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Ferar Gaan: The first Bangladeshi short made entirely with a Smartphone
By Shadman Wahid 24 June, 2019
Let us begin with an analogy. Steven Soderbergh’s latest film High Flying Bird was shot entirely on a smartphone. Referring to this award-winning director, it is like ‘writing script in pencil’. The director replied so to his fellow visionary director, Christopher Nolan, when Nolan challenged him to go back to shooting on film. This thrilling dunk had its world premiere at the Slamdance Film Festival earlier this year. It received accolades from both the critics and the audiences.
Technology and filmmaking
When it comes to film making, one would surely think of new technological advent in equipment. But in reality, there are a lot of things that will appear with that thinking which may confine the opportunity of becoming a film-maker, when you also have the chance to shoot your dream with just a smartphone. Soderbergh and other directors prove that it’s not about the camera, the best camera you got probably in your pocket to make your vision into reality.
Our celebrated director Shafayet Mansoor Rana took the idea further and decided to try his hand at writing his script in the metaphorical pencil and it certainly worked. He successfully delivered the first ever professional production completely shot on a smartphone in Bangladesh. The film, Ferar Gaan, was released last week as the iflix original on this popular streaming platform. The film has been entirely shot using Samsung flagship smartphone Galaxy S10+.
In the opening sequence of this short, we see two men looking for an address quite frantically. When they finally get to their desired destination, the person gets shell shocked and falls to the ground with awe and the title pops-up on the screen. The director pushes us back to two months earlier. The film is starred by rock icon Jon Kabir, popular actor Azmeri Asha and Sayeed Zaman Shawon. This short is split into three chapters which portrayed the vicissitudes of the life of Rubab Khan, the famous star played by Jon Kabir.
The plot revolves around him, his music, his fame, his losses and how he reclaims his lost kingdom with the strike of a moment of epiphany. Rubab Khan was very popular and surrounded by millions of fans, but his ego and snobbishness made him fall from the sky. On his prime, one day, a diehard fan of Rubab Khan, played by Sayeed Zaman Shawon, made his way to the backstage despite strict restrictions and asked for a selfie with his icon. In response, he got a tight slap and very rude behavior from his icon and later was thrown out by the guards. The very next morning, Rubab finds out that he has lost his gifted voice. And eventually, he lost everything including his fascinating career, his fans, and even his girlfriend, played by Azmeri Asha.
Filmmaking with smartphone
The story of Ferar Gaan is penned by Tanvir Chowdhury, the person behind the operation of the camera is Sumon Sarkar and the uplifting music is composed by Fuad Al Muktadir. Ferar Gaan was shot entirely with Samsung Galaxy S10+ which features three rear professional grade cameras consisting of a 12MP wide lens, 12MP telephoto lens, and 16MP Ultra-Wide lens which records 4000 pixels horizontally video very easily. No additional lenses were being used to shoot the film. And the director didn’t do much manipulation after shooting, thanks to Samsung’s ground-breaking innovation.
Anyone would love the fact about making a movie with the handiest yet advantageous device like Samsung S10+ that they can make a very quick decision and perform creative execution albeit spending very less than shooting with the equipment screams movie camera. As Soderbergh said, ‘If you want the lens on the wall, you don’t have to cut a hole in the wall and put the camera behind it. It’s a great tool.’
The creative duo Shafayet Mansoor Rana and Sumon Sarkar carried out an experiment with a spontaneous style which delivered the audiences a worth-watching 40-minutes story of redemption. That has the merit to revive the viewers with sparkling momentum.
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grossmoviereviews
This website is dedicated to horror movies, independent horror movies, beer, Full Moon, Jon McBride, Spookies, Graveyard Shift, Leprechaun sequels, and watching every god damn horror film ever made or die trying!
Gross Movie Reviews
Tag Archives: At Midnight I’ll Take Your Corpse
Gross Movie Reviews #396
Posted on January 30, 2017 by grossmoviereviews
Grave Mistake (DVD) – Yep, it was a huge mistake in watching this independent zombie film. I love independent films to a fault but every once in a while I come across garbage. And this flick is worse than the chemical waste dumped on a graveyard (in New Mexico) that creates zombies as they munch on the locals. But luckily Phil Baker wrote a book “Survival Guide of the Undead” to help his friends at the auto shop that they are trapped in when the apocalypse goes down. Disappointed the Phil Baker character gets killed off quickly but this movie should have been also. I give the flick 0 stars.
Awaken the Dead (DVD) – Found another independent zombie movie to annoy the shit out of me as a priest and woman try to defend themselves in a home being attacked by flesh eaters! Apparently, if you make it grainy, slow motion, and dramatic it’s supposed to be taken more serious? Nope! That is why yinz folks have me watching and taking my life into my own hands when trying to swim through the crap. You got it, 0 stars.
Madhouse (DVD) – A much underrated Vincent Price and Peter Cushing film and that is saying a lot as I call it a role reversal type of horror film for these two actors. Vincent Price is Paul Toombs aka Dr. Death. A popular character that has been a part of several horror films where the character kills the leading lady. Finally, after many years Paul is marrying one of his leading ladies at their New Year’s Party. Instead, someone playing the Dr. Death character decides to decapitate Paul’s fiancée. Thus sending Paul to an asylum for many years, some believing he killed her as Dr. Death. Once released Peter Cushing’s character has written a Dr. Death TV series and wants Toombs back as the lead role. Problem, everyone is dying who has a disagreement with Paul but there is a twist? Its creepy, it’s fun, and nice to see these guys in opposite roles! I give this mid-70s beauty 3 ½ stars.
Grim (DVD) – Four people play with an Ouija board to try and bring forth a spirit or something to contact? Instead they awaken a terrible troll that is able to phase through cave walls and eat humans. After some mine subsidence a group of people go into the caves to see what the problem is and found the troll that was conjured up. A mid-90s horror flick that feeds into the 1990s sucked for horror as I give it 1 star.
At Midnight I’ll Take Your Corpse (DVD) – Synapse Films is overjoyed to bring Coffin Joe fans his original trilogy that has gained a cult like support over the years in the US. The first film released in 1964 introduces viewers to the man “Coffin Joe”, an undertaker who is not thrilled of religion and scares the shit out of his small town. His main reason for his anger is his wife cannot have children or a male child in this case that will carry on his legacy. The undertaker becomes overwhelmed with the beauty of his best friend’s fiancée and makes advances. When he is denied, he kills his best friend Antonio and defies what the gypsy’s warnings to take advantage of her! But as we all know your past can come back and haunt you as does to Coffin Joe. It is considered Brazil’s first horror film and knocked down some doors internationally as Coffin Joe is considered a horror icon by most. This disc has all kinds of goodies that include: an intro, a short film for fans of Coffin Joe, trailers, Making of, a new scene and of course the amazing work done with the transfer that Synapse does every time. I give the disc 3 out of 4 stars and can be found at www.synapse-films.com .
This Night I’ll Possess Your Corpse (DVD) – Coffin Joe returns in the direct sequel somehow surviving the horror he went through at the end of the film ‘At Midnight I’ll Take Your Corpse’. The angry ghosts of his past don’t get the job done and Coffin Joe heals up in a hospital bed until he is able to stand again. Once well, he regains his job as undertaker for the small town and with help from his hunchback he begins his search for the perfect woman. A woman that is worthy to carry his offspring and legacy of starting a new race of people. As he kidnaps wives and girlfriends he makes the mistake of killing a pregnant woman during his torturing process. Even with finding the perfect woman he is haunted by his past sins and has a visit to hell! The transfer is excellent as usual and has a few goodies that Coffin Joe fans will be happy with including the film having “the hell” scene placed back in the film and a visit to the Coffin Joe museum. Cool stuff once again from the Synapse crew as I give it 3 out of 4 stars and can be found out at www.synapse-films.com .
Bachelor Party in the Bungalow of the Damned (DVD) – Oh it’s just Chuck’s bachelor party and it just so happens the strippers that show up to the weekend party are vampires. Surprise, surprise they are there to fuck and have a bite to eat? The ugly boobs, the poor excuse for acting, and crappy effects are what make you all damned if you watch this flick. But again that is why I exist to find and watch this poo that makes out there in movie world. Thank the lord Rutger Hauer it was less than 75 minutes as I give it 0 stars.
Getting Schooled (DVD/Vimeo) – So it’s Spring 1983, and some high schoolers have been sent to detention. Ron Jeremy the school janitor sticks around long enough to make a few jokes as Mr. Roker is about to do role call for detention. Mr. Roker pulls down the projector screen and flies back up hitting the wheelchair bound teacher in the face. Thus knocking him out and the kids wondering what the hell to do with him if he is dead? When he comes too Mr. Roker has Vietnam flashbacks and threatens to kill everyone in detention as they are the enemy. The “Cat and Mouse” game begins as Mr. Roker escapes into the ceiling after being tied down and teenagers search for him only to be killed off one by one. You get the point it is ‘The Breakfast Club’ if it’s a horror film and has its fun moments but also has some flaws. This independent film will find its niche as a lot of horror movie fans are enjoying the retro horror stuff that is being released. I give this new flick from Midnight Releasing 2 ½ out of 4 stars and can be found at: www.midnightreleasing.com .
Ghostbusters (DVD/remake) – Good, bad, indifferent, no matter how you feel about this flick it didn’t deserve the flack it got. Now saying that, the original is far superior but we all knew that going in… right? This time around its four women who form the group the ‘Ghostbusters’ as paranormal stuff is off the scale in New York recently. These four women all with different names than the original go to investigate the source of the paranormal surge and quickly find out it’s a human trying to break the vortex between worlds. He hates the world and wants everyone to pay for his misery. Loved Kate McKinnon and Leslie Jones characters and laughed quite a few times at the Chris Hemsworth. The film isn’t terrible, but it’s not great, the flick just exists which is saying a hell of a lot more compared to some remakes of the past as I give it 1 ½ stars.
Equalizer 2000 (DVD) – Found another post-apocalyptic film from the same dude that gave us ‘Future Hunters’, Robert Patrick, and ‘Wheels of Fire’. This time around its a hundred years after the nuclear winter set in Alaska where humans are still at war over oil! A man named Slade is considered a deserter by the heavily armed group called “the Ownership”. Slade helps a young woman running from Robert Patrick and his gang of rejects! In return she takes him to her peaceful compound to get fixed up and find the “Mean Gun”. Slade helps fix and perfect this weapon to fire back at The Ownership when they demand more water. But while protecting the compound Slade loses his girl and eventually the gun and it all comes down to one big war for The Ownership to be overthrown so we all can live in a peaceful world. Just another fun and cheesy ‘Road Warrior’ rip-off, that never gets old as I give it 2 ½ stars.
Any comments or questions please send to grossmoviereview@verizon.net or www.facebook.com/grossmoviereviews . Remember folks always support your local independent movie theater, independent video store, and independent filmmakers! It will keep horror alive………
You can always visit and see some past reviews, independent film news, or me ranting at: www.grossmoviereviews.com !!!
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Plus you can always go to the greatest T-shirt place online or if you are in Texas visit the store of “Fast Custom Shirts” where T-shirt Joe is the only place you should purchase your horror T-shirts: Go to www.fastcustomshirts.com for details.
Also you can pick up my new book “Gross Movie Reviews: More Sequels, More Massacres, More Beer” at: http://www.lulu.com/shop/tim-gross/gross-movie-reviews-more-massacres-more-sequels-and-more-beer/paperback/product-22853681.html
Gross Movie Reviews Independent film news News Websites At Midnight I'll Take Your Corpse Awaken the Dead Bachelor Party in the Bungalow of the damned Coffin Joe Equalizer 2000 Getting Schooled Ghostbusters Grave Mistake Grim Madhouse Peter Cushing Robert Patrick This Night I'll Possess Your Corpse Vincent Price
Excerpt from Thoughts Are All You Have is now available
We at Bloodbaths and Boomsticks post a couple more podcast episodes…
Hey you! Vendors we are looking for you and people spread the word of Grossfest 2020!
Gross Movie Reviews “Best of 2019 list”
Bloodbaths and Boomsticks
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Jagoff Massacre
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Undead Holocaust
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β Cells in the pancreatic islets are responsible for the regulation and release of insulin. Insulin demand increases in response to elevated blood glucose levels, and loss of β cell mass or function results in the development of diabetes. In mice, the pancreatic β cell population has recently been shown to expand from the proliferation of mature differentiated β cells in response to increased insulin demand; however, the factors that promote β cell expansion are unclear. Rohit Sharma and colleagues at the University of Massachusetts Medical School determined that modest activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) mature β cells regulates proliferation. Using a proteomics screen, the authors identified UPR-related proteins, including BiP and ATF6, with altered expression levels in the islets of hyperglycemic mice compared to controls. Pancreatic tissue sections from hyperglycemic animals that were co-immunostained for insulin, BiP, and the proliferation marker PCNA revealed that the majority of proliferating β cells also exhibit UPR activation. Cultured murine β cells subjected to both moderate and high levels of ER stress showed that moderate ER stress increased β cell proliferation, while severe stress caused β cell loss, suggesting the presence of a delicate threshold that must be regulated by the UPR. Moreover, in murine models of late-onset diabetes, β cell proliferation increased early after the onset of ER stress; however, these cells ceased to proliferate and dedifferentiated as ER stress became severe. ATF6 was determined to provide the proliferative signal that drives this β cell proliferation, as ATF6 inhibition decreased β cell proliferation. Importantly, treatment of human islets with low-dose UPR-inducing agents increased β cell proliferation. Together, the results of this study suggest UPR modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy for increasing β cell populations in patients with diabetes. The accompanying image shows pancreatic sections from a hyperglycemic mouse. Left section stained for PCNA (red), insulin (green), and DAPI (blue). Right section stained for PCNA (red), BiP (green), and insulin (blue). Note that the majority of proliferating β cells exhibit ER stress.
Published September 21, 2015, by Amanda H. Cox
Insulin demand regulates β cell number via the unfolded protein response
Rohit B. Sharma, … , Peter Arvan, Laura C. Alonso
Research Article Endocrinology
Although stem cell populations mediate regeneration of rapid turnover tissues, such as skin, blood, and gut, a stem cell reservoir has not been identified for some slower turnover tissues, such as the pancreatic islet. Despite lacking identifiable stem cells, murine pancreatic β cell number expands in response to an increase in insulin demand. Lineage tracing shows that new β cells are generated from proliferation of mature, differentiated β cells; however, the mechanism by which these mature cells sense systemic insulin demand and initiate a proliferative response remains unknown. Here, we identified the β cell unfolded protein response (UPR), which senses insulin production, as a regulator of β cell proliferation. Using genetic and physiologic models, we determined that among the population of β cells, those with an active UPR are more likely to proliferate. Moreover, subthreshold endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) drove insulin demand–induced β cell proliferation, through activation of ATF6. We also confirmed that the UPR regulates proliferation of human β cells, suggesting that therapeutic UPR modulation has potential to expand β cell mass in people at risk for diabetes. Together, this work defines a stem cell–independent model of tissue homeostasis, in which differentiated secretory cells use the UPR sensor to adapt organ size to meet demand.
Rohit B. Sharma, Amy C. O’Donnell, Rachel E. Stamateris, Binh Ha, Karen M. McCloskey, Paul R. Reynolds, Peter Arvan, Laura C. Alonso
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Mutations within Sox2/SOX2 are associated with abnormalities in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in mice and humans
Daniel Kelberman, … , Iain C.A.F. Robinson, Mehul T. Dattani
The transcription factor SOX2 is expressed most notably in the developing CNS and placodes, where it plays critical roles in embryogenesis. Heterozygous de novo mutations in SOX2 have previously been associated with bilateral anophthalmia/microphthalmia, developmental delay, short stature, and male genital tract abnormalities. Here we investigated the role of Sox2 in murine pituitary development. Mice heterozygous for a targeted disruption of Sox2 did not manifest eye defects, but showed abnormal anterior pituitary development with reduced levels of growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Consequently, we identified 8 individuals (from a cohort of 235 patients) with heterozygous sequence variations in SOX2. Six of these were de novo mutations, predicted to result in truncated protein products, that exhibited partial or complete loss of function (DNA binding, nuclear translocation, or transactivation). Clinical evaluation revealed that, in addition to bilateral eye defects, SOX2 mutations were associated with anterior pituitary hypoplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, variable defects affecting the corpus callosum and mesial temporal structures, hypothalamic hamartoma, sensorineural hearing loss, and esophageal atresia. Our data show that SOX2 is necessary for the normal development and function of the hypothalamo-pituitary and reproductive axes in both humans and mice.
Daniel Kelberman, Karine Rizzoti, Ariel Avilion, Maria Bitner-Glindzicz, Stefano Cianfarani, Julie Collins, W. Kling Chong, Jeremy M.W. Kirk, John C. Achermann, Richard Ross, Danielle Carmignac, Robin Lovell-Badge, Iain C.A.F. Robinson, Mehul T. Dattani
Liver X receptors regulate adrenal cholesterol balance
Carolyn L. Cummins, … , David J. Mangelsdorf, Jean-Marc A. Lobaccaro
Cholesterol is the obligate precursor to adrenal steroids but is cytotoxic at high concentrations. Here, we show the role of the liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) in preventing accumulation of free cholesterol in mouse adrenal glands by controlling expression of genes involved in all aspects of cholesterol utilization, including the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, StAR, a novel LXR target. Under chronic dietary stress, adrenal glands from Lxrαβ–/– mice accumulated free cholesterol. In contrast, wild-type animals maintained cholesterol homeostasis through basal expression of genes involved in cholesterol efflux and storage (ABC transporter A1 [ABCA1], apoE, SREBP-1c) while preventing steroidogenic gene (StAR) expression. Upon treatment with an LXR agonist that mimics activation by oxysterols, expression of these target genes was increased. Basally, Lxrαβ–/– mice exhibited a marked decrease in ABCA1 and a derepression of StAR expression, causing a net decrease in cholesterol efflux and an increase in steroidogenesis. These changes occurred under conditions that prevented the acute stress response and resulted in a phenotype more specific to the loss of LXRα, including hypercorticosteronemia, cholesterol ester accumulation, and adrenomegaly. These results imply LXRα provides a safety valve to limit free cholesterol levels as a basal protective mechanism in the adrenal gland, where cholesterol is under constant flux.
Carolyn L. Cummins, David H. Volle, Yuan Zhang, Jeffrey G. McDonald, Benoît Sion, Anne-Marie Lefrançois-Martinez, Françoise Caira, Georges Veyssière, David J. Mangelsdorf, Jean-Marc A. Lobaccaro
Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia
Changcheng Zhou, … , Erin G. Schuetz, Kenneth E. Thummel
The balance between bioactivation and degradation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is critical for ensuring appropriate biological effects of vitamin D. Cytochrome P450, family 24–mediated (CYP24-mediated) 24-hydroxylation of 1,25(OH)2D3 is an important step in the catabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3. The enzyme is directly regulated by vitamin D receptor (VDR), and it is expressed mainly in the kidney, where VDR is also abundant. A recent report suggests that activation of steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) also enhances the expression of CYP24, providing a new molecular mechanism of drug-induced osteomalacia. However, here we showed that activation of SXR did not induce CYP24 expression in vitro and in vivo, nor did it transactivate the CYP24 promoter. Instead, SXR inhibited VDR-mediated CYP24 promoter activity, and CYP24 expression was very low in tissues containing high levels of SXR, including the small intestine. Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D3-induced CYP24 expression was enhanced in mice lacking the SXR ortholog pregnane X receptor, and treatment of humans with the SXR agonist rifampicin had no effect on intestinal CYP24 expression, despite demonstration of marked CYP3A4 induction. Combined with our previous findings that CYP3A4, not CYP24, plays the dominant role in hydroxylation of 1,25(OH)2D3 in human liver and intestine, our results indicate that SXR has a dual role in mediating vitamin D catabolism and drug-induced osteomalacia.
Changcheng Zhou, Mahfoud Assem, Jessica C. Tay, Paul B. Watkins, Bruce Blumberg, Erin G. Schuetz, Kenneth E. Thummel
Farnesoid X receptor is essential for normal glucose homeostasis
Ke Ma, … , Lawrence Chan, David D. Moore
The bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4) is a central regulator of bile acid and lipid metabolism. We show here that FXR plays a key regulatory role in glucose homeostasis. FXR-null mice developed severe fatty liver and elevated circulating FFAs, which was associated with elevated serum glucose and impaired glucose and insulin tolerance. Their insulin resistance was confirmed by the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, which showed attenuated inhibition of hepatic glucose production by insulin and reduced peripheral glucose disposal. In FXR–/– skeletal muscle and liver, multiple steps in the insulin signaling pathway were markedly blunted. In skeletal muscle, which does not express FXR, triglyceride and FFA levels were increased, and we propose that their inhibitory effects account for insulin resistance in that tissue. In contrast to the results in FXR–/– mice, bile acid activation of FXR in WT mice repressed expression of gluconeogenic genes and decreased serum glucose. The absence of this repression in both FXR–/– and small heterodimer partner–null (SHP–/–) mice demonstrated that the previously described FXR-SHP nuclear receptor cascade also targets glucose metabolism. Taken together, our results identify a link between lipid and glucose metabolism mediated by the FXR-SHP cascade.
Ke Ma, Pradip K. Saha, Lawrence Chan, David D. Moore
Identification and characterization of noncalcemic, tissue-selective, nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators
Yanfei Ma, … , illiam W. Chin,, Sunil Nagpal
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) ligands are therapeutic agents for the treatment of psoriasis, osteoporosis, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. VDR ligands also show immense potential as therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases and cancers of skin, prostate, colon, and breast as well as leukemia. However, the major side effect of VDR ligands that limits their expanded use and clinical development is hypercalcemia that develops as a result of the action of these compounds mainly on intestine. In order to discover VDR ligands with less hypercalcemia liability, we sought to identify tissue-selective VDR modulators (VDRMs) that act as agonists in some cell types and lack activity in others. Here, we describe LY2108491 and LY2109866 as nonsecosteroidal VDRMs that function as potent agonists in keratinocytes, osteoblasts, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells but show poor activity in intestinal cells. Finally, these nonsecosteroidal VDRMs were less calcemic in vivo, and LY2108491 exhibited more than 270-fold improved therapeutic index over the naturally occurring VDR ligand 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] in an in vivo preclinical surrogate model of psoriasis.
Yanfei Ma, Berket Khalifa, Ying K. Yee, Jianfen Lu, Ai Memezawa, Rajesh S. Savkur, Yoko Yamamoto, Subba R. Chintalacharuvu, Kazuyoshi Yamaoka, Keith R. Stayrook, Kelli S. Bramlett, Qing Q. Zeng, Srinivasan Chandrasekhar, Xiao-Peng Yu, Jared H. Linebarger, Stephen J. Iturria, Thomas P. Burris, Shigeaki Kato, illiam W. Chin,, Sunil Nagpal
In humans, early cortisol biosynthesis provides a mechanism to safeguard female sexual development
Masahiro Goto, … , David I. Wilson, Neil A. Hanley
In humans, sexual differentiation of the external genitalia is established at 7–12 weeks post conception (wpc). During this period, maintaining the appropriate intrauterine hormone environment is critical. In contrast to other species, this regulation extends to the human fetal adrenal cortex, as evidenced by the virilization that is associated with various forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The mechanism underlying these clinical findings has remained elusive. Here we show that the human fetal adrenal cortex synthesized cortisol much earlier than previously documented, an effect associated with transient expression of the orphan nuclear receptor nerve growth factor IB-like (NGFI-B) and its regulatory target, the steroidogenic enzyme type 2 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B2). This cortisol biosynthesis was maximal at 8–9 wpc under the regulation of ACTH. Negative feedback was apparent at the anterior pituitary corticotrophs. ACTH also stimulated the adrenal gland to secrete androstenedione and testosterone. In concert, these data promote a distinctive mechanism for normal human development whereby cortisol production, determined by transient NGFI-B and HSD3B2 expression, provides feedback at the anterior pituitary to modulate androgen biosynthesis and safeguard normal female sexual differentiation.
Masahiro Goto, Karen Piper Hanley, Josep Marcos, Peter J. Wood, Sarah Wright, Anthony D. Postle, Iain T. Cameron, J. Ian Mason, David I. Wilson, Neil A. Hanley
Role of the forkhead protein FoxO1 in β cell compensation to insulin resistance
Haruka Okamoto, … , ndrew Ward,, Domenico Accili
Diabetes is associated with defective β cell function and altered β cell mass. The mechanisms regulating β cell mass and its adaptation to insulin resistance are unknown. It is unclear whether compensatory β cell hyperplasia is achieved via proliferation of existing β cells or neogenesis from progenitor cells embedded in duct epithelia. We have used transgenic mice expressing a mutant form of the forkhead-O1 transcription factor (FoxO1) in both pancreatic ductal and endocrine β cells to assess the contribution of these 2 compartments to islet expansion. We show that the mutant FoxO1 transgene prevents β cell replication in 2 models of β cell hyperplasia, 1 due to peripheral insulin resistance (Insulin receptor transgenic knockouts) and 1 due to ectopic local expression of IGF2 (Elastase-IGF2 transgenics), without affecting insulin secretion. In contrast, we failed to detect a specific effect of the FoxO1 transgene on the number of periductal β cells. We propose that β cell compensation to insulin resistance is a proliferative response of existing β cells to growth factor signaling and requires FoxO1 nuclear exclusion.
Haruka Okamoto, Marta Letizia Hribal, Hua V. Lin, William R. Bennett, ndrew Ward,, Domenico Accili
Glucocorticoids exacerbate obesity and insulin resistance in neuron-specific proopiomelanocortin-deficient mice
James L. Smart, … , Virginie Tolle, Malcolm J. Low
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2006;116(3):842-842. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI25243C1.
James L. Smart, Virginie Tolle, Malcolm J. Low
Loss of constitutive activity of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in familial short stature
Jacques Pantel, … , Yves Le Bouc, Serge Amselem
The growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor (GHSR) was cloned as the target of a family of synthetic molecules endowed with GH release properties. As shown recently through in vitro means, this receptor displays a constitutive activity whose clinical relevance is unknown. Although pharmacological studies have demonstrated that its endogenous ligand — ghrelin — stimulates, through the GHSR, GH secretion and appetite, the physiological importance of the GHSR-dependent pathways remains an open question that gives rise to much controversy. We report the identification of a GHSR missense mutation that segregates with short stature within 2 unrelated families. This mutation, which results in decreased cell-surface expression of the receptor, selectively impairs the constitutive activity of the GHSR, while preserving its ability to respond to ghrelin. This first description, to our knowledge, of a functionally significant GHSR mutation, which unveils the critical importance of the GHSR-associated constitutive activity, discloses an unusual pathogenic mechanism of growth failure in humans.
Jacques Pantel, Marie Legendre, Sylvie Cabrol, Latifa Hilal, Yassir Hajaji, Séverine Morisset, Sylvie Nivot, Marie-Pierre Vie-Luton, Dominique Grouselle, Marc de Kerdanet, Abdelkrim Kadiri, Jacques Epelbaum, Yves Le Bouc, Serge Amselem
Reversal of diet-induced hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance by antisense oligonucleotide inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 and 2
David B. Savage, … , Brett P. Monia, Gerald I. Shulman
Hepatic steatosis is a core feature of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes and leads to hepatic insulin resistance. Malonyl-CoA, generated by acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 and 2 (Acc1 and Acc2), is a key regulator of both mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and fat synthesis. We used a diet-induced rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatic insulin resistance to explore the impact of suppressing Acc1, Acc2, or both Acc1 and Acc2 on hepatic lipid levels and insulin sensitivity. While suppression of Acc1 or Acc2 expression with antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) increased fat oxidation in rat hepatocytes, suppression of both enzymes with a single ASO was significantly more effective in promoting fat oxidation. Suppression of Acc1 also inhibited lipogenesis whereas Acc2 reduction had no effect on lipogenesis. In rats with NAFLD, suppression of both enzymes with a single ASO was required to significantly reduce hepatic malonyl-CoA levels in vivo, lower hepatic lipids (long-chain acyl-CoAs, diacylglycerol, and triglycerides), and improve hepatic insulin sensitivity. Plasma ketones were significantly elevated compared with controls in the fed state but not in the fasting state, indicating that lowering Acc1 and -2 expression increases hepatic fat oxidation specifically in the fed state. These studies suggest that pharmacological inhibition of Acc1 and -2 may be a novel approach in the treatment of NAFLD and hepatic insulin resistance.
David B. Savage, Cheol Soo Choi, Varman T. Samuel, Zhen-Xiang Liu, Dongyan Zhang, Amy Wang, Xian-Man Zhang, Gary W. Cline, Xing Xian Yu, John G. Geisler, Sanjay Bhanot, Brett P. Monia, Gerald I. Shulman
Fan Fan and colleagues demonstrate that dynamin 2 is important for maintaining insulin secretion dynamics in β cells…
Rohit Sharma and colleagues reveal that insulin demand-induced β cell proliferation is regulated by the unfolded protein response…
Restricting β cell growth
Sung Hee Um and colleagues reveal that S6K1-dependent alterations of β cell size and function are independent of intrauterine growth restriction…
Insight into Kallmann syndrome
Anna Cariboni and colleagues demonstrate that dysfunctional SEMA3E results in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron deficiency…
L cells to the rescue
Natalia Peterson and colleagues demonstrate that increasing L cell populations in the gut improves insulin responses and glucose tolerance in a murine type 2 diabetes model…
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Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipe/ipetds/1830a.html
Evaluating Multiple Spatial Dimensions of Economic Growth in Brazil Using Spatial Panel Data Models (1970 - 2000)
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Guilherme Mendes Resende
Alexandre Xavier Ywata de Carvalho
Patrícia Alessandra Morita Sakowski
Patricia Alessandra Morita Sakowski
O objetivo deste estudo consiste em avaliar os resultados de estimações de crescimento econômico regional em múltiplas escalas espaciais, utilizando modelos de painel espacial. As escalas espaciais examinadas são áreas mínimas comparáveis, microrregiões, mesorregiões e estados no período entre 1970 e 2000. Modelos alternativos de painel espacial com efeitos fixos foram estimados sistematicamente nestas escalas espaciais para demonstrar que os coeficientes estimados variam de acordo com a escala utilizada. Os resultados mostram que as conclusões obtidas a partir de regressões de crescimento dependem da escolha da escala espacial. Primeiramente, a hipótese de convergência de clube não pode ser rejeitada, sugerindo haver diferenças nos processos de convergência entre o norte e o sul do Brasil. Além disso, quanto mais agregada for a escala espacial utilizada, maior será o coeficiente positivo da média de anos de escolaridade. O efeito de custos de transporte é positivo e estatisticamente significante para o crescimento econômico apenas no nível do estado. Os coeficientes da densidade populacional mostram que áreas mais densamente povoadas são prejudiciais para o crescimento econômico, sugerindo efeitos de congestionamento no nível de áreas mínimas comparáveis (AMCs), microrregiões e mesorregiões, mas a magnitude destes coeficientes varia de acordo com a escala geográfica. Finalmente, os coeficientes de transbordamento espacial também variam conforme a escala espacial sob análise. Em geral, estes coeficientes são estatisticamente significantes nos níveis de AMC, microrregião e mesorregião; mas, no nível estadual, deixam de ser estatisticamente significantes, sugerindo que transbordamentos espaciais são limitados no espaço. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the results of regional economic growth estimates at multiple spatial scales using spatial panel data models. The spatial scales examined are minimum comparable areas, micro-regions, meso-regions and states over the period between 1970 and 2000. Alternative spatial panel data models with fixed effects were systematically estimated across those spatial scales to demonstrate that the estimated coefficients change with the scale level. The results show that the conclusions obtained from growth regressions are dependent on the choice of spatial scale. First, club convergence hypothesis cannot be rejected suggesting there are differences in the convergence processes between the north and south in Brazil. Moreover, the positive average-years-of-schooling coefficient gets larger as more aggregate spatial scales are used. Transportation costs effect is positive and statistically significant to economic growth only at the state level. Population density coefficients show that higher populated areas are harmful to economic growth demonstrating somehow that congestion effects are operating at the MCA, micro-regional and meso-regional spatial scales, but their magnitudes vary across the geographic scales. Finally, the values of spatial spillovers coefficients also vary according to the spatial scale under analysis. In general, such coefficients are statistically significant at the MCA, micro-regional and meso-regional levels; but, at state level those coefficients are no longer statistically significant suggesting that spatial spillovers are bounded in space.
Guilherme Mendes Resende & Alexandre Xavier Ywata de Carvalho & Patrícia Alessandra Morita Sakowski, 2013. "Evaluating Multiple Spatial Dimensions of Economic Growth in Brazil Using Spatial Panel Data Models (1970 - 2000)," Discussion Papers 1830a, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
Handle: RePEc:ipe:ipetds:1830a
File URL: http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/stories/PDFs/TDs/td_1830a.pdf
Other versions of this item:
Guilherme Mendes Resende & Alexandre Xavier Ywata de Carvalho & Patrícia Alessandra Morita Sakowski, 2015. "Evaluating Multiple Spatial Dimensions of Economic Growth in Brazil Using Spatial Panel Data Models (1970-2000)," Discussion Papers 0193, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.
Alexandre Xavier Ywata De Carvalho & Guilherme Mendes Resende & Patrícia Alessandra Morita Sakowski, 2014. "Evaluating Multiple Spatial Dimensionsof Economic Growth In Brazil Using Spatial Panel Data Models, 1970-2000," Anais do XL Encontro Nacional de Economia [Proceedings of the 40th Brazilian Economics Meeting] 179, ANPEC - Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pós-Graduação em Economia [Brazilian Association of Graduate Programs in Economics].
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Enrique López‐Bazo & Esther Vayá & Manuel Artís, 2004. "Regional Externalities And Growth: Evidence From European Regions," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(1), pages 43-73, February.
Briant, A. & Combes, P.-P. & Lafourcade, M., 2010. "Dots to boxes: Do the size and shape of spatial units jeopardize economic geography estimations?," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(3), pages 287-302, May.
Briant, Anthony & Combes, Pierre-Philippe & Lafourcade, Miren, 2008. "Dots to Boxes: Do the Size and Shape of Spatial Units Jeopardize Economic Geography Estimations?," CEPR Discussion Papers 6928, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Anthony Briant & Pierre-Philippe Combes & Miren Lafourcade, 2010. "Dots to boxes: Do the size and shape of spatial units jeopardize economic geography estimations?," Post-Print halshs-00754452, HAL.
Stephen Gibbons & Henry G. Overman, 2012. "Mostly Pointless Spatial Econometrics?," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 52(2), pages 172-191, May.
Gibbons, Stephen & Overman, Henry G., 2010. "Mostly pointless spatial econometrics?," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 33559, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
Steve Gibbons & Henry G. Overman, 2010. "Mostly Pointless Spatial Econometrics?," SERC Discussion Papers 0061, Spatial Economics Research Centre, LSE.
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Cited by:
Ricardo Carvalho De Andrade Lima & Raul Da Mota Silveira Neto, 2016. "Physical and Human Capital and Brazilian Regional Growth: A Spatial Econometric Approach for the Period 1970–2010," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(10), pages 1688-1701, October.
Ricardo Carvalho De Andrade Lima & Raul Da Mota Silveira Neto, 2016. "Physical And Human Capital And Brazilian Regional Growth: A Spatial Econometric Approach For The Period 1970-2010," Anais do XLII Encontro Nacional de Economia [Proceedings of the 42nd Brazilian Economics Meeting] 164, ANPEC - Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pós-Graduação em Economia [Brazilian Association of Graduate Programs in Economics].
Guilherme Resende & Tulio Cravo, 2013. "What about regions in regional science? An exercise of convergence using different geographic scales of European Union," ERSA conference papers ersa13p772, European Regional Science Association.
Guilherme Mendes Resende & Tulio A. Cravo, 2014. "What about regions in regional science? A convergence exercise using different geographic scales of European Union," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 34(3), pages 1381-1395.
Sascha Sardadvar, 2013. "Does the neoclassical growth model predict interregional convergence? On the impact of free factor movement and the implications for the European Union," Economics and Business Letters, Oviedo University Press, vol. 2(4), pages 161-168.
Bulent Esiyok & Mehmet Ugur, 2018. "Spatial dependence in the growth process and implications for convergence rate: evidence on Vietnamese provinces," Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(1), pages 51-65, January.
Esiyok, Bulent & Ugur, Mehmet, 2017. "Spatial dependence in the growth process and implications for convergence rate: Evidence on Vietnamese provinces," Greenwich Papers in Political Economy 17507, University of Greenwich, Greenwich Political Economy Research Centre.
Esiyok, Bulent & Ugur, Mehmet, 2017. "Spatial dependence in the growth process and implications for convergence rate: Evidence on Vietnamese provinces," MPRA Paper 80253, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 15 Jun 2017.
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Rick Ross Crashes Rolls Royce While Escaping Shooting Attack
by ajacobs
Rick Ross lost control of his Rolls Royce after the star rapper was reportedly attacked by gunfire early this morning (January 28). Sources, including TMZ.com, report that the Maybach Music Group leader was attacked on Fort Lauderdale, Florida’s Los Olas Boulevard, near 15th Avenue, when another vehicle pulled alongside his luxury automobile before shooting. Early reports indicate that neither Ross nor his female passenger were struck by the gunfire, but that over a dozen rounds were fired by the assailant.
While accelerating away from the shooters, Ross, who is believed to have been driving, crashed his Rolls Royce Phantom into a building.
Local10 acquired a photograph of the wrecked car. The Fort Lauderdale station also reported that a witness claimed that Ross looked “shaken up” following the crash.
At present, no arrests have been made or suspects have been named.
HipHopDX has reached out to representatives for Rick Ross and has not heard back as of press time.
RELATED: Rick Ross Says Tour Cancellation Wasn’t Gang-Related, Tried To Choke Young Jeezy At BET Awards
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« The Lisbon scandal - and other Cameron matters | Main | PACE, versus Gene Hunt »
28 April 2010 5:12 PM
How to admit you're wrong
A word of advice to Mr Bumstead. When someone has been shown to be wrong, the right thing for him to do is to say, ‘I'm sorry. I was wrong’, without qualification or excuse. It is no good changing the subject, or saying that the error served some higher truth. If he was wrong, he should admit it. This particularly applies when he has made severe and confident allegations against individuals and an institution, allegations not in any way qualified or cautious, which have turned out to be incorrect.
Let him imagine for a moment how he would feel if someone (for example) wrote inaccurately that he was 'in hiding' or that he was 'wanted'. Or blamed him personally for actions or failures - especially if they in some way laid the blame on him for acts of child abuse - with which he had nothing whatever to do. He would be hot for apology and restitution, and rightly so. Well then.
One thing he definitely should not do is to make silly, sulky counter-accusations against others to draw attention away from his own actions. I could try to compel him to admit his error by giving him a time limit by which he must do so, or be excluded from making future contributions here.
But I shall not do so. I'm not convinced he will get the point. So I will treat him as a silly person (which I think he is) rather than as a deliberately dishonest one (which I don't think he is). If Mr Bumstead will not provide a simple, unqualified declaration that he understands that he made several untrue statements here, and that he regrets them, I shall simply ignore his future contributions and statements, and advise others to do so, until he either admits his fault or goes away. And I am very patient. There is, quite simply, no point in debating with someone who behaves in this way. I shall certainly not dredge through the libraries and archives of the world trying to find out if his future claims are true. I shall assume that they are faulty until I have evidence that they are not.
Everyone makes mistakes. This is how we learn. But we do not learn from our mistakes if we will not frankly admit that we have made them, all the more so when we have made them in the course of traducing other people.
I've made a long and patient effort to demonstrate that he is wrong, and how he is wrong, which involved me in many hours of research. I don't think any impartial observer could deny that he is wrong. Let him please say so himself.
If you want to comment on Peter Hitchens, click on Comments and scroll down.
April 28, 2010 Comments (24) Categories: Abuse of PH | Permalink
Nowpublic
Peter Hitchens can “weary” all he likes. Sometimes the truth hurts.
I’m not surprised at his attempts to downplay this matter. It is a tad embarrassing for him in light of his fulminations over the inaccuracies of Tom Bumstead and previous others.
A “minor error”, Mr Hitchens calls it. A “technical distinction”. It is hardly a trifling matter when a seasoned journalist alleges (wrongly) that a leading professor believes that to teach children about religion is tantamount to child abuse. If people had believed Mr Hitchens’s allegation, they would have reasonably assumed that Richard Dawkins considered any teacher who takes a religious education class ought to be on a list of Britain’s Most Wanted. And that parents who read the Bible to their offspring should be banged up for 10 years.
And what’s this hogwash that assumes that to teach a child “about” a subject must automatically mean you are teaching them to "love" it? How does Mr Hitchens reach this conclusion, exactly? Maybe the definition of the word “about” in Mr Hitchens’s dictionary is different to that of the rest of the English-speaking world. Does Mr Hitchens assume, when his child comes home from school and tells him that he has learned “about” the Russian Revolution, that those wicked teachers have been indoctrinating him into the teachings of Lenin and Trotsky, as surely they cannot have merely taught the subject objectively (or “dead”, as Mr Hitchens prefers to describe it), and must instead have been encouraging the child to “love” the ideology behind the subject? Bizarre.
Like I said, my only reason for raising this dispute again was in response to Mr Hitchens’s frequent denunciations and demands of others who put a foot wrong. I don’t like hypocrisy. He should have accepted long ago that he made a pretty serious error, and offered a clear and unambiguous withdrawal, thereby bringing a swift conclusion to the matter. But he chose not to. So be it. This is my last word on the topic.
(Oh, Mr Hitchens also claims that I have lost every argument I’ve tried on this blog. When was that, exactly?)
Posted by: Paul Embery | 03 May 2010 at 07:32 PM
Having read your article I can agree that the Tories took us in to the EEC (EFTA would have been better) and don't appear to be about to correct that mistake, Labour wont restore the standards you refer to and the Liberals are totally EU minded. The question is who do we vote for to take our country back to the imperfect but far better condition it was in.
Posted by: John Fleming | 02 May 2010 at 01:13 PM
'He did not need any priestly status to do wat he did in Pinole.. On the contrary, he was the time working ina non-church job, having been removed from the priesthood. Here's my understanding, and if Mr Bumstead can show that I am in any mistaken I'll retract. The Oakland RC diocese (through their negligence) did not know of his activities at Pinole. The Pinole church did not know ( and perhaps we may suggest they should have checked harder, with the usual hindsight) of his conviction. The civil justice system had left him at liberty, in a disgraceful deal. But Cardinal Ratzinger cannot, so far as I can see, be blamed at all. His actions, or inactions, cannot be shown to have had any effect on the matter.'
I don't dispute that his priestly status has anything to do with his ability to abuse at Pinole. Here is my accusation which I will attempt to state clearly and which should, hopefully, make clear why I hold that Ratzinger was to some extent responsible:
You claim that responsibility for allowing Kiesle lies with the Oakland diocese and Pinole through their 'negligence'. I would contend that if Ratzinger was doing his job properly and if he cared about preventing abuse, rather than minimizing damage to the church, then he would have established some kind of system which kept churches aware of abusers in their ranks and he would have encouraged churches to disseminate information on abusers instead of running and entrenching a system which centralized this information. You seem to expect that diocese should be expected to discover abusers on their own initiative from patching together information in the media. If this were a secular organization you would be up in arms, and rightly so, and would be calling for the head of the man responsible. Well then.
The laicisation of an abusing priest may well have attracted more attention than the laicisation of the 'scores' of other priests for (presumably) less media-friendly reasons. Were all of those 'scores' being laicised for abusing children? If so you seem to be sitting on quite a scandal Mr. Hitchens.
I cannot see how any of this is dishonest or an attempt to hide from facts.
Also, seeing as you seem to be implying that Ratzinger has nothing to answer for, do you have an explanation for the Murphy letter (priests in wisconsin wrote to Ratzinger begging him to allow punishment of Murphy to allow the community to see that justice was being done- he ignored this and accepted Murphy's letter begging to be allowed to die in holy orders). Also I don't see how you can be so righteous on the issue of Law- this is an utterly evil man who Ratzinger keeps in his employ- is this not something he should be held accountable for? You have not answered these questions but I would be more than happy to let them go as I appreciate you have already devoted a great deal of time to this issue. But your constant demands for apologies and full retractions suggest that you genunely think that Ratzinger comes out of this smelling of roses and that cannot be allowed to stand as the final verdict- despite my original mistakes.
Posted by: Tom Bumstead | 02 May 2010 at 11:24 AM
I weary of Mr Embery's tiresome blowhard bluster. There is, quite simply, no comparison between my minor error over Professor Dawkins' views and Mr Bumstead's ferociously , nay aggressively stated but wholly untrue allegation that Cardinal Law was a fugitive from justice.
The Dawkins error (which, as Mr Embery notes, I long ago corrected, is a technical distinction of interest mainly to Mr Embery and the anti-religious zealots who would not assume ( as I do) that to teach a child 'about' Christianity is the same as to teach him to love it. I should have recognised from the start that there were people who would wish to teach a child 'about' Christianity as if it were a dead thing. I'll pay no more attention to Mr Embery's blethers. I think he is absurdly over-interested in the one minor occasion when he caught me in an insignificant error, as set against the rest of the time when he has lost every argument he's tried.
The really serious matter is not this casuistry of Mr Embery's , but the desire of the new atheists ( described in my book) to prevent the teaching of Christianity to children as truth, a sinister and frightening intolerance, of which they should be ashamed and - disturbingly - are not.
As for Mr Bumstead, he wrote ( for example) this about the Kiesle matter:" If Ratzinger had instantly removed this man the media attention would have meant it was impossible for him to find more work with children within the church- as he did while volunteering as a church youth worker following his arrest and indictment."
This is among the milder versions of his intemperate, fact-free foot-stomping on this subject.
This, as I have repeatedly explained, is a complete misunderstanding of the matter, as is everything Mr Bumstead has written about Kiesle. If Mr Bumstead had read what I have written with any care, he would know this. He plainly hasn't. I suggest that he does, and then withdraws and apologises for the slur on Cardinal Ratzinger which he repeatedly makes, and which is quite without factual foundation. Kiesle had been 'removed' as a parish priest the moment his crime was known, His laicisation had nothing to do with his removal from the Union City church where he had been a priest, and had no effect on his ability to work as a volunteer at the Pinole church,. many miles away where he was not known and was certainly not known to have been a priest .
There is no reason to believe his laicisation would have attracted any media attention at all (certainly no more than Kiesle's removal and provation would have done) . When did Mr Bumstead last see a newspaper report of the laicisation of a priest? At that time, in California, they were happening by the score - precisely the reason for the Cardinal's hesitation. Also, the Cardinal regarded the laicisation as a favour to Kisele, who wanted to get married, not as some kind of punishment. His delay was, in effect, a punishment. Kiesle, for about the nine millionth time, asked to be laicised for his own convenience. Mr Bumstead seems to think the laicisation would have involved some sort of Dreyfus-style stripping and humiliation in a square in the Heart of Oakland, in front of massed ranks of priests and nuns. I suspect it would have taken the form of a private letter, not released to the press.
He did not need any priestly status to do wat he did in Pinole.. On the contrary, he was the time working ina non-church job, having been removed from the priesthood. Here's my understanding, and if Mr Bumstead can show that I am in any mistaken I'll retract. The Oakland RC diocese (through their negligence) did not know of his activities at Pinole. The Pinole church did not know ( and perhaps we may suggest they should have checked harder, with the usual hindsight) of his conviction. The civil justice system had left him at liberty, in a disgraceful deal. But Cardinal Ratzinger cannot, so far as I can see, be blamed at all. His actions, or inactions, cannot be shown to have had any effect on the matter. Mr Bumstead should read my ealier posts, properly, and admit that he is wrong about this too. Until he does, it's not an adequate apology. I shan't explain again. Unless Mr Bumstead obliges with the required unqualified retraction, this will be my last response to him, and I recommend others to take the same view.
Posted by: Peter Hitchens | 01 May 2010 at 08:38 PM
I apologize for Murphy and Law and regret my error.
On Kiesle we have differences- I didn't claim that Laicization was the key issue- it was that Ratzinger helped to maintain and enhance a system which centralized the issue and prevented churches from churches from responding effectively to the issue. I hope I am allowed to maintain this position while not being beyond the pale of civilized discourse.
You seem to have opened a can of worms with this whole apology policy....
Posted by: Tom Bumstead | 01 May 2010 at 03:37 PM
Paul T says: "We may be on the path to thought crime in the West and in left liberal Britain in particular, but fortunately we are not there yet."
- I think the occasion we arrive at this state of affairs will be marked by the reintroduction of the death penalty, as once a complete inversion of what the state considers right and wrong has taken place, the Left will have no further objections.
Paul Embery - You can relax if you are worried that Christianity might get more prominence in our schools. The following quote will put your mind at rest, in particular the last part about evolution. Don't worry, we are still on course for a 1984 world.
From the Jan 2010 edition of 'Primary' published by Dept for Children Schools & Families:
---quote:---
A range of print and online materials is being published this term to help teachers prepare for the introduction of the new primary curriculum in September 2011. Curriculum handbooks will be sent to schools next month [meaning February, presumably]….The new curriculum envisages six areas of learning: understanding English, communication and languages; mathematical understanding; understanding the arts; historical, geographical and social understanding; understanding physical development, health and well-being; and scientific and technological understanding. Schools will be expected to give more prominence to ICT and ensure that the theory of evolution is explicitly covered.
--- end of quote ---
So, children leaving primary school cannot read or write properly or do division or multiplication, but they will know all about ‘physical development’ and evolution. I wonder why they missed man-made global warming off the list?
Posted by: Bob, son of Bob | 01 May 2010 at 11:46 AM
In answer to Peter Hitchens and his cheerleader, Peter Preston, I don't pursue this matter out of some vindictive desire to embarrass Mr Hitchens, but whether he likes it or not, there is a case to answer on his part, and my raising it again is perfectly legitimate given his own determination to extract withdrawals and apologies from various contributors to this blog whenever they make wrongful statements or accusations.
In December 2008, on the thread on this blog entitled "Fireworks at midnight, and Maggie Thatcher's role in wrecking the Universe", Mr Hitchens, on four separate occasions, accused Dawkinsites (he later admitted this description covered the professor himself) of believing that, and I quote, "teaching children about Christianity is child abuse".
The accusation was demonstrably false - a fact which I pointed out to Mr Hitchens. I said he should withdraw the remark (I didn't bother asking for an apology on behalf of the professor!).
Mr Hitchens then spent hundreds of words trying to extricate himself from any responsibility for the error. I provided an abundance of evidence showing how Mr Hithcnes was wrong. In the face of this, he eventually conceded - and he was dragged kicking and screaming to this point - that his words were clumsy and "open to misinterpretation". How gracious. If only everyone who makes false and damaging accusations (including those who Mr Hitchens pursues relentlessly on this blog) were allowed to get away with such a lazy and inadequate defence.
So that's why I always feel a bit nauseous when reading Mr Hitchens's demands for such exacting standards from others, and how, when they are found to be in error, they should withdraw and apologise.
Mr Hitchens's accusations against Professor Dawkins were false. He knows it, and everyone who troubles to read the exchange will see it for themselves. I suspect that, such is his antipathy towards the professor, Mr Hitchens would rather eat his own kidney than admit fault in the matter, and that is why he won't withdraw or apologise for the remarks.
Readers should bear this in mind when making a judgement on Mr Hitchens's criticisms of Tom Bumstead.
Posted by: Paul Embery | 30 April 2010 at 07:28 PM
Mr Bumstead (30th April 2.46 pm) asks if his apology has been accepted. No. It is incomplete . And it is hedged with qualifications. The statement "On the issue of Law and Murphy, where you were right, I apologize wholeheartedly and without excuse and regret my comments" is a good start, though the lack of any reference to the Kiesle case, where Mr Bumstead was also utterly wrong, is surprising and unsatisfactory. Mr Bumstead still, I fear, doesn't understand the significance of laicisation , the fact that Kiesle himself requested it, that it had no bearing of any kind on Kiesle's ability to become a volunteer at Pinole, or its lack of relevance to Kiesle's paedophile activities in any sphere.
Also, the reference to (unspecified) 'other issues" and other points" which I allegely did not refute undermines his claim to have apologised 'wholeheartedly and without excuse'.
A clear, simple, freestanding and complete retraction and apology in one message (unaccompanied by subsequent or contemporaneous qualifying or excuse-making postings) is what is required.
Posted by: Peter Hitchens | 30 April 2010 at 05:29 PM
Dear Mr. Hitchens,
Has my apology been accepted? I have no desire to waste my time or bother you with comments if they are unwelcome.
Once again, thank you for the time you have taken with this issue.
Posted by: Tom Bumstead | 30 April 2010 at 02:46 PM
Mr Bumstead is close to getting there. But I am afraid he will have to strip away all the padding about 'other issues that I did not refute'. For once, the word 'refutation' is used correctly here. I did refute, by the marshalling of truth, the three charges which Mr Bumstead levelled against Cardinal Ratzinger. In any serious debate, let alone trial, those charges would fall and be withdrawn after such a total, unequivocal refutation.
That was all I set out to do. You can't 'refute' an issue, or 'refute' someone's opinions, and I have no hope of 'refuting' Mr Bumstead's weird zealous loathing of the RC Church, which is his problem, and from which he presumably derives some sort of joy. I don't dispute that the RC Church (like many other bodies in which child abuse has taken place) has much to answer for in its behaviour, and in its failure to act in a timely or honest fashion in the past. No serious or informed person does.
I do dispute the attempt to fan the embers of this old scandal into a frenzy against the current Bishop of Rome, so as to wreck his proposed visit to this country, which is what Mr Bumstead and his allies seem to me to be engaged in. If Mr Bumstead wants to make a new case against the Bishop of Rome and his visit here, then let him do so. But let him do it on the basis of researched truth, not hearsay, gossip and half-understood second-hand sources. Strong opinions require a foundation of strong facts. But first let him make the unadorned, unqualified apology and retraction which I still seek, and which he still owes everyone who read his original baseless allegations.
Posted by: Peter Hitchens | 30 April 2010 at 11:46 AM
A person sheltering behind the name 'Chris' opines: "Mr Hitchens's bombastic self-righteousness does him little credit. It has the tone of a sneering schoolmaster who has a malefactor by the short hairs behind his ears. No doubt what he says is true. But that doesn't take away from the fact that the Roman Catholic Church is an organisation not to be trusted. Would you put your child into the hands of monks or nuns after this?"
This is tantamount to saying that the truth doesn't matter in a debate, and that people can be falsely accused of being 'wanted' and 'in hiding' without consequence. "No doubt what he says is true". No doubt? I'll say. True? Demonstrably so. Oh, well that's not important. Truth? Who cares about that? The thing that matters, according to this masked heckler, is my character. We know nothing of the character of 'Chris', because 'Chris', though bold in condemnation of me, prefers to conceal his or her identity from us. But I am then compared unflatteringly to a sneering schoolmaster. Well, I am insulted daily by professionals, and this isn't really much of a jibe. But it is intended to be. 'Chris', whose true identity we cannot know, seems to me rather to be comparable to the class sniggerer who, when a friend is caught red-handed cheating by the teacher, tries to stir up the rest of the class against that teacher, while keeping in the background himself. We've all met that sort. We know ( especially after a recent trial) what that looks like in real life, all too well. That is why I warn that these people's methods lead to lawless mob rule.
There's nothing self-righteous about uncovering severe factual error in an opponent's argument, or in chiding that opponent for refusing to acknowledge his fault properly.
And, as it happens, I should think it's probably never been safer to place a child in the hands of a Roman Catholic institution, almost certainly safer than to place that child in the care of the liberal state on either side of the Atlantic. One of the many failings of the fanatical anti-Vatican rabble is that they simply do not acknowledge the great efforts made (not least under the present Pope) to prevent repetitions of past abuse. Also, that their rage is selective, as if children were only ever abused by Priests whereas, alas, they are abused in almost every institution in which adults are put in charge of them. Man is a fallen creature.
Chris, you're acting like an ass. The scandal over Boston was a decade ago. Where is this "after this" from? The current "scandal" was a somewhat clumsy attempt to claim the Pope was part of the cover up, and should be arrested, with various scantimonous "human rights" types going on about so called cases they'd raise, etc. THAT is the issue here, not whether the RC Church has had child molesters in its ranks.
I would never take anything purely on trust where children are concerned, whether it's school, scouts or sports. All these institutions have had elements of child molesting. For obvious reasons, since such positions of trust with access to children would be attractive to that type. I know of girls who were put in foster care, and were molested by foster carers! Are you going to refer to children's services as rotten and call for them to be disbanded?
I don't know how the Catholics are going to ever live this down, but try to keep some perspective on this. They have no monopoly over child molesting, and no monopoly over trying to sweep things like that under the carpet.
Posted by: Paul T | 29 April 2010 at 11:18 PM
Contributor Paul Embery,asks:
"I wonder if Peter Hitchens would apologise and withdraw his comment, if, say, he wrongly accused a leading scientist of believing that merely teaching children about Christianity was tantamount to child abuse."
Of course he would, sir, for he is an honourable man. Fortunately however your hypothesis is otiose, for he has no need to apologise in order to satisfy your criteria. I have never read anywhere that Mr Hitchens ever "accused" anyone of "believing" something, though - like anyone else - he seems to be against hypocrisy or in other words pretending to believe what one doesn't believe.
In any case only a deluded or mistaken or mischievous person would suggest that "teaching children about Christianity was tantamount to child abuse".
Such a person would have mistaken the antidote for the disease.
Posted by: Peter Preston | 29 April 2010 at 07:40 PM
I'm quite sad to see Mr Hitchens spending his time squabbling with those who comment here. I hope that anyone who wants to argue with him will go and do a sufficient amount of research to make it worthwhile reading such exchanges.
Posted by: Gary Burnett | 29 April 2010 at 06:36 PM
.I repeat. On the issue of Law and Murphy, where you were right, I apologize wholeheartedly and without excuse and regret my comments.
There were other issues and other points which you did not refute and I stand by those- How is this in any way dishonest or dishonourable?
I have found this exchange extremely useful and interesting and would hate to end our correspondence on such an unneccesarily negative tone. I hope the apology rendered above clarifies my position.
To Paul T
I have not called for the Pope's arrest and I certainly have no issues with Catholics in general as would have been made clear if you had carefully followed the debate- they are, on the whole, good people.
Mr Embery knows perfectly well that he is distorting the facts. I acknowledged and explained and corrected this mistake long ago. Professor Dawkins was objecting to the teaching of Christianity as truth to children, as he continues to do, and which was what I intended to convey (supported by accurate quotation) and probably did convey to everybody except Mr Embery and the anti-religious zealots who would like too see it taught as an anthropological or psychological curiosity of the past.
Mr Embery knows all this perfectly well. Nor was this remotely comparable to Mr Bumstead's false allegation that a man was 'wanted' and 'in hiding', which Mr Bumstead acknowledges with such gracelessness that it barely counts.
Mr Embery knows that too. Is he hoping that other , newer readers won't know these things? If so, on which side of the battle between truth and falsehood would that place him?
Posted by: Peter Hitchens 29 April 2010 at 10:31 AM.
I'm uncertain as to whether this is an example of your famous sense of humour. As far as I know you have never called me dense, at least not on this blog. The point is that you attributed another contributor's entry, which did refer to you as dense, to me and that is what I took objection to. You did grudgingly apologise but said that nobody would be surprised had I called you dense and I don't believe that I have ever given you grounds to suppose any such thing.
Posted by: Michael Williamson | 29 April 2010 at 05:10 PM
I wonder if Peter Hitchens would apologise and withdraw his comment, if, say, he wrongly accused a leading scientist of believing that merely teaching children about Christianity was tantamount to child abuse.
Or would he spend many hundreds of words trying to squirm and wriggle his way out of it?
Hmm. One rule for one, as they say...
To Mr Williamson, you are quite right to take this opportunity to raise this again. I now make an unreserved apology for calling you dense. You aren't. I am sorry. I was wrong, and it was wrong of me to evade the matter for so long.
To Mr Bumstead (whose qualified and retaliatory response shows exactly why I can't be bothered with him any more), this is my last response to him. I will not (as he brazenly and insidiously suggests) cease to research the allegations against the Pope. I shall just cease to research the claims that Mr Bumstead makes, because he is both unreliable and unwilling to admit to serious errors, so I can safely assume that what he says is likely to be valueless. This is an important distinction, and it is typical of Mr Bumstead to muddy the waters in this fashion. It's like wrestling with a damp squid. Lots of wriggling, and then jets of ink in the water to make it impossible to see what's going on. By the way, Andrew Brown is not a royal personage. You don't need some special procedure to telephone him. Anyone can ring him up if they want to, via the Guardian switchboard. Just as anyone can Google the facts about Cardinal Law or Kiesle or the rest. If he wants to. The important thing is that you have to want to. And that you have to regard the truth highly.
Mr Hitchens' bombastic self-righteousness does him little credit. It has the tone of a sneering schoolmaster who has a malefactor by the short hairs behind his ears. No doubt what he says is true. But that doesn't take away from the fact that the Roman Catholic Church is an organisation not to be trusted. Would you put your child into the hands of monks or nuns after this?
Posted by: Chris | 29 April 2010 at 09:51 AM
I think it's fairly obvious Mr Bumstead has a real issue with Catholicism. Now that's fine. He should obviously never think of becoming one (although I can't imagine that's going to be an issue). I do wonder if he's been victimised by Catholics in some way, or if he's left the fold, and now has little more than venom for them.
However the point is that there isn't, at least on what has been presented so far, a legal case against the Pope. Others oppose the idea of the police "roughing up" people they don't like, or who "look suspicious". So we must surely also extend that to the Pope. Yes he may dress in the robes of a Late Roman courtisan, and yes he is German, and yes, he isn't married, and doesn't think homosexual acts are right, doesn't think sex outside of marriage should be promoted etc. All very suspicious behavour to someone who thinks the left liberal consensus is universal. BUT to actually arrest someone, surely a crime has to be committed. We may be on the path to thought crime in the West and in left liberal Britain in particular, but fortunately we are not there yet. Imagining that the Pope must be guilty of some crime, and rushing off at the first allegation with over the top demands for "justice" and claims of undeniable guilt is dangerously close to the judicial murders Henry VIII used to get rid of troublesome people. It is close to merely trumping up charges to destroy someone. This is something we should still avoid. It must surely be somewhere you can think we should not go without having to be a "religionist" or a "trad con" or a "Papist sympathiser" or any of these other derogatory epithets that have been thrown around.
Mr Hitchens; I was very interested in your rebuttal of his claims; as you say many hours of research from good sources; and it was most interesting. I'm sure others were impressed and edified thereby even if the accuser was not; ignoring him is certainly the best policy.
St. Paul would have 'delivered him to Satan that he learn not to blaspheme'; the Bishops of Rome and their detestable enormities through the centuries are great, but this present one is one of the better ones!
Posted by: Robert Stevens | 28 April 2010 at 06:33 PM
My clearest mistake comes from taking Andrew Brown's Article at face value. Not all of us, alas, can ring him up and ask him to clarify his sources. If what he had said had been correct then my claim would have been correct. However if Brown knows of no other subpoena then it appears that Law is not wanted and I apologize and appreciate the effort you have gone to in clarifying this issue. However stating I had no backing is a false claim and you should apologize for it.'
'At the time I, wrongly, took this to mean that the abuse was ongoing until Father Murphy appealed to Ratzinger and was then forgiven however this was wrong and for making this claim I apologize. Not all of us spend our whole lives investigating these matters (that is not an excuse merely an explanation).'
To fulfil your last criteria- yes I do regret making these claims. However I do not qualify or attempt to excuse my errors, it is hardly fair of you to claim this, I merely point out that there is more to this issue than my mistakes. I would feel very real pangs of remorse if I had accused a good man of crimes he didn't commit (even when this man would never conceivably hear of them, wouldn't care and couldn't be prosecuted) however Ratzinger, despite your implications, is not that man as my modified argument showed.
I wrongly accused Ratzinger of covering up the abuse of the abuse of hundreds of deaf children when in fact he failed to punish the guilty party when his crimes came to light and forgave him on behalf of the children.
I wrongly claimed that Cardinal Law, an enabler of mass child rape, was in hiding in Rome under the protection of Ratzinger when in fact Law, an enabler of mass child rape, is being maintained in a post by Ratzinger until he dies, for reasons unspecified.
I understand if my previous mistakes mean you are unwilling to bother to research this issue further and completely understand if you don't bother to take this any further- I can only appeal to your instinct for truth. This is your site and you have the right to set the rules of the debate. However the argument raised many other points, including by comparison your claim against David Cameron, surely you must take account of these before the issue is closed? Surely it cannot be just to define the argument purely around the two mistaken part of my argument. Seeing as I have never called for the arrest of the pope and that the vast majority of my argument is an attack on his moral character it seems perverse to portray the whole argument as being entirely about legal issues. You cannot pretend that my silliness (which is a fairly just if ungenerous way of describing my argument) excuses Ratzinger of all his very real sins.
I quite agree with you Mr Hitchens but your words would carry more conviction if you followed them yourself. You once accused me of calling you 'dense', I demanded a retraction because I had not done so. But, instead of the, "Yes I made a mistake, I'm sorry", which I was expecting you made a 'silly, sulky counter-accusation' which made any apology worthless.
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My latest (but unpublished) letter to 'Private Eye'
A reply to D. Brooks
It was State Murder. How can anyone be so bloody stupid?
Q & A on the Death Penalty
Choosing the Wrong Future Again and Again and Again
My Complaint to the BBC about the portrayal of marijuana use in the 'Gavin and Stacey Christmas Special'
PETER HITCHENS: When police foot patrols stop, stabbings rise - it's that simple
PETER HITCHENS: Ignorant BBC plans to rewrite Charles Dickens and put the f-word into the mouth of Ebenezer Scrooge - and it has no right to do so
Index - See what's already been said
'Addiction'
'Democracy'
'Pakistan'
'Special Relationship'
Abolition of Britain
Abolition of Liberty (see also Brief History of Crime)
Abuse of PH
Adams, Gerard
Aitken, Jonathan
BBC bias
Beijing, Mumbai etc
Benn, Tony
Berlin Time
Bias in general
Blair, Anthony
Boston, Lincs
Brief History of Crime (see also Abolition of Liberty)
Broken Compass (see also Cameron Delusion)
Brown. Gordon
Bullingdon Picture
Burka, Niqab,Hijab
Cameron Delusion (see also Broken Compass)
Cameron, David
Cameron, Samantha
Castro, Fidel
Charles.Prince
Churchill Cult
Clarke, Charles
Clarke, Kenneth
Clegg, Nicholas
Clinton, Bill
Coalition government
Comprehensive Schools
Conservative Party (see also Useless Tories, Tories)
Dale, Iain
Darwin and Darwinism
Death Penalty (including Capital Punishment, Execution)
Decimal System
Diana Cult
Dresden, bombing of
Emin, Tracey
Exam inflation
Farage, Nigel
Fatherless Families
Flight, Howard
Foxhunting
Full-Time Mothers
Gaza (see also Israel)
Gove, Michael
Gramsci, Antonio
Griffin, Nicholas
Hague, William
Hannan, Daniel
Harris, Sir Arthur
Hirst, Damien
Human Wrongs
Hung Parliament
Huxley, Aldous
Intervention, Liberal
IRA (Irish Republican Army)
Israel (see also Gaza)
Judophobia
Kamm, Oliver
Kelly, David
Kelly, Ruth
Kilroy-Silk, Robert
Kinnock, Neil
Kitchen Sink(chained to)
Leneghan, Mary-Ann
Major, John
Mass Immigration
May, Theresa
Mercer, Patrick
Montgomerie, Time
Moral Preaching
Neather, Andrew
Neo-conservatism
New political party
Northern Ireland (see Ulster)
Nuclear (or nukular)weapons
Nutt, Professor David
Obama, Barack
Orwell Prize
Political party funding
Portillo, Michael
Prescott, John
Rage Against God
Rawnsley, Andrew
Renault, Mary
Revolutionary Socialist League
Right wingness
Roosevelt, Franklin
Savage, Sir Graham
Scandals in politics
Secondary Moderns
Speechmaking
Sport, moronic cult of
Standing for Parliament
Stopes, Marie
Stroup, Keith
Tebbit, Norman
Television, dangers of
Thatcher, Margaret
Unmarried Mothers
Useless Tories
Venables, Jon
Wageslave Mothers
War on Drugs(alleged)
Washington Naval Treaty
Wilson, Harold
Wolfgang, Water
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Emmerdale Spoilers: Laura Norton Teases “Explosive” Twists In Kerry’s Storyline
British SoapsEmmerdale
By Nics Abasta Last updated Sep 13, 2019
Laura Norton, who plays Kerry Wyatt on “Emmerdale,” teased viewers that they will see “explosive” twists in her character’s storyline in upcoming episodes. For now, Kerry’s secret is still under wraps that she caused the tragic fire and not Frank Clayton (Michael Praed).
Emmerdale Spoilers – Laura Norton Says “Explosive” Stuff To Come
In an interview with the press at the recently concluded TV Choice Awards, Norton said, “I can’t say too much but there is quite a lot of explosive stuff still to come on screen.”
“It’s been a massive challenge but I’m really looking forward to her getting back to some normality if she can after this,” she continued.
“Time will tell,” she added.
Viewers may recall that Kerry and Amy Wyatt (Natalie Ann Jamieson) were the ones responsible for the factory inferno. However, Kerry pinned the blame on Frank. Meanwhile, Frank’s daughter, Tracy Shankley (Amy Walsh) continues to insist that it wasn’t her father’s fault. Will Tracy eventually find out that they were the ones responsible for the fire?
Emmerdale Spoilers: Sandra Marvin Teases Jessie’s Stolen Kisses With Ex-Husband Al
Emmerdale Spoilers – Laura Norton’s Struggle To Play The Cover-Up Storyline
After Kerry’s cover-up storyline was aired, Norton admitted that she found it difficult to play. Apart from that, she’s received a lot of flak from “Emmerdale” fans for unfairly blaming Frank for the terrible incident.
Norton said that “doing something really gritty” is something she loves as an actress. However, she also emphasized that her current storyline was one of the hardest she had to do during her time in the soap.
“It’s really hard to play the guilt, without being really on the nose. I’ve had chats with directors about what happens when you’re lying. In real life, if someone tends to lie and fib, they do it convincingly so people don’t know.”
#Emmerdale Star Ryan Hawley Hints Unexpected Twist Before Robert Sugden’s Exit https://t.co/Pv6h1cIodL
She added that she’s trying to show viewers that her alter-ego is finding it difficult to lie and that she’s living with the guilt of what they’ve done. But that’s also what makes playing her role at this time a lot harder because in real life, she said, that’s not something people do.
So, in order to give justice to the great storyline that the writers prepared for her, she had to do some extra homework. She watched “Big Little Lies” to learn more as to how she could play a character who is living in a lie and guilt.
As always, more detailed Spoilers and Breaking news will appear here on Hollywood Hiccups!
https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/a28978698/emmerdale-laura-norton-kerry-storyline-explosive/
https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/a28866838/emmerdale-spoilers-laura-norton-kerry-wyatt-backlash/
https://www.dailystar.co.uk/tv/emmerdale-kerry-laura-norton-spoilers-19968371
https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/a28759518/emmerdale-spoilers-amy-wyatt-nate-robinson-fire-confession/
Emmerdale star Laura Norton promises “explosive” twists in Kerry’s story
https://www.digitalspy.com
Emmerdale star addresses backlash over Kerry
Nics Abasta
Nics Abasta has a degree in Development Communication. Nics enjoys writing about entertainment, as well as tech and business news. During her spare time, she likes to read youth fiction books, study photography or go out with her husband and kids.
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RFL scam: Delhi court sends ex-Fortis Healthcare promoter Malvinder to judicial custody
PTI 28 November 2019
New Delhi, Nov 28 (PTI) A Delhi court Thursday sent former Fortis Healthcare promoter Malvinder Singh and a co-accused to 2-week judicial custody in a money laundering case related to alleged misappropriation of funds at Religare Finvest Ltd (RFL).
Besides Malvinder, the court remanded Sunil Godhwani, former CMD of Religare Enterprises Ltd (REL), to the judicial custody till December 12.
Additional Sessions Judge Sandeep Yadav passed the order after the accused were produced before the court on expiry of their custodial interrogation.
The accused were sent to Tihar central jail on applications moved by ED's special public prosecutor Nitesh Rana, seeking 14-day judicial custody for them.
'Application/accused is remanded to judicial custody till December 12,' the court said.
The court directed the Tihar jail Superintendent to consider, strictly in accordance with Jail Manual, two applications filed by Singh seeking special diet on the ground that he had various ailments particularly stomach infection and for providing hot bathing water during winter, saying that he was suffering from severe chest infection.
The Delhi High Court Wednesday allowed custodial interrogation of Singh and Godhwani by the ED to confront them with some documents and witnesses in the case.
The high court passed the order on ED's plea challenging the trial court's order refusing to extend their custodial interrogation remand.
The probe agency had taken both into custody on November 14 from Tihar jail, where they had been lodged in a case filed by the Delhi Police in relation to the alleged scam.
Advocate A R Aditya, also representing the ED, said that Singh and Godhwani have been accused of laundering money, punishable under Sections 3 and 4 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act.
RFL is a group firm of REL, which was earlier promoted by Malvinder and his brother Shivinder Singh brothers.
Earlier, Singh and Godhwani were in judicial custody along with Malvinder's brother Shivinder and two others -- Kavi Arora and Anil Saxena -- in a case filed by the Economic Offences Wing (EOW) of Delhi Police.
The ED alleged that both the brothers, along with others, transferred an amount of about Rs 1,000 crore to various persons from entities linked to the corporate loan book and finally, the money was siphoned off.
The agency started its investigation in the matter on the basis of a case lodged by the Delhi Police.
Malvinder (46), Shivinder (44), Godhwani (58), Arora (48) and Saxena were arrested by EOW for allegedly diverting the money and investing in other companies.
The EOW registered an FIR in March after it received a complaint from RFL's Manpreet Suri against Shivinder, Godhwani and others, alleging that loans were taken by them while managing the firm but the money was invested in other companies.
'They put RFL in a poor financial condition by disbursing loans to companies with no financial standing and controlled by them. The companies to which the loans were disbursed willfully defaulted in repayments and caused a loss to RFL to the tune of Rs 2,397 crore,' the police had alleged. PTI UK SA
CAA: Delhi Police Appeals Shaheen Bagh Protesters to Clear Road
‘Routine’: Delhi Police on LG Granting Detaining Power Under NSA
2 women commit suicide in national capital
Jeff Bezos says Amazon to create 1 million jobs in India by 2025
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Home > Boards > US OTC > Delisted >
UNICO INCORPORATED (AZ) (fka UNCO)
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Last Post: 11/30/2019 2:53:37 AM - Followers: 109 - Board type: Free - Posts Today: 0
WELCOME TO UNICO INC.
Unico Inc., traded on the Over-the-Counter Bulletin Board market under the symbol UNCO, is a publicly traded natural resource company in the precious metals mining sector that is focused on the exploration, development and production of gold, silver, lead, zinc, and copper concentrates at its subsidiary mine properties, including the Deer Trail Mine, the Silver Bell Mine and the Clyde and Crown Point claims.
The Deer Trail Mine, located in Marysvale, Utah has been the subject of two recent exploratory drilling programs, a reverse circulation drill program in 2004 and a diamond core drilling program in 2005. Unico has received approval of a Large-Scale Mining Operations and Reclamation Plan, giving the Company the ability to expand to a large mining operation and execute its long-term plan at the Deer Trail Mine.
A key element of this plan is the operation of the mill and processing facility at the Deer Trail site to establish a revenue center for the Company from activities at the facility. The Company intends to process current stockpiles of precious metal bearing ore and sell the concentrates to generate revenue in the near term. Initiating mining activities at the Silver Bell Mine and additional subsidiary mine properties are included in the Company's comprehensive strategy to bring value to Unico's shareholders
Corporate Summary:
Dr. Edward E. Winders – Chairman
Mark A. Lopez – Director
C. Wayne Hartle – Independent Director
Dr. Stephen R. Brown – Independent Director
David A. Gillespie – Independent Director
Ernest H. Kuhn – Independent Director
Ernest H. Kuhn – Chairman
Dr. Edward E. Winders
David A. Gillespie
Mark A. Lopez – Chief Executive Officer
C. Wayne Hartle – Corporate Secretary
Kenneth C. Wiedrich – Chief Financial Officer
Charles Madsen – Executive Vice President, Operations
CHIEF GEOLOGIST
Alex Scarbrough
CONSULTING GEOLOGIST:
Dr. Richard Kennedy
SENIOR METALLURGIST
Edgar Blanco
OTCBB – Trading Symbol: UNCO
317 SW Alder Street, 2nd Floor
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR
HJ Associates & Consultants, LLP
INVESTOR RELATIONS CONTACT
GEMINI FINANCIAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC.
investors@unicomining.com
HISTORY OF THE DEER TRAIL CLAIMS...
Effective June 1, 1992, UNICO, Inc., entered into a ten-year "Mining Lease option to Purchase," with Deer Trail Development Corporation, Dallas, Texas. {now Crown Mines, LLC} 27 patented claims (505 acres), 6 patented mill sites (30 acres), and 137 un-patented claims (2,740 acres), located in the Deer Trail Mountain-Alunite Ridge mining area in the Marysvale volcanic field of west-central Utah, near Marysvale, Utah, about 165 miles south-southwest of Salt Lake City.
On Nov. 26, 2001, UNICO Inc. announced the completion of a new 30 month lease agreement with Crown Mines of Dallas, Texas, for the continued operation of the Deer Trail Mine in Marysvale, Utah. Under the new lease, beginning December 1, 2001, UNICO may operate the Deer Trail Mine until May 29, 2004. At any point during the lease, UNICO may purchase the Deer Trail Mine for $4,000,000 and pay Crown Mines a 3% net smelter royalty.
These "Deer Trail Claims" total 3,275 acres, or 5.12 square miles, and include workings known as the Deer Trail Mine, the PTH Tunnel and the Carisa and Lucky Boy Mines. The PTH Tunnel penetrates more than 10,000 feet, with a developed network of tunnels, shafts, stopes, and raises at the 3,400-foot-area and at the 8,000-foot-area, and was mined by prior owners for gold and silver. The timbered and ventilated tunnels include more than two miles of track for ore cars accessed through a covered entrance structure. On-site are ore cars, battery operated engines, an engine storage and charging house, an electric power substation, a miners' locker room, a compressor building, and a general office, lab, core-sampling and housing facility. Both rail terminals and roadways are easily accessed year around and water is accessible to the site.
The initial Deer Trail claim dates to 1870, and mining activity was almost continuous from the turn-of-the-century to 1981. By as early as about 1911, an estimated $17 million in ore had been hauled from the mine at a time when gold was only $20 an ounce. Companies such as Arundel Mining (the mining instrument of a member of the du Pont family), Phelps Dodge, Marysvale Mining and Noranda have done work there. Arundel, for example, explored at the 3,300-foot-point of the PTH Tunnel and subsequently drove it forward beyond the 10,000-foot-mark. Ore occurrences at the 3,300- and 4,300-foot-areas presaged a significant mining operation in the 8,000-foot-area. Arundel shipped several million dollars of ore containing gold, silver, lead, zinc, copper and cadmium. All such mining operations were ceased in 1981 due to lack of mill and smelter recipients.
Phelps Dodge, and later Noranda, believed the Deer Trail/PTH geology was indicative of a major ore occurrence of molybdenum and copper. For several years, in excess of $250,000 per year was budgeted by them for further exploration and drilling.
The available structural and mineralogical data suggest, according to the United States Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 78-314, that the Deer Trail mountain-Alunite Ridge mining area is centered above a 14-million-year-old epizonal stock that caused the local doming of this area. During emplacement, a dome with a radical fracture pattern formed and, with continued movement, the south side of the dome was uplifted as a trap door. A highly acidic wet-stream environment developed above the stock and the fractures were filled with vein-type alunite; the adjacent rocks were replaced by mixtures of alunite and kaolinite. Economic mineral deposits are also zoned around a barren, sulfate-dominated core at Alunite Ridge, surrounded by a doughnut-shaped ring of epithermal base- and precious-metal veins, and finally by base- and precious-metal mantos containing some uranium.
GEOLOGY...
The Deer Trail 8600 area orebody consists of a group of individual mantos that flank a north-westerly trending, steeply dipping vein called the Red Fissure. Individual mantos are strata-bound, attaining a thickness of as much as 10 feet. The manto ore is typically thickest at its intersection with the Red Fissure. Some of the thicker manto orebodies (206 stope) split at their margins into several tongues, that in turn wedge out. As seen in at least two localities (202 raise and 206 raise), where a large vertical section is exposed, several mantos are bi-laterally symmetrical about the Red Fissure. In various stopes of this area, at least 15 different mineralized beds have been exposed in the loser 120 feet of the 300 foot thick Toroweap Formation. There is a tendency for individual orebodies to replace successively higher beds in the section westward along the trend of the Red Fissure.
Reserves and resources of UNICO Inc: Deer Trail Mine
Historic or estimated resource : 287420
Unit : oz
In Situ Value: 313 977 608 US$
http://www.24hgold.com/english/projectcompany.aspx?id=15533556E6680&market=UNCO.OB
http://www.24hgold.com/english/project.aspx?id=6523702E6680
Multimedia :: Photos and Video
Additional Equipment Installed for the Processing of Gold and Silver at the Deer Trail Mine
Shipment of 21 Tons of Concentrate 7-20-09
Additional Equipment Shipped to the Deer Trail Mine - July 2009
One Ton Shipment to Royal Mines And Minerals Corp.
Production of Concentrate at the Deer Trail Mill Facility
See the complete photo archive
Thickener Water Test (Part 1)
Flotation Cells (Part 1)
Testing of the Ball Mill: 3-12-08 (1 of 2)
Testing of the Feed Conveyor Belts: 3-12-08
See the complete video archive
Other Properties:
http://www.unicomining.com/investments/deer1.php
SILVER BELL MINE CLAIMS
CLYDE AND CROWN POINT CLAIMS
UNICO INC /AZ/ CIK#: 0001110737 (see all company filings)
SIC: 1000 - METAL MINING
State location: CA | State of Inc.: AZ | Fiscal Year End: 0228
(Assistant Director Office No 4)
Get insider transactions for this issuer.
Owner Filings Transaction Date Type of Owner
Gillespie David A 0001379493 2010-02-05 director
Madsen Charles J 0001471462 2009-08-24 officer: Exec.VP - Operations
BROWN RAY C 0001116062 2009-06-16 director
Winders Edward E 0001463818 2009-06-16 director
HARTLE C WAYNE 0001276610 2009-06-10 director, officer: Secretary
Davis Patrick R E 0001439975 2009-02-23 10 percent owner, other: Passive Investor
Belliston Richard 0001303478 2006-08-29 director
Lopez Mark A 0001303534 2005-03-07 officer: Cheif Executive Officer
Ash Wayne M 0001306564 2004-10-19 officer: President
Reporting Owner
Owner CIK
Security Name
Exercise Nature Derivative Underlying Exercised Underlying Expires Underlying
A 2010-02-05 Gillespie David A 4 P-Purchase --D 33333333.0000 33333333.0000 1 0001379493 Common Stock, $0.001 par
A 2009-06-16 Winders Edward E 4 P-Purchase --D 5000000.0000 5000000.0000 1 0001463818 Common Stock, $0.001 par
A 2009-06-16 BROWN RAY C 4 P-Purchase --D 1388889.0000 8559676.0000 1 0001116062 Common Stock, $0.001 par
A 2009-06-10 HARTLE C WAYNE 4 G-Gift --D 735294.0000 6050308.0000 1 0001276610 Common Stock, $0.001 par
D 2009-06-10 BROWN RAY C 4 G-Gift --D 367647.0000 7170787.0000 3 0001116062 Common Stock, $0.001 par
A 2009-05-08 HARTLE C WAYNE 4 P-Purchase --D 1500000.0000 5315014.0000 2 0001276610 Common Stock, $0.001 par
A 2009-04-24 BROWN RAY C 4 P-Purchase --D 2119798.0000 4914908.0000 1 0001116062 Common Stock
http://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0001110737&owner=exclude&count=40
Authorized - 5,000,000,000 As of Jan 12 2010
Outstanding - 2,801,858,976 As of Feb 22 2010
http://ih.advfn.com/p.php?pid=nmona&cb=1267498194&article=41679599&symbol=NB%5EUNCO
Insider Transactions / Major Holders : http://finance.yahoo.com/q/it?s=UNCO.OB
GILLESPIE DAVID A
BROWN RAY C
HARTLE C WAYNE
WINDERS EDWARD E
DAVIS PATRICK R E
Investor Newsletters
12/23/2009 December 2009 Newsletter
11/17/2009 November 2009 Newsletter
09/24/2009 September 2009 Newsletter
08/17/2009 August 2009 Newsletter
07/08/2009 July 2009 Newsletter
05/14/2009 May 2008 Newsletter
04/02/2009 April 2009 Newsletter
07/16/2008 June/July 2008 Newsletter
01/23/2008 January 2008 Newsletter
UNCO Stock Quote: Unico Inc. (OTC BB: UNCO)
A Natural Resource Company
01/27/2010 - Unico, Inc. Announces the Creation of New Board Committees to Take the Company in New Directions
01/14/2010 - Unico, Inc. Announces Formation of Audit Committee to Enhance Independent Oversight of the Company's Financial Affairs
12/23/2009 - Unico, Inc. Releases December Edition of Shareholder Newsletter with Year-In-Review Feature
12/17/2009 - Unico, Inc. Announces Changes to the CompanyÂ’s Board of Directors
11/27/2009 - Unico, Inc. Posts Notice on Proposed Settlement of Derivative Action on Corporate Website
A key element of this plan is the operation of the mill and processing facility at the Deer Trail site to establish a revenue center for the Company from activities at the facility. The Company intends to process current stockpiles of precious metal bearing ore and sell the concentrates to generate revenue in the near term. Initiating mining activities at the Silver Bell Mine and additional subsidiary mine properties are included in the Company's comprehensive strategy to bring value to Unico's shareholders.
Shareholders who are interested in receiving information directly from the Company when new press releases, SEC filings or other information is disclosed, please go to our Mailing List and enter the requested information.
Click here to see pictures of Unico’s subsidiary mine properties, including reconstruction of the mill and processing facility and recent exploratory drill programs.
To view the Notice of Pendency and Settlement of Derivative Action in the case of Sullivan, et al v. Brown, et al, click here. To view the Summary Notice, click here.
Communism's True Believers Won't Give Up -
http://www.henrymakow.com/communisms_useful_idiots_wont.html
Useful PM related sites:
http://www.24hgold.com/
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http://www.marketwatch.com/
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http://www.gold-eagle.com/
http://www.kitco.com/
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http://www.depression2.tv/
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http://www.minersmanual.com/minernews.html
http://www.a1-guide-to-gold-investments.com/euro-vs-dollar.html
http://www.goldcolony.com/
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http://www.freemarketnews.com/
http://www.321gold.com/
http://www.silverseek.com/
http://www.investmentrarities.com/
http://www.kereport.com/ (Korelin Business Report -- audio)
http://www.plata.com.mx/plata/home.htm (in Spanish)
http://www.plata.com.mx/plata/plata/english.htm (in English)
http://www.resourceinvestor.com/
http://www.miningmx.com/
http://www.prudentbear.com/
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http://www.silverminers.com/
http://www.gold-speculator.com/
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http://www.preciousmetalsmonthly.com/
http://www.silverstockreport.com/
http://www.longwavegroup.com/
http://theaureport.com/
Subscription sites:
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http://www.marketforceanalysis.com/
http://www.hsletter.com/
http://www.interventionalanalysis.com/
http://www.investmentindicators.com/
http://www.caseyresearch.com/
http://www.deepcaster.com/
http://www.vrtrader.net/
Eagle Ranch discussion site:
http://os2eagle.net/SSL/phpentry.php
Ted Butler silver commentary archive:
Conspiracy World: A Truthteller's Compendium of Eye-Opening Revelations and Forbidden Knowledge
Army slams door on Obama details
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http://www.eutimes.net/?s=9%2F11
http://www.texemarrs.com/
Poststream
Show Quote
#17015 Appears Quintana offloaded their 4 parcels on Deer mdb1 11/30/19 02:53:37 AM
#17014 Dt Mining LLC now owns Deer Trail lot mdb1 11/30/19 02:45:34 AM
#17013 Apparently Quintana kept 2 parcels - bet one mdb1 11/03/18 05:44:23 PM
#17012 Quintana's 20 acres on Deer Trail. Looks mdb1 10/15/17 06:19:38 AM
#17011 Gave the land away for a song and TechKim 05/01/17 07:28:08 PM
#17010 I think so. mdb1 04/30/17 01:39:13 PM
#17009 Was there ever any commercial gold? I should TechKim 04/23/17 05:13:42 PM
#17008 Deer Trail Mine property sold at public auction mdb1 04/22/17 03:20:24 PM
#17007 MARK LEFKOWITZ will be released on November 20, TechKim 09/22/16 10:25:50 AM
#17006 I suppose the boy scout tours are over. TechKim 09/14/16 10:16:41 PM
#17005 I wasn't aware of any recent work so Lapbid 09/08/16 11:53:24 AM
#17004 for example: January 05, 2015 mdb1 09/08/16 03:46:52 AM
#17003 Deer Trail Mine went back to Quintana mdb1 09/08/16 03:41:19 AM
#17002 The Deer Trail mine has been sold to Lapbid 09/07/16 05:23:31 PM
#17000 Unico: Mark Lopez: Renee 05/19/16 09:35:06 AM
#16998 Mark Lopez incarcerated. TechKim 12/08/15 02:08:50 PM
#16997 What happened to the land? Who benefitted? TechKim 08/14/15 09:16:11 PM
#16996 I would like to know what ever happened TechKim 07/30/15 09:25:06 AM
#16995 Btw Mark Lopez pleaded guilty in Unico stock mdb1 07/23/15 06:32:37 AM
#16994 gold 187 gr/ton silver 19,220 gr/ton ! mdb1 06/02/15 06:56:49 AM
#16993 Bromide Mining located in Hanksville Utah still exist.. PyschoNoobStock 04/16/15 10:44:02 AM
#16992 PNS we hope you get the job you LGL8054 04/10/15 02:12:16 PM
#16991 I just got a job interview with Bromide PyschoNoobStock 04/09/15 03:55:47 PM
#16990 Unico Inc.: SEC Litigation Renee 02/24/15 04:57:22 PM
#16989 Well. I lost $4584.54 On this little Lapbid 12/26/14 09:09:19 AM
#16988 Western Pacific Resources have begun sample/resource-defining drilling activitie mdb1 05/03/14 01:14:48 AM
#16987 Really sad part is, Unico could have mined mdb1 04/02/14 06:58:54 PM
#16986 It would be nice to see something. All crash2331 03/29/14 01:11:35 PM
#16985 Buqqq, Part of deal with Feds was mdb1 03/29/14 08:43:14 AM
#16984 Hi MDB1, Buqqq 03/05/14 05:46:45 PM
#16983 Court cases ongoing with sentencing, if you did TechKim 02/17/14 01:03:08 PM
#16982 UNCO WAS A SCAM SpotOnTrade 02/16/14 12:55:23 AM
#16981 Not the smartest on stocks here. Anyway, I bompy1473 01/30/14 11:04:07 AM
#16980 All sounds good, but until then...Hope it turns crash2331 01/15/14 02:18:52 PM
#16979 Western Pacific secures financing for Deer Trail mine. mdb1 01/14/14 07:26:20 PM
#16978 Exactly! TechKim 11/19/13 12:18:12 AM
#16977 To Goldenbollox TechKim 11/19/13 12:06:25 AM
#16976 This Shell is DEAD. EarnestDD 10/31/13 09:41:36 PM
#16975 D-day wonder if the Western Pacific Resource sale mdb1 10/31/13 08:27:42 AM
#16974 31 Oct deadline approaching mdb1 10/22/13 03:17:28 AM
#16973 UNCO is Defunct. EarnestDD 10/19/13 03:10:45 PM
#16972 Western sampling/drilling has shown Deer Trail was/is a mdb1 10/19/13 04:25:03 AM
#16971 I am trying to reconstruct my stock buying, LGL8054 10/07/13 12:05:57 PM
#16970 Shows the power of a hand full of GOLDENBOLLOX 10/04/13 12:41:22 AM
#16968 UNCO is Dead. It will never relist. EarnestDD 10/02/13 10:31:02 AM
#16967 With Gov't appointed monitor approval, Unico could re-list mdb1 10/02/13 02:44:48 AM
#16966 but UNCO shares are delisted and worthless. EarnestDD 09/29/13 03:37:08 PM
#16965 San Diego Company Admits Misleading SEC as Part GOLDENBOLLOX 09/29/13 01:44:24 AM
#16964 Yep got a letter from the feds today. lightbeam 09/28/13 08:28:32 PM
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MS News: November 2013
Willeke-MayaBarts MS Blog, Monthly MS News, MS, Multiple SclerosisCentral nervous system, Clinical Trials, Neurological Illnesses, Pharmaceutical Companies, Research, Stem Cell TreatmentLeave a comment
Thirty pieces of positive MS news published in November to brighten your day!
Multiple sclerosis appears to originate in different part of brain than long believed
Steven Schutzer, a physician and scientist at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, has now found an important clue why progress has been slow – it appears that most research on the origins of MS has focused on the wrong part of the brain.
New Research Presented at Neuroscience 2013
A type of immune system cell has been found to directly target and damage nerve cell axons, a hallmark of MS. This may reveal a target for new therapies (Brian Sauer, PhD, presentation 404.06, see attached speaker summary).
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and MS: A Genetic Connection
Scientists at the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) in London have discovered a genetic link between Hodgkin’s lymphoma and multiple sclerosis (MS), suggesting that there may be a shared mechanism of action the triggers the two diseases.
Testosterone Halts Gray Matter Atrophy in MS
Treatment with 100 mg of testosterone was associated with diminished atrophy of gray matter over a 6-month window and reversal to pre-study levels with significant increase in the right middle frontal gyrus after 12 months of therapy, according to Florian Kurth, MD, of the University of California Los Angeles, and colleagues.
StemGenex® Offers New Hope for Multiple Sclerosis Patients Offering Cutting-Edge Stem Cell Therapy
StemGenex is currently studying ways to more effectively deliver these adult stem cells directly to the areas of the body that need them most. One of these groundbreaking treatments is called intranasal stem cell administration which highlights the potential for a noninvasive approach to cell therapy delivery.
New way to use MRI to measure the brain
Scientists have developed a new method for quantitatively measuring human brain tissue using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). “We’re moving from qualitative—saying something is off—to measuring how off it is,” says Aviv Mezer, postdoctoral scholar in psychology at Stanford University. The team’s work appears in the journal Nature Medicine.
Aerobic Exercise Benefits Memory in Persons With MS
A research study headed by Victoria Leavitt, Ph.D. and James Sumowski, Ph.D., of Kessler Foundation, provides the first evidence for beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on brain and memory in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS).
Battling: Minnesota goaltender not letting multiple sclerosis slow him down in NHL
Josh Harding‘s greatest challenge in life is parenthetical today, by his choice. That this challenge is the multiple sclerosis he battles every day, something he chooses not to discuss in-season lest it become a distraction for himself or his club, tells you something about Minnesota’s team-first goaltender.
HEALTH MATTERS: Early diagnosis key in multiple sclerosis
With advancements in MRI technology, doctors are now better able to diagnosis multiple sclerosis in its beginning stages, allowing patients to start treatment sooner and keep symptoms at bay.
GW Pharmaceuticals plc Announces Sativex(R) Regulatory Approval in Switzerland
A full marketing authorization has been granted by the Swissmedic authorities in the treatment of moderate to severe spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients who have not responded adequately to other anti-spasticity medications. Sativex will be commercialized in Switzerland by GW’s European partner, Almirall S.A.
‘I thought I’d be out in week five’: Jack Osbourne is proud to come third place in DWTS after battling multiple sclerosis as he embraces tearful mother Sharon
The 28-year-old, who has recently been struggling with painful symptoms related to his battle with multiple sclerosis, placed third in the competition. But Jack was just proud to have made it as far as he did after suffering a relapse of his auto immune disease in the last few weeks.
MS Patients Did Not Benefit from CCSVI Intervention Based on the Prospective Randomized Endovascular Therapy Study (PREMiSe ) Presented at the 40th Annual VEITHsymposium
Vast majority of CCSVI procedures were done outside a clinical trial raising skepticism. “The study’s key findings are that while the treatment is safe and was not associated with serious adverse events, it did not provide sustained improvement in MS patients,” explained Zivadinov.
Real-time imaging technique provides essential molecular picture of protective nerve sheath
Researchers have made an exciting breakthrough – developing a first-of-its-kind imaging tool to examine myelin damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). An extremely difficult disease to diagnose, the tool will help physicians diagnose patients earlier, monitor the disease’s progression, and evaluate therapy efficacy.
Home Depot Makes Life Easier for Disabled Resident
The Home Depot project grew out of a friendship Moore and Jessica developed with Janie Burns, an employee at the store who often is at the front greeting customers. During the summer, Burns ran a meet and greet for singles 40 and older at Thunderbird Lanes bowling center in Manahawkin to raise funds for a multiple sclerosis workshop.
MS sufferer Marie wins apology over medical card letter
MULTIPLE sclerosis (MS) sufferer Marie Fleming and her partner, who was forced to provide proof of her illness in order to retain her medical card, have received an apology from Health Minister James Reilly.
More Neurologists Now Mention Once-Daily Dosing As Aubagio’s Biggest Advantage Compared With Earlier in Launch, According to a New Report from BioTrends Research Group
Reflecting increased product awareness and neurologist familiarity compared with earlier in the launch, significantly more surveyed neurologists now know that Aubagio is dosed once daily, providing a potential point of differentiation with recently launched, twice-daily Tecfidera.
Powerful speeches move impassioned crowd at National MS Society luncheon
The National Multiple Sclerosis Society hosted its seventh annual On the Move Luncheon at the elegant Ritz-Carlton, Dallas, raising more than $125,000 for research and awareness.
MS initiative good news for city woman
A local multiple sclerosis sufferer felt relief this week when she heard the news that the government would be further supporting the MS community. Susan Schneider, a local resident living with MS and an MS ambassador, was diagnosed with the disease in 1994 and is bound to a wheelchair.
East Durham Multiple Sclerosis group gets new specialist equipment
AN EAST Durham group set up to support people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has been awarded a lottery grant to enable them to purchase a piece of specialist exercise equipment.
Dueling politicians headline sold-out MS benefit
Egged on by a roaring crowd, St. Catharines MP Rick Dykstra and Greater Niagara Chamber of Commerce CEO Walter Sendzik went blow for blow in the boxing ring.
Light as medicine? Researchers help reveal how specific wavelengths of light can heal
Jeri-Anne Lyons decided to test how the disease responded to a radical therapy – exposure to a certain wavelength of light called near-infrared (NIR). “Never in a million years did I think it would help,” says Lyons
Newcastle trial leads to new MS treatment on PBS
The trial, based at the Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), involved patients taking an oral medicine, alleviating the need for injections. From next week, the drug will be listed on the PBS offering an alternative therapy for MS patients.
Multiple sclerosis research in Alberta receives $1.2 million boost
Multiple sclerosis research in Alberta is getting a boost after Novartis Pharmaceutical Canada announced Wednesday that it will contribute $1.2 million toward the cause.
Metabomed, ChanBio join Merck Serono Israel Bioincubator
Metabomed is conducting research on cancer metabolism and computational biology and ChanBio is seeking therapeutic targets for treating multiple sclerosis. Metabomed Ltd. and ChanBio Ltd. have joined the Merck Serono Israel Bioincubator in Yavne. They join Neviah Genomics Ltd., the first company to join the incubator, in which Merck Serono invested €10 million.
A Time to Give: 2013 Wish List
Norskog is a 2013 Wish List recipient with 44 other ailing people in need around Lewis County this holiday season. The wish list is organized by the Information and Assistance/Case Management program, operated through the Lewis-Mason-Thurston Area Agency on Aging.
BioScreen Takes the Guesswork Out of MS Treatment Plans
Researchers are working on an app that charts your disease course, suggests the best therapy, and shows how you stack up against others with MS.
Ethical IPO funds drug company
The company, which recently relocated from New Zealand to Australia, is mid-stage in clinical development of a multiple sclerosis therapy which has already shown promising early stage results in secondary progressive MS patients.
Merck Adds Two New Research Partnerships in Israel
Newly created company Metabomed and start-up company ChanBio joined the Merck Serono Israel Bioincubator in Yavne today. The € 10 million MS Ventures Israel Bioincubator Fund is focused on pre-seed and seed opportunities originating in Israel. The Merck Serono Israel Bioincubator so far housed Neviah Genomics and Merck expects several more companies to enter.
Acupuncture Has Answer to Severe Nervous Disorder
In several cases, acupuncture has managed to heal the symptoms of Multiple sclerosis sometimes even permanent cure by tonifying the liver and spleen, nourishing the blood to improve the acuity of vision, and strengthening the muscle and bones. A study was conducted in China to observe its effectiveness.
© Willeke Van Eeckhoutte and Ireland, Multiple Sclerosis & Me, 2011-2013. Unauthorised use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Willeke Van Eeckhoutte and Ireland, Multiple Sclerosis & Me with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
My brother’s silence
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Ivy Life & Style Media
Award-Winning Niche Publications & Media Services
CharlottesvilleFamily’s Bloom Magazine
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CharlottesvilleFamily Camp Expo & Fun Fair
CharlottesvilleFamily Ultimate Go-To Guide
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PR – Virginia Piedmont Technology Council Honors AlbemarleFamily
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA (March 2004) – ?The Virginia Piedmont Technology Council (VPTC) gave out their prestigious annual awards to technology leaders in the technology field at their annual gala dinner at the Farmington Country Club last night. AlbemarleFamily.com was honored with the Community Award given to the technology based organization that has demonstrated the greatest commitment to improving the quality of life in Central Virginia through community involvement. Finalists also included Category4 Design, Dominion Digital, and Virginia National Bank.
The award winners were chosen by a blue-ribbon panel of nine judges who are recognized industry and education leaders, with the business and technical expertise to examine each nominee against the award criteria. The judges come from a cross section of Central Virginia, representing the various science, technology, and business disciplines from which nominees are usually drawn.
?These finalists are evidence of the depth and diversity of the high tech business community emerging in this region. Our teacher finalists exemplify the high quality of the professionals who are shaping our future generations,? said Bryan Wright, Chairman of the VPTC. ?We are fortunate to have these companies and individuals driving our community forward in our knowledge based economy.?
AlbemarleFamily is dedicated to serving families in Charlottesville-Albemarle with useful comprehensive community resources designed to help “Make Parenting Easier & Growing Up Fun”. Each month over 18,000 visitors make use of their extensive web site which includes free classifieds for families, the School Connection, a volunteer bulletin, The Family Calendar, the AF Virtual Coffeehouse and so much more. It is a much appreciated support network for local parents. The popular web site also has a companion print publication much sought after for it’s comprehensive guides. For example, each Spring families find a complete editorial listing for every local camp – everything from small camps for children with special needs to highly specialized sports camps. This is incredibly unique – no other publication in the region provides a comprehensive guide – a service both to parents and to all local camps.
AlbemarleFamily also provides a valuable service to the business and non-profit community making special rates available for small businesses and not for profit organizations. Additionally, in 2003 approximately 15,000 dollars was donated in advertising space or actual dollars. PBS children’s programming; Virginia Festival of the Book; Junior League of Charlottesville’s Quackin’ for a Cause; Children, Youth & Family Services; YMCA; Community Children’s Theatre; UVA Children’s Medical Center and others were beneficiaries.
In 2004 we celebrate the 5th Annual Family Volunteer Weekend, an event we started and is supported by the United Way-Thomas Jefferson Area. Families throughout our community do volunteer projects for non-profit organizations and in their neighborhoods. To help children be involved more in the event we also hold an “I Volunteer” essay and art contest. Other active community involvement includes our participation in the CYFS annual Family Friendly Business Award to encourage local companies to creatively support their employees lives at home.
Started in 1998, AlbemarleFamily is dedicated to being “The Ultimate Resource Making Parenting Easier & Growing Up Fun”. Their popular weekly web site underwent a complete remodeling in 2003 and the new site now receives over a quarter of a million hits and provides over 18,000 visitors each month with extensive community resources. In addition to the web site, AlbemarleFamily also publishes a weekly e-Newsletter, quarterly print Magazine, and an annual Directory of Family Services. AlbemarleFamily also has a “live” presence in our community that you discover when you look through their publications and see drawings and poetry from local kids, families creating art at AlbemarleFamily Care Exhibits at festivals, area schoolchildren actively engaged in helping to create Bumble’s Clubhouse and more.
Discover Wine & Country Life, a uniquely beautiful magazine celebrating elevated living in the heart of Virginia Wine Country. Wine & Country Life tells our local story with the exquisite imagery of our beautiful region, highlighting the interests that Jefferson had in wine, architecture, interior design, the arts, literature, gardening, travel, entertaining, craft beverages and more. This publication is published twice per year, one for the Fall/Winter seasons and one for the Spring/Summer seasons.
You can follow our online activity on our Charlottesville Wine & Country Living Website, Blog, Facebook, Instagram and Pinterest.
From Ivy Life & Style Media
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Iwokrama Celebrates World Science Day
by hosting a public lecture and re-launching Iwokrama’s Science Programme.
Iwokrama International Centre
Georgetown, Guyana 9th November, 2017
This year Iwokrama celebrated World Science Day for Peace and Development by hosting a public lecture and re-launching Iwokrama’s Science Programme.
The inaugural World Science Day event hosted over 150 persons and was lead by Dr. Patrick Chesney, who guided the audience through remarks from Mr. Dane Gobin (CEO, Iwokrama), Rod Henson (Country manager, ExxonMobil Guyana), Honourable Minister David Patterson and Keynote Speaker Mr. Andrew Mitchell; who delivered an engaging and informative presentation on ‘Iwokrama’s place in the world’. The event concluded with active discussion around the future of Science at Iwokrama and its role in both local and global green development.
Read the full - Press Release - PDF
Mr. Mitchell is an international thought leader on tropical forests, climate change and natural capital. Starting his career as a zoologist, he advanced to gain 40-years’ experience spanning scientific research, conservation and finance for forests. Mr. Mitchell is currently Founder Director of the innovative Global Canopy Programme in the United Kingdom.
At the event, Iwokrama also announced a new partnership with sponsors, ExxonMobil who will be providing a generous charitable contribution to the tune of $62 Million Guyana Dollars (US$300,000) to support the re-launch its Science Programme.
“I am encouraged by the positive support from ExxonMobil,” said Dane Gobin, CEO Iwokrama. “Together, we will work to foster an international science hub that supports biodiversity research, education, and sustainable development for the country,region, and global community.”
With this partnership between the two organisations to re-establish the internationally prestigious Science Programme, the intention will be to action key scientific research, within the Iwokrama forest.
“We’re committed to the communities where we live and work, and we’re proud to partner with an organization as community-minded as the Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development,” said Rod Henson, ExxonMobil Guyana Country Manager. “We’re excited to see the Science Programme revitalized and the sustainable impacts the research will have across the region and globe.”
The initial contribution from ExxonMobil will support the establishment of the Iwokrama Science Committee and commission initial research, based on the advice of the Committee, to inform a more comprehensive program on biodiversity. Funding will also enhance local capacity, including staffing and limited facility improvements.
Every year in November, World Science Day for Peace and Development is celebrated. The day seeks to highlight the important role that science plays in society and underscores the need for wide public information sharing and debates on emerging issues. Such issues include, green economy development, climate change, application-based scientific knowledge generation, new species discoveries and species conservation, to name a few.
Iwokrama will share more information on the progress of the Science Programme in due course and looks forward to making the World Science Day Public lecture an annual event.
exxonmobil, public lecture, science day
Iwokrama to Re-Launch Science Programme at World Science Day Event
Iwokrama Observes – International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples
Iwokrama and Tocuma Traditional Amerindian Cooking Classes
International Observances (1)
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Every work of art attests to lived experience and reminds us that another human has been here. Echoes aren’t inherently empty. The emotional encounter — the felt awareness of something other that is essentially a memory, but one emitted, as it were, by another — is crucial for our consciousness of history and a key to the good life. But it is in this way, too, that Death makes its appearance in a work of art. I’ll get to the quandary of the good life later. Inadequately, but that may be for the best. In Goya’s great painting ‘The Third of May 1808,’ we see before us a moment just before an execution. Already three lifeless bodies are lying in pools of blood on the ground, and now, kneeling beside them but with his hands held high (some critics say ‘like Christ,’ but I don’t think so — why is ‘like Christ’ an enhancement of who he is?), is the next victim — a powerful man, with a mustache and thick curly hair, wearing a startlingly white blouse and trousers as yellow as sunlight. The sky is black; this is happening at night, or in Hell. With a look as much of sorrow as of fear or anger, the powerful man glares at the men, factota of the firing squad. There are at least five of them, left foot forward and right foot back, faces hidden (they are wearing shakos and turned slightly away from us), the long barrels of their rifles raised and thrust forward, jabbing inhumanity, or dishumanity, into the middle of the painting. On the ground, at the center of the scene, and casting luminous light on the man who is about to be shot, is a large square lantern — it must be at least two feet tall and equally wide. It’s a yellow lantern, the color of the condemned man’s pants. Its light casts forth the white of the condemned man’s shirt. Picasso is reported to have said, ‘The lantern is Death. Why? We don’t know.’ Reconciling the good life (whatever we might mean by that) with mortality is one of humanity’s many failed undertakings. Slaughter, assassination, war, injustice — or sheer immiseration — are the most prevalent forms that overtake this reconciliation.
I am writing this at home, three doors down from the corner of College Avenue and Russell Street. In my home state currently (California), there are 727 individuals on death row, awaiting execution. In Florida, which has the next largest population of condemned men and women, there are 413. Life shudders at the edges of imagination, its aperture, perhaps its exit. The sun is taking up another of its innumerable positions. A few healthy clouds seem immobile below it, but in fact they are simply being pulled along as the earth rolls slowly clockwise. If it went any faster I would never get this paragraph finished. Some of the persons on death row must regard themselves as all but dead; they can’t easily regard themselves as living life. Their situation is one of acute tension, but it’s devoid of enlivening intensity. Facing execution, some acquiesce, some resist, some feel contrition and apologize, some deny wrong-doing. All have a gray, limited space to stare into. Most have a lawyer. Some of those lawyers long to be acknowledged as the spiritual source of a prisoner’s repentance — which the lawyers imagine as the threshold of freedom (of which immortality is the ultimate condition); they are not lacking in imagination, but the prisoner is at their mercy. By offering repentance while rejecting his or her lawyer, the death row prisoner exercises what in many cases is the only power he or she has left. To shift context requires context-consciousness, to recuperate experience from the condition of postness in its abject manifestation as, paradoxically, pastless. Living presences — bodies (human, rock, pine, pigeon, desk, delphinium) — together broaden the shadow in which life is possible. What’s needed, then, is an unbordering. Something including but beyond the evaluative or juridical, and something more than aesthetic, certainly, and more than nocturnal (obscure and dreamy), and something beyond synthesis, and perhaps slightly paranormal — but if that, then why not also paranoid? Well, because paranoia evaporates, or becomes unthinkable, in the processes of an outspread, when it’s impossible to affix motives and orient them to oneself, narcissistically, as it were. Paranoid subjectivity is as abyssal as fear, swallowing everything up. I experienced something that seems to me to have demonstrated a reversal of narcissism. It was in a recent dream — and just before dawn of a Monday morning. I’d fallen asleep to the looping through my thoughts of the phrase ‘I aspired to something blasphemous’ — I, who am not even capable of brutal honesty! I can’t forgive humanity its physical monstrosity, but mostly because I can’t bring myself to openly acknowledge it. A stocky black dog comes around the corner in front of Lululemon Athletica, trotting beside a man who says its name is Snake, ‘because it is blatantly phallic.’ The woman with him contradicts him blandly: ‘her name is Buttercup.’ The dog shrinks, condenses, becoming a frog. It leaps at me, scattering water, and becomes an armadillo. In this form, it evokes the word peccadillo. Then it explodes, in a burst of multi-colored floral fireworks — a pyrotechnic peony. Tolstoy, on May 12 1856, after years of using his diary principally to castigate himself and draft rules for self-improvement, writes ‘the best way to true happiness in life is to have no rules, but to throw out from yourself in all directions like a spider a prehensile web of love and catch in it everything that comes along — an old lady, a child, a woman, or a policeman.’ In this sudden effusion he deploys a metaphor that is both predatory and radiant to express a burst of charitable feeling. His purpose is not predation, however, but embrace. To connect is to accept, and to remember, but with centrifugal force. Tolstoy’s moment of love, insofar as it casts all of itself outward, resembles a moment of dying. It is the opposite of encyclopedic; it’s discyclopedic. It’s a moment in which time — even temporality itself — loses its coherence. We could liken it to the sound of a piano chord, its sun-blasted sphericity and experimental off-rhyming, whose effects pulse and oscillate as if to remind us that espousal of art for art’s sake doesn’t tell us what art’s sake is. Aestheticism at this level brings with it a kind of madness, dazzling as an ornament. It adds something allegorical to what it produces. And that allegory’s value lies in its vitality, not in its beauty; it plays out socially, introducing new comparisons and thus new conditions, new criteria, new ways of seeing one thing as another. And, as T.J. Clark reminds us, ‘[W]ildness and otherness are always just there in the world […] — part of our ordinary nonidentity, part of everyday life.’ There’s no real need for us to supplement our perceptions, they receive our additions in an instant. Living things can arrange themselves into pictures as much as pictures can depict living things. Or, to put it another way, living things may serve as signs, and — in protest actions, for example — as signs for pictures, arrayed in an indexical spin.
Alphabet, use of apple in
Barrel, rotten apple in
Code, alpha for apple in
Dapple, apple rhymes with
Eden, apple not really the fruit in
Fall, apple falsely figures in man’s
Gloss, apple red lip
Horse, apple a treat for a
Index, apples an early fruit in
Jelly, mint apple
Kitsch, apple pie as American
Lore, apple in folk
Meter, apple in trochaic
Nostril, apple-like tip of the
Oranges, apples and
Pie, apple
Quality, Red Delicious apples of uneven
Ready, apples in autumn are
Seed, Johnny Apple
Tomato, love apple another name for
Unctuousness, apples misused to express
Vigor, apples said to increase
Witch, apple used to poison Snow White by
Xanadu, incense of apples not unlikely in
Ylang-ylang, fragrant custard-apple tree called the
Zarathustra, eagle brings a sweet-scented rosy apple to
A cold wind pushes against the northward progress of the occasional pedestrian, a plastic wrapper slips past a parking meter and disappears under a red car. In Minima Moralia, Adorno remarks, ‘To happiness the same applies as to truth: one does not have it, but is in it.’ But what if the truth one is in — the truth of one’s situation or of one’s entire epoch — is an untruth (a lie, a fabrication, a myth, or a lack of truth altogether; not just a figment of false consciousness but the very condition that produces it? Certainly such a truth-of-one’s-time would be an unhappiness. Adorno’s aphorism, then, with a slight adjustment (and added poignancy) would assert that to unhappiness the same applies as to untruth: one does not have it, but is in it. It’s not the wind but the sun that expands the neighborhood through which vehicles, pedestrians, pets, children, residents, bugs, birds, visitors, bacteria, move in their efforts at perfection. The dark of night expands the neighborhood, too. ‘It was dark, the sidewalk was going fast, then it turned into a bunch of kids, and everything exploded,’ says a fictional detective (let’s call him Connie Donegan), and his friend (Nate) looks at Connie’s profile. ‘That’s what the witness says,’ Connie continues. ‘Her words. Bunny Victoria Zander, age 17, white. She was bicycling home from a party.’ In the background, like markings on the face of a boulder but more fleetingly interpretable, are the sounds of a speeding motorcycle, a jackhammer, a crow, a pedestrian’s laughter, a day laborer tugging open a bag of tortilla chips. At times the human world can barely hold together, but small patterns of interrelated events circulate through it. E orders another beer, L pats his arm, D goes to pee. As Michael Fried notes, ‘[I]n the mode of everydayness not only is the whole not greater than the sum of the parts, it is also not exactly what we tend to think of as a whole (or indeed as a sum […]).’Art historians generally seem to be better at seeing the quiddities of everyday life than literary critics, who read into depictions of it coherences that are essentially irrelevant to the everyday. Apertures expand, sprawl over the edges of a frame. Thinking generates turmoil, something entirely different from entropy, it doesn’t settle and it doesn’t resolve, unless briefly, so the thinker can take a breather. Meanwhile, in the thinking, tension builds. An excess of spirit suffuses the body, it contorts the face, which is seen to convulse, either in laughter or in grief. Some human feels it in the stomach — a tightening, reflux, pain in the solar plexus. Some cat wakes suddenly. The cat launches its mouth at its haunch, licking, nibbling (affectionately, it seems). A horse shies, bucks, veers, and drops its head to graze. Deer, reclining in a meadow, leap to their feet and flee. How do I release tension? Not very well. A glass of wine. Currently, despite my sympathy for Tolstoy’s charitable impulse, I could not readily include a policeman in any ‘prehensile web of love’ I might cast. Though we feel liberated at the conventional end of a fairy tale (‘and they lived happily ever after’), we are aware of anxiety lurking along the fraying edges of ‘ever after,’ where existence continues beyond the scope of what’s told, and perhaps beyond the scope of what can be told. Goethe’s last words were, so they say, ‘More light.’ I could imagine a variant of these: ‘More sleep.’ But those are mere words, and a translation, at that, and not even last words, as more words have followed since, including those that proclaim them ‘last.’ Mercilessly.
Goya’s painting ‘The Third of May 1808′ has a detailed exegesis at its Wikipedia page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_of_May_1808
Artist: Francisco Goya; Year: 1814; Type: Oil on canvas; Dimensions: 268 cm × 347 cm (106 in × 137 in); Location: Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain. Copies of the artwork may be found on the Internet.
Published originally in Journal of Poetics Research http://poeticsresearch.com/?article=lyn-hejinian-turbulent-thinking.
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Chief Judge of the Constitutional Court Anwar Usman reads the verdict in the presidential election dispute on Thursday evening. (Antara Photo/Hafidz Mubarak)
Jokowi's Re-Election Now Official as Constitutional Court Rejects Prabowo's Challenge
Jakarta. All nine judges at the Constitutional Court on Thursday rejected Prabowo Subianto's demand to annul the result of the 2019 presidential election as announced in April by the General Elections Commission, or KPU, due to lack of evidence.
According to the KPU's final vote count, incumbent Joko "Jokowi" Widodo and his running mate Ma’ruf Amin had won the election with 55.5 percent of the vote. Prabowo's legal team had demanded that the court overturn the result and declare the former Army general and his running mate Sandiaga Uno as the real winners.
The judges rejected all 15 demands submitted by Prabowo's legal team, arguing that they had presented weak evidence, conflicting arguments and unproven allegations in the trial.
"We reject all the demands from the plaintiff," Chief Judge Anwar Usman said at the conclusion of an almost nine-hour trial on Thursday evening.
Nearly 50,000 police and military officers were deployed in Jakarta ahead of the Constitutional Court's announcement of its verdict. Around 13,000 guarded the court on Thursday.
At his residence in South Jakarta later on Thursday night, Prabowo read a statement accepting the court's decision and urging his supporters to remain calm.
"Though the verdict is very disappointing for us... we will keep respecting the 1945 Constitution and the regulations of this country," Prabowo, accompanied by Sandiaga Uno and his campaign team, said.
Prabowo said he and Sandiaga will consult their legal team to see if there is any legal step left to be taken to challenge the Constitutional Court's verdict.
Prabowo reads a statement accepting the Constitutional Court's verdict on Thursday night. (Antara Photo/Sigid Kurniawan)
President Jokowi meanwhile also read a statement commenting on the verdict at the Halim Perdanakusuma Air Force base in East Jakarta before departing for Osaka to attend the G20 Summit.
"The people's voice has been heard.... The Constitutional Court's decision is final," Jokowi, accompanied by vice-president Ma'ruf Amin, said.
"I urge all Indonesians to reunite and build this country together," he said.
"I believe my best friends Prabowo Subianto and Sandiaga Uno will be magnanimous [in defeat]. We all want a better Indonesia, a fair and just Indonesia," Jokowi said.
President Jokowi reads a statement at the Halim Air Force Base, accompanied by Vice President Ma'ruf Amin. (Antara Photo/Wahyu Putro A.)
#2019 Elections
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Rapid Chess Teams
Friday, October 13th - Meet the Chess Superstars
School Exhibitions with International Chess Prodigies (Invitation Only)
Photo Credit: Bradley Perkin
The youth chess superstars will visit schools and engage with Jamaican students. The visits will be hosted at two centrally located schools in St. Catherine and Kingston. The activities include simultaneous and other chess related exhibitions, game analysis and Q & A. This event is a rare opportunity to interact directly with some of the world’s most promising young talent in a structured format.
The school exhibitions aim to showcase chess as a great tool for developing concentration and to encourage students to use chess as a means of enhancing their problem solving skills.
Saturday, October 14th
Chess Seminar - The Jamaica Pegasus Hotel, 2:00 - 5:00 p.m.
Online Registration begins Tuesday, October 3rd. Limited spaces available.
WGM Qiyu Zhou (17 y-o)
Canadian Women’s Champion, Former U-14 Female World Champion. Topic: "From Dream to Reality - Becoming World Champion”
GM Akshat Chandra (17 y-o)
GM Akshat Chandra 2015 U.S. Junior Champion, 2015 U.S. Nat’l High School Champion, Ranked U.S. #1 U-21 Rapid Chess Player. Topic: “Journey with a Teenage Grandmaster”
David MacEnulty
Renowned U.S. Chess Coach, Author, & U.S. Chess Federation Lifetime Achievement Award Recipient. Topics:“The Benefits of Chess” and “Psychology and Ethics in Chess”
Chess in the Park - Emancipation Park, 6:00 - 11:00 p.m
Photo Credit: The Ray Effect
Come enjoy an entertaining evening of music and chess. There will be approximately 200 chess boards in Emancipation Park, just for you, bringing chess squarely into the public domain.
One of the interactive games taking place at Emancipation Park will be a game of Live Human Chess where people will take the place of the chess pieces, ‘moved’ under the instruction of the Chess Superstars and vying for victory. Become one with the board as you compete against your challenger, battling it out for your side to win bragging rights.
Photo Credit: Bradley Perkins
Chess aficionados will have an extended playing area and beginners will be welcomed in our ‘Learn to Play’ zone. Watch in awe as the 5 International Chess Superstars play against 75 Jamaican counterparts simultaneously. Take on one of the International Chess Superstars in a game of Blitz chess.
The evening entertainment continues with a chess themed scavenger hunt, putting into practice strategy and tactics by completing trivia questions to challenge new and experienced players alike.
Sunday, October 15th - Grand Finale Rapid Team Chess Match
The Worthington, Spanish Court Hotel, 12:00 - 5:00 p.m.
Come and watch as two teams battle for supremacy in a four round rapid game.
The teams will be comprised of eleven players, each led by a teenage Grandmaster on Board 1 and a Woman Grandmaster and Woman International Master on Board 2. The remaining nine boards, (Boards 3 to 11), will see our National Age Group and CARIFTA Champions, among others, in live exciting chess action.
Several of the top games will be played on DGT electronic boards that will broadcast the moves in real time to the viewing hall through multiple LED screens complemented by live video. There will be live commentary provided by GM Maurice Ashley, JCF President Ian Wilkinson and eight-time National Chess Champion of Jamaica FM Warren Elliott.
Come watch the games in real time in a special quiet room or watch in the larger spectator hall while enjoying refreshments and discussing the games with your friends. See if you can guess the next move of the Masters!
Promises to be an exciting innovation to the local chess scene.
An award ceremony will follow the match.
♛♚♝♜♞♟
info@jamaicachessfestival.com
Aerial Photo Credit of Emancipation Park:
Things to do in Jamaica
© 2019 Jamaica International Chess Festival | Developed By: Tekyz
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← How to develop a picture book idea – structure and layout
Notes from a SCBWI Masterclass with Eric Huang – Picture books for the digital age →
Being creative with words. The picture book writers tool kit.
A picture book writer’s tool kit is awesome, it’s why I write picture books. Playing with these techniques is great fun.
Remember, picture books are meant to be read out loud. So go to town – bold and wacky is good.
But remember the audience. Keep the concept and structure simple. And short!
There is some negativity in the industry about rhyme because of the difficulties of translation. The bigger publishers are more accepting of rhyming stories but the story has to be original and the rhyme perfectly structured and metered.
An appreciation and understanding of the techniques of rhyming poetry is essential if you are going to attempt a whole story in rhyme. If you don’t know what I mean by meter, foot and stressed/unstressed syllables, don’t attempt rhyme. There are so many easier techniques to use that are just as effective.
One option is to write the story predominantly in prose but have a short chorus in rhyme. See, The Ginger Bread Man.
Assonance is a form of rhyme called ‘vowel rhyme.’ It is the repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sentence. E.g. Each Peach Pear Plum (also alliteration here, see below)
Consonance is the repetition of the same consonant two or more times in quick succession. E.g. pitter-patter, Chicken Licken.
Every sentence we speak has syllables that are stressed and unstressed. Rhythm is a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables within a line of verse or prose. Rhythm and rhyme are natural partners but rhythm works fine on its own. The king of rhythm without rhyme is Michael Rosen. Check out, We are going on a Bear Hunt, and Little Rabbit Foo Foo. The Bear Hunt has a chanting feel to it. An ear for music/poetry really helps here.
Often used alongside rhyme and rhythm (as a chorus or refrain) but also appears in narrative texts to give structure and emphasis. Breaking a repetitive pattern as the story climaxes, flags to the reader/listener something exciting is about to happen. Children learn through repetition. They find familiarity reassuring and comforting.
Sound effects! Comics and cartoons use them to great effect and so can picture books. Children love to copy sounds. Many picture books and early readers have characters names that are onomatopoeic, e.g. Plop in The Owl Who was Afraid Of The Dark by Jill Tomlinson
For inspiration, check out this website www.writtensound.com
This can be a lot of fun to write. But don’t over do it when naming characters or thinking up titles. Big Bad Bunny and Horton Hears a Who? are great examples but beware of Sammy Squirrel, Richard Rabbit, they have been done, done, done! Julia Donaldson wears the alliteration crown (as well as the rhyme, rhythm and repetition one!)
Anthropomorphism or Personification
Is the attributing of human qualities to an animal or object. Okay there are lots of animals in picture books but not so many objects. A recent hit is, The Day the Crayons Quit by Drew Daywalt. Each crayon writes a letter to Duncan, each has a distinct voice.
Exaggeration is everywhere in picture books – language, art and character. Roald Dahl’s characters are a perfect example. Also check out Levi Pinfold’s Black Dog. The illustration of the black dog literally spills off the page. He’s big!
I love overblown concepts, for example, The Incredible Book Eating Boy by Oliver Jeffers. You want to read about him don’t you!
To name or not to name your character
Children love to name their pets and toys, even if that name is very simple. Hands up how many of you own a toy called Bear or Rabbit. It is not necessary to write it in the story The child can see perfectly well it’s a Bear from the picture. So whether you go with Boy, Mr. Tiger or something more imaginative such as The Almost Fearless Hamilton Squidlegger by Timothy Basil Ering (a frog), the most important thing is that your character has character and attitude, after all, most three year olds have plenty.
Remember if the name is unique, it’s memorable and ownable – alas this kind of light bulb moment doesn’t happen everyday.
Catchy titles
Titles encapsulating the story’s main character or the theme are great – but if standout is an issue, think about these alternative approaches.
Instructions: How to Wash a Woolley Mammoth by Michelle Robinson, How to Catch a Star by Oliver Jeffers,
An invitation: You Choose by Pippa Goodhart, Guess How Much I love You by Sam McBratney
A question: Where’s Spot? By Eric Hill, Have you seen my dragon? By Steve Light
Orders: Calm Down, Boris! By Sam Lloyd, Oi! Get off our Train by John Burningham, Eat your Peas by Kes Grey
Opposite to expectations: Goldilocks and the three Dinosaurs by Mo Williams
Provocative statements: Giraffes Can’t Dance by Giles Andreae and Dogs Don’t do Ballet by Anna Kemp, This is not my Hat by Jon Klassen
Unusual names and concepts: The Tin Forest by Helen Ward, The Gruffalo by Julia Donaldson
Ridiculous and funny: This book just ate my dog! by Richard Byrne Shh! We have a Plan by Chris Haughton. Do not let the Pigeon Drive the Bus by Mo Williams
There are no rules about tense, go with your instinct. Try them out and see how it changes the story.
Present tense feels immediate, faster paced, the story is happening now. I use this for action-packed or wacky stories.
Past tense is more traditional, we are being told a tale so it feels slower paced and cosy. Perfect for reassuring bedtime stories and traditional narratives.
Future tense. Huh? I hear you say. Actually it’s rather fun. Haven’t you ever said, what if…
Who’s telling the story anyway?
The 3rd person
The narrative voice is the traditional form of story telling. Most picture books are told this way and the narrator tends to stay in the main characters head.
To refresh an old fairytale considering changing the POV character e.g. The True Story of the Three Little Pigs! By A Wolf. By John Scieszka
Omniscient 3rd Person
Head jumping can be confusing, especially for little ones. But if executed carefully with a simple concept, it could work. Knowing what someone else is thinking can be amusing, reassuring or surprising e.g. Big Pumpkin by Erica Silverman
The 1st person
I or we can be told in rhyme, narrative, letter or diary form. There’s lots of scope for originality in the first person and it’s all about voice. The Day the Crayons Quit is composed of seven letters written by the seven crayons. Each Peach Bear Plum, I spy Tom Thumb, is a rhyme in first person. The storyteller invites the listener to spy with them. We’re going on a Bear Hunt is an adventure told by a family.
A young child’s perspective on the world can be charming for adults and an instant hit with children. Hoorah. they think, a book that talks my language! E.g. Good morning toes, Good morning feet, tangled up between my sheets (Hello Toes, Hello Feet by Ann Whitford Paul.)
Using the You POV is a lot less common but why not consider it as an option, it involves the reader directly in the story and children love to participate. Lots of authors use this technique for titles e.g. How to Train Your Dragon, but the main story is written in 3rd person. I can only think of You Choose, as an example of a current second person rhyme. The simple rhyme repeats the invitation ‘you choose’ on every spread. I also remember the “Choose Your Own Adventure,” books from my childhood. In these books, the reader made decisions throughout the book about how the story should progress, so it was written with the reader as the viewpoint character.
Don’t just think about the here and now. There’s a whole world (or universe) out there to set your story in. Real or imagined. Past, present or future. Mix it up a little.
Phew. Have I missed anything out?
Oh, yes! Lots of sticky notes, coloured pens and pencils, a decent eraser, a plain sheet artist’s notebook and a dictaphone or someone else to read it back to you, even a child if you have one handy.
Ann Whitford Paul has written a very helpful book entitled, Writing Picture Books. Her explanation of meter and poetry techniques is particularly useful for the rhythmically challenged.
Next post: Evoking emotion in characters and readers (adult and children)
It’s darn tricky I can tell you.
By kateperidot • Posted in Picture Book Posts, Writing Theory • Tagged alliteration, Anna Kemp, anthropomorphism, assonance, being creative with words, catchy titles, children's books, Chris Haughton, consonance, creative writing, Drew Daywallt, Each Peach Pear Plum, Giles Andreae, Gruffalo, Helen Ward, hyperbole, John Burningham, Jon Klassen, Julia Donaldson, Levi Pinfold, Michael Rosen, Michelle Robinson, Mo Williams, Oliver Jeffers, onomatopoeia, personification, picture book ideas, picture books, POV, rhyme, rhythm, Richard Byrne, The Day the Crayons Quit, Timothy Basil Ering, we're going on a bear hunt, writer's tool kit, You Choose
3 comments on “Being creative with words. The picture book writers tool kit.”
catmab
A great overview and some timely reminders as i launch into some new ideas!!
kateperidot
There is so much to remember isn’t there!
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Actualités, nouvelles et chroniques | Le Journal de Gatineau
U.K. Parliament approves Brexit amendment on replacing Irish backstop
British lawmakers instructed Prime Minister Theresa May Tuesday to demand that Brussels replace the Irish border arrangement known as the « backstop, » in a last-ditch attempt to renegotiate an exit treaty that the European Union says it will not change.
The amendment, put forward by influential Conservative lawmaker Graham Brady, passed by 317 votes to 301. It is intended to strengthen May’s hand when she returns to Brussels to try to renegotiate — something the EU again ruled out within minutes of the vote.
With two months left until Britain is due by law to leave the EU, investors and allies have urged the British government to clinch a deal to allow an orderly exit from the club it joined in 1973.
« Tonight, a majority of honourable members have said they would support a deal with changes to the backstop, » May said, only two weeks after her divorce deal was crushed in the biggest parliamentary defeat in modern British history.
People shelter under umbrellas as they watch the vote in Parliament on their phones Tuesday. (Alastair Grant/Associated Press)
« It is now clear that there is a route that can secure a substantial and sustainable majority in the house for leaving the EU with a deal, » May said, adding she would seek « legally binding changes. »
The amendment calls for the backstop to be replaced with unspecified « alternative arrangements » to avoid the reintroduction of border checks in Ireland, and says Parliament would support May’s Brexit deal if this change were made.
However, Brussels has repeatedly said it does not want to reopen the treaty, which has been signed off by the other 27 EU leaders, and has said the « backstop » is needed to ensure there can be no return to a hard border between Northern Ireland, which is part of the U.K., and the Republic of Ireland.
European Council President Donald Tusk said the backstop was part of the withdrawal deal and was not up for negotiation.
« The Withdrawal Agreement is and remains the best and only way to ensure an orderly withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, » Tusk said via a spokesperson.
« The backstop is part of the Withdrawal Agreement, and the Withdrawal Agreement is not open for renegotiation. »
France also rejected any renegotiation of the divorce deal.
« The EU has been clear on this point, » French President Emmanuel Macron’s office said in a statement.
Ireland’s European Affairs minister said Tuesday that May’s demand for binding changes to the backstop amounts to reneging on her government’s commitments.
Theresa May confirms she wants to reopen negotiations on the EU withdrawal agreement to make changes to Northern Ireland backstop. She acknowledges there’s « limited appetite » in Brussels for new talks… but she now wants to try anyway…
—@thomasdaigle
« It’s exasperating at this stage because this is a deal which was negotiated with the U.K., by the U.K., signed off by the U.K. and the prime minister — and now it looks as though this evening, essentially, there is a row-back and a reneging on the commitments that were made, » Helen McEntee told Irish national broadcaster RTE.
Irish Prime Minister Leo Varadkar has said Ireland expects to ask Brussels for emergency aid in the event of a no-deal Brexit.
Non-binding no-deal amendment
Lawmakers rejected two amendments setting out a path for Parliament to prevent a no-deal exit if May cannot get a deal passed next month. However, they did later approve a symbolic proposal calling on the government to rule out a damaging no-deal Brexit.
The so-called Spelman amendment « rejects the United Kingdom leaving the European Union without a Withdrawal Agreement and a framework for the future relationship. »
The amendment — which is non-binding — sends a signal that Parliament as a whole opposes leaving the EU without a negotiated agreement, which will happen by default on March 29 if no alternative is agreed, but it does not compel the government to prevent such a departure.
« I agree that we should not leave without a deal, » May said. « However, simply opposing no deal is not enough to stop it. The government will now redouble its efforts to get a deal that this House can support. »
On behalf of the 27 EU states remaining in the bloc after Brexit, Tusk said, « We welcome and share the U.K. parliament’s ambition to avoid a no-deal scenario. We continue to urge the U.K. government to clarify its intentions with respect to its next steps as soon as possible. »
Anti-Brexit protester Steve Bray holds up a placard Monday. Protesters both for and against Brexit are a daily sight outside the Houses of Parliament. (Alastair Grant/Associated Press)
He also gave the U.K. an opening to extend the Brexit deadline.
« Should there be a U.K. reasoned request for an extension, the EU27 would stand ready to consider it and decide by unanimity. »
Tusk added that the EU would press on with contingency preparations as well as the ratification of the existing Withdrawal Agreement that has stalled on the U.K. side.
Parliament voted down several other amendments that would wrest control of the Brexit negotiations from May if she fails to secure concessions from Brussels.
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Why did Bruce McArthur plead guilty? Police hint answers are coming
Why Bruce McArthur chose to plead guilty to eight charges of first-degree murder was not explained on Tuesday morning, although police hinted that answers still may come.
McArthur’s admission in a Toronto courthouse that he killed eight men wasn’t entirely surprising — police had said earlier a « significant development » was coming. But guilty pleas can be rare in big trials because, during the lead up, the defence can determine the strength of the Crown’s case, according to B.C. criminal lawyer Marilyn Sandford.
« The first question is always: Can they prove their case? » Sandford, who was part of the legal team that represented serial killer Robert Pickton, said in an interview with CBC News earlier this month.
« You want to be able to give [your client] that opinion before you rush into negotiating a plea agreement because you need to be able to tell them the strengths and weaknesses of the case so that they can make an informed decision about what to do. »
McArthur’s trial was expected to take three to four months and the trial date had been set for Jan. 6, 2020, meaning his team had almost another year to search for weaknesses.
Outside the courthouse, Det. David Dickinson, one of the lead investigators in the case, indicated he would comment on McArthur’s reasons for pleading guilty at a later time. Insp. Hank Idsinga, the head of the investigation, also suggested that more information about McArthur’s motivation to plead guilty may be forthcoming.
« We’ll see what else comes out in court next week, » he told CBC News.
Instead, Ontario Superior Court Justice John McMahon opened proceedings by asking McArthur if he understood exactly what it meant to plead guilty, and warning that he could not plead guilty to things he didn’t do just to get the case over.
Did McArthur understand, McMahon asked, that he was giving up his right to a trial?
McArthur simply replied: « Yes. »
McMahon also asked if the former landscaper was pressured by family, friends, lawyers or police officers involved in his case. McArthur said he was not.
McMahon said the guilty plea meant he had to sentence McArthur to life imprisonment. Whether he will serve his sentences concurrently or consecutively will be decided next week.
Insp. Hank Idsinga, the lead detective in the case, said he felt ‘a little emotional, a little bit surreal,’ following McArthur’s guilty plea. (Evan Mitsui/CBC)
« So, you understand you’ll have to serve at least until you’re 91 before you could be eligible to apply for parole, » McMahon said. « Do you understand that? Do you understand that, sir? »
« Yes, your honour, » McArthur said.
McArthur made his plea 11 days after the one-year anniversary of his arrest, and a year to the day after police first used the label « serial killer » to describe the perpetrator of the eight murders he is now convicted of.
He was brought into court handcuffed, head shaved, wearing a blue sweater — one he has worn at numerous court appearances — with a plaid shirt underneath, and jeans.
It was a different image from that of a smiling and stocky man with a goatee, seen in Facebook pictures that have circulated in the media.
« This man is much older, stooped, lost a lot of weight, » said Karen Fraser, who had hired McArthur as a landscaper, and whose property he had used to bury his victims.
Karen Fraser had hired McArthur as a landscaper. He used her property to bury his victims. (Evan Mitsui/CBC)
« I knew a man who was always energetic, enthusiastic, eager to get on to the next thing. And this is just a shuffling broken man, as he should be. »
The courtroom was full, packed mostly with journalists, police officers and friends and family of the victims. The latter expressed little emotion, sitting grim-faced as McArthur’s crimes and his pleas were said in court.
McArthur stood hunched, his fingertips resting on the wooden banner in front, his eyes off to the side, staring blankly, looking at no one, not the judge, not the court clerk who read aloud each murder charge, naming each murder victim: Andrew Kinsman, 49, Selim Esen, 44, Skandaraj Navaratnam, 40, Abdulbasir Faizi, 44, Kirushna Kumar Kanagaratnam, 37, Dean Lisowick, 47, Soroush Mahmudi, 50, and Majeed Kayhan, 58.
Of the eight victims, seven had ties to Toronto’s LGBT community.
When the clerk was finished reading the charges, McArthur was asked for a plea after each count.
« Guilty, » he repeated eight times.
Several Toronto Police Service officers sat in the front row of the courtroom facing McArthur’s back. Those officers included Dickinson and Idsinga, who has become the face of this investigation that has drawn international attention.
McArthur confessed to killing these eight men. Top row, from left to right, Skandaraj Navaratnam, 40, Andrew Kinsman, 49, Selim Esen, 44, and Abdulbasir Faizi, 44. Bottom row, from left to right: Kirushna Kumar Kanagaratnam, 37, Dean Lisowick, 47, Soroush Mahmudi, 50, and Majeed Kayhan, 58. (Toronto Police Service/CBC)
« A little emotional, a little bit surreal » Idsinga said he felt afterward. « Absolutely it’s closure. It’s not happiness, it’s not something to celebrate. It’s good to get it done. »
It is still not known how McArthur killed his victims. But what the court did hear Tuesday, in an abridged version of an agreed statement of facts, was that all eight murders were planned and deliberate, that six were sexual in nature, that McArthur had kept some of his victims’ items as souvenirs and « staged » some of them, although what that meant was not clarified.
The full details of those crimes are expected to be revealed next week at a sentencing hearing where friends and family will deliver victim impact statements.
McArthur will be at least 91 before he’s eligible for parole. It remains to be seen if he will serve his sentences consecutively or concurrently. (Bruce McArthur/Facebook)
McMahon said he was hoping to read the statements ahead of time, and reminded that there are certain things that can and can’t be included in such statements. Swearing or threats, for example, are not allowed.
« I don’t want to be in a position Monday where I have to reject some of the… loved ones’ victim impact statements because it doesn’t fit within where we have to be.
« It is important to see the impact it’s had on your lives. »
McMahon said it would be in everybody’s interest for the case to wrap up next week, « to have closure for the family, for Mr. McArthur, for everybody involved. »
From Project Houston to Bruce McArthur’s guilty plea: A timeline of what we know so far
A year after Bruce McArthur’s arrest, unsealed warrant information and exhibits from his earlier assault case continue to shed light on the activities of the serial killer, police investigations into missing men from Toronto’s Gay Village and beyond.
CBC Toronto and other media outlets are in court fighting to unseal information in more than 88 heavily-redacted judicial orders obtained by investigators in Project Houston and Project Prism.
The task forces were created to probe the disappearances of Skandaraj Navaratnam, Abdulbasir Faizi and Majeed Kayhan between 2010 and 2012, and then Selim Esen and Andrew Kinsman in 2017.
On Jan. 29, 2019, McArthur pleaded guilty to all eight counts of first-degree murder.
The timeline below includes the information that has been unsealed from the investigations, exhibits from McArthur’s assault case and most of CBC Toronto’s reporting so far.
Late 1990s: Bruce McArthur begins a relationship with a married man « towards the end of his [own] marriage, » according to the pre-sentence report for McArthur’s assault conviction. The men stay together for four years.
1998: McArthur moves to Toronto after leaving his marriage.
1999: McArthur sees a psychiatrist « as a result of difficulties coping with the breakup of his marriage and his first gay relationship, » according to the pre-sentence report from his assault conviction.
That same year McArthur also meets Skandaraj Navaratnam.
December 2000: McArthur and his wife sell their house in Oshawa.
Skandaraj Navaratnam, known to friends as Skanda, went missing in 2010. Two of his friends have confirmed that he knew Bruce McArthur. (CBC)
Early 2000s: McArthur and Navaratnam are in a relationship at some point during this time.
McArthur assault conviction
Oct. 31, 2001: McArthur assaults a man with a metal pipe in the man’s home. McArthur turns himself in to police. Throughout the case, McArthur maintains that he blacked out before the assault and doesn’t know why he did it.
Jan. 29, 2003: McArthur pleads guilty to one count of assault causing bodily harm and assault with a weapon.
March 19, 2003: Dr. Marie-France Dionne writes a psychological report about McArthur at the request of his lawyer to find out if a mental health issue could have led to the assault.
In the report the psychiatrist found « no sign of mental health problems » that could have contributed to the incident, and offered no other explanation for the assault.
Dionne writes that McArthur has a « very minimal » risk for violence, and in terms of personality, she characterizes him as a « passive and indecisive » man who seeks « to maintain an image of being a proper and cooperative person, prone to behaving correctly and modestly. »
April 11, 2003: McArthur is sentenced to one count of assault causing bodily harm and assault with a weapon.
The Crown and McArthur’s lawyer enters a joint submission for a conditional sentence. Court transcripts show the Crown thinks, « it wouldn’t be in society’s interest or Mr. McArthur’s interest to have him go into jail at this point in time. »
Instead McArthur serves his two years less a day sentence in the community with restrictions like a ban on visiting the Gay Village, being in the company of a male prostitute and a 10-year weapons prohibition. McArthur is also ordered to attend counselling for anger management and provide a DNA sample.
3 men go missing from the Gay Village
Sept. 6, 2010: Skandaraj Navaratnam, 40, goes missing over Labour Day weekend. He’s last seen leaving Zipperz nightclub, near Church and Carlton streets, with an unknown man around 2 a.m.
Sept. 16, 2010: Navaratnam is reported missing by a friend.
Dec. 29, 2010: Abdulbasir Faizi, 44, calls his wife and tells her he is at work with co-workers and will be home later that night. His last known location is in the Church and Wellesley street area of Toronto’s Gay Village.
Dec. 30, 2010: Faizi’s cousin reports him missing to Peel Regional Police.
Project Houston, a police taskforce, was created to probe the disappearances of Skandaraj Navaratnam, Abdulbasir Faizi and Majeed Kayhan.
Jan. 4, 2011: Police discover Faizi’s 2002 Nissan Sentra abandoned on Moore Avenue, in the area of St. Clair Avenue East and Mount Pleasant Road.
It’s just a short drive from the home on Mallory Crescent where McArthur stores his tools and where planters with the remains of his victims are later recovered.
Oct. 18, 2012: Majeed Kayhan, 58, is last seen by a friend in the area of Alexander and Yonge streets.
Oct. 25, 2012: Kayhan is reported missing by his adult son.
November 2012: Police create Project Houston, a task force, to probe the disappearances of Navaratnam, Faizi and Kayhan.
Dec. 17, 2012: Police obtain the first judicial order of Project Houston, a tracking warrant for a vehicle. Like all of the warrants in the investigation, police obtain an order sealing the tracking warrant from the public.
The investigator has to provide the court reasons why the warrant should be sealed. Those reasons include protecting a confidential source and one underage victim. The task force obtains about 40 more warrants before it gets shut down in April 2014.
Police chase dead end suspect
Dec. 20, 2012: Police obtain a general warrant for a residence in London, Ont., owned by James Alex Brunton. A general warrant gives police the power to « use any device or investigative technique, or procedure » to do whatever is described in the warrant that would normally be considered an unreasonable search and seizure.
Project Houston obtained at least seven judicial orders in connection to James Alex Brunton and his home in Peterborough. (CBC)
The task force investigates Brunton as a murder suspect in the disappearance of Skandaraj Navaratnam.
At least six other Project Houston judicial orders are obtained in connection to Brunton by Project Houston. In the end Brunton is not connected to Navaratnam, but pleads guilty to child pornography charges in January 2014.
Police refuse to confirm whether or not they spoke with McArthur in this period, although they were aware of his relationship with Navaratnam.
Sept. 23, 2013: The final judicial orders of Project Houston are obtained.
April 2014: Police shut down Project Houston after 18 months because they can’t find any criminal evidence.
Police interview McArthur
2014-2017: Toronto police talk to McArthur as part of a divisional investigation that is not connected to either Project Houston or Project Prism at some point during this time.
Bruce McArthur, 66, is accused of killing eight men and police believe there may be more victims. (Bruce McArthur/Facebook)
The Toronto police professional standards unit has since launched an internal investigation into the matter.
More men go missing, some unreported
Aug. 15, 2015: Soroush Mahmudi, 50, is last seen near his apartment building on Markham Road in Scarborough around noon.
Aug. 22, 2015: Mahmudi’s son-in-law reports him missing.
August 2015: The family of Kirushna Kumar Kanagaratnam, 37, last spoke to him by phone from their home in Sri Lanka.
Soroush Mahmudi, Kirushna Kumar Kanagaratnam and Dean Lisowick went missing between the two police task forces. Kanagaratnam and Lisowick were never reported missing.
September-December 2015: Police believe Kanagaratnam was killed at some point during this time period. His family never reported Kanagaratnam missing because they thought he was in hiding after the Canadian government rejected his refugee application.
2016-2017: Police believe Dean Lisowick, 47, was killed at some point during this time period. Unlike most of the other victims, Lisowick was never reported missing.
April 26, 2016: The last time Lisowick was admitted to a shelter in Toronto. He was a regular user of the shelter system.
Project Prism
April 16, 2017: Selim Esen, 44, goes missing over Easter weekend. He is last seen near Yonge and Bloor streets.
April 30, 2017: Esen is reported missing.
June 26, 2017: Andrew Kinsman, 49, is last seen in Cabbagetown a day after Toronto’s annual Pride parade.
June 29, 2017: Kinsman is reported missing. Police later said a crucial piece of evidence was uncovered because Kinsman was reported missing within 72 hours. Investigators hinted that without that evidence McArthur might still be free.
Project Prism, a police task force, was created to probe the disappearances of Selim Esen and Andrew Kinsman in 2017.
August 2017: Police establish Project Prism task force to probe the disappearances of Esen and Kinsman.
Aug. 16-17, 2017: The first two judicial orders are made for Project Prism. One is a production order for Google and the other is a production order for Rogers Communication.
A production order gives police the power to compel a person or organization to provide documents or records. In the case of these two orders, investigators were looking for IP address logs for Kinsman’s email accounts and Kinsman’s cell phone records.
Since those first two, the task force obtains another 22 production orders, including ones for banking and phone records and Highway 407 usage.
Police eye McArthur
Sept. 6, 2017: Toronto police’s mobile surveillance unit starts tracking McArthur’s movements.
Sept. 8, 2017: For the first time in the investigation, police use Bruce McArthur’s name in their request to seal a production order for Bell Canada.
Sept. 14, 2017: Police obtain a tracking warrant for two of McArthur’s vehicles, in order to allow « officers the opportunity to monitor … the movements of McArthur. »
Sept. 16, 2017: McArthur sells an old, rusty, maroon-coloured Dodge Caravan to Dom’s Auto Parts, an auto parts shop outside Toronto.
In early September 2017, police used Bruce McArthur’s name for the first time in a request to seal a production order for Bell Canada. (Bruce McArthur/Facebook)
Oct. 3, 2017: Police visit Dom’s Auto Parts looking for the maroon-coloured Dodge Caravan. Investigators comb through surveillance footage and tow away the vehicle. The owner of the shop tells CBC Toronto that police found blood in the van.
Oct. 24, 2017: Police obtain a production order looking for user records for Squirt, a gay hookup site. They have reason to believe McArthur, Kinsman, Esen and Navaratnam have accounts with the site.
Nov. 2, 2017: Investigators obtain tracking warrants for two cell phone numbers used by McArthur, and extend an existing tracking warrant for his vehicle in order to « track McArthur’s communications and movements via his cell phone. »
In the warrant application police say they are developing a plan to invite McArthur to a police station for an interview as a person of interest in the hopes that it might « incite him » to reach out to another person « if they are criminally involved, » or take other actions that could help investigators locate Kinsman.
Kinsman’s blood found in McArthur’s van
Nov. 8, 2017: McArthur becomes a suspect in the murder of Kinsman after police find Kinsman’s blood in McArthur’s van. As a result, the next day the mobile surveillance unit restarts surveillance of McArthur.
Nov. 17, 2017: Investigators use cadaver dogs to search the area behind 53 Mallory Crescent, where McArthur stored his landscaping equipment, with no results.
Dec. 5, 2017: Police obtain a general warrant to covertly enter McArthur’s apartment to clone data from any digital devices and storage media and search for any items directly linked to Kinsman, like his cell phone or physical evidence.
Investigators entered the apartment for the first time that day, but had to leave quickly because someone (whose name is redacted in the warrant application) was on their way home.
Dec. 7, 2017: Once again, police return to McArthur’s apartment and this time start to copy the computer and hard drives in his bedroom. Investigators were in the apartment for just more than an hour before they were alerted through surveillance that McArthur was on his way home.
Police say no evidence of serial killer
Dec. 8, 2017: In a news conference, police tell the public they have no evidence of a serial killer operating in the Gay Village.
Dec. 11, 2017: Police install a hidden camera to capture the garage door of 53 Mallory Crescent, where McArthur worked as landscaper and stored tools.
Toronto police Chief Mark Saunders is investigating the force’s response to several missing person cases. (CBC)
Jan. 17, 2018: Police uncover two pieces of crucial evidence linking McArthur to Esen and Kinsman’s disappearances.
McArthur arrested, charged with 1st-degree murder
Jan. 18, 2018: Police arrest McArthur after investigators observe a man entering his Thorncliffe Park apartment in the morning. When officers forcibly enter the apartment to arrest McArthur, they find the man in restraints. It is believed the man went to McArthur’s seeking a sexual encounter.
McArthur is then charged with first-degree murder in the deaths of Esen and Kinsman, even though the men’s bodies have yet to be found. Police also attribute three other murders of « unknown » men to McArthur in a search warrant obtained that day.
In a news conference, police reveal that Kinsman and McArthur had been in a sexual relationship for « some time. »
Forensic investigators have been probing a rural home in the small community of Madoc, Ont., for clues in the disappearances of two men. The property is owned by the brother of Bruce McArthur’s longtime friend, Roger Horan. (Frederic Pepin/CBC)
Investigators also say they had secured five properties connected to McArthur. Those properties include McArthur’s apartment, which police obtained a search warrant for, a house connected to a friend of McArthur’s in Scarborough, another property connected to that friend in Madoc, Ont., a house in midtown Toronto where McArthur worked as a landscaper and another address in Toronto.
Jan. 21-26, 2018: Police obtain a search warrant for a house on Mallory Crescent in midtown Toronto, where McArthur worked as a landscaper and stored tools.
Investigators also get search warrants for their own buildings like Forensic Identification Services and 33 Division, so that they can examine items seized from McArthur’s apartment and the other addresses searched.
The items seized include 10 labelled red and silver USB storage sticks, the writing on the labels is redacted and under seal in the warrant applications.
Jan. 22, 2018: Soroush Mahmudi is identified as one of McArthur’s victims in a search warrant application. His murder is listed in the offences connected to the warrant.
Jan. 26, 2018: Majeed Kayhan is identified as one of McArthur’s victims in a search warrant application. His murder is listed in the offences connected to the warrant.
Remains found in large planters
Jan. 29, 2018: McArthur is charged with three additional counts of first-degree murder in the deaths of Majeed Kayhan, Soroush Mahmudi and Dean Lisowick.
Police also reveal they discovered dismembered remains in the bottom of large planters at the house on Mallory Crescent. Investigators call McArthur a serial killer for the first time.
Forensic investigators discovered dismembered remains in the bottom of large planters after searching a property at Mallory Crescent in midtown Toronto that was linked to McArthur. (CBC)
Feb. 8, 2018: Police say they’ve identified the remains of Andrew Kinsman from the large planters seized from the house on Mallory Crescent.
Feb. 16, 2018: Skandaraj Navaratnam and Abdulbasir Faizi are identified as two of McArthur’s victims in a production order application. Their murders are listed in the offences connected to the application.
Feb. 23, 2018: McArthur is charged with first-degree murder in the death of Skandaraj Navaratnam. Police identified Navaratnam’s remains from one of the large planters seized from the Mallory Crescent house where McArthur stored landscaping equipment.
Det.-Sgt. Hank Idsinga tells the media that Skandaraj Navaratnam’s remains have been identified from one of the large planters seized from the Mallory Crescent house. (David Donnelly/CBC)
March 7, 2018: Police obtain a general warrant to sift through all of McArthur’s emails for connections to his victims.
April 4, 2018: Police obtain a production order for McArthur’s probation records from his 2003 assault conviction. In the application police note their efforts to « trace McArthur’s movements since he became an adult » have been hampered by McArthur’s ex-wife and son’s « unwillingness to talk to police. »
April 11, 2018: McArthur is charged with first-degree murder in the death of Abdulbasir Faizi. Police believe the two knew each other. In a news conference police also tell reporters they’ve identified three more sets of remains from the planters belonging to Selim Esen, Dean Lisowick and Faizi.
April 12, 2018: In a warrant to continue searching McArthur’s apartment, police say they have no evidence to suggest anyone assisted McArthur with the murders. Although during the investigation police did explore whether a number of McArthur’s family and friends could have helped with the killings.
This search warrant is the last of the judicial orders CBC Toronto and other media outlets currently have access to. More judicial orders have been issued since, but they remain sealed.
McArthur charged with 8th count of murder
April 16, 2018: McArthur is charged with first-degree murder in the death of Kirushna Kumar Kanagaratnam. His remains are identified from planters along with six other men McArthur is accused of killing. Police had previously released a deceased photo of Kanagaratnam as a last resort to identify him.
May 7, 2018: Since the ground thawed, police send out teams of cadaver dogs this week to roughly 100 properties linked to McArthur. Investigators do not disclose the addresses, but say the properties they’d searched were sites where McArthur worked as a landscaper.
Toronto police finished a months-long forensic investigation of the apartment rented by alleged serial killer Bruce McArthur. (CBC)
May 15, 2018: Police finish an inch-by-inch search of McArthur’s apartment. Investigators collect more than 1,800 pieces of evidence from the apartment in what they call the « largest forensic examination » in Toronto police history.
June 1, 2018:Police canine units finish their searches of roughly 100 properties connected to McArthur, including the Mallory Crescent home, where investigators find the remains of seven men in large planters. Police say they need to do some follow-up investigating before deciding if there will be further searches at some of the properties.
July 2018: Toronto police quietly launch the service’s first-ever dedicated missing persons unit in the wake of the McArthur investigation and public scrutiny around how the cases of his victims were handled. The unit consists of two lead detectives, four detective constables as investigators, and one analyst.
Police dig up more human remains
July 4, 2018: Police begin excavating the forested ravine behind the Mallory Crescent home where McArthur worked as a landscaper, and the remains of seven of the men he’s charged with murdering were found in planters.
Black bags were seen being loaded into a coroner’s van at the property. The next day police confirmed they’d found more human remains in the forested ravine area.
Police sift through and excavate materials from the back of a property along Mallory Crescent in Toronto after confirming they have found human remains during an investigation in relation to alleged serial killer Bruce McArthur. (Tijana Martin/Canadian Press)
July 12, 2018: Police complete their excavation of the forested ravine area behind the Mallory Crescent home. Investigators say they dug up human remains nearly every day they were there.
July 20, 2018: In a news conference, police say they’ve identified the remains of Majeed Kayhan from the evidence they uncovered in the ravine area behind the Mallory Crescent home where McArthur worked as a landscaper.
Kayhan was the only McArthur victim whose remains had yet to be found.
Majeed Kayhan’s remains were found after police spent nine days searching a ravine near a home where alleged serial killer Bruce McArthur worked as a landscaper. McArthur has been charged with first-degree murder in connection with Kayhan’s death. (Toronto Police Service)
Police had previously identified the remains of Skandaraj Navaratnam, Andrew Kinsman, Selim Esen, Abdulbasir Faizi, Kirushna Kumar Kanagaratnam, Dean Lisowick, and Soroush Mahmudi from planters stored on the Mallory Crescent property.
At the news conference, lead investigator Hank Idsinga said police have no reason to believe they will find the remains of any other possible victims at any of the roughly 100 properties they’ve searched across the Greater Toronto Area since January.
Idsinga also said investigators continue to review cold-case files and missing-persons cases dating back to the 1970s and 1980s.
Oct. 22, 2018: McArthur waives his right to a preliminary inquiry, and is ordered to stand trial on eight counts of first-degree murder.
Nov. 2, 2018: Investigators say they’ve released the remains of some of McArthur’s victims to their families.
Alleged serial killer Bruce McArthur at a brief court appearance on Jan. 16, 2019 in Toronto. (Pam Davies/CBC)
Nov. 30, 2018: Ontario Superior Court judge says McArthur’s trial on eight counts of first-degree murder will begin Jan. 6, 2020. The judge said the trial will likely take three to four months.
Jan. 16, 2019: McArthur made a brief appearance in a downtown Toronto court. The serial killer no longer had a beard as he did in Facebook photos from before his arrest, which were widely circulated by the media, and his head was completely shaved.
McArthur pleads guilty
Jan. 29, 2019: McArthur pleads guilty to all eight counts of first-degree murder when he appears in a downtown Toronto courtroom.
Crown lawyers say McArthur murdered his victims while they were confined during sexual acts before dismembering them. He is said to have kept « souvenirs » of the murders, including jewelry and notebooks.
Police investigators discovered items including syringes, zip ties, a surgical glove and duct tape in McArthur’s apartment.
His guilty plea will result in an automatic life sentence, with no chance of parole until he is at least 91 years old.
Further details about the investigation and murders are expected to be revealed during McArthur’s sentencing hearing. That court appearance is scheduled to begin on Feb. 4, 2019.
Shutdown reprieve just ‘eye of the storm’ for some anxious U.S. federal workers
Judy Motley needs some sleep. For now, she’ll settle for a free meal.
The 64-year-old clerk at the Environmental Protection Agency was among 7,200 people who lined up on Monday for a steak sandwich and a complimentary bag of groceries for federal employees in Washington after the record-long partial U.S. government shutdown.
Despite a short-term deal that reopened the government for three weeks, until Feb. 15, Motley still worries. After being on furlough for 35 days, she’s back to work.
But she says she’s often up late fretting about her finances, as how long this all lasts remains up in the air.
« I had too many sleepless nights, wondering what can I pay for? And what can I hold off on? »
The gears of U.S. government creaked into motion again on Monday after congressional leaders and President Donald Trump agreed to reopen the government, without honouring Trump’s demand for $5.7 billion to build a southern border wall.
Judy Motley, 64, a clerical worker at the Environmental Protection Agency, says she’s been unable to sleep well for days because of anxiety about the 35-day-long government shutdown. She said she worries it will happen again if the government can’t reach a deal on border security by Feb. 15. (Matt Kwong/CBC)
Office lights flickered on in departments that were dark for days. Staff finally watered wilting plants. Some civil servants came to work and said they were greeted with a « Welcome Back » banner and a medley of pastries and juice bottles.
Still, the temporary period of reprieve hasn’t alleviated much of Motley’s anxiety.
« Because I know it’s not over, » she said.
On the weekend, Trump put the odds of him reaching a permanent border security deal with lawmakers at « less than 50-50. » Failure to reach a deal would once again put 800,000 government workers at risk of another shutdown.
If it comes to that, chef and restaurateur Jose Andres’s World Central Kitchen — the non-profit that provided the free lunches in Washington on Monday — might consider activating its operations to extend past this week, a spokesperson said. The organization’s service of complimentary meals and its resource centre, where federal workers could get free groceries, was meant to run until Friday.
A sign at the Metro Center station in Washington, the central hub of the city’s rapid transit system, welcomes back federal employees on Monday. (Matt Kwong/CBC)
Reggie Uwandi emerged from the resource centre on Monday with a bag of baby formula — for his sister.
« She’s a federal worker, too, and she can’t walk right now. She went into labour two days ago, » he said.
Uncertainty about when Uwandi might get his next paycheque, and whether he’d have to pick up a second job, forced him to cancel his application for a new apartment. He was already approved to move in four days ago.
« But seeing that the government’s maybe only going to be open for three weeks, I’m pretty much just watching to see what happens before I make my decision. »
He’s staying at his parents’ house for the time being, anxious about that Feb. 15 deadline, when funding again runs out.
« The clock is definitely ticking; I’m just ready to start my new life, not always monitoring CNN to figure out what’s my next move. »
Reggie Uwandi, a federal employee who works in IT for the D.C. courts, carries a bag of baby formula for his sister’s newborn baby. Uwandi says he’s anxious about another possible shutdown on Feb. 15: ‘The clock is definitely ticking.’ (Matt Kwong/CBC)
Inside the resource centre, Ronald Jackson, who has worked for eight years for an agency of the D.C. federal court system, hauled off a donated bag of vegetables, rice, pasta and sauce. Every little bit helps for the 40-year-old, an essential employee who continued working — without pay — throughout the shutdown.
He said he’ll return every day that he can, as long as the government lacks a more permanent funding measure — one that might extend at least until the fall.
Jackson likens the uncertainty over another imminent shutdown to a storm: He hopes this isn’t just a short-term period of calm at the centre of a worse battle to come.
Ronald Jackson, 40, is an essential federal employee who worked for 35 days without pay in a branch within the Justice Department. He worries the current three-week period in which the government will be open is just the ‘eye of the storm.’ (Matt Kwong/CBC)
« You had lightning and thunder, but those skies are still grey, » he said. « We could still be in the eye of the storm. Who knows? »
The non-partisan Congressional Budget Office estimates that the impasse over Trump’s demand for wall funding will end up costing the federal government about $3 billion. On Wednesday, a bipartisan group of lawmakers from both the House and the Senate will hold an initial meeting to try to negotiate a deal before funding runs out next month.
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Copyright © 2018 journaldegatineau.ca
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Idaho Arrest Records Search
18,000 Satisfied Customers from Idaho
How to Look Up Arrest Records in Idaho
The Arrest Rate in Idaho
Idaho Arrest Records by Type of Crime
Is your State Safer than Idaho?
Idaho Department of Public Safety
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The law enforcement uses an online system for keeping and maintaining Idaho arrest records. They offer records to the general public and an individual can search using just someone’s first and last name. They also offer options for fingerprint searches as well. There are fees involved and paperwork when requesting a copy of someone’s arrest documents.
Are Arrest Records Public Records in Idaho?
Arrest records are public records in this state, and they are readily available through the criminal justice system. State and local law enforcement keep records and maintain them for public access.
Unknown 11%
Black or African American 4%
An Idaho arrest record will contain some basic details like the name of the person, the date of the arrest, the charges they were accused of, fingerprints and booking numbers. Often included are Idaho mugshots taken at the time of arrest, other details about the crime along with the arresting officer’s name and badge number and arresting agency. The report will also include general information like date of birth, address, phone, and physical description. It may also include bail, bond, pleas or any other fines paid.
The crime rate has decreased over the past decade in Idaho, going from 2,615 crimes in 2006 to 2,599 by 15% lower than it was back in 2006. The largest percentage of violent crimes falls into the Aggravated Assault category, with Revised Rape being the least popular crime in the state.
Idaho Violent Crime Rate Change
Police officials are called peace officers, and they can arrest someone without a warrant when a crime is committed in their presence. When someone has committed a felony but not in their presence, they can arrest them then also. When a felony is known to have been committed, and an officer believes they have probable cause that someone committed it, they can do an Idaho warrant search and arrest them without a warrant. In response to the report that a crime is being committed is another time when a peace officer can arrest someone without a warrant.
Who has a Power of Arrest in Idaho?
Along with peace officers and other law enforcement agents authorized to arrest someone, any private citizen can also perform a citizen’s arrest. They can do so only when they witness a public offense being committed or someone admitted to committing a felony, but they did not observe it or when they know of a felony that was committed and has good reason to suspect that someone they know committed it. In any of those cases, they can arrest someone and bring them to the police for further processing.
How Long Will an Arrest Report Stay on your Idaho State Records?
Misdemeanors and felonies will stay on someone’s record for life if they were convicted. If however the arrests and charges were dropped or they were found not guilty then they have a chance of getting them expunged. They have within one year of the discharge to apply for expungement.
Yes, but only for arrests and charges that did not result in a conviction. Unfortunately, there are strict laws about expungement and most people’s criminal record will follow them for life. If they are eligible then they can apply using the forms you can find online and pay a fee. It may take a while, but they can use the iCourts system to track their progress until they receive a decision. All other offenses are not eligible to be expunged.
For the last year tallied, which was 2016,61,850 arrests were made in the state. Of that total, 51,768 were adults, and 10,082 were juveniles. From the stats, 7,724 were property crimes, and 7,085 were violent offenses. Fourteen thousand four hundred thirty-six were crimes against society, and 32,605 were other offenses like peeping toms, DUIs, bad checks, vagrancy, and disorderly conduct.
Most of the violent crime offenders in Idaho were 20-29 and the largest percentage of violent crime victims were 20-29.
Unknown 5.1%
Offenders w/ reported age 3,609
Residence Home is the place where the majority of crimes in Idaho were committed, in most of the crime cases the offender was an acquaintance.
Highway/Alley/Street/Sidewalk 518
Hotel/Motel 85
Jail/Prison/Corrections Facility 82
School/College 66
Drug Store/Doctors Office/Hospital 58
Convenience Store 48
Department/Discount Store 42
Acquaintance 935
Stranger 704
Relationship Unknown 378
Sibling 93
Other Family Member 84
Parent 82
The popular arrests for 2017 in Idaho was for All Other Offenses (except traffic) - 22,805, the same popularity of the arrest type was seen in Alabama, Alaska, and Arizona. The least popularity had Suspicion arrests - with only 8 crimes a year.
Property Crime 1,246 5,192 6,438
Robbery 19 70 89
Embezzlement 3 43 46
Vandalism 236 756 992
Drug Abuse Violations 969 8,432 9,401
Offenses Against the Family and Children 13 636 649
Drunkenness 31 566 597
Vagrancy 2 15 17
All Other Offenses (except traffic) 1,979 20,826 22,805
Suspicion 2 6 8
Curfew and Loitering Law Violations 137 137 274
Laws & Public Safety | The Official Website of the State of Idaho
Address: 999 Main St, Suite 910 - Boise, ID 83702
Website: https://www.idaho.gov/laws-public-safety/
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The crime rate in the last 5 years - up by 15%
A list of 5 counties in Idaho that have the highest arrest rate in 2017
Bannock County 16.59
Blaine County 128.49
Gem County 186.22
Ada County 214.85
Washington County 255.60
Idaho Court Records
Idaho Inmate Search
Criminal Justice Commission
Constitution and Statutes
Rights for arrested in Idaho
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My 8th Great-Grandmother – The Witch of Hartford, Connecticut
Posted on July 19, 2012 by lsstuhler
Since my book is based in genealogy, I couldn’t help but tie my English ancestors into the web of insanity and intolerance that occurred during the witch hunts of seventeenth century New England. This is the story of Rebecca Elson-Mudge-Greensmith, my eighth great-grandmother, who was hanged as a witch in 1662 on Gallows Hill in Hartford, Connecticut; and Edward Griswold, my ninth great-grandfather, who was on the jury that convicted and sentenced her to death. What follows are my own personal opinions, a little background information, and the disturbing story of how insanity took over the lives of villagers in one isolated community.
Witch Hanging
Background Information On My English Roots:
Many people are intrigued and fascinated with the Salem Witch Trials that occurred in America between February 1692 and May 1693 but most are not aware of the Connecticut Witch Trials that resulted in the hangings of ten innocent villagers between the years 1647 and 1663. I had no idea about any of this until I started doing genealogy thirteen years ago on the Griswold and Putman families. Jarvis Mudge Putnam (Putman) and Bessie May Griswold were my grandparents, the parents of my mother. With the family name of “Mudge” as Jarvis’s middle name, I knew that my grandfather was connected to this old English family. I was surprised to learn that the progenitor of my Mudge family in America was actually named Jarvis Mudge.
Jarvis Mudge was my eighth great-grandfather who was born in England about the year 1608. He came to America in 1638, landing in Boston, Massachusetts. Jarvis married Rebecca née Unknown at Wethersfield, Connecticut in 1649 and moved to Pequot (New London), Connecticut. Rebecca was married at least three times that we know of: first to Abraham Elsing (Elson, Elsen); second to Jarvis Mudge; and third to Nathaniel Greensmith. Rebecca was the widow of Abraham Elsing and the mother of his three daughters: Sarah, Hannah, and Mariah. Jarvis and Rebecca had two sons: Micah and Moses. Jarvis died in New London, Connecticut, in March of 1653. Rebecca then married Nathaniel Greensmith around 1654. They had no children together. No one is sure of Rebecca’s maiden name but the surname “Steele” has been floated about. She was born in England but the place and date of her birth is unknown. I have estimated that she was in her mid-fifties when she was executed but I certainly could be wrong, she may have been much older. According to Alfred Mudge in his book Memorials, Being A Genealogical, Biographical and Historical Account of the Name of Mudge in America from 1638 to 1868, Rebecca was the mother of Micah Mudge (3), son of Jarvis (my line).
It appears that women who were loud, outspoken, or strong willed, without prominent connections in the community were target victims. Abraham and Jarvis, by all accounts, appeared to have been good, upstanding men, while Nathaniel’s reputation is called into question. Perhaps he was abusive to Rebecca? Perhaps he drove her to insanity? Rebecca may have been suffering from depression, dementia or a number of illnesses. She had lost one child in infancy, maybe more, and she lived through the deaths of two husbands. For whatever reason, she was unjustly accused without counsel, and hanged for a crime that she did not commit.
My grandmother, Bessie, was a direct descendant of Edward Griswold. Edward, my ninth great-grandfather, was born in England about the year 1607. He came to America landing at Boston, Massachusetts, about the year 1639 and moved, just as Jarvis did, to Connecticut. He was a prominent man in the community.
The interesting irony of the following story, recounted by John Metcalf Taylor in his book: The Witchcraft Delusion in Colonial Connecticut 1647 – 1697, is that 250 years after the death of Rebecca on April 10, 1912, these two families would forever be connected through the marriage of my grandparents, Jarvis and Bessie.
The line for my grandfather Jarvis is: Jarvis Mudge (married Rebecca unknown)> Micah Mudge> Ebenezer Mudge> Jarvis Mudge> Abigail Mudge (married Pieter Van Buren)> Catalina Van Buren (married James Putnam) > Jarvis Mudge Putman> Richard T. Putman> Jarvis Mudge Putman (Putnam).
The line for my grandmother Bessie is: Edward Griswold> Joseph Griswold> Francis Griswold> Francis Griswold> Francis Griswold> Jehiel Griswold> Aaron Griswold> Aaron H. Griswold> Sylvester Thomas Griswold> Bessie May Griswold (married Jarvis Mudge Putman (Putnam). (SOURCE: The Greswold Family 12 Generations in England by Robert L. and Esther G. French, Compiled by Coralee Griswold, 1999)
Jarvis & Bessie Putnam 4.10.1912
“NATHANIEL AND REBECCA GREENSMITH
Nathaniel Greensmith lived in Hartford, south of the little river, in 1661-62, on a lot of about twenty acres, with a house and barn. He also had other holdings ‘neer Podunk,’ and ‘on ye highway leading to Farmington.’ He was thrifty by divergent and economical methods, since he is credited in the records of the time with stealing a bushel and a half of wheat, of stealing a hoe, and of lying to the court, and of battery.
In one way or another he accumulated quite a property for those days, since the inventory of it filed in the Hartford Probate Office, January 25, 1662, after his execution, carried an appraisal of L137. 14s. 1d. – including ‘2 bibles, a sword, a resthead, and a drachm cup’ – all indicating that Nathaniel judiciously mingled his theology and patriotism, his recreation and refreshment, with his everyday practical affairs and opportunities.
But he made one adventure that was most unprofitable. In an evil hour he took to wife Rebecca, relict of Abraham Elson, and also relict of Jarvis Mudge, and of whom so good a man as the Rev. John Whiting, minister of the First Church in Hartford – afterward first pastor of the Second Church – said that she was ‘a lewd, ignorant and considerably aged woman.’
This triple combination of personal qualities soon elicited the criticism and animosity of the community, and Nathaniel and Rebecca fell under the most fatal of all suspicions of that day, that of being possessed by the evil one. Gossip and rumor about these unpopular neighbors culminated in a formal complaint, and December 30, 1662, at a court held in Hartford, both the Greensmiths were separately indicted in the same formal charge.
‘Nathaniel Greensmith thou art here indicted by the name of Nathaniel Greensmith for not having the fear of God before thine eyes, thou hast entertained familiarity with Satan, the grand enemy of God and mankind – and by his help hast acted things in a preternatural way beyond human abilities in a natural course for which according to the law of God and the established law of this commonwealth thou deservest to die.’
While Rebecca was in prison under suspicion, she was interviewed by two ministers, Revs. Haynes and Whiting, as to the charges of Ann Cole – a next door neighbor – which were written down by them, all of which, and more, she confessed to be true before the court. (Note. Increase Mather regarded this confession as convictive a proof of real witchcraft as most single cases he had known.)
THE MINISTERS’ ACCOUNT –
She forthwith and freely confessed those things to be true, that she (and other persons named in the discourse) had familiarity with the devil. Being asked whether she had made an express covenant with him, she answered she had not, only as she promised to go with him when he called (which she had accordingly done several times). But that the devil told her that at Christmas they would have a merry meeting, and then the covenant should be drawn and subscribed. Thereupon the fore-mentioned Mr. Stone (being then in court) with much weight and earnestness laid forth the exceeding heinousness and hazard of that dreadful sin; and therewith solemnly took notice (upon the occasion given) of the devil’s loving Christmas.
‘A person at the same time present being desired the next day more particularly to enquire of her about her guilt, it was accordingly done, to whom she acknowledged that though when Mr. Haynes began to read she could have torn him in pieces, and was so much resolved as might be to deny her guilt (as she had done before) yet after he had read awhile, she was as if her flesh had been pulled from her bones, (such was her expression,) and so could not deny any longer. She also declared that the devil first appeared to her in the form of a deer or fawn, skipping about her, wherewith she was not much affrighted but by degrees he contrived talk with her; and that their meetings were frequently at such a place, (near her own house;) that some of the company came in one shape and some in another, and one in particular in the shape of a crow came flying to them. Amongst other things she owned that the devil had frequent use of her body.’
Had Rebecca been content with purging her own conscience, she alone would have met the fate she had invoked, and probably deserved; but out of ‘love to her husband’s soul’ she made an accusation against him, which of itself secured his conviction of the same offense, with the same dire penalty.
THE ACCUSATION –
Rebecca Greensmith testifieth in Court Janry 8. 62.
1. ‘That my husband on Friday night last when I came to prison told me that now thou hast confest against thyself let me alone and say nothing of me and I wil be good unto thy children.
2. I doe now testifie that formerly when my husband hathe told me of his great travaile and labour I wondered as it how he did it this he did before I was married and when I was married I asked him how he did it and he answered me he had help yt I knew not of.
3. About three years agoe as I think it; my husband and I were in ye wood several miles from home and were looking for a sow yt we lost and I saw a creature a red creature following my husband and when I came to him I asked him what it was that was with him and he told me it was a fox.
4. Another time when he and I drove or hogs into ye woods beyond ye pound yt was to keep yong cattle severall miles of I went before ye hogs to call them and looking back I saw two creatures like dogs one a little blacker than ye other, they came after my husband pretty close to him and one did seem to me to touch him I asked him wt they were he told me he thought foxes I was stil afraid when I saw anything because I heard soe much of him before I married him.
5. I have seen logs that my husband hath brought home in his cart that I wondered at it that he could get them into ye cart being a man of little body and weake to my apprhension and ye logs were such that I thought two men such as he could not have done it. I speak all this out of love to my husbands soule and it is much against my will that I am now necessitate to speake agaynst my husband, I desire that ye Lord would open his heart to owne and speak ye trueth.
I also testify that I being in ye wood at a meeting there was with me Goody Seager, Goodwife Sanford and Goodwife Ayres; and at another time there was a meeting under a tree in ye green by or house and there was there James Walkely, Peter Grants wife, Goodwife Aires, and Henry Palmers wife of Wethersfield, and Goody Seager, and there we danced, and had a bottle of sack: it was in ye night and something like a catt cald me out to ye meeting, and I was in Mr. Varlett’s orcherd with Mrs. Judith Varlett and shee tould me that shee was much troubled wth ye Marshall Jonath: Gilbert and cried, and shee sayd if it lay in her power shee would doe him a mischief, or what hurt shee could.’
The Greensmiths were convicted and sentenced to suffer death. In January, 1662, they were hung on ‘Gallows Hill,’ on the bluff a little north of where Trinity College now stands – ‘a logical location’ one most learned in the traditions and history of Hartford calls it – ‘as it afforded an excellent view of the execution to a large crowd on the meadows to the west, a hanging being then a popular spectacle and entertainment.” (8:96-100)
“Connecticut can lose nothing in name or fame or honor, if, more than two centuries after the last witch was executed within her borders, the facts as to her share in the strange superstition be certified from the current records of the events.
How may this story best be told? Clearly, so far as may be, in the very words of the actors in those tragic scenes, in the words of the minister and magistrate, the justice and the juryman, the accuser and the accused, and the searcher. Into this court of inquiry come all these personalities to witness the sorrowful march of the victims to the scaffold or to exile, or to acquittal and deliverance with the after life of suspicion and social ostracism.
The spectres of terror did not sit alone at the firesides of the poor and lowly: they stalked in high places, and were known of men and women of the first rank in education and the social virtues, and of greatest influence in church and state. Of this fact there is complete demonstration in a glance at the dignitaries who presided at one of the earliest witchcraft trials–men of notable ancestry, of learning, of achievements, leaders in colonial affairs, whose memories are honored to this day.
These were the magistrates at a session entitled ‘A particular courte in Hartford upon the tryall of John Carrington and his wife 20th Feb., 1662.’ (See Rec. P. C., 2:17): Edw. Hopkins Esqr., Gournor John Haynes Esqr. Deputy, Mr. Wells, Mr. Woolcott, Mr. Webster, Mr. Cullick, Mr. Clarke.
This court had jurisdiction over misdemeanors, and was ‘aided by a jury,’ as a close student of colonial history, the late Sherman W. Adams, quaintly says in one of his historical papers. These were the jurymen:
Mr. Phelps John White John More
Mr. Tailecoat Will Leawis Edw. Griswold
Mr. Hollister Sam Smith Steph Harte
Daniel Milton John Pratt Theo Judd
Before this tribunal – representative of the others doing like service later – made up of the foremost citizens, and of men in the ordinary walks of life, endowed with hard common sense and presumably inspired with a spirit of justice and fair play, came John Carrington and his wife Joan of Wethersfield, against whom the jury brought in a verdict of guilty.
It must be clearly borne in mind that all these men, in this as in all the other witchcraft trials in Connecticut, illustrious or commonplace – as are many of their descendants whose names are written on the rolls of the patriotic societies in these days of ancestral discovery and exploitation – were absolute believers in the powers of Satan and his machinations through witchcraft and the evidence then adduced to prove them, and trained to such credulity by their education and experience, by their theological doctrines, and by the law of the land in Old England, but still clothed upon with that righteousness which as it proved in the end made them skeptical as to certain alleged evidences of guilt, and swift to respond to the calls of reason and of mercy when the appeals were made to their calm judgment and second thought as to the sins of their fellow men.
In no way can the truth be so clearly set forth, the real character of the evidence be so justly appreciated upon which the convictions were had, as from the depositions and the oral testimony of the witnesses themselves. They are lasting memorials to the credulity and superstition, and the religious insanity which clouded the senses of the wisest men for a time, and to the malevolence and satanic ingenuity of the people who, possessed of the devil accused their friends and neighbors of a crime punishable by death.” (5:37-39)
“A Record of the Men and Women Who Came Under Suspicion or Accusation of Witchcraft in Connecticut, and What Befell Them.
Herein are written the names of all persons in anywise involved in the witchcraft delusion in Connecticut, with the consequences to them in indictments, trials, convictions, execution, or in banishment, exile, warnings, reprieves, or acquittals, so far as made known in any tradition, document, public or private record, to this time.” (11:143)
“1662-63 was a notable year in the history of witchcraft in Connecticut. It marked the last execution for the crime within the commonwealth and thirty years before the outbreak at Salem.” (11:150)
“ROLL OF NAMES (Names in Bold Print are those who were hanged).
Alse Young 1647
Mary Johnson 1648
John Carrington 1650-51
Joan Carrington 1650-51
Goody Bassett 1651
Goodwife Knapp 1653
Lydia Gilbert 1654
Elizabeth Godman 1655
Nicholas Bayly 1655
Goodwife Bayly 1655
William Meaker 1657
Elizabeth Garlick 1658
Nicholas Jennings 1661
Margaret Jennings 1661
Nathaniel Greensmith 1662
Rebecca Greensmith 1662
Mary Sanford 1662
Andrew Sanford 1662
Goody Ayres 1662
Katherine Palmer 1662
Judith Varlett 1662
James Walkley 1662
Mary Barnes 1662-63
Elizabeth Seager 1666
Katherine Harrison 1669
Nicholas Disborough 1683
Mary Staplies 1692
Mercy Disborough 1692
Elizabeth Clawson 1692
Mary Harvey 1692
Hannah Harvey 1692
Goody Miller 1692
Hugh Crotia 1693
Winifred Benham Senr. 1697
Winifred Benham Junh. 1697
Sarah Spencer 1724
Unknown Norton 1768
What of those men and women to whom justice in their time was meted out, in this age of reason, of religious enlightenment, liberty, and catholicity, when witchcraft has lost its mystery and power, when intelligence reigns, and the Devil works his will in other devious ways and in a more attractive guise?
They were the victims of delusion, not of dishonor, of a perverted theology fed by moral aberrations, of a fanaticism which never stopped to reason, and halted at no sacrifice to do God’s service; and they were all done to death, or harried into exile, disgrace, or social ostracism, through a mistaken sense of religious duty: but they stand innocent of deep offense and only guilty in the eye of the law written in the Word of God, as interpreted and enforced by the forefathers who wrought their condemnation, and whose religion made witchcraft a heinous sin, and whose law made it a heinous crime.” (2) (11:156-158)
(1) Salem Village Witchcraft Victims’ Memorial At Danvers
(2) Reprinted from The Witchcraft Delusion in Colonial Connecticut 1647 – 1697, John Metcalf Taylor, The Grafton Press Publishers, New York, 1908. (Records Particular Court (2:182); Memorial History Hartford County 1:274); Connecticut Magazine (November 1899, pp. 557-561).
(3) Mudge, Alfred, Memorials: Being A Genealogical, Biographical and Historical Account Of The Name Of MUDGE In America, From 1638 to 1868, Boston, Printed By Alfred Mudge & Son, For The Family, 1868, Pages 27-33.
Connecticut Witch Trials and Posthumous Pardons.
Witches and Witchcraft, The First Person Executed in the Colonies.
On May 9, 1992, the Town of Danvers, Massachusetts, acknowledged and took responsibility for the mistakes of their ancestors by presenting a beautiful granite memorial to the people of the state and the country in honor of the twenty villagers unjustly executed at The Salem Witch Trials which took place between February 1692 and May 1693. “The Memorial serves as a reminder that each generation must confront intolerance and ‘witch hunts’ with integrity, clear vision and courage.” (1) Forty-five years earlier between 1647 and 1663, the settlement at Hartford, Connecticut, also held witch trials that resulted in the hangings of at least ten innocent villagers, one of whom was my eighth great-grandmother, Rebecca Greensmith née Unknown. The Connecticut Witch Trials are dreadful examples of our country’s dark past that shows us how a secluded community made up of a particular group of people, persecuted, labeled, and punished other members of society simply because they didn’t like or understand them. Rev. John Whiting, minister of the First Church in Hartford stated that Rebecca was “a lewd, ignorant and considerably aged woman.” In another place, in another time, would Rebecca, who was unjustly accused without counsel, have been labeled insane? Would she have been a candidate for an insane asylum in 1880 or a nursing home in 2012? Were she and her friends simply dancing and enjoying a bottle of sack? Was it the isolation and strict rules of conformity that drove this community to insanity? I don’t think I would be out of line in suggesting that all the players in this tragic story of indifference were suffering from religious excitement which was listed as a cause of insanity at the Willard State Hospital as late as 1900.
I have read that the state of Connecticut will not grant posthumous pardons or exonerate the people unjustly accused of witchcraft, nor will they officially acknowledge the mistakes of their ancestors. Will New York State lead by example and end the disgrace of anonymous, unmarked graves by releasing the names and burial locations of our ancestors in a unified, digital database available to the public on the internet? Will they allow descendents to obtain the medical records and photographs of their loved one? Will New York remain as blind and indifferent as the state of Connecticut? The Salem and Hartford executions are grim reminders of the fear, ignorance, and intolerance that permeated America’s past, not dissimilar from what happened at long-closed insane asylums. Innocent people were unjustly singled out in shame because they were feared and misunderstood for being different. In both cases, these people were ultimately removed from society and erased from history.
This entry was posted in Genealogy Links and tagged 17th Century New England, Abraham Elson, Connecticut Witch Trials, Edward Griswold, Jarvis Mudge, John Metcalf Taylor, Nathaniel Greensmith, Rebecca Greensmith, Rebecca Steele, Witch Hunts by lsstuhler. Bookmark the permalink.
69 thoughts on “My 8th Great-Grandmother – The Witch of Hartford, Connecticut”
Alice Plouchard Stelzer on July 22, 2012 at 1:43 PM said:
Hi, I found this story about your ancesters very interesting. I am writing a book about the women who helped settle CT. I feel they have never received the credit they deserve for their contributions to the founding of CT. It is a challenge ferretting out their almost nonexistent records. I am focusing on Hartford, Windsor and Wethersfield because they were the first towns. The points you make about mental illnesses are well taken. In the Puritan society, anyone who did not conform was suspect. Women were always under scrutiny because it was thought they were so weak it was easy for the devil to take them over.
L.S. Stuhler on July 23, 2012 at 8:16 AM said:
Thanks, Alice. I’m looking forward to reading your book. Keep in touch!
Alice Plouchard stelzer on February 22, 2015 at 11:04 AM said:
Have you ever had a chance to read Female Adventurers: the women who helped colonize Massachusettsand Connecticut?
Sally on April 25, 2017 at 12:46 AM said:
It is wonderful that all of you have done so much research. I have an Aunt during the trials…Name Elizabeth Seager…her cousin and she were convicted twice but released. Her cousins Uncle was Peter Syvastine (spell) New York then was the Govenor of New Holland which we now know is New York…Have you come across her in your research. This is as far as I have gotten so far. Thanks
lsstuhler on April 25, 2017 at 4:48 PM said:
Peter Stuyvesant. I believe the woman you are referring to was Judith Varlett. Not positive though. -Lin
Carrie on September 24, 2012 at 2:48 PM said:
I was thrilled to find this information…. and I wish you luck with your project. I am close friends with the people working on the Pardon/ Proclamation… if you are interested I will give you the leaders email address. I have just about finished a book I’ve been working on for 5yrs as I am related to Mary Barnes (executed) and Mary Andrus Barnes the second wife of Thomas…. Out of respect for your work I will not be putting any lengthy genealogy info on Rebecca Greensmith in my work… however I am doing some genealogy tracking in some of the other families….I would love to chat with you.
L.S. Stuhler on September 24, 2012 at 4:40 PM said:
Dear Carrie, Please add my 8th great-grandmother, Rebecca (Mudge, my line) Greensmith. I mentioned her briefly in the preface of my book, The Inmates Of Willard 1870 to 1900, to make a point and to draw attention to this issue. Please feel free to post any updates! I’m all for it, be my guest! Let me know when your book comes out. Thanks!! Sincerely, Linda Stuhler
Carrie on September 25, 2012 at 12:32 AM said:
I will certainly do so…. it is so sad how so many went to their deaths so misunderstood and so very very obviously being wronged. In the case of Rebecca and Nathaniel though their property was seized and they lost their lives…. the record of the property value was ordered to be tallied but NOT RECORDED… later the young woman accusing Rebecca married the man who bought the Greensmith property… she had known early on that her father coveted Nathaniel’s choice and lush farmland…. the orders to not record were entered by John Cullick and Matthew Allyn (Matthews son Thomas killed by accident Henry Stiles during a trainband exercise and he admitted and was charged in the death… when it was discovered he could not become a freeman or move ahead in the militia… a “story” was concocted about Henry’s housemate Lydia Gilbert (a fore bearer of Noah Webster) and she was hanged for “causing” Stiles death by “witchcraft.” A year after the hanging…. Thomas Allyn was quickly moving up in the militia ranks.
I have made purple and black bows with a silver insignia of the charter oak to bring to mind Rebecca, Nathaniel and the other nine “Murdered” based on the supernatural. In 2003 I was brought before the CT courts and charged with negligent parenting because I could “cast spells” we sued… never got and $$$$ but to date 17 new laws have been passed protecting non main stream religious sects and more so “Wiccans” in raising their families in the earth based culture centuries old…. unfortunately this was the last blow my marriage took as we lost our second child to SIDS… and my own blood relations while “Locked UP” in MH Facilities made the formal complaint that Avonlea was killed by her father…. yes the subject of my next book…
shermangerherd on September 28, 2012 at 7:27 PM said:
I clicked ‘like’ simply because there is no ‘dislike’ button. What sorrow for all involved. Most of the people did not belong there, and probably many from Germany, Ireland, and other countries were down and out, and may not have been able to function is the free’ country.
You don’t like my blog, insane asylums of the 19th century, or the hanging of “witches” during the 17th century?
I like the site. Not the idea of people being treated like that, insane or not.
Sorry, I worded it wrong.
You HAVE DONE A GREAT SERVICE!
Thanks! I’m glad you like it.
M. on March 3, 2013 at 4:08 PM said:
Reblogged this on Ghost Kingdom and commented:
From a particularly well-researched blog comes this fascinating article on how the 17th c. witchcraze struck in Connecticut by a descendant of one of the 10 victims. Time and time again, the accusations were directed at those who threatened the social order. These ‘witches’ tended to be the outspoken, slightly different, maybe more attractive, women in villages everywhere from the New World to the Old World.
lsstuhler on March 3, 2013 at 4:49 PM said:
Jim Fraser on April 28, 2013 at 10:51 PM said:
I found out that I am also a descendant of Rebecca Greensmith, 8 generations back as well. My grandmothers name was Clara Richards and her descendants were Mudge’s. I will have to compare notes with you. We don’t have anything prior to Rebecca – not sure where she came from.
Jim Fraser
lsstuhler on April 29, 2013 at 8:28 AM said:
Her maiden name MAY be Steele. We probably will never know. Thanks, Jim!
Keith on July 5, 2013 at 4:34 AM said:
Wow. I have been researching my grandfather James Ensign and decided to look into Sarah Elson and found information regarding her mother (Rebecca) being a hanged for witchcraft. Thank you for putting all this information together in a concise way. I was wading through what I could find from Increase Mather’s account and other sources and found your site.
What is somewhat ironic, James Ensign’s father Thomas was a noted puritan reformist and James and Sarah are cited as founding members of Hartford’s Second Church of Christ. When William and Goody Ayres fled in 1662, James took their son on as an apprentice cooper.
lsstuhler on July 5, 2013 at 8:46 AM said:
Thanks Keith. So the family name went from Elson/Elsen to Ensign?
Keith on July 5, 2013 at 11:15 AM said:
For Sarah, yes. Sarah Elson was Abraham Elson and Rebecca’s daughter; she married James Ensign. There are records of Sarah being married as Sarah Hills, but I am not sure where this is from. Rebecca’s family is very interesting, her father George was also a founding member of Hartford along with James Ensign. I am so intrigued as to how this is all connected and what really happened.
lsstuhler on July 5, 2013 at 3:26 PM said:
I got it. Was Rebecca’s maiden name “Steele”?
Keith on July 5, 2013 at 5:47 PM said:
Here is here profile on ancestry.com
http://trees.ancestry.com/tree/24747257/person/12573308236
Here is a profile of her that is free
http://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Steele-1811
Thanks, Keith. Is this your research?
keithensign on August 30, 2014 at 3:01 PM said:
sorry for the very late reply! yes this is what I was able to dig up.
jared on June 15, 2015 at 1:35 AM said:
@Keith @Isstuhler, there were actually 2 Sarah Elsons. One, probably the aunt of the other, was not he daughter of rebecca but about the same age, born in 1611 and married James Ensign who was born in 1607. She died 1676 and he in 1670. they had children from 1630 to 1649. The other who was the daughter of Abraham and Rebecca was born in 1644 and did not marry James Ensign. For details, see a history of James Ensign and Sarah Elson: http://thompsonbrothersgeneology.com/FamilyHistories/EnsignFamily/Ensign-E3325.pdf
keithensign on June 15, 2015 at 1:01 PM said:
Hi Jared,
Do you have an proof that there are two Sarah Elsons? There are no other ancestors of Sarah’s named Sarah. Please see:
https://inmatesofwillard.com/2012/07/19/my-8th-great-grandmother-the-witch-of-hartford-connecticut/comment-page-1/#comment-8936
follow the thread from there for more information.
Kris Carr on December 21, 2013 at 9:04 AM said:
We visited the New London Historical Society in 2009. The librarian said I was the first visitor descended from the “the first white man” buried in New London! I later read that the Mudge homestead was adjacent the this cemetery, The Antientist Cemetary. It later occurred to me that during that era, because there were no public cemeteries, people were buried on their property. So my logic tells me that the New London Antientist Cemetery was actually Jarvis’ and Rebecca’s farm. When she married Nathaniel, and they were later executed, Jarvis Mudge’s farm was lost. To whom I do not know. This leads me to believe that there was definitely an economic basis to some of these witch trials. Do you follow? We are descended from Marvis to Hoskins to Child’s …
lsstuhler on December 21, 2013 at 5:00 PM said:
Thanks Kris! Very interesting! Yes, after they were hanged, they definitely took their land but I think that they would have taken the Greensmith property, not Jarvis’s. Do you think that they took Jarvis’s land because he had two sons that would have inheireted it when he died. I really don’t know. Please feel free comment! Did you take any photos? I would love to see them! Thanks so much! -Lin
Alice Plouchard Stelzer on December 22, 2013 at 8:25 AM said:
They did not take Jarvis’s land. In my research writing “Female Adventurers: the women who helped colonize Massachusetts and Connecticut” I found where the sons came back later to claim the land.
Seth Benham on May 3, 2014 at 3:40 AM said:
I am a direct descendant of Joseph and Winifred Benham of Conn.Winifred and her daughter were accused of being witches.Do you have any information on Winifred? Wow,very interesting but very sad also. Thank you…Seth Benham,Iowa
Maria on October 26, 2014 at 1:14 AM said:
Seth I am also, please get back in touch with me so we can look at our family lines on ancestry.
Whitney on February 20, 2015 at 10:31 PM said:
Really very interesting! She was my ninth great grandmother through Sarah Elson’s line.
I do think a lot of people forgot about this, since it’s a story I’ve never heard about. Interestingly, I think some of the jurors and other players ended up having descendants that mixed with the accused’s descendants. I’m tracing numerous New England lines and I keep seeing the same names come up again. The world was a really small place for pre-Revolutionary New England.
keithensign on February 22, 2015 at 2:35 PM said:
what’s really cool is we are all related 🙂
depressedmary on March 11, 2015 at 9:19 PM said:
My 10th ggrandfather, unfortunately, was a member of jury for the trial of Nathaniel and Rebecca Greensmith and others at that time, John Cowles (Cole) The farmer. Its interesting and sad. He was also the man responsible for taking inventory of their estate… Maybe this is the reason for so much depression and heartache for the Cowles family in general. Maybe we are still paying for those mistakes. I’m sorry we are connected in this way.
David Van Kleeck on June 11, 2015 at 6:44 PM said:
Great blog, and fascinating reading. My own genealogy research suggests there might be at least two other connections between the jury and the convicted witches. In my family line it appears that Edward Griswold had daughter Mary who married William Phelps. William married Abigail Mudge daughter of Micah Mudge in 1706. I appear to be descended from both sides of the decision.
lsstuhler on June 13, 2015 at 12:15 PM said:
Thanks, David! Abigail was the sister of my 6th great-father: Ebenezer Mudge ( wife-Abigail Skinner). How interesting! I never connected those dots!
linda on January 25, 2018 at 6:43 PM said:
There have been several William Phelps. Births 1560,1599 (the Dorchester and Windsor co-founder), his son, the next William was born prior to their immigration on the John and Mary in 1630. This William had a brother Nathaniel who also gave birth to a son named William in 1657. It is also possible that William had a son whom he named William. My line is through Nathaniel Phelps which makes me the 12th g granddaughter of the William Phelps who was on the jury of the Greenfield trial. Also the Alys Young trial. He was the foreman of the first grand jury in the colonies, a magistrate and as horrible as we now know this situation to be, these religious/magical beliefs were ingrained in the Puritans. I am not proud of the “Connecticut witchcraft delusion”, but I am very proud of William’s contributions to the founding of this country.
Patsy Douglas on September 23, 2015 at 10:08 AM said:
Hello, my name is Patsy J. Douglas, I am related to the Griswold’s and the Mudge’s via my Grandfather side of the family. I have been working on the family tree for a while but all this information is just so interesting to me, thought is was great that my Grandmother’s side of the family was full of historic information but this is even better, I love it all, I’m a very big history buff if any one can give me more information I would greatly appreciate it. Please feel free to contact me at patsydouglas8@gmail.com or on Facebook Patsy Douglas
lsstuhler on September 24, 2015 at 8:40 AM said:
What is your grandfather’s name and where is the Griswold/Mudge connection?
Shannon on November 8, 2015 at 12:08 PM said:
Hello. I have come across your site while tracing back my family history. I learned this morning that I am a direct decendent of Rebecca Greensmith. Her daughter, Sarah Elson from her first marriage is my ancestor. What an amazing and tragic story. Thank you for your work in recording this information for those of us seeking to know our history.
lsstuhler on November 15, 2015 at 8:34 PM said:
Thank You, Shannon! No one ever talks about the Hartford Witch Trials. My line is through Jarvis Mudge. Thanks for writing! -Lin
Shannon Timmons on November 8, 2015 at 12:13 PM said:
Hello. Thank you for compiling this fascinating and tragic story.
In researching my own geneiology, I discovered this morning that I am a direct descendent of Rebecca Greensmith. Her daughter Sarah Elson married Ensign, and I am in that line (my maiden name is Ellis).
keithensign on November 12, 2015 at 8:34 PM said:
Hi Shannon, I am direct descendent of James Ensign and Sarah. The whole episode with Rebecca was horrible and the family seemed to try and keep ties to her out of the public record. I have a post on their page that lists quite a bit of history regarding what happened. Hopefully that is of some use to you.
Lonnie Chu on August 28, 2016 at 7:04 PM said:
My maiden name is Mudge and I am a direct descendant of Micah Mudge, son of Jarvis Mudge and Rebecca Mudge Greensmith. My son went to the Culinary Institute of America. His best friend was a young man by the name of Webster who is a direct descendant of the “Mr. Webster” who was one of the magistrates at the trial.
Thank you so much for this excellent article about Rebecca, the best I have ever seen. I’ll be sending it to my family.
lsstuhler on August 29, 2016 at 10:01 AM said:
Thank you, Lonnie! Great story! I am from the same line as you. -Lin
Esther Newman on October 10, 2016 at 7:24 PM said:
Hello, Katherine Harrison was my 9th ggm. No clue what her maiden name was, she was married to John Harrison – some thought she was the daughter of Lydia Gilbert. Her daughter, Sarah who m. Matthias Harvey was my line.
genealogyfun on November 13, 2016 at 6:38 PM said:
Rebecca is my 9th great grandmother (Rebecca/Micah Mudge, Ebenezer, Micah, Elijah, Evert/Edward, Stephen, Sarah, Harry, Jack, Mom, me!). Thanks for sharing this.
Stormy Peterson on December 14, 2016 at 11:06 AM said:
Hello Cousin(s)! This is wild … I have a Rebecca (7th great-grandmother) / Edward (10th great-grandfather) connection in my line as well but on slightly different offshoots. My lines are:
Rebecca -even though unproven I go with- Steele (married Jarvis Mudge) > Micah Mudge (married Mary Alexander) > Martha Mudge (married Jesse J. Braman) > Jesse D. Braman (married Nancy Ward) > Jonathan W. Braman.
Edward Griswold (married Margaret Diamond) > Deborah Griswold (married Samuel Buell) > John Buell (married Mary Loomis) > Lois Buell (married Supply Strong) > Rachel Strong (married Samuel Beach) > Nancy Beach (married Jonathan Ward) > Nancy Ward (married Jesse D. Braman) > Jonathan W. Braman.
Nancy Ward & Reverend Jesse David Braman married 1802 in Coeymans, New York, 139 years after Rebecca’s execution.
lsstuhler on December 14, 2016 at 11:27 AM said:
Danielle on December 28, 2016 at 8:31 PM said:
Hi! I ran across you post while doing research on my family history. Rebecca Greensmith is my 11th great aunt, and her maiden name is Steele. Her brother, John Steele, is my 10th great-grandpa. Awesome research!
Thanks, Danielle! I always thought it was Steele just never had positive proof. Thanks so much!! -Lin
Stormy Peterson on January 14, 2017 at 10:42 PM said:
Wow, that’s awesome! Do you happen to know who their parents were?
This is all so fascinating! I am a descendant of Rebecca as well. Rebecca, Micah, Ebenezer, Joseph, Aaron, Sarah “Sallie”, CHauncy Akin, Carlton Akin, William Akin, Ina Akin Christy, Albert Christy and me. I have just been dabbbling in genealogy and found your article. Thanks!
Lori Lovelady on March 16, 2017 at 2:32 AM said:
Mary barnes who I believe was in trial the same time as the greensmith is my 10th grandmother. Just now starting to research. Enjoyed your writing
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Lisa Blackwell on July 29, 2017 at 1:44 PM said:
Rebecca Steele was my 13th great grandmother. Was so surprised to find she was hung as a witch
Renee on September 8, 2017 at 5:36 PM said:
John and Joan Carrington are my 10x great grandparents. Of the research I have done nothing lists the reasons for trial or conviction, yet they were hanged. I was wondering if you had any further information in that regard.
Anonymous on September 18, 2017 at 12:19 PM said:
Abigail Mudge, the daughter of Micah and granddaughter of Rebecca, married William Phelps on 7 December 1699. William was the son of Timothy Phelps and Mary Griswold. Timothy was the son William Phelps who is always referred to as “Mr Phelps” in the records. Mary Griswold was the daughter Edward Griswold. Thus, only 32 years after the hanging, there was a connection to both Edward Griswold and Mr. Phelps. Abigail Mudge died in 1705 just a few days after the birth of her son Ebenezer. William married Ruth Barber one year later. She was a descendant of Deacon John More, another juryman.
I am descended from Timothy Phelps’ second wife, Ruth Barber. Thus, I am a direct descendant of three of the Jurymen named in the article, but not a descendant of Rebecca. She is the paternal grandmother of the wife of my 6th great-grandfather.
Hi Cousin! In my records, Timothy was the brother of my direct forebear, Nathaniel. One of these days, I will have this all sorted. Somewhere, the Griswolds married in. “Mr.” was not used commonly. It was used in conjunction with the surname when addressing gentry or prosperous middle-class persons. Please excuse my mistake earlier when I wrote of Rebecca as “Greenfield” and not Greensmith.
Dan Phelps on October 10, 2017 at 9:06 AM said:
Edward Griswold was a G G/F of mine in the 1600’s. Edward’s daughter was Mary Griswold (1644-1715) who married my Paternal G G/F Timothy Phelps (1639-1719). Timothy’s Father was William Phelps (1593-1672) who was a Magistrate for the General Courts. Having just uncovered Connecticuts involvement in the Witch Trails, I wonder if William played any part. As mentioned above Mathew Grant was on one of the trails. I believe Ulysses S. Grant to be a descendent of this same Mathew Grant. I know that William Phelps & Mathew Grant arrived in America together in May of 1630 on the Ship Mary & John, (meaning the odds are, William & Mathew must have known each other given there were only 144 on board the ship) I’d be very interested in learning more about and trails and the Courts connection. I wonder if William sentenced people to death for witchcraft or if he had anything to do with the making of Laws concerning witchcraft.
Dan Phelps Madrp88@aol.com
Deanna Edmondson on January 15, 2018 at 11:01 AM said:
I just found that Katherine Palmer was my 9th great grandmother on my grandfathers side Bernice Jones through the DeWolf and the Huntley’s, Gulledge family line. It added to our family stories that I found during my searches.
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Dave K on June 16, 2018 at 3:35 PM said:
It’s been a few years since I became aware of the terrible story of Rebecca Greensmith, and I came across it because of her connection with Jarvis Mudge, who appears to be an ancestor of mine. I call Rebecca a step-ancestor, because I believe the materials I reviewed at the time I worked on my Mudge ancestry suggested our Mudge line came from an earlier marriage of Jarvis Mudge, before Rebecca. I would like to revisit some day. Still, Jarvis, as I remember, was executed along with Rebecca. Their sons, I believe, went to live with a Mudge aunt and uncle. … Dave K
Becky Chabot on July 4, 2018 at 7:08 AM said:
Being a descendant of John and Joan Carrington (my 8th great grandparents) it makes my heart sing that there are others out there that want to understand what happened & share what they find out. Eternally grateful to you for bringing this information to light.
Kayla on July 16, 2018 at 10:46 AM said:
Hi I might be related to you , Rebecca was my 11th times great grandmother. I am also related to the mudges as well
Alli on September 12, 2018 at 6:21 PM said:
My great great grandmother is Abigail Mudge and when I traced her back on Ancestry.com, I had found out I too am related to Rebecca.
Lisa Barnes on November 8, 2018 at 3:09 PM said:
I just finished research and found out I’m related to Mary Barnes the last witch hung in Connecticut
Suzie on November 26, 2018 at 5:34 PM said:
I am descended from Andrew and Mary Sanford (9x gr-grandparents). They were both tried for witchcraft but only Mary was convicted and presumably hung. There are conflicting stories about her execution though. Some say she disappeared and was never found again. Speculation was that when Andrew relocated to Milford, he reunited with Mary (the unknown 2nd wife) and they resumed their marriage. Others confirm the hanging in 1662. I’d love to learn what really happened. There is no record of Mary’s maiden name either.
Anonymous on July 27, 2019 at 9:43 PM said:
My 10th great-grandmother was Katherine Harrison.
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BLOODY, BLOODY CHRISTMAS – The Greatest Christmas Thrillers & Mysteries
By Arthur Conan Doyle, G. K. Chesterton, R. Austin Freeman, Fred M. White, Arthur Cheney Train, Edgar Wallace, Wilkie Collins, Robert Barr, O. Henry, Baroness Emma Orczy, Thomas Hardy, Robert Louis Stevenson, Saki, Sabine Baring-Gould, M. R. James, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charles Dickens, Fergus Hume, Leonard Kip, Lucie E. Jackson, Catherine Crowe, William Douglas O'Connor, John Kendrick Bangs, Louisa M. Alcott, Frank R. Stockton, Grant Allen, James Bowker, Jerome K. Jerome, Florence Marryat, Katherine Rickford, James Matthew Barrie, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, George MacDonald, Mary Elizabeth Braddon, E. F. Benson & Algernon Blackwood
This meticulously edited collection includes some of the finest Christmas mysteries to keep you company for the entire holiday season! From puzzling detective cases to hair raising ghost tales, this collection has it all:
The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle (Arthur Conan Doyle)
The Flying Stars (G. K. Chesterton)
Percival Bland's Proxy (R. Austin Freeman)
A Christmas Capture (Fred M. White)
McAllister's Christmas (Arthur Cheney Train)
The Mystery of Room Five (Fred M White)
A Policeman's Business (Edgar Wallace)
Stuffing (Edgar Wallace)
Mr Wray's Cash Box (Wilkie Collins)
The Adventure of the Second Swag (Robert Barr)
A Chaparral Christmas Gift (O. Henry)
A Christmas Tragedy (Emmuska Orczy)
What the Shepherd Saw (Thomas Hardy)
The Silver Hatchet (Arthur Conan Doyle)
Markheim (Robert Louis Stevenson)
The Wolves of Cernogratz (Saki)
Mustapha (Sabine Baring-Gould)
The Christmas Banquet (Nathaniel Hawthorne)
The Haunted Man (Charles Dickens)
The Ghost's Touch (Fergus Hume)
Glámr (Sabine Baring-Gould)
The Ghosts at Grantley (Leonard Kip)
A Terrible Christmas Eve (Lucie E. Jackson)
Ghosts and Family Legends (Catherine Crowe)
Thurlow's Christmas Story (John Kendrick Bangs)
The Abbot's Ghost (Louisa M. Alcott)
Old Applejoy's Ghost (Frank R. Stockton)
Wolverden Tower (Grant Allen)
The Christmas-Eve Vigil (James Bowker)
The Box with the Iron Clamps (Florence Marryat)
Joseph (Katherine Rickford)
The Story of the Goblins Who Stole a Sexton (Charles Dickens)
The Ghost of Christmas Eve (J. M. Barrie)
The Dead Sexton (Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu)
Uncle Cornelius His Story (George MacDonald)
The Grave by the Handpost (Thomas Hardy)
Number Ninety (Bithia Mary Croker)
At Chrighton Abbey (Mary Elizabeth Braddon)
The Black Bag Left on a Door-Step (Catherine L. Pirkis)
Between the Lights (E. F. Benson)
Transition (Algernon Blackwood)
The Kit-Bag (Algernon Blackwood)
More by Arthur Conan Doyle, G. K. Chesterton, R. Austin Freeman, Fred M. White, Arthur Cheney Train, Edgar Wallace, Wilkie Collins, Robert Barr, O. Henry, Baroness Emma Orczy, Thomas Hardy, Robert Louis Stevenson, Saki, Sabine Baring-Gould, M. R. James, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charles Dickens, Fergus Hume, Leonard Kip, Lucie E. Jackson, Catherine Crowe, William Douglas O'Connor, John Kendrick Bangs, Louisa M. Alcott, Frank R. Stockton, Grant Allen, James Bowker, Jerome K. Jerome, Florence Marryat, Katherine Rickford, James Matthew Barrie, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, George MacDonald, Mary Elizabeth Braddon, E. F. Benson & Algernon Blackwood
The Sign of the Four
The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes
The Valley of Fear
Sherlock Holmes - Novels
His Last Bow
Sherlock Holmes Remastered: A Study in Scarlet
Tales of Terror and Mystery
Sherlock Holmes: The Complete Novels and Stories: Volumes I and II
The Adventure of the Dying Detective
The Disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax
The Mystery of Cloomber
50 Classic Books, Vol. 1
Jules Verne, Arthur Conan Doyle, George Allan England, Sinclair Lewis, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Robert Louis Stevenson, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Joseph Conrad, Leo Tolstoy & Thomas Hardy
The Poison Belt
The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge
The War in South Africa
The Man from Archangel
Through the Magic Door
The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle (With Audio)
Science Fiction Stories
Philip K. Dick, H.G. Wells, Kurt Vonnegut, Randall Garrett, Jack London, Isaac Asimov, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Arthur Conan Doyle, Ayn Rand & Rudyard Kipling
The Adventure of the Cardboard Box
British Murder Mysteries: 350+ Detective Novels & True Crime Stories in One Volume
Arthur Conan Doyle, Edgar Wallace, Wilkie Collins, R. Austin Freeman, Agatha Christie, H. C. McNeile, G. K. Chesterton, Arthur Morrison, Ernest Bramah, Victor L. Whitechurch, Thomas W. Hanshew, E. W. Hornung, J. S. Fletcher, Rober Barr, Frank Froest, C. N. Williamson, A. M. Williamson & Isabel Ostander
The Sherlock Holmes Collection
The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans
The Complete Sherlock Holmes (Illustrated)
Alexandre Dumas, Arthur Conan Doyle, Bram Stoker, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Daniel Defoe, Dante Alighieri, E. M. Berent, Elizabeth Gaskell, Émile Zola, Emily Bronte, F. Scott Fitzgerald & Frances Hodgson Burnett
Sherlock Holmes: De Agra-Schat
Sir Nigel
The Dealings of Captain Sharkey
The Return of Sherlock Holmes (Illustrated + FREE audiobook download link)
Arthur Conan Doyle, Sydney Paget, Frederic Dorr Steele & Charles R. Macauley
The Captain of the Polestar
BRITISH MYSTERIES Boxed Set: 350+ Thriller Novels, Murder Mysteries & True Crime Stories
Agatha Christie, Edgar Wallace, Arthur Conan Doyle, Wilkie Collins, R. Austin Freeman, H. C. McNeile, G. K. Chesterton, Arthur Morrison, Ernest Bramah, Victor L. Whitechurch, Thomas W. Hanshew, E. W. Hornung, J. S. Fletcher, Rober Barr, Frank Froest, C. N. Williamson, A. M. Williamson & Isabel Ostander
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Cross-point switch for a fiber channel arbitrated loop
Status: Expired due to Fees
1. A fibre channel arbitrated loop apparatus, the apparatus comprising:
a matrix of switches having N fibre channel inputs and M fibre channel outputs,the matrix comprising N×
M switches, each of the switches associated with a respective one of the N fibre channel inputs and with a respective one of the M fibre channel outputs, the switches disposed such that any one of the N fibre channel inputs can be connected with any one of the M fibre channel outputs by closure of a particular one of the N×
M switches,configuration means communicatively coupled with the switches, said means bringing about, for at least one of the N fibre channel inputs, the closing at the same time of at least two switches associated therewith, whereby at least two of the M fibre channel outputs are both connected with the at least one of the N fibre channel inputs, the apparatus further comprising;
a first fibre channel device having a fibre channel input and a fibre channel output, the fibre channel output of the device connected with a first one of the N fibre channel inputs of the matrix of switches, the fibre channel input of the device connected with a first one of the M fibre channel outputs of the matrix of switches,a second fibre channel device having a fibre channel input and a fibre channel output, the fibre channel output of the device connected with a second one of the N fibre channel inputs of the matrix of switches, the fibre channel input of the device connected with a second one of the M fibre channel outputs of the matrix of switches,a fibre channel analyser having a fibre channel input, the fibre channel input of the analyzer connected with a third one of the M fibre channel outputs of the matrix of switches,and the switches of the matrix disposed such that the first one of the N fibre channel inputs is connected to the second one of the M fibre channel outputs and is also connected with the third one of the M fibre channel outputs.
A hub for a fiber channel arbitrated loop is disclosed. The hub comprises a switching device including a matrix of switches connected by a plurality of signal lines, each signal line being electrically connected to at least one switch. The hub is operable to selectively connect and disconnect one signal line from at least one other signal line, at least some of the signal lines being operatively connectable to respective devices comprising the fiber-channel arbitrated loop. The switching device is operatively configurable to selectively open and close the switches to arrange the devices on the fiber-channel arbitrated loop.
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RICHMOUNT COMPUTERS LIMITED
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RICHMOUNT COMPUTER LIMITED
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Novartis Corporation
Sankyo Company Limited
2. A method for use with with a fibre channel arbitrated loop and a matrix of switches having N fibre channel inputs and M fibre channel outputs, the matrix comprising N×
M switches, the method comprising the steps of;
for a first one of the N fibre channel inputs, closing a first one of the switches associated therewith,closing a second one of the switches associated with the first one of the N fibre channel inputs,and a first one of the M fibre channel outputs is connected with the first one of the N fibre channel inputs and a second one of the M fibre channel outputs is connected with the first one of the N fibre channel inputs, the method further comprising the steps of;
connecting an input of a fibre channel analyser to the second one of the M fibre channel outputs.
View Dependent Claims (3)
3. The method of claim 2, performed with respect to first and second fibre channel devices each having a fibre channel input and a fibre channel output, the method further comprising the steps of:
connecting the output of the first fibre channel device to the first one of the N fibre channel inputs;
connecting the input of the first fibre channel device to a second one of the N fibre channel outputs;
connecting the output of the second fibre channel device to a second one of the N fibre channel inputs;
connecting the input of the second fibre channel device to a third one of the N fibre channel outputs;
whereby any fibre channel data that is output by the first fibre channel device is communicated both to the input of the second fibre channel device and to the input of the fibre channel analyzer, and the connection of the fibre channel analyser does not contribute to any latency in the connection from the first fibre channel device to the second fibre channel device.
The invention herein disclosed is related to co-pending application number S2000/0710 filed on Sep. 7, 2000 entitled “Fibre Channel Diagnostics in a Storage Enclosure” naming Aedan Diarmid Cailean Coffey et al as inventors; to co-pending application number S2000/0709 filed on Sep. 7, 2000 entitled “Performance Monitoring in a Storage Enclosure” naming Aedan Diarmid Cailean Coffey et al as inventors; and to co-pending application number S2000/0706 filed on Sep. 7, 2000 entitled “Data Gathering Device for a Rack Enclosure” naming Aedan Diarmid Cailean Coffey et al as inventors.
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to a Cross-Point Switch for a Fibre-Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL).
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
Fibre Channel (FC) is a general name for an integrated set of standards being developed by ANSI (American National Standards Institute) whose purpose is to act as a universal high-speed interface for computers and mass storage. FC is a data transfer protocol that provides a highly reliable, gigabit interconnect technology that allows concurrent communications among workstations, mainframes, servers, data storage systems and other peripherals using Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) and Internet Protocol (IP) protocols. FC supports multiple topologies, including a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL), which can scale to a total system bandwidth on the order of a terabit per second.
From a logical point of view, an FC-AL is a single, continuous path composed of links and nodes, wherein each node has at least one port which can act as a transmitter, receiver or both. A Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) topology can be produced by simply connecting the transmit output portion of a node'"'"'s port to receive input portion of another node'"'"'s port, such connection existing between 3 or more devices in a daisy-chain formation. This connection arrangement allows a circular data path or loop to be created, but poses significant problems for trouble-shooting and adding or removing devices. In order to add a new device for example, the entire loop must be downed as new links are added. If a fibre optic or copper cable breaks or a transceiver fails, all cables and connectors between all devices must be examined to identify the offending link.
Hubs resolve these problems by collapsing the loop topology into a star configuration. Instead of connecting devices directly together, each device is connected to a port on a hub. The hub completes the connection from device to device. Since all devices are connected centrally to a hub, the hub becomes the focal point of additions or moves or changes to the network.
FIG. 7 shows the internal architecture of a conventional hub with four hub ports (P0, P1, P2 and P3) to which are connected three disks (D0, D1 and D2) so that hub port P1 has no disk connected to it. The main advantage of a hub is that each hub port comprises a port bypass circuit (PBC) or Loop Relay Circuit (LRC), shown in FIG. 7 as PBC0, PBC1, PBC2 and PBC3.
These circuits enable the fibre channel arbitrated loop (FC-AL) to be opened and closed and thereby dynamically reconfigured if a device is added or removed to the FC-AL. The PBC is comprised of a 2-input MUX and a switch connecting either one of the MUX inputs to the output. The MUXs in the PBCs are connected in sequence such that the output of each MUX acts as one of the inputs for the next MUX. The loop is completed by connecting the output of the final MUX in the hub (MUX3) to the one of the inputs of the first MUX (MUX0).
For example, looking at hub port P2, it can be seen that the output of the MUX from the PBC of the preceding hub port, namely MUX1, is transmitted both to hub port P2 and to one of the inputs of MUX2. On reaching P2, the output from MUX1 is transmitted to the connected device D1. The response from D1 is transmitted back through the hub port P2 to the other input of MUX2. In use, if a hub port (in this case P2), detects that a device is connected to it, then the switch (in this case S2) in the MUX (in this case MUX2) of the hub port'"'"'s PBC (in this case PBC2) directly connects the response signal from the attached device (in this case D1) to the MUX output.
Looking at hub port P1 for example, if however, a hub port detects that a device is not connected to it, or is not responding, the switch (S1) is toggled so that it directly connects the input from the preceding MUX (MUX0) to the output of its own MUX (MUX1). This acts to close the associated PBC (PBC1) and bypass the hub port (P1) thereby allowing the loop to remain intact. This prevents a failing device or connection from bringing down the entire loop.
If it is desired to add a new device, at port P1 for example, the loop opens automatically to add the new device without manual intervention, by toggling the position of the corresponding PBC switch (S1). By this, the hub allows hot plugging; the ability to add and remove devices while the loop is active. In future versions of FC-AL, before a new device is allowed to be inserted in the loop, the hub will, at a minimum, verify valid signal quality. If a device exhibits poor signal quality or inappropriate clock speed, the associated PBC switch will remain toggled to bypass the hub-port, thereby allowing the other nodes on the loop to continue without disruption.
Arbitrated loop hubs may provide from 1 to 16 hub ports, with accommodation for more devices accomplished by cascading hubs together. A cascade is built by simply connecting a hub port of one hub to a hub port on the other, preferably with fibre optic cabling. In this way the total loop circumference is extended through additional hubs until the desired port count is reached.
However, such hubs have the disadvantage that the sequence of ports in the FC-AL through which a signal is transmitted is fixed by the internal wiring of the hub. Further such systems only allow the connection of one port to another thereby acting to include devices in the FC-AL.
Such hubs do not normally allow for branching type connections that would enable a device to sample information from the FC-AL without intervening in its activity. Also the activity of bypassing a loop in the hub introduces a delay into the loop traffic.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, the present invention provides a hub for a fibre channel arbitrated loop, said hub comprising a switching device including a matrix of switches connected by a plurality of signal lines, each signal line being electrically connected to at least one switch, operable to selectively connect and disconnect one signal line from at least one other signal line, at least some of said signal lines being operatively connectable to respective devices comprising said fibre channel arbitrated loop, said switching device being operatively configurable to selectively open and close said switches to arrange said devices on said fibre-channel arbitrated loop.
Preferably, said plurality of signal lines is divided into a first sub-set and a second sub-set of signal lines, at least some of said first sub-set of signal lines being operatively connectable to respective input ports of devices comprising said fibre-channel arbitrated loop, and at least some of said second sub-set of signal lines being operatively connectable to respective output ports of devices comprising said fibre-channel arbitrated loop.
Preferably, said devices comprise a combination of storage devices and repeaters.
In a preferred embodiment, said switching device is configurable to operatively connect one of said second sub-set of signal lines to a fibre channel analyser.
Further preferably, said switching device is a cross-point switch.
In a further aspect there is provided a circuit board comprising the hub according to the invention, said circuit board including a plurality of tracks which in use connect at least some of said signal lines to a respective one of each of said devices comprising said fibre channel arbitrated loop. In a preferred embodiment, the circuit board is an enclosure services processor card adapted to plug into a backplane for a rack enclosure and said plurality of tracks terminate at an edge connector for connecting said card into said backplane. Alternatively, the circuit board is a backplane for a rack enclosure and said plurality of tracks terminate at respective edge connectors for connecting said backplane to said devices comprising said fibre channel arbitrated loop.
In a still further aspect, there is provided a rack enclosure comprising a backplane incorporating a hub according to the invention and a plurality of devices connected to said backplane forming a fibre channel arbitrated loop. Preferably, the hub is incorporated on one of said backplane or a card plugged into said backplane.
Preferably, said switching device is operatively connectable to an enclosure services processor, said processor being adapted to configure said switching device to arrange said devices on said fibre channel arbitrated loop and to connect said fibre channel analyser to said loop.
The features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention, taken together with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a broad overview of a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) Analyser and the manner in which it relates to other elements in an integrated data gathering system for a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL);
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the components of a frame;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the components of a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL);
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a broad overview of an example scenario showing how a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) analyser might be used on a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop;
FIG. 5 is a more detailed diagram of the cross-point switch illustrated in FIG. 1 (A specific example of the manner in which it might be used is made with reference to the example scenario shown in FIG. 4);
FIG. 6 is a detailed block diagram of the FC-AL analyser of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 7 is a diagram of a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop whose components are connected using a conventional hub comprising a plurality of port bypass circuits.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a broad overview of a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) and the manner in which it relates to other elements in an integrated data gathering system for the FC-AL. The overall operation of this system is described in co-pending application entitled “Data Gathering Device for a Rack Enclosure” naming Aedan Diarmid Cailean Coffey et al as inventors.
In the preferred embodiment, a plurality of disks (80) are housed in a rack and engage a back-plane (10) within the rack through edge-connectors (not shown). The disks are electrically and logically connected to form two FC-AL Loops A and B via respective hubs, each comprising a cross-point switch (also known as cross-bar switch) (30, 30′) described later. The disks are then in turn configured to form a redundant array of independent disks (RAID) or Just a Bunch of Disks (JBOD).
A pair of FC-AL analysers (70, 70′) are preferably located on each of pair of SCSI Enclosure Services (SES) processor boards (4, 4′), with each board being associated with one of Loops A or B. Nonetheless, the analysers may also be located on the back-plane (10) or wherever else in the integrated data gathering system as would enable the analyser to be on the FC-AL. The operation of both SES processor boards (4, 4′) is identical and so reference will only be made in the present description to the board 4 and its components.
Again, the positioning of the analysers on the FC-AL is managed by the cross-point switch (30), however, it should be recognised that the analysers could also operate via a modified conventional type port-bypass circuit by sacrificing the benefits of using the cross-point switch, as explained below.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the FC-AL analyser (70) serves as an adjunct to the SES Processor (7). The SES Processor (7) of the preferred embodiment provides online monitoring and control of variables predominantly associated with the enclosure environment (e.g. temperatures at different locations in the enclosure, fan speed, power supply voltages and currents and presence/absence of I/O controls, loop relay circuits and device drivers). Further details of the SES Processor (7) can be obtained in co-pending patent application entitled “Performance Monitoring in a Storage Enclosure” naming Aedan Diarmid Cailean Coffey et al as inventors.
In FIG. 1 it can be seen that the SES processor (7) is in bi-directional communication with disks (80) on the FC-AL, via one of a pair of Data Gatherer Chips (50, 50′) through an Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus (54) and an Enclosure Services Interface (ESI) bus (52) (also known as Small Form Factor SFF-8067). (Where data gatherer chips are not employed, the SES processor can connect directly to the ESI ports of the disks.)
Through communication between components of the FC-AL itself, communications from the SES processor (7) to FC-AL disks (80) are transmitted to a Host CPU (not shown) on the FC-AL. Further references to communication between the SES processor (7) and a host CPU will assume communication through the Data Gatherer Chip (50) and FC-AL disks (80) and will assume that the host CPU is a node on the FC-AL itself.
Since this operation of the analyser (70) involves the detection of transmission errors on a FC-AL, it is useful at this point to briefly review fibre channel (FC) transmission protocols, the FC-AL topology and the types of errors that occur in such systems.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model for FC is structured with 5 independent layers as follows;
FC-0 which defines the physical media and transmission rates
FC-1 which defines the transmission protocol including serial encoding and decoding rules, special characters, timing recovery and error control.
FC-2 which defines the framing protocol and flow control
FC-3 which defines the common services
FC-4 which defines the application interfaces that can execute over FC such as SCSI, IPI and IP.
From this it can be seen that the FC protocol does not have its own command set, but merely manages the data transfer between participating devices and thus inter-operates with existing upper-level protocols such as Small Computer System Interface (SCSI-3), Intelligent Peripheral Interface (IPI) and Internet Protocol (IP). Hence a complete analysis of a FC-AL could include a higher-level analysis of the SCSI protocol commands issued on the FC-AL network in addition to the lower-level analysis of the FC protocol.
Hence, the analyser 70 not solely limited to the analysis of FC characters, but can also be extended to include the analysis of SCSI commands on the FC-AL, by integrating the functionality of SCSI analyser (5) as described in related patent application number S2000/0709 entitled “Performance Monitoring in a Storage Enclosure” naming Aedan Diarmid Cailean Coffey et al as inventors (Attorney docket number PI 29276), with that of the FC-AL analyser (70).
Fibre Channel (FC) Components
Devices that can be accessed via FC are known as nodes. FC nodes have at least one port (known as an N-port) such ports can act as transmitters, receivers or both. The term NL_port is used to designate a N_port that can support arbitrated loop functions in addition to basic point-to-point functions. A node that initiates a transaction is known as an originator, the node that answers it is called a responder.
Fibre Channel (FC) Transmission Protocols
Before it is transmitted every byte of data is encoded into a 10 bit string known as a transmission character (using an 8B/10B encoding technique (U.S. Pat. No. 4486739)). Each un-encoded byte is accompanied by a control variable of value D or K, designating the status of the rest of the bytes in the transmission character as that of a data character or a special character respectively.
The encoding from an 8-bit data byte into a 10-bit code is achieved according to an 8B/10B-translation table and a running disparity calculated from a bit-stream. The running disparity is calculated as the number of ones minus the number of zeros sent in the bit-stream and is proportional to the DC level of the bit-stream. The 8B/10B-translation table includes two entries, corresponding to a positively or negatively valued running disparity for each 8-bit data byte. The entry is chosen to keep the running disparity for a given 8-bit data byte between +1 and −1 so that the DC balance is maintained near zero.
In general, the purpose of this encoding process is to ensure that there are sufficient transitions in the serial bit-stream to make clock recovery possible. The 8B/10B encoding technique supplies sufficient error detection and correction to permit use of low cost transceivers, as well as timing recovery methods to reduce the risk of radio frequency interference and ensure balanced, synchronised transmissions.
Whilst, every 8-bit data byte is encoded as a 10 bit transmission character according to this encoding process, there are however, many more possible 10 bit transmission characters than are needed to map to particular 8-bit data bytes. Only one of the remaining 10 bit encodings is of interest in this present description, namely the K28.5 transmission character. This character contains a “comma”, a 7-bit string that cannot occur in any data transmission character (i.e. a transmission character corresponding to a data character) because of this, the K28.5 is used as a special control character.
As discussed above, the 8B/10B encoding technique provides a means of synchronisation to a received signal, however it also provides a means for error detection. Invalid transmission characters are transmission characters that have not been defined according to the 8B/10B-translation table. Invalid transmission characters also includes those transmission characters that are received or transmitted with an incorrect running disparity.
All information in FC is transmitted in groups of four transmission characters called transmission words (40 bits). Some transmission words have the K28.5 transmission character as their first transmission character and are called ordered sets. Ordered sets provide a synchronisation facility which complements the synchronisation facility provided by the 8B/10B encoding technique. Whilst phase locked loops (PLLs) enable synchronisation on the bit level with the assistance of the 8B/10B encoding technique, the responder also needs to synchronise with the originator at the 40 bit level. Ordered sets provide for both bit and word synchronisation. Such synchronisation establishes word boundary alignment, since the K28.5 transmission character can not be transmitted across the boundaries of any two adjacent ordered sets unless an error has occurred. Synchronisation is deemed to have occurred when the responder identifies the same transmission word boundary on the received bit-stream as that established by the originator.
An ordered set may be a frame delimiter, a primitive signal or a primitive sequence. A frame delimiter includes one of a Start_of_Frame (SOF) or an End_of_Frame (EOF). These ordered sets immediately precede or follow the contents of a frame, their purpose is to mark the beginning and end of frames. Frames will be discussed in more detail below. Primitive signals are normally used to indicate events or actions. The set of primitive signals is comprised of the Idle and Receiver Ready (R_RDY) ordered sets. An Idle is a primitive signal transmitted continuously over the link when no data is being transmitted. The Idle is transmitted to maintain an active link over a fibre and enables the responder and originator to maintain bit, byte and word synchronisation. The R_RDY primitive signal indicates that an interface buffer is available for receiving further frames. Primitive sequences are used to indicate states or conditions and are normally transmitted continuously until something causes the current state to change. Such sequences include Offline (OLS), Not Operational (NOS), Link Reset (LR) and Link Reset Response (LRR), all of which are used in the process of initialising a link between two N-ports
A frame is the smallest indivisible packet of information transmitted between two N_Ports. FIG. 2 shows a diagrammatic representation of a frame. A frame (110) is comprised of a Start_of_Frame (SOF) ordered set (112), a header (114), a payload (116), the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) (118) and an End_of_Frame (EOF) ordered set (120). The header (114) contains information about the frame, including routing information (the source and destination addresses (122 and 124), the type of information contained in the payload (126) and sequence exchange/management information (128).
The payload (116) contains the actual data to be transmitted and can be of variable length between the limits of 0 and 2112 bytes. The CRC (118) is a 4-byte record used for detecting bit errors in the frame when received. The total size of a frame can be variable but must be an even multiple of four bytes so that partial transmission words are not sent. Individual frame sizes are transparent to software using the FC because the groups of one or more related frames responsible for a single operation are transmitted as a unit, such units being known as sequences.
Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL)
FC-AL is a loop interconnection topology that allows up to 127 participating node ports (one of which can be a fabric loop port providing attachment to a switched fabric) to communicate with each other without the need for a separate switched fabric. Instead of a centralised approach to routing, the FC-AL distributes the routing function to each loop port.
FIG. 3 shows a diagrammatic representation of a four node FC-AL. The FC-AL comprises four nodes (130, 131, 132 and 133) connected together via their ports (134, 135, 136 and 137). Information flows between the ports in a unidirectional fashion.
The arbitrated loop configuration is created by connecting a transmit output section of each port to a receive input section of the next loop port (e.g. connecting the transmit output section of Node 1 Port 1 (139) to the receive input section of Node 2 Port 2 (140)). Signal transmission continues through the remaining nodes on the FC-AL, until the signal reaches its designated responder. In other words, information from a given port (i.e. the originator) flows around the loop to its designated responder through each of the intermediate ports. Each port on the loop contains a repeater (146, 147, 148 and 149) allowing frames and ordered sets to pass through the port.
Loop-specific protocols are defined to control loop initialisation, arbitration and the opening and closing of loop circuits. These protocols use primitive signals and primitive sequences comprised of loop-specific ordered sets. The loop-specific ordered sets act as an addendum to those ordered sets previously defined by the Fibre Channel Standard, which have been specifically developed to implement the FC-AL protocols.
FC-AL does not add any new frame delimiter ordered sets. Additional Primitive Signals include those for arbitration (e.g. ARBX), clock synchronisation (e.g. SYNX), and opening (e.g. OPNy) and closing (CLS) communications between specific nodes. Additional Primitive Sequences include those for loop initialisation (LIP) and loop port bypass and enablement.
Operation of the FC-AL
Loop initialisation is used to initialise the loop, assign addresses to the ports on the loops, known as Arbitrated Loop Physical Address (AL_PA), and provide notification that the configuration may have changed. Loop initialisation is achieved by means of the Loop Initialisation Primitive (LIP) sequence and a series of loop initialisation frames. Any loop port on the loop is capable of starting loop initialisation by entering the initialising state and transmitting one of the LIP sequences.
The loop is a common resource shared by all loop ports. In order to ensure that information from one loop port does not interfere with information from another, each loop port must arbitrate for access to the loop and win arbitration before they transmit frames of their own on the loop. When a device is ready to transmit data, it arbitrates for access to the loop by transmitting the Arbitrate (ARBX) Primitive Signal, where x= the Arbitrated Loop Physical Address (AL_PA) of the device, which it then transmits to the next node in the loop.
If no other device wishes to transmit, the ARBX is transmitted around the loop through each node in turn, until it returns to the original arbitrating node. Once the node has received its own ARBX Primitive Signal it has gained control of the loop.
However, if more than one device on the loop is arbitrating at the same time, when an arbitrating device receives another device'"'"'s ARBX, it compares the x value of the received ARBX (i.e. the AL_PA of the originator) with its own AL_PA. The device transmits the ARBX with the numerically lower AL_PA while the ARBX with the numerically larger AL_PA is blocked. Thus the device with the lower AL_PA will gain control of the loop first. Once that device relinquishes control of the loop, the other device will have another chance at arbitrating for control.
After a loop port has won arbitration (and hence has become an originator), it must then select a destination port (or a responder port) before sending frames to that port. This selection process is known as opening the destination port and uses the open (OPN) ordered set that the originator transmits to the responder. Once this happens, there essentially exists a point to point connection between the two devices. Only the originator and responder ports in the loop circuit are able to originate frame transmission. All the other devices in the loop between the originator and the responder device simply repeat the data.
As long as the loop circuit is active, the originator and responder ports have full use of the loop'"'"'s bandwidth. Each loop may simultaneously transmit and receive data. When the two ports have completed communication with each other, the circuit is closed and the loop is made available for use by other ports.
FC-AL Errors
(1) Link Errors
Link errors can occur during the transmission of the ordered sets used to implement the loop protocols. Most link errors will result in an 8B/10B error manifested as either an invalid transmission character or running disparity error. Some link errors may result in a valid but incorrect transmission character being decoded. If a node on an FC-AL receives an invalid transmission character while in the monitoring or arbitrating states, it substitutes any valid character for the invalid transmission character in order to create a valid word.
This behaviour introduces the possibility that a node could detect an invalid transmission character of an ordered set destined for another node and replace any transmission character in the ordered set with a different one. The substitution may result in an ordered set being unrecognisable by the receiving node. There is also the possibility that an ordered set could be transformed into a different valid ordered set, or that an AL_PA value in the ordered set could be transformed into a different AL_PA value.
If an ordered set is corrupted and unrecognisable, the action taken by a receiving node depends on the current state of the node. An invalid ordered set can be either retransmitted, discarded with the port continuing normal transmission with an appropriate fill word or another ordered set.
(2) Loop Protocol Errors
Loop Protocol Errors can occur as a result of lost ordered sets, incorrect ordered sets or unexpected ordered sets. A lost ordered set is one that is never recognised by its intended recipient. It could have been corrupted by a link error or due to a failure in the sending port. Lost ordered sets result in an expected action never occurring, an incorrect action occurring or the action occurring at the wrong port.
The errors can occur during any of the loop protocols, including arbitration, while opening or closing a loop circuit and during frame transmission or initialisation. For instance errors during the arbitration protocol may result in one or more ARB primitives being lost or corrupted.
(3) Other Errors
In addition to the errors that are unique to the FC-AL topology, the FC-AL environment is also subject to all of the normal errors that can occur in non-loop environments. A frame may be lost or misrouted if it is delivered to the wrong port or if the SOF delimiter is corrupted. A frame may contain a CRC error. A frame may also contain an invalid transmission word. An invalid transmission word is recognised by the responder when one of the following conditions is detected; an invalid transmission character is detected within a transmission word (in accordance with the 8B/10B-translation table), a special character alignment error is detected. (e.g., a K28.5 character is received as an odd-numbered character). In addition, errors can affect the flow control mechanisms using R_RDY and ACK ordered sets.
Turning now to the FC-AL analyser, FIG. 4 depicts a broad overview of an example scenario showing how the FC-AL analyser might be used on a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop. This diagram serves only to provide an example of an application of a FC-analyser and should in no way be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. FIG. 4 should be viewed in conjunction with FIG. 1 to observe how the simplified representation of the analysis of a FC-AL shown in FIG. 4, relates to the integrated data gathering system for a FC-AL shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 4 should also be viewed in conjunction with FIG. 5 to observe how the logical connections between the devices on the FC-AL shown in FIG. 4 are physically implemented in a cross-point switch (30).
Looking initially at FIG. 4, there are shown two FC-AL analysers, namely FC-AL Analyser 0 (150) and FC-AL Analyser 1 (152) corresponding to either the analysers 70 or 70′ in FIG. 1. The analysers are connected to the FC-AL via branches from the loop at points (154) and (156) respectively. The FC-AL has five nodes therein, of which three are hard disks (Disk 0 (158), Disk 1 (160) and Disk 2 (162)). Of the remaining nodes one is a host CPU, Host A (164), with an AL_PA of 42 and the other is a repeater (166).
The purpose of a repeater is as follows; while it is possible to transmit signals for considerable distances over coaxial cable without degradation, differences in impedance across connections between components leads to degradation of a signal and the necessity for repeaters to filter and amplify the signal. Since the disks in a FC-AL receive and actively transmit signals through their ports they effectively act as repeaters themselves. However, it is necessary to space the disks evenly about the FC-AL to achieve balanced signal repetition. In a FC-AL with few disks, it is necessary to supplement the repeating activity of the disks by means of additional repeaters. However, whilst repeaters act to improve the quality of a transmitted signal, they have the disadvantage of adding to the latency of the loop. Taking these two issues into account, the cross-point switch as will be described in FIG. 5, provides the facility for user configurable or automatic, arrangement and use of repeaters, in order to optimise the performance of the FC-AL.
As can be seen from above, a repeater basically takes the fibre channel signal and cleans up the edges but does not alter the timing. A retimer takes the signal in it'"'"'s serial form, extracts the clock with a PLL (phase locked loop) and retransmits the data synchronised to a new, externally provided clock, thus removing jitter. A disk is a retimer, and both repeaters and retimers are available as standalone devices or embedded in other devices such as port bypass circuits.
Returning to FIG. 4, the two FC-AL analysers, (FC-AL Analyser 0 (150) and FC-AL Analyser 1 (152)) sample data from the FC-AL through their connection points (154 and 156). The data sampled from the FC-AL, by the two FC-AL analysers is shown in the diagram as Serial Data to Analyser (through connections C6 and B7 (32 and 34)).
The two FC-AL analysers, (FC-AL Analyser 0 (150) and FC-AL Analyser 1 (152)) are each equipped with a SCSI Enclosure Services (SES) Processor Interface (172 and 174 respectively). The SES Processor Interface (172 and 174) enables bi-directional communication between the FC-AL Analyser (150 and 152) and the SES Processor (7). Such bi-directional communications are comprised of configuration commands sent to a given FC-AL Analyser from the SES processor (7) (shown in the diagram as Analyser Control Signal) and performance-related data transmitted from the FC-AL analyser to the SES processor (7) (shown in the diagram as Analyser_Data). Communications between the FC-AL analysers (150 and 152) and the SES processor (7) are conducted through respective ESI busses (40 and 42). The methods for configuring the FC-AL analysers (150 and 152) will be described in further detail later in this section.
FIG. 4 also shows as an example, an ARB ordered set (184) transmitted from Host A (164) to the next node on the FC-AL, namely a Disk 0 (158). The presence of the ARB ordered set (184) indicates that Host A (164) desires to gain control of the FC-AL as described earlier.
Whilst a single FC-AL analyser (150 or 152) provides very detailed information concerning activity on the FC-AL at its connection point (154 or 156), the particular benefits of the embodiment become more evident on comparing the data from a multiplicity of such analysers.
In FIG. 4, a FC-AL with two FC-AL analysers (FC-AL Analyser 0 (150) and FC-AL Analyser 1 (152)) is shown. If, for example, on comparing the number of LIP ordered sets detected by both analysers, it is found that the number of LIP ordered sets detected by FC-AL Analyser 0 (150) is greater than that detected by FC-AL Analyser 1 (152), then such would indicate that Disk 2 (162) is likely to be a source of LIP ordered sets. Such in turn would indicate that Disk 2 (162) was out of synchronisation with respect to the rest of the components on the FC-AL.
FIG. 4 shows the logical connections between the devices in the specific example described above, however, FIG. 5 shows how these logical connections are implemented physically by means of a cross-point switch.
A cross-point switch (or cross-bar switch) (CPS) comprises a matrix of switches connected by signal lines, thereby creating a switching device with a fixed number of inputs and outputs. A CPS (30) can be constructed according to one of the following architectures:
(i) Concentration : more input lines than output lines
(ii) Expansion : more output lines than input lines
(iii)Connection : an equal number of input and output lines
In the example given in FIG. 5, a CPS (30) with connection architecture (a square matrix of switches) is employed with 8 inputs and 8 outputs. It must be emphasised once again, that this diagram serves only as an example of an implementation of the CPS (30) and should in no way be considered as limiting the scope of the invention. The inputs to the CPS (30) are located on the left-hand side of the square matrix and are labelled with letters A to H from the top down. The outputs from the CPS (30) are located at the bottom of the square matrix and are labelled 0 to 9 running from left to right. At the intersection of each input and output line, there is provided a switched connection which, for the purposes of the present description, will be labelled with the letter and number of the input and output lines between which the switched connection can make or break a circuit. In FIG. 5, closed connections (switches) are shown as solid circles and open switches are shown as hashed circles. Solid lines are used to indicate a signal transmitted from a connected input device to a connected output device, whereas unused CPS input and output lines are shown as shaded lines.
A range of devices are connected to the inputs and outputs of the CPS (30), these devices correspond to the devices described earlier in relation to FIG. 4. The output of Disk 0 is connected to CPS input A, the output of Disk 1 is connected to CPS input B and the output of Disk 2 is connected to CPS input C. The output of the repeater (166) is connected to CPS input E and the output of Host A is connected to CPS input F, the other inputs to the CPS (D, G and H) remain unconnected.
Disk 1 receives its input from CPS output 0 via CPS connection A0 and Disk 2 receives its input from CPS output 1 via CPS connection B1. Further, the repeater (166) and Host A receive their inputs from CPS outputs 2 and 3 respectively, via CPS connections C2 and E3 respectively. Disk 0, FC-Analyser 0 (150) and FC-Analyser 1 (152) receive their inputs from CPS outputs 4, 6 and 7 via CPS connections F4, C6 (32 in FIG. 4) and B7 (34 in FIG. 4) respectively. The logical links in the FC-AL depicted in FIG. 4 are shown with the corresponding alphanumeric designation from the CPS connection loops shown in FIG. 5.
Looking at the FC-AL in FIG. 4, it can be seen that Host A (164) is logically connected to Disk 0 (158). This association is physically implemented in FIG. 5 by connecting the output from Host A on CPS input line F to CPS output line 4 through the fifth switch on CPS input line F. Similarly the logical connection between Disk 0 and Disk 1 in FIG. 4 is physically implemented in FIG. 5 by connecting the output from Disk 0 on CPS input line A to CPS output line 0 through the first switch on CPS input line A.
It can also be seen in FIG. 4 that Disk 1 is connected both to Disk 2 and FC-Analyser 1 (152). However, whilst Disk 2 is logically an element in the FC-AL, the FC-Analyser 1 (152) samples data from the FC-AL on a branching connection therefrom, without itself contributing to the latency of the FC-AL. Such connection structure is physically implemented in FIG. 5 by connecting the output voltage signal from Disk 1 on CPS input line B to the CPS output lines 1 and 7 through the second and eighth switches on the CPS input line B. The FC-Analyser 1 (152) is connected to the CPS output line 7 through the CPS connection loop B7 (34) and the Disk 2 is connected to the CPS output line 1 through the CPS connection loop B1 (188). However, whilst Disk 2 continues the FC-AL by transmitting its output to CPS input line C, the FC-Analyser 1 (152) transmits the results of its analyses directly to the SES processor (7) and thereby does not itself contribute to the loop delay on the FC-AL. From the SES processor (7), the results of the FC-AL analysis are processed and transmitted to a disk on the FC-AL via the Data Gatherer Chip (50) (shown in FIG. 1 but not in FIG. 4) through SPI and ESI busses ((54) and (52) in FIG. 1).
For the sake of brevity, the physical connections between the remaining nodes and FC-analyser for the FC-AL depicted in FIG. 4 will not be described here, but can be ascertained on examination of FIG. 5.
The SES processor (7) is also in bi-directional communication with any FC-analysers (70) (via 40 and/or 42) and unidirectional communication with the CPS (30) (via 36). The bi-directional link between the SES processor (7) and the host CPU (82), enables the SES processor (7) to transmit the results of any environmental monitoring or traffic analysis from the FC-AL analyser (70) to the host CPU (82). However, the bi-directional link also enables the host CPU (82) to issue configuration commands to the SES processor (7), which the SES processor (7) in turn transmits to the CPS (30) and/or the FC-AL analyser (70).
The communication links between the host CPU (82) and the FC-AL analyser (70) via the SES processor (7) allows the FC-AL analyser (70) to be programmed by the user to measure particular analytical variables relating to the performance of the FC-AL. Such user-configurable data acquisition is enabled by software, running on the host CPU (82), which packets the configuration requirements of the user into a form that can be interpreted byte SES processor (7) (e.g. configuration pages). On receiving this information the SES processor (7) determines the appropriate destination for the configuration commands and transmits it to the destination in the appropriate form.
Similarly, information from the FC-AL analyser (70) is transmitted to the SES processor (7) as, for example, a status page, and thence to Vision (or other similar software) on the host CPU (82) and displayed to the user in a more accessible format.
Communication between the host CPU (82) and the CPS (30) via the SES processor (7) allows the configuration of the on/off states of the different switches in the CPS matrix (30) to be programmed by the user. Such configuration of the CPS (30) thereby determines the connection sequence of nodes in the FC-AL and the structure and placement of the branching connections for FC-Analysers on the FC-AL. Configuration of the CPS (30) by the user is also enabled by software running on the host CPU (82) (for example Vision as described above).
Thus, on start-up, the system operates in an autonomous mode wherein any disks connected to the storage rack transmit a signal to the Data Gatherer Chip (50) on the Pres1-m lines, FIG. 1. This signal notifies the Data Gatherer Chip (50) of the presence of the connected disks and the SES processor (7) in turn obtains this information from the Data Gatherer Chip (50). (Alternatively, if data gatherer chips 50, 50′ are not employed, the SES Processors could receive the present inputs P directly from the disks, although this would increase the cost of the edge connector required to bring the signals onto the SES processor board (4).) The SES Processor then informs the CPS (30) to make the appropriate connections to form the loop between the disks and host(s), and once the loop has been established, it is then possible for a user to configure the CPS (30) as desired both to re-order devices within the loop and to select the points at which the analysers connect to the loop.
The advantages of this method of connecting the FC-AL analyser (70) and FC-AL nodes via the CPS (30) is that firstly it is possible to for the user to selectively place the FC-AL analyser (70) on the FC-AL loop without contributing to the latency of the FC-AL. Whilst the process of reporting the results of the FC-AL analyser'"'"'s analyses contributes to the traffic on the FC-AL, such contribution constitutes approximately 0.1% of the bandwidth of the FC-AL and as such is not significantly detrimental to the performance of the FC-AL.
Secondly, it is possible for the user to re-order the connections between the different FC-AL nodes a facility that is not available with a conventional port bypass circuit.
Further advantages include being able to build up to four loops within a shelf with no extra hardware, i.e. two on the A loop and two on the B loop. Also, private loops can be built to test specific drives offline. Also, if a RAID controller is plugged in to the rack, then separate host and drive loops can be created within the shelf.
FIG. 6 shows a more detailed block diagram of the FC-AL analyser (70) itself. Serial data on the FC-AL (shown in FIG. 4 as Serial Data to Analyser (32)) is transmitted to a serialiser-deserialiser (SERDES) (244). In the embodiment shown, the SERDES (244) employed is a Vitesse 7126. However, it should be recognised that the scope of the invention is not limited to a particular SERDES (244). The SERDES (244) samples the received serial data (32). The sampled data is re-timed by the SERDES (244) according to an internal clock. The internal clock is phase-locked to the received serial data (32) (further details can be obtained from Vitesse Data Sheet VSC7126).
The SERDES (244) has two outputs in this embodiment. To generate the first output, the re-timed data is deserialised into two 10-bit characters. The two 10 bit characters are concatenated to form a 20 bit character and output onto a 20 bit data bus as Deser_FC-AL_Data (246). To generate the second output, the SERDES (244) detects FC comma characters in the sampled serial data (32). The detected comma is output on a separate bus from the deserialised data as FC-AL_Status_Data. (252). The FC-AL_Status_Data (252) is stored in a status register (254) and output as FC-AL_Status (256). The component of the embodiment to which this data is transmitted will be discussed later in the description.
Returning to the Deser_FC-AL_Data (246), consecutive characters on the 20 bit wide bus are stored in one of two data registers, namely FC_AL Data Register 0 (258) and FC-AL Data Register 1 (260). The FC-AL Data Register 0 (258) and FC-AL Data Register 1 (260) each have another input, namely control signals on a Load_Reg_0 (248) line and a Load_Reg_1 (250) line respectively. Such signals act to enable and disable the ability of a given register to accept an input. Such signals thereby determine to which of the two registers a given character from the Deser_FC-AL_Data (246) is transmitted. However, in this embodiment the FC-AL Data Register 0 (258) and FC-AL Data Register 1 (260) take alternate turns in accepting characters from the Deser_FC-AL_Data (246).
The FC-AL Data Register 0 (258) and FC-AL Data Register 1 (260) have one output each, along which they output their 20 bit characters as FC-AL Coded_Data_0 (262) and FC-AL Coded_Data_1 (264) respectively. These two outputs are transmitted together to two, separate detection modules, namely an ordered set detection module and a 10B/8B decoding module.
Looking at the first of these modules, namely the ordered set detection module, this module is shown as an Ordered_Set_Detect block (266) in FIG. 6. This module serves to detect ordered sets in data sampled from the FC-AL. The ordered set detection module (266) also performs runlength checking.
Whilst the Ordered_Set_Detect block (266) supports the detection of a pre-defined set of commonly occurring ordered sets, it is also a user programmable component, enabling the user to specify particular ordered sets to be detected. Such configuration commands are transmitted to the Ordered_Set_Detect block (266) by the SES Processor (7) via the SES Processor Interface (240). The configuration commands are depicted in FIG. 5 as an Analyser_Control_Signal (242).
The Ordered_Set_Detect block (266) also has as an input, the output signal from the status register (254) namely the FC-AL_Status (256). Such input enables the Ordered_Set_Detect block (266) to serve as a means of status checking and K28.5 detection.
Having detected and identified specific ordered sets, the Ordered_Set_Detect block (266) produces three outputs, namely, SOF (268), EOF (270) and Filtered_Ordered_Sets (272). Looking at the first two of these outputs (i.e. SOF (268) and EOF(270)), the Start_of_Frame (SOF) ordered set (112) and End_of_Frame (EOF) ordered set (120) are isolated from a given set of ordered sets which had been detected and identified by the Ordered_Set_Detect block (266). The isolated ordered sets are then transmitted to a CRC Verification Block (282) along the SOF (268) line for the Start_of_Frame ordered sets (112) and EOF (270) line for the End_of_Frame ordered sets (120). This description will return to the CRC Verification Block (282) later.
We return now to the third output from the Ordered_Set_Detect block (266), namely the Filtered_Ordered_Sets (272). Following the isolation of the Start_of_Frame (SOF) and End_of_Frame (EOF) ordered sets, the Filtered_Ordered_Sets (272) output is used to transmit the remaining ordered sets detected and identified by the Ordered_Set_Detect block (266) to a set of ordered set counters (274). The ordered set counters (274) will be described later in the description.
Turning now to the second module to which the FC-AL Data Register 0 (258) and FC-AL Data Register 1 (260) transmit their outputs, this is shown in the diagram as a module comprised of four 10B/8B Decoding blocks (276). The purpose of the 10B/8B Decoding blocks (276) is to decode the 40 bits characters received from the FC-AL Data Registers (258 and 260) (i.e. FC-AL Coded_Data 0 (262) and FC-AL Coded Data 1 (264)) into 32 bit characters. Such decoding is performed in accordance with the inverse of the 8B/10B encoding scheme described earlier. The resulting 32 bit characters are output from the 10B/8B decoding blocks along a single bus (shown as FC-AL Decoded_Data (278) in FIG. 6) to two further modules, namely the CRC Verification Block (282) and a Frame Detection Block (280)). Each of these modules will be discussed in greater detail later in the description.
Returning to the ordered set counters (274), the LIP counters (284), ARB counters (286) enumerate the number of occurrences of these common ordered sets over a period of time. Further, in correspondence with the facility for user-programmable, specific ordered set detection provided by the Ordered_Set_Detect block (266) as described above, the ordered set counters (274) also count the occurrences of the user specified ordered sets. Such counters are depicted as OS counters x0-xn (288) in FIG. 6.
The ordered set counters (274) will also count the number of occurrences of Run Length Disparities (RLDs) in the RLD counter (290). An RLD is used as an indicator of lack of synchronisation but is not strictly an ordered set. The ordered set counters (274) have one output which is transmitted to the SES processor (7) via the SES processor interface (240).
Returning now to the CRC Verification Block (282), it will be recalled that this block has three inputs, SOF (268), EOF (270) and FC-AL Decoded_Data (278). The CRC Verification Block (282) uses the information from the CRC (118) part of the frame so delimited, to enable error detection in the associated frame. The validity or invalidity of a frame as detected by the CRC Verification Block (282) is flagged as such by the CRC Verification Block (282) and output as a Frame_Validity_Flag (292). The Frame_Validity_Flag (292) is transmitted to two separate modules namely the Frame Detection Block (280) and a block of counters for the number of occurrences of valid and invalid frames (294) over a period of time. The data from the number of valid frames and number of invalid frames counters (294) are output to the SES processor (7) via the SES processor interface (240).
Returning to the Frame Detection Block (280), it will be recalled that this block has two inputs, namely the Frame_Validity_Flag (292) and the FC-AL Decoded Data (278). The Frame Detection Block (280) isolates header information such as source address, destination address etc. from a frame. If the CRC Verification Block (282) flags that the associated frame was invalid via the Frame_Validity_Flag (292) signal, then the information isolated in the Frame Detection Block (280) is transmitted to a block of registers, namely the Last Bad Frame Data Registers (296) as Assessed_Frames_Data (298). In the Last Bad Frame Data Registers (296) individual isolated frame attributes are written to their corresponding register (e.g. source address etc.). However, if the CRC Verification Block (282) flags that the associated frame was valid, then the information isolated in the Frame Detection Block (280) is discarded.
The data contained in the Last Bad Frame Data Registers (296) are output to the SES processor (7) via the SES processor interface (240). However, if the data received by the FC-AL analyser is of very poor quality (i.e. with a high rate of invalid frames) it is possible that received frames may be recognised as invalid faster than it is possible for the SES processor (7) to read the data from the Last Bad Frame Data Registers (296). In such circumstance, the number of invalid frames counter (294) will continue incrementing itself in response to the recognised bad frames. However, in order to reduce the risk of overwriting data in the Last Bad Frame Data Registers (296), the Last Bad Frame Data Registers (296) are such that it is not possible to write more information to them until their current contents have been read by the SES processor (7). For example the Last Bad Frame Data Registers (296) comprises a sample and hold component, with a sampling rate matching the rate at which the SES processor (7) can recover the data from the Last Bad Frame Data Registers (296). Hence if frames are being recognised as being invalid faster than the SES processor (7) can read the header data from the Last Bad Frame Data Registers (296), the Last Bad Frame Data Registers (296) will only hold data from the last invalid frame detected by the CRC Verification Block (282).
In summary, the FC-AL analyser accepts as input, data from the FC-AL and configuration commands from the SES processor (7) and outputs to the SES processor (7) the information from the ordered set counters (274), the Last Bad Frame Data Registers (296) and the number of valid and invalid frames counters (294).
Where the SES processor (7) receives information from more than one analyser (70) on a loop, it can then collate this information and even make a diagnosis of a problem on the loop, before reporting this problem to a host application.
Sanmina-SCI USA, Inc.
Coffey, Aedan Diarmuid Cailean
Ngo, Ricky Q.
Assistant Examiner(s)
Chang, Richard
370401-403, 370/434, 370/460, 370/461, 370/462, 370/463
H04L 12/42 : Loop networks
Current Assignee: Sanmina-SCI USA, Inc.
Sponsoring Entity: RICHMOUNT COMPUTERS LIMITED
Method For Providing A Device Communicating To A Backplane The Current Status Of An Associated Power Supply Unit Connected To The Backplane
Current Assignee: Sanmina-SCI Corporation
Fiber Channel Arbitrated Loop Split Loop Operation
Sponsoring Entity: Sanmina-SCI USA, Inc.
Cross Point Switch For A Fiber Channel Arbitrated Loop
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| 0.680744
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About GreatApps.com
GreatApps.com is a media company that focuses on app marketing and consumer use of apps. GreatApps.com offers a platform to showcase apps to people who may never have thought to search for it. To provide the best user experience and to preserve individuality, the GreatApps.com platform only allows up to 15 new apps to be displayed daily. GreatApps.com has a national marketing reach that goes well beyond what an individual could typically achieve on their own. GreatApps.com fills the biggest void in the mobile space which is app marketing.
About Apps Genius Corp
Apps Genius Corp (www.appsgenius.com) develops, markets, publishes and distributes social games and software applications that consumers can use on a variety of platforms. The platforms include social networks, wireless devices such as cellular phones and smartphones including the Apple iPhone™ and standalone websites. The Company’s Celebrity Entertainment Division focuses on leveraging the fan base of noted celebrities to build apps and games around their personas. The first title in this division, ‘Snookify Me!, was created for Nicole ‘Snooki’ Polizzi of the reality TV show Jersey Shore. Additionally, the Company has released several applications including ‘Bed Bug Alert,’ an informational tool for the Apple iPhone™, ‘My Mad Millions,’ a game application for Facebook™, ‘Slap a Friend,’ a game application for the Apple iPhone™, ‘Bruisers,’ a game application for Facebook™, and ‘Crazy Dream’ Application for Facebook™. Apps Genius Corp’s goal is to develop and publish new titles on a recurring basis that are based on the same property and gaming platform. Examples of this franchise approach are ‘My Mad Millions’ and ‘Rock The House,’ currently under development, which both utilize the same underlying platform. A core focus of the Company’s Social Gaming and Mobile Application development is to allow users and players to reach across different networks into a virtual application or gaming environment such as Facebook, MySpace, iPhone and Android and be able to play games and use applications from all users no matter what environment they are using the application in.
Disclosure: I did not receive any products nor was paid for this post. I was provided info from the PR firm to share. Any expressed opinions are my own and personal thoughts. No other compensation was given.
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HBO’s ‘Cathouse’ Pregnant Prostitute Killer in Custody
Pregnant Prostitute Brooke Phillips of HBO's 'Cathouse' Killed
The main suspect behind the brutal murder of 22-year olds Brooke Phillips a prostitute featured in the HBO reality series “Cathouse,” and three other people,turned himself in to authorities on Tuesday, police said.
The murders and subsequent arrest happened in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
The AP reports that an arrest warrant was issued earlier for David Allen Tyner, 28, of Locust Grove, on six murder complaints, because authorities say two of the victims – 22-year olds Brooke Phillips and Milagrous Barrerra – both were pregnant.
Tyner has not been formally charged with any crime.
The Metro Fugitive Task Force and the Oklahoma County Sheriff’s Office have been trying to locate Tyner since the bodies were discovered in the fire.
Four adults and two unborn children were killed on Monday November 9th. Their bodies were found in a Southwest Oklahoma City home that was deliberately set on fire. An eyewitness inside the house at the time of the shooting who survived the carnage, had identified Tyner, 28, as a suspect in the incident.
Phillips and Barrerra both died from gunshot wounds, police Sgt. Gary Knight said.
A quote from NEWSOK.com reports that…Phillips had worked at the Moonlite Bunny Ranch, a legal brothel near Carson City, Nev. that is featured in the HBO series. 22-year-old Brooke Phillips, one of the stars of HBO‘s “Cathouse” series, a reality show about life at the Moonlite Bunny Ranch, a brothel near Carson City, Nev. Phillips was a licensed prostitute who was taking time off in Oklahoma because of her pregnancy…
Police have not determined a motive in the killings, but said Tuesday investigators believe there was more than one suspect.
“We don’t believe he acted alone,” a police spokesman said. “We’ve identified the one suspect, but that doesn’t yet tell us what his motive is for doing this.”
The others that perished in the fire and murderous rampage are-Jennifer Lynn Ermy, 25, who was a dancer at Night Trips, a topless bar where Phillips also claimed to have worked; Barrientos, 32, had spent time in custody after pleading guilty, in 1996, to being the driver in a drive-by shooting.
Barrera, 22, was also pregnant, and shot several times before the house was set ablaze.
Tyner surrendered to the Mayes County Sheriff’s Office and is expected to be returned to Oklahoma County later Tuesday, Knight said. He said he does not know if Tyner has hired an attorney.
Efforts to identify the victims has been slow because all four bodies were badly burned, Knight said.
Police interviewed 31-year-old Jose Fernando Fierro, who rented the home and was the only person to survive the fire, but said he is not a suspect, said his attorney, Shawn Jefferson.
Jefferson said Fierro was lucky to escape, but declined to discuss details of what Fierro told police or other aspects of the investigation.
Here is a You tube clip from a local news station in Oklahoma reporting on the murder of pregnant prostitute Brooke Phillips, star of HBO’s ‘Cathouse’ series…
http://airamerica.com/breakingnews/3467/
http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iqql14RsUmtRv897vLwmGpo_LDGAD9C1D6V01
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Tags: "Jerry Brice", : brooke phillips, anal, arson, blonde, breast implants, brothel, bunny ranch, burned alive, cathouse, city, David Allen Tyner, death, died in oklahoma, execution, fire, hayden brooks, hbo, horrific, house fire, human brutality, jerry lee brice, Jerrybrice, jerrybrice's blog, kandi burruss fiance killed, mans inhumanity to man, mayhem, murder girl kid arson, mustang ranch, Oprah Winfrey, pimps, porn, porno, pornstar, pregnant, prostitute, pussy, rape, REALITY TELEVISION, rip, rush limbaugh, sex, star, sucking dick, urban crime, vaginas, whore house, whores
On Animation With Jerry Brice Interview By David Feldman-Comedian »
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Developing More Than Real Estate
JMF PROPERTIES / Portfolio
Estling Village
We’re redevelopers. We re-envision underutilized properties to create better places to live. The transformation begins with thoughtful design plans, working closely with municipalities, securing the approvals and receiving the designations. Then we build — dynamic, super-amenitized, transit-oriented condo and townhouse communities that connect with the character of each town.
Our high-end shopping destinations in high-traffic areas are strategically located beside luxury residential, and just off commuter roadways. They attract residents across towns to our premium tenants – Whole Foods, Lowe’s, Costco, Starbucks, ULTA Beauty, Shake Shack, OrangeTheory – and create significant jobs and tax revenue.
Corporate Partners & Redevelopment
With great detail and sensitivity, we work with publicly traded companies to transition their corporate campuses in the Tri-state area. We negotiate the complex process of rezoning and environmentally impacted sites to create places of lasting value. Recent companies include Colgate-Palmolive, Chubb Insurance, and Northrop Grumman.
Estling Village is a tremendous benefit to our Township…Joe Forgione submitted a proposal…to build a product that would embrace smart-growth principles, withstand the test of time and fit the character of the neighborhood. He more than delivered on that promise.
Thomas Andes – Mayor of Denville
We selected JMF because of the passion Joe Forgione showed in his presentation, his knowledge of retail, and his promise to deliver a first-class project. Joe delivered exactly what he promised.
Victor DeLuca – Maplewood Mayor
Colgate-Palmolive required a developer with extensive knowledge of the municipalities affected by the development…As a result of the decision to select JMF Properties, an approval process that might otherwise have taken more than two years was completed in less than 12 months.
Robert W. Dietz – Colgate-Palmolive VP of Global Facilities
This project required rezoning to allow retail while addressing complex wetlands and environmental issues. JMF Properties easily negotiated a complex process. The firm successfully obtained approvals for a 140,000 square-foot commercial shopping center.
AJ Paz – Northrop Grumman Director of Real Estate Worldwide
JMF Properties approached us with a proposal that not only respected the value of the land, but his willingness to benefit the community at large…[They] displayed an unwavering commitment to the get the job done, putting up the necessary capital investment and fortitude to the deliver on its promise.
Herman Simonese – Chubb Insurance of Parsippany Director of Real Estate
Our amenity-rich residential and mixed-use redevelopments create convenient, healthy lifestyles. This is our core business, and we appreciate the trust municipalities place in us to deliver dynamic destinations that reap lasting benefits to their towns.
Joseph Forgione – Founder of JMF Properties
The city interviewed many companies, including national developers, before deciding on JMF. JMF had the market knowledge and proven track record for each component of the project: big box, lifestyle retail and residential.
Joe DeMarco – City of Bayonne Business Administrator
Learn More About JMF Properties
Berkeley Heights, NJ
The 150-unit luxury rental is two blocks from the Berkeley Heights train station, a two-minute walk to Springfield Avenue, and boasts 8,000 sq. ft. of planned amenities: rooftop deck, bark park, CrossFit, Virtual Fitness Center, and much more.
Premier shopping attraction anchored by the first Amazon-owned Whole Foods. New junior box tenants include Home Sense, The Paper Store, ULTA Beauty, OrangeTheory Fitness, and Shake Shack. At the intersections of Route 46 and Route 202, with its own exit from Route 287, and bordering on Mountain Lakes, one of the most affluent communities in NJ.
Bayonne, NJ
Harbor View Marketplace & Harbor Station South Redevelopment
An unprecedented redevelopment of the New Jersey Gold Coast. The city of Bayonne designated JMF as redeveloper for the 24-acres Military Ocean Terminal on the Hudson River waterfront. Costco, CVS, LA Fitness, BCB Bank, Lidl Supermarket, Starbucks. 650 rental units. 15,000 sq. ft. of amenities, including rooftop pool. 500 yards from exit 14A, off the N.J. Turnpike. Light Rail and new ferry service to NYC.
9 Jan , 2020
Let's Build a Better Place
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The Sonata A young violinist unravels her long lost father's past, triggering dark forces that reach beyond her imagination.
The Sonata
Bodies at Rest Working in the morgue, a hardworking forensics expert and his assistant are suddenly accosted by masked intruders who demand access to a body involved in a recent crime.
Bodies at Rest
Ad Astra Astronaut Roy McBride undertakes a mission across an unforgiving solar system to uncover the truth about his missing father and his doomed expedition that now, 30 years later, threatens the universe.
IMDB: 7.0/10 66,685 votes
A Witness Out of the Blue A Hong Kong crime thriller about a detective and a parrot.
A Witness Out of the Blue
Freaks A bold girl discovers a bizarre, threatening, and mysterious new world beyond her front door after she escapes her father's protective and paranoid control.
Ready or Not A bride's wedding night takes a sinister turn when her eccentric new in-laws force her to take part in a terrifying game.
Where’d You Go, Bernadette A loving mom becomes compelled to reconnect with her creative passions after years of sacrificing herself for her family. Her leap of faith takes her on an epic adventure that jump-starts her life and leads to her triumphant rediscovery.
Where’d You Go, Bernadette
Earthquake Bird An enigmatic translator with a dark past is brought in for questioning after an ex-pat friend, who came between her and her photographer boyfriend, ends up missing and presumed dead.
Earthquake Bird
The Bygone When a young rancher crosses paths with a Lakota girl from a nearby reservation, her mysterious disappearance sparks a search that uncovers a harrowing past and hints at a dire future.
IMDB: 7.4/10 N/A votes
The Bygone
Don’t Let Go After a man's family dies in what appears to be a murder, he gets a phone call from one of the dead, his niece. He's not sure if she's a ghost or if he's going mad, but as it turns out, he's not.
Model Home A single mother entertains a dangerous fantasy after she's recruited to live in an unsold property in an empty development.
Clyde Cooper A private investigator is hired to track down a missing girl on the run from a mysterious Silicon Valley corporation.
Clyde Cooper
Extracurricular Activities A mature, intelligent high school student has a side job arranging "accidental" deaths (no 2 alike) of fellow students' parents. A cop detective notices this student being connected to all the kids of dead parents. Who wins the face-off?
Rattlesnake When a single mother accepts the help of a mysterious woman after her daughter is bitten by a rattlesnake, she finds herself making an unthinkable deal with the devil to repay the stranger.
The Room Matt and Kate buy an isolated house. While moving, they discover a strange room that grants them an unlimited number of material wishes. But, since Kate has had two miscarriages, what they miss the most is a child.
Wounds Disturbing and mysterious things begin to happen to a bartender in New Orleans after he picks up a phone left behind at his bar.
Tell Me Who I Am What if every memory that haunts you could be erased? What if something truly horrific had happened to you and the person who loves you most could wipe that from your mind? Would you want them to? This is the ethical dilemma that 18-year-old Marcus Lewis faced when his identical twin Alex awakened after a motorcycle accident and Marcus was ...
IMDB: 6.6/10 9 votes
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HEALTH (MSM)
November 04, 2015 HEALTH (MSM) King World News
Clinton charity, under pressure, will amend tax return errors
By Jonathan Allen NEW YORK (Reuters) – The Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation’s flagship health project changed its mind again on Wednesday on the matter of its erroneous tax returns, saying it would refile them with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service after all. The Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) said the decision to refile its 2012 and 2013 returns was in response to “recent media interest.” Its brief statement
Bad mood? Sleep interruptions may be to blame
After the first night, people with interrupted sleep or delayed bedtimes experienced a similar low positive mood and high negative mood based on emotional assessment questionnaires they completed. “It is not simply the quality or the quantity of sleep that dictates mood, but rather a combination of the two,” said lead study author Patrick Finan of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore.
Exclusive: U.S. insurer caught on to odd billing at Valeant-linked pharmacy
By Carl O’Donnell, Tim Reid and Caroline Humer NEW YORK/LOS ANGELES (Reuters) – OptumRx, a leading U.S. pharmacy benefits manager, began to stop payments to a pharmacy closely-linked to Valeant Pharmaceuticals International more than a year ago after recognizing billing irregularities, former employees at the pharmacy and sources familiar with the matter told Reuters. Hatboro, Pennsylvania-based Philidor Rx Services persisted in efforts to secure reimbursement for Valeant drug sales even
4 Ways To Actually Improve Your Eye Health
Mehmet Oz, MD, is the host of The Dr. Oz Show (weekdays; check local listings).
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WARNING: Look At What Just Hit An All-Time Record
This Is What Is Really Happening Right Now
Gold Will Go Through The Roof, Mind-Boggling, Plus Highest In History
Look At Who Just Said Gold To Hit $1,850+ Before A Real Correction Takes Place, Plus Shades Of March 2000
One Of Egon von Greyerz Most Important Articles Ever
Dr. Stephen Leeb
Bill Fleckenstein
August 28, 2015 AUTOS King World News
2016 BMW 7-series / 750i xDrive – First Drive Review
How to Jump Start a Car in 13 Easy Steps [Sponsored]
-Whether it’s the rattling that comes and goes with the moon phases, a timing belt that obeys only changes in barometric pressure, or the sudden flickering of that dreaded check engine light, certain car problems require the professional experience and honest technical knowledge only a mechanic can bring. This doesn’t mean you should be afraid to approach your car with a tool though. There are certain car fixes that every
Cheap(er) Thrills: 2016 Subaru BRZ Sees Price Decrease
– Buy a 2016 BRZ and Subaru will throw in a free 32-inch LED TV or a fancy dinner for two in Manhattan. Okay, so there’s not actually an incentive program like that on the car, but the cost of such things is what buyers of this lightweight, rear-wheel-drive sports car will save on the 2016 model versus the 2015. – – Prices are down $300 on all three BRZ trims. The manual
TVR’s 2017 Sports Car Is Sold Out Despite Not Existing Yet
-TVR is back from the dead, again, again, and its already having some sales success—despite the fact that it doesn’t actually have a car yet. – That’s the word from Autocar, which reports that the newly revived British sports car company has accepted deposits for every car it plans to build in 2017. All 250 of them. The sports-car marque will continue to take £5,000 deposits (around $7700 at today’s exchange
Ford’s Voodoo V-8 Is the Most Interesting Engine of the Year
– From the September 2015 issue – The new rev-happy 5.2-liter V-8 in the Mustang Shelby GT350 is one of the most compelling reasons to visit a Ford dealership in 2016. Code-named Voodoo and sharing its basic architecture with the Mustang GT’s 435-hp, 5.0-liter Coyote engine, this new powerplant is an altogether wilder animal, producing 526 horsepower at 7500 rpm and 429 pound-feet of torque at 4750. Camaro Z/28s, beware.
October 29, 2015 REAL ESTATE King World News
Holy Cow! Teardown Near Wrigley Field Lists for $9.8 Million
Filed under: Selling Kristen Norman via ZillowThe Wrigleyville home sits about 536 feet from home plate. An area parking lot sold for $20 million in 2011. By Melissa Allison The Chicago Cubs have a special shine to them these days, and the longtime owner of a home near Wrigley Field hopes it rubs off on her property — to the tune of $9.8 million. “The seller strongly feels that this
Fewer Americans signed contracts to buy homes in September
WASHINGTON (AP) — September marked a slowdown in Americans signing contracts to buy homes, the second consecutive decline for a real estate market that has been rebounding for the first half of 2015.
MGM Resorts plans to create a real estate investment trust
LAS VEGAS (AP) — MGM Resorts International plans to create a real estate investment trust in order to help boost value for its shareholders and give it more flexibility.
August 21, 2015 LUXURY King World News
Opulent Jewelers helps Ashley Madison hacking victims rebuild their marriages
Opulent Jewelers Ashley Madison offer promotional image U.S. retailer Opulent Jewelers is coming to the aid of cheaters outed by the hack of Ashley Madison with a promotion designed to fix an extramarital dalliance with diamonds. The jeweler, which stocks pieces from brands such as Cartier and Van Cleef & Arpels, is offering a discount of $500 on orders of at least $10,000, helping out those who need to dig
Viral videos are myths without proper ad spend: L2
Gucci Cosmetics According to a new report by L2, video bloggers in the beauty space generate more than 700 million views on YouTube per month, showing the value of filmed content. These influencers now have more clout with younger consumers than most mainstream celebrities due to the authentic and approachable format video blogging allots, making collaborative partnerships with revered video bloggers worthwhile for beauty marketers. The L2 “Intelligence Report: Video
Saks draws connection between fashion and fragrance for Alaïa debut
Photo by Peter Lindbergh from Saks’ Alaïa Paris Eau de Parfum launch Department store chain Saks Fifth Avenue is touting its exclusive launch of the Alaïa Paris Eau de Parfum through a digital campaign that takes consumers inside the fashion label’s atelier. Saks teased the Aug. 20 premiere of the “scent of the season” for over a week with content ranging from an animated film and dramatic campaign video to
Miami furthers city as affluent haven with super yacht marina
Mandarin Oriental, Miami Miami has recently seen an influx of luxury brands opening boutiques as the city rebrands itself as a true luxury hub. Now, Miami is continuing its development to cater to affluent residents and guests with the upcoming opening of the Deep Harbour at Island Gardens marina. Set to open in December, the marina will help Miami to position itself as the newest super yachting capital in the
Breitling soars over North American in social media gallery
Breitling’s Jet Team Just in time for National Aviation Day Aug. 19, watchmaker Breitling’s Jet Team flew over North American landmarks during its inaugural tour of the continent. Shared socially for a wider impact, Breitling posted images of its Jet Team flying over some of North America’s best known landmarks. Breitling announced in the spring that its Jet Team would fly over the United States for the first time as
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Online Reporter Project 2018
About The Online Reporter Project
Reporters share lessons, experiences covering tragedy and trauma
June 3, 2018 mikesisak Leave a comment
By Anh Nguyen, Megan Milligan, Ashley Stalnecker and Zoe LaPorte
When tragedy strikes a community, local journalists are first on the scene gathering information and interviews.
But, the toll that this coverage takes on journalists comes in many forms.
Reporters and editors from Philadelphia, Baltimore, Las Vegas, Orlando and South Florida shared their experiences Saturday at a Pennsylvania Press Conference panel called “How Newsrooms Deployed, Endured and Recovered.”
Breaking news can happen anytime and in the most unexpected place.
Rachel Crosby, Metro Reporter for the Las Vegas Review-Journal, was in bed when she found out about the Mandalay Bay shooting on Oct. 1, 2017.
“At the time I thought it was just another gun went off because this is Nevada and crazy things happen,” said Crosby.
It was not until she went on Twitter and saw the videos of the chaos that she alerted her colleagues to prepare for an active terrorist situation.
All of the communications at that point had been exchanged through text messages but Crosby moved them to Twitter where she could report and contact witnesses more easily.
Richard Martin, senior criminal justice editor at The Baltimore Sun, oversaw the coverage of Freddie Gray’s death, the ensuing citywide riots, and the unsuccessful prosecutions of the six Baltimore police officers involved.
“Some of our reporters were harmed while covering the protest of Freddie Gray’s death so I always tell my reporters if the situation is risky, don’t go in because it’s definitely not worth it,” said Martin.
He brought a helmet that was camouflaged as a baseball cap to demonstrate the safety measures his newsroom took.
Endured
Laura McCrystal and Justine McDaniel from Philadelphia Media Network covered the Amtrak train derailment that killed 8 and injured more than 200 people in May 2015. McCrystal was on the scene trying to find witnesses while McDaniel stayed at the office and interviewed families of the victims.
They agreed that the reporting process of the story was very difficult for them, especially when they tried to navigate the thin line between reporting fairly and exploiting tragedy.
Dana Banker, managing editor of the South Florida Sun Sentinel, advised young journalists to be skeptical and challenge authorities early to get records of mass casualties.
Misinformation is always a threat to journalists’ credibility in these instances.
“I got a number of casualties from a trusted source that was way higher than I thought possible,” McDaniel said. “We didn’t run the number and it turned out to be wrong. I was right to trust my instinct.”
Banker’s team obtained videos made by Parkland school shooter, Nikolas Cruz, where he talked about the plan to massacre his schoolmates.
She was hesitant to publish them — not because of possible backlash, but out of concern the videos could inspire others to mimic Cruz’s actions.
“I was not sure if we should do it, but we also could not hide it,” said Banker.
John Cutter, managing editor of the Orlando Sentinel, said it was important to keep in mind the physical and mental health of the newsroom after covering such events like the Pulse nightclub shooting.
After days of covering the incident, Cutter brought in therapy dogs for his staff. Crosby said mental health resources must go beyond that.
“The consequences of covering a mass casualty event reveal themselves in different ways over time,” Crosby said.
She advocated for a more open environment in the newsroom to discuss mental health, eventually leading to scheduled counseling meetings with editors and staff.
“It’s important to take care of your people,” said Crosby.
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Reading Eagle honored for freedom of information fight
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Cost and Quality
Data & Docs
Kentucky And Feds Near Possible Collision On Altering Medicaid Expansion
By Phil Galewitz July 27, 2016
Republish This Story
Republican Gov. Matt Bevin is expected to ask the Obama administration to approve significant changes on many Medicaid enrollees, including monthly premiums and a work requirement. (Scott Olson/Getty Images)
Anxiety and suspense are building in Kentucky as a potential clash over the state’s high-achieving Medicaid expansion nears next month between Gov. Matt Bevin and the Obama administration.
At issue is whether to make the poor pay and work to obtain health insurance under the federal-state program.
Kentucky has brought more than 450,000 people into its Medicaid program and cut an uninsured rate that topped 20 percent in 2013 to 7.5 percent last year. Under the Affordable Care Act, the federal government pays the full cost of the expansion now, but in 2017 the state will begin absorbing some expenses and its share will rise to 10 percent in 2020. Bevin’s position is Kentucky can’t afford it.
This KHN story can be republished for free (details).
A Republican who advocated ending the expansion before his election last year, Bevin now wants to overhaul it instead. His proposals would require low-income, non-disabled Kentuckians to take jobs in order to qualify for Medicaid coverage and lock out for up to six months those who don’t pay new Medicaid premiums of $1 to $15 a month.
Bevin’s alternative hinges on approval from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. By Aug. 1, the governor is expected to apply to CMS for a waiver from Medicaid’s rules — challenging the administration’s policy against linking Medicaid coverage to a work requirement.
Stakes are high.
Bevin has threatened to undo Kentucky’s Medicaid expansion altogether if CMS rejects his plan. “The commonwealth’s expansion of Medicaid will now lie in the hands of CMS,” Bevin said at a press conference in June.
Precedent could give the administration some cover to just say no. CMS typically only approves waivers that expand coverage or make it easier for people to get coverage. The review process generally takes several months, meaning the issue could be decided in the next president’s administration.
“We are hopeful that Kentucky will ultimately choose to build on its historic improvements in health coverage and health care, rather than go backwards,” said Ben Wakana, a spokesman for the Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees CMS.
In the meantime, advocates for the poor worry many people will lose coverage if Bevin gets his way and worse outcomes await if he doesn’t.
If the state completely ends its Medicaid expansion, “we are very concerned about the potential to lose coverage for almost half a million Kentuckians,” said Emily Beauregard, executive director for advocacy group Kentucky Voices for Health. “The proposed waiver undermines the successful expansion we have had and puts at risk the gains we have made.”
Kentucky’s proposal won’t be the only challenge testing CMS this summer. Legislatures in Arizona and Ohio, which expanded Medicaid in 2014 under Republican governors, have also submitted proposals to the federal government that call for enrollees to pay monthly premiums, said Judith Solomon, vice president for health policy at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, a left-leaning think tank. But neither of those requests will carry an ultimatum like Kentucky’s, she said.
Bevin’s proposals go beyond any Medicaid waivers granted by the Obama administration, said Adam Searing, senior research fellow at Georgetown University’s Center for Children and Families.
Vision and dental coverage also would be dropped as a standard benefit, he said. Instead, enrollees would earn them through activities that encourage healthier lifestyles or community participation — for instance, taking a disease management course or doing volunteer work. Those efforts would accumulate points in a rewards account redeemable for vision and dental care.
“Kentucky’s request to make changes to its Medicaid expansion program is all the more puzzling because it is so successful as is,” Searing said.
Searing said Bevin’s threat to end the expansion must be taken seriously, but in practice it would be difficult to carry out because hundreds of thousands of people would lose coverage and health providers would suffer financial hardship.
Studies indicate Kentucky’s expansion has created thousands of jobs and other economic gains for the state, the Kaiser Family Foundation reported recently. Kentucky hospitals’ costs for uncompensated care fell by $1.2 billion in the months of January through September of 2014 compared with the same period in 2013, Deloitte Development said last year.
Kentucky’s hospitals have offered muted support for the proposal which they hope will ensure the Medicaid expansion will continue.
Bevin has said his plan will ensure the Medicaid program, which today covers 1.3 million Kentuckians, will stay financially sustainable.
The proposal is modeled partly on an expansion strategy begun in 2015 in Indiana, which has made some recipients pay premiums and requires most to use special savings accounts to buy care.
Proponents such as Indiana Gov. Mike Pence, the Republican nominee for vice president, say the accounts give Medicaid recipients “skin in the game,” encouraging them to take responsibility for their health care by shopping and using their coverage wisely.
Indiana won federal approval for its plan only after it gave up on requiring Medicaid recipients to hold jobs.
Bill Wagner, executive director of Family Health Centers, a large community health center based in Louisville, said Bevin’s plan would be disastrous.
“Medicaid is complicated enough already, and the plan that they are proposing creates incomprehensible complexity for our patients,” he said. “Many of our patients are low literacy, homeless, immigrants and refugees who have difficulty navigating complex systems and complying with regulations consistently over time.”
On the other side of the controversy is Kentucky State Sen. Ralph Alvarado, a family doctor in Winchester, Ky., who treats many Medicaid patients.
“At the end of the day we can’t afford the current expansion as we don’t have the money,” he said. “We are in a pinch and to keep the expansion we have to find another way. Giving the working poor incentives to seek care in the most appropriate and affordable area is the way to go.”
Phil Galewitz: pgalewitz@kff.org, @philgalewitz
Medicaid States The Health Law CMS Kentucky Medicaid Expansion
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Marisa Tomei and Naomi Campbell as Mimi and Camilla - Credit: FOX
Fox Breakdown 2015-2016
June 17, 2016 Alex
On the 18 scripted TV shows that aired on FOX between June 1st 2015 and May 31st 2016, there were 17 lesbian/bisexual women.
The representation was also quantifiably bad in several, tropey ways on all but perhaps Rosewood. Several negative clichés plague the characters across all shows, having depictions ranging from bisexual erasure to the psychotic/evil bisexual/lesbian and unfaithful/promiscuous characters. And while not a writing device in of itself, several of the characters counted are no more than background characters with little to no storylines of their own beyond existing as a plot device.
Still Airing
Current LI
Left Show
All Background CharacterBisexual ErasureBury Your GaysBut not too gayDead Love InterestDouble StandardsDrive-by LesbianEvilLesbian with a ManMale gazePlayed for ComedyPredatoryPromiscuousSweepsUnstable
All Female (Regular)Male (Regular)None
All 2015-20162014-20152011-20122005-2006
All TBD2016-20172015-2016
All 2016-20172015-20162014-20152013-20142012-20132011-20122010-20112009-20102008-20092007-20082006-20072005-2006
Angela Montenegro, Bones
Cece Parekh, New Girl
Barbara Kean, Gotham
Rhonda Lyon, Empire
Tiana Brown, Empire
Tabitha Galavan, Gotham
Sam, Scream Queens
Chanel#3, Scream Queens
Camilla Marks-Whiteman, Empire
Mimi Whiteman, Empire
Tara Milly Izikoff, Rosewood
Pippy, Rosewood
Annelise, Grandfathered
Cindy, Grandfathered
Maze, Lucifer
Reagan, New Girl
Cassie, Rosewood
Season 2 (18 episodes, renewed)
Mimi Whiteman (Marisa Tomei), 5 episodes – recurring. Identified as a lesbian although in episode 2×07 she is depicted showing a lot of interest in the male portion of an m-f-f threesome. Later dies murdered by her wife.
Camilla Marks-Whiteman (Naomi Campbell), 8 episodes – recurring. If there were a prize for ‘worst lesbian/bisexual representation, Camilla would be well in the running with a ‘Trope Bingo Card’ of her own. She is presented as a manipulative, lying, scheming bisexual character, who uses Mimi for her money, waiting for her wife to die so she could take over the business with her (male) lover, Hakeem. Kills Mimi and then commits suicide. Of Camilla, Ilene Chaiken wrote: “[she] was, if anything, an opportunist, which is quite different from being a lesbian. If anything, the lesbians should wish for a character like Camilla to be killed off since she just preyed on a powerful lesbian in order to fulfill her heterosexual ambitions.” – Variety
Tiana Brown (Serayah McNeill), main cast starting with Season 2, bisexual. Her bisexuality was all but forgotten on the show this season, with no sexual or romantic involvement towards a female character or any mention of her orientation.
Renee Montoya (Victoria Cartagena), lesbian, series regular in season 1 when she appeared in 7 episodes with minimal screen time. Written off after season 1 does not appear on the show this season.
Barbara Kean (Erin Richards), bisexual, main cast. Not only does Montoya effectively disappear from the show after Barbara leaves her fiancee for her, but Barbara herself plays into negative stereotypes about bisexual people, including being prone to cheating and self-destructive. By the end of season 1, she turned into a psychotic murderer.
Tabitha Galavan (Jessica Lucas), bisexual, main cast in season 2. Had a relationship with Barbara. Tabitha shows numerous traits of a sadist, as well as those of a sociopath. She is shown to be flirtatious with anyone she finds attractive.
Pippy Rosewood (Gabrielle Dennis), lesbian, main cast.
Tara Milly Izikoff (Anna Konkle), bisexual, main cast. Was engaged to Pippy, season 1 ended with them breaking up (1×22)
Sadie/Chanel #3 (Billie Lourd), pansexual/”sort of gay”, main cast. In the finale Chanel #3 hooks up with a female nurse who works at the asylum.
Sam (Jeanna Han), sometimes referred to as “Predatory Lez”, lesbian. 7 episodes, recurring role. Sam got killed before Chanel #3 told her about her feelings. Chanel #3, while innocent, got accused for the murder of Sam to keep her sexuality a secret. They played truth or dare, Sam revealed Chanel’s deepest secret, Chanel got upset and dared Sam to go sleep in the basement, where she subsequently got killed.
Season 1 (22 episodes, cancelled)
Annelise (Kelly Jenrette), lesbian, main cast, 19 episodes. Annelise’s sexuality was never explored on the show. She went on one date with a guest character: Jess (Aylya Marzof) in episode 1×12.
Cindy (Abby Walker), bisexual, recurring character: 8 episodes. Server working at Jimmy’s restaurant – Cindy is a background character, she barely has any lines and no storyline. Her bisexuality comes in play in one line, in episode 1×12. Annelise questions her why she called her date/girlfriend Jess and then proceeds to ask if Cindy is bisexual where Cindy answers yes. Due to Cindy’s lack of on-screen presence she was not counted towards the network statistics above.
Reagan (Megan Fox; special guest star, 7 episodes) bisexual character, Cece’s ex-girlfriend.
Cece Parekh (Hannah Simone; main) queer character in name only, she ended up married to Schmidt. Cece’s sexuality is all but invisible on screen and never explored.
Sadie, lesbian, 4 episodes in seasons 1 and 2 (in 2012). Minor role, married for over five years to a woman and nine months pregnant with their first child at the end of season two.
Season 11 (22 episodes, renewed) – no lesbian/bisexual characters in the 2015-2016 season
Angela Montenegro (Michaela Conlin), bisexual, main cast, happily married to a man for several years. In episode 8 of Season 4 (2008-2009) it is revealed about eight years prior she was in a long-term relationship with a woman named Roxie. The two resume their relationship for a while, but Roxie breaks up with her in episode 17 of Season 4. Her bisexuality is never mentioned or explored again on the show.
Roxie Lyon (Nichole Hiltz), lesbian, guest role: 3 episodes in Season 4 (2008-2009). Romantically involved with Angela Montenegro.
No lesbian / bi characters:
The X-Files, Lucifer, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, The Last Man on Earth, Cooper Barrett’s Guide to Surviving Life, Sleepy Hollow, The Grinder, Minority Report (cancelled), Second Chance, Wayward Pines, Houdini & Doyle
Tags: LGBT Fans, Stats
2 Comments on "Fox Breakdown 2015-2016"
Actually, Lucifer does have a bisexual female character. It’s not explored in much detail, but Maze is bisexual, and so is Lucifer.
I’m not sure if she’s really bi in canon, but it’s implied once or twice. Maze is a walking trope for when TV bisexuality is associated with evil/promiscuous behavior.
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Home Landlord Tenant Washington Northport
Northport, Washington Landlord Tenant Lawyers
Robert R Rowley
Spokane, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 25 years experience
(509) 252-5074 7 S Howard St, Suite 218
Free ConsultationLandlord Tenant, Business, Collections and Real Estate
Robert R. Rowley was born in Alliance, Nebraska and graduated with honors in 1987 from the University of South Dakota. He also graduated with honors from the Gonzaga University Law School in 1994. With over twenty years of experience, Robert’s law practice consists primarily of business, real estate matters and corporate transactions. He has represented clients in a variety of legal matters including residential and commercial transactions, due diligence, acquisitions, marketing analysis, leasing proposals, landlord tenant, debtor-creditor (foreclosures, evictions, loan modifications), contract drafting and pre-litigation disputes, business formation, planning, partnership dissolutions and negotiation. Robert has...
Christopher Carlisle
Spokane, WA Landlord Tenant Lawyer with 9 years experience
(509) 228-7011 1020 N. Washington
Landlord Tenant, Criminal Defense and Workers' Comp
A founding member of Carlisle & Byers, PLLC, Chris represents clients in worker’s compensation, long-term disability, and estate planning matters throughout Eastern Washington. Chris also provides criminal defense in Airway Heights. Before becoming an intern and associate at Stiley & Cikutovich, Chris earned a bachelors degree in political science from Seattle University and his Juris Doctorate degree at Gonzaga. He has experience practicing before the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals, the State Superior Courts, the Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court, and the United States District Courts of Eastern Washington. Chris is a member of the Washington State and...
(509) 838-4458 621 W Mallon Ave Ste 505
Free ConsultationLandlord Tenant, Arbitration & Mediation, Bankruptcy and Real Estate
Steven Schneider's practice includes business and commercial litigation, probates and wills, real property law and transactions, evictions, and business and personal bankruptcy cases representing debtors and creditors. Mr. Schneider is licensed to practice in Washington and Idaho state courts and in Federal District and Bankruptcy Courts.
Garrett R Hall
Liberty Lake, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 11 years experience
(509) 924-4255 21950 E. Country Vista Dr.
Free ConsultationLandlord Tenant, Business, Divorce and Real Estate
Ryan Anton Jacobsen
Olympia, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 11 years experience
(360) 918-7776 2018 Caton Way SW #106
Landlord Tenant, Estate Planning, Probate and Real Estate
Chapman University Fowler School of Law
I'm a transactional and litigation attorney, and I love my job. About 90% of my clients have legal issues involving real property and personal property, which includes estate planning and wills, trust estates, probate estates, guardianship estates, insurance settlements, debt collection, short sales, deeds in lieu, cash for keys, residential and commercial leases, landlord-tenant disputes, real estate transactions, property contract disputes, real estate LLCs and trusts, corporate stock sales, and investment property. These matters fit neatly into three categories: People, Property, and Business. I have an incredible wife, Abby, and two beautiful children, Benjamin and Leah. I enjoy woodworking,...
Patrick S. MacDonald
Seattle, WA Landlord Tenant Lawyer with 7 years experience
(206) 790-9747 5400 California Ave SW Ste. E
Landlord Tenant, Collections, Consumer and Personal Injury
University of Washington School of Law
I have devoted my legal career to fighting for the rights of people who have been injured by the negligence of others. I can help guide you through the legal process, explain your rights and make sure that all evidence of your claim is properly preserved. Hiring a lawyer should make your injury less stressful and let you focus on getting better. Unlike many attorneys when you hire me you get me. I do not put my clients off on staff and make my self available as much as possible. If you can't come...
Ben Cushman
(360) 918-7217 400 Union Ave. SE, Suite 200
Landlord Tenant, Business, Construction and Real Estate
Lewis & Clark Law School
I am a native of Olympia, and my family has been in the region for more than 100 years. I received my B.A. in Philosophy before graduating from Lewis and Clark Law School. I have been licensed to practice law since 1996 and have spent my career serving my community. I place an emphasis on attorney-client communication. This includes promptly responding to messages, regularly meeting with clients at my office, and providing an online portal through which clients may access their important records. I promise this level of communication to each and every client I serve.
Kristian Einar Hedine
Walla Walla, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 38 years experience
(509) 529-5175 2225 Isaacs
Landlord Tenant, Arbitration & Mediation, Business and Employment
University of Kansas School of Law and University of Washington School of Law
My firm provides legal services to businesses, organizations and individuals in Washington and Oregon from our office in Walla Walla. I have extensive expertise in business law, employment law, contracts, real estate, dispute resolution and administrative law and provide a wide range of services to our clients as their "virtual in-house counsel." I am the author of a chapter pertaining to negligence in the employment law context which is published as part of the Washington Employment Law Deskbook. I have given seminars on employment law as well as landlord and tenant law. I was elected Walla Walla County District...
Gregory Fullington
Seattle, WA Landlord Tenant Lawyer with 20 years experience
(206) 374-8500 2200 6th Ave
Landlord Tenant, Business, Criminal Defense and Probate
Willamette University College of Law
Practice and Experience Litigation practice encompassing business, contracts, residential and commercial real estate, commercial leasing, employment and labor, construction, and criminal. Representation has involves among others, business and entity formation, buying and selling businesses, assets, and business interests, commercial construction design defect and breach of contract/warranty, residential construction breach of contract, employment and labor disputes, real estate purchase and sale disputes, drafting and negotiating contracts, leases, and employment documents, drafting estate planning documents, and negotiated with city and county officials, and drafted documents on land use and permit matters. Represented clients in municipal, state and federal courts. Former King County Deputy Prosecutor. Prosecuted...
Jacqueline Brown-Miller
(360) 790-4000 400 Union Avenue SE, Suite 200
Landlord Tenant, Business, Environmental and Real Estate
George Washington University National Law Center
Legal advice and legal services on environmental, land use, natural resource, real estate, and business matters. Providing legal advice, advocacy services, civil litigation services, and government relations services. Works at Cascade Pacific Law. Our clients come to us because we know the law, we are creative, and we help our clients solve problems. We are adept at finding balanced and effective solutions that meet our clients’ objectives. As a small law firm, we are nimble, client-focused, and can evolve to meet our clients’ needs.
Scott Martin Ellerby
(206) 789-2511 2401 NW 65th St.
Landlord Tenant, Construction, Municipal and Real Estate
Scott Ellerby is a partner in the firm. His main areas of practice are real estate litigation, probate, trusts and estates litigation, municipal law, creditor-debtor law, commercial transactions and commercial litigation. He has lectured at numerous legal seminars over the past 25 years on topics in his practice areas, and has represented a wide range of private clients and public entities in negotiations, mediations, arbitrations, and bench and jury trials. Scott was a contributing author of the Washington Lawyers Practice Manual, and was chair of the King County Bar Association Real Property, Probate and Trust Section. He earned his B.A....
Breanne W. Martin
Arlington, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 8 years experience
(360) 474-4952 103 North Street
Landlord Tenant, Divorce, Domestic Violence and Estate Planning
Breanne W. Martin is a graduate of Seattle University’s joint degree program in which she obtained a Law Degree and a Master of Business Administration. In recognition of her scholastic achievements, Breanne received Dean’s List honors and the CALI Excellence for the Future Award for legal writing. Breanne served as a contributing writer and editor for the Seattle Journal for Social Justice and was an active member of the Student Bar Association, Graduate Student Council, and Women in Business Association. Prior to attending Seattle University, Breanne graduated cum laude from Portland State University earning a Bachelor of Science in...
Ryan D Griffee
Yakima, WA Landlord Tenant Lawyer with 8 years experience
(509) 457-1515 105 N. 3rd St.
Landlord Tenant, Agricultural, Business and Real Estate
Pepperdine University School of Law
Attorney with general practice focusing on real estate (agricultural, commercial, and residential) and business transactions, probate, estate planning, landlord-tenant, and creditor’s rights with a wide variety of clients including banks, contractors, credit unions, dentists, landlords, orchardists, petroleum distributors, physicians, realtors, restaurateurs, and vintners.
Patrick Trivett
Marysville, WA Landlord Tenant Lawyer with 13 years experience
(360) 659-8282 1031 State Avenue
The Law Offices of Patrick M. Trivett, PLLC is a boutique criminal defense and civil litigation firm serving King, Snohomish and Skagit Counties dedicated to zealous client representation and expeditious and creative resolutions.
Jacob Flothe
Landlord Tenant, Arbitration & Mediation, Family and Personal Injury
Rutgers School of Law-Camden
Jacob Flothe received his undergraduate degree in Political Communications from the University of Washington. He went on to earn his Juris Doctorate from Rutgers School of Law in Camden, New Jersey. Jacob is the newest Associate at Integrity Law Group, PLLC. Jacob focuses in civil litigation, particularly he represents clients in Mediation, Bankruptcy litigation and Transactional work. While in law school Jacob participated in multiple moot court competitions. He also served as an extern for a presiding family court judge, which exposed him to a plethora of domestic issues and gave him insight into how those matters...
Samuel C. Feinson
Port Townsend, WA Landlord Tenant Lawyer with 7 years experience
(360) 379-4110 210 Polk St., #4B
Port Townsend, WA 98368
Landlord Tenant, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Traffic Tickets
Brent Bowden
Everett, WA Landlord Tenant Lawyer with 8 years experience
(866) 631-0028 3802 Colby Ave Ste 2
Landlord Tenant, Business, Estate Planning and Real Estate
Vermont Law School
Robin W Trickler
Everett, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 14 years experience
(425) 303-8000 2302 Rucker Ave
Sooner or later, most landlords find that they need to evict a tenant. The process can be confusing and can get expensive if not done correctly. I am here to help! I offer reasonable rates and will handle the process from start to finish. My practice is entirely dedicated and immersed exclusively in helping landlords with their tenant matters. From evictions to protecting and improving the rights of the landlords through my legislative work as the longest serving president of the state’s oldest landlord support and advocacy group, Washington Rental Owners Association, formerly known as Washington Apartment...
Justin Mishkin
Seattle, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 13 years experience
(206) 838-8118 1032 S Jackson st, Suite 205
Landlord Tenant, Bankruptcy, Collections and Foreclosure Defense
University of La Verne College of Law
Justin Mishkin received his undergraduate degree from University of Washington, with certificates in Political Science and Economics. After undergraduate school, Justin attended law school at University of La Verne College of Law, a small private law school in Southern California. While in law school Justin spent two years at a family law clinic donating his time to helping those who could not afford to pay for legal representation. While at the legal clinic, Justin helped to prepare hundreds of family law petitions. After law school, Justin served as general counsel for a company that...
Jared Hawkins
Walla Walla, WA Landlord Tenant Lawyer with 16 years experience
(509) 529-5175 2225 Isaacs, Suite A
Landlord Tenant, Collections, Consumer and Real Estate
Allan Jeff Leghorn
2692 H Street Rd, Blaine, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 20 years experience
(360) 366-4925 2692 H Street Rd, Blaine, WA 98230
I have lived in and attended university in Canada, New Zealand and the US. I have degrees in history, political science and law. My practice is focusses on real estate law, business law, commercial and residential landlord tenant law and cross border legal issues.
Christopher L Stahnke
(425) 259-2222 3411 Colby Avenue
Landlord Tenant, Collections, Criminal Defense and Family
Seattle University School of Law and University of Washington School of Law
Hello – my name is Chris Stahnke. I am an associate attorney, having come to the firm with great experience and hopes for a long and successful career. I attended and graduated from the University of Washington in 2002, and after a couple of years enrolled in Seattle University School of Law, graduating in 2007. After graduation I sought out and obtained trial experience, first with the Snohomish County Public Defender Association, and then with the King County Prosecuting Attorneys office as a Deputy Prosecuting Attorney working in the District Court Unit and the Drug Diversion Court. If you...
Klaus Otto Snyder
Sumner, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 34 years experience
(253) 863-2889 920 Alder Ave
(360) 705-9000 6510 Capitol Blvd SE
Tom Taylor has been practicing law in the Thurston County area for over 40 years. Prior to entering private practice, Mr. Taylor served as a law clerk for the Washington State Supreme Court and as Chief Civil Deputy Prosecuting Attorney for Thurston County. Mr. Taylor also served as Tumwater City Attorney and legal counsel for Intercity Transit. Mr. Taylor’s law practice emphasizes: Wills and Estate Planning, Probate, Real Estate, Business and Commercial, and Personal Injury. He has extensive training and experience in these areas. Mr. Taylor has successfully represented thousands of diverse clients, including businesses (large and small, retail and...
Tonya Meehan
Kennewick, WA Landlord Tenant Lawyer with 17 years experience
(509) 735-3581 1141 N. Edison, Ste. C
Landlord Tenant, Bankruptcy, Business and Criminal Defense
Selby Lighthill
Olga, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 13 years experience
(888) 318-8535 P.O. Box 51
Olga, WA 98279
Landlord Tenant, Consumer, Family and Personal Injury
Tough cases and just cases. No matter your legal problem, I will work tirelessly to insure a successful outcome for you.
My motivation is to put my experience and training to work for my clients. I have over a decade’s experience representing families and individuals against corporations, insurance companies, banks and landlords. The vast majority of lawyers have never tried a case before judge and a jury. I have tried and co-counseled more than a dozen jury trials, resulting in hundreds-of-millions in settlement and verdicts for my clients.
(206) 375-6750 1833 North 105th Street, Suite 101
Landlord Tenant, Estate Planning and Real Estate
Oliver Spencer is a Seattle estate planning lawyer, Seattle real estate lawyer, and Seattle landlord-tenant lawyer. He has seventeen years of experience as an attorney practicing in these areas of the law. He has also volunteered as a mediator for disputes in the King County District Court’s Small Claims Court in Seattle for landlord-tenant, commercial, construction, towing, breach of contract, personal injury, and merchant-consumer disputes, and is a graduate of the King County Dispute Resolution Center’s Mediation Practicum. He serves as a volunteer mediator for the King County Dispute Resolution Center and has mediated landlord-tenant disputes at the Center....
Synthia Melton
Tukwila, WA Landlord Tenant Lawyer with 8 years experience
130 Andover Park East, Suite 300
Free ConsultationLandlord Tenant, Business, Estate Planning and Real Estate
Synthia Melton is a co-founder and Managing Partner of Dimension Law Group. Synthia’s practice focuses on Business Law and Commercial and Residential Real Estate, including Landlord-Tenant matters. Synthia works primarily with real estate investors and small business owners on matters involving complex transactional and litigation matters. She also serves as general counsel to various small to mid-size businesses throughout Washington State.
In 2016 and 2017, Synthia was named a “Rising Star” by Super Lawyers, an award given to less than 2.5% of lawyers in the state. Synthia has a passion for working with Seattle’s small to mid-size business owners, assisting with...
Neli Tzankova Espe
Anacortes, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 21 years experience
(360) 630-3635 2114 Commercial Avenue
Free ConsultationLandlord Tenant, Estate Planning, Probate and Real Estate
Neli Espe assists emerging and established businesses in finding both in commonsense resolution of immediate issues and in the broader cultivation of strategies for long-term success. Neli Espe focuses on comprehensive, creative, and cost-effective solutions for families, businesses, and homeowner's associations and individuals. She provides outstanding legal representation based on expertise, experience, and integrity.
James A. Pautler Esq.
(425) 312-6094 3411 Colby Ave
Landlord Tenant, Criminal Defense, Divorce and Estate Planning
Jamie Jensen
Mukilteo, WA Landlord Tenant Lawyer with 34 years experience
(425) 212-2100 4605 116th Street SW
Landlord Tenant, Business, Estate Planning and Insurance Claims
Hamline University School of Law
Hello and thank you for visiting my profile site. We have been living in Washington for three years following a move from Minnesota in 2007 for my wife's health. We have four kids, all of whom are in college or have graduated. I enjoy racquetball, flying small planes, biking, skiing, and woodwork.
Scott Weitz
Kirkland, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney
(425) 889-9300 5400 Carillon Point
Free ConsultationLandlord Tenant, Bankruptcy, Business and Estate Planning
University of Washington School of Law and Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Arizona State University
Stuart Kastner
(206) 448-8100 1601 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2500
Landlord Tenant, Bankruptcy, Business and Collections
Brian G. Davis
Kennewick, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 9 years experience
(509) 736-1330 2415 W. Falls Avenue
Landlord Tenant, Agricultural, Civil Rights and Personal Injury
Brian was raised in Pasco and graduated from Pasco High School in 1993. He attended Washington State University and graduated with a B.A. in History/Education. Brian found a great deal of satisfaction serving the community as a public school teacher at Southridge High School. He enjoyed teaching US Government, US History, advising the National Honor Society and coaching Boys Basketball. After a ten year career in education and many fond memories, Brian left the area to attend Michigan State University College of Law where he excelled academically and served as President of his class. Brian was eventually hired by MSU...
Travis Scott Eller
(206) 801-1188 800 5th Ave
Landlord Tenant and Personal Injury
Michael William Frey
Kelso, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 24 years experience
(360) 577-8700 600 Royal Street
Landlord Tenant, Construction, Criminal Defense and Elder
Michael "Mick" Frey was born in Longview, Washington. He began his legal career as an intern in his Father's firm, Donald W. Frey, P.S. which he then joined as an associate in 1996. He continues to share office space with his Father, and Wesley S. Johnson. Mick's practice focuses on dispute resolution and litigation of issues in property rights, real estate, probate, estate planning, guardianships and advising small businesses. Mick is married and has one daughter. To set up an office or phone consultation, you may Email Mick: mick@attorneyfrey.com
Douglas Jay Lineberry
Tacoma, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 21 years experience
Landlord Tenant, Bankruptcy, Business and Estate Planning
Thomas Mackin
Sammamish, WA Landlord Tenant Attorney with 39 years experience
(206) 497-6283 840 207th avenue ne
Landlord Tenant, Business, Criminal Defense and Estate Planning
Deane William Minor
Everett, WA Landlord Tenant Lawyer with 38 years experience
(425) 259-9194 2821 Wetmore Ave
Landlord Tenant, Business, Divorce and Estate Planning
John Russel Shultz
Burlington, WA Landlord Tenant Lawyer with 38 years experience
(360) 404-2017 160 Cascade Place
Landlord Tenant, Arbitration & Mediation, Construction and Insurance Claims
Landlord Tenant Attorneys in Nearby Cities
Landlord Tenant Attorneys in Nearby Counties
The OneCLE Lawyer Directory contains lawyers who have claimed their profiles and are actively seeking clients. Find more Northport, Washington Landlord Tenant Lawyers in the Justia Legal Services and Lawyers Directory which includes profiles of more than one million lawyers licensed to practice in the United States, in addition to profiles of legal aid, pro bono and legal service organizations.
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Time for the Bosnian
Government to Begin
Working with Neighbours
By Amir Handzel
A counterpoint to . . .
Death Sentence to Bosnia Behind the Dayton's Closed Doors
By Musadik Borogovac, Bosnian Congress USA
(Rehovot, Israel) -- Nothing is new with the Bosnian Muslim government and the lobbyists acting on its behalf -- they are still trying to advance what they perceive as the Bosnian Muslim cause through the American public and media.
The writers from The Bosnian Action Coalition (We Need Your Help to Lobby Washington) and the Bosnian Congress USA decry the blocking of return of (Muslim) refugees to the Serb Republic (Republica Srpska), yet they seem to "forget" that the government in Sarajevo is doing EXACTLY the same thing. If they would bother to read the contribution by Andras Riedlmayer (Silent Ethnic Cleansing in Sarajevo), it could remind them that Serb property in Sarajevo has been confiscated by the Muslim government to prevent the return of its Serb owners.
For each of the three sides in Bosnia, the top priority is to solve the problems of the refugees on their side. Unless they all start serious direct negotiations on a comprehensive agreement regarding the return of refugees, there will be no change in current practices. Falling back upon a few vague items in the Dayton accord is not an alternative. It seems, however, that the Muslim government prefers to lobby in Washington and send cries for help in the media.
With all his sensational rhetoric, the double standard of Musadik Borogovac remains transparent:
"one formally armed criminal separatist movement succeeded in destroying a legal UN member state"
...is the most precise description of what Tudjman of Croatia and Izetbegovic of Bosnia did to Yugoslavia. The only difference is that Tudjman had the strong backing of Germany -- later joined by the US -- and enough material resources to turn his dream of secession into reality, while Izetbegovic failed to see that the Bosnian Croats and Serbs had no intentions of remaining under his forced rule and that his ground was shaky at best.
After NATO handed over to the Muslim government 20 percent of the territory of Bosnia -- literally as a present -- Borogovac is audacious enough to complain that IFOR does not behave as if Izetbegovic were Supreme Allied Commander of NATO.
Stop complaining, Mr Borogovac, and urge the government in Sarajevo to start talking and working with its neighbours.
Berserkistan is a world news service of Michael Linder Productions, Inc.
©1995-1996, All Rights Reserved
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Trace Elements in the Si Furnace-Part II: Analysis of Condensate in Carbothermal Reduction of Quartz
Elena Dal Martello1,
Gabriella Tranell1,
Oleg Ostrovski2,
Guangqing Zhang3,
Ola Raaness4,
Rune Berg Larsen5,
Kai Tang4 &
Pramod Koshy2
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B volume 44, pages244–251(2013)Cite this article
Silicon feedstock for production of solar-grade silicon should be as pure as possible to decrease the cost of manufacturing of solar cells. Impurities in quartz, carbonaceous materials, electrodes, and refractories are mostly present in the form of oxides. These oxides can be reduced to volatile gaseous compounds in presence of SiO(g) and CO(g) atmosphere and potentially leave the furnace or stay in the condensed reaction products, metal, and slag. This work investigates the conditions under which volatile impurities report to the gas phase in laboratory experiments with lumpy and pelletized mixtures of SiO2, SiC, and Si at 1923 K and 2123 K (1650 °C and 1850 °C), respectively, were carried out. The volatile compounds were generated by the reduction of quartz and collected in the form of condensate. The effects of the reaction temperature, quartz type, charge composition, pellets, and lumps on the composition of the condensate were studied. The trace elements in the charge input, reacting charge, and condensate were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-mass spectroscopy (MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). CO(g) and SiO(g), which are the major components in reduction reactions, formed four types of condensate: white, brown, green, and orange. The condensate constituents were amorphous SiO2, 3C:SiC, Si, and α-quartz. Each impurity present in the quartz charge entered the gas phase during quartz reduction and was detected in the condensate. Al and Fe show limited volatility. The volatility of Mn, P, and B depends on the charge mix: a higher PCO enhances the concentration of these elements in the gas phase. Fluid inclusions, common in hydrothermal quartz, enhance the distribution of the contaminants to the gas phase. Industrial campaigns on Si and Fe-Si production confirm the experimental results.
E.H. Myrhaug: Non-Fossil Reduction Materials in the Silicon Process-Properties and Behaviour, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, 2003.
M. Garcia and E.H. Myrhaug: Revisjon av Materialbalanse for Sporelementer i Si-ovn Basert på Målekampanje på Elkem Thamshavn April 2007, Elkem Silicon, Oslo, Norway, 2007.
H. Tveit and E. Myrhaug: Silicon for the Chemical Industry V. Tromsø, Norway, 2000, pp. 23–31.
E.H. Myrhaug and H. Tveit: Electric Furnace Conference Proceedings, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, New York, 2000, p. 58.
R.J. Ishak: Reaction Kinetics for Reduction of Manganese Ore with Carbon Monoxide in the Presence of Carbon, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, 2002.
Y.E. Lee and D.S. Kozak: Electric Furnace Conference Proceedings, 1993, pp. 145–50.
J. Sterneland: Alkalis in the HCFeMn-Furnace, a Mass Balance of Potassium Oxide on the Furnace No 12 at Elkem Mangan a.s. PEA, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden, 1993.
A. Schei, J.K. Tuset, and H. Tveit, eds.: Production of High Silicon Alloys, Tapir Forlag, Trondheim, Norway, 1998.
T. Førland and H. Flood, eds.: Selected Topics in High Temperature Chemistry. A Collection of Papers Dedicated to Professor Håkon Flood on His 60th Birthday, 25. Septemebr 1965, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, Norway, 1966.
V. Andersen and M. Tangstad: Small Scale Laboratory Experiments Simulating an Industrial Silicon Furnace, in Infacon XII. Helsinki, Finland, 2010.
W. Poch and A. Dietzel: Ber. Dtsch. Keram. Ges., 1962, vol. 39, pp. 413–26.
A. Schei: Tidsskr. Kjemi Bergv, 1967, vol. 27, pp. 152–58.
J. Vangskåsen: Condensate Formation in the Silicon Process, NTNU, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Internal Report, Trondheim, Norway, 2011.
E. Dal Martello, G. Tranell, O. Ostrovski, G. Zhang, O. Raaness, R.B. Larsen, K. Tang, and P. Koshy: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2012, in press.
A. Albinati and B.T.M. Willis: J. Appl. Cryst., 1982, vol. 15, pp. 361–74.
E. Dal Martello, G. Tranell, S. Gaal, O. Raaness, K. Tang, and L. Arnberg: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2011, vol. 42, pp. 939–50.
M. Gemeinert, M. Gaber, I. Hager, and M. Willfahrt: Neues Jahrbuch Miner. Abh., 1992, vol. 165, pp. 19–27.
R.B. Larsen, I. Henderson, and P.M. Ihlen: Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 2004, vol. 147, pp. 615–28.
J.B. Fein, J.J. Hemley, W.M. D’Angelo, A. Komninou, and D.A. Sverjensky: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1992, vol. 56, pp. 3179–90.
The authors acknowledge John Sharp, Xing Xing, and Xiaohan Wan for their excellent technical help and productive discussions. This research work has been supported by ELKEM’s research fund.
Ph.D., Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
Elena Dal Martello
& Gabriella Tranell
Professor, Research Associate, UNSW Materials Science and Engineering, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Oleg Ostrovski
& Pramod Koshy
Lecturer, UOW, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Guangqing Zhang
Senior Advisor, Research Scientist, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway
Ola Raaness
& Kai Tang
Professor, Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
Rune Berg Larsen
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Correspondence to Elena Dal Martello.
Manuscript submitted June 15, 2012.
Dal Martello, E., Tranell, G., Ostrovski, O. et al. Trace Elements in the Si Furnace-Part II: Analysis of Condensate in Carbothermal Reduction of Quartz. Metall and Materi Trans B 44, 244–251 (2013) doi:10.1007/s11663-012-9720-9
Issue Date: April 2013
Fluid Inclusion
Gaseous Compound
Measured Volatility
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New Miii: An Invisible Storyteller EP
Posted on November 18, 2014 by Patrick St. Michel
Tokyo producer Miii has been a busy bee this month. Besides prepping a new EP with his project The Wedding Mistakes, he’s been releasing a few songs here and there. And now…a new EP, called An Invisible Storyteller. SoundCloud tags aren’t a full-proof tool to figuring out the mindset of an artist…but the only one here is “sentimental” and, weirdly enough, this does sorta sound like what I imagine a guy who could easily zoom play at an EDM festival sounds like when reflecting on the past. It’s still noisy and at times chaotic…and “Chimerical Sands” is Miii at his most tiger-eyed, ready to rip shit apart, while “Peacock’s Dance” isn’t far removed…but also features a lot minor-key touches amongst the wub. There’s a lot of piano…and not like house piano, the sort of piano you learn in elementary school…all over the place, such as on the Jersey-Club-leaning opener “Sweet Love,” which is full of gunshot sounds and bed springs but also some melancholy sounding voices and synths running through this thing…it’s scatterbrained, but never really blasting off into pure joy. “An Invisible Storyteller” features hard-hitting bass, but also a lot of reflective vocal samples, while the most emotional cut comes at the very end with “From Bedroom Town,” another piano-accented song that features a heck of a build and pay off. Listen above.
← New Boys Age: The Odyssey
New Ferri: “Butterfly Illumination” →
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Airport advertising overload
“The Authority believes that there are many other ways to create interest and enhance revenue”
By Matt Potter, Dec. 6, 2017
News Under the Radar
San Diego’s airport authority looks to squeeze ad revenue from all surface areas.
Get ready for a proliferation of paid plugs at San Diego’s International Airport. “Over the past decade, the Airport’s advertising has been confined to the interior of the passenger terminals and has consisted mainly of backlit wall-mounted displays, and corporate displays,” says a November 14 call by the airport authority for vendors to ramp up its new policy. “The Authority believes that there are many other ways to create interest and enhance revenue through other types of displays and techniques, and by opening the entire Airport to possibilities for advertising, sponsorships, and naming rights.”
Outdoor opportunities include “light pole banners, exterior wall wraps, fiber optic displays, digital image banners, touch screens interactive projection system or optical imaging display cases.” Stuck in airport traffic? Look for forthcoming “poster ads on the sides and rear of parking shuttle buses,” “bus branding,” and “wraps on gate arm faces...at parking lot exits,” as well as “advertising on front or back of parking lot tickets.”
More stories by Matt Potter
Roosevelt called Lindbergh a Nazi — Feb. 3, 2016
Airport staff to fatten up in exclusive digs — Dec. 4, 2015
$500,000 terminal art backstory — July 15, 2015
Defibrillators spread around San Diego — April 1, 2015
San Diego airport art: Taxonomy of a Cloud, The Journey, Astralgraph, Signalscape — Oct. 8, 2014
Dec. 11, 2017 @ 5 p.m.
In our vain business-mogul world, no civic institution is exempt from surrendering its identity for a wad of dough from "benefactors" who wants to see their name in lights.
This week I visited the newly-remodeled and expanded La Jolla YMCA -- an iconic spot for generations of locals since 1964 (jazzercize, kids' swimming lessons, gymnastics, Indian princesses, basketball leagues) -- and the name has entirely disappeared. In its place is "Dan McKinney Family YMCA." Thanks a lot, Dan McKinney. Was that really necessary?
It's not unlike inroads made by mega-philanthropists Joan and Irwin Jacobs on the Copley Symphony Hall or La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD. When is it satisfaction enough just to give money for a good purpose? How hard is it to forego labeling the edifice and elbowing some previous philanthropist out of the way?
Sign in to suggest removal
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Sidhu gets more love in Pak than India: Harsimrat Kaur
India Blooms News Service | @indiablooms | 29 Nov 2018, 12:10 pm
#HarsimratKaurBadal, # NavjotSinghSidhu, # Pakistan, # ImranKhan, # KartarpurCorridor
Amritsar, Nov 29 (IBNS): After Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan lauded Punjab minister Navjot Singh Sidhu, Union Minister Harsimrat Kaur Badal on Wednesday took a jibe at the cricketer-turned politician saying he has more love in the neighbouring country.
Sidhu was present at the groundbreaking ceremony of the Kartarpur corridor in Pakistan where Khan said the Punjab minister could win elections in his country.
"Khan offered Sidhu to fight elections in Pakistan. It seems Sidhu has more love and respect in Pakistan," the Union minister said.
Khan, who represented Pakistan on the cricket field when Sidhu played for India, said he didn't understand why the latter had courted controversy for attending Khan's oath-taking ceremony as Prime Minister earlier this year.
"Someone who came with the message of friendship and love... what's his crime?" he said. "And this is about the friendship between two countries, both of which are nuclear-armed."
"It is foolish for anyone to think there can be war between two nuclear-armed countries as there is no winning for anyone. So, if there can be no war then what other way is there other than friendship?" Khan said. "So, what is Sidhu's crime?"
Though External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj was invited to attend the ceremony in Pakistan, she declined to visit the neighbouring country and instead sent two Union Ministers, Badal and Hardeep Singh Puri.
Picture source: Facebook
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Makers release trailer of Love Aaj Kal
Sunny Leone looks stunning in her latest video, seen sporting red strap dress
First look poster of Kartik Aaryan, Sara Ali Khan starrer Love Aaj Kal releases
Sanjay Leela Bhansali- Alia Bhatt collaborate, first look poster of their upcoming release Gangubai Kathiawadi unveiled
INOX celebrates key milestones with Deepika Padukone at INOX Megaplex
Esha Gupta raises temperature online in her monokini avatar
Raj Kapoor's daughter and star LIC advisor Ritu Nanda passes away
Sunny Leone shares interesting image with husband Daniel online, caption will melt hearts
Everyday on set of Sooryavanshi was full of love and joy: Katrina Kaif
Varun Dhawan, Shashank Khaitan, Karan Johar team up for Mr. Lele
Rani pays visit to Mumbai school
India Blooms News Service | 07 Aug 2014, 05:22 am
#Rani Mukherjee Mumbai school, # Rani Mukherjee
Mumbai, Aug 6 (IBNS): Bollywood actress Rani Mukerji, who is the playing the lead character in the upcoming and highly anticipated Yash Raj Films release, ‘Mardaani’, visited Priyadarshini Vidya Mandir School on Wednesday and lent her support to Coca-Cola’s Support My School Campaign.
Together with Sumanta Datta, Vice President, Company Bottling Operations, Coca-Cola India, Rani Mukerji presented a Mardaani “Medal of Bravery” to 5 girls of the school who have shown courage and achieved success by overcoming odds.
The visit was part of the Support My School campaign which focuses on revitalizing schools in rural and semi-urban areas with provision of basic facilities such as safe drinking water, separate toilets for boys and girls, libraries and promotion of physical sports. Lack of amenities such as hygienic sanitation has been a major cause for dropouts amongst female students at the incidence of puberty.
Rani Mukerji said, “The movie Mardaani addresses the issue of human trafficking through the story of a bold and daring woman cop. It showcases a brave woman who overcomes obstacles and fights for justice. The film encourages women to stand up for themselves and for their rights and also inspires every child to evoke the spirit of Mardaani in them. Education is a way to empower women, to teach them to value themselves and thereby gain the respect of others around them. I want to congratulate Coca-Cola India and all the other partners who have championed Support My School to encourage these girls to overcome odds and stay in school. It is a great initiative.”
Talking about the campaign Sumanta Datta, Vice President, Company Bottling Operations, Coca-Cola India said “Support My School recently completed 361 schools in India and this is a true landmark for us. The campaign has achieved recognition pan India and we take pride in launching the third season very soon. The campaign has always held a special focus for the girl child and it gives us great pleasure to associate with the cast of ‘Mardaani’ towards our common cause of empowering women. I congratulate each girl who has today received the ‘Mardaani’- Medal of Bravery and I hope more women across India are brave enough to fight for their rights and for their education.”
Aditya Bhat, Founder & Creative Thinker, Business of Ideas said, “It gives us great pleasure to contribute towards such a noble cause. It is important to encourage female children at an early age to be brave and strong and empower herself with a good education. We are glad to be able to partner with Coca-Cola and other partners for the Support My School initiative.”
Thanking the campaign partners and the entire cast of Mardaani, Laadh, Principal of the Priyadarshini Vidya Mandir School said, “It has been an honor to be selected under the Support My School campaign which has given a new lease of life to our school. The initiative has changed everything about our school. I would like to thank all the partners on initiating this effort and making a difference to the lives of all our students.”
A galaxy of stars turn up at the Kalakar Awards 2020
Mouni Roy takes selfie as she promotes OnePlus brand in Kolkata
Sun, Jan 05 2020
Jeet-Nusrat-Abir's film Asur is a tribute to late Indian sculptor Ramkinkar...
Behrendorff mixes business and pleasure at Lord's
Thu, Jun 27 2019
All the Hollywood news for Wednesday
The Target Is The Asian Championship- Manjit Singh
Sat, Mar 02 2019
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Porter Ranch Resident With Health Condition Struggles Living Under Natural Gas Leak
Filed Under:Ginger Webber, Health Condition, Natural Gas Leak, Porter Ranch, Southern California Gas Company
PORTER RANCH (CBSLA.com) — Thousands of Porter Ranch residents have left their homes to escape a massive natural gas leak in their neighborhood.
But others including Ginger Webber are staying put because she said she cannot afford to move even if she wanted to.
She’s battling a long-term health condition and said it is even worse now. “I have a lung condition that causes chronic bronchitis. And since this, I’ve been coughing almost nonstop.” Talking can be a challenge for her.
Webber said her health prevents her from working but is doing what she can to get by. “I do errands for people – things that wives used to do and don’t have time to do now.”
On Wednesday, the Southern California Gas Company opened a new resource center to help residents with temporary relocation and file claims.
But Webber said the utility company has not been responsive. “I can’t get them to return my phone calls.”
This is week 7 of the leak, and there is no end in sight. The Gas Company said it had a total of 4,000 requests for relocation, and 1,700 families have relocated.
The Gas Company said it works hard to help residents cope with the gas leak and will address Webber’s situation and help her resolve it immediately.
For updates regarding progress on repair efforts, click here or call (818) 435-7707.
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Loud By Design Bookings
Loud By Design Bookings is an underground DJ and artist bookings agency from London, UK and was founded by Rachel in 2017. As an experienced agent who spent the last 15 years running SUF Bookings, the agency that was affiliated with Stay Up Forever, she created Loud By Design to better represent the changing musical styles of her artists, supporting and promoting the evolution of their individual works as well as seeking out new contacts to work with. The emphasis of Loud By Design is to represent, support and book quality dance music artists that have a strong reputation and solid history within the underground scene, both nationally and internationally, as well as offering diversity with artistic styles that range from techno and hard techno to breaks and acid,
meat katie
South West Londoner Mark Pember (AKA Meat Katie) has had a long history in Dance music. In his time he has recorded for such prestigious labels such as Wall of Sound, R&S Records, Kingsize, Bedrock, Perfecto, Renaissance, Skint Pember has also remixed & collaborated with Arthur Baker, U.N.K.L.E, Boy George, Deep Dish, D.Ramirez, Peace Division& James Zabelia, to name but a few.
To date, Pember has released three Meat Katie artist albums, ‘Off The Bone’ (Kingsize Records – 1998), ‘Long To Belong’ (Kingsize Records – 2000) & ‘Vibrator’ (Lot49 -2006).
Arguably its Mark’s work as a DJ that has really seen him shine, a world class performer with excellent technical ability and a great understanding of the dance-floor, he has built a reputation worldwide he has been a resident at Fabric Live & Dangerous Drums at the legendary Tresor club in Berlin. Those who have seen him play will know that it is his diversity and energy that has earned him such respect for his tough techno based style. This has seen him play across the globe alongside an eclectic group of DJs from Digitalism, Justice, Simian Mobile Disco, Soulwax, to Deep Dish, James Zabiela, Sasha & Digweed, Carl Cox, Armand Van Buren and Tiesto. He has supported live acts such as Chemical Brothers, Pendulum, Prodigy Basement Jaxx & Orbital to name but a few.
It is these djing skills that have led him to compile and mix compilations for such land mark series such as, Bedrock, Fabric Live & most recently Sessions’ for Ministry of Sound.
Not satisfied with being a world class dj producer the self confessed workaholic also founded the highly influence LOT49 imprint which he run from 2004 – 2015 (Along with Dylan Rhymes).
With a staggering 30 album & 134 Single releases under its belt Lot 49 maintained a reputation as being a taste-making label, never shy to experiment it featured artists such as, Dubfire , Audiojack, D.Ramirez, Elite Force, Phil Kieran, Lee Coombs, Robbie Rivera, Ben Coda, Marco Bailey, James Talk, Alex Metric, Evil 9 and obviously Meat Katie & Dylan Rhymes.
In June 2013 Mark started a brand new series of Podcasts entitled ‘Lowering The Tone’ the that explores all genres of underground dance music and also features reveling interviews with some of the scenes most established and influential Dj’s producers and industry leaders, Mark provides a unique insight into the inner workings of running a label and being a professional DJ/Producer in the digital age, in 2016 he bought in Ben Coda to host his own LTT shows and expand the reach into other genres, the pair plan to be hitting 2 episodes a month and also running a sister Q&A podcast called ‘Setting The Tone’ which they will jointly host.
April 2016 saw the launch of the Lowering The Tone Label which plans of focusing on the more Progressive side of Techno.
There is a fourth Meat Katie artist album is in the pipeline and will see the light of day late 2017.
jerome hill
chicago loop
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rachel rackitt
2Junxion
aaron liberator
chris liberator
dave the drummer
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rowland the bastard
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Jazz Méditerranéen
Louis Winsberg
June 3, 1963 : Born in Marseille
1986 : Beginning of the adventure Sixun
1987 : First album as a leader
1997 : “La Danse du Vent”
2000 : Creation “Jaleo” at the Phoenix of Valenciennes
2003 : Creation “Le Bal des Suds” at l’Usine in Istres
2004 : Beginning of the cooperation with Dee Dee Bridgewater
2007 : Finally the release of “Douce France” !
2011 : CD release “Marseille Marseille”
2012 : Tour with Maurane
2014 : New trio album “Gypsy Eyes”
2015 : Album de Berline: “Mes Révérences”
2016 : Third Jaleo album: “for Paco”
Born in Marseille in 1963, Louis Winsberg began playing the guitar with a group of gypsy friends at the age of twelve forming the group Los Reyes, which would later become the Gypsy Kings. He studied classical guitar for two years, working by himself jazz and participates in courses led by Christian Escoudé and Gerard Marais. In 1979, he moved to Paris and began performing in clubs in Paris, while continuing his studies at High School Musical de Sèvres.
In 1981, he participated in his first recording with Los Reyes.
In 1983, he won the first soloist prize of the Concours National de la Défense. TSince then, he has become a prominent figure in the French music scene: as professor at the CIM in Paris, he has played with several artists including Antoine Illouz, Antoine Herve Elisabeth Caumont, Eric Le Lann (with which he recorded with Mike Stern, Eddie Gomez, Mino Cinelu and Paco Sery).
The meeting with Jean-Pierre Como and Paco Sery in 1984 resulted of the formation of the Sixun group, with whom he recorded 9 albums, 3 clips and performed numerous tours in France and abroad. Louis Winsberg is one of the first in France to have used the synth guitar. He is very attached to research on the melody, harmony and timbre. He is very interested in ethnic music and their rhythmic aspect.
In 1987, he created his own trio based on original compositions and at the end of 1988 he recorded the “Appassionata” album, which affirms his creativity.
After the flight of Sixun (1990-1991), he took advantage of a year “off” to repeat the experience and recorded his second album as a leader: “Camino”. He then formed a quartet and success helping, makes a big tour in France and Africa, and participated in the Midem 92.
He also works with the contemporary dance company “L’Esquisse” (Bouvier / Obadia), for which he composes the music of “Plein Soleil” (Universal Exposition in Seville, Avignon Festival, Opéra Garnier in Paris).
In 1992, he signed with Sixun Polygram Verve for which they will realize two albums and a compilation. The same year, he recorded an album in duo with the guitarist Sylvain Luc: “Petits déjà…”
In 1994, Sixun moved to New York for six month to do concerts and will record their second album for Polygram, “Lunatic Taxi” they will record in the studios of Power Station.
In 1997, the 5tet “La Danse du Vent” is going on a long tour across France (over thirty concerts). Louis Winsberg has an appointment with his faithful and large audience, which warmly welcomes this new show. In 1998 he recorded the 9th album with Sixun, “Nouvelle Vague” which will be released by Warner, followed by a tour in France.
In early 1999, the 5tet gives twelve concerts in East Africa, then plays at the Festival of Merida in Mexico and appears regularly in the French festivals.
By this time Louis has in mind a multicultural project. He began studying flamenco and meet musicians from that environment. He will also work with the Doky Brothers, for whom he recorded several albums and will tour in Scandinavia in the company of Gino Vannelli and Randy Brecker. Afterwards, two albums will go out which he has participated: the album “Laddé” from the Touré Touré brothers (who themselves participated in the latest album of Sixun) and “Tribal Traquenard” the first solo album by Stephane Huchard.
During April 1999, he performed a series of concerts in the quintet of Marc Berthoumieux for the album “Les Couleurs d’ici”, a tour that will bring them to Mexique. In the fall of 2000, Louis Winsberg participates in recording the new album of Claude Nougaro and the spectacle at Le Palais des Congrès. He did not neglect the off collaborations with friends and participating in albums of Alfio Origlio and Miguel Sanchez.
At the beginning of 2000, the Phoenix of Valenciennes hosts “Jaleo” in residence for two months, offering exceptional working conditions to the group. The show is created on March 30, meeting a great success with the public, and runs in France since the beginning. The disc, recorded between the South of France and Paris comes out October 23, 2001 on Earcy / Universal Jazz.
In 2002 and 2003, “Jaleo” bewitches a growing and very warm public. 2003 was the year of the 100th concert of Jaleo! After a nice tour with the 1st Jaleo, Louis Winsberg and the six musicians of the group benefit from a residence in Istres in autumn 2003 to work on a new show. This is the record of this new adventure that was released in January 2005: “Le Bal des Suds”.
In December 2002, Louis Winsberg is on tour in Japan with the famous Japanese saxophonist Sadao Watanabe and in July 2003 in Scandinavia with Bill Evans. He also participated from 2002 to 2006 to show tours “Kurt Weil” and “J’ai deux amours” Dee Dee Bridgewater in Europe, USA and Japan. This is in Coutances at the 2006 Festival that Dee Dee and Louis will make a memorable concert simply duo: culmination of their collaboration.
In residence at Coutances (Jazz sous les pommiers) since 2004, Louis Winsberg continues his meeting with the “guest musicians” during “Winsberg.World.Work”. The W.W.W. born of informal evenings Club in Paris. Around a trio composed, guests improvising on themes inspired by this family of “traveling musicians”. It was during one of those nights where the theme was Spain, was born “Jaleo”.
The 3 Africas met in Coutances in May 2005. In his constant desire to gather sounds, create new bridges between cultures and broaden musical paths, Louis Winsberg continues on his way towards those Africas as diverse as powerful, connected by the songs and rhythms that come here to mingle naturally, from the Maghreb to Senegal and Madagascar. Louis Winsberg for the WWW 3 Africas will be surrounded by Karim Ziad (drums), Solo Razaf (vocals & guitar), Diogal (vocals & guitar) and Jean-Christophe Mayar (saz).
In 2006, for his last year of residency Louis Winsberg will perform in Coutances with Sixun for the 20th anniversary tour.
Meanwhile Louis Winsberg does not neglect the Jazz and returns to the source of the music by improvising on the French song standards. The recording of the album “Douce France” is carried out in autumn 2006 with Ira Coleman and Stephane Huchard (e-motive records).
In December 2006 at the end of a tour “Jaleo”, Michel Fugain asked the Louis Winsberg’s group to participate in a recording of his song “Hallelujah”. The incredible energy of the group seduces the singer and the collaboration does not will stop there.
Throughout the year the director Jean-Pierre Bessières films and directed a documentary on Louis Winsberg “Le voyage de Louis”
In 2007, Louis Winsberg is shared on the road between “Jaleo” and “Douce France” for the release of this album
In 2008, he initiated a new project “Marseille Marseille” in residence at Echirolles with the Grenoble Jazz Festival and released with Sixun the album “Palabre”.
At the end of the year he received the Django d’Or in the category “Best Artist confirmed.”
Django d’Or : “Best artist confirmed”
In 2009, the Jazz Festival au Fil de l’Oise Oise gives him “carte blanche”
Maurane entrusted to him the arrangements of 4 tracks on her album “Nougaro”
In 2010, the Cultural Division of SACEM which supports him for many years invited to perform at MIDEM with “Jaleo”. Louis will perform on many festivals around the world (Tahiti, Seoul, Fez, Antananarivo, Las Palmas, Wroclaw…). He also participated in the Django 100 tour alongside Romane and the Ferré brothers. At the same time, Sixun celebrates its 25 years with the DVD release “Live in Marciac”.
2011 will see the release of his new album “Marseille Marseille” and the creation of the young audience show “The travel Carabalas” with Minino Garay.
In 2012, Louis is the artistic director of Maurane tour “Fais-moi un fleur”. He is accompanied on stage by Jean-Christophe Maillard, Stephane Huchard, Jerome Regard and Pepito Montealegre.
From 2009 until today, Louis has been developing albums and traveling on tour: the CD “Marseille Marseille” (2011) was a hymn to the Mediterranean, “Fais moi un swing” on tour with singer Maurane (2012/2013) and the album “Gypsy Eyes” (2014); the latter being accompanied by Rocky Gresset and Antonio El Titi, featuring gypsy flamenco guitar and stemming back to his early playing days. In 2015, he produced and directed the album for singer BERLINE, and in March 2016 “Mes Révérences” was released. Most recently, he has created the third album with “Jaleo”, “for Paco”, which will be followed by a European tour in 2016.
Nullam velit commodo sem, at egestas nulla metus vel imperdiet aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra mattis nulla eleifend magna, eget dictum urna to lorem gravida quis. Nulla facilisi. Mauris et dictum ante. Praesent rutrum velit eget quam elit dui, congue eu ornare vel, mattis sed eros at mattis ipsum.
C’est un délicat combo où se rencontrent plusieurs talents pour créer un rythme, une musique, des paroles. (…) Le tempérament est énorme, et le plaisir aussi. RFI
Sublime ! Merci Louis pour nos oreilles.
Je l’écoute en boucle depuis ce matin, il y a de véritables pépites ! Merci Louis pour ce pur bonheur musical !
© 2016 Copyright by Odyance. All rights reserved.
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Meeting of 10 March, 2018
Libertarian Party of San Francisco
Monthly Meeting - 10 March 2018
Location: Phil Berg’s Apartment, Fox Plaza Apartments, 1300 Market St #2910
Introductions (3:00 - 3:10)
Reports (3:10 - 3:25)
Vice Chair’s Report
Secretary’s Report
Newsletter Report
Outreach Report
Tax Day Panel Discussion (3:25 - 3:40)
Pride (3:40 - 3:45)
Ballot Arguments (3:45 - 4:30)
Activist Reports and Upcoming (4:30 - 5:00)
8 Mar (Thursday) “Are We Killing Free Speech?” A debate at University of California, Berkeley
Hosted by Berkeley College Republicans and the Ayn Rand Institute
7:00pm - 8:30pm, 2545 Bancroft Way, Berkeley
8 Mar (Thursday) "The Truth Machine:The Blockchain & the Future of Everything"
6:00pm - 9:00pm, GrovetechHQ, 1516 Folsom St, San Francisco
https://www.eventbrite.com/e/fireside-chat-the-truth-machinethe-blockchain-the-future-of-everything-tickets-42854578197
10 Mar (Saturday) LPC Executive Committee Meeting
10:00am- 5:00pm, Residence Inn, Sacramento Airport
10 Mar (Saturday) Zoltan Istvan: “The Future of Universal Basic Income”, World’s Fair Nano
Pier 48, San Francisco, CA 94158
https://worldsfairnano.com
11 Mar (Sunday) Campaign Event with Zoltan Istvan for CA Governor
4:00pm - 6:30pm, Stock in Trade, Lombard St
Hosted by the Libertarian Party of San Francisco
https://www.eventbrite.com/e/zoltan-istvan-for-ca-governor-tickets-43795397212
14 Mar (Wednesday) Liberty, Race & Opportunity: The Legacy of Frederick Douglass
6:30pm - 9:00pm, 590 Sutter St, San Francisco
Hosted by America’s Future Foundation
https://www.eventbrite.com/e/liberty-race-opportunity-the-legacy-of-frederick-douglass-tickets-43325555904
27 Apr - 29 Apr (Friday - Sunday) Libertarian Party of California Convention
Long Beach Marriott
https://ca.lp.org/convention/
28 Apr - 29 Apr (Saturday - Sunday) JSA Norcal Spring State Convention
Hyatt Regency San Francisco Airport, Burlingame
http://jsa.org/conventions/spring-state/
11 July - 14 July (Wednesday - Saturday) FreedomFest 2018
https://www.freedomfest.com/
Minutes for March 10, 2018 Meeting of the Libertarian Party of San Francisco taken by Aubrey Freedman.
Attendees: Nick Smith (Chair), Rebecca Lau (Vice Chair), Jawj Greenwald (Treasurer), Aubrey Freedman (Secretary), Phil Berg, Matthew Davis, Alexander Mills, and Starchild.
Chair’s Report: Nick organized the Zoltan Istvan event at Stock in Trade tomorrow afternoon and early evening. He just called up Zoltan and he was quite agreeable to be the speaker, and he has a big following of his own from his work in the transhumanist movement. He only registered as a Libertarian in 2017 and ran for President in 2016 for the Transhumanist Party. His main issues are ending the drug war (he was convicted for selling $80 of marijuana), lowering taxes, and selling off federal land to reduce the national debt or pay a guaranteed basic income. He aligns with Gary Johnson and was one of the candidates that Johnson interviewed for his running mate. Nick is working on trying to set up monthly socials at a bar to attract younger members to the party. He scheduled the April meeting for the library 4th floor room because the last meeting was too crowded at Phil’s.
Vice Chair’s Report: Rebecca has been very busy personally inviting people to the Zoltan event tomorrow, which hasn’t been an easy job. She has also been updating the LPSF Facebook page and schedules posts one week out and every day at 9 AM. She reported that Zoltan was upset over 9 folks posting comments on the LPSF page that they were supporting Nickolas Wildstar for Governor and not him. She reported that Zoltan requested help getting the 65 signatures needed to get on the ballot and so did Robert Griffis, also a candidate for Governor. Rebecca also finished designing new business cards, and she needs new graphics for our Facebook page.
Treasurer’s Report: Jawj reported continued good reserves in our coffers: $6,017.35 in our credit union account and $1,178.51 in our PayPal account. No checks were written in the last month and none needed at the moment. Aubrey reported that the credit union has once again charged us for depositing checks, and he has already called the credit union to get the charge reversed (small amount but it’s a matter of principle). The folks at the credit union as usual have not returned the call, but he will get the charge reversed regardless. Jawj inquired about getting the Treasury archives from Les, and Aubrey said that he lives close to Les and will pick them up one day soon and bring them to a meeting for Jawj. He will assist Jawj prepare the next Form 460 for our FPPC filing, which is due July 31, 2018.
Secretary’s Report: Aubrey reported that membership is unchanged from last month with 21 lifetime members and 26 regular, currently paid-up members, for a total of 47. He noted that the party is offering two-year memberships now, which more members are choosing which makes membership easier to manage. He’s going to take out a two-year membership himself next time.
Newsletter Report: Aubrey reported that the February newsletter finally went out last month to 350 recipients with two bounces. Starchild already wrote a new article for the website, so that will be one of the 3 articles in the March newsletter, so Aubrey only has two to write this month. He and Nick will test the new method of sending the newsletter out directly from the website in one email blast, rather than the old way of emailing it out in batches of 20.
Outreach Report: Starchild attended Tibetan Uprising Day at Union Square and was going to be a speaker there, but the event was disorganized and he didn’t get to speak. He has also been trying to connect with the Falun Gong folks who are running the Shen Yun shows and also the New Tang Dynasty Television people but has not been too successful so far. He was at City Hall recently commenting at the Ballot Simplification Committee meeting on the taser, parcel tax, free legal representation on evictions, and universal childcare tax ballot measures. He made the rounds at all 11 Supervisors’ offices and requested meetings with each of them, and also Mayor Farrell, and also the Editorial Board at the San Francisco Examiner. So far no success. Starchild is on the advisory board for the “Let’s Get Real” campaign that got the referendum on the flavored cigarettes ban on the June ballot, and he is working with them to ensure that the correct message gets out (anti-prohibition). He reported that the merchant associations have been very supportive of the referendum, and Miriam in particular has been very vocal with her opposition to the Supervisors’ ban. Starchild also went to the San Mateo LP monthly meeting to help connect with other local chapters. He also attended the Berkeley debate on free speech, heard Dave Rubin speak there, and reported that surprisingly there were no protests or disruptions like last year. A quiet month for Starchild!
Tax Day Panel Discussion: Aubrey reported that he easily found a panelist for the liberty side for our panel discussion on school choice by sending one email to Vicki Alger from the Independent Institute who often writes on school choice. She responded immediately that she would love to be a panelist and even offered to speak to the other panelist on the anti-school choice side if it would help get the other panelist to participate. It turned out that Vicki lives in Arizona, and Aubrey said he probably wouldn’t have asked her to participate if he had known she lives out of area, but she said she would be happy to fly over just for the panel discussion. Getting someone from the anti-school side has been predictably harder. Aubrey sent emails to: Hydra Mendoza-McDonnell, Stevon Cook, and Matt Haney (all from the San Francisco Board of Education), and none responded; Kari Gray from the 2nd District PTA (email bounced back due to mail box full); the California Teachers Association; Annie Chow, Secretary of San Francisco PTA; Laura Waxmann, education journalist at the Examiner; Jerry Adam Smith from the San Francisco Public Press; Parents for Public Schools; and Elizabeth Weise, an education blogger who writes some interesting essays on education. So far he hadn’t heard back from any of them, but many had just been sent in the preceding week, so he was hopeful that someone would agree to participate or knew someone who would. Other suggestions from the group included trying Delaine Eastin, a politician in Sacramento, United Educators in San Francisco, and Michelle Parker, who is running for school board and might agree to participate to gain extra public exposure.
Pride 2018: Aubrey reported that there is an ongoing issue with Outright Libertarians remaining conspicuously quiet in the face of government agencies coming down hard on voluntary businesses that choose not serve clients wanting gay wedding cakes, flowers, etc., so he has pressed the point with Mike Shipley, current Chair of Outright, regarding making a public statement on the issue. He wrote Mike that several of the core activists were disturbed about Outright’s silence and will not support our participation in Pride this year under Outright’s banner due to Outright’s silence. Aubrey had not heard back from Mike yet as of the meeting date, and the email had been written several days earlier. He had not had time to register for Pride yet, so perhaps it was time to rethink not having a booth at Pride this year, which would be the first time in almost 15 years that we wouldn’t be at Pride. Rob had told him that they have a new batch of “youngsters” in Outright, and some of them are calling themselves “Libertarian Socialists.” Aubrey had just written to his contact at Pride that morning to inquire what the cost of the booth would be if we went under our own name rather than Outright’s, expecting the cost to be a lot higher since we are not a non-profit like Outright. The feedback from those at the meeting was that we shouldn’t automatically rule out Pride this year because it’s too early to assume that everyone in Outright feels the same way about the issue (OK with government interference in a voluntary transaction), and it might be short-sided to rule out the best outreach opportunity of the year when the public at large wouldn’t notice or care about our disagreement with Outright. Aubrey noted that he was glad the LPSF still wants to be at Pride this year, even with our disagreement with Outright, because it’s his last year there and he wanted to do it one more year for sentimental reasons but did not want to foist his opinion on the LPSF. He will report back what the cost will be if we have the booth under our own banner.
Ballot Arguments: We didn’t go over all 10 local ballot measures, but rather we concentrated on figuring out which ballot measures we would be submitting for the “free” arguments due this coming Thursday March 15 and who would be writing the arguments. For RM3 ($3 increase for bridge tolls), Aubrey had mentioned in the last meeting that he would do the opposition argument for this one, but he forgot to bring it in. He liked the argument against RM3 that one of the lawyers for the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association wrote for the coalition of groups fighting RM3, so he’s just going to rework it a bit and post it on the Activist List in a day or two. He’s been in contact with the Coalition of San Francisco Neighborhoods and also Zelda Bronstein, and both may sign on to our argument. Its emphasis is on the equity issue of the less affluent working folks who can’t afford to live in The City who will be paying the lion’s share of the increases, much of which will go for public transportation. The referendum on the ban of flavored tobacco products is being covered by the “Let’s Get Real” folks, funded mainly by RJ Reynolds. Starchild has been working with these folks and may sign on to their argument for the LPSF opposing the ban. Jawj volunteered to write the argument against the parcel tax for the San Francisco Unified School District. There are two competing ballot measures to increase the taxes on commercial rents—one to fund housing and homelessness and the other to fund child care. Jawj volunteered to take the one for housing and homelessness and Aubrey volunteered for the child care one. Both opposing, of course. Starchild volunteered to write the argument against the police use of tasers and also the ballot measure for the taxpayers to fund legal representation for residential tenants in eviction lawsuits. He noted it would be important for the government to supply legal counsel in criminal matters but totally inappropriate in civil matters. Aubrey volunteered to write an argument against giving the SFPUC the authority to issue revenue bonds for power facilities. There was some mention of sending out a postcard of the LPSF’s recommendations for the ballot measures, but we’ll get to that at the next meeting.
Activist Reports: Phil continues to try and push folks in a liberty-leaning direction when he takes Lyft. Alex has been posting on Facebook. Starchild gave public comment at the Land Use Commission, and one issue was historical landmark declaration, which makes it hard for folks to tear down or renovate their own homes. He also attended a Planning Commission meeting regarding a wall in Diamond Heights that the neighbors wanted to “save.” He has also been helping Nicholas Wildstar on his campaign for Governor. He went to a YIMBY gathering to help pick candidates the YIMBY’s should support and mentioned it might be a nice gesture for the LPSF to give a donation to the YIMBY group for office furniture for their new office space (the suggestion was not well received by two core members). Starchild also attended a Pride meeting and suggested that folks go to SFPride.org to help pick a Grand Marshall for this year’s Pride; he voted for the less leftist “Dykes on Bikes..” Lastly Starchild continues to leave liberty-oriented flyers in those Clear Channel news racks that are mostly empty and nailed shut these days because whoever uses the racks has to pay The City a fee to use the racks. Aubrey finally got a newsletter out last month. Nick went to a Republican Women Federated meeting and organized the Zoltan event for tomorrow. He also helped get signatures for Zoltan and Robert Griffis at UC Berkeley for them to be on the ballot for Governor.
March 11 (Sunday) – Campaign Event with Zoltan Istvan for California Governor
Hosted by the LPSF
4:00 PM – 6:30 PM – Stock in Trade on Lombard Street in San Francisco
March 14 (Wednesday) Liberty, Race & Opportunity: The Legacy of Frederick Douglass
6:30 PM - 9:00 PM - 590 Sutter Street in San Francisco
https://www.eventbrite.com/e/liberty-race-opportunity-legacy-of-frederick-douglass-tickets-43325555904
March 19 (Monday) Our Primate Brain: Enlightening Hidden Motives & Social Agenda
Hosted by Foresight Institute
6:00 PM - 9:00 PM – The Laundry at 3359 26th Street in San Francisco
https://www.eventbrite.com/e/robin-hanson-our-primate-brain-tickets-43146770151
April 27-29 (Friday – Sunday) Libertarian Party of California Annual Convention
April 28 (Saturday) JSA Norcal Spring State Convention – Jawj volunteered for this event – still need other helpers because it’s the same week-end as the annual state convention – new location for this semi-annual event due to the Marriott in Santa Clara raising their rates
Hyatt Regency San Francisco Airport – 1333 Bayshore Highway in Burlingame
July 11-14 (Wednesday – Saturday) FreedomFest 2018
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Mark Lord's – Historical Fiction, Fantasy and Science Fiction
Bring on the Night (A Jake Savage Adventure)
By The Sword’s Edge
Pontvallain Campaign Chronology – 1370
By the Sword’s Edge – Chapter 1
Death on the Lips: A Sotil and Savage Mystery
For a Life Forgotten
Hell has its Demons
Hell has its Demons – Prologue
Hell has its Demons – Chapter 1
Judge a Book by it Cover
Little Boy Found
Smithers Hits a Six – First World War Short Story
Stupor Mundi: The Life in Death of Frederick II
Tales of Magic and Mayhem: A Collection of Fantasy Short Stories
The Dragon of Borvoli
The Return of the Free
The Vulture, the Giant and the Flea
Through a Distant Mirror Darkly
Time’s Arrow
Two Lives for the Sea God
Vulture Returns
Chivalry: A Jake Savage Adventure
Demon River
The Honour of Rome
Forged in Blood
Bisclavret (The Werewolf)
D&D 5th Edition Character Creation checklist
Oldhammer Resources
Traveller RPG Resources
Warhammer Fantasy Battle Scenario Generators
Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay (WFRP) 1st Edition
Rothgogen’s Tower (based on Hrothyogg’s!)
Warhammer Fantasy Role Play 1st Edition Supplements
Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay 1st Edition Published Adventures
Shadows over Bögenhafen
Death on the Reik
Power Behind the Throne
Something Rotten in Kislev
Blood in Darkness
Fire in the Mountains
Dwarf Wars
Heart of Chaos
The Restless Dead
Death’s Dark Shadow
Warhammer Companion
Lichemaster
Castle Drachenfels
The Dying of the Light
WW2 Wargames Scenarios and Campaigns
Armour Battles (Combat HQ) Scenario
Magic in the Middle Ages
Cases of Magic in Medieval England
Classical Background to Medieval Magic
Medieval Supernatural Course Notes
Magic in the Middle Ages by Richard Kieckhefer
Natural Magic
Necromancy and Demonic Magic
Primary Sources for Magic in the Middle Ages
Ars Notoria
Pliny on Magic
Peter Lombard on Magic and Demons
Isidore of Seville on Demons
Reading List for Magic in the Middle Ages
Medieval (Middle Ages) History and Literature
Central Government in 1376
English Earldoms in 1376
The English Church in 1376
Abbey Officials
The English Royal Family in 1376
John of Gaunt’s Castles – Google Map
Key Officials of the Royal Household
Key Retainers of the Black Prince in 1376
Everyday Life in Medieval England
Food and Drink in Medieval England
Christian Fast Days in the Middle Ages
Meal Times in Medieval England
Prices and Regulations for Medieval London Cook Shops – the equivalent of Fast Food in the Middle Ages
Seasonality of Food in the Middle Ages
Frederick II: Books
Biographies of Frederick II
Frederick II: Books on German History
Frederick II: Books on Italian History
Frederick II: Journals and Articles
Frederick II: Key Events in his Life
Battle of Cortenuova, 1237
Frederick II: Chronology of his Life
Siege and Battle of Parma, 1247-1248
Frederick II: Locations
Castel Fiorentino
Frederick II: Primary Sources
Matthew Paris
Chronicle of Matthew Paris: Year 1236
Chronicle of Matthew Paris: Year 1239, part 1
Frederick II: Websites
Michael Scot
Free Online Medieval Literature Texts
French Mediaeval Romances From the Lays of Marie de France
A Story of Beyond the Sea by Marie de France
Introduction – French Medieaval Romances from the Lais of Marie de France
Prologue – French Mediaeval Romances From the Lays of Marie de France
Select Bibliography – French Mediaeval Romances From the Lays of Marie de France
The Chatelaine of Vergi by Marie de France
The Lay of Dolorous Knight by Marie de France
The Lay of Eliduc by Marie de France
The Lay of Equitan by Marie de France
The Lay of Graelent by Marie de France
The Lay of Gugemar by Marie de France
The Lay of Milon by Marie de France
The Lay of Sir Launfal by Marie de France
The Lay of the Ash Tree by Marie de France
The Lay of the Honeysuckle by Marie de France
The Lay of the Nightingale by Marie de France
The Lay of the Thorn by Marie de France
The Lay of the Two Lovers by Marie de France
The Lay of the Were-wolf by Marie de France
The Lay of Yonec by Marie de France
Parlement of Foules by Geoffrey Chaucer
The Pardoner’s Tale by Geoffrey Chaucer
The Pardoner’s Tale in Middle English
The Pardoner’s Tale in Modern and Middle English
The Pardoner’s Tale in Modern English
Troilus and Criseyde by Geoffrey Chaucer
Book I of Troilus and Criseyde by Geoffrey Chaucer
Book II of Troilus and Criseyde by Geoffrey Chaucer
Book III of Troilus and Criseyde by Geoffrey Chaucer
Book IV of Troilus and Criseyde by Geoffrey Chaucer
Book V of Troilus and Criseyde by Geoffrey Chaucer
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight – a modern English Prose Translation
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth Book I
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth Book II
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth Book III
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth Book IV
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth Book V
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth Book VI
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth Book VII
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth Book VIII
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth Book IX
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth Book X
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth Book XI
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth Book XII
History of the Kings of Britain: Historia Regum Britanniae By Geoffrey of Monmouth The Translator’s Epilogue
The Battle of Poitiers 1356 – according to Froissart
The Recruitment of Armies in France and the Carolingian Empire, 650-1100
The Court in English Alliterative Poetry, 1350-1450 by Mark Lord
The Style of Middle English Alliterative Verse
Great Writers – Classic Literature
A Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle
Essay on Sherlock Holmes
The Cossacks by Leo Tolstoy
War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy
A List of Characters from War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy
First Chapter of War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy
Reading Guide Questions for War and Peace
Reading List for War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy
Naked Writer
Naked Writer #17: Getting Anglo-Norman
October 24, 2013 Mark 1 Comment
English: illustration intended for the mid-nineteenth-century history of the European Middle Ages. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
So since last week’s update I have started actually looking at the sources for the Pontvallain campaign. First up is the Anonimalle chronicle – an English chronicle written at the Abbey of St. Mary in York, which covers most of the fourteenth century and is best known for its account of the Peasant’s Revolt of 1381. It’s written in Anglo-Norman, so this week I transcribed a page of it and started translating it into English. The section that I was started with gave details of numbers of soldiers in Knolles’s army – suggesting that the army consisted of 2,000 men-at-arms (gentz darmes) and 6,000 archers (darchiers) – Jonathan Sumption thinks this can’t be right if you compare it with some of the other figures, so here the chronicler must have been mistaken.
Luckily I did GCSE French so I can just about read most of the text and get the gist of it. For the rest I have been reliant on an excellent resource called the Anglo-Norman Dictionary. More resources on how to use it can be found at the Anglo-Norman Online Hub. Fantastic to have this and easy to use as well – it provides examples of usages and variants of spellings of each word.
I have a feeling I might be using it a lot over the next few weeks!
Listening to the excellent Sol Stein‘s Stein on Writing and reading Conque
st by Juliet Barker about the English Kingdom of France at the end of the Hundred Years War – I’m thinking GRR Martin might have based a lot of his history of Westeros on these events – terrible intrigue mired with chivalry, assassination, massacres and mystical inspiration!
Also playing Crusader Kings 2 – not sure how I missed this before – shines a light on the convoluted personal politics of the Middle Ages like no other game I have played – the combat system is rubbish (just sums!) Will probably blog about this a bit more sometime.
Anglo NormanAnglo Norman DictionaryConquestHistoryHundred Years WarJonathan SumptionJuliet BarkerMiddle AgesPeasant RevoltReadingSol SteinYork
Naked Writer #16: Getting Ready
October 16, 2013 Mark Leave a comment
Allegory on writing history by Jacob de Wit (1754). An almost naked Truth keeps an eye on the writer of history. wisdom gives advice; with Ptolemy I Soter, a master in objectivity in his book on Alexander the Great, below in profile (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Since last posting an update to the Naked Writer series at the start of October, I have made some more progress getting my research sources ready for the next section of Stonhearted. I have now sourced pretty much everything I was hoping to source – including a copy of an Anglo-French chronicle that I needed to get on inter library loan. The last couple of weeks have probably been the busiest of the year for me work wise – especially last week, so hardly any writing work got done. Now I’m back from that and hopefully ready to get on track again.
The next few weeks will consist of a lot of reading through sources, which will include transcribing and translating some. It should be fun and I’m looking forward to seeing what I will find out.
I am also in the process of typesetting the next issue of Alt Hist ready for copy-editing. That’s a lot of fun as well and I am really looking forward to seeing it out before the end of the year.
Naked Writer #15: But the Rent
Naked Writer #14: Research Time
Naked Writer #13: Down Time Big Time
Anglo FrenchNaked WriterResearch TimeWikipedia
Research for Writers
Using Archive.org to Research Your Novel
October 2, 2013 Mark Leave a comment
The Internet Archive, archive.org, has to be one of the most valuable resources for any historical novelist. The Internet Archive contains a lot of things from archived versions of internet pages, to audio and visual material including films. But for me the most valuable resource is the number of scans of old, out of copyright books. In particular the number of printed editions published in the 19th century of historical documents such as chronicles, registers, parliamentary documents etc, is simply staggering. A number of these books have been scanned from the collections of various libraries and in particular large US Universities, so if you want material from non-English speaking countries then other resources might be better. And sometimes they haven’t scanned every book you might come across. For my research of the Pontvallain campaign I did find that other repositories of material were useful as well, but by far the largest source has been the Internet Archive.
You might say – “hasn’t Google books” scanned a lot of out of copyright books? Yes you’d be right – as have Microsoft. But often the best place to find these scans is at the Internet Archive – for whatever reason Google Books often doesn’t display the full version of these scans and the Internet Archive is easier to use.
So how do you get started?
I am assuming that you already have your bibliography together. If you need to research titles then somewhere else might be a better place – probably a general history of the period with good footnotes and bibliography of primary sources.
For this example I am going to be searching and downloading the Issue Roll of Thomas de Brantingham, bishop of Exeter, Lord High Treasurer of England…, A.D. 1370, ed. F. Devon (1835)
1. Searching
I would suggest you search by the title of the document rather than the author name. The search box is pretty straightforward, but if you search for the Editor here, Devon, you get the following:
But using the title you get:
2. Which Title
There are likely to be different copies of each text – presumably because scan have been provided by different libraries. I would generally choose the one with the most downloads as its likely that other users have found this to be in the best conditions – some scans can be messed up – blurred images, bent pages!
3. Book summary page
This is where you see the metadata for each book. Key things you might want to check are the publication date, copyright information and language. On the left you will see a list of file types. Ignore this list! Go straight to the link for All Files. If you go straight to PDF for example here, you might be redirected to Google Books and then find you can’t get the PDF for some reason – but you can.
4. All Files list
I would always select the file type ending .pdf as this will be the best version. Sometimes you will have the option to choose colour or black and white – the colour version looks pretty but takes longer to download.
5. Download!
Be warned this can take sometime – each PDF might well be 50 MB or more in size. So be patient.
6. What about Kindle, ePub, text versions!
Well unfortunately as these are scans of books producing images the text is not particularly well rendered, so you may well get nonsense. Some of the text comes out fine, but some will be rubbish. See the example below:
This is from the text file, but the text is used to make the ePub, Kindle formats as well, so you will have the same problem.
PDF is the best option.
Check out the Archive
I hope this guide has been useful. The Internet Archive really is a great resource for any historical novelist or anyone with an interest in history and in particular primary sources.
The Internet Archive Rocks, or, Two Million Plus Free Sources to Explore
LOC is down. Archive.org remains up. What can this teach us?
The Internet Archive and the Wayback Machine
Amazon KindleArchiveBookePubGoogleGoogle BookGoogle BooksInternet ArchiveKindleMicrosoftPDFPortable Document FormatPrimary source
October 1, 2013 Mark 1 Comment
Still at the research for the next volume of Stonehearted! Nothing much to report other than that.
Not much done over the weekend, but otherwise I have made some progress on getting ready to read through the source material references I have gathered for the Pontvallain campaign. That includes matching up events with each of the footnotes in Divided Houses by Sumption, and also gathering copies of the source material. Nearly finished on getting the source material, much of it has come from archive.org – which is the historical writer’s friend! (more on that site another time). When that’s compiled I will be starting to translate some of it – most of it is in Latin or French, so the plan is to use the Sumption footnotes to make sure I just translate the few pages I need from each source.
Other than that I am gearing up to produce the next issue of Alt Hist – I have gathered all the author manuscripts together and will be typesetting these this week.
I am listening to Robyn Young’s Brethren – it’s OK, but I wish it was a bit faster paced. Just started reading an ebook from my local library of People’s Queen by Vanora Bennett, which is based on the life of Alice Perrers, Edward III’s mistress. This is right on the money in terms of the time period that I write about, so its fascinating to see how the author portrays things. As with much of historical fiction a lot of the characterisation and interpretation of what actually happens is speculative. I think the author is doing a great job on this at the moment!
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Analytics & Outcomes
Erica J. Goldring
ejgoldring@mdwcg.com
Erica represents clients in the areas of premises liability, professional malpractice, automobile negligence and condominium/ community association law. She prides herself in bringing creativity and thoughtfulness to her defense practice.
Erica's experience as a New Jersey Appellate Division law clerk has helped to guide her both as a litigator and with motion practice. In her first year of practice at Marshall Dennehey, Erica successfully drafted five dispositive motions, including four summary judgment motions and one pre-answer motion to dismiss. She also commenced a trial before the Bergen County Special Civil Part. The case favorably settled during trial for half of the plaintiff's demand.
Prior to joining the firm, Erica served as a law clerk for the Honorable Harry G. Carroll, J.A.D. (retired) where she was tasked with evaluating a wide variety of criminal, family, and civil appeals. Erica was responsible for researching and appraising the merits of each appeal and drafting memoranda that provided a legal recommendation and supporting legal research. Erica also edited the judge's written opinions and advised the judge at oral argument where he was part of a three-judge panel.
Erica graduated cum laude from Seton Hall University School of Law where she earned her juris doctor in 2017. She also served as a legal extern for the Honorable Patty Shwartz, U.S.C.J. In addition, Erica served as Secretary to the Seton Hall Women's Law Forum and was an editor for the Seton Hall Legislative Journal while in law school.
In her spare time, Erica is a mentor with the New Jersey Legal Education and Empowerment Project ("NJLEEP"), which prepares students in the greater Newark, New Jersey area for college. Erica also advocates for homeless pets in the shelter system as well as shelter reform.
Significant Representative Matters
Obtained a summary judgment for a janitorial maintenance company in a personal injury action where plaintiff slipped and fell on rainwater at the entrance to a supermarket during a heavy rainstorm.
Obtained a dismissal with prejudice for a veterinary practice on claims of professional malpractice and breach of contract stemming from the veterinary group's decision not to euthanize a pet rabbit against the owner's request.
Obtained a summary judgment for a janitorial maintenance company in a personal injury action where plaintiff fell due to an alleged "slippery" floor where no hazard was present and liability expert report consisted of a net opinion.
Obtained a summary judgment on behalf of a snow contractor where plaintiff slipped and fell in the parking lot of a commercial establishment during an ongoing snow storm.
Obtained a summary judgment for real estate firm in personal injury action where plaintiff fell during a private residential showing, successfully arguing a showing realtor owed no duty of care to protect third parties against hazards outside the context of an open house.
Residential landlord did not owe a duty of care to tenant to protect against a blatant and known hazard.
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The plaintiff caught her foot in a gap between the boards of a tread of the front porch steps in the single-family home that she rented. Case Law Alerts, 1st Quarter, January 2020 is prepar
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The New Jersey Supreme Court held a landlord does not owe a common law duty of care to guard its tenant against foreseeable dangers arising from an uncovered radiator where the tenant maintained control over the radiator and the landlord is not re Case Law Alerts, 4th Quarter, October 2019
Plaintiff did not have an obligation to exclude other possible sources of the slippery condition because a proximate cause is a determination for the jury.
On a cold and drizzly night, with temperatures below freezing, the plaintiff walked down hill on a residential street. Case Law Alerts, 4th Quarter, October 2019
The court would not draw an inference of negligence against the defendant by declining to apply the Mode of Operation Rule when a plaintiff slipped and fell on a puddle of water because it held the casual nexus to self-service activity was lacking.
In this personal injury action, the plaintiff slipped and fell on a puddle of water without any notable marks or debris in a Target store. After her fall, she continued to shop in the store and checked out with purchases. Case Law Alerts, 4th Quarter, October 2019
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A New Code License: The MIT, this time with Attribution Required
Update: January 15, 2016
Thank you for your patience and feedback. The changes proposed here have been delayed indefinitely - we'll be back later to open some more discussions.
Important context for those arriving from reddit and slashdot links:
The status quo is not "public domain"; attribution is already required.
Do I have to worry about copyright issues for code posted on Stack Overflow?
Can we get some explicit clarification on the *intended* legal usage of code from SO answers?
TLDR: This is a follow-up to our initial proposal for transitioning to a more user-friendly code license. The purpose of this post is to address the concern expressed most frequently in response to the initial proposal: no attribution requirement. Also, we want to make sure everyone has ample opportunity to provide feedback and we have time to consider it. We are more concerned with doing this right than doing it fast, so please let us know what you think about this proposed change.
A month ago we proposed new licensing terms to cover code posted at Stack Overflow and across the Stack Exchange network. Hundreds of you voted on the proposal, and many of you let us know how we could improve. We gathered all your feedback, and after careful consideration we have amended the proposal.
2 changes:
Attribution now continues to be required when you use code found at Stack Overflow and Stack Exchange
The changes will now go into effect March 1, 2016 The changes proposed here have been delayed indefinitely.
Change 1 was made to accommodate contributors who want credit, plus to help developers identify the provenance of a Stack Overflow code snippet when they find it integrated into a project. Change 2 was made to allow you more time to digest this change and socialize it within your organizations.
Both changes were thoroughly vetted internally, with our lawyers, and with the OSI. We think they are an improvement upon the previous proposal, and a vast improvement upon the status quo.
As always, community input has been instrumental in moving this initative forward. We're fairly certain we've arrived at the best possible balance for everyone's needs, but if you spot anything new you think we've missed, please let us know.
When the change goes live, new contributions across the network will be licensed to the public under the following terms:
Non-code contributions will continue to be available for use under the terms of CC-BY-SA
Code contributions will be available for use under the terms of the MIT License
You don’t have to include the full MIT License in your code base. Contributors agree to give code users permission to ignore the MIT License’s notice preservation requirement, as long as users give reasonable attribution. This optional exception to the MIT License will live in our terms of service.
The only difference between the terms described above and the previous proposal is the removal of the requirement to add attribution only “upon request of the copyright holder (or Stack Exchange on behalf of the copyright holder)”. “Reasonable attribution” is now required by end users of Stack Overflow and Stack Exchange.
What is reasonable attribution?
A URL as a comment in your code is reasonable attribution.
There are certainly other forms of reasonable attribution, depending on use, and you are welcome to go above and beyond what’s required and include username, date, and anything else if you like.
You are also welcome to use the MIT License as it is traditionally interpreted: by preserving the full license with relevant fields (copyright year and copyright holder) completed.
Full guidance will be provided in an upcoming FAQ.
When will the new terms go into effect?
March 1, 2016 The changes proposed here have been delayed indefinitely.
What about other sites on the Stack Exchange network?
The new terms will go into effect for all new code on all sites in the Stack Exchange network.
We understand that some users feel the new terms are not a perfect fit for certain sites, but we think fragmenting the license across the network will lead to ambiguity – the exact problem we’re trying to solve by updating the terms.
What about code contributed prior to this change?
This change is just a first step in establishing clarity for using code found on Stack Overflow and Stack Exchange. Code contributed prior to this change will be governed by the CC BY-SA license as it has always been. We are exploring ways we might distinguish code covered by each license regime, and we hope to soon roll out an opt-in mechanism to let users relicense their old contributions under the new terms.
But what is code?
We will give you guidance on identifying code in an upcoming FAQ, plus guidance on how best to comply with the attribution requirement. But ultimately, identifying code will be a judgement call on your part. We have full faith in your ability to do this.
We want to hear what you think. Barring any showstopper, these terms and a detailed FAQ will be rolled out March 1, 2016.
discussion licensing feedback creative-commons
animuson♦
samthebrandsamthebrand
Do you actually expect people to do this? Will code be full of SO links, really? Given how many don't bother to upvote things they find useful, leaving a link in code -- which would typically not help maintainers of the code -- is hardly a consideration. – Eric Wilson Jan 14 '16 at 15:46
I'm going to just start putting an ingredient list on my projects. This software is made with 45% Stack Overflow recycled content. – MikeTheLiar Jan 14 '16 at 15:47
The voting on the previous meta post is not a reliable indicator for how the community views this version of the proposal in my opinion. There are just too many different concerns mixed into this single number. – Disappointed in SE Jan 14 '16 at 15:48
@samthebrand, "we think fragmenting the license across the network will lead to ambiguity". Then why do it? By having one license for 'code' and another for 'non-code', you are fragmenting the license across the network. This is lunacy. – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 15:49
I have full faith in any decent lawyer being able to present a convincing argument that whatever judgement call I made, it was wrong. – hvd Jan 14 '16 at 15:56
"But what is code? We will give you guidance on identifying code in an upcoming FAQ..." No, give guidance now. You're trying to change the license of code without clearly delineating boundaries for what is and isn't code. That's a very, very important part of this. Don't just hand wave it into the future long after this discussion should have been had. – Cornstalks Jan 14 '16 at 15:57
You will find better luck persuading many people if you follow Shog's advice here. This reads like, "we're doing this regardless of what you think, but please let us know your thoughts!" which... :( – enderland Jan 14 '16 at 16:02
I want to explain my down vote here. This idea is much better than the original post. However, I don't like that some key aspects are being pushed off. Please come back when you have a definition of code, an approach to help everyone understand what is licensed under what license, and the rest of your FAQ complete. Also, like @enderland suggested, follow Shog9's advice. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 16:07
@Jaydles considering an answer saying, In summary, please don't do this to us had +426? I think it's worth saying the community is not quite in agreement... – enderland Jan 14 '16 at 16:16
What exactly is the problem that you are trying to solve here? Users aren't pissed off enough already? The community hates this and there has been little justification for the change, so, unless you want more resistance, learn to use meta properly and write a feature-request that details an actual problem that you want to solve. – bjb568 Jan 14 '16 at 16:28
@Jaydles I wanted to downvote the original Meta post but I only have 101 rep on Meta so I can only upvote (even though I have 9k+ on SO.) Your assumption of community agreement is likely skewed by this fact. – xxbbcc Jan 14 '16 at 16:40
How are the 99.5% of Stack Overflow users who never visit meta, will never see the post, will never read the new ToS and more-so simply don't care or understand licensing agreements anyway going to be told to attribute code they copy from the site? – Cᴏʀʏ Jan 14 '16 at 16:51
Define "showstopper"? The feedback from the previous round and this round are both overwhelmingly negative. What's it going to take to drop this altogether? – 200_success Jan 14 '16 at 17:48
Just one comment - If the license needs a FAQ to define the license, then it's not a license. – rolfl Jan 14 '16 at 19:58
I am baffled by the community's general reaction to these changes, which are long overdue, legally necessary, and eminently sensible. There are legitimate minor concerns, but the overall sentiment here is insane. Typical meta change-aversion run wild. – ABANDON STACK -- Jeremy Banks Jan 14 '16 at 20:36
| show 181 more comments
85% of votes on the proposal were upvotes.
I upvoted the initial proposal because I believe it is important, but I strongly disagree with it. I suspect a lot of other folks did the same...
Your response to the proposal was positive
I'm sorry, this conclusion is wrong and everyone knows that. At least lets be honest and say:
Your response was not positive but we still believe that this is the right thing to do.
I understand your concerns, and I sympathise that you made an effort to hear us, but I still stand by the most voted answer on the initial proposal.
Jorge LeitaoJorge Leitao
1,90622 gold badges88 silver badges99 bronze badges
@joojaa, what's the implied sneaky greedy business goal you think might be behind this? (I genuinely don't know what one would be. This is simply about shifting to a license that's less ambiguous as it relates to code.) – Jaydles Jan 14 '16 at 16:01
@Jaydles I dont really care about the lisense per se. This does not touch me in the slightest as the license claim you make does not change anything as far as I'm concerned short code snippets do not get copyright in my locale anyway. Im more concerned of the fact that the train went and despite some negative feedback you think your getting positive feedback. – joojaa Jan 14 '16 at 16:04
@joojaa, to be clear, we got lots of feedback. A lot of it was positive, and a lot of it wasn't. And no solution will make everyone happy, but we've worked hard to try to find the best possible balance. And if I'm honest, the assumption that it's for some secret business reason felt unfair, mostly because it genuinely isn't - a change like this is mostly hassle for us, but we've come to recognize that NOT giving users a clear license isn't fair to contributors or those who want to comply with the rules. – Jaydles Jan 14 '16 at 16:08
@Jaydles that's entirely fair. But what's not fair is taking a very clearly divisive post and then broadly generalizing by ignoring the significant negative feedback from other answers on the post -- that's... disingenuous at best. So don't wrap that attitude in a "the community response was positive!" wrapper... – enderland Jan 14 '16 at 16:24
I probably mischaracterized the community's response to the initial proposal - it was positive, with a few "buts". I've modified this follow-up so it's less of a black-and-white interpretation of the way the community feels. But can you tell me exactly what it is you disagree with in the current proposal (as opposed to the way that we proposed it)? – samthebrand Jan 14 '16 at 19:10
I have to disagree with you on the highest-voted answer from the last thread. It simply gets the "internet" flat-out wrong. I have trouble taking seriously anyone who comes to Stack Overflow with the intention of sharing code with restrictions on who can use that code and where. If you don't want people using your code, don't share it on a public (and largely anonymous) site. – TylerH Jan 14 '16 at 19:24
@TylerH What about Code Review? That's a code site on the Stack Exchange network. Or Code Golf? – thegrinner Jan 14 '16 at 19:33
@TylerH I doubt many people are posting questions on Code Review in the expectation other people will be able to use it freely. Similarly for Code Golf, I doubt every solution/entry is intended to be freely available for anyone who wants. They aren't question-answer in the same way Stack Overflow is, and they don't have the same licensing needs. – thegrinner Jan 14 '16 at 19:54
@thegrinner I doubt any people are posting in Code Review with the expectation that other people won't use that code freely. If any do, they need to manage their expectations. If you post code on a free, public (and largely anonymous) code help site, there's no license that can protect it. If you need a code review of code that needs to be restricted/private (and for some reason your workplace doesn't offer that), use one of the many private 1-on-1 code review services out there where there's accountability built-in. Any anonymous passerby can copy your Code Review snippet and use it. – TylerH Jan 14 '16 at 20:02
@thegrinner As for Code Golf, that's just a joke site, right? – TylerH Jan 14 '16 at 20:03
@TylerH, do you expect people who post code on GitHub (a free, public and largely anonymous site) to feel the same as you expect people who post on Code Review? And if not, why? – otus Jan 14 '16 at 20:06
@otus No, I expect them to feel only slightly different, because whole repositories and complete code bases go on Github. Github also has private gists for that, too, so that comparison isn't the best. Stack Exchange sites are for snippets with isolated problems. Like someone has suggested already on this page, do you expect a two-line snippet of code to instantiate a new class to be protectable by licensure? Or appropriate for licensure in the first place? Code that is substantive enough to require a license is probably code that doesn't belong on Stack Exchange sites. – TylerH Jan 14 '16 at 20:12
@TylerH, I agree that substantive code probably does not belong on Stack Overflow, but Code Review requires complete, working code and Code Golf is arguably substantive code as well. – otus Jan 14 '16 at 20:16
@TylerH As a moderator on Code Golf, I can tell you that while we like to have fun, we are most certainly not a "joke site." We have some incredible solutions to intellectually stimulating problems. I invite you to join the community and see what we're all about. – Alex A. Jan 15 '16 at 20:56
@TylerH More often than not, the real challenging aspect behind the problems posted on Code Golf isn't the minification, it's the problems themselves. We've had problems ranging group theory to image processing, music to statistics. Though finding clever tricks to shorten your solution is also a big part of the challenge. But you're right, Code Golf isn't really a Q&A site in the same way Stack Overflow is; our questions are challenges and our answers are solutions, much like Puzzling.SE. I'd say we're more "nonstandard" than "non-serious." ;) – Alex A. Jan 16 '16 at 18:26
Not everyone active on Stack Overflow is active at SE.Meta. For those users, they can upvote (thanks to cross-network bonus) but not downvote (that requires explicit participation on this Meta, not the SO.Meta).
I'm using SO as an example, but it applies to all concrete SE sites due to how "main" Meta works.
So, your votes are necessarily heavily skewed. And yes, I'm posting this after being unable to downvote.
If you want my opinion on how that may be fixed - use highest reputation across the network as SE.Meta reputation and disable Meta reputation changes just like on concrete Meta sites. This is not a complete fix (novice users still can't vote - I assume you value their opinion as well) but an improvement.
Not to mention the fact that you used this as an approval rating without asking for such input - it's not the usual semantics for votes on questions, even Meta questions.
Voting up a question or answer signals to the rest of the community that a post is interesting, well-researched, and useful, while voting down a post signals the opposite: that the post contains wrong information, is poorly researched, or fails to communicate information.
Well, now you're getting a much more accurate picture when we know the "rules of the game".
Update: This part of the criticism may be invalid, since (another) FAQ entry expressly says:
Unlike normal Stack Exchange sites, Meta invites the community to discuss, debate and propose changes to the way the community itself behaves, as well as how the software itself works. On posts tagged feature-request, voting indicates agreement or disagreement with the proposed change rather than just the quality or usefulness of the post itself.
This may be a FAQ problem: various parts disagree.
XanXan
Upvoted your answer, since I can't vote down at SE. – Teemu Jan 14 '16 at 16:49
This. Just saying, I posted the comment of the similar contents on the question itself, it scored 16 and was deleted (the justification is probably "we've removed these stats from the post", but it's still the fact - users just can't express their disagreement). This is even more annoying. – nicael Jan 14 '16 at 16:52
And, now you can downvote :) – Quentin Skousen Jan 14 '16 at 18:41
@kkhugs True - in fact, I was able to within like 30 seconds of posting. And I did - not because I disagree with MIT in principle, but because I agree it's not fleshed out enough and using vote count as approval rating was wrong. – Xan Jan 14 '16 at 18:42
@Xan - Exactly. I would downvote if I could, but I also suffer from the cross-network bonus, not being active on SE meta. – Quentin Skousen Jan 14 '16 at 18:48
Users are also penalized with -1 reputation for downvotes. – Ben Mordecai Jan 14 '16 at 19:34
@BenMordecai Not on questions. And not on any other Meta. – Xan Jan 14 '16 at 19:34
+1 I can't UV this enough. Migrating the post from MSO was a horrible move imho. – Sam Jan 14 '16 at 19:35
Given the system is so opaque that I thought so, one must imagine that other people think so and its just another factor in the meaning of the votes – Ben Mordecai Jan 14 '16 at 19:36
Yep, looks like we misread this. Take a look at meta.stackexchange.com/questions/273000/… if you're interested in changing rep required for downvoting on MSE. – David Fullerton♦ Jan 14 '16 at 21:16
+1. If they're going to count upvotes, they should've done it on SO, not here. – user446034 Jan 15 '16 at 6:46
@DavidFullerton I have expressed my idea in more depth in the question you linked. Thanks. – Xan Jan 15 '16 at 10:27
Some users (hey, it's me!) can't even upvote answers in contrast with the proposals. I know my opinion can't matter as much as the one of an active SE user, but this way feedback from thousands of SE users and lurkers is just completely ignored, as if they didn't even exist. – fquffio Jan 15 '16 at 11:41
… and the economy is in a slump. Pundits on CNN are attributing the decline to a lack of growth in the computing sector. According to Alyssa P. Bitdiddle, senior analyst with the Society of Innovative Computer Programmers,
This has been a disaster in the making since March 1, 2016, a day that will live in infamy. That was the day when lawyers were invited into the software development process. Ever since Stack Overflow Inc. declared that all code snippets should be licensed as code rather than treated as knowledge, there has been a fundamental shift in programming culture. "Intellectual Property" lawyers throughout the industry have had a field day looking for violators. Nearly every software company outside of Somalia, Chad, and North Korea is vulnerable. By my estimates, software development productivity has dropped to pre-Stack Overflow levels. The average developer quality has declined as well, as programmers aren't putting their code up for review anymore. Software companies now spend a majority of their budget on lawyers, and they simply aren't hiring.
She added,
Ironically, this culture of licensing paranoia started with noble intentions. The founders, Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky, wanted to promote remixing and reusing content. Creative Commons licensing was used as a pact with the contributors: since the community owned the content, the knowledge base could never be privatized like IMDb, CDDB, or Experts Exchange. Later, concerns were raised that somehow code should not be Creative Commons-licensed, one thing led to another, and now the entire industry is paying dearly. We will never know for sure, but if Stack Overflow had been a normal forum without the Creative Commons license, software developers today would not have to struggle with licensing code snippets — as if the software patent minefield weren't bad enough already!
Despite a top-voted analysis that said, basically, "Please don't do this", Stack Overflow staff billed the feedback as "highly positive". This ignored the fact that some people upvoted the question because they thought that licensing was an important issue that deserved attention, rather than because they agreed with the proposal.
I think we've learned our lesson this time. This question has been downvoted off the front page of Meta.SE. Is that a clear enough signal? If not, then what would constitute the "showstopper" that you require?
What did people say last time?
Key points from the previous round were:
What exactly is the problem that the proposal aims to solve?
We're sharing knowledge, not code.
Permissive license is inappropriate for questions.
Permissive license is inappropriate for Code Review, Programming Puzzles and Code Golf, and most sites other than Stack Overflow.
License fragmentation is an administrative nightmare.
Administrative overhead of licensing has the potential to break the Creative Commons culture and our Stack Exchange communities.
What is the status of pre-transition snippets that get edited after the new policy?
If code that appears on Stack Exchange is treated as licenseable, can we discuss code for which we don't have the right to relicense?
Is there a threshold of originality before the MIT license kicks in?
A crayon license is legally unsound, logically inconsistent, and perhaps unenforceable.
Attribution is important to many of us.
If you are serious about license enforceability, attribution and transitivity are essential to cover second-generation copies.
What exactly did OSI say about the proposal, and how did they miss the legal unsoundness that was so obvious to many of us?
For a permissive license, CC0 or WTFPL may be more appropriate than MIT.
If there is a second license, then code should be dual-licensed, not permissive-licensed.
What constitutes "code"?
Is permissive-licensed code visually distinguishable from the rest of the content?
Out of all those issues, this revised proposal addresses approximately three. Even if this were a good idea (which I think it isn't), it would still be a half-baked idea.
What "code" are we talking about?
@MarcoAurélioDeleu has pointed out the absurdity of requiring attribution for short snippets. If you're using Stack Overflow as a resource to start learning some programming language, it would be as if you, as a tourist, had to give credit to your foreign language phrasebook for every utterance you made. Yes, the phrasebook is copyrighted. No, you are not allowed to reproduce the book. But using the book for its intended purpose is just not a copyright or a licensing issue. If you string together the lookup results for "Hello", "My stomach hurts," and "Where can I find the bathroom?", that's fine. If the book's appendix has a sample cover letter and you use it to apply for a job, that's fine too, even though the appendix is a non-trivial creative work.
Does this licensing proposal apply to the Stack Overflow documentation project? If so, you might as well kill that project now. Who would want to use that documentation resource if it meant you had to cite all the example code from it?
Do reasonable (i.e. non-troll) Stack Overflow contributors actually post original works worthy of licensing? My impression is that Stack Overflow answers are either going to be short enough that the answerer is giving it away as free advice for no-strings-attached usage, or it's substantial enough that it's going to be hosted on GitHub under the author's own terms.
So, what problem, exactly, does the proposal solve? By declaring code as subject to licensing, aren't we just feeding the trolls?
200_success200_success
Sadly, I've expended all my votes on this question before you posted this answer. A virtual +1 from me for the SICP quote. – Deer Hunter Jan 14 '16 at 19:16
That last point about "worthy of licensing" I think is really the crux of the issue for me. In a simple Q&A format, its hard to think of a reasonable example that is worthy of copyright or license. – StingyJack Jan 14 '16 at 19:27
"So, what problem, exactly, does the proposal solve? By declaring code as subject to licensing, aren't we just feeding the trolls?" I think the problem this solves is that code is already subject to licensing. And it's subject to a license that was never meant to be applied to code, and which the Creative Commons themselves recommends against applying to code. This change addresses that issue. – Ajedi32 Jan 14 '16 at 19:59
@Ajedi32 By making a code-vs.-advice distinction and putting different license terms on them, we are endorsing the mindset that copyright trolls would like to promote. CC-BY-SA would work just fine if Stack Exchange declared, for the sake of clarification, that all content is treated as advice. – 200_success Jan 14 '16 at 20:08
@200_success Wouldn't doing that implicitly outlaw copy-pasting code snippets from SO into your codebase? And even if you're not directly copying, just basing your implementation on a code snippet you saw in a SO answer could theoretically get you into legal trouble. Ever heard of clean room design? Currently that's the only way to be 100% sure you're not violating the copyright of some codebase. I think a lot of people here don't realize just how bad the status quo is. – Ajedi32 Jan 14 '16 at 20:19
I would upvote this if not for the intro. – otus Jan 14 '16 at 20:30
I advocated regarding all answer code as CC0 or Unlicense, essentially public domain. I was downvoted heavily for it :p – Chris Jan 14 '16 at 20:33
@otus I just chose to ignore the first part and upvote based on my 1 billion percent agreement with the rest of the post. :P – Alex A. Jan 14 '16 at 20:58
Why are there no robot assassins in this story? I was told there'd be robot assassins. What kind of half-rate dystopia doesn't have robot assassins? Are you gonna tell me that all the killer robot companies got sued out of existence and the future will have no roving killbots at all?! – Shog9 Jan 15 '16 at 0:03
@Ajedi32 IANAL, but copyright requires minimum creativity to be valid. Very basic code is so generic that it is not copyrightable (no one holds rights for print("hello world"), although someone probably does for the compiler below that). A lot of the generic loop/syntax stuff could've just as easily been copied from a doc or from a person standing next to you... – Anonymous Penguin Jan 15 '16 at 0:05
@AnnonomusPenguin Right, but where do you draw the line? Unless you are a lawyer, you probably aren't qualified to make that determination. In all but the most trivial of cases, the only way to be sure is to assume the code is protected by copyright and proceed accordingly. When CC-BY-SA is involved, that's where things start getting really messy... – Ajedi32 Jan 15 '16 at 0:14
Alyssa P. Hacker and Ben Bitdiddle got married? When did I miss this? – Jason S Jan 15 '16 at 2:55
@JasonS they wanted to keep it secret but Cy D. Fect spoiled it – gnat Jan 15 '16 at 7:55
"We're sharing knowledge, not code." - No. Quite often we share both. – Fermi paradox Jan 16 '16 at 8:33
@Yakk - No. I don't understand where the break in the communication of this idea is happening. The creative value of a piece of code should not matter. If you post here in order to help someone, then you should expect them to use what you posted, and not have to abide by some viral license. – StingyJack Jan 17 '16 at 20:55
This is a greatly improved step in the right direction. But I still have problems.
BEGIN TL;DR
First, I want a complete proposal. I don't want things that aren't provided. I want to see everything laid out before this change happens and with enough time to have community review of it - the full and complete proposed terms of use / terms of service, FAQs, guidance, mockups of user-facing tools. Preferably things in both human readable English as well as the appropriate legalese deemed necessary by lawyers.
Second, I want whatever license is applied to code to be comparable to CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported:
I want people to be able to copy and redistribute my source code as source code files or in binaries.
I want people to be able to transform or modify my source code.
I want my source code to be available for both open and closed source software.
I want my source code to be available for both non-commercial and commercial software.
I want visible attribution.
I want to ensure that it is clear that I may not endorse the use of or user of my Stack Exchange Contributions.
The only aspect of the CC BY-SA license that I don't necessarily care about is Share Alike - I don't care if people distribute my contributions under the same license or not, as long as I am granted visible attribution.
END TL;DR
This is an incomplete proposal.
A lot of this information is still not disclosed. Full guidance for reasonable attribution "will be provided in an upcoming FAQ". You are still "exploring ways" to distinguish code under various licenses. You "hope to soon roll out an opt-in mechanism" for relicensing contributions. You don't define what, exactly, code is.
Based on this post, you'll be releasing these other things on March 1st. That's the same day that the license change will be rolled out. That give us 0 time to review everything and find errors or raise concerns.
Please, come back when you have these details ironed out - they are important for me (and I'm sure others) to decide if this is truly a good idea.
As others have pointed out in the comments, you should also learn from Shog9 and how to persuade other people.
You leave defining code up to the judgement call of the person using it.
This is not acceptable. There are many, many users on Stack Overflow. I'm sure there are almost as many definitions as to what should be and should not be code. This is a legal matter with copyright and licensing. It should not be a judgement call, but needs to be clearly defined and documented somewhere.
Your definition of "reasonable attribution" isn't reasonable.
First, the MIT license requires two things for attribution: the copyright statement and the reproduction of the license. You are requiring one thing: a link to the post. I agree with the idea of making it easier to attribute a post. However, your scheme of attribution has issues.
The proposed method of attribution requires an Internet connection and access to Stack Overflow. I regularly work in areas without access to the Internet. If I were to follow your proposed rules for attribution, if someone viewed the code in this environment, they would not be able to see the name of the author, the date it was posted/modified, or the license that it was released under.
The proposed method also is effective to no attribution in a closed-source project. The MIT license does allow for use in closed-source projects. This is a good thing, and allows my contributions to SO and other SE sites to be more widely used. However, I would not get any visible attribution in these instances. Again, I think it's OK to not require the full text of the MIT license, but perhaps a requirement for a text file that lists the URLs and author names to all code contributions and a one line statement that some of the code base is MIT licenses would be sufficient for me.
I agree with the modified terms, however any attribution should also include the user name of the author of the code as well as the license that it was released under. I don't think the full license is required, but a two or three line attribution is all it would take.
For me, attribution is the singular most important thing to my participation on Stack Overflow and Stack Exchange. If I submit code that meets the criteria for copyright (and therefore can be licensed), I expect nothing short of a visible indication of the use of my work. I fully support allowing a less verbose attribution than the standard MIT license, but I don't support an invisible attribution or an attribution that requires connectivity to Stack Overflow / the Internet to view. If I don't get that, I don't want my code hosted here.
There is no protection against using my name to promote a product.
I would recommend looking at the Apache 2.0 or BSD 3-clause license.
The license currently applied to contributions to Stack Exchange has this segment in it:
You may not implicitly or explicitly assert or imply any connection with, sponsorship or endorsement by the Original Author, Licensor and/or Attribution Parties, as appropriate, of You or Your use of the Work, without the separate, express prior written permission of the Original Author, Licensor and/or Attribution Parties.
I think this resolves some of the concerns brought up by Jon Ericson in the comments, and it would make me feel better, too. I do think some modifications would need to be made to not require the full license text to be copyied (and I'd be OK with these modifications).
Thomas OwensThomas Owens
The last paragraph resonates with me. On "Jobs", there is a theme about "showing your awesomeness" - that's what "developer stories" are for, so I assume SO gets it. Attribution to the originator of an original thought or expression is a key reward for contributors here, magical unicorn points aren't enough. But simply linking to SO will tend to dilute that individual recognition -- eventually it could be akin to the ubiquitous quotes which cite "Wikipedia", wherein the vehicle of communication appears to get the attribution owed the creators of content. – Mogsdad Jan 14 '16 at 16:17
Personally, I'd rather not have my name attached to all possible closed source projects that might reuse my code. For instance, if a pornography website uses a bit of SQL that I contributed to Stack Overflow, they are welcome to the code without attribution since I don't want my name publically associated with that sort of thing. In general, I would be fine with attribution in a comment regardless of how visible the code is. The important thing (to me at least) is get credit from the people who really appreciate my contribution: the project's developers. – Jon Ericson♦ Jan 14 '16 at 16:32
@JonEricson That's a personal decision. However, I contribute here (meaning all SE sites) because I know that I will be recognized for my contributions. The BY part of CC-BY-SA is the most important thing to me. Under these new terms, I'm not getting the attribution that I expect or require. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 16:36
Right. The current license certainly doesn't require closed source projects to publically acknowledge code they found on a Stack Exchange site. That's probably for the best. For one thing, it's a big burden to track (making content significantly less useful). For another, it can be misleading without actually seeing how the code is used. Obviously it would be nice to see how your code propagates, but why should your preference be privileged over other people's? – Jon Ericson♦ Jan 14 '16 at 17:11
@JonEricson It actually prevents closed-source commercial applications from using the code. That's the SA portion. I'm not entirely sure about freely available closed-source applications. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 17:18
@JonEricson: Note that the status quo (CC BY-SA) protects you against smears by association. Any site that can't comply with the attribution requirement and also the "You may not implicitly or explicitly assert or imply any connection with, sponsorship or endorsement by the Original Author, Licensor and/or Attribution Parties, as appropriate, of You or Your use of the Work" requirement simply can't use the content at all. This protection would be lost under the MIT-lite plan. – Ben Voigt Jan 14 '16 at 17:32
@ThomasOwens: Yes, those protect the author significantly better than MIT does (and the proposed MIT-lite is even worse than vanilla MIT license) – Ben Voigt Jan 14 '16 at 18:28
When I worked for a government contractor, we never distributed code (or executables). But if I found a useful answer on Stack Overflow, I'd stick a comment in the code. (I rarely copied code wholesale, but I believe attribution is the right thing to do when I got help.) I think it's a fine idea to require that level of attribution. Requiring more would likely make getting approval to open source from a Software Release Authority more complicated. If it's easier to skip attribution than include it, I imagine many people will take the path of least resistance. – Jon Ericson♦ Jan 14 '16 at 18:49
@JonEricson I work for a government contractor and we do distribute binaries (libraries or executables) and never source code. Right now, I'm not able to directly use SO code. I'd like to be able to, and changing to MIT (or, preferably Apache or BSD 3-clause for the reasons Ben Voight pointed out) would help. We already have guidance for these three (and other common) open-source licenses on how we can or cannot use code under those licenses in our products from legal. We regularly use software with these licenses, in binary or source form, and generally have no issues with it. YMMV. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 18:54
If it were up to me, I'd make the attribution a point of professional courtesy rather than trying to jam it into a licence. Stack Exchange content gets used all the time by ethically-challenged people and there's not a lot we can do about it. Changing the license isn't going to fix that problem. If some other programmer thinks my answer on Stack Overflow helped enough to acknowledge in release notes, that's far more valuable (to me at least) than if it was a requirement they followed out of duty. – Jon Ericson♦ Jan 14 '16 at 19:05
@JonEricson There are two kinds of people - those that will follow the license and those that won't. The license terms should be easy to follow, but I want those honest people to know that they need to visibly attribute me by name when they use my contribution. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 19:11
As a closed source developer, I strongly suspect that a requirement to include a stackoverflow.txt file with applications stating that questions by users A, B, C, D, and E, and answers by users F, G, H, I, J, K, L, and M were looked at during the creation of the software instead of references in the code would result in stackexchange being banned and blocked at the corporate firewall. – Dan is Fiddling by Firelight Jan 14 '16 at 19:58
@JonEricson & others on this thread, another reason to support CC-BY-SA 3.0 is this part of its clause 4a: "If You create an Adaptation, upon notice from any Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Adaptation any credit as required by Section 4(c), as requested." That is, if someone (e.g. a porn site) adapts your work and you don't want your name on their adaptation, you have the right to insist that they remove your name from their adaptation. – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 20:37
@ThomasOwens, "even Creative Commons recommends using somethign else for code." IIRC, someone on the Creative Commons wiki once said CC-BY-SA wasn't ideal to use for shipping software products, or sth along those lines. I think that's barely relevant to Stack Exchange sites, in which knowledge in many forms is shared (i.e. not exclusively code, not even on Code Review). Nor do I think it was ever authoritative guidance. CC-BY-SA 3.0 works well for heterogeneous content like on SE, & if anyone does need to extract code and ship a software product, they can legally relicense under GPLv3. – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 21:40
@sampablokuper No CC license is idea for shipping software source code or binaries. It is OK for software documentation (user's manuals, developer guides, etc). There are many, many issues with CC-BY-SA on Stack Exchange, though. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 21:42
Please do not do this. The FAQ should be out and we should have some time to go through it before the changes are actually made. You have also stated that a definition for what is considered "code" would come out at the same time
This is another reason to have the FAQ out before the changes are made. We should have the time to go over all this before the changes are made to the license and terms of service.
NathanOliverNathanOliver
I wonder if having nearly -100 score on the post (as of this writing) would count as a showstopper. :P – Alex A. Jan 15 '16 at 2:25
Over -200. Still no sign. – Simon Klaver Jan 15 '16 at 16:44
@AlexA. -250 now, and, apparently it does count as one :P – BMWurm Jan 16 '16 at 10:25
-255. Show has been stopped. – Alex A. Jan 16 '16 at 20:29
@AlexA. was the question previously featured? It's not currently. – Nemo Feb 2 '16 at 8:02
@Nemo It was. That lasted until about -200 and something. – NathanOliver Feb 2 '16 at 12:50
@NathanOliver that definitely explains the slowdown in downvoting! – Nemo Feb 2 '16 at 19:08
Meta meta-Meta
For a post that was intended primarily to address one of the concerns raised (repeatedly) in the previous discussion, this sure has kicked up a lot of dust. I got to talking with a few people in chat earlier, and they... Kinda seemed surprised by a few things that I thought were obvious.
And I realized... I've been sorta following this conversation internally for months, and seeing where all the different pieces arose, why the plan has taken the direction it did. But y'all haven't. There's been one previous post, and both that and this kinda make it sound like a done deal and not checkpoints on a long road toward solving a difficult problem.
So I think it's worth noting a few things, for the benefit of the folks who don't hang out in The Tavern:
We're working on this because folks have been complaining about it for years. Search the site - you'll find angsty posts about licensing going clear back to '09, full of fear and frustration. That hasn't gotten any better with time; unfortunately, several recent high-profile court decisions have made a bunch of people all sketchy about software copyright law, and monsters under the bed in the form of database companies in particular - nevermind that nothing anyone does on SO is likely to get you sued, seeing huge companies lose cases over literally a few lines of code has a chilling effect on everyone, and uncertainty surrounding the license used here just fuels the fear.
There's no hard time limit on getting this done. We've set a deadline so that we're all motivated to work on it, but it's the third deadline so far and there's no reason it can't be bumped again if there's good reason to do so. We're doing this to be good stewards (see #1), but no one's breathing down our neck about it - if it takes another month or another year to get it right, so be it; the important thing is to get it right and only then get it done.
The voting on Meta doesn't really matter; voting here is a means of prioritization, not a mandate. It's fun and interesting and useful when it flushes out useful arguments, but don't get all sad if someone downvotes your opinion or mad because you can't downvote theirs - it's far more important that you take the time to express your opinion here in a way that others can understand than it is that you vote; this is a discussion, not a straw-poll.
That out of the way...
Thoughts on licensing
...I've occasionally participated on these sites too, so I feel entitled to chime in with my own opinions here. Especially since I haven't voted yet. There are a few things expressed here (and in the previous discussion) that I think are... Understandable, but naive. So I'm gonna talk about them. I wanna stress, these are my opinions - they haven't been vetted by any lawyer, any president of vice, or any sane person. This goes for just about everything I write here, but on the off-chance that you haven't learned that already, I wanna make double sure ahead of time that you know I'm as likely to be full of it as I am to be right (and that's pretty damn likely).
Licensing does not prevent careless or malicious use
If you're worried about a more permissive license leading to a heyday for students cheating on their homework or careless workers engaging in Stack Overflow-driven Development, then... You're a real optimist. This nonsense was rampant back when I was first getting into this stuff in the late '90s, and no amount of licensing has made a difference that I've seen. Folks who want to cheat will cheerfully lie about where they got the code they're submitting or committing, strip identifying comments, even obfuscate the symbols. I was dealing with this crap from cheap fly-by-night consultants long before Stack Overflow was even a glimmer in Jeff's eye, and I'm sure the old-timers here have been dealing with it a lot longer. Licensing doesn't stop it any more than laws against stealing protect that $20 you carelessly dropped on your front lawn; laws and licenses - like door locks - exist to keep honest people honest, not to rein in the committed dishonest.
Nor does licensing force folks to treat code as examples for writing their own, much as we might hope it would. When I was still working as a programmer, this was something we had to teach every new recruit, sitting them down and working through the process of taking some MSDN snippet and re-writing it with proper error-handling, structure and testing. Often as not this was the first code review. It's a critically important skill, but not an obvious skill - especially when the forbidden fruit seems so sweet. I'd love to see folks come together to create some guidance for folks struggling with this, but a license isn't gonna force it.
An effective license is one that the licensee understands and can comply with
This has been the achilles heel for CC-BY-SA all along; it's trivial to apply for posts, but folks struggle to apply it correctly to code. Chances are, the vast majority of one-liners out there aren't even copyright-able... But how do you know that? When does the attribution requirement kick in, how does that even apply to compiled or server software, what does the "viral" aspect even mean when all that's being "shared" is a binary? These are all questions that any proper software license answers, but which CC-Wiki ignored because it wasn't meant for software.
Common-sense tells you that - when someone asks, "How do I do X?" on SO and someone else responds, "Use this function" - you should expect the latter person wants you to use that function in your code. And so most folks do just that, and don't even think about the licensing. End result? Licensing punishes the conscientious.
So what do we really need here? Something that folks can apply in a common-sense fashion without being dishonest and without violating a license. This is what Sam's been poking away at for months now, the idea that we can make more people honest by making it more obvious what that even means.
I think we're getting closer. I'm not a lawyer, or even a licensing wonk, but on a gut level "tell people where you got this" seems like a reasonable expectation for using stuff that was posted publicly on The Internet.
But ultimately, I think this has to be something that everyone can get comfortable with. And there are still some rough edges, so I'm gonna shut up for a bit and finish reading what the rest of you have had to say about it.
Good point: Licensing does not prevent careless or malicious use. I'm surprised about how many people are thinking that this license will let them steal their code, because it's already happening right now. I don't want to sound pessimistic, but when thousands of people break a license/law/contract, it's a bit of a lost cause. You're not significantly damaged in a direct way, so honestly, let it go... – Zizouz212 Jan 14 '16 at 22:45
... All I want is to make sure that no one can come up to me if something of mine screwed something on there side. Aside from that, I don't care about people who don't attribute me: chances are, they have no moral sanity, and I will appreciate the people who do, and help me out. As it is, I'm 16, I share what I know with a good heart, and in a well-spirited manner, and at the end of the day, knowing that I was able to help someone out makes my day. – Zizouz212 Jan 14 '16 at 22:48
I was clearly referring to durians, @abby. Which are, in fact, forbidden in some places with good cause. – Shog9 Jan 14 '16 at 22:56
why don't we all just agree that given the size and scope of posts on SO that they are all FAIR USE and that by posting it you agree that anyone using any code posted here is indeed fair use. – Mgetz Jan 14 '16 at 23:26
@Mgetz Because I don't want someone to sue me if my code breaks their system. Fair Use is not a defined term, and would make for a worse situation than the status quo. – Zizouz212 Jan 14 '16 at 23:44
Well, we can't actually declare anything "fair use", @Mgetz; that's something that has to be decided in court, if the concept even exists in your country. Aside: mourn the TPPA. – Shog9 Jan 15 '16 at 0:08
And how is that a problem, @Jesse? D'you think folks are commonly sharing the codebases they use code from SO in now? Is that even an expectation we're setting, or have ever set? A rule that everyone breaks is worse than no rule at all. – Shog9 Jan 15 '16 at 1:49
@JesseWatZ Quite honestly, I doubt anyone follows that. No one copies code directly. Do we even need things to be copyleft? Probably not - people who work on the job just want help, and they should have some sort of freedom in that. Beside, the copyleft suspects are generally the GPL. Eww... (Disclaimer: I have an unknown tendency to absolutely hate, with a passion, anything that contains the letters G, P, and L, especially when they are right beside each other, or come after an L, or an A. – Zizouz212 Jan 15 '16 at 1:54
@Mgetz, why would (the fairly narrow) legal idea of "fair use" be the only way code shared here (or anywhere) is usable? It's just ONE way. Lots of code is too short or functional to be covered by copyright at all. Other code is explicitly licensed for use by others (whether by CC-SA or some other license). Even if "fair use" does apply to code use, it's only one of the ways someone can legally use someone else's work. – Jaydles Jan 15 '16 at 16:38
"There's been one previous post, and both that and this kinda make it sound like a done deal and not checkpoints on a long road toward solving a difficult problem." I think what made it sound like a done deal was when the previous post said this will be in effect by January 1st. It is rather hypocritical to blame the users for a failure to communicate. Even this current post has an air of urgency, noting an upcoming change written in stone for March 1st. If these really are just "checkpoints", then call them that and let everyone retain at least some of their dwindling sanity. – Travis J Jan 15 '16 at 16:46
I'm not blaming the users, @TravisJ - I'm blaming me, us: when you've been talking about something weekly for months it gets hard to remember who you've talked to and who you haven't. Hence this answer - I'm trying to clarify and dump some of the things that've been tossed around in our internal conversations but don't seem to have made it into the public dialog. – Shog9 Jan 15 '16 at 16:50
@Mgetz, this does nothing to change what "fair use" is (or isn't). If code fell under fair use for CC-SA, it's still fair use under MIT, or anything else. "Fair use" is a literally a case where a license or grant of rights is not required, so WHICH license might be if it weren't fair use is moot. – Jaydles Jan 15 '16 at 20:35
I was completely unaware that "folks have been complaining about it for years", and most of the people I've talked to about these proposals in chat also don't seem to be aware of that. So it seems like the whole idea of changing SE's license came out of nowhere without any real justification. I'm still waiting for a follow up post that makes some attempt to convince me there's even a real problem here in need of solving. Until then, the only opinion I can reasonably support is that changing the license for no apparent reason is a really bad idea, no matter what that change is. – Ixrec Jan 15 '16 at 23:48
No offense, @Ixrec, but... you're kinda new here. Why would you be aware of that? Start at the beginning, follow the "linked" sidebar down the rabbit hole. – Shog9 Jan 16 '16 at 0:56
@Shog9 -- the problem is, because a distinction between code and non-code, in this context, is very difficult and unclear (IMO), licensing "code" under a non-copyleft license will bleed over to offering everything under such a license, which undermines a lot of (my, and I suspect others) willingness to contribute it. – Jesse W at Z - Given up on SE Jan 18 '16 at 18:28
Thanks for listening to the community. I felt there was a huge resistance and that was primarily caused by not listening. So thanks for taking our opinion in consideration now. (I still don't agree, but at least we can have some influence on the outcome)
To talk in a little more detail about the updated proposal:
I think the proposal lacks a very important part: old posts and updated posts. In short: this proposal isn't ready yet! Okay, there will come a FAQ entry in some time, but how things are handled should be discussed now, and not in some time in the future. We all need time to go over it. In my opinion, old posts should have the old license. An indicator of which license is applicable would be very nice then.
Another suggestion regarding the above: a suggestion has been done a few times already to have a 'copy the code' button. If that can be implemented, can you put in a prefabricated comment in there with the required attribution? That would make users actually follow the guidelines you set now.
Another thought: on SO we had some 'Our answer to your questions' post. I think that would be useful for all the high-scoring answers on the previous post, so we have an official and clear statement on the questions posted there.
Patrick HofmanPatrick Hofman
"Starting March 1, 2016, new contributions across the network will be licensed". Nothing is said in terms of the old contributions; I'm sure nobody is going to relicense / require relicensing them... – nicael Jan 14 '16 at 15:50
@nicael I think the question was whether an update to a post counts as a new contribution. Maybe? – Rainbolt Jan 14 '16 at 15:50
Did you read "What about code contributed prior to March 1, 2016?" @nicael Rainbolt gives one concern, maybe there are more. But we don't know since it is not here. – Patrick Hofman Jan 14 '16 at 15:51
I think asking for a FAQ now is a little bit pushy. I would be happy with a FAQ some time before the changes take effect. – Rainbolt Jan 14 '16 at 15:53
I am not asking for a FAQ. Just a set of guidelines. – Patrick Hofman Jan 14 '16 at 15:53
Most edits will produce a derivative work, which will continue to be licensed under whatever license applied to the original code. However, a substantial edit might be said to create an entirely new work, in which case the MIT would apply. To be on the safe side, always include a comment with a link back to the post so that revisions and authors can be tracked. No matter the license, giving credit is always a good choice. This is something that will be clarified further in the FAQ, but I encourage you to post this as a question in Meta so we can get started drafting the FAQ now. – samthebrand Jan 14 '16 at 15:55
Okay, what is the keypoint of that question @samthebrand When the license changes on a existing post? – Patrick Hofman Jan 14 '16 at 16:19
@samthebrand can someone else editing a post actually change the license? Isn't that something the original poster would have to agree to? Edit: In general, I'm still very concerned about what happens when someone who is not the original poster edits a question or an answer. – thegrinner Jan 14 '16 at 16:27
One other thing that the FAQ should answer is what happens if I quote code from another work. I cannot license it under the not-MIT considered here, but then I cannot license textual quotes under BY-SA either. It is the whole work that is licensed, quoted material remains its original authors'. – otus Jan 14 '16 at 19:45
@samthebrand is it still useful to start this discussion or should we wait? – Patrick Hofman Jan 15 '16 at 23:28
I get from your comments ("in response to specific concerns about the license not being appropriate") that the current situation might be less than ideal (lots of people think it is) - but I don't really know enough about the legalities behind it to suggest what to do. But I trust SE enough to believe there must be an issue if they want to change something.
I can, however, read feedback. Which it seems you haven't.
This is an important topic - but you say this:
"Both changes were thoroughly vetted internally, with our lawyers, and with the OSI. We think they are an improvement upon the previous proposal, and a vast improvement upon the status quo."
The main thing that is missing is the community being involved. Sure, you've asked us on Meta.SE (the wrong place) and you've posted a banner containing this:
"Thanks, everyone, for your feedback to this proposal. We're going to digest this one over the holidays and should have a follow-up announcement answering your questions and addressing your concerns after the new year."
Highlighting mine.
I assume this is said follow-up - but I don't think it has done either of those points.
You've not answered any questions here - certainly not mine. Most notably, "What is code"?
And the "addressed the concerns" part? Let's check the first post. It had 592 upvotes and 95 down, so 86% of people "agree". It also has 37497 views, so only around 1.8% of people voted on it. Maybe that could be off by a factor of 5. That's not a lot of people.
You seem to be ignoring the concerns I've read. These comments come from the top answers. I'm not cherry picking - the top 12 are negative.
As much as I love SE (I really do admire what you have made), you seem to have ignored this quite a lot. Maybe this is as SE get's bigger, it's harder to involve the community. Maybe the SE format of Upvote and Downvote is not the right way to get feedback on this. And (almost certainly) Meta SE is the wrong audience.
The top answer has 460 upvotes and 23 down. That suggests that 95% of people agree with them. And disagree with you. That's throws the 86% figure out the window, eh?
Sure, something seems to be done. But you're a) Twisting the facts and biasing the vote by posting here, b) Not suggesting the right thing (I don't know what that is) but this is not based on other answers and c) not doing what you said you would - answering questions of addressing concerns.
For anyone interested, here is the Word Cloud of the first announcement:
And here is it for this one:
I like everything you've said above except, "I get it. The current situation is less than ideal. And this is an important topic. ... Sure, something seems to be done." Is CC-BY-SA really less than ideal? So much so that something needs to be done? In what way is it bad? So, for the time being, I'm neither upvoting nor downvoting your answer. Might upvote if you clarify these points. P.S. You might also want to clarify your point about "5% of people": it's a bit ambiguously-worded :) – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 17:55
thanks. I figured that if you felt confident enough to say "I get it. The current situation is less than ideal." then that "I get it" part meant that you "got" the way in which the current situation is less than ideal. (Otherwise, you surely don't get it.) So, if you do get it, please articulate it. And if you don't, then please don't say you do. Thanks again :) – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 18:06
it's a bit better now, and I appreciate your effort. Still, though, you say, "I know that I trust SE are trying to solve a problem and that CC-BY-SA is bad for code and software." In what way is CC-BY-SA bad for code and software? I'm not persuaded that it is. Indeed, I think it is an excellent license for Stack Exchange sites and that changing the licensing terms is wholly unnecessary. So when you imply that you "get" that "something needs to be done" to replace CC-BY-SA 3.0, I would be grateful if you would either justify that remark or remove it. Thanks again :) – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 21:23
Tim, "I trust that they wouldn't say that without good reason." May I encourage you to be a bit less trusting in this case? Please consider the case critically (on its merits) instead. "CC-BY-SA says in it that it's not for software, quite blatantly." Not that I can see. Here's the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license. Please show me where it says that :) – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 21:59
Tim, fair enough. I agree with your unhappiness about how SE did this and that they are proposing to force it upon the community. I respectfully disagree with you about the rest. Thanks again for your time and consideration :) – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 22:13
I agree with a lot of this. You did a wonderful job summarizing the sentiment visually. However, I'd like to know, if Meta.SE is not the right audience, then what is? (Keep in mind that the proposal was first posted to Meta.SO before being migrated to Meta.SE because it would affect all Stack Exchange sites.) – 200_success Jan 15 '16 at 2:28
@200_success Sure, it affects them all. Now look at the % affected? Stack Overflow is such a large amount (e.g. (95% + I guess) and so few participate here... – Tim Jan 15 '16 at 20:45
Asking out of curiosity — are those word clouds weighted by comment/answer score as well as frequency? – 200_success Jan 16 '16 at 2:33
@200_success no, just word frequency. I removed all Vote counts etc from the page to unbias the cloud – Tim Jan 16 '16 at 13:21
The only justification you've given so far for this change is the following:
...it’s always been a little ambiguous how CC-BY-SA covers code. This has led to uncertainty among conscientious developers... Uncertainty is a drag on productivity...
So, if I understand correctly, this rather significant change is intended to increase developer productivity.
Would you please expand on this, showing, perhaps, actual instances where developers have actually been hampered by the existing licensing scheme? (ie, not theoretical situations, but actual complaints)
Building this change on a foundation which shows the change is needed, necessary, and will provide significantly more benefits to all users than detriments might go a long way toward convincing the "who moved my cheese" users that this is an improvement.
If this is merely a philosophical choice, with no actual basis in objective needs, that's fine, but you're still not explaining the foundation well, and you're going to get a lot more pushback until you express the why more clearly than you are right now.
PollyannaPollyanna
Ambiguity is the path to the dark side. Ambiguity leads to uncertainty. Uncertainty leads to futility. Futility leads to suffering. – Pollyanna Jan 14 '16 at 16:48
I couldn't agree more with this. Also, I've found a comment from Tim Post elaborating a bit more on these changes necessity. – falsarella Jan 14 '16 at 17:20
I can't share what people have contacted us privately to discuss, but the ambiguity surrounding how exactly CC-BY-SA applies to code is sufficient for many project managers to say "It's probably not compatible with what we're using" That's not to say it's incompatible, or that CC-BY-SA would bring unknown future complications - that's just it, it's hard to tell. Code trolls are an unfortunate part of life and companies are getting more defensive than ever. It wasn't that big of a problem 6 years ago (and I'm sad that it is now). – Tim Post♦ Jan 14 '16 at 17:34
We are definitely not doing this for philosophical reasons. We're doing this in response to specific concerns about the license not being appropriate for code. I'd love to be able to share more about it but am being told that we can't for some reason I don't fully understand. – David Fullerton♦ Jan 14 '16 at 17:47
@DavidFullerton Just my view from the sidelines, but that lack of transparency is probably responsible for some of the pushback on this proposal. – ThisSuitIsBlackNot Jan 14 '16 at 17:57
@DavidFullerton it might help if you provide the generic concerns (examples) that have been raised, no one expects you to share who has raised them specifically. If there can't be given a sound rationale for this change it is likely to have some goofy background and the community is right to reject it, if for nothing else than 'unclear what you are intending' (to paraphrase a common close reason) – miraculixx Jan 14 '16 at 19:43
@TimPost Would you consider reaching out to those who have been affected and requesting they comment on this proposal, or they give you permission to share some reasonable level of detail about their difficulty? Alternately, consider reducing it to numbers - more than a thousand but less than 100,000, or more than 100k but less than one million, etc people contacted Stack Overflow, Inc about this problem? The highest voted meta question about this issue isn't very highly voted or commented on - meta.stackexchange.com/questions/12527 – Pollyanna Jan 14 '16 at 20:24
@AdamDavis Based on this level of secrecy, I suspect that the parties are unable to speak out because they are involved in an active lawsuit. Stack Overflow staff have been consulted for assistance with the defense. This rushed proposal is an attempt to contain a problem before it spreads. (In my opinion, the proposal — or even the fact that the proposal was raised — would make things worse, by endorsing the trolls' mindset that code is licenseable and thus giving them the home court advantage.) – 200_success Jan 14 '16 at 20:47
@200_success Interesting consideration. Perhaps Stack Overflow has been named in one such lawsuit. Would be interesting to search court cases filed where Stack Overflow is party. – Pollyanna Jan 14 '16 at 21:01
Even if one accepts the premise that the current situation generates uncertainty, the proposed change does not actually fix it. – abligh Jan 14 '16 at 21:25
@abligh I agree, but honestly I can't come up with a better licensing solution. I think this solution protects Stack Exchange better, and it appears to align better with what the OSI is trying to accomplish generally - one aspect of which is clearly delineating between code licenses and other copyrights. Because Stack Exchange is a business, they can't just use a fully permissive license, they must demand attribution, which complicates the problem significantly. They tried to resolve it with the previous iteration of this license and got bonked on the head because it won't work. – Pollyanna Jan 15 '16 at 12:00
@abligh But I've come to the conclusion that this change isn't worse than the previous license. I'm still going to have to do my little clean room reverse engineering thing anyway. I just don't think there's a way to get around that with any license. If this is the path they want to pursue, then while I won't support it, I don't think I'm going to try to convince them to try another path - I don't think it matters at this point. – Pollyanna Jan 15 '16 at 12:03
@AdamDavis I don't quite understand why StackExchange need attribution for a couple of lines of code snippet (the code) as opposed to the rest of answers. I understand why some authors might want it. This is the distinction between helping, and supplying intellectual property. In any case an attribution could be to the author without reference to SE. – abligh Jan 15 '16 at 12:18
@abligh This is largely to protect Stack Overflow from copycat sites who repost stack exchange data without attribution. It hurts the business financially. So anything and everything on the SE network needs to be protected with some attribution requirement for them to avoid the worst of the copycat sites. – Pollyanna Jan 15 '16 at 12:34
@AdamDavis if only the code had a 'no attribution' alternate licence (but not the remainder of the question or answer) this would still defeat the scraper sites. Of course this requires defining 'code'. – abligh Jan 15 '16 at 12:47
Last time this was brought up, I posted this answer. This new version still has many of the problems I set out in it.
You're still creating a crayon license.
If you're going to do MIT, do MIT like MIT was meant to be done. The requirements for using code haven't really changed - all you've done here is say "now you have to have a comment in your code". That's less than is required with the current license.
More to the point, you haven't actually changed anything here. Let's compare last time round:
You don’t have to include the full MIT License in your code base. Contributors agree to give code users permission to ignore the MIT License’s notice preservation requirement, as long as users give reasonable attribution upon request of the copyright holder (or Stack Exchange on behalf of the contributor). This optional exception to the MIT License will live in our terms of service.
to this time round:
You have essentially removed two words: upon request. The attribution is still not MIT attribution, and is still creating a crayon license.
It's still far too easy to claim an illegal use is legal.
Essentially, someone can get my code from somewhere I use it - perhaps in a commercial open-source product of mine - and not attribute it to me attribute it to me with a single comment. When I chase them down on that (because they aren't complying with standard MIT), they can simply claim "oh, I got it from Stack Overflow", and get away scot-free.
The fact that I'm able to directly copy-paste most of last time's answer to this one should tell you that the changes made here are not enough.
So now I've had my little rant, how do you fix this?
I've already mentioned it in the first point. If you're going to do MIT, do MIT like MIT was meant to be done.
ArtOfCodeArtOfCode
Don't post code on the internet if you don't want other people to use it... – brso05 Jan 14 '16 at 20:51
Why do you feel the need to have your name credited in someone else's code. Who is ever going to see that? – brso05 Jan 14 '16 at 20:52
@brso05 That's not how licensing/copyright works, thankfully. – thegrinner Jan 14 '16 at 20:52
@thegrinner if you don't want others to use your code don't post on SO! – brso05 Jan 14 '16 at 20:53
they can simply claim "oh, I got it from Stack Overflow" How can they claim that, if they don't have a link to the post they got it from (because in your hypothetical, that post doesn't exist)? If they don't have a link to the post, they're already in violation. If they're simply lying, they could just as easily have lied "Oh, I got it from a public domain project." – David Robinson Jan 14 '16 at 20:55
@DavidRobinson I never said the code wasn't on Stack. It's true that this argument is weaker this time round now that attribution is at least required in some form, but I felt that it was worth putting in because it likely does create some janky loopholes. – ArtOfCode Jan 14 '16 at 20:56
How did the code get on Stack? You just said they got it from somewhere else (someone can get my code from somewhere I use it) – David Robinson Jan 14 '16 at 20:58
@brso05 Don't forget Code Review and Code Golf. The license being discussed here explicitly impacts all Stack Exchange sites. – thegrinner Jan 14 '16 at 20:58
@DavidRobinson ...I can still post it on Stack, can I not? – ArtOfCode Jan 14 '16 at 21:00
Then it would be under this license and therefore legal... how would them getting it from a different project be relevant? You're saying "What if they did something illegal, but by coincidence it happened to be legal." – David Robinson Jan 14 '16 at 22:05
@DavidRobinson As I said, this argument is far weaker this time around. – ArtOfCode Jan 14 '16 at 23:15
This answer remains a very good point, even this time around. If it says "Licensed under MIT" at the bottom of each page, but the exceptions hidden away in the TOS make it illegal to post MIT licensed code here, it's hard to see the labelling as anything but deliberately misleading. I know that's not the intention, so we need to get away from using a name that already exists for something different. – trichoplax Jan 22 '16 at 3:35
Another META META site question that impacts a site I have high rep for that I cannot downvote because its moved to Meta Meta. Thanks.
Also this post does not cover the scenario where a SO user advertises a different license or waving of any attribution requirement in their network profile. How is that to be handled or affected?
StingyJackStingyJack
The meta-meta issue is something we're working on. As for custom-licensing your code: As always, you will be free to dual license your contributions however you like, but users will be free to also use your code under the license in the terms of service. – samthebrand Jan 14 '16 at 18:44
Yeah, I am in this boat for downvoting privileges (20k rep on SO, but nothing here). – Frank Jan 14 '16 at 18:44
@Frank Post an answer and you'll have your rep within minutes, I'd guess....(not that that fixes the underlying problem, but still.) – Kyle Strand Jan 14 '16 at 18:46
"Also this post does not cover the scenario where a SO user advertises a different license or waving of any attribution requirement in their network profile. How is that to be handled or affected?" That's outside the scope of SO. Anyone can license their code (which they own) under any terms they want, in addition to the terms they've granted SO. That's not specific to SO, that's just how the law works. – Ajedi32 Jan 14 '16 at 20:01
It's not outside of scope, as they may conflict. What happens if I add a more restrictive license in my profile (all your code belongs to me)? – StingyJack Jan 14 '16 at 21:16
@StingyJack there are two choices: Either you publish anything you write under both your licence (as a separate choice to the user) and the SO standard licence under a dual-licence scheme (which means users can just ignore your more restrictive licence and go with SO’s, or – in my case – they can ignore SO’s more restrictive licence and go with the one from my profile) or you violate the SO Terms of Service contract. – mirabilos Jan 15 '16 at 11:22
@mirabilos - thats fair, I would just expect it to be spelled out either above or before it goes into effect. – StingyJack Jan 15 '16 at 18:36
@StingyJack The licencing in effect here works like this: You write a post, you can licence it however you want, using different licences for different or even the same target groups. When you post it at SO, you implicitly (via the TOS) grant SO a licence under (currently) CC-BY-SA, which SO then uses to display the post. You can issue a separate licence to people who view your post, but you’re not allowed to remove from the CC-BY-SA licence to SO just as SO is not allowed to change the CC-BY-SA terms they got from you (e.g. require a link, or change old posts to MIT). It’s law not site policy – mirabilos Jan 16 '16 at 23:19
This doesn't really answer any of my concerns that started with the original proposal. A comment from the posting mod on my response to the original proposal said, about determining what's code and what's not (emphasis added):
Just to clarify, we never said code is anything inside a code block. It might be up to a user to decide what's code and what isn't, just like he/she may have to make a judgement about whether something crosses the threshold of originality. Ultimately, always, it's on a code user to decide how he/she wants to use what they find here.
– samthebrand♦ 12 hours ago
This was one of the biggest sources on confusion for me, and it seems like it'd be one of the easiest to address. Leaving it open causes a number of issues:
Inline code, or just code blocks?
Documentation strings in code?
Comment blocks in code?
What about edits that turn one into the other?
Why on earth would it be up to the user, not the author to make this determination?
I'd like to say that this revision answers some of these questions. It doesn't though. These issues just get punted a little longer, except that a little bit of the confusion is cemented (emphasis added):
This shouldn't be on the user of the code. If I walk into a bookstore and there are free flyers for local events on a table by the door, I don't get to decide that the contents of the bookshelf nearest the door are also for free; the bookstore gets to decide that. It needs to be clear what content is available under what terms.
I'd say that the lack of a detailed FAQ is the showstopper (negative sense).
Joshua TaylorJoshua Taylor
w00t; didn't realize how easy it'd be to get a "Reversal" badge on Meta – Joshua Taylor Jan 15 '16 at 17:13
JoshuaTaylor, I agree with your post entirely except for this: "I'd say that the lack of a detailed FAQ is the showstopper." I totally agree with that sentence's sentiment that clarification is needed. But an FAQ isn't the place for that clarity. This excellent comment by rolfl sums it up: "If the license needs a FAQ to define the license, then it's not a license." – sampablokuper Jan 15 '16 at 18:43
@sampablokuper I entirely agree. (Though a well written license may still generate frequently asked questions, since many license readers aren't necessarily lawyers, so there are many legitimate questions about what the license means.) I think that by the time such a FAQ is in place, the license will have been pinned down, too. – Joshua Taylor Jan 15 '16 at 18:46
1. The license should stand alone. 2. In order to get community feedback on that license, there needs to be a FAQ addressing the many questions from the community. All the answers should already be covered by the license, but a FAQ makes discussion much more likely and useful. – trichoplax Jan 22 '16 at 3:48
The changes will now go into effect March 1, 2016
I would like to see the changes be delayed an extra month or 2, just so there will first be feedback on the FAQ that will be rolled out on the 1st of March and any missing information can be filled in so the community fully understands what this means for their post and the usage of code from SE sites and what exactly changes before implementing it.
ThaillieThaillie
Can’t upvote this enough… – mirabilos Jan 15 '16 at 11:23
I've had a scenario pop up in my head in discussions in comments, and I kinda want to see how this is expected to be handled.
Alice answers a question on Stack Overflow, and provides some code for, say, frobnicating widgets in JavaScript.
Bob, knowing the code is MIT-licensed, re-uses that code in his company's widget portal software. It's all closed-source code, but the MIT license is okay with that. Normally, he'd need a full copy of the MIT license to accompany his code, but Stack Overflow waives that. A quick comment in the JS at the top of the widget.frobnicate() function is all he needs!
Carol works on the re-write of the widget portal a year later. Part of this includes putting a proper minifier in place in the build process. Carol looks through the whole codebase, doesn't see that one little comment, and moves forward. Unfortunately, the minifier is stripping out comments, so Carol and Bob's company is now shipping code without attribution (I.E. illegally).
The problem isn't limited to JS and minifiers, obviously. Any time you re-use someone else's code that happens to include a Stack Overflow attribution, this can come up.
Legally, the fault in my scenario lies with Carol and/or the company. Code being re-used without checking it with a fine-tooth comb is always a potential source of copyright violations. But I'm really uncomfortable with Stack Overflow, quite possibly the largest source of programming help/resources/etc. in the world is helping to create landmines like this.
Don't get me wrong, I love the idea of not having to include the whole license text when I use stuff from Stack Overflow. But I worry that not having that license requirement is just asking for people to miss the much shorter attribution line, and break the law. And, given that the whole point of this exercise is to try to align the legal situation with reality, I'm worried it's a bit self-defeating on that point.
I've been mulling this over in my head for an hour or two, and I'm still not sure if it's really a big problem or not. So, what do other people (Stack Overflow employees or otherwise) think about this? Is this a problem, or is it merely something people will have to take note of in the future?
Billy MailmanBilly Mailman
I regularly strip the attributions out of code that I find in the repository. They rarely add value in terms of readability or maintainability, and more often than not actually add confusion as the code changes but the attribution remains. It never has occurred to me that I might be violating licenses by doing so. And at what point, as the code goes through changes over time, can the attribution finally be removed? – Sterno Jan 14 '16 at 19:24
Billy, you say "the code is MIT-licensed" and "Legally, the fault in my scenario lies with Carol and/or the company.". As you'll know from our discussion below my answer, I believe those statements are false. The result is that neither Alice, Bob, nor Carol has broken the law in your scenario, in my view. That is the strict implication of the proposed new Stack Exchange licensing terms, and illustrates well why those terms completely fail, ultimately, to ensure respect for the Stack Exchange contributors. – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 21:33
@Sterno, please revert any such changes you have made to software that you are distributing, if they breached licensing terms. In the case of such software already distributed, please make every effort to contact every recipient and supply them with all attribution and licensing statements required by law. I'm not joking. – sampablokuper Jan 15 '16 at 2:27
@sampablokuper Well, that's my point. I have no idea what the licensing terms might have been if I'm not the one who added it. I'm not following every link to a URL I find in our source code to try to decipher whether or not having that URL in our code somehow makes it compliant for licensing. – Sterno Jan 15 '16 at 3:09
If it makes you feel better, I'm betting most of the places I've done it don't meet what "code" is probably going to end up being defined as. I mean, would something like this really require attribution (ignoring for the moment it's self-answered... although that also makes me wonder if you need attribution when you self-answer, too)? – Sterno Jan 15 '16 at 3:14
@Sterno, "would something like this really require attribution"? In the event that the author/owner claimed it did, and the defendant claimed it didn't and did not offer to settle, then that would be for a court to decide. Here is an example of a similar case over 9 lines of code: Oracle v. Google. (Here are the 9 lines in question.) – sampablokuper Jan 15 '16 at 3:19
@Stemo "I'm not following every link to a URL I find in our source code" - you should be ! That's part of the process. If you aren't following it you open yourself up to lawyers. If you are a one-man-band, then perhaps it's less enforceable, but larger companies will open themselves up to litigation. At least one company I worked for, had someone who's responsibility it was to chase these things up. – Neil Jan 15 '16 at 10:05
Just distribute both the minified and non-minified JS, which you ought to have been doing anyway, and which is already a requirement for inclusion e.g. into Debian which (for extremely good reasons) insists on being able to build from (nōn-minified) source. – mirabilos Jan 15 '16 at 11:25
@sampablokuper Thanks for enlightening me. This is pretty much making me never want to use StackOverflow again. Certainly not without heavily rewriting the answer to one of my questions. – Sterno Jan 15 '16 at 15:57
@Sterno, you're welcome :) And there's no need to stop using Stack Overflow just yet! The licensing terms are linked at the bottom of every page (and have been for years). Act in accordance with those terms, and you'll be fine. – sampablokuper Jan 15 '16 at 17:55
Update: I'll take back my claim that SE does not have adequate legal support. However, as mentioned in comments, they are yet to provide a justification for their action.
Why must you dictate?
Even on the previous post, there was a comment criticizing your attitude over the whole issue. And again, even on this post, it does not propose March 1 as a starting date, instead it declares that March 1 onwards, we will bring this license.
Was there any significant support for such a license on the previous post? Is there any list of reasons why this license is better than every other license there exists?
Are you capable of deciding?
And lastly, does SE lack the legal support to actually determine the best license (and justify it adequately to the public), instead of relying on the up-votes (which themselves are disputable) of an online crowd? I have a strong feeling that this is so.
I personally have no opinion on the issue (read no clue what's right or wrong), but it does look bad on your part that the SE admin is boldly declaring their intentions only to receive a flood of down-votes. If you cannot decide (or else justify your decisions), then why do you?
ghosts_in_the_codeghosts_in_the_code
We have one of the best lawyers in the world (in this field) working on it with us (he teaches this sort of coursework at Fordham). We look at votes to get an idea of how people feel about it. – Tim Post♦ Jan 14 '16 at 18:07
@TimPost Then he should be able to justify his decision rather than having a moderator just declare it to us. – ghosts_in_the_code Jan 14 '16 at 18:14
@TimPost You're normally really good at this - but recently that has... changed. I'd like to see at least the impression of democracy back. What's the point in these posts if you give the impressions you've decided everything? – Tim Jan 14 '16 at 20:28
They are very much capable of deciding and that is clearly visible in their previous and this version of proposal. (It is another matter how an SE user perceive their decision: clear and helpful or ambiguous) What they are trying to see here is what the community think about their decision, since no matter how hard they try, community (given its diverse nature) has the possibility of coming up with a better decision or at least with some critical input which may have been overlooked during decision making. The problem I see in your answer is that I don't understand why it has been posted. – 286110 Jan 15 '16 at 2:20
@TimPost - A teacher? You need to hire a real law firm. Researchers have terrible track records when it comes to the private sector. – Travis J Jan 15 '16 at 16:50
Check what the creator of SO states under his "90% of all community feedback is crap". (he is right). – Fermi paradox Jan 16 '16 at 9:07
@Fermiparadox But how will you get the 10% useful feedback if you don't provide the reasoning behind your decisions? – ghosts_in_the_code Jan 17 '16 at 15:52
@ghosts_in_the_code My comment was related to the "Why must you dictate" part of the answer. Dictating sometimes can be very beneficial. – Fermi paradox Jan 17 '16 at 15:58
@Fermiparadox Not against a unanimous feedback – ghosts_in_the_code Jan 17 '16 at 16:00
@ghosts_in_the_code Why not? – Fermi paradox Jan 17 '16 at 16:01
@Fermiparadox Even if 90% of the users give useless feedback, that doesn't mean they all will down-vote. I would have agreed to the fact that people are down-voting excessively if the mod had provided justification the new license over the old (in layman's terms). Since he hasn't, the post is poorly written, for starters. If this was a feature-request by a user instead of a declaration by a mod, it would have been closed due to lack of reasoning given. – ghosts_in_the_code Jan 17 '16 at 16:07
Indeed it seems StackExchange is not doing their homework. They might have hired a teacher (but why not someone more experienced like FSF, CC, EFF or Software Conservancy?) but they apparently didn't ask to be taught about dual-licensing among other things meta.stackexchange.com/questions/272956/… – Nemo Feb 2 '16 at 8:13
If you are going to fix it, fix it properly; do not apply a band aid
I don't support this, but for different reasons to the remaining answers (as far as I can tell). I have a feeling I'm going to get a pile of downvotes, but...
The original proposal gave (almost) the right answer, but you went about it the wrong way, and it was incomplete (for all the reasons set out in almost every answer). The right answer (as far as I'm concerned) is to MIT licence new posts (not MIT with attribution) as you suggested, but with a dual licence for CC-BY-SA, and to leave old posts as they are. Then ensure the licence is actually listed with the code.
What you're now suggesting is MIT with attribution. Really, that doesn't help. MIT with an exception that the licence does not have to be reproduced with attribution is not an OSI approved licence, and we don't need yet another licence around - licence proliferation is a bad thing. If you are going to require attribution, use an OSI approved licence that has an attribution requirement rather than making another one up.
But is attribution really necessary? In my view, the answer is no.
Firstly, Stack Exchange contributions are to share know-how. They are not to share intellectual property. Typically we are talking about small pieces of code - if not, why are you pasting them on Stack Exchange? Whether these are sufficiently large to constitute an independent work protectable by copyright that does not come under a 'fair use' provision is going to turn on the facts, and be a matter that can be debated by lawyers. So if I want to use a little code that's on Stack Exchange, the licence is of no help to me. As Ian Ringrose pointed out, does a call to create a new GUID require attribution or not? Under the existing CC-BY-SA licence, we don't know (because we don't know whether the one line of code is a 'work', and we don't know whether it is within a fair use extension), and under the proposed new licence (MIT with attribution) we also don't know. I'm guessing not for one line. If it's 100 lines, may be yes (but what's 100 lines of code doing there?). Five lines? You are not actually helping your readers.
Let's not assume that this only impacts people writing proprietary software. Even an open source project using an Stack Exchange contribution has just as many licence compatibility issues as under the previous licence (because that open source project is unlikely to be using your mangled MIT licence). You haven't helped.
And you aren't actually helping your contributors. If someone wants to create a new GUID, and I tell that person how to create a new GUID in the most efficient possible way (with a line of code), I want to do just that. I want to teach them, and to make their life better. I do not expect every time they use that technique to reference an article on Stack Exchange to acknowledge that I was the guy who taught them how to create a new GUID (NB it was actually someone else). This is a qualitatively different action from publishing software on GitHub, where (incidentally) I get to choose any licence I like. I don't need the attribution, so don't give it to me. Just like I don't need it to be a GPL type licence (and you didn't give that to me).
The only conceivable result is those using short bits of code will be no more happy with MIT+attribution than they were with CC-BY-SA. I.e. they will either just ignore it, or be in a position where they don't know what the right thing to do is, and possibly rewrite in order to disguise a copy. This helps no one.
Additional (technical) issue
The licence has the text:
"Contributors agree to give code users permission to ignore the MIT License’s notice preservation requirement"
So, if Alice copies Bob's code, Alice has to copy it with an attribution, but may omit the text of the licence licence. Charles then copies Bob's code, and no longer has to acknowledge the original author (Alice), because the license that requires it has been removed. But had Charles copied it directly from Stack Exchange, Charles would have had to do something different. This makes very little sense.
Even better, unpleasant Stack Exchange scraping site B can legitimately copy every post on Stack Exchange, attributing them properly, but not replicating the licence. Unpleasant Stack Exchange scraping site C can then copy scraping site B without attribution. Yuck.
ablighabligh
"if not, why are you pasting them on StackExchange?" You hit the nail on the head. – TylerH Jan 14 '16 at 19:45
"They are not to share intellectual property." -- All of my creative content - my words, my code - is my intellectual property that I'm choosing to release to the world under a particular license. I expect that license to require attribution. If it doesn't, I won't contribute under another license. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 19:58
@ThomasOwens I'm talking about the purpose of a post to SE. The purpose of posting on SE (as far as I'm concerned anyway) is not to share something which is intellectual property (like it is uploading s/w to Github where you get to pick your licence). The purpose is to ask questions or help people out. That may incidentally require sharing something that might or might not be protectable intellectual property. In my view this objective is not achieved by licences whose obligations are unclear or (see last para) bizarre. And by your argument, you should get to pick whatever licence you want. – abligh Jan 14 '16 at 20:01
"...if not, why are you pasting them on StackExchange?" Don't forget SO isn't all of Stack Exchange. Code Review requires complete, working code, as does Code Golf. – thegrinner Jan 14 '16 at 21:11
This is a good argument regarding the situation on SO, but the matter is worse on other SE sites such as Code Review – here people routinely share their fully functional, often quite large programs so that others can provide feedback. With the license change, new questions would fall under the faux-MIT which might be quite unattractive for many contributors, though I'll doubt most would even be aware that by asking for feedback, they've released their code under an extremely liberal license… – amon Jan 14 '16 at 21:14
@thegrinner & amon fair point. Comes down to how SE defines "code" (which is not defined anywhere AFAICT). Code Review in particular is in less need of fixing in the first place. – abligh Jan 14 '16 at 21:15
@abligh it really does, and the lack of the definition concerns me. Admittedly, I'm more afraid of what edits (and the review queue) will do to make that more ambiguous :( – thegrinner Jan 14 '16 at 21:17
MIT without attribution is not an OSI approved licence, Ummm... Yes it is. CC0 is the public domain dedication. It's basically an open source license - The reason why it wasn't approved is not because of the attribution segment, but because of patents - which is a completely separate issue. – Zizouz212 Jan 14 '16 at 22:56
@Zizouz212 thanks, I wrote that completely wrong and have fixed it. I meant that the mangling of the MIT licence proposed is not an OSI approved licence, IE the provision that you can omit the the licence itself if it's attributed. – abligh Jan 14 '16 at 22:59
@abligh, "if Alice copies Bob's code [and solely attributes, then Charles can obtain it under Bob's license terms instead of Alice's]. This makes very little sense." Right. In my answer, I've fleshed out the scenario you describe. – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 23:36
@sampablokuper yep. Public domain / CC0 or whatever is actually a viable option, but if SE are intending that, it should be explicit, not a loophole. – abligh Jan 14 '16 at 23:40
No, waiving MIT's license inclusion requirement doesn't magically make the code public domain. Under the Berne convention, everything is copyrighted, all rights reserved by default. Licenses grant permissions that are normally protected by copyright. So without the license, you don't have permission until you follow that SE URL, and find out that there is a license (SE's custom MIT or whatever). – congusbongus Jan 14 '16 at 23:51
"Typically [...] small pieces of code" -- for which copyright often doesn't apply, as non-creative works, so what are you complaining about? – treat your mods well Jan 15 '16 at 13:04
@phyzome Both the current situation and the proposed new situation give significant uncertainty as to the obligations of someone using the code snippet. It's SE (not me) that is advocating the change, and I am pointing out that the change they advocate does not actually reduce the uncertainty, i.e. 'it's not helpful'. – abligh Jan 15 '16 at 13:22
In case no one has said it already: add a licence selector to a posts where code is detected. If there are multiple blocks, give the option to select fine-grained licences for each one of them. Default it to no licence, or a user-configured one.
I personally consider any code I might write in SO public domain, not MIT or a modified MIT. And I certainly do not want code spammed with SO links.
berbtberbt
The problem is that public domain may not exist in all areas. It's a meaningless thing. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 19:34
@ThomasOwens What do you mean by "areas"? – TylerH Jan 14 '16 at 19:44
@TylerH Countries. Legal jurisdictions. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 19:55
@ThomasOwens At that level you're getting into international law between nation states... there isn't anything an individual can do there no matter what license you use. – TylerH Jan 14 '16 at 19:59
@joojaa Which is why SE shouldn't change the license. They should go with an existing license without modifications. Those should generally work around the world. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 19:59
@TylerH Teams of lawyers have written and vetted things like MIT, Apache 2.0, and BSD 2- and 3-clause for use around the world. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 20:00
@ThomasOwens Yes but the problem is that my jurisdiction does not accept wrapper licenses, so whatever stackexhange does is problematic still. The entire concept that the TOS is valid is at stake – joojaa Jan 14 '16 at 20:03
@joojaa I don't know what you mean by "wrapper license". You'll have to provide something for me to read on the subject. If vanilla MIT/BSD/Apache/OSI-approved/FSF-approved licenses were used, I'm not aware of any jurisdiction that would have a problem with them or where they couldn't be enforced. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 20:05
@ThomasOwens Okay, but if a country doesn't honor another country's licenses then what are you going to do? – TylerH Jan 14 '16 at 20:06
@ThomasOwens its not that, but the problem is that users aren't bound by conditions set by others, Ticking a checkbox saying i understand the deal isn't necceserily binding. – joojaa Jan 14 '16 at 20:06
@TylerH A country doesn't develop a license. They also don't honor licenses. Individuals honor licenses. Organizations honor licenses. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 20:07
@ThomasOwens So what are you going to do if an individual person doesn't honor your license? Sue them? What if they're in a country that doesn't honor your country's laws or internationally-agreed upon licenses? Try to get that individual renditioned to your country for trial? – TylerH Jan 14 '16 at 20:08
@TylerH If I felt it was important. I like having that option open to me, yes. It's my content and my intellectual property, I'm going to protect it to the level that I see fit. Would I for a Stack Overflow answer? Probably not. But it's nice to have a strong legal foundation to stand on. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 20:11
How would edits work with your licence selector? – abligh Jan 14 '16 at 21:20
@MarcoAurélioDeleu That's nice, but I hope that you realize that I'm asking for code to be made available under a license that provides similar protections to the current CC BY-SA license and that are well understood and vetted around the world. I would hope that anyone who wants to provide high quality answers and share their knowledge (and on some sites, like Code Review, their "questions" and code for review) would also want the ability to protect their intellectual property as well. – Thomas Owens Jan 15 '16 at 0:58
A few thoughts (that may be familiar to those who read my last answer):
1. The CC BY-SA license should apply to the whole post
Making only non-code contributions be licensed under the CC BY-SA is a completely unnecessary complication. Dual-licensing the code will be much smarter.
2. You need to define what "code" is
Some other posters are saying this will be very complicated, but I don't think it will be. If the dual licensing applied only to code in code blocks, then I think that would be a clear and unambiguous definition. It wouldn't catch all code ever, but that's okay. (Yes there would also be some false positives, but I think the simplicity of a definition like this outweighs the downsides.)
3. Don't pretend this is the MIT license!
Don't pretend you're using the MIT license when you're not. If you need a unique license for a unique situation then just use a unique license. While crayon licenses in general are a problem, I think that this the Stack Exchange network is a situation where a new ultra-basic license would be warranted. And I know you'll use your legal team to prevent the problems with other crayon licenses.
4. It would be best to make a new license
I think it would probably be best to write a new license which is very basic and allows reuse as long as a URL of the post is attached to the borrowed code. It may make sense to make that a non-transferable license, so that those who want to redistribute it again must do so only under the full MIT.
5. The license needs to be self contained
You can't have the license, and then list exceptions to it in the terms of service. The terms of service are an agreement between us users and the Stack Overflow corporation, but the post license is an agreement between us and the post authors. Confusing the purposes of a copyright license and a website terms of service is a fundamental mistake.
If a post is contributed under the MIT license then that is its license, and I doubt it would even be legal for the terms of service to give an exception to it. In addition, the license should apply no matter when you find the post, whether it be here, at some kind of mirror, or at archive.org.
6. Each post should show its applicable licenses
Each post should indicate below it what the relevant licenses are. If the user has selected only CC BY-SA or CC0 then it could show it. Old posts would show only CC BY-SA (unless perhaps their author edits them and ticks a box saying "update to the new SE-Attribution license"). Posts edited by multiple authors would show only the compatible licenses: new posts without any user opt-ins would be the same as if they only had one author, but if the user did opt-in to CC BY-SA only, then the posts would be only CC BY-SA.
7. Fix your footer "attribution required" link
It is against the terms of the CC BY-SA license to require specific attribution formats. It is dishonest and disingenuous to keep that link in the footer.
curiousdanniicuriousdannii
Applying a blanket definition of "code" to anything in code blocks will end up with a lot of false positives as well. – user307833 Jan 15 '16 at 4:20
@Mego Sure, but again I don't think it's a big problem. The definition needs to be clear and reasonably reliable. – curiousdannii Jan 15 '16 at 4:25
It's clear, but not reliable at all. Though code blocks may mainly be used for code on SO and a few SE network sites (Code Review, Code Golf, Programmers, ...), there are many sites that have absolutely nothing to do with code (SFF, RPG, Arqade, ...). On those sites, under your proposal, anything in code blocks would be treated as code, even though it is almost surely not code. It's a flawed definition. – user307833 Jan 15 '16 at 4:29
@Mego: Other sites (that don’t use code) shouldn’t use code blocks. Among other things, they make it hard for people using screen readers. – chirlu Jan 15 '16 at 11:02
@chirlu I have myself sometimes used them as a substitute for tables. (Which Stack Exchange really should just support directly!) But even so, I don't think it's a prohibitive use case. – curiousdannii Jan 15 '16 at 11:17
All good points, this one particularly so: 5. The license needs to be self contained (and by extension, of course, it won't and can't be the MIT license). – T.J. Crowder Jan 15 '16 at 11:44
David Thornley has some good insight on this issue which hasn't received much positive attention:
CC-BY-SA is not an all-permissive license like the modern BSD type. It's much closer to the GPL, in that derivations have to be under a share-alike license.
For some programmers, this is fine. I work on internal software, so it really doesn't matter what Free/Open Source licenses we use. All we need is permission to use, modify, and distribute internally, and that's what we do.
On the other hand, some of us make money by selling software in the traditional sense, and CC-BY-SA isn't compatible with that business model. (I've had a couple of jobs like that.) Some of us work for companies with lawyers or managers who don't "get" free/open source software. (I've had some clueless managers.) In this case, anything short of a BSD-type license might frighten them.
Nor does the "excerpt" idea necessarily help. There is, as far as I know, no official lower bound of what is copyrightable, and there is not necessarily a right to use excerpts. In the US, "fair use" is in the copyright law, but again there's no actual definition: it's a judgment call that should consider several things. There's legal dangers with rewriting snippets also, in that it isn't clear what's a derivative work. All of these would potentially have to be decided in a court of law, and that's expensive.
So, there is a very real problem for individuals or companies that sell proprietary software and don't want to be in the position of having to defend what they include in court.
I think it would help if we had a handy BSD-type license we could slap onto code snippets as we wished.
From What is up with the source code license on Stack Overflow?.
Another example where the existing license is shown to be wholly inadequate:
If you are talking about taking code from Stack Overflow for use in your work, I would be very careful. Even if it is the opinion of the people here that posts to Stack Overflow are covered by Creative Commons, you will need to be able to prove that you got the code from here.
A Short Story To Illustrate:
Someone else decides the code is a good solution for a problem they are facing, and decides to copy it into their open source GnuFizzBuzz project, covered by the GPL.
Five years from now, someone is doing an open source audit on your code (maybe you are selling to a nervous customer, or your company is going public).
The open source audit finds the snippet of code you got from Stack Overflow, and recognizes it as originating in GnuFizzBuzz.
You are now stuck explaining how/why you have GPL code mixed into your commercial product, or proving that the code was actually from Stack Overflow. Can you prove that the person posting the code to Stack Overflow owned it to begin with (maybe they actually copied it from GnuFizzBuzz to begin wih).
It may sound unlikely, but I have seen this exact situation with my own eyes. The safe thing to do is to regard any code snippets you find as explanations of how something could work. Read, understand, and write a solution based on your understanding. Don't ever cut/paste code you found on the Internet if you are working on a commercial product.
Other problems with CC-BY-SA (3.0): it is incompatible with GPL (although version 4 is compatible with GPLv3); it has an anti-DRM clause that makes it impossible to use in e.g. App Store or Steam; the "share alike" clause doesn't differentiate between source and binary forms, so it's a broken copyleft. – congusbongus Jan 14 '16 at 23:58
@congusbongus, I think you'll find that CC-BY-SA 3.0 is effectively compatible with GPLv3. – sampablokuper Jan 15 '16 at 2:31
Adam Davis, "the existing license is shown to be wholly inadequate" Er, no. It is admittedly - and rightly - inadequate for people with sketchy business requirements. It is wholly adequate for everybody else :) – sampablokuper Jan 15 '16 at 2:35
@sampablokuper Are you indicating that the two people I've quoted above that showed problems with the existing license have sketchy business requirements, and we should dismiss their experiences because we disagree with their work? – Pollyanna Jan 15 '16 at 11:52
@otus This post is intended to demonstrate the issues with the existing license. At least the first person suggests that a BSD like license (which the MIT is) would resolve their problem. They haven't been on this network for a few months, though, so I'm not sure if these specific changes would resolve their problem. The point of this answer is to demonstrate a need for a license change. – Pollyanna Jan 15 '16 at 11:54
@AdamDavis, no. I am indicating that those two people haven't shown problems with the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license. It is your claim that CC-BY-SA 3.0 is "wholly inadequate" for SE, and your suggestion that the quotes you provided in any way back up that claim, that I believe to be false. – sampablokuper Jan 15 '16 at 13:16
@sampablokuper You and I apparently disagree, then, on a more fundamental issue of licensing. From your perspective I can see why you'd oppose this change, and why you would make this particular distinction. Thanks for your input. – Pollyanna Jan 15 '16 at 13:32
@AdamDavis, ok, the part you deleted seemed to indicate otherwise (i.e. that the suggested license change would do nothing). – otus Jan 15 '16 at 13:38
@otus Yes, your comment helped me to see that it was confusing the issue, so hopefully the answer is more self-consistent. – Pollyanna Jan 15 '16 at 13:58
So you are saying that every time anyone writes
Guid optional = new Guid()
they must include a link to this question in a comment?
Just having the possibility of a company getting into legal problems due to their employees not keeping to this, will be enough to get stackoverflow outlawed by lots of legal departments.
Ian RingroseIan Ringrose
doesn't CC-BY-SA require them to do this already? I'm not clear how this proposal changes what does or doesn't require attribution... – KutuluMike Jan 14 '16 at 17:24
@MikeEdenfield, maybe it does, but this mess needs sorting out if you every expect people to respect a licance.. – Ian Ringrose Jan 14 '16 at 17:25
This is currently required by CC-BY-SA. The ambiguity in the language of the license when it comes to code is precisely what we want to fix, because it can have precisely the effect you describe. Not because it's known the code came from SO, but because it's unknown if CC-BY-SA is compatible with whatever license they're using. – Tim Post♦ Jan 14 '16 at 17:26
This is an extension of the point I made last time. By treating the content as licensed code rather than advice or knowledge, we would be bringing lawyering into the software development process. Precisely the kind of productivity drag that developers loathe. – 200_success Jan 14 '16 at 17:45
@TimPost Can you get a lawyer to confirm that? That line of code does not meet the threshold of originality in the United States, so it's not copyrightable. Since I don't hold a copyright on that line of code, I can't license it to anyone else. The same goes for simple sentences: if I have the sentence "No, I don't think you should do that.", no one needs to do anything special if they happen to use that one sentence. Now, that "answer" would probably be deleted on SE, but that's not the point. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 18:26
@ThomasOwens Correct. And this license change doesn't affect that fact, because it legally can't. It only applies to code which it can apply to. (Obviously.) – Ajedi32 Jan 14 '16 at 20:04
This is not how copyright works. You can independently write the exact same code and remain its author. – congusbongus Jan 14 '16 at 23:44
No at both Ian’s question and most comments – such a trivial line is not covered by copyright law and thus doesn’t require a licence. It’s truly in the Public Domain, anywhere. – mirabilos Jan 15 '16 at 11:17
Just because it is OK in the USA TODAY does not make it safe, as software is worldwide and lasts for a long time. – Ian Ringrose Jan 15 '16 at 19:12
@mirabilos is right. – Nemo Feb 2 '16 at 8:10
Just looking at some points you make.
Attribution will be required when you use code found at Stack Overflow and Stack Exchange
I don't get it. Isn't that the case already?
Either I've missed something, or... nothing changes there?
Next one.
I can be mistaken, but I don't recall different sites of Stack Exchange family to have their content licensed differently. As the footer stays, "user contributions licensed under cc by-sa 3.0 with attribution required". Currently it says so on any SE site. Then the license doesn't appear to be fragmented? There's no problem then, let's keep the old good traditions... But wait, you're now changing the license and it appears to cause problems. Isn't that a sign that something is done not in the right way?
This change is just a first step in establishing clarity for using code found on Stack Overflow and Stack Exchange
As I've mentioned above, the footer says the attribution is required... linking to Jeff's blog post. Anything you mention doesn't appear to contradict with the point of Jeff and hence the rules which we're complying now. In fact, the blog post is being more descriptive regarding the contribution.
Also, we want to make sure everyone has ample opportunity to provide feedback and we have time to consider it. We are more concerned with doing this right than doing it fast, so please let us know what you think about this proposed change.
Woops. Doesn't it look like you won't consider the feedback provided there? I mean, possible at first, and evident now, the "showstopper" is the feedback posted here and in the previous thread of yours. This means that asking for the feedback doesn't make any sense... Or probably the question should be reworded (note that some of us have been already tempted to close it as "unclear what you're asking").
I'm not discussing the advantages of one license over another, just because I have no idea what it gives. You change the license and the reason of the change seems to be missing - if you'd like to receive more valuable feedback, probably it'd be better to list the FAQ you're mentioning.
Reactions to this proposal fall into different camps, because there are different kinds of users of the Stack Exchange sites, in particular Stack Overflow. I am not sure this license change will serve all of them. In particular, I believe other mechanisms might be a better solution to the problems this license change is trying to combat.
Jonny can't get his code to work, and dumps it on Stack Overflow
To be clear, this already is a problem. If Jonny works on some commercial project, or is contributing to a copyleft-licensed project, it is quite unlikely they can share that code under CC-BY-SA on Stack Exchange. Of course, the real solution is that they create a MVCE specifically for their Stack Overflow question rather than dumping their actual code. But by changing the default code license from CC-BY-SA to the faux-MIT, this problem is worsened. Whereas sharing a short snippet of internal code with a copy-left license might be forgiveable – it's unlikely to be used in other projects given that the copy-left CC-BY-SA is not compatible with proprietary code –, giving everyone a license to do what the f* they want is far more troubling. I would be surprised if a reasonable company would continue to allow their employees to freely ask questions on SO.
The “what about Code Review?” argument also falls into this category. Here, large complete programs are shared to be improved. This is already unlikely to be done with commercial code, so questions are mostly by people learning a new language or otherwise improving their skills in their own time. The CC-BY-SA license is fairly safe here, but I doubt most question askers on Code Review would be fine with giving their programs away under an extremely liberal license: I wrote this program, and all I got was this lousy link.
Janine likes helping people, and is fine with her code being used
Then she can already point out all her code is free. This does not necessitate a network-wide license change. Most positive reactions I see to this proposal seem to fall into this category, but it is the least important. If you'd like to make this easier, you could introduce a per-post license selector rather than forcibly relicensing all contributions to this mind set. Such a license selector would merely add formal support for the already common practice of dual-licensing code in posts via a notice in the user profile.
Jerome searches for his problem, finds an SO answer, copies the code
While this may be common practice, Jerome is not allowed to do this under the CC-BY-SA license[1]. He would be well-served by this change. As already pointed out elsewhere, the only safe way to use code found on SO is to do a clean-room re-engineering, or to rely on Fair Use laws or limits to copyrightability, which are not consistent across the world.
I am not convinced that this should be encouraged. Maybe SE is right and this is a futile war on license violations, and the best way forward is to legalize what everyone is allegedly already doing? Or SO could invest in better education explaining what is OK and what is not OK to do. In particular, this would imply moving the focus away from debugging questions back to knowledge questions.
[1]: Jerome can only incorporate CC-BY-SA code in his project if (a) the project is never published, or (b) the project is also licensed under CC-BY-SA (see section 4.b). This rules out usage of SE code in most commercial and open-source projects.
Julia likes sharing her knowledge, not her code
This is where I find myself in this discussion. I love writing stellar answers that provide lasting value. In my experience, the best answers on many sites I participate on (Programmers, Code Review, Stack Overflow) do not actually contain much code. And I am fine with people using this knowledge for whatever purpose. Curing Cancer? Coding Porn Sites? I'm fine with that: knowledge can't be copyrighted.
But expression of knowledge can be, and this extends to code examples I might include in my answers. When I write an answer, I want to be attributed. Properly, with not only a link but also my nick, and with a reference to the license so that people that read my writings know their rights (and restrictions).
In particular, I don't want to feel like I'm doing work for free for other people (which is why I stopped answering all those debugging questions on SO). The copy-left CC-BY-SA license does not forbid commercial use, but it makes sure my answers and all parts thereof will continue to stay free. This is in stark contrast to the faux-MIT license suggested by SE, which would allow my contributions to be made non-free.
Changing the license will alienate contributors like Julia or me. If this change comes, I'll think twice before I use runnable code to illustrate my knowledge – maybe, more text or pseudocode would be a better mechanism.
Peter doesn't use Stack Overflow, doesn't care
Why is SE complicating licensing for half the SE network that has nothing to do with code? From Seasoned Advice to Super User, this change adds no value to every site that isn't Stack Overflow. Yes, I'm exaggerating. Other sites that might benefit from this change are Game Development, Tex, Wordpress, …, but these are the minority. I understand the desire to limit license fragmentation across the network, but this is a change that should really be applied on a per-site basis, after discussion on that site's own meta to assure that this change is a benefit. SE will already need a per-post license indication because they can't re-license old posts, so a per-site policy would make it even simpler for many users!
In summary, I do see the appeal of this change for the majority of passive SO users, but I don't see the value for active SO users, or non-SO users. I'd very strongly rather not see this license change happening. And I'm saddened I had to do this analysis myself. It would have been nicer, less sneaky, for SE to demonstrate up-front how this change would impact different users.
amonamon
Related answer on the predecessor: meta.stackexchange.com/a/271179/257849 – Deduplicator Jan 15 '16 at 16:01
I'd like to see actual examples of people actually copying code from SO/SE/CR. If you read a solution and want to use it, it's very unlikely that you will actually copy some creative part of it. You will use the knowledge gained from the demonstrated solution in your own project, in your own way, and the result will be your own work. The result is no more a copy than this sentence is a copy pieced together from words copied out of the OED. – Brandin Jan 15 '16 at 17:37
Interesting...I identify completely with "Julia" and you as far as the character of my contributions to SO, but I'm perfectly okay with MIT (although I do wish it wasn't faux-MIT, as you say. – jscs Jan 15 '16 at 19:53
"Jerome searches for his problem, finds an SO answer, copies the code. While this may be common practice, Jerome is not allowed to do this under the CC-BY-SA license." False. Under CC-BY-SA, everyone is explicitly allowed to copy content (and make derivative works, and sell them for profit, etc), as long as they do so in accordance with the terms of CC-BY-SA. – sampablokuper Jan 16 '16 at 16:33
@sampablokuper CC-BY-SA does allow copying and creating derived works, but those would have to be licensed under a compatible license (see §4.b in CC-BY-SA v3.0). If I copy a CC-BY-SA code snippet into a larger work, I'd argue this larger work would fall under CC-BY-SA as it is an adaption of the original code. Since outside of the code on SE practically no real code is available under this license, it is safe to say that Jerome cannot copy code into a project that would be published under a different license, e.g. GPL or a proprietary program. This wouldn't be a problem with the non-viral MIT – amon Jan 16 '16 at 23:44
@amon, your statement in the comment above ("CC-BY-SA does allow copying and creating derived works, but those would have to be licensed under a compatible license") is true. However, the earlier statement you made that I said was false, was false, & at time of writing it is still in your answer. A logically sound argument cannot contain false premises. Therefore the argument in your post was (& remains) logically unsound. Logically unsound arguments should, IMO, be downvoted. If you want to make your answer worth upvoting, please edit it to make it into a logically sound argument. Thanks :) – sampablokuper Jan 17 '16 at 0:00
@sampablokuper A logically sound argument can use simplifications, and focus on the common cases. I tried to create personas for different user types, but not everybody will find themselves in one of those I suggested. In particular, Jack is missing. Jack works on a personal project, researches a problem on SO, and copies some code. Jack is fine as long he never publishes the project. However, I think it's reasonable assume that most license violations happen by employed programmers or programmers working on projects that will be published. – amon Jan 17 '16 at 0:24
@amon, "A logically sound argument can use simplifications, and focus on the common cases." Only if the stated premises are true within the universe of discourse. Otherwise, the argument becomes logically unsound. The statement of yours that I called out was false, even in the universe of discourse of your illustrative use case (correct me if I'm wrong!). Anyhow, the footnote you've added in response to my comments improves your post somewhat, so thanks for that :) You might find this interesting and relevant. – sampablokuper Jan 17 '16 at 0:43
I generally agree that the license change is a good idea. I would have personally preferred something even less restrictive, but I can understand why the MIT license was chosen.
One part that is getting a bit lost in the discussion here is how problematic the current license for code is. The Creative Commons licenses were never meant for code which leads to various issues when you use them for code as SE is currently doing:
We recommend against using Creative Commons licenses for software. Instead, we strongly encourage you to use one of the very good software licenses which are already available. We recommend considering licenses made available by the Free Software Foundation or listed as “open source” by the Open Source Initiative.
Unlike software-specific licenses, CC licenses do not contain specific terms about the distribution of source code, which is often important to ensuring the free reuse and modifiability of software. Many software licenses also address patent rights, which are important to software but may not be applicable to other copyrightable works. Additionally, our licenses are currently not compatible with the major software licenses, so it would be difficult to integrate CC-licensed work with other free software. Existing software licenses were designed specifically for use with software and offer a similar set of rights to the Creative Commons licenses.
I'm not a laywer, but because the CC license isn't meant for code it means I'd probably need one to figure out the implications of using CC-BY-SA code in a project. The license is not compatible with all the common open source licenses, and the SA clause is likely to be very problematic in closed source programs.
For me, code in answers is meant to be used. Having a license that can prevent some people from using it is problematic, and something worth fixing in my opinion.
Using a license meant for code makes sense and removes ambiguity. That is why I like the idea in general. There are certainly issues with the current proposal, but I think they're much smaller than the issue we have right now with the existing license.
Adam Lear♦
Disappointed in SEDisappointed in SE
"I can understand why the MIT license was chosen.". Ahem. The 'MIT License' was not chosen. – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 19:24
@sampablokuper I'm not a lawyer, I suspect you're wrong, but I can't be sure. So I'll just contine assuming the chosen license is MIT, at the very least that is the intent – Disappointed in SE Jan 14 '16 at 19:25
"I'll just contine assuming the chosen license is MIT, at the very least that is the intent". If it were the intent, why did SE's staff decide to expend great effort (hiring counsel, etc) on overriding such a core part of the license as the notice preservation requirement? Seriously, if they intended to go with the OSI MIT License, nothing was stopping them just doing so. – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 20:24
If there has to be a new code license:
Please license code additionally under CC BY-SA.
So that everything (like posts and threads as a whole) is licensed under CC BY-SA, and code is licensed under the code license in addition.
As someone who isn't the most familiar with licenses, can you explain why this is important / what benefit this has? – Vlad274 Jan 14 '16 at 16:04
@Vlad274 CC BY-SA enforces that you can share or alter the original material, but you must leave attribution to the original material and must release it under CC BY-SA. As for benefits, I am unsure. More info on CC BY-SA. – Dan Pantry Jan 14 '16 at 16:06
@unor, I don't believe this makes sense, on two fronts. 1. Dual-licensing under CC-BY-SA and MIT won't require anyone to abide by the terms of CC-BY-SA, as long as they were abiding by the terms of MIT. 2. Despite what he says, samthebrand isn't proposing code be licensed under the MIT license, he's proposing a crayon license that is significantly different from the MIT license. – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 16:18
@Vlad274: It makes it easier for people that want to use CC BY-SA, e.g., for sharing/publishing/archiving/etc. whole questions with all answers (like it’s currently possible): they shouldn’t have to look into MIT at all. – unor Jan 14 '16 at 16:30
@MarioTrucco That doesn't matter. Compatibility means using work licensed under one license in a project licensed by another. You can multi-license your content under any licenses that you want. It's your content. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 16:37
@sampablokuper: Regarding 1.: Yes, it’s for people that want to use CC BY-SA, without having to worry or care or attribute according to or read about the (additional) code license. The proposal should ideally keep everything like it is (licensed under CC BY-SA) and license code in addition under whatever license. – unor Jan 14 '16 at 16:38
@ThomasOwens But can you multi-license your content under licenses contracdicting each other? I wasn't aware of that – Mario Trucco Jan 14 '16 at 16:39
@sampablokuper: I don't think anyone here believes that dual-licensing means that both license terms would need to be followed. It just means you can choose which license to use the work under. I definitely agree that a post as a whole should still be CC-BY-SA, no matter what licensing applies the "code parts" of it. – Bergi Jan 14 '16 at 16:40
@MarioTrucco Yes. If it's multi-licensed in one location, the user gets to choose which license he uses it under. If it's available at different locations, the user needs to abide by the license by which he or she received it. – Thomas Owens Jan 14 '16 at 16:40
A big reason that we're doing this is the wording of cc-by-sa is really ambiguous when compared to wording in strictly-code licenses, which makes compatibility a frequent point of consternation. And it's a growing problem. The MIT license is compatible with every single OSI-approved licenses in existence (and most of the ones that aren't approved too). What the problem means to some people is their boss telling them they can't check in any code from SO, even if it's their own code someone was nice enough to help them fix. – Tim Post♦ Jan 14 '16 at 16:41
@Bergi, AFAIK the OSI MIT License is CC-BY-SA compatible. That means that it is perfectly legal for work licensed under MIT to be incorporated/adapted into a derivative work that is licensed not under MIT but rather under CC-BY-SA. So, if a work is already licensed under OSI MIT, then dual-licensing it under CC-BY-SA is, although not harmful in any way, also completely pointless. Correct me if I'm wrong. – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 16:49
@sampablokuper: Thanks, that's a valid point (if you're right, and if the same applies to the not-quite-MIT-thing). But apparently nobody knows this. Dual-licensing the code might be pointless from the legal standpoint, but imo it makes my choices easier to understand. – Bergi Jan 14 '16 at 16:56
@TimPost: So the reason for not licensing code additionally under CC BY-SA is to enable people to post code that currently aren’t allowed to (e.g., their boss says: permissive = yes, copyleft = no)? If that’s the case: I could take MIT-licensed code posted to SO and share it under CC BY-SA (if I add, or keep in tact, the MIT notices), right? So the boss wouldn’t be happy anyway. – unor Jan 14 '16 at 17:06
@TimPost It's not clear the advantages of these changes (the first post pointed the problem being that code licensing is currently covered with some uncertainty). Your comment showed a new aspect of it for me (despite I still don't understand what's the problem in checking in SO code). Exploring the reasoning behind that move would be important to better understand the whole change motivation and know what's the real problem with the current (well accepted) status quo. We're having all these discussions, and we still don't have an easy way to properly identify the trade-offs of each proposal. – falsarella Jan 14 '16 at 17:12
@TimPost IMO, the best way to resolve that problem, which will comprehensively address it without introducing new problems, is simply to declare the new licence to be CC-BY-SA 4.0 rather than the existing 3.0. It does not contain any unwarranted assumptions about the work being artistic or creative in nature, and overall it is quite clear how it can be applied to code. – Oleksandr R. Jan 14 '16 at 19:24
The proposed terms are reducible to any license, including CC0 or WTFPL.
For 'code' (which you can't even be bothered to define), the terms you are proposing possess a gaping license-laundering loophole and are legally reducible to CC0 or any other desired license. I'll explain how.
The post above proposes the following new licensing terms.
Starting March 1, 2016, new contributions across the network will be licensed to the public under the following terms:
That "MIT License" (which is really the OSI MIT License or the Expat License) states:
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so.
The only restriction the OSI MIT License imposes is the requirement to include a copy of the copyright notice and the permission notice. However, Stack Exchange's proposed terms waive that requirement (see above: "Contributors agree to give code users permission to ignore the MIT License’s notice preservation requirement").
This means that:
A first generation derivative work would have to include attribution, but would be able to be distributed under a license not requiring attribution or sharing alike, e.g. CC0 or WTFPL.
Anyone receiving such a first derivative work is therefore not required to attribute or to share alike (e.g. in any second derivative works).
Anyone will be able to re-license, in this way, any 'code' posted to Stack Exchange sites.
'Code' posted to Stack Exchange sites can therefore ultimately be used in any way a plagiarist derivative author wishes. As such, it is effectively CC0 (or WTFPL, etc) licensed.
This loophole means that your proposed change to Stack Exchange's licensing terms ultimately undermines any desire you (or we!) may have that Stack Exchange contributors should be required to be treated with respect and acknowledgement by users of their contributions.
Please don't go ahead with your proposed change to Stack Exchange's licensing terms.
sampablokupersampablokuper
This is completely incorrect. The MIT license would apply to any downstream copies you provide, or any combined work. The downstream recipient is free to not carry the license, as you were - but the second they remove the URL, they forfeit their privilege to not reproduce the license. It's MIT (which, fortunately, is compatible with every less-permissive license known, so it's not a big problem) but we'd in no way become a 'laundry service' for code licensing. – Tim Post♦ Jan 14 '16 at 16:49
@TimPost, I believe you are mistaken. A person who receives a work that purports to be under some specific license conditions is only bound by those license conditions in relation to that work (and of course also bound by the (inter)national laws in place in the relevant jurisdiction). – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 16:54
They're bound by the terms of the license in which the work is granted to their use. Much like I couldn't take code from GNU Bash, post it on Stack Overflow and say "Hey look, this is CC-BY-SA (or, soon, MIT) now!" It's not, it's GPL3+. There will always be bad actors that don't respect the terms of a license, and some areas in the world where the sparse amount of copyright law doesn't make them enforceable (or even legal) - but this is not a new problem, and not at all specific to us. – Tim Post♦ Jan 14 '16 at 16:58
@TimPost, have you even read the OSI MIT License? It explicitly states, 'Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so.' – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 17:00
@TimPost, "I couldn't take code from GNU Bash, post it on Stack Overflow and say "Hey look, this is CC-BY-SA (or, soon, MIT) now!" That's because GNU Bash is under GPLv3+. However, if GNU Bash was licensed under samthebrand's proposed terms, you could legally do anything you wanted with it, including claiming you wrote it yourself, by simply following the steps that I outlined. – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 17:07
@TimPost, the only restriction the OSI MIT License imposes is the requirement to include a copy of the copyright notice and the permission notice. Since your proposed terms waive that requirement, your terms are effectively CC0. – sampablokuper Jan 14 '16 at 17:11
Again - if they got the code from one of our sites, they can't distribute it unless they keep the URL in tact or reproduce the MIT license as required (their option). And again - there will always be bad actors that don't follow the rules, but most developers (at least that I know) are pretty careful to do the right thing when it comes to licenses, and just giving people credit. There is no perfect bullet proof scheme, and if there were, it would be so rigid that nobody could use it. – Tim Post♦ Jan 14 '16 at 17:21
@TimPost: We're not discussing "got the code from one of our sites", we're discussing "got the code from an intermediate", where that intermediate got it from StackOverflow, and elected to use attribution without including the MIT license, via the crayon option samthebrand wrote in. – Ben Voigt Jan 14 '16 at 17:36
@sampablokuper Step 2 is illegal. The person doing it just has to hunt around and find the Stack Overflow link buried in the code to know that. They're ultimately re-using code licensed under SO's modified MIT license, so they have to meet the original license requirements, even though they were never given a copy. So, really, it's more Step 1 that's the problem, because the code wasn't strictly CC0. The new code in the first generation work was CC0, but the stuff pulled in from SO wasn't, since they don't have the right to relicense it quite that way. I think. Consult your local lawyer. – Billy Mailman Jan 14 '16 at 17:41
@sampablokuper Re-reading it a bit more, I'm 99% sure step 1 in your scenario is the illegal bit. You won't have to re-include the full license text, but this iteration of the new license absolutely requires reasonable attribution at all times. The person making a CC0-licensed work is including code without attributing it, and in so doing is breaking the law, because they're claiming the code they're releasing is all CC0. The fact that you don't need to include the full text of the license, doesn't change that it's still under that license. (cont...) – Billy Mailman Jan 14 '16 at 18:10
Folks - when you get into these kinds of waters there's a subtle difference between being not wrong and being correct. I believe I'm not wrong, but I'm not entirely certain that I'm correct (you can be correct in all cases but something). I'm going to check with our counsel (this could take a few days), and I'll relay his take. – Tim Post♦ Jan 14 '16 at 18:13
Errr, MIT does not give you the right to relicense as CC0. It gives you the right to relicense as any compatible license, but CC0 ain't one. Never has been, and I'm not sure where you got the idea that it is. – Billy Mailman Jan 14 '16 at 19:23
Yes, but I don't see how redistribution under a different licence can ever be "legitimate", because regardless of whether the copyright notice is preserved or not, the MIT terms still apply. Just because "MIT without notice preservation requirement" is basically the same as CC0, it does not mean that one can arbitrarily decide that the licence is CC0. If one has any sense, one will preserve the notice. At least that would be my position on it. I (think I) understand what you are driving at, but your interpretation seems to be borderline pathological--not that this is a bad thing. – Oleksandr R. Jan 14 '16 at 20:28
You've comprehensively rehashed the same misunderstandings, yes. Carry on. – jscs Jan 14 '16 at 21:20
It seem to me that a core part of the difficulty in this conversation is the attempt to create a crayon license. We don't actually know what the terms of the license will be, because it's only been presented as "MIT with the preservation requirement waived". That's incredibly unhelpful when it comes to evaluating the precise legal impacts of the license. It would be far easier to have this conversation if SE would just create a new license that is explicit in its legal requirements, or if they're not willing to do that at least give us the wording of the waiver. – Tim Jan 15 '16 at 4:46
We're talking about a somewhat drastic change and I can't even give my voting input on this; this is problematic.
Additionally, I'd like to suggest the FAQ created not be an incomprehensible collection of legal jargon. Many people are just starting with programing in general, let alone licences. To add to that, this is a site where many people's first language is not English.
You must be able to present things in a way most people can understand.
Dimitris Fasarakis HilliardDimitris Fasarakis Hilliard
An answer is a far better way to express your position than a single, silent downvote. – Adam Lear♦ Jan 15 '16 at 16:10
@Adam, as of now 486 votes (both sides) have been cast on this question. Had everyone posted an answer instead of voting, the whole thread would have become unexploitable. – Frédéric Hamidi Jan 15 '16 at 16:37
@FrédéricHamidi Sure. There's the option to upvote existing answers that state whatever points you'd make, though. The whole "I'm posting this answer only to gain rep so I can downvote" thing (see revisions on this post) is pure noise either way. – Adam Lear♦ Jan 15 '16 at 16:39
@Adam, you have a point, I did miss the first revision of this answer. – Frédéric Hamidi Jan 15 '16 at 16:47
@AdamLear An overwhelming majority of downvotes is a message in itself. – Raphael Jan 15 '16 at 16:51
@Raphael I'm not arguing against voting. See my previous comment. – Adam Lear♦ Jan 15 '16 at 16:51
@AdamLear The post was pretty much a knee-jerk reaction to the "Your response to the proposal was positive – 85% of votes on the proposal were upvotes." line. I really agree with you, an answer is a much more efficient mean to transmit ones thoughts. The problem seems to be that conclusions are based on vote count, not answer content. – Dimitris Fasarakis Hilliard Jan 15 '16 at 16:53
@Jim Yeah... we took a wrong turn there, I agree. – Adam Lear♦ Jan 15 '16 at 16:54
As non-SO user, this is the central question for me here. My main hub of activity is Computer Science SE, and we have quite a lot of maybe-code there.
We will give you guidance on identifying code in an upcoming FAQ, plus guidance on how best to comply with the attribution requirement.
Before you do this, it is impossible to give feedback. Please provide this FAQ asap.
But ultimately, identifying code will be a judgement call on your part. We have full faith in your ability to do this.
Who is "your"? Authors? I guess. Other regular users? Maybe. Visitors? No way.
Drive-by visitors can on average not be bothered to adhere to even the most basic things prominently put in the FAQ, and you want them to read the ToS? Do they even have to accept them when they to not register? They certainly don't when they just google upon some content. The footer? Good look expressing the rules clearly in that format.
Even if I do read the rules as a visitor (a popup when I hit CTRL+V maybe?), what am I to do? Risk that somebody sues me?
Case distinction:
Most users of SE (visitors and registered users) are not aware of the license-for-code topic. "SE is CC, right?"
Consequence: the code license is useless.
Users are aware, but we don't actually punish violations of the license, because we have to assume it was by accident ("Ah, they probably thought that was not code") and we don't want to be dickheads.
Users are aware, and we actively try to punish violations of the license whenever we notice them (an event I estimate would have extremely low incidence).
Consequence: nobody copy-pastes anything from SE anymore because they won't want to open themselves up to litigation. Plus, we have become dickheads, arguably.
Without strict objective guidelines and visual indication about what constitutes code (and thus which license applies), a code license is useless and/or harmful for non-programming sites that deal with any kind of "code" (read: sites on which there is any amount of ambiguity as to what is code and what is not; some SO answers may even be affected).
Please don't.
It is also not possible to form popup on event - just block JS or visit from text browser - any agreement on license if not explicitly stated before downloading the code is problematic. If code was taken from copy of content, and there is no explicit license - it has probably none (it was released, author is not embeded, license is not given). – Evil Jan 15 '16 at 18:19
@EvilJS I agree. That parenthetical remark is mostly a cynical joke; even if possible, it would clearly be a horrible idea. – Raphael Jan 15 '16 at 18:30
In some cases - to honor authorship - full name and contact info is needed, and author is obliged to provide license. So attribution goes like this "I credit EvilJS for code given via chat". Seems cool, but I do not need it, and when this is really needed - somebody would have to contact me. Here is a problem - nobody can assure 100% success. And still several years ago it was easier to buy cd with linux than download it - there was evidence of rights to use it... If I am needed to show that I wrote it I would need court to get ISP logs - which in other case are unavailable even to me. – Evil Jan 15 '16 at 18:46
"Do they even have to accept them when they to not register?" - If I get it right, you imply that someone can avoid accepting ToS/not read ToS, and do as he wishes with the code he copies? The copyright of the code won't just magically disappear because they didn't care to read it. This answer looks so incorrect. – Fermi paradox Jan 16 '16 at 9:46
"..because they won't want to open themselves up to litigation." - Currently everything is under CC-BY-SA. Using content already is under legal restrictions. – Fermi paradox Jan 16 '16 at 9:53
@Fermiparadox There already are rules, but they are the same always. Not with the proposed changed, which introduces uncertainty about what the rules are. The issue with the ToS is tangential; it's an argument that the expectation expressed in the proposal that user's will all be able to identify code in the same way is overly optimistic. – Raphael Jan 16 '16 at 15:29
This whole thing is moot, because you have no idea about the status of anything that is posted to this site.
Simply demanding that it must be MIT licensed doesn't make it MIT licensed.
#include <std/abe-lincoln-dog-leg-tail-quote.h>
People will do things like, "Oh, we solved that problem here at XYZ Inc. with the following code; I'm sure my boss won't mind if I share a few lines ...". Only they won't say that part, but rather only think it as they copy and paste.
And what about all the people who contribute answers to SO, but are doing it on work time, using company equipment? That code could be owned by the company, according to the employment agreement, even if it is invented on the spot and doesn't appear in any company product.
Therefore, everyone in their right mind will not use anything more than a three-line snippet from some random website without paraphrasing it so that it doesn't resemble the original.
Attributing it is the stupidest thing you can do; you're exposing yourself to legal problems when your program clearly reveals the origin of some section of code, and that section of code is under a legal contention (it was posted to a website, but is in fact proprietary).
As a developer using snippets of other people's code of uncertain origin, you have two main responsibilities:
Don't do it.
If you must do it, make it yours. Paraphrase the code into your own expression. Work with it. Understand every detail as if you had written it yourself. Basically, use the original as an implementation guide. If there is ever the slightest suspicion that it is a knockoff of that original, you will easily be able to play dumb---by playing smart! You know that code inside out and can answer questions about it as if you had written it yourself, and can probably reproduce most of it from memory.
Basically, the honest thing in StackOverflow is to just have a big disclaimer:
We don't really know where any of this code came from, or what is its licensing status; if you incorporate anything verbatim into your product, you implicitly acknowledge that you do so at your own legal and technical risk. Stack Exchange offers no protection from infringment claims arising from third parties, and makes no warranties about the correctness of any code or its suitability for any purpose. Imagine the most draconian legal disclaimer that your eyes have never seen. Now multiply it by two.
That's it! Everything else is superfluous posturing that doesn't mean a thing and won't hold up in court.
Here is something to consider:
When you contribute original code to a GNU Project project, you will be asked to assign the copyright to the Free Software Foundation. Not only that, but you need some affidavit letter from your employer that the code is really yours to give away; that they lay no claim on it. (I have been through this myself, so I know!) That's what then enables the GNU Project to claim that the code is under the GPL, with a fairly certain copyright status. StackExchange neglects to put contributors through anything of this sort (for understandable reasons, such as it putting a huge damper on the party). But that means there is no basis for asserting any fact about the copyright or licensing status of anything that is posted.
KazKaz
A large part of why we have content licenses is to protect content consumers from the unwitting actions of employees as you describe. – Sean Allred Jan 15 '16 at 5:41
@SeanAllred What does that mean? Will StackExchange take the fall for me if I use something and end up in hot water? "Protect" is something to which we can attach a dollar figure. For instance, when you buy some kind of insurance, it is spelled out what is covered for how much: everything is in dollars. – Kaz Jan 15 '16 at 6:08
In case proprietary code is posted on SO, wouldn't the user who posted it be held legally responsible? I can see how removing code that turned out not to be under MIT from a program might be problematic, but I m not so sure about who would be in real ($) trouble. – Fermi paradox Jan 15 '16 at 10:21
Re proprietary code: You can't post that on SO, it's aginst the terms of service. See §3 - Subscriber Content: "You agree that all Subscriber Content that You contribute to the Network is perpetually and irrevocably licensed to Stack Exchange... Subscriber warrants, represents and agrees Subscriber has the right to grant Stack Exchange and the Network the rights set forth above..." – T.J. Crowder Jan 15 '16 at 11:51
@T.J.Crowder, you absolutely can post propriertary code, it's just that you are not allowed to. Else this whole legal thing would not be necessary. – Eike Pierstorff Jan 15 '16 at 13:05
@EikePierstorff: There's no question what "can't" meant in my comment, fiddling about with semantics is not useful. You can rob a store, drive while drunk, and evade taxes. You're just not allowed to. Further, the change under discussion has nothing to do with posting proprietary code and "not being allowed to" isn't the legal issue at hand. The legal issue at hand is using code that has been posted, and what the license says about what you need to do when doing so (and what license you're granting when posting). – T.J. Crowder Jan 15 '16 at 13:28
Funny, I was thinking the same thing re semantics. I don't want to argue, I am saying that - since clearly people "can" steal code and post it here - the only "protection" that is added by the license is that I can try and argue that I used the code in good faith. This will not help me in a court of law. – Eike Pierstorff Jan 15 '16 at 13:33
@Kaz I'm on mobile and can't respond to everyone, but to clarify: SE licenses content CC and makes this known. This would mean (to my understanding) that liability rests solely with the employee. – Sean Allred Jan 15 '16 at 13:51
This answer is the answer. This whole ordeal by SE appears to be a way to "legally" enforce a "solid" system. As you point out, this is impossible. Maybe the code I've shared, I've decompiled from someone's closed-source project. Maybe I stole it from work. Then there's the other side of it. I've spent 5 years part and full time developing a very complex program. I want to share part of it on an answer here, but I don't want my license changed to X. Therefore, I pack up and take my knowledge elsewhere. This is all bad, they should have left it alone. – user159773 Jan 23 '16 at 18:28
The core problem that all of this is intended to solve is that people are copying material from Stack Overflow into their code... and that the license for CC-BY-SA isn't ideal for code.
The question behind this problem is "why are they copying the code?"
Let's take an old post on SO: Apache POI autoSizeColumn resizes to minimum width. When one looks at the code in the question, it is clear that it is an MCVE. It does stuff, but it clearly isn't actual code. Likewise, the answer presents knowledge of essentially "you need to call this method."
As the code presented in the question was an MCVE and the code in the answer was in the form of knowledge, it should be fairly clear to people that there will be no copyright or licensing issues generated from this Q&A post - no one is copying any code.
However, I believe that this question is the exception to what SO has become. The vast majority of the questions are not MCVEs but rather "here is my actual code from my homework or real code from work" and the answers are snippets of code rather than information about solving the problem.
Here is my code.
{large block of code}
{block of code}
And here, the licensing of the question and the answer is critical because the answer will be copied directly into the code outside of SO.
No longer is this about transferring knowledge about a problem - it is a code writing and debugging service.
There are many individuals on Stack Overflow who are providing knowledge to people - knowledge about how to fix the problem rather than the fix itself. Yes, this is a gray area. There are some that are clearly on one side of the line, there are others that are clearly on the other side of the line.
I contend that questions that ask for solutions rather than knowledge are becoming by in far the dominant type of questions on SO. And likewise, answers that hand the actual code that can be copy and pasted into the problem code are likely the dominant type of answers on SO.
This isn't the case on most other technology sites, even where code is presented.
Trying to apply this solution to an SO problem across the entire network, while consistent, makes for many headaches on other sites where it is knowledge that is being transferred and any code is demonstrative of that knowledge and not intended to be copy and pasted into a solution.
One thing that should be looked at in part on this is an attempt to redirect the culture of asking and answering on SO back to transfer of knowledge rather than 'fix my code'.
If, on the other hand the 'fix my code' with 'here is the answer' is the intended state of Stack Overflow, reexamine how to fix Stack Overflow's Q&A model to better reflect that along with the necessary licensing changes. Don't change everyone else's licensing because people are indiscriminately copying code from SO answers into their code.
Sites that go more into explaining code may need to use material from other projects that isn't compatible as code into CC-BY-SA, but is acceptable under fair use; that the material there is intended to explain - not be copied into other projects. Pulling a method out of some GPL code to show an of mapping something too large to fit into the return type of hashCode() when talking about the pigeonhole principle. Applying the solution to SO's problem that the code in the post is MIT licensed will have a significant negative consequence on the ability to draw upon other resources for these sites to explain and transfer knowledge.
"the answer is critical because the answer will be copied directly into the code outside of SO". No, it won't. The example you chose is good to see this. Consider the first line, a package directive. In your own project, you wouldn't copy this. The next few lines are import statements which are simply required for Java to work properly. The next line is a class declaration. In your own project, you wouldn't copy this, but you would choose your own name. And so on... the result is simply not a copy. – Brandin Jan 15 '16 at 17:08
@Brandin the POI one is where the code won't be copied. However, you should look at the others link I provided and reconsider the practicality of C&P. I contend that the POI question is an example where the knowledge is more important than the code - but is the rare exception of questions and answers on SO. – user213963 Jan 15 '16 at 17:09
The terms under which users are willing to share their code can vary a lot.
Some don't care about attribution, others consider it mandatory. Some want to release their code with no restrictions whatsoever.
Votes on OP and answers are biased
Votes on the OP or the top answers are biased for two reasons:
Many users don't have down-vote rights on MSE, so they can't express their disagreement.
An answer (especially on a matter we aren't experts on: law) can sound very .. accurate, while on the contrary, is completely wrong. I'm not saying most votes are bandwagon-votes, but some of them definitely are.
Find out what users want the right way.
If you truly want to accurately know how many users will be displeased or happy with this change, it might be best to make a survey.
Ask users how strongly they agree or disagree with specific proposals. Also, make sure you take into account that many (most?) users are unfamiliar with licenses and are not lawyers.
Fermi paradoxFermi paradox
I don't think a survey would help at this point, judging by the way our SE overlords have handled this discussion so far. There's a huge difference between the question “Do you want to be able to freely use all code you see on SO?”, and “Do you agree to publish all your future code contributions under a liberal license so that other people can freely copy&paste from your questions and answers?” – amon Jan 14 '16 at 21:18
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged discussion licensing feedback creative-commons .
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An apology to our community, and next steps
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Giveaway: World of Coca-Cola Tickets!
May 22, 2019 By MommyOctopus 1 Comment
Woo hoo! Summertime is here! One of the best places to visit during the summer is the World of Coca-Cola attraction in Atlanta. This summer, the attraction is offering limited-time experiences to help fans make it their best – and possibly strangest – summer ever. Here are all the details on what not to miss:
Stranger Things Have Happened – Prepare for time travel. Netflix’s Stranger Things 3 debuts on July 4, throwing it back to the summer of 1985, when the most-talked-about brand of the year was Coca-Cola with its release of “New Coke.” To help transport fans into the series, Coca-Cola is bringing back a limited run of New Coke – yes, the actual recipe from 1985. In addition to CokeStore.com/1985, one of the only places fans will be able to get their hands on the nostalgic drink is World of Coca-Cola. On June 4, 5 and 6, the first 1,000 guests who buy full-price, general admission tickets on-site at the attraction will each receive a can of New Coke, while supplies last. Limited-edition apparel featuring Coke and Stranger Things branding will also be available in the Coca-Cola Store at World of Coca-Cola and on CokeStore.com/1985 starting May 24.
It’s the Real Thing – Remember the famous Coke slogan from 1969? 2019 marks 50 years since the introduction of “It’s the Real Thing,” and World of Coca-Cola is celebrating with a special exhibit. Retro ads, posters and swag will bring to life the iconic slogan that inspired pop songs from superstars of the day – we’re talking James Brown, Aretha Franklin and Ray Charles. The “It’s the Real Thing” installation in the Pop Culture Gallery is open now through spring 2020. Want to bring the Real Thing home with you? An all-new, all-classic line of retail repping the iconic slogan is available in the Coca-Cola Store at World of Coca-Cola. This collection includes men’s and women’s tees, hats, a bag, a beach towel, a Tervis tumbler and a bottle opener.
Float Through Summer – Name a summer treat more classic than a Coke float. We’ll wait. June through August, World of Coca-Cola is putting a twist on the typical refreshment with a build-your-own float experience. For $9.95, guests will receive a 16-oz. souvenir cup, a scoop of vanilla ice cream and free reign of the Taste It! Beverage Lounge, where they can choose from more than 100 familiar and exotic beverages to create their float.
Keeping It Cool – Flavorful floats aren’t the only frozen fun at World of Coke this summer. Also in the Taste It! Beverage Lounge, a variety of slushie beverages will be available to help guests keep cool during the hottest months of the year. For $5, choose from flavors including Melon Frosty and Blue Raspberry.
Peel, Scan & Sip – Enjoy a Coca-Cola this summer and you could end up with free World of Coca-Cola tickets. Now through July 21, packaging for Coke, Coke Zero Sugar and Coke Flavors (Orange Vanilla, Cherry, etc.) will feature peel-off labels that turn into wearable wristbands. Each band displays an icon that fans can scan with their phones to potentially win exclusive experiences nationwide. In the Georgia area, a limited number of bottles and cans will unlock two free World of Coke tickets. You never know – uncapping your next Coke may mean unlocking your next weekend adventure.
One lucky reader will win a family 4 pack of tickets to visit! Simply fill out the Rafflecopter for your chance to win!
Giveaway: Nancy Drew and the Hidden Staircase
April 8, 2019 By MommyOctopus 26 Comments
**“Warner Bros. Home Entertainment provided me with a free copy of the Blu-ray I reviewed in this Blog Post. The opinions I share are my own.”**
My kids love reading Nancy Drew mysteries and they have been super excited about the new Nancy Drew movie! Nancy Drew And The Hidden Staircase is available on Digital as of March 26, 2019 and on Blu-ray™ Combo Pack & DVD on April 2, 2019.
My kids really enjoyed watching this movie and are excited to watch it again. It was suspenseful and kept their attention and they hope for more Nancy Drew movies in the future. This movie had them guessing who was the “ghost” throughout the movie.
The iconic mystery solving teenager from the classic Nancy Drew books is back with an all-new feature length film that will keep you guessing until the very end! Warner Bros. Home Entertainment will release Nancy Drew And The Hidden Staircase on Digital starting March 26, 2019 and Blu-ray™ Combo Pack & DVD on April 2, 2019. Executive Produced by Ellen DeGeneres, the film stars Sophia Lillis (IT and “Sharp Objects”), Sam Trammell (“True Blood” and “This is Us”), and Linda Lavin (“The Good Wife” and“Alice”) and follows Nancy Drew in her new town, making new friends and on a mission to solve the case! The film carries a suggested retail price of $19.99 for the Digital, $19.98 for the DVD and $28.98 for the Blu-ray Combo Pack.
After the death of his wife, Carson Drew decides to leave Chicago behind and make a fresh start with his daughter in River Heights. But for 16-year-old Nancy Drew, life in a small town is mighty dull. She longs for excitement, adventure, and the chance to make a difference. Nancy gets that opportunity when she is asked to help solve the ghostly activity at the Twin Elms mansion. Can she help explain the creaking footsteps, exploding lightbulbs and the ominous creature? Is it the handiwork of high-school bully Derek Barnes? Or is it possible that the ghost of original owner Malcolm Colfax is back for revenge? Recruiting her best friends George and Bess, along with local “mean girl” Helen, Nancy Drew is on the case!
Escape Room & Mystery Match:
Check out the fun little app below for Nancy Drew’s Escape Room and Mystery Match. To escape, you must solve riddles and find items to uncover the three numbers needed to open to door. Use your mouse to click + drag puzzle pieces to unlock clips from the film. Have fun!
One lucky reader will win their very own copy of Nancy Drew And The Hidden Staircase. Simply fill out the Rafflecopter below for your chance to win!
Giveaway: Thirty One Gifts – Let’s Flamingo!
I’m in love with the fun new flamingo print available from Thirty-One Gifts! Even better, it is available in their new Small Utility Tote size! My friends at Thirty-One Gifts sent me a couple of the Flamingo items and I received compliments everywhere I took it this week during Spring Break!
The Small Utility Tote is the perfect size to grab a few things and go, without the bulk of the larger totes. One day, we threw in a few sandwiches, bag of chips, paper plates, and fruit and it made the perfect picnic tote. This is probably one of my favorite Thirty-One Gifts products ever! In addition to being perfect for a picnic, it’s also just the right size to fit in the car and throw in things that I need to take with me.
The Small Utility Tote retails for $28 and comes in lots of fun colors, including Let’s Flamingle as shown above. Measures approx. 11.75″H x 11.75″L x 9″W and is available for embroidery and monogramming.
Next up, we received a Cool Zip Snacker in Pink Flamingo. The Cool Zip Snackers are food safe and reusable! Simply hand wash and air dry between uses! The thermal liner is great for keeping refrigerated items cool until snack time.
There are 5 designs of Cool Zip Snackers available, so you can also find this item in Crabby Claws, Mermaid Tail, Shark, and Unicorn. They retail for $12.
Another great item that matches the Flamingo theme is this awesome Foldaway Tote in Pink Flamingo. This awesome tote is perfect for carrying in your purse until needed. I carry mine around for when I go grocery shopping. It folds right up into a little sack for storage and doesn’t take up much space at all in my purse. Retail is $18 and it is approx. 15.5″H x 17″L x .5″D.
You won’t go wrong with all these great flamingo prints!
One lucky reader will win a Thirty-One Gifts Prize Pack! This prize pack will include:
Small Utility Tote – Let’s Flamingle
Cool Zip Snacker – Pink Flamingo
Foldaway Tote – Pink Flamingo
What a wonderful prize!!!
To enter, simply fill out the Rafflecopter below:
Cirque Italia Coming to Athens!
March 26, 2019 By MommyOctopus 7 Comments
I really enjoy circus events. It’s truly amazing what the human body can do! I’m so excited that Cirque Italia is bringing their Water Circus: Gold Unit to our Athens area from April 11th-14th! Check out this amazing promo video:
Cirque Italia is an Italian entertainment company that brings a performance of European style. It is described as a “vivid, dramatic, and moving experience under a customized traveling tent.” The Water Circus: Gold Unit show will feature water fountains, laser man acts, contortionists, a wheel of death, and more!
The Water Circus: Gold Unit will be featured at the Athens Fairgrounds in Winterville, Georgia. There are eight shows to choose from between April 11th-14th with various times. This is a show you won’t want to miss!
Kids Go Free Deal:
To make things more affordable for families to attend, Cirque Italia is offering a free child’s ticket! You can receive 1 free child ticket (ages 2-12) with every full price adult ticket purchased in level 2 or level 3. At checkout, simply use code FREE.
Children under age 2 are admitted free provided they sit in a parent’s lap.
For More Information and Tickets:
For more information and tickets, please visit Cirque Italia’s website. You can also find out more on the Cirque Italia Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram pages.
Cirque Italia has been very generous is offering a giveaway for you guys! The giveaway includes a Family Pack of tickets – 2 Adults + 2 Children (ages 2-12) for opening night, April 11th at 7:30pm. Simply fill out the Rafflecopter below for your chance to win! Good luck!
Live-Action Kim Possible on DVD + Giveaway!
March 20, 2019 By MommyOctopus 26 Comments
Whoa! I had no idea that there was a live-action KIM POSSIBLE in the works! Kim Possible is coming to Disney DVD, Tuesday, March 26th, 2019. I always liked watching Kim Possible and her adventures with my kids and I can’t wait to see it with real people! Disney is really working hard on the live-action movies lately!
About Kim Possible:
Based on the global hit animated series, the live-action “Kim Possible” Disney Channel Original Movie follows everyday teen hero Kim Possible and best friend and sidekick Ron Stoppable as they embark on their freshman year of high school, all while saving the world from evil villains. By their side every step of the way is teen tech-genius Wade and new friend Athena, who also happens to be a Kim Possible super fan and is eager to join Team Possible. While Kim and Ron have always been one step ahead of their opponents, navigating the social hierarchy of high school is more challenging than the action-hero ever imagined. With Drakken and Shego lurking in the wings, Kim must rely on her family and friends more than ever. Now it’s up to Team Possible—Kim, Ron, tech-genius Wade, new friend Athena and Rufus, a naked mole-rat that Ron meets along the way—to stop these super villains.
2 lucky readers will each win a copy of Kim Possible on DVD! Simply fill out the rafflectoper below for your chance to win!
Giveaway: Disney’s Mary Poppins Returns!
March 7, 2019 By MommyOctopus 55 Comments
I’m so excited that it’s almost time for Mary Poppins Returns to be released! Mary Poppins Returns will be available on digital March 12 and Blu-ray™ March 19! Not much longer to wait for this incredible movie!
We weren’t able to make it to the theatre to watch this one, but we are going to snag it as soon as it’s released!
In “Mary Poppins Returns,” Michael Banks (Ben Whishaw) — just a child when Mary Poppins first visited 17 Cherry Tree Lane — is now a grown man raising his children Annabel (Pixie Davies), John (Nathanael Saleh) and Georgie (Joel Dawson) with help from his sister Jane (Emily Mortimer). Times are tough in Depression-era London but the winds begin to change and the enigmatic governess, whose unique magical skills can turn any ordinary task into a fantastic adventure, enters the lives of the Banks family once again, having not aged a single day. Teaming up with an old friend, Jack, they take the Banks children on a series of whimsical adventures, encountering colorful characters like Mary’s eccentric Cousin Topsy (Streep), Jack’s lovable band of leeries and bank executives William Weatherall Wilkins (Colin Firth) and Mr. Dawes Jr. (Van Dyke) — bringing life, love and laughter back into the home.
We have 2 Digital Download codes to pass along to you guys! Simply fill out the Rafflecopter for your chance to win!
Giveaway: Professional Bull Riders’ Unleash the Beast Tour Tickets!
February 27, 2019 By MommyOctopus 4 Comments
It’s no lie that I love rodeos and all things dealing with rodeos, but bull riding is my favorite! I’m excited that the Unleash the Beast Tour is coming to the Infinite Energy Arena in Duluth!
The Professional Bull Riders’ Unleash The Beast Tour (U.S. Border Patrol Invitational – Duluth) is the premier series of the PBR. Featuring the top 35 Professional Bull Riders going head-to-head with the fiercest bulls in the country. The PBR will bring two days of high-energy sound, lighting, special effects and edge-of-your-seat action that fans have come to expect from the world leader in the sport of bull riding.
I have 4 tickets to give away to one lucky reader! The tickets are good for the Sunday, March 10th event at 1:45PM.
Simply fill out the Rafflecopter below for your chance to win.
Giveaway: Ralph Breaks the Internet
February 11, 2019 By MommyOctopus 38 Comments
Here’s another one that we are looking forward to watching when it’s available! RALPH BREAKS THE INTERNET is coming to 4K Ultra HD and Blu-ray™ on Tuesday, February 26th The previews on this were super cute.
Ralph Breaks the Internet” arrives home with a wide-range of exclusive extras, taking fans behind the scenes at Walt Disney Animation Studios to explore how artists created the film’s vibrant version of the internet — from comical cat videos to the intense online game Slaughter Race to shady characters on the Dark Net. Features also reveal some Easter eggs — inside jokes and references to other Disney films and characters hidden throughout the film — and filmmakers introduce some never before revealed deleted scenes.
Directed by Rich Moore (Academy Award Ò-winning “Zootopia,” “Wreck-It Ralph”) and Phil Johnston (co-writer “Wreck-It Ralph,” “Zootopia,” writer, “Cedar Rapids”), and produced by Clark Spencer (“Zootopia,” “Wreck-It Ralph,” “Bolt,” “Lilo & Stitch”), “Ralph Breaks the Internet” welcomes back favorite cast and characters introduced six years ago, including Reilly, who provides the voice of Ralph, and Silverman, who returns as the voice of Vanellope. Lending a virtual hand to Ralph and Vanellope is Shank, voiced by Gal Gadot, a tough-as-nails driver from a gritty online auto-racing game called Slaughter Race, a place Vanellope wholeheartedly embraces — so much so that Ralph worries he may lose the only friend he’s ever had. Yesss, voiced by Taraji P. Henson, the head algorithm and the heart and soul of the trend-making site BuzzzTube, makes Ralph a viral sensation. Jack McBrayer and Jane Lynch return as the voices of Fix-It Felix Jr. and Sergeant Calhoun, respectively, and Disney Animation’s good luck charm, actor Alan Tudyk was called on to voice a search engine named KnowsMore — literally a know-it-all — who runs a search bar and helps Ralph and Vanellope on their quest. Lots of exciting cameos are also featured in the film including a scene that reunites all of the original (living) Disney Princess voice cast.
We have a couple digital copies of this movie to give away! Simply fill out the Rafflecopter below for your chance to win!
Giveaway: The Little Mermaid Coming to Blu-ray!
February 6, 2019 By MommyOctopus 25 Comments
It’s really neat when I can watch movies with my kids that I enjoyed when I was a kid. The Little Mermaid is one of my favorites! I’m so glad that The Little Mermaid will be available on Digital February 12 and Blu-ray™ February 26! Not much longer to wait! I really like have a digital collection of movies so we don’t have to put a disc in every time we want to watch something.
In honor of its 30th anniversary, two-time Academy Award®-winner (Best Original Score and Best Original Song “Under the Sea,” 1989) “The Little Mermaid,” dives into the highly celebrated Walt Disney Signature Collection with all-new bonus features and a sing-along mode. The magical, musical tale of mermaid princess Ariel — along with loveable sidekicks Sebastian and Flounder, and the love-to-hate sea witch Ursula — is shore to make a splash with all generations when it comes home for the first time Digitally in HD, 4K Ultra HDä and Movies Anywhere on Feb. 12, and on 4K Ultra HD and Blu-ray™ on Feb. 26.
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Subject: Is Fitbit Stock (NYSE: FIT) at the Mercy of the Apple Watch?
URL: http://mney.co/1UEtMsX
+ nine = fifteen Required Please enter the correct value.
Is Fitbit Stock (NYSE: FIT) at the Mercy of the Apple Watch?
By Alex McGuire, Associate Editor, Money Morning • @AlexMcGuire92 - September 10, 2015
The Fitbit stock price has seen a massive rise over the last week. Shares of FIT are up 9.1% since Sept. 3.
The majority of the gains came after Morgan Stanley reported that Fitbit dominates the wearable tech market over Apple.
But could the Apple Watch jeopardize Fitbit's long-term appreciation?
What Is the Fitbit (NYSE: FIT) Stock Price Today?
How Does Fitbit Make Money? (NYSE: FIT)
What Is the Fitbit Stock Symbol?
CHART: How the Fitbit Valuation Compares to Other Tech IPOs
Should I Buy Fitbit Stock (NYSE: FIT)?
The Fitbit (NYSE: FIT) Share Price Depends on This Huge Threat
Why the Fitbit IPO Price Range Was Revised Today
By Alex McGuire, Associate Editor, Money Morning • @AlexMcGuire92 - June 18, 2015
The Fitbit (NYSE: FIT) stock price today opened at $30.40 a share.
Last night, the Fitbit IPO priced above its $17 to $19 range at $20. The deal raised $732 million.
Here's more on FIT stock and where it's headed over the long term...
The Fitbit IPO hits the market today, June 18. It's one of the most anticipated deals of 2015 so far and is the highest valued tech IPO of the year.
All of the hype begs an obvious question - how does Fitbit make money?
Here's how the wearable tech company has managed to remain profitable over the years...
The Fitbit IPO is tomorrow, June 18.
Fitbit will be the first public company solely dedicated to fitness-related wearable tech - an exploding market on track for a $19 billion valuation by 2018.
Here's the Fitbit stock symbol - and three other stocks to watch during the IPO tomorrow...
The pre-IPO Fitbit valuation is $3.7 billion. The company's IPO will raise $621 million by selling 29.85 million shares.
But how does the Fitbit valuation compare to other popular tech IPOs?
This chart shows the pre-IPO valuations of the biggest tech deals since January 2014...
Fitbit Inc. (NYSE: FIT) stock hits the market tomorrow, June 18. The fitness wearable tech company is one of the most anticipated tech IPOs of 2015 so far.
With all the hype surrounding the deal, people are wondering, "Should I buy Fitbit stock?"
Here's a closer look at the Fitbit IPO and Fitbit stock...
The Fitbit (NYSE: FIT) share price will likely soar in its debut if it follows the typical first-day trading pattern.
But the long-term performance of FIT stock depends on its ability to maintain its huge market share.
That's because there's another company that poses a huge threat to Fitbit's products...
The Fitbit IPO price range increased this morning (Tuesday) by $3 to $17 to $19.
The newly revised deal will raise $621 million - roughly 39% more proceeds than the previous $448 million.
Here's everything you need to know about why the Fitbit IPO price was revised today...
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1 PUBLIC EDUCATION DEFINITIONS COORDINATION
4 Chief Sponsor: Val L. Peterson
5 Senate Sponsor: Ann Millner
9 This bill amends provisions in the public education code related to defined terms.
12 ▸ defines terms;
13 ▸ amends provisions in Title 53G, Public Education System -- Local Administration,
14 to use and conform with defined terms in coordination with 2019FL-0374, Public
15 Education Definitions Amendments;
16 ▸ amends other provisions in the public education code related to defined terms; and
17 ▸ makes technical and conforming changes.
21 This bill provides revisor instructions.
24 53G-3-202, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 256 and renumbered and
25 amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 3
26 53G-3-301, as renumbered and amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 3
66 53G-4-1003, as renumbered and amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 3
71 53G-5-201, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapters 293, 383 and renumbered
72 and amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 3
74 53G-5-205, as enacted by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 383
91 53G-5-407, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapters 22, 154 and renumbered
96 53G-5-410, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 448
97 53G-5-411, as enacted by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 3
100 amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 3
101 53G-5-503, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 383 and renumbered and
105 53G-5-505, as renumbered and amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 3
107 53G-6-201, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 69 and renumbered and
131 53G-6-501, as enacted by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 3
186 53G-7-1004, as renumbered and amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 3
192 53G-7-1202, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapters 107 and 448
193 53G-7-1203, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 448
194 53G-7-1205, as enacted by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 448
243 53G-10-202, as renumbered and amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 3
249 53G-10-305, as enacted by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 3
250 53G-10-402, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 224 and renumbered and
275 53G-11-501, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 22 and renumbered and
277 53G-11-501.5, as renumbered and amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapter 3
287 63G-2-302, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapters 206, 281, 415, and 461
288 63J-1-220, as last amended by Laws of Utah 2018, Chapters 415 and 456
290 Be it enacted by the Legislature of the state of Utah:
291 Section 1. Section 53G-3-202 is amended to read:
292 53G-3-202. School districts independent of municipal and county governments --
293 School district name -- Control of property.
294 (1) (a) Each school district shall be controlled by its [board of education] local school
295 board and shall be independent of municipal and county governments.
296 (b) The name of each school district created after May 1, 2000, shall comply with
297 Subsection 17-50-103(2)(a).
298 (2) The local school board shall have direction and control of all school property in the
299 district.
300 (3) (a) Each school district shall register and maintain the school district's registration
301 as a limited purpose entity, in accordance with Section 67-1a-15.
302 (b) A school district that fails to comply with Subsection (3)(a) or Section 67-1a-15 is
303 subject to enforcement by the state auditor, in accordance with Section 67-3-1.
305 53G-3-301. Creation of new school district -- Initiation of process -- Procedures
306 to be followed.
307 (1) A new school district may be created from one or more existing school districts, as
308 provided in this section.
309 (2) The process to create a new school district may be initiated:
310 (a) through a citizens' initiative petition;
311 (b) at the request of the local school board of the existing district or districts to be
312 affected by the creation of the new district; or
313 (c) at the request of a city within the boundaries of the school district or at the request
314 of interlocal agreement participants, pursuant to Section 53G-3-302.
315 (3) (a) An initiative petition submitted under Subsection (2)(a) shall be signed by
316 qualified electors residing within the geographical boundaries of the proposed new school
317 district in an amount equal to at least 15% of all votes cast within the geographic boundaries of
318 the proposed new school district for all candidates for president of the United States at the last
319 regular general election at which a president of the United States was elected.
320 (b) Each request or petition submitted under Subsection (2) shall:
321 (i) be filed with the clerk of each county in which any part of the proposed new school
322 district is located;
323 (ii) indicate the typed or printed name and current residence address of each governing
324 board member making a request, or registered voter signing a petition, as the case may be;
325 (iii) describe the proposed new school district boundaries; and
326 (iv) designate up to five signers of the petition or request as sponsors, one of whom
327 shall be designated as the contact sponsor, with the mailing address and telephone number of
328 each.
329 (c) The process described in Subsection (2)(a) may only be initiated once during any
330 four-year period.
331 (d) A new district may not be formed under Subsection (2) if the student population of
332 the proposed new district is less than 3,000 or the existing district's student population would
333 be less than 3,000 because of the creation of the new school district.
334 (4) A signer of a petition described in Subsection (2)(a) may withdraw or, once
335 withdrawn, reinstate the signer's signature at any time before the filing of the petition by filing
336 a written request for withdrawal or reinstatement with the county clerk.
337 (5) Within 45 days after the day on which a petition described in Subsection (2)(a) is
338 filed, or five business days after the day on which a request described in Subsection (2)(b) or
339 (c) is filed, the clerk of each county with which the request or petition is filed shall:
340 (a) determine whether the request or petition complies with Subsections (2) and (3), as
341 applicable; and
342 (b) (i) if the county clerk determines that the request or petition complies with the
343 applicable requirements:
344 (A) certify the request or petition and deliver the certified request or petition to the
345 county legislative body; and
346 (B) mail or deliver written notification of the certification to the contact sponsor; or
347 (ii) if the county clerk determines that the request or petition fails to comply with any
348 of the applicable requirements, reject the request or petition and notify the contact sponsor in
349 writing of the rejection and reasons for the rejection.
350 (6) (a) If the county clerk fails to certify or reject a request or petition within the time
351 specified in Subsection (5), the request or petition is considered to be certified.
352 (b) (i) If the county clerk rejects a request or petition, the person that submitted the
353 request or petition may amend the request or petition to correct the deficiencies for which the
354 request or petition was rejected, and refile the request or petition.
355 (ii) Subsection (3)(c) does not apply to a request or petition that is amended and refiled
356 after having been rejected by a county clerk.
357 (c) If, on or before December 1, a county legislative body receives a request from a
358 local school board under Subsection (2)(b) or a petition under Subsection (2)(a) that is certified
359 by the county clerk:
360 (i) the county legislative body shall appoint an ad hoc advisory committee, as provided
361 in Subsection (7), on or before January 1;
362 (ii) the ad hoc advisory committee shall submit its report and recommendations to the
363 county legislative body, as provided in Subsection (7), on or before July 1; and
364 (iii) if the legislative body of each county with which a request or petition is filed
365 approves a proposal to create a new district, each legislative body shall submit the proposal to
366 the respective county clerk to be voted on by the electors of each existing district at the regular
367 general or municipal general election held in November.
368 (7) (a) The legislative body of each county with which a request or petition is filed
369 shall appoint an ad hoc advisory committee to review and make recommendations on a request
370 for the creation of a new school district submitted under Subsection (2)(a) or (b).
371 (b) The advisory committee shall:
372 (i) seek input from:
373 (A) those requesting the creation of the new school district;
374 (B) the local school board and school personnel of each existing school district;
375 (C) those citizens residing within the geographical boundaries of each existing school
376 district;
377 (D) the [State Board of Education] state board; and
378 (E) other interested parties;
379 (ii) review data and gather information on at least:
380 (A) the financial viability of the proposed new school district;
381 (B) the proposal's financial impact on each existing school district;
382 (C) the exact placement of school district boundaries; and
383 (D) the positive and negative effects of creating a new school district and whether the
384 positive effects outweigh the negative if a new school district were to be created; and
385 (iii) make a report to the county legislative body in a public meeting on the committee's
386 activities, together with a recommendation on whether to create a new school district.
387 (8) For a request or petition submitted under Subsection (2)(a) or (b):
388 (a) The county legislative body shall provide for a 45-day public comment period on
389 the report and recommendation to begin on the day the report is given under Subsection
390 (7)(b)(iii).
391 (b) Within 14 days after the end of the comment period, the legislative body of each
392 county with which a request or petition is filed shall vote on the creation of the proposed new
393 school district.
394 (c) The proposal is approved if a majority of the members of the legislative body of
395 each county with which a request or petition is filed votes in favor of the proposal.
396 (d) If the proposal is approved, the legislative body of each county with which a
397 request or petition is filed shall submit the proposal to the county clerk to be voted on:
398 (i) by the legal voters of each existing school district affected by the proposal;
399 (ii) in accordance with the procedures and requirements applicable to a regular general
400 election under Title 20A, Election Code; and
401 (iii) at the next regular general election or municipal general election, whichever is
402 first.
403 (e) Creation of the new school district shall occur if a majority of the electors within
404 both the proposed school district and each remaining school district voting on the proposal vote
405 in favor of the creation of the new district.
406 (f) Each county legislative body shall comply with the requirements of Section
407 53G-3-203.
408 (g) If a proposal submitted under Subsection (2)(a) or (b) to create a new district is
409 approved by the electors, the existing district's documented costs to study and implement the
410 proposal shall be reimbursed by the new district.
411 (9) (a) If a proposal submitted under Subsection (2)(c) is certified under Subsection (5)
412 or (6)(a), the legislative body of each county in which part of the proposed new school district
413 is located shall submit the proposal to the respective clerk of each county to be voted on:
414 (i) by the legal voters residing within the proposed new school district boundaries;
419 (b) (i) If a majority of the legal voters within the proposed new school district
420 boundaries voting on the proposal at an election under Subsection (9)(a) vote in favor of the
421 creation of the new district:
422 (A) each county legislative body shall comply with the requirements of Section
423 53G-3-203; and
424 (B) upon the lieutenant governor's issuance of the certificate under Section 67-1a-6.5,
425 the new district is created.
426 (ii) Notwithstanding the creation of a new district as provided in Subsection
427 (9)(b)(i)(B):
428 (A) a new school district may not begin to provide educational services to the area
429 within the new district until July 1 of the second calendar year following the local school board
430 general election date described in Subsection 53G-3-302(3)(a)(i);
431 (B) a remaining district may not begin to provide educational services to the area
432 within the remaining district until the time specified in Subsection (9)(b)(ii)(A); and
433 (C) each existing district shall continue, until the time specified in Subsection
434 (9)(b)(ii)(A), to provide educational services within the entire area covered by the existing
437 53G-3-302. Proposal initiated by a city or by interlocal agreement participants to
438 create a school district -- Boundaries -- Election of local school board members --
439 Allocation of assets and liabilities -- Startup costs -- Transfer of title.
440 (1) (a) After conducting a feasibility study, a city with a population of at least 50,000,
441 as determined by the lieutenant governor using the process described in Subsection 67-1a-2(3),
442 may by majority vote of the legislative body, submit for voter approval a measure to create a
443 new school district with boundaries contiguous with that city's boundaries, in accordance with
444 Section 53G-3-301.
445 (b) (i) The determination of all matters relating to the scope, adequacy, and other
446 aspects of a feasibility study under Subsection (1)(a) is within the exclusive discretion of the
447 city's legislative body.
448 (ii) An inadequacy of a feasibility study under Subsection (1)(a) may not be the basis of
449 a legal action or other challenge to:
450 (A) an election for voter approval of the creation of a new school district; or
451 (B) the creation of the new school district.
452 (2) (a) By majority vote of the legislative body, a city of any class, a town, or a county,
453 may, together with one or more other cities, towns, or the county enter into an interlocal
454 agreement, in accordance with Title 11, Chapter 13, Interlocal Cooperation Act, for the purpose
455 of submitting for voter approval a measure to create a new school district.
456 (b) (i) In accordance with Section 53G-3-301, interlocal agreement participants under
457 Subsection (2)(a) may submit a proposal for voter approval if:
458 (A) the interlocal agreement participants conduct a feasibility study prior to submitting
459 the proposal to the county;
460 (B) the combined population within the proposed new school district boundaries is at
461 least 50,000;
462 (C) the new school district boundaries:
463 (I) are contiguous;
464 (II) do not completely surround or otherwise completely geographically isolate a
465 portion of an existing school district that is not part of the proposed new school district from
466 the remaining part of that existing school district, except as provided in Subsection (2)(d)(iii);
467 (III) include the entire boundaries of each participant city or town, except as provided
468 in Subsection (2)(d)(ii); and
469 (IV) subject to Subsection (2)(b)(ii), do not cross county lines; and
470 (D) the combined population within the proposed new school district of interlocal
471 agreement participants that have entered into an interlocal agreement proposing to create a new
472 school district is at least 80% of the total population of the proposed new school district.
473 (ii) The determination of all matters relating to the scope, adequacy, and other aspects
474 of a feasibility study under Subsection (2)(b)(i)(A), including whether to conduct a new
475 feasibility study or revise a previous feasibility study due to a change in the proposed new
476 school district boundaries, is within the exclusive discretion of the legislative bodies of the
477 interlocal agreement participants that enter into an interlocal agreement to submit for voter
478 approval a measure to create a new school district.
479 (iii) An inadequacy of a feasibility study under Subsection (2)(b)(i)(A) may not be the
480 basis of a legal action or other challenge to:
483 (iv) For purposes of determining whether the boundaries of a proposed new school
484 district cross county lines under Subsection (2)(b)(i)(C)(IV):
485 (A) a municipality located in more than one county and entirely within the boundaries
486 of a single school district is considered to be entirely within the same county as other
487 participants in an interlocal agreement under Subsection (2)(a) if more of the municipality's
488 land area and population is located in that same county than outside the county; and
489 (B) a municipality located in more than one county that participates in an interlocal
490 agreement under Subsection (2)(a) with respect to some but not all of the area within the
491 municipality's boundaries on the basis of the exception stated in Subsection (2)(d)(ii)(B) may
492 not be considered to cross county lines.
493 (c) (i) A county may only participate in an interlocal agreement under this Subsection
494 (2) for the unincorporated areas of the county.
495 (ii) Boundaries of a new school district created under this section may include:
496 (A) a portion of one or more existing school districts; and
497 (B) a portion of the unincorporated area of a county, including a portion of a township.
498 (d) (i) As used in this Subsection (2)(d):
499 (A) "Isolated area" means an area that:
500 (I) is entirely within the boundaries of a municipality that, except for that area, is
501 entirely within a school district different than the school district in which the area is located;
503 (II) would, because of the creation of a new school district from the existing district in
504 which the area is located, become completely geographically isolated.
505 (B) "Municipality's school district" means the school district that includes all of the
506 municipality in which the isolated area is located except the isolated area.
507 (ii) Notwithstanding Subsection (2)(b)(i)(C)(III), a municipality may be a participant in
508 an interlocal agreement under Subsection (2)(a) with respect to some but not all of the area
509 within the municipality's boundaries if:
510 (A) the portion of the municipality proposed to be included in the new school district
511 would, if not included, become an isolated area upon the creation of the new school district; or
512 (B) (I) the portion of the municipality proposed to be included in the new school
513 district is within the boundaries of the same school district that includes the other interlocal
514 agreement participants; and
515 (II) the portion of the municipality proposed to be excluded from the new school
516 district is within the boundaries of a school district other than the school district that includes
517 the other interlocal agreement participants.
518 (iii) (A) Notwithstanding Subsection (2)(b)(i)(C)(II), a proposal to create a new school
519 district may be submitted for voter approval pursuant to an interlocal agreement under
520 Subsection (2)(a), even though the new school district boundaries would create an isolated
521 area, if:
522 (I) the potential isolated area is contiguous to one or more of the interlocal agreement
523 participants;
524 (II) the interlocal participants submit a written request to the municipality in which the
525 potential isolated area is located, requesting the municipality to enter into an interlocal
526 agreement under Subsection (2)(a) that proposes to submit for voter approval a measure to
527 create a new school district that includes the potential isolated area; and
528 (III) 90 days after a request under Subsection (2)(d)(iii)(A)(II) is submitted, the
529 municipality has not entered into an interlocal agreement as requested in the request.
530 (B) Each municipality receiving a request under Subsection (2)(d)(iii)(A)(II) shall hold
531 one or more public hearings to allow input from the public and affected school districts
532 regarding whether or not the municipality should enter into an interlocal agreement with
533 respect to the potential isolated area.
534 (C) (I) This Subsection (2)(d)(iii)(C) applies if:
535 (Aa) a new school district is created under this section after a measure is submitted to
536 voters based on the authority of Subsection (2)(d)(iii)(A); and
537 (Bb) the creation of the new school district results in an isolated area.
538 (II) The isolated area shall, on July 1 of the second calendar year following the local
539 school board general election date described in Subsection (3)(a)(i), become part of the
540 municipality's school district.
541 (III) Unless the isolated area is the only remaining part of the existing district, the
542 process described in Subsection (4) shall be modified to:
543 (Aa) include a third transition team, appointed by the local school board of the
544 municipality's school district, to represent that school district; and
545 (Bb) require allocation of the existing district's assets and liabilities among the new
546 district, the remaining district, and the municipality's school district.
547 (IV) The existing district shall continue to provide educational services to the isolated
548 area until July 1 of the second calendar year following the local school board general election
549 date described in Subsection (3)(a)(i).
550 (3) (a) If a proposal under this section is approved by voters:
551 (i) an election shall be held at the next regular general election to elect:
552 (A) members to the local school board of the existing school district whose terms are
553 expiring;
554 (B) all members to the local school board of the new school district; and
555 (C) all members to the local school board of the remaining district;
556 (ii) the assets and liabilities of the existing school district shall be divided between the
557 remaining school district and the new school district as provided in Subsection (5) and Section
558 53G-3-307;
559 (iii) transferred employees shall be treated in accordance with Sections 53G-3-205 and
561 (iv) (A) an individual residing within the boundaries of a new school district at the
562 time the new school district is created may, for six school years after the creation of the new
563 school district, elect to enroll in a secondary school located outside the boundaries of the new
564 school district if:
565 (I) the individual resides within the boundaries of that secondary school as of the day
566 before the new school district is created; and
567 (II) the individual would have been eligible to enroll in that secondary school had the
568 new school district not been created; and
569 (B) the school district in which the secondary school is located shall provide
570 educational services, including, if provided before the creation of the new school district,
571 busing, to each individual making an election under Subsection (3)(a)(iv)(A) for each school
572 year for which the individual makes the election; and
573 (v) within one year after the new district begins providing educational services, the
574 superintendent of each remaining district affected and the superintendent of the new district
575 shall meet, together with the [Superintendent of Public Instruction] state superintendent, to
576 determine if further boundary changes should be proposed in accordance with Section
578 (b) (i) The terms of the initial members of the local school board of the new district and
579 remaining district shall be staggered and adjusted by the county legislative body so that
580 approximately half of the local school board is elected every two years.
581 (ii) The term of a member of the existing local school board, including a member
582 elected under Subsection (3)(a)(i)(A), terminates on July 1 of the second year after the local
583 school board general election date described in Subsection (3)(a)(i), regardless of when the
584 term would otherwise have terminated.
585 (iii) Notwithstanding the existence of a local school board for the new district and a
586 local school board for the remaining district under Subsection (3)(a)(i), the local school board
587 of the existing district shall continue, until the time specified in Subsection
588 53G-3-301(9)(b)(ii)(A), to function and exercise authority as a local school board to the extent
589 necessary to continue to provide educational services to the entire existing district.
590 (iv) An individual may simultaneously serve as or be elected to be a member of the
591 local school board of an existing district and a member of the local school board of:
592 (A) a new district; or
593 (B) a remaining district.
594 (4) (a) Within 45 days after the canvass date for the election at which voters approve
595 the creation of a new district:
596 (i) a transition team to represent the remaining district shall be appointed by the
597 members of the existing local school board who reside within the area of the remaining district,
598 in consultation with:
599 (A) the legislative bodies of all municipalities in the area of the remaining district; and
600 (B) the legislative body of the county in which the remaining district is located, if the
601 remaining district includes one or more unincorporated areas of the county; and
602 (ii) another transition team to represent the new district shall be appointed by:
603 (A) for a new district located entirely within the boundaries of a single city, the
604 legislative body of that city; or
605 (B) for each other new district, the legislative bodies of all interlocal agreement
606 participants.
607 (b) The local school board of the existing school district shall, within 60 days after the
608 canvass date for the election at which voters approve the creation of a new district:
609 (i) prepare an inventory of the existing district's:
610 (A) assets, both tangible and intangible, real and personal; and
611 (B) liabilities; and
612 (ii) deliver a copy of the inventory to each of the transition teams.
613 (c) The transition teams appointed under Subsection (4)(a) shall:
614 (i) determine the allocation of the existing district's assets and, except for indebtedness
615 under Section 53G-3-307, liabilities between the remaining district and the new district in
616 accordance with Subsection (5);
617 (ii) prepare a written report detailing how the existing district's assets and, except for
618 indebtedness under Section 53G-3-307, liabilities are to be allocated; and
619 (iii) deliver a copy of the written report to:
620 (A) the local school board of the existing district;
621 (B) the local school board of the remaining district; and
622 (C) the local school board of the new district.
623 (d) The transition teams shall determine the allocation under Subsection (4)(c)(i) and
624 deliver the report required under Subsection (4)(c)(ii) before August 1 of the year following the
625 election at which voters approve the creation of a new district, unless that deadline is extended
626 by the mutual agreement of:
627 (i) the local school board of the existing district; and
628 (ii) (A) the legislative body of the city in which the new district is located, for a new
629 district located entirely within a single city; or
630 (B) the legislative bodies of all interlocal agreement participants, for each other new
632 (e) (i) All costs and expenses of the transition team that represents a remaining district
633 shall be borne by the remaining district.
634 (ii) All costs and expenses of the transition team that represents a new district shall
635 initially be borne by:
636 (A) the city whose legislative body appoints the transition team, if the transition team
637 is appointed by the legislative body of a single city; or
638 (B) the interlocal agreement participants, if the transition team is appointed by the
639 legislative bodies of interlocal agreement participants.
640 (iii) The new district may, to a maximum of $500,000, reimburse the city or interlocal
641 agreement participants for:
642 (A) transition team costs and expenses; and
643 (B) startup costs and expenses incurred by the city or interlocal agreement participants
644 on behalf of the new district.
645 (5) (a) As used in this Subsection (5):
646 (i) "Associated property" means furniture, equipment, or supplies located in or
647 specifically associated with a physical asset.
648 (ii) (A) "Discretionary asset or liability" means, except as provided in Subsection
649 (5)(a)(ii)(B), an asset or liability that is not tied to a specific project, school, student, or
650 employee by law or school district accounting practice.
651 (B) "Discretionary asset or liability" does not include a physical asset, associated
652 property, a vehicle, or bonded indebtedness.
653 (iii) (A) "Nondiscretionary asset or liability" means, except as provided in Subsection
654 (5)(a)(iii)(B), an asset or liability that is tied to a specific project, school, student, or employee
655 by law or school district accounting practice.
656 (B) "Nondiscretionary asset or liability" does not include a physical asset, associated
658 (iv) "Physical asset" means a building, land, or water right together with revenue
659 derived from the lease or use of the building, land, or water right.
660 (b) Except as provided in Subsection (5)(c), the transition teams appointed under
661 Subsection (4)(a) shall allocate all assets and liabilities the existing district owns on the
662 allocation date, both tangible and intangible, real and personal, to the new district and
663 remaining district as follows:
664 (i) a physical asset and associated property shall be allocated to the school district in
665 which the physical asset is located;
666 (ii) a discretionary asset or liability shall be allocated between the new district and
667 remaining district in proportion to the student populations of the school districts;
668 (iii) a nondiscretionary asset shall be allocated to the school district where the project,
669 school, student, or employee to which the nondiscretionary asset is tied will be located;
670 (iv) vehicles used for pupil transportation shall be allocated:
671 (A) according to the transportation needs of schools, as measured by the number and
672 assortment of vehicles used to serve transportation routes serving schools within the new
673 district and remaining district; and
674 (B) in a manner that gives each school district a fleet of vehicles for pupil
675 transportation that is equivalent in terms of age, condition, and variety of carrying capacities;
677 (v) other vehicles shall be allocated:
678 (A) in proportion to the student populations of the school districts; and
679 (B) in a manner that gives each district a fleet of vehicles that is similar in terms of age,
680 condition, and carrying capacities.
681 (c) By mutual agreement, the transition teams may allocate an asset or liability in a
682 manner different than the allocation method specified in Subsection (5)(b).
684 (i) "New district startup costs" means:
685 (A) costs and expenses incurred by a new district in order to prepare to begin providing
686 educational services on July 1 of the second calendar year following the local school board
687 general election date described in Subsection (3)(a)(i); and
688 (B) the costs and expenses of the transition team that represents the new district.
689 (ii) "Remaining district startup costs" means:
690 (A) costs and expenses incurred by a remaining district in order to:
691 (I) make necessary adjustments to deal with the impacts resulting from the creation of
692 the new district; and
693 (II) prepare to provide educational services within the remaining district once the new
694 district begins providing educational services within the new district; and
695 (B) the costs and expenses of the transition team that represents the remaining district.
696 (b) (i) By January 1 of the year following the local school board general election date
697 described in Subsection (3)(a)(i), the existing district shall make half of the undistributed
698 reserve from its General Fund, to a maximum of $9,000,000, available for the use of the
699 remaining district and the new district, as provided in this Subsection (6).
700 (ii) The existing district may make additional funds available for the use of the
701 remaining district and the new district beyond the amount specified in Subsection (6)(b)(i)
702 through an interlocal agreement.
703 (c) The existing district shall make the money under Subsection (6)(b) available to the
704 remaining district and the new district proportionately based on student population.
705 (d) The money made available under Subsection (6)(b) may be accessed and spent by:
706 (i) for the remaining district, the local school board of the remaining district; and
707 (ii) for the new district, the local school board of the new district.
708 (e) (i) The remaining district may use its portion of the money made available under
709 Subsection (6)(b) to pay for remaining district startup costs.
710 (ii) The new district may use its portion of the money made available under Subsection
711 (6)(b) to pay for new district startup costs.
712 (7) (a) The existing district shall transfer title or, if applicable, partial title of property
713 to the new school district in accordance with the allocation of property by the transition teams,
714 as stated in the report under Subsection (4)(c)(ii).
715 (b) The existing district shall complete each transfer of title or, if applicable, partial
716 title to real property and vehicles by July 1 of the second calendar year following the local
717 school board general election date described in Subsection (3)(a)(i), except as that date is
718 changed by the mutual agreement of:
719 (i) the local school board of the existing district;
720 (ii) the local school board of the remaining district; and
721 (iii) the local school board of the new district.
722 (c) The existing district shall complete the transfer of all property not included in
723 Subsection (7)(b) by November 1 of the second calendar year after the local school board
724 general election date described in Subsection (3)(a)(i).
725 (8) Except as provided in Subsections (6) and (7), after the creation election date an
726 existing school district may not transfer or agree to transfer title to district property without the
727 prior consent of:
728 (a) the legislative body of the city in which the new district is located, for a new district
729 located entirely within a single city; or
732 (9) This section does not apply to the creation of a new district initiated through a
733 citizens' initiative petition or at the request of a local school board under Section 53G-3-301.
735 53G-3-305. Reapportionment -- Local school board membership.
736 (1) Upon the creation of a new school district, the county legislative body shall
737 reapportion the affected school districts pursuant to Section 20A-14-201.
738 (2) Except as provided in Section 53G-3-302, local school board membership in the
739 affected school districts shall be determined under Title 20A, Chapter 14, Part 2, Election of
740 Members of Local Boards of Education.
742 53G-3-306. Transfer of school property to new school district.
743 (1) (a) (i) On July 1 of the year following the local school board elections for a new
744 district created pursuant to a citizens' initiative petition or local school board request under
745 Section 53G-3-301 and an existing district as provided in Section 53G-3-305, the local school
746 board of the existing district shall convey and deliver to the local school board of the new
747 district all school property which the new district is entitled to receive.
748 (ii) Any disagreements as to the disposition of school property shall be resolved by the
749 county legislative body.
750 (iii) Subsection (1)(a)(ii) does not apply to disagreements between transition teams
751 about the proper allocation of property under Subsection 53G-3-302(4).
752 (b) An existing district shall transfer property to a new district created under Section
753 53G-3-302 in accordance with Section 53G-3-302.
754 (2) Title vests in the new local school board, including all rights, claims, and causes of
755 action to or for the property, for the use or the income from the property, for conversion,
756 disposition, or withholding of the property, or for any damage or injury to the property.
757 (3) The new local school board may bring and maintain actions to recover, protect, and
758 preserve the property and rights of the district's schools and to enforce contracts.
760 53G-3-307. Tax to pay for indebtedness of divided school district.
761 (1) (a) For a new district created prior to May 10, 2011, the local school boards of the
762 remaining and new districts shall determine the portion of the divided school district's bonded
763 indebtedness and other indebtedness for which the property within the new district remains
764 subject to the levy of taxes to pay a proportionate share of the divided school district's
765 outstanding indebtedness.
766 (b) The proportionate share of the divided school district's outstanding indebtedness for
767 which property within the new district remains subject to the levy of taxes shall be calculated
768 by determining the proportion that the total assessed valuation of the property within the new
769 district bears to the total assessed valuation of the divided school district:
770 (i) in the year immediately preceding the date the new district was created; or
771 (ii) at a time mutually agreed upon by the local school boards of the new district and
772 the remaining district.
773 (c) The agreement reflecting the determinations made under this Subsection (1) shall
774 take effect upon being filed with the county legislative body and the [State Board of Education]
775 state board.
776 (2) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (2)(b), the local school board of a new district
777 created prior to May 10, 2011, shall levy a tax on property within the new district sufficient to
778 pay the new district's proportionate share of the indebtedness determined under Subsection (1).
779 (b) If a new district has money available to pay the new district's proportionate share of
780 the indebtedness determined under Subsection (1), the new district may abate a property tax to
781 the extent of money available.
782 (3) As used in Subsections (4) and (5), "outstanding bonded indebtedness" means debt
783 owed for a general obligation bond issued by the divided school district:
784 (a) prior to the creation of the new district; or
785 (b) in accordance with a mutual agreement of the local school boards of the remaining
786 and new districts under Subsection (6).
787 (4) If a new district is created on or after May 10, 2011, property within the new
788 district and the remaining district is subject to the levy of a tax to pay the divided school
789 district's outstanding bonded indebtedness as provided in Subsection (5).
790 (5) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (5)(b), the local school board of the new
791 district and the local school board of the remaining district shall impose a tax levy at a rate that:
792 (i) generates from the combined districts the amount of revenue required each year to
793 meet the outstanding bonded indebtedness of the divided school district; and
794 (ii) is uniform within the new district and remaining district.
795 (b) A local school board of a new district may abate a property tax required to be
796 imposed under Subsection (5)(a) to the extent the new district has money available to pay to
797 the remaining district the amount of revenue that would be generated within the new district
798 from the tax rate specified in Subsection (5)(a).
799 (6) (a) The local school boards of the remaining and new districts shall determine by
800 mutual agreement the disposition of bonds approved but not issued by the divided school
801 district before the creation of the new district based primarily on the representation made to the
802 voters at the time of the bond election.
803 (b) Before a determination is made under Subsection (6)(a), a remaining district may
804 not issue bonds approved but not issued before the creation of the new district if property in the
805 new district would be subject to the levy of a tax to pay the bonds.
807 53G-3-308. Employees of a new district.
808 (1) Upon the creation of a new district:
809 (a) an employee of an existing district who is employed at a school that is transferred to
810 the new district shall become an employee of the new district; and
811 (b) the local school board of the new district shall:
812 (i) have discretion in the hiring of all other staff;
813 (ii) adopt the personnel policies and practices of the existing district, including salary
814 schedules and benefits; and
815 (iii) enter into agreements with employees of the new district, or their representatives,
816 that have the same terms as those in the negotiated agreements between the existing district and
817 its employees.
818 (2) (a) Subject to Subsection (2)(b), an employee of a school district from which a new
819 district is created who becomes an employee of the new district shall retain the same status as a
820 career or provisional employee with accrued seniority and accrued benefits.
821 (b) Subsection (2)(a) applies to:
822 (i) employees of an existing district who are transferred to a new district pursuant to
823 Subsection (1)(a); and
824 (ii) employees of a school district from which a new district is created who are hired by
825 the new district within one year of the date of the creation of the new district.
826 (3) An employee who is transferred to a new district pursuant to Subsection (1)(a) and
827 is rehired by the existing district within one year of the date of the creation of the new district
828 shall, when rehired by the existing district, retain the same status as a career or provisional
829 employee with accrued seniority and accrued benefits.
831 53G-3-401. Consolidation of school districts -- Resolution by local school board
832 members -- Petition by electors -- Election.
833 (1) Two or more school districts may unite and form a single school district in one of
834 the following ways:
835 (a) a majority of the members of each of the local school boards [of education] of the
836 affected districts shall approve and present to the county legislative body of the affected
837 counties a resolution to consolidate the districts. Once this is done, consolidation shall be
838 established under this chapter; or
839 (b) a majority of the members of the local school board [of education] of each affected
840 district, or 15% of the qualified electors in each of the affected districts, shall sign and present a
841 petition to the county legislative body of each affected county. The question shall be voted
842 upon at an election called for that purpose, which shall be the next general or municipal
843 election. Consolidation shall occur if a majority of those voting on the question in each district
844 favor consolidation.
845 (2) The elections required under Subsection (1)(b) shall be conducted and the returns
846 canvassed as provided by election laws.
848 53G-3-402. Transfer of property to new school district -- Rights and obligations
849 of new local school board -- Outstanding indebtedness -- Special tax.
850 (1) On July 1 following the approval of the creation of a new school district under
851 Section 53G-3-401, the local school boards of the former districts shall convey and deliver all
852 school property to the local school board of the new district. Title vests in the new local school
853 board. All rights, claims, and causes of action to or for the property, for the use or the income
854 from the property, for conversion, disposition, or withholding of the property, or for any
855 damage or injury to the property vest at once in the new local school board.
857 preserve the property and rights of the district schools and to enforce contracts.
858 (3) The new local school board shall assume and be liable for all outstanding debts and
859 obligations of each of the former school districts.
860 (4) All of the bonded indebtedness, outstanding debts, and obligations of a former
861 district, which cannot be reasonably paid from the assets of the former district, shall be paid by
862 a special tax levied by the new local school board as needed. The tax shall be levied upon the
863 property within the former district which was liable for the indebtedness at the time of
864 consolidation. If bonds are approved in the new district under Section 53G-4-603, the special
865 tax shall be discontinued and the bonded indebtedness paid as any other bonded indebtedness
866 of the new district.
867 (5) Bonded indebtedness of a former district which has been refunded shall be paid in
868 the same manner as that which the new district assumes under Section 53G-4-602.
869 (6) State funds received by the new district under Section 53F-3-202 may be applied
870 toward the payment of outstanding bonded indebtedness of a former district in the same
871 proportion as the bonded indebtedness of the territory within the former district bears to the
872 total bonded indebtedness of the districts combined.
873 Section 10. Section 53G-3-404 is amended to read:
874 53G-3-404. Additional levies -- Local school board options to abolish or continue
875 after consolidation.
876 (1) If a school district that has approved an additional levy under Section 53F-8-301 is
877 consolidated with a district which does not have such a levy, the local school board [of
878 education] of the consolidated district may choose to abolish the levy, or apply it in whole or in
879 part to the entire consolidated district.
880 (2) If the local school board chooses to apply any part of the levy to the entire district,
881 the levy may continue in force for no more than three years, unless approved by the electors of
882 the consolidated district in the manner set forth in Section 53F-8-301.
884 53G-3-501. Transfer of a portion of a school district -- State board resolution --
885 Local school board petition -- Elector petition -- Transfer election.
886 (1) Part of a school district may be transferred to another district in one of the
887 following ways:
888 (a) presentation to the county legislative body of each of the affected counties of a
889 resolution requesting the transfer, approved by at least four-fifths of the members of the local
890 school board [of education] of each affected school district;
891 (b) presentation to the county legislative body of each affected county of a petition
892 requesting that the electors vote on the transfer, signed by a majority of the members of the
893 local school board of each affected school district; or
894 (c) presentation to the county legislative body of each affected county of a petition
895 requesting that the electors vote on the transfer, signed by 15% of the qualified electors in each
896 of the affected school districts within that county.
897 (2) (a) If an annexation of property by a city would result in its residents being served
898 by more than one school district, then the presidents of the affected local school boards shall
899 meet within 60 days prior to the effective date of the annexation to determine whether it would
900 be advisable to adjust school district boundaries to permit all residents of the expanded city to
901 be served by a single school district.
902 (b) Upon conclusion of the meeting, the local school board presidents shall prepare a
903 recommendation for presentation to their respective local school boards as soon as reasonably
904 possible.
905 (c) The local school boards may then initiate realignment proceedings under
906 Subsection (1)(a) or (b).
907 (d) If a local school board rejects realignment under Subsection (1)(a) or (b), the other
908 local school board may initiate the following procedures by majority vote within 60 days of the
909 vote rejecting realignment:
910 (i) (A) within 30 days after a vote to initiate these procedures, each local school board
911 shall appoint one member to a boundary review committee; or
912 (B) if the local school board becomes deadlocked in selecting the appointee under
913 Subsection (2)(d)(i)(A), the local school board's chair shall make the appointment or serve as
914 the appointee to the review committee.
915 (ii) The two local school board-appointed members of the committee shall meet and
916 appoint a third member of the committee.
917 (iii) If the two local school board-appointed members are unable to agree on the
918 appointment of a third member within 30 days after both are appointed, the [State
919 Superintendent of Public Instruction] state superintendent shall appoint the third member.
920 (iv) The committee shall meet as necessary to prepare recommendations concerning
921 resolution of the realignment issue, and shall submit the recommendations to the affected local
922 school boards within six months after the appointment of the third member of the committee.
923 (v) If a majority of the members of each local school board accepts the
924 recommendation of the committee, or accepts the recommendation after amendment by the
925 local school boards, then the accepted recommendation shall be implemented.
926 (vi) If the committee fails to submit its recommendation within the time allotted, or if
927 one local school board rejects the recommendation, the affected local school boards may agree
928 to extend the time for the committee to prepare an acceptable recommendation or either local
929 school board may request the [State Board of Education] state board to resolve the question.
930 (vii) If the committee has submitted a recommendation which the state board finds to
931 be reasonably supported by the evidence, the state board shall adopt the committee's
932 recommendation.
933 (viii) The decision of the state board is final.
934 (3) (a) The electors of each affected district shall vote on the transfer requested under
935 Subsection (1)(b) or (c) at an election called for that purpose, which may be the next general
936 election.
937 (b) The election shall be conducted and the returns canvassed as provided by election
938 law.
939 (c) A transfer is effected only if a majority of votes cast by the electors in both the
940 proposed transferor district and in the proposed transferee district are in favor of the transfer.
942 53G-3-502. Transfer of school district property -- Indebtedness on transferred
943 property.
944 (1) If a transfer of a portion of one school district to another school district is approved
945 under Section 53G-3-501, the state superintendent and the superintendents and presidents of
946 the local school boards [of education] of each of the affected school districts shall determine
947 the basis for a transfer of all school property reasonably and fairly allocable to that portion
948 being transferred.
949 (2) (a) Title to property transferred vests in the transferee local school board [of
950 education].
951 (b) The transfer of a school building that is in operation at the time of determination
952 shall be made at the close of a fiscal year.
953 (c) The transfer of all other school property shall be made five days after approval of
954 the transfer of territory under Section 53G-3-501.
955 (3) (a) The individuals referred to in Subsection (1) shall determine the portion of
956 bonded indebtedness and other indebtedness of the transferor local school board for which the
957 transferred property remains subject to the levy of taxes to pay a proportionate share of the
958 outstanding indebtedness of the transferor local school board.
959 (b) This is done by:
960 (i) determining the amount of the outstanding bonded indebtedness and other
961 indebtedness of the transferor local school board [of education];
962 (ii) determining the total taxable value of the property of the transferor district and the
963 taxable value of the property to be transferred; and
964 (iii) calculating the portion of the indebtedness of the transferor local school board for
965 which the transferred portion retains liability.
966 (4) (a) The agreement reflecting these determinations takes effect upon being filed with
967 the [State Board of Education] state board.
968 (b) The transferred property remains subject to the levy of taxes to pay a proportionate
969 share of the outstanding indebtedness of the transferor local school board.
970 (c) The transferee local school board may assume the obligation to pay the
971 proportionate share of the transferor local school board's indebtedness that has been determined
972 under Subsection (3) to be the obligation of the transferred portion by the approval of a
973 resolution by a majority of the qualified electors of the transferee school district at an election
974 called and held for that purpose under Title 11, Chapter 14, Local Government Bonding Act.
975 (5) If the transferee school district assumes the obligation to pay this proportionate
976 share of the transferor local school board's indebtedness, the transferee local school board shall
977 levy a tax in the whole of the transferee district, including the transferred portion, sufficient to
978 pay the assumed indebtedness, and shall turn over the proceeds of the tax to the business
979 administrator of the transferor local school board.
980 (6) If the transferee local school board does not assume this obligation, the transferee
981 local school board shall levy a tax on the transferred territory sufficient to pay the proportionate
982 share of the indebtedness determined under this section, and shall turn over the proceeds of the
983 tax to the business administrator of the transferor local school board.
984 (7) For the purposes of school districts affected by repealed laws governing the
985 annexation of an unincorporated area of a school district by a city which included what was
986 formerly known as a city school district, transitions of unincorporated areas and property from
987 the transferor district to the transferee district in progress on the effective date of this act shall
988 revert to the boundaries and ownership prior to the initiation of annexation and may then
989 proceed under this section and Section 53G-3-501.
991 53G-3-503. Additional levies in transferred territory -- Transferee local school
992 board option to abolish or continue.
993 If two or more districts undergo restructuring that results in a district receiving territory
994 that increases the population of the district by at least 25%, and if the transferred territory was,
995 at the time of transfer, subject to an additional levy under Section 53F-8-301, the local school
996 board [of education] of the transferee district may abolish the levy or apply the levy in whole or
997 in part to the entire restructured district. Any such levy made applicable to the entire district
998 may continue in force for no more than five years, unless approved by the electors of the
999 restructured district in the manner set forth in Section 53F-8-301.
1000 Section 14. Section 53G-4-201 is amended to read:
1001 53G-4-201. Selection and election of members to local school boards.
1002 Members of local school boards [of education] shall be elected as provided in Title
1003 20A, Chapter 14, Nomination and Election of State and Local School Boards.
1005 53G-4-202. Local school board meetings -- Rules of order and procedure --
1006 Location requirements -- Expulsion of members prohibited -- Exceptions.
1007 (1) As used in this section:
1008 (a) "Disaster" means an event that:
1009 (i) causes, or threatens to cause, loss of life, human suffering, public or private property
1010 damage, or economic or social disruption resulting from attack, internal disturbance, natural
1011 phenomenon, or technological hazard; and
1012 (ii) requires resources that are beyond the scope of local agencies in routine responses
1013 to emergencies and accidents and may be of a magnitude or involve unusual circumstances that
1014 require a response by a governmental, not-for-profit, or private entity.
1015 (b) "Local emergency" means a condition in any municipality or county of the state that
1016 requires that emergency assistance be provided by the affected municipality or county or
1017 another political subdivision to save lives and protect property within its jurisdiction in
1018 response to a disaster or to avoid or reduce the threat of a disaster.
1019 (c) "Rules of order and procedure" means a set of [rules] policies that governs and
1020 prescribes in a public meeting:
1021 (i) parliamentary order and procedure;
1022 (ii) ethical behavior; and
1023 (iii) civil discourse.
1024 (2) Subject to Subsection (4), a local school board shall:
1025 (a) adopt rules of order and procedure to govern a public meeting of the local school
1026 board;
1027 (b) conduct a public meeting in accordance with the rules of order and procedure
1028 described in Subsection (2)(a); and
1029 (c) make the rules of order and procedure described in Subsection (2)(a) available to
1030 the public:
1031 (i) at each public meeting of the local school board; and
1032 (ii) on the local school board's public website, if available.
1033 (3) (a) Except as provided in Subsections (3)(b) and (c), a local school board may not
1034 hold a public meeting outside of the geographic boundary of the local school board's school
1035 district.
1036 (b) A local school board may hold a public meeting outside of the geographic boundary
1037 of the local school board's school district if it is necessary for the local school board to hold a
1038 meeting during a disaster or local emergency.
1039 (c) A local school board may hold a public meeting outside of the geographic boundary
1040 of the local school board's school district to conduct a site visit if:
1041 (i) the location of the site visit provides the local school board members the
1042 opportunity to see or experience an activity that:
1043 (A) relates to the local school board's responsibilities; and
1044 (B) does not exist within the geographic boundaries of the local school board's school
1045 district; and
1046 (ii) the local school board does not vote or take other action during the public meeting
1047 held at the site visit location.
1048 (d) This Subsection (3) does not apply to a charter school governing board.
1049 (4) The requirements of this section do not affect a local school board's duty to comply
1050 with Title 52, Chapter 4, Open and Public Meetings Act.
1051 (5) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (5)(b), a local school board may not expel a
1052 member of the local school board from an open public meeting or prohibit the member from
1053 attending an open public meeting.
1054 (b) Except as provided in Subsection (5)(c), following a two-thirds vote of the
1055 members of the local school board, the local school board may fine or expel a member of the
1056 local school board for:
1057 (i) disorderly conduct at the open public meeting;
1058 (ii) a member's direct or indirect financial conflict of interest regarding an issue
1059 discussed at or action proposed to be taken at the open public meeting; or
1060 (iii) a commission of a crime during the open public meeting.
1061 (c) A local school board may adopt [rules] policies or ordinances that expand the
1062 reasons or establish more restrictive procedures for the expulsion of a member from a public
1063 meeting.
1065 53G-4-203. Election of officers -- Terms -- Time of election -- Removal of officers
1066 -- Quorum requirements.
1067 (1) A local school board shall elect a president and a [vice-president] vice president
1068 whose terms of office are for two years and until their successors are elected.
1069 (2) The elections shall be held during the first local school board meeting in January
1070 following a regular local school board election held in the district.
1071 (3) An officer appointed or elected by a local school board may be removed from
1072 office for cause by a vote of two-thirds of the local school board.
1073 (4) When a vacancy occurs in the office of president or vice president of the local
1074 school board for any reason, a replacement shall be elected for the unexpired term.
1075 (5) Attendance of a simple majority of the local school board members constitutes a
1076 quorum for the transaction of official business.
1078 53G-4-204. Compensation for services -- Additional per diem -- Approval of
1079 expenses.
1080 (1) Each member of a local school board, except the student member, shall receive
1081 compensation for services and for necessary expenses in accordance with [board]
1082 compensation schedules adopted by the local school board in accordance with the provisions of
1083 this section.
1084 (2) Beginning on July 1, 2007, if a local school board decides to adopt or amend its
1085 [board] compensation schedules, the local school board shall set a time and place for a public
1086 hearing at which all interested persons shall be given an opportunity to be heard.
1087 (3) Notice of the time, place, and purpose of the meeting shall be provided at least
1088 seven days prior to the meeting by:
1089 (a) (i) publication at least once in a newspaper published in the county where the
1090 school district is situated and generally circulated within the school district; and
1091 (ii) publication on the Utah Public Notice Website created in Section 63F-1-701; and
1092 (b) posting a notice:
1093 (i) at each school within the school district;
1094 (ii) in at least three other public places within the school district; and
1095 (iii) on the Internet in a manner that is easily accessible to citizens that use the Internet.
1096 (4) After the conclusion of the public hearing, the local school board may adopt or
1097 amend its [board] compensation schedules.
1098 (5) Each member shall submit an itemized account of necessary travel expenses for
1099 local school board approval.
1100 (6) A local school board may, without following the procedures described in
1101 Subsections (2) and (3), continue to use the compensation schedule that was in effect prior to
1102 July 1, 2007, until, at the discretion of the local school board, the compensation schedule is
1103 amended or a new compensation schedule is adopted.
1105 53G-4-205. Duties of president.
1106 (1) The president of each local school board shall preside at all meetings of the local
1107 school board, appoint all committees, and sign all warrants ordered by the local school board to
1108 be drawn upon the business administrator for school money.
1109 (2) If the president is absent or acquires a disability, these duties are performed by the
1110 vice president.
1112 53G-4-303. Duties of business administrator.
1113 Subject to the direction of the district superintendent of schools, the district's business
1114 administrator shall:
1115 (1) attend all meetings of the local school board, keep an accurate record of its
1116 proceedings, and have custody of the seal and records;
1117 (2) be custodian of all district funds, be responsible and accountable for all money
1118 received and disbursed, and keep accurate records of all revenues received and their sources;
1119 (3) countersign with the president of the local school board all warrants and claims
1120 against the district as well as other legal documents approved by the local school board;
1121 (4) prepare and submit to the local school board each month a written report of the
1122 district's receipts and expenditures;
1123 (5) use uniform budgeting, accounting, and auditing procedures and forms approved by
1124 the [State Board of Education] state board, which shall be in accordance with generally
1125 accepted accounting principles or auditing standards and Title 63J, Chapter 1, Budgetary
1126 Procedures Act;
1127 (6) prepare and submit to the local school board a detailed annual statement for the
1128 period ending June 30, of the revenue and expenditures, including beginning and ending fund
1129 balances;
1130 (7) assist the superintendent in the preparation and submission of budget documents
1131 and statistical and fiscal reports required by law or the [State Board of Education] state board;
1132 (8) insure that adequate internal controls are in place to safeguard the district's funds;
1134 (9) perform other duties as the superintendent may require.
1136 53G-4-304. Other local school board officers.
1137 (1) A local school board may appoint other necessary officers who serve at the pleasure
1138 of the local school board.
1139 (2) These officers shall qualify by taking the constitutional oath of office before
1140 assuming office.
1142 53G-4-401. Local school boards are bodies corporate -- Seal -- Authority to sue --
1143 Conveyance of property -- Duty to residents of the local school board member's district --
1144 Establishment of public education foundation .
1145 (1) As used in this section, "body corporate" means a public corporation and legal
1146 subdivision of the state, vested with the powers and duties of a government entity as specified
1147 in this chapter.
1148 (2) The local school board [of education] of a school district is a body corporate under
1149 the name of the "Board of Education of .......... School District" (inserting the proper name), and
1150 shall have an official seal conformable to its name.
1151 (3) The seal is used by its business administrator in the authentication of all required
1152 matters.
1153 (4) A local school board may sue and be sued, and may take, hold, lease, sell, and
1154 convey real and personal property as the interests of the schools may require.
1155 (5) Notwithstanding a local school board's status as a body corporate, an elected
1156 member of a local school board serves and represents the residents of the local school board
1157 member's district, and that service and representation may not be restricted or impaired by the
1158 local school board member's membership on, or obligations to, the local school board.
1159 (6) A local school board may establish a foundation in accordance with Section
1160 53E-3-403.
1162 53G-4-402. Powers and duties generally.
1163 (1) A local school board shall:
1164 (a) implement the core standards for Utah public schools using instructional materials
1165 that best correlate to the core standards for Utah public schools and graduation requirements;
1166 (b) administer tests, required by the [State Board of Education] state board, which
1167 measure the progress of each student, and coordinate with the state superintendent and [State
1168 Board of Education] state board to assess results and create plans to improve the student's
1169 progress, which shall be submitted to the [State Board of Education] state board for approval;
1170 (c) use progress-based assessments as part of a plan to identify schools, teachers, and
1171 students that need remediation and determine the type and amount of federal, state, and local
1172 resources to implement remediation;
1173 (d) develop early warning systems for students or classes failing to make progress;
1174 (e) work with the [State Board of Education] state board to establish a library of
1175 documented best practices, consistent with state and federal regulations, for use by the local
1176 districts; and
1177 (f) implement training programs for school administrators, including basic
1178 management training, best practices in instructional methods, budget training, staff
1179 management, managing for learning results and continuous improvement, and how to help
1180 every child achieve optimal learning in basic academic subjects.
1181 (2) Local school boards shall spend [minimum school program] Minimum School
1182 Program funds for programs and activities for which the [State Board of Education] state board
1183 has established minimum standards or rules under Section 53E-3-501.
1184 (3) (a) A local school board may purchase, sell, and make improvements on school
1185 sites, buildings, and equipment and construct, erect, and furnish school buildings.
1186 (b) School sites or buildings may only be conveyed or sold on local school board
1187 resolution affirmed by at least two-thirds of the members.
1188 (4) (a) A local school board may participate in the joint construction or operation of a
1189 school attended by children residing within the district and children residing in other districts
1190 either within or outside the state.
1191 (b) Any agreement for the joint operation or construction of a school shall:
1192 (i) be signed by the president of the local school board of each participating district;
1193 (ii) include a mutually agreed upon pro rata cost; and
1194 (iii) be filed with the [State Board of Education] state board.
1195 (5) A local school board may establish, locate, and maintain elementary, secondary,
1196 and applied technology schools.
1197 (6) Except as provided in Section 53E-3-905, a local school board may enroll children
1198 in school who are at least five years of age before September 2 of the year in which admission
1199 is sought.
1200 (7) A local school board may establish and support school libraries.
1201 (8) A local school board may collect damages for the loss, injury, or destruction of
1202 school property.
1203 (9) A local school board may authorize guidance and counseling services for children
1204 and their parents [or guardians] before, during, or following enrollment of the children in
1205 schools.
1206 (10) (a) A local school board shall administer and implement federal educational
1207 programs in accordance with Title 53E, Chapter 3, Part 8, Implementing Federal or National
1208 Education Programs.
1209 (b) Federal funds are not considered funds within the school district budget under
1210 Chapter 7, Part 3, Budgets.
1211 (11) (a) A local school board may organize school safety patrols and adopt [rules]
1212 policies under which the patrols promote student safety.
1213 (b) A student appointed to a safety patrol shall be at least 10 years old and have written
1214 parental consent for the appointment.
1215 (c) Safety patrol members may not direct vehicular traffic or be stationed in a portion
1216 of a highway intended for vehicular traffic use.
1217 (d) Liability may not attach to a school district, its employees, officers, or agents or to a
1218 safety patrol member, a parent of a safety patrol member, or an authorized volunteer assisting
1219 the program by virtue of the organization, maintenance, or operation of a school safety patrol.
1220 (12) (a) A local school board may on its own behalf, or on behalf of an educational
1221 institution for which the local school board is the direct governing body, accept private grants,
1222 loans, gifts, endowments, devises, or bequests that are made for educational purposes.
1223 (b) These contributions are not subject to appropriation by the Legislature.
1224 (13) (a) A local school board may appoint and fix the compensation of a compliance
1225 officer to issue citations for violations of Subsection 76-10-105(2).
1226 (b) A person may not be appointed to serve as a compliance officer without the
1227 person's consent.
1228 (c) A teacher or student may not be appointed as a compliance officer.
1229 (14) A local school board shall adopt bylaws and [rules] policies for the local school
1230 board's own procedures.
1231 (15) (a) A local school board shall make and enforce [rules] policies necessary for the
1232 control and management of the district schools.
1233 (b) [Board rules and] Local school board policies shall be in writing, filed, and
1234 referenced for public access.
1235 (16) A local school board may hold school on legal holidays other than Sundays.
1236 (17) (a) A local school board shall establish for each school year a school traffic safety
1237 committee to implement this Subsection (17).
1238 (b) The committee shall be composed of one representative of:
1239 (i) the schools within the district;
1240 (ii) the Parent Teachers' Association of the schools within the district;
1241 (iii) the municipality or county;
1242 (iv) state or local law enforcement; and
1243 (v) state or local traffic safety engineering.
1244 (c) The committee shall:
1245 (i) receive suggestions from school community councils, parents, teachers, and others
1246 and recommend school traffic safety improvements, boundary changes to enhance safety, and
1247 school traffic safety program measures;
1248 (ii) review and submit annually to the Department of Transportation and affected
1249 municipalities and counties a child access routing plan for each elementary, middle, and junior
1250 high school within the district;
1251 (iii) consult the Utah Safety Council and the Division of Family Health Services and
1252 provide training to all school children in kindergarten through grade [six] 6, within the district,
1253 on school crossing safety and use; and
1254 (iv) help ensure the district's compliance with rules made by the Department of
1255 Transportation under Section 41-6a-303.
1256 (d) The committee may establish subcommittees as needed to assist in accomplishing
1257 its duties under Subsection (17)(c).
1258 (18) (a) A local school board shall adopt and implement a comprehensive emergency
1259 response plan to prevent and combat violence in the local school board's public schools, on
1260 school grounds, on its school vehicles, and in connection with school-related activities or
1261 events.
1262 (b) The plan shall:
1263 (i) include prevention, intervention, and response components;
1264 (ii) be consistent with the student conduct and discipline policies required for school
1265 districts under Chapter 11, Part 2, Miscellaneous Requirements;
1266 (iii) require inservice training for all district and school building staff on what their
1267 roles are in the emergency response plan;
1268 (iv) provide for coordination with local law enforcement and other public safety
1269 representatives in preventing, intervening, and responding to violence in the areas and activities
1270 referred to in Subsection (18)(a); and
1271 (v) include procedures to notify a student, to the extent practicable, who is off campus
1272 at the time of a school violence emergency because the student is:
1273 (A) participating in a school-related activity; or
1274 (B) excused from school for a period of time during the regular school day to
1275 participate in religious instruction at the request of the student's parent [or guardian].
1276 (c) The [State Board of Education] state board, through the state superintendent [of
1277 public instruction], shall develop comprehensive emergency response plan models that local
1278 school boards may use, where appropriate, to comply with Subsection (18)(a).
1279 (d) A local school board shall, by July 1 of each year, certify to the [State Board of
1280 Education] state board that its plan has been practiced at the school level and presented to and
1281 reviewed by its teachers, administrators, students, and their parents and local law enforcement
1282 and public safety representatives.
1283 (19) (a) A local school board may adopt an emergency response plan for the treatment
1284 of sports-related injuries that occur during school sports practices and events.
1285 (b) The plan may be implemented by each secondary school in the district that has a
1286 sports program for students.
1287 (c) The plan may:
1288 (i) include emergency personnel, emergency communication, and emergency
1289 equipment components;
1290 (ii) require inservice training on the emergency response plan for school personnel who
1291 are involved in sports programs in the district's secondary schools; and
1292 (iii) provide for coordination with individuals and agency representatives who:
1293 (A) are not employees of the school district; and
1294 (B) would be involved in providing emergency services to students injured while
1295 participating in sports events.
1296 (d) The local school board, in collaboration with the schools referred to in Subsection
1297 (19)(b), may review the plan each year and make revisions when required to improve or
1298 enhance the plan.
1299 (e) The [State Board of Education] state board, through the state superintendent [of
1300 public instruction], shall provide local school boards with an emergency plan response model
1301 that local school boards may use to comply with the requirements of this Subsection (19).
1302 (20) A local school board shall do all other things necessary for the maintenance,
1303 prosperity, and success of the schools and the promotion of education.
1304 (21) (a) Before closing a school or changing the boundaries of a school, a local school
1305 board shall:
1306 (i) hold a public hearing, as defined in Section 10-9a-103; and
1307 (ii) provide public notice of the public hearing, as specified in Subsection (21)(b).
1308 (b) The notice of a public hearing required under Subsection (21)(a) shall:
1309 (i) indicate the:
1310 (A) school or schools under consideration for closure or boundary change; and
1311 (B) date, time, and location of the public hearing; and
1312 (ii) at least 10 days before the public hearing, be:
1313 (A) published:
1314 (I) in a newspaper of general circulation in the area; and
1315 (II) on the Utah Public Notice Website created in Section 63F-1-701; and
1316 (B) posted in at least three public locations within the municipality or on the district's
1317 official website.
1318 (22) A local school board may implement a facility energy efficiency program
1319 established under Title 11, Chapter 44, Performance Efficiency Act.
1320 (23) A local school board may establish or partner with a certified youth court
1321 program, in accordance with Section 78A-6-1203, or establish or partner with a comparable
1322 restorative justice program, in coordination with schools in that district. A school may refer a
1323 student to youth court or a comparable restorative justice program in accordance with Section
1324 53G-8-211.
1326 53G-4-403. School district fiscal year -- Statistical reports.
1327 (1) A school district's fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30.
1328 (2) (a) A school district shall forward statistical reports for the preceding school year,
1329 containing items required by law or by the [State Board of Education] state board, to the state
1330 superintendent on or before November 1 of each year.
1331 (b) The reports shall include information to enable the state superintendent to complete
1332 the statement required under Subsection 53E-3-301(3)(d)(v).
1333 (3) A school district shall forward the accounting report required under Section
1334 51-2a-201 to the state superintendent on or before October 15 of each year.
1336 53G-4-404. Annual financial report -- Audit report.
1337 (1) The annual financial report of each school district, containing items required by law
1338 or by the [State Board of Education] state board and attested to by independent auditors, shall
1339 be prepared as required by Section 51-2a-201.
1340 (2) If auditors are employed under Section 51-2a-201, the auditors shall complete their
1341 field work in sufficient time to allow them to verify necessary audit adjustments included in the
1342 annual financial report to the state superintendent.
1343 (3) (a) (i) The district shall forward the annual financial report to the state
1344 superintendent not later than October 1.
1345 (ii) The report shall include information to enable the state superintendent to complete
1347 (b) The [State Board of Education] state board shall publish electronically a copy of the
1348 report on the Internet not later than December 15.
1349 (4) The completed audit report shall be delivered to the school district local school
1350 board [of education] and the state superintendent [of public instruction] not later than
1351 November 30 of each year.
1353 53G-4-405. Approval of purchases or indebtedness -- Local school board
1354 approval of identified purchases.
1355 (1) An officer or employee of a school district may not make a purchase or incur
1356 indebtedness on behalf of the district without the approval and order of the local school board.
1357 (2) The local school board shall adopt one of the following approval methods, or a
1358 combination of the two:
1359 (a) The local school board shall approve an appropriation for identified purchases in
1360 the district budget. Each purchase made under an identified purchase does not require
1361 additional local school board approval.
1362 (b) The local school board shall approve individual purchases when made throughout
1363 the fiscal year.
1365 53G-4-406. Claims against the local school board -- Itemized.
1366 Except for salary which is regularly authorized by the local school board, the local
1367 school board may not hear or consider any claim against the local school board which is not
1368 itemized.
1370 53G-4-409. Activity disclosure statements.
1371 (1) A local school board shall require the development of activity disclosure statements
1372 for each school-sponsored group or program which involves students and faculty in grades 9
1373 through 12 in contests, performances, events, or other activities that require them to miss
1374 normal class time or takes place outside regular school time.
1375 (2) The activity disclosure statements shall be disseminated to the students desiring
1376 involvement in the specific activity or to the students' parents [or legal guardians] or to both
1377 students and their parents.
1378 (3) An activity disclosure statement shall contain the following information:
1379 (a) the specific name of the team, group, or activity;
1380 (b) the maximum number of students involved;
1381 (c) whether or not tryouts are used to select students, specifying date and time
1382 requirements for tryouts, if applicable;
1383 (d) beginning and ending dates of the activity;
1384 (e) a tentative schedule of the events, performances, games, or other activities with
1385 dates, times, and places specified if available;
1386 (f) if applicable, designation of any nonseason events or activities, including an
1387 indication of the status, required, expected, suggested, or optional, with the dates, times, and
1388 places specified;
1389 (g) personal costs associated with the activity;
1390 (h) the name of the school employee responsible for the activity; and
1391 (i) any additional information considered important for the students and parents to
1392 know.
1394 53G-4-410. Regional service centers.
1395 (1) For purposes of this section, "eligible regional service center" means a regional
1396 service center formed by two or more school districts as an interlocal entity, in accordance with
1397 Title 11, Chapter 13, Interlocal Cooperation Act.
1398 (2) The Legislature strongly encourages school districts to collaborate and cooperate to
1399 provide educational services in a manner that will best utilize resources for the overall
1400 operation of the public education system.
1401 (3) An eligible regional service center formed by an interlocal agreement, in
1402 accordance with Title 11, Chapter 13, Interlocal Cooperation Act, may receive a distribution
1403 described in Subsection (5) if the Legislature appropriates money for eligible regional service
1404 centers.
1405 (4) (a) If local school boards enter into an interlocal agreement to confirm or formalize
1406 a regional service center in operation before July 1, 2011, the interlocal agreement may not
1407 eliminate any rights or obligations of the regional service center in effect before entering into
1408 the interlocal agreement.
1409 (b) An interlocal agreement entered into to confirm or formalize an existing regional
1410 service center shall have the effect of confirming and ratifying in the regional service center,
1411 the title to any property held in the name, or for the benefit of the regional service center as of
1412 the effective date of the interlocal agreement.
1413 (5) (a) The [State Board of Education] state board shall distribute any funding
1414 appropriated to eligible regional service centers as provided by the Legislature.
1415 (b) The [State Board of Education] state board may provide funding to an eligible
1416 regional service center in addition to legislative appropriations.
1417 (6) [In accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act,
1418 the State Board of Education] The state board shall make rules regarding eligible regional
1419 service centers including:
1420 (a) the distribution of legislative appropriations to eligible regional service centers;
1421 (b) the designation of eligible regional service centers as agents to distribute Utah
1422 Education and Telehealth Network services; and
1423 (c) the designation of eligible regional service centers as agents for regional
1424 coordination of public education and higher education services.
1426 53G-4-502. Utah School Boards Association.
1427 The Utah School Boards Association is recognized as an organization and agency of the
1428 local school boards of Utah and is representative of those local school boards.
1430 53G-4-503. Boards of education authorized to become members of association.
1431 The [State Board of Education] state board, local school boards, and their agencies may
1432 become members of the Utah School Boards Association and cooperate with the association
1433 and its members on activities and problems relating to the state's educational system.
1435 53G-4-602. School district tax anticipation notes.
1436 (1) A local school board may borrow money in anticipation of the collection of taxes or
1437 other revenue of the school district so long as it complies with Title 11, Chapter 14, Local
1438 Government Bonding Act.
1439 (2) The local school board may incur indebtedness under this section for any purpose
1440 for which district funds may be expended, but not in excess of the estimated district revenues
1441 for the current school year.
1442 (3) Revenues include all revenues of the district from the state or any other source.
1443 (4) The district may incur the indebtedness prior to imposing or collecting the taxes or
1444 receiving the revenues. The indebtedness bears interest at the lowest obtainable rate or rates.
1446 53G-4-604. Consolidated school district bonds.
1447 (1) A consolidated county school district may issue bonds, without an election, to fund,
1448 purchase, or redeem the district's outstanding indebtedness if the debt was incurred prior to
1449 consolidation and assumed by the consolidated school district.
1450 (2) The legality, regularity, and validity of the outstanding indebtedness shall be
1451 determined in the same manner used to determine the validity of other bonds to be refunded by
1452 the local school board.
1454 53G-4-605. Testing validity of bonds to be refunded -- Procedure.
1455 If considered advisable by the local school board, the validity of any bonds intended to
1456 be refunded may be determined in the following manner:
1457 (1) The local school board shall:
1458 (a) publish a notice describing with sufficient particularity for identification the bond
1459 or bonds intended to be refunded:
1460 (i) once a week for two successive weeks in a newspaper published in the school
1462 (ii) as required in Section 45-1-101; and
1463 (b) post a notice for two successive weeks in three public and conspicuous places
1464 describing with sufficient particularity for identification the bond or bonds intended to be
1465 refunded.
1466 (2) The notice shall require any person objecting to the legality, regularity, or validity
1467 of the bonds, their issue or sale, or the indebtedness represented by the bonds, to appear before
1468 the local school board at a specified place within the district on a specified day and time.
1469 (3) The time may not be less than 14 nor more than 60 days after the first publication
1470 or posting of the notice.
1471 (4) The notice shall require the person to appear at the meeting with his objections in
1472 writing, duly verified.
1473 (5) The local school board shall convene at the time and place specified in the notice
1474 and receive all objections as prescribed in Subsection (4).
1475 (6) The objections shall be filed with and preserved by the local school board.
1476 (7) If no written objections are presented at the time and place specified in the notice,
1477 the local school board shall so certify.
1478 (8) All persons are then prohibited from questioning in any manner or proceeding the
1479 legality, regularity, or validity of the bond or bonds, their issue or sale, or the indebtedness
1480 represented by the bonds, and the local school board may then refund the bonds.
1481 (9) Any person filing a written objection under Subsection (4) shall, within 20 days
1482 after the filing, commence appropriate legal proceedings against the local school board and
1483 others as may be proper parties, in the district court for the county in which the school district
1484 is situated, to challenge and determine the legality, regularity, and validity of the bond or
1485 bonds, their issue and sale, or the indebtedness represented by them.
1486 (10) Failure to commence the proceedings within 20 days bars the person filing
1487 objections from questioning, in any manner or proceeding, the legality, regularity, or validity of
1488 the bond or bonds, their issue or sale, or the indebtedness represented by the bonds.
1489 (11) Upon proof of failure to commence proceedings, by certificate of the clerk of the
1490 court, the local school board may refund the bonds.
1492 53G-4-606. Sinking fund -- Investment.
1493 (1) The money levied and collected to create a sinking fund for the redemption of
1494 bonds issued by a local school board shall be immediately credited to a special fund.
1495 (2) After retaining an amount sufficient to pay the principal of the bonds maturing
1496 during the year, the local school board shall invest the fund and any surplus as provided under
1497 Title 51, Chapter 7, State Money Management Act.
1499 53G-4-801. Definitions.
1500 [(1) "Board" means the board of education of a school district existing now or later
1501 under the laws of the state.]
1502 [(2)] (1) "Bond" means any general obligation bond or refunding bond issued after the
1503 effective date of this part.
1504 [(3)] (2) "Default avoidance program" means the school bond guaranty program
1505 established by this part.
1506 [(4)] (3) "General obligation bond" means any bond, note, warrant, certificate of
1507 indebtedness, or other obligation of a local school board payable in whole or in part from
1508 revenues derived from ad valorem taxes and that constitutes an indebtedness within the
1509 meaning of any applicable constitutional or statutory debt limitation.
1510 [(5)] (4) "Paying agent" means the corporate paying agent selected by the local school
1511 board for a bond issue who is:
1512 (a) duly qualified; and
1513 (b) acceptable to the state treasurer.
1514 [(6)] (5) "Permanent school fund" means the state school fund described in the Utah
1515 Constitution, Article X, Section 5(1).
1516 [(7)] (6) "Refunding bond" means any general obligation bond issued by a local school
1517 board for the purpose of refunding its outstanding general obligation bonds.
1518 [(8)] (7) "School district" means any school district existing now or later under the
1519 laws of the state.
1521 53G-4-802. Contract with bondholders -- Full faith and credit of state is pledged
1522 -- Limitation as to certain refunded bonds.
1523 (1) (a) The state of Utah pledges to and agrees with the holders of any bonds that the
1524 state will not alter, impair, or limit the rights vested by the default avoidance program with
1525 respect to the bonds until the bonds, together with applicable interest, are fully paid and
1526 discharged.
1527 (b) Notwithstanding Subsection (1)(a), nothing contained in this part precludes an
1528 alteration, impairment, or limitation if adequate provision is made by law for the protection of
1529 the holders of the bonds.
1530 (c) Each local school board may refer to this pledge and undertaking by the state in its
1531 bonds.
1532 (2) (a) The full faith and credit and unlimited taxing power of the state is pledged to
1533 guarantee full and timely payment of the principal of (either at the stated maturity or by any
1534 advancement of maturity pursuant to a mandatory sinking fund payment) and interest on, bonds
1535 as such payments shall become due (except that in the event of any acceleration of the due date
1536 of such principal by reason of mandatory or optional redemption or acceleration resulting from
1537 default of otherwise, other than any advancement of maturity pursuant to a mandatory sinking
1538 fund payment, the payments guaranteed shall be made in such amounts and at such times as
1539 such payments of principal would have been due had there not been any such acceleration).
1540 (b) This guaranty does not extend to the payment of any redemption premium.
1541 (c) Reference to this part by its title on the face of any bond conclusively establishes
1542 the guaranty provided to that bond under provisions of this part.
1543 (3) (a) Any bond guaranteed under this part that is refunded and considered paid for the
1544 purposes of and within the meaning of Subsection 11-27-3(6), no longer has the benefit of the
1545 guaranty provided by this part from and after the date on which that bond was considered to be
1546 paid.
1547 (b) Any refunding bond issued by a local school board that is itself secured by
1548 government obligations until the proceeds are applied to pay refunded bonds, as provided in
1549 Title 11, Chapter 27, Utah Refunding Bond Act, is not guaranteed under the provisions of this
1550 part, until the refunding bonds cease to be secured by government obligations as provided in
1551 Title 11, Chapter 27, Utah Refunding Bond Act.
1552 (4) Only validly issued bonds issued after the effective date of this part are guaranteed
1553 under this part.
1555 53G-4-803. Program eligibility -- Option to forego guaranty.
1556 (1) (a) Any local school board may request that the state treasurer issue a certificate
1557 evidencing eligibility for the state's guaranty under this part.
1558 (b) After reviewing the request, if the state treasurer determines that the local school
1559 board is eligible, the state treasurer shall promptly issue the certificate and provide it to the
1560 requesting local school board.
1561 (c) (i) The local school board receiving the certificate and all other persons may rely on
1562 the certificate as evidencing eligibility for the guaranty for one year from and after the date of
1563 the certificate, without making further inquiry of the state treasurer during that year.
1564 (ii) The certificate of eligibility is valid for one year even if the state treasurer later
1565 determines that the local school board is ineligible.
1566 (2) Any local school board that chooses to forego the benefits of the guaranty provided
1567 by this part for a particular issue of bonds may do so by not referring to this part on the face of
1568 its bonds.
1569 (3) Any local school board that has bonds, the principal of or interest on which has
1570 been paid, in whole or in part, by the state under this part may not issue any additional bonds
1571 guaranteed by this act until:
1572 (a) all payment obligations of the local school board to the state under the default
1573 avoidance program are satisfied; and
1574 (b) the state treasurer and the state superintendent [of public instruction] each certify in
1575 writing, to be kept on file by the state treasurer and the state superintendent, that the local
1576 school board is fiscally solvent.
1577 (4) Bonds not guaranteed by this part are not included in the definition of "bonds" in
1578 Section 53G-4-802 as used generally in this part and are not subject to the requirements of and
1579 do not receive the benefits of this part.
1581 53G-4-804. Fiscal solvency of school districts -- Duties of state treasurer and
1582 attorney general.
1583 (1) The state superintendent [of public instruction] shall:
1584 (a) monitor the financial affairs and condition of each local school board in the state to
1585 evaluate each local school board's financial solvency; and
1586 (b) report immediately to the governor and state treasurer any circumstances suggesting
1587 that a school district will be unable to timely meet its debt service obligations and recommend
1588 a course of remedial action.
1589 (2) (a) The state treasurer shall determine whether [or not] the financial affairs and
1590 condition of a local school board are such that it would be imprudent for the state to guarantee
1591 the bonds of that local school board.
1592 (b) If the state treasurer determines that the state should not guarantee the bonds of that
1593 local school board, the state treasurer shall:
1594 (i) prepare a determination of ineligibility; and
1595 (ii) keep it on file in the office of the state treasurer.
1596 (c) The state treasurer may remove a local school board from the status of ineligibility
1597 when a subsequent report or other information made available to the state treasurer evidences
1598 that it is no longer imprudent for the state to guarantee the bonds of that local school board.
1599 (3) Nothing in this section affects the state's guaranty of bonds of a local school board
1600 issued:
1601 (a) before determination of ineligibility;
1602 (b) after the eligibility of the local school board is restored; or
1603 (c) under a certificate of eligibility issued under Section 53G-4-803.
1605 53G-4-805. Business administrator duties -- Paying agent to provide notice --
1606 State treasurer to execute transfer to paying agents -- Effect of transfer.
1607 (1) (a) The business administrator of each local school board with outstanding, unpaid
1608 bonds shall transfer money sufficient for the scheduled debt service payment to its paying agent
1609 at least 15 days before any principal or interest payment date for the bonds.
1610 (b) The paying agent may, if instructed to do so by the business administrator, invest
1611 the money at the risk and for the benefit of the local school board until the payment date.
1612 (c) A business administrator who is unable to transfer the scheduled debt service
1613 payment to the paying agent 15 days before the payment date shall immediately notify the
1614 paying agent and the state treasurer by:
1615 (i) telephone;
1616 (ii) a writing sent by facsimile transmission; and
1617 (iii) a writing sent by first-class United States mail.
1618 (2) If sufficient funds are not transferred to the paying agent as required by Subsection
1619 (1), the paying agent shall notify the state treasurer of that failure in writing at least 10 days
1620 before the scheduled debt service payment date by:
1621 (a) telephone;
1622 (b) a writing sent by facsimile transmission; and
1623 (c) a writing sent by first-class United States mail.
1624 (3) (a) If sufficient money to pay the scheduled debt service payment has not been
1625 transferred to the paying agent, the state treasurer shall, on or before the scheduled payment
1626 date, transfer sufficient money to the paying agent to make the scheduled debt service payment.
1627 (b) The payment by the treasurer:
1628 (i) discharges the obligation of the issuing local school board to its bondholders for the
1629 payment; and
1630 (ii) transfers the rights represented by the general obligation of the local school board
1631 from the bondholders to the state.
1632 (c) The local school board shall pay the transferred obligation to the state as provided
1633 in this part.
1635 53G-4-806. State financial assistance intercept mechanism -- State treasurer
1636 duties -- Interest and penalty provisions.
1637 (1) (a) If one or more payments on bonds are made by the state treasurer as provided in
1638 Section 53G-4-805, the state treasurer shall:
1639 (i) immediately intercept any payments from the Uniform School Fund or from any
1640 other source of operating money provided by the state to the local school board that issued the
1641 bonds that would otherwise be paid to the local school board by the state; and
1642 (ii) apply the intercepted payments to reimburse the state for payments made pursuant
1643 to the state's guaranty until all obligations of the local school board to the state arising from
1644 those payments, including interest and penalties, are paid in full.
1645 (b) The state has no obligation to the local school board or to any person or entity to
1646 replace any money intercepted under authority of Subsection (1)(a).
1647 (2) The local school board that issued bonds for which the state has made all or part of
1648 a debt service payment shall:
1649 (a) reimburse all money drawn by the state treasurer on its behalf;
1650 (b) pay interest to the state on all money paid by the state from the date the money was
1651 drawn to the date they are repaid at a rate not less than the average prime rate for national
1652 money center banks plus 1%; and
1653 (c) pay all penalties required by this part.
1654 (3) (a) The state treasurer shall establish the reimbursement interest rate after
1655 considering the circumstances of any prior draws by the local school board on the state, market
1656 interest and penalty rates, and the cost of funds, if any, that were required to be borrowed by
1657 the state to make payment on the bonds.
1658 (b) The state treasurer may, after considering the circumstances giving rise to the
1659 failure of the local school board to make payment on its bonds in a timely manner, impose on
1660 the local school board a penalty of not more than 5% of the amount paid by the state pursuant
1661 to its guaranty for each instance in which a payment by the state is made.
1662 (4) (a) (i) If the state treasurer determines that amounts obtained under this section will
1663 not reimburse the state in full within one year from the state's payment of a local school board's
1664 scheduled debt service payment, the state treasurer shall pursue any legal action, including
1665 mandamus, against the local school board to compel it to:
1666 (A) levy and provide property tax revenues to pay debt service on its bonds when due
1667 as required by Title 11, Chapter 14, Local Government Bonding Act; and
1668 (B) meet its repayment obligations to the state.
1669 (ii) In pursuing its rights under this Subsection (4)(a), the state shall have the same
1670 substantive and procedural rights under Title 11, Chapter 14, Local Government Bonding Act,
1671 as would a holder of the bonds of a local school board.
1672 (b) The attorney general shall assist the state treasurer in these duties.
1673 (c) The local school board shall pay the attorney's fees, expenses, and costs of the state
1674 treasurer and the attorney general.
1675 (5) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (5)(c), any local school board whose operating
1676 funds were intercepted under this section may replace those funds from other local school
1677 board money or from ad valorem property taxes, subject to the limitations provided in this
1678 Subsection (5).
1679 (b) A local school board may use ad valorem property taxes or other money to replace
1680 intercepted funds only if the ad valorem property taxes or other money was derived from:
1681 (i) taxes originally levied to make the payment but which were not timely received by
1682 the local school board;
1683 (ii) taxes from a special levy made to make the missed payment or to replace the
1684 intercepted money;
1685 (iii) money transferred from the capital outlay fund of the local school board or the
1686 undistributed reserve, if any, of the local school board; or
1687 (iv) any other source of money on hand and legally available.
1688 (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of Subsections (5)(a) and (b), a local school board
1689 may not replace operating funds intercepted by the state with money collected and held to make
1690 payments on bonds if that replacement would divert money from the payment of future debt
1691 service on the bonds and increase the risk that the state's guaranty would be called upon a
1692 second time.
1694 53G-4-807. Backup liquidity arrangements -- Issuance of notes.
1695 (1) (a) If, at the time the state is required to make a debt service payment under its
1696 guaranty on behalf of a local school board, sufficient money of the state is not on hand and
1697 available for that purpose, the state treasurer may:
1698 (i) seek a loan from the Permanent School Fund sufficient to make the required
1699 payment; or
1700 (ii) issue state debt as provided in Subsection (2).
1701 (b) Nothing in this Subsection (1) requires the Permanent School Fund to lend money
1702 to the state treasurer.
1703 (2) (a) The state treasurer may issue state debt in the form of general obligation notes
1704 to meet its obligations under this part.
1705 (b) The amount of notes issued may not exceed the amount necessary to make payment
1706 on all bonds with respect to which the notes are issued plus all costs of issuance, sale, and
1707 delivery of the notes, rounded up to the nearest natural multiple of $5,000.
1708 (c) Each series of notes issued may not mature later than 18 months from the date the
1709 notes are issued.
1710 (d) Notes issued may be refunded using the procedures set forth in this part for the
1711 issuance of notes, in an amount not more than the amount necessary to pay principal of and
1712 accrued but unpaid interest on any refunded notes plus all costs of issuance, sale, and delivery
1713 of the refunding notes, rounded up to the nearest natural multiple of $5,000.
1714 (e) Each series of refunding notes may not mature later than 18 months from the date
1715 the refunding notes are issued.
1716 (3) (a) Before issuing or selling any general obligation note to other than a state fund or
1717 account, the state treasurer shall:
1718 (i) prepare a written plan of financing; and
1719 (ii) file it with the governor.
1720 (b) The plan of financing shall provide for:
1721 (i) the terms and conditions under which the notes will be issued, sold, and delivered;
1722 (ii) the taxes or revenues to be anticipated;
1723 (iii) the maximum amount of notes that may be outstanding at any one time under the
1724 plan of financing;
1725 (iv) the sources of payment of the notes;
1726 (v) the rate or rates of interest, if any, on the notes or a method, formula, or index under
1727 which the interest rate or rates on the notes may be determined during the time the notes are
1728 outstanding; and
1729 (vi) all other details relating to the issuance, sale, and delivery of the notes.
1730 (c) In identifying the taxes or revenues to be anticipated and the sources of payment of
1731 the notes in the financing plan, the state treasurer may include:
1732 (i) the taxes authorized by Section 53G-4-808;
1733 (ii) the intercepted revenues authorized by Section 53G-4-806;
1734 (iii) the proceeds of refunding notes; or
1735 (iv) any combination of Subsections (3)(c)(i), (ii), and (iii).
1736 (d) The state treasurer may include in the plan of financing the terms and conditions of
1737 arrangements entered into by the state treasurer on behalf of the state with financial and other
1738 institutions for letters of credit, standby letters of credit, reimbursement agreements, and
1739 remarketing, indexing, and tender agent agreements to secure the notes, including payment
1740 from any legally available source of fees, charges, or other amounts coming due under the
1741 agreements entered into by the state treasurer.
1742 (e) When issuing the notes, the state treasurer shall issue an order setting forth the
1743 interest, form, manner of execution, payment, manner of sale, prices at, above, or below face
1744 value, and all details of issuance of the notes.
1745 (f) The order and the details set forth in the order shall conform with any applicable
1746 plan of financing and with this part.
1747 (g) (i) Each note shall recite that it is a valid obligation of the state and that the full
1748 faith, credit, and resources of the state are pledged for the payment of the principal of and
1749 interest on the note from the taxes or revenues identified in accordance with its terms and the
1750 constitution and laws of Utah.
1751 (ii) These general obligation notes do not constitute debt of the state for the purposes of
1752 the 1.5% debt limitation of the Utah Constitution, Article XIV, Section 1.
1753 (h) Immediately upon the completion of any sale of notes, the state treasurer shall:
1754 (i) make a verified return of the sale to the state auditor, specifying the amount of notes
1755 sold, the persons to whom the notes were sold, and the price, terms, and conditions of the sale;
1757 (ii) credit the proceeds of sale, other than accrued interest and amounts required to pay
1758 costs of issuance of the notes, to the General Fund to be applied to the purpose for which the
1759 notes were issued.
1760 Section 42. Section 53G-4-1003 is amended to read:
1761 53G-4-1003. Funds raised -- Highest priority projects.
1762 (1) Funds raised by the school district in accordance with this part shall be used on the
1763 highest priority projects established by the district's five-year comprehensive capital outlay
1764 plan, which shall be approved by the [State Board of Education] state board.
1765 (2) The plan must include appropriate priorities for the construction of minimal
1766 facilities for new students.
1767 (3) If priority use of the funds raised by the district in accordance with this part does
1768 not provide minimal facilities as defined by the [State Board of Education] state board for
1769 students in any new and remote community established in the district, or for students in
1770 existing communities because of the location of new or expanded industries in the area, the
1771 district may enter into lease-purchase agreements or lease with option to purchase agreements
1772 with private builders to furnish the minimal facilities required by the district and approved by
1773 the [State Board of Education] state board.
1774 (4) The district may make payments on these agreements from any of its otherwise
1775 uncommitted capital outlay funds.
1777 53G-4-1004. Minimal school facilities -- Lease-purchase or lease with option to
1778 purchase agreement authorized.
1779 (1) If a school district is unable to find any private builder who is capable of furnishing
1780 minimal school facilities in new or existing communities, on terms acceptable to the district
1781 and to the [State Board of Education] state board, the developers of the industrial plant, or
1782 plants, may agree to provide minimal school facilities under a lease-purchase agreement or
1783 lease with option to purchase agreement with the district.
1784 (2) The district shall pay the developers according to the terms of the agreement from
1785 sources listed for such payments in this part.
1787 53G-4-1006. Rules and regulations authorized.
1788 The [State Board of Education] state board shall adopt all standards and rules necessary
1789 for the administration and enforcement of this part.
1792 As used in this chapter:
1793 (1) "Asset" means property of all kinds, real and personal, tangible and intangible, and
1794 includes:
1795 (a) cash;
1796 (b) stock or other investments;
1797 (c) real property;
1798 (d) equipment and supplies;
1799 (e) an ownership interest;
1800 (f) a license;
1801 (g) a cause of action; and
1802 (h) any similar property.
1803 (2) "Board of trustees of a higher education institution" or "board of trustees" means:
1804 (a) the board of trustees of:
1805 (i) the University of Utah;
1806 (ii) Utah State University;
1807 (iii) Weber State University;
1808 (iv) Southern Utah University;
1809 (v) Snow College;
1810 (vi) Dixie State University;
1811 (vii) Utah Valley University; or
1812 (viii) Salt Lake Community College; or
1813 (b) the board of directors of a technical college described in Section 53B-2a-108.
1814 [(3) "Charter agreement" or "charter" means an agreement made in accordance with
1815 Section 53G-5-303 that authorizes the operation of a charter school.]
1816 [(4)] (3) "Charter school authorizer" or "authorizer" means an entity listed in Section
1817 53G-5-205 that authorizes a charter school.
1818 [(5) "Governing board" means the board that operates a charter school.]
1820 53G-5-201. State Charter School Board created.
1821 (1) As used in this section, "organization that represents Utah's charter schools" means
1822 an organization, except a governmental entity, that advocates for charter schools, charter school
1823 parents, or charter school students.
1824 (2) (a) The State Charter School Board is created consisting of the following members
1825 appointed by the governor with the consent of the Senate :
1826 (i) one member who has expertise in finance or small business management;
1827 (ii) three members who:
1828 (A) are nominated by an organization that represents Utah's charter schools; and
1829 (B) have expertise or experience in developing or administering a charter school;
1830 (iii) two members who are nominated by the [State Board of Education] state board;
1832 (iv) one member who:
1833 (A) has expertise in personalized learning, including digital teaching and learning or
1834 deliberate practice; and
1835 (B) supports innovation in education.
1836 (b) Each appointee shall have demonstrated dedication to the purposes of charter
1837 schools as outlined in Section 53G-5-104.
1838 (c) At least two candidates shall be nominated for each appointment made under
1839 Subsection (2)(a)(ii) or (iii).
1840 (d) The governor may seek nominations for a prospective appointment under
1841 Subsection (2)(a)(ii) from one or more organizations that represent Utah's charter schools.
1842 (3) (a) State Charter School Board members shall serve four-year terms.
1843 (b) If a vacancy occurs, the governor shall, with the consent of the Senate, appoint a
1844 replacement for the unexpired term.
1845 (4) The governor may remove a member at any time for official misconduct, habitual
1846 or willful neglect of duty, or for other good and sufficient cause.
1847 (5) (a) The State Charter School Board shall annually elect a chair from its
1848 membership.
1849 (b) Four members of the [board] State Charter School Board shall constitute a quorum.
1850 (c) Meetings may be called by the chair or upon request of three members of the
1851 [board] State Charter School Board.
1852 (6) A member may not receive compensation or benefits for the member's service, but
1853 may receive per diem and travel expenses in accordance with:
1854 (a) Section 63A-3-106;
1855 (b) Section 63A-3-107; and
1856 (c) rules made by the Division of Finance pursuant to Sections 63A-3-106 and
1857 63A-3-107.
1859 53G-5-203. State Charter School Board -- Staff director -- Facilities.
1860 (1) (a) The State Charter School Board, with the consent of the state superintendent [of
1861 public instruction], shall appoint a staff director for the State Charter School Board.
1862 (b) The State Charter School Board shall have authority to remove the staff director
1863 with the consent of the state superintendent [of public instruction].
1864 (c) The position of staff director is exempt from the career service provisions of Title
1865 67, Chapter 19, Utah State Personnel Management Act.
1866 (2) The state superintendent [of public instruction] shall provide space for staff of the
1867 State Charter School Board in facilities occupied by the [State Board of Education] state board
1868 or the [State Board of Education's] state board's employees, with costs charged for the facilities
1869 equal to those charged other sections and divisions under the [State Board of Education] state
1870 board.
1872 53G-5-205. Charter school authorizers -- Power and duties -- Charter application
1873 minimum standard.
1874 (1) The following entities are eligible to authorize charter schools:
1875 (a) the State Charter School Board;
1876 (b) a local school board; or
1877 (c) a board of trustees of an institution in the state system of higher education as
1878 described in Section 53B-1-102.
1879 (2) A charter school authorizer shall:
1880 (a) annually review and evaluate the performance of charter schools authorized by the
1881 authorizer and hold a charter school accountable for the school's performance; and
1882 (b) monitor charter schools authorized by the authorizer for compliance with federal
1883 and state laws, rules, and regulations.
1884 (3) A charter school authorizer may:
1885 (a) authorize and promote the establishment of charter schools, subject to the
1886 provisions in this part;
1887 (b) make recommendations on legislation and rules pertaining to charter schools to the
1888 Legislature and [State Board of Education] state board, respectively;
1889 (c) make recommendations to the [State Board of Education] state board on the
1890 funding of charter schools;
1891 (d) provide technical support to charter schools and persons seeking to establish charter
1892 schools by:
1893 (i) identifying and promoting successful charter school models;
1894 (ii) facilitating the application and approval process for charter school authorization;
1895 (iii) directing charter schools and persons seeking to establish charter schools to
1896 sources of funding and support;
1897 (iv) reviewing and evaluating proposals to establish charter schools for the purpose of
1898 supporting and strengthening proposals before an application for charter school authorization is
1899 submitted to a charter school authorizer; or
1900 (v) assisting charter schools to understand and carry out their charter obligations; or
1901 (e) provide technical support, as requested, to another charter school authorizer relating
1902 to charter schools.
1903 (4) Within 60 days after an authorizer's approval of an application for a new charter
1904 school, the [State Board of Education] state board may direct an authorizer to do the following
1905 if the authorizer or charter school applicant failed to follow statutory or state board rule
1906 requirements:
1907 (a) reconsider the authorizer's approval of an application for a new charter school; and
1908 (b) correct deficiencies in the charter school application or authorizer's application
1909 process as described in statute or state board rule before approving the new application.
1910 (5) The [State Board of Education shall, in accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah
1911 Administrative Rulemaking Act,] state board shall make rules establishing minimum standards
1912 that a charter school authorizer is required to apply when:
1913 (a) evaluating a charter school application; or
1914 (b) monitoring charter school compliance.
1915 (6) The minimum standards described in Subsection (5) shall include:
1916 (a) reasonable consequences for an authorizer that fails to comply with statute or state
1917 board rule;
1918 (b) a process for an authorizer to review:
1919 (i) the skill and expertise of a proposed charter school's governing board; and
1920 (ii) the functioning operation of the charter school governing board of an authorized
1921 charter school;
1922 (c) a process for an authorizer to review the financial viability of a proposed charter
1923 school and of an authorized charter school;
1924 (d) a process to evaluate:
1925 (i) how well an authorizer's authorized charter school complies with the charter
1926 school's charter agreement;
1927 (ii) whether an authorizer's authorized charter school maintains reasonable academic
1928 standards; and
1929 (iii) standards that an authorizer is required to meet to demonstrate the authorizer's
1930 capacity to oversee, monitor, and evaluate the charter schools the authorizer authorizes.
1932 53G-5-301. State Charter School Board to request applications for certain types
1933 of charter schools.
1934 (1) To meet the unique learning styles and needs of students, the State Charter School
1935 Board shall seek to expand the types of instructional methods and programs offered by schools,
1936 as provided in this section.
1937 (2) (a) The State Charter School Board shall request individuals, groups of individuals,
1938 or not-for-profit legal entities to submit an application to the State Charter School Board to
1939 establish a charter school that employs new and creative methods to meet the unique learning
1940 styles and needs of students, such as:
1941 (i) a military charter school;
1942 (ii) a charter school whose mission is to enhance learning opportunities for students at
1943 risk of academic failure;
1944 (iii) a charter school whose focus is career and technical education;
1945 (iv) a single gender charter school; or
1946 (v) a charter school with an international focus that provides opportunities for the
1947 exchange of students or teachers.
1948 (b) In addition to a charter school identified in Subsection (2)(a), the State Charter
1949 School Board shall request applications for other types of charter schools that meet the unique
1950 learning styles and needs of students.
1951 (3) The State Charter School Board shall publicize a request for applications to
1952 establish a charter school specified in Subsection (2).
1953 (4) A charter school application submitted pursuant to Subsection (2) shall be subject
1954 to the application and approval procedures specified in Section 53G-5-304.
1955 (5) The State Charter School Board and the [State Board of Education] state board may
1956 approve one or more applications for each charter school specified in Subsection (2), subject to
1957 the Legislature appropriating funds for, or authorizing, an increase in charter school enrollment
1958 capacity as provided in Section 53G-6-504.
1959 (6) The [State Board of Education] state board shall submit a request to the Legislature
1960 to appropriate funds for, or authorize, the enrollment of students in charter schools tentatively
1961 approved under this section.
1963 53G-5-302. Charter school application -- Applicants -- Contents.
1964 (1) (a) An application to establish a charter school may be submitted by:
1965 (i) an individual;
1966 (ii) a group of individuals; or
1967 (iii) a nonprofit legal entity organized under Utah law.
1968 (b) An authorized charter school may apply under this chapter for a charter from
1969 another charter school authorizer.
1970 (2) A charter school application shall include:
1971 (a) the purpose and mission of the school;
1972 (b) except for a charter school authorized by a local school board, a statement that,
1973 after entering into a charter agreement, the charter school will be organized and managed under
1974 Title 16, Chapter 6a, Utah Revised Nonprofit Corporation Act;
1975 (c) a description of the governance structure of the school, including:
1976 (i) a list of the charter school governing board members that describes the
1977 qualifications of each member; and
1978 (ii) an assurance that the applicant shall, within 30 days of authorization, complete a
1979 background check for each member consistent with Section 53G-5-408;
1980 (d) a description of the target population of the school that includes:
1981 (i) the projected maximum number of students the school proposes to enroll;
1982 (ii) the projected school enrollment for each of the first three years of school operation;
1984 (iii) the ages or grade levels the school proposes to serve;
1985 (e) academic goals;
1986 (f) qualifications and policies for school employees, including policies that:
1987 (i) comply with the criminal background check requirements described in Section
1988 53G-5-408;
1989 (ii) require employee evaluations;
1990 (iii) address employment of relatives within the charter school; and
1991 (iv) address human resource management and ensure that:
1992 (A) at least one of the school's employees or another person is assigned human
1993 resource management duties, as defined in Section 17B-1-805; and
1994 (B) the assigned employee or person described in Subsection (2)(f)(iv)(A) receives
1995 human resource management training, as defined in Section 17B-1-805;
1996 (g) a description of how the charter school will provide, as required by state and federal
1997 law, special education and related services;
1998 (h) for a public school converting to charter status, arrangements for:
1999 (i) students who choose not to continue attending the charter school; and
2000 (ii) teachers who choose not to continue teaching at the charter school;
2001 (i) a statement that describes the charter school's plan for establishing the charter
2002 school's facilities, including:
2003 (i) whether the charter school intends to lease or purchase the charter school's facilities;
2005 (ii) financing arrangements;
2006 (j) a market analysis of the community the school plans to serve;
2007 (k) a business plan;
2008 (l) other major issues involving the establishment and operation of the charter school;
2010 (m) the signatures of the charter school governing board members [of the charter
2011 school].
2012 (3) A charter school authorizer may require a charter school application to include:
2013 (a) the charter school's proposed:
2014 (i) curriculum;
2015 (ii) instructional program; or
2016 (iii) delivery methods;
2017 (b) a method for assessing whether students are reaching academic goals, including, at
2018 a minimum, administering the statewide assessments described in Section 53E-4-301;
2019 (c) a proposed calendar;
2020 (d) sample policies;
2021 (e) a description of opportunities for parental involvement;
2022 (f) a description of the school's administrative, supervisory, or other proposed services
2023 that may be obtained through service providers; or
2024 (g) other information that demonstrates an applicant's ability to establish and operate a
2025 charter school.
2027 53G-5-303. Charter agreement -- Content -- Modification.
2028 (1) As used in this section, "satellite charter school" means a charter school affiliated
2029 with an operating charter school, which has the same charter school governing board and a
2030 similar program of instruction, but has a different school number than the affiliated charter.
2031 (2) A charter agreement:
2032 (a) is a contract between the charter school applicant and the charter school authorizer;
2033 (b) shall describe the rights and responsibilities of each party; and
2034 (c) shall allow for the operation of the applicant's proposed charter school.
2035 (3) A charter agreement shall include:
2036 (a) the name of:
2037 (i) the charter school; and
2038 (ii) the charter school applicant;
2039 (b) the mission statement and purpose of the charter school;
2040 (c) the charter school's opening date;
2041 (d) the grade levels the charter school will serve;
2042 (e) (i) subject to Section 53G-6-504, the maximum number of students a charter school
2043 will serve; or
2044 (ii) for an operating charter school with satellite charter schools, the maximum number
2045 of students of all satellite charter schools collectively served by the operating charter school;
2046 (f) a description of the structure of the charter school governing board, including:
2047 (i) the number of charter school governing board members;
2048 (ii) how members of the charter school governing board are appointed; and
2049 (iii) charter school governing board members' terms of office;
2050 (g) assurances that:
2051 (i) the charter school governing board will comply with:
2052 (A) the charter school's bylaws;
2053 (B) the charter school's articles of incorporation; and
2054 (C) applicable federal law, state law, and [State Board of Education] state board rules;
2055 (ii) the charter school governing board will meet all reporting requirements described
2056 in Section 53G-5-404; and
2057 (iii) except as provided in Part 6, Charter School Credit Enhancement Program, neither
2058 the authorizer nor the state, including an agency of the state, is liable for the debts or financial
2059 obligations of the charter school or a person who operates the charter school;
2060 (h) which administrative rules the [State Board of Education] state board will waive for
2061 the charter school;
2062 (i) minimum financial standards for operating the charter school;
2063 (j) minimum standards for student achievement; and
2064 (k) signatures of the charter school authorizer and the charter school governing board
2065 members.
2066 (4) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (4)(b), a charter agreement may not be
2067 modified except by mutual agreement between the charter school authorizer and the charter
2068 school governing board.
2069 (b) A charter school governing board may modify the charter school's charter
2070 agreement without the mutual agreement described in Subsection (4)(a) to include an
2071 enrollment preference described in Subsection 53G-6-502(4)(g).
2073 53G-5-304. Charter schools authorized by the State Charter School Board --
2074 Application process -- Prohibited basis of application denial.
2075 (1) (a) An applicant seeking authorization of a charter school from the State Charter
2076 School Board shall provide a copy of the application to the local school board of the school
2077 district in which the proposed charter school shall be located either before or at the same time it
2078 files its application with the State Charter School Board.
2079 (b) The local school board may review the application and may offer suggestions or
2080 recommendations to the applicant or the State Charter School Board prior to its acting on the
2081 application.
2082 (c) The State Charter School Board shall give due consideration to suggestions or
2083 recommendations made by the local school board under Subsection (1)(b).
2084 (d) The State Charter School Board shall review and, by majority vote, either approve
2085 or deny the application.
2086 (e) A charter school application may not be denied on the basis that the establishment
2087 of the charter school will have any or all of the following impacts on a public school, including
2088 another charter school:
2089 (i) an enrollment decline;
2090 (ii) a decrease in funding; or
2091 (iii) a modification of programs or services.
2093 Administrative Rulemaking Act,] state board shall make a rule providing a timeline for the
2094 opening of a charter school following the approval of a charter school application by the State
2095 Charter School Board.
2096 (3) After approval of a charter school application and in accordance with Section
2097 53G-5-303, the applicant and the State Charter School Board shall set forth the terms and
2098 conditions for the operation of the charter school in a written charter agreement.
2099 (4) The State Charter School Board shall, in accordance with [State Board of
2100 Education] state board rules, establish and make public the State Charter School Board's:
2101 (a) application requirements, in accordance with Section 53G-5-302;
2102 (b) application process, including timelines, in accordance with this section; and
2103 (c) minimum academic, financial, and enrollment standards.
2105 53G-5-305. Charters authorized by local school boards -- Application process --
2106 Local school board responsibilities.
2107 (1) (a) An applicant identified in Section 53G-5-302 may submit an application to a
2108 local school board to establish and operate a charter school within the geographical boundaries
2109 of the school district administered by the local school board.
2110 (b) (i) The principal, teachers, or parents of students at an existing public school may
2111 submit an application to the local school board to convert the school or a portion of the school
2112 to charter status.
2113 (A) If the entire school is applying for charter status, at least two-thirds of the licensed
2114 educators employed at the school and at least two-thirds of the parents [or guardians] of
2115 students enrolled at the school must have signed a petition approving the application prior to its
2116 submission to the charter school authorizer.
2117 (B) If only a portion of the school is applying for charter status, the percentage is
2118 reduced to a simple majority.
2119 (ii) The local school board may not approve an application submitted under Subsection
2120 (1)(b)(i) unless the local school board determines that:
2121 (A) students opting not to attend the proposed converted school would have access to a
2122 comparable public education alternative; and
2123 (B) current teachers who choose not to teach at the converted charter school or who are
2124 not retained by the school at the time of its conversion would receive a first preference for
2125 transfer to open teaching positions for which they qualify within the school district, and, if no
2126 positions are open, contract provisions or local school board policy regarding reduction in staff
2127 would apply.
2128 (2) (a) An existing public school that converts to charter status under a charter granted
2129 by a local school board may:
2130 (i) continue to receive the same services from the school district that it received prior to
2131 its conversion; or
2132 (ii) contract out for some or all of those services with other public or private providers.
2133 (b) Any other charter school authorized by a local school board may contract with the
2134 local school board to receive some or all of the services referred to in Subsection (2)(a).
2135 (c) Except as specified in a charter agreement, local school board assets do not transfer
2136 to an existing public school that converts to charter status under a charter granted by a local
2137 school board under this section.
2138 (3) (a) A local school board that receives an application for a charter school under this
2139 section shall, within 45 days, either accept or reject the application.
2140 (b) If the local school board rejects the application, it shall notify the applicant in
2141 writing of the reason for the rejection.
2142 (c) The applicant may submit a revised application for reconsideration by the local
2143 school board.
2144 (d) If the local school board refuses to authorize the applicant, the applicant may seek a
2145 charter from another authorizer.
2146 (4) The [State Board of Education] state board shall make a rule providing for a
2147 timeline for the opening of a charter school following the approval of a charter school
2148 application by a local school board.
2150 53G-5-303, the applicant and the local school board shall set forth the terms and conditions for
2151 the operation of the charter school in a written charter agreement.
2152 (6) A local school board may terminate a charter school it authorizes as provided in
2153 Sections 53G-5-501 and 53G-5-503.
2154 (7) In addition to the exemptions described in Sections 53G-5-405, 53G-7-202, and
2155 53G-5-407, a charter school authorized by a local school board is:
2156 (a) not required to separately submit a report or information required under this public
2157 education code to the [State Board of Education] state board if the information is included in a
2158 report or information that is submitted by the local school board or school district; and
2159 (b) exempt from the requirement under Section 53G-5-404 that a charter school shall
2160 be organized and managed under Title 16, Chapter 6a, Utah Revised Nonprofit Corporation
2161 Act.
2162 (8) Before a local school board accepts a charter school application, the local school
2163 board shall, in accordance with [State Board of Education] state board rules, establish and
2164 make public the local school board's:
2169 53G-5-306. Charter schools authorized by a board of trustees of a higher
2170 education institution -- Application process -- Board of trustees responsibilities.
2171 (1) Except as provided in Subsection (6), an applicant identified in Section 53G-5-302
2172 may enter into an agreement with a board of trustees of a higher education institution
2173 authorizing the applicant to establish and operate a charter school.
2174 (2) (a) An applicant applying for authorization from a board of trustees to establish and
2175 operate a charter school shall provide a copy of the application to the State Charter School
2176 Board and the local school board of the school district in which the proposed charter school
2177 will be located either before or at the same time the applicant files the application with the
2178 board of trustees.
2179 (b) The State Charter School Board and the local school board may review the
2180 application and offer suggestions or recommendations to the applicant or the board of trustees
2181 before acting on the application.
2182 (c) The board of trustees shall give due consideration to suggestions or
2183 recommendations made by the State Charter School Board or the local school board under
2184 Subsection (2)(b).
2185 (3) The [State Board of Education] state board shall make a rule providing a timeline
2186 for the opening of a charter school following the approval of a charter school application by a
2188 (4) After approval of a charter school application, the applicant and the board of
2189 trustees shall set forth the terms and conditions for the operation of the charter school in a
2190 written charter agreement.
2191 (5) (a) The school's charter agreement may include a provision that the charter school
2192 pay an annual fee for the board of trustees' costs in providing oversight of, and technical
2193 support to, the charter school in accordance with Section 53G-5-205.
2194 (b) In the first two years that a charter school is in operation, an annual fee described in
2195 Subsection (5)(a) may not exceed the product of 3% of the revenue the charter school receives
2196 from the state in the current fiscal year.
2197 (c) Beginning with the third year that a charter school is in operation, an annual fee
2198 described in Subsection (5)(a) may not exceed the product of 1% of the revenue a charter
2199 school receives from the state in the current fiscal year.
2200 (d) An annual fee described in Subsection (5)(a) shall be:
2201 (i) paid to the board of trustees' higher education institution; and
2202 (ii) expended as directed by the board of trustees.
2203 (6) (a) In addition to complying with the requirements of this section, a technical
2204 college board of directors described in Section 53B-2a-108 shall obtain the approval of the
2205 Utah System of Technical Colleges Board of Trustees before entering into an agreement to
2206 establish and operate a charter school.
2207 (b) If a technical college board of directors approves an application to establish and
2208 operate a charter school, the technical college board of directors shall submit the application to
2209 the Utah System of Technical Colleges Board of Trustees.
2210 (c) The Utah System of Technical Colleges Board of Trustees shall, by majority vote,
2211 within 60 days of receipt of an application described in Subsection (6)(b), approve or deny the
2213 (d) The Utah System of Technical Colleges Board of Trustees may deny an application
2214 approved by a technical college board of directors if the proposed charter school does not
2215 accomplish a purpose of charter schools as provided in Section 53G-5-104.
2222 (7) (a) Subject to the requirements of this chapter and other related provisions, a
2223 technical college board of directors may establish:
2224 (i) procedures for submitting applications to establish and operate a charter school; or
2225 (ii) criteria for approval of an application to establish and operate a charter school.
2226 (b) The Utah System of Technical Colleges Board of Trustees may not establish policy
2227 governing the procedures or criteria described in Subsection (7)(a).
2228 (8) Before a technical college board of directors accepts a charter school application,
2229 the technical college board of directors shall, in accordance with [State Board of Education]
2230 state board rules, establish and make public:
2232 (b) the application process, including timelines, in accordance with this section; and
2235 53G-5-403. Charter school assets.
2236 (1) (a) A charter school may receive, hold, manage, and use any devise, bequest, grant,
2237 endowment, gift, or donation of any asset made to the school for any of the purposes of this
2238 chapter and other related provisions.
2239 (b) Unless a donor or grantor specifically provides otherwise in writing, all assets
2240 described in Subsection (1)(a) shall be presumed to be made to the charter school and shall be
2241 included in the charter school's assets.
2242 (2) It is unlawful for any person affiliated with a charter school to demand or request
2243 any gift, donation, or contribution from a parent, teacher, employee, or other person affiliated
2244 with the charter school as a condition for employment or enrollment at the school or continued
2245 attendance at the school.
2246 (3) All assets purchased with charter school funds shall be included in the charter
2247 school's assets.
2248 (4) A charter school may not dispose of its assets in violation of the provisions of this
2249 chapter or other related provisions, state board rules, policies of its charter school authorizer, or
2250 its charter agreement, including the provisions governing the closure of a charter school under
2251 Section 53G-5-504.
2253 53G-5-404. Requirements for charter schools.
2254 (1) A charter school shall be nonsectarian in its programs, admission policies,
2255 employment practices, and operations.
2256 (2) A charter school may not charge tuition or fees, except those fees normally charged
2257 by other public schools.
2258 (3) A charter school shall meet all applicable federal, state, and local health, safety, and
2259 civil rights requirements.
2260 (4) (a) A charter school shall make the same annual reports required of other public
2261 schools under this public education code, including an annual financial audit report.
2262 (b) A charter school shall file its annual financial audit report with the Office of the
2263 State Auditor within six months of the end of the fiscal year.
2264 (5) (a) A charter school shall be accountable to the charter school's authorizer for
2265 performance as provided in the school's charter agreement.
2266 (b) To measure the performance of a charter school, an authorizer may use data
2267 contained in:
2268 (i) the charter school's annual financial audit report;
2269 (ii) a report submitted by the charter school as required by statute; or
2270 (iii) a report submitted by the charter school as required by its charter agreement.
2271 (c) A charter school authorizer may not impose performance standards, except as
2272 permitted by statute, that limit, infringe, or prohibit a charter school's ability to successfully
2273 accomplish the purposes of charter schools as provided in Section 53G-5-104 or as otherwise
2274 provided in law.
2275 (6) A charter school may not advocate unlawful behavior.
2276 (7) Except as provided in Section 53G-5-305, a charter school shall be organized and
2277 managed under Title 16, Chapter 6a, Utah Revised Nonprofit Corporation Act, after its
2278 authorization.
2279 (8) A charter school shall provide adequate liability and other appropriate insurance.
2280 (9) Beginning on July 1, 2014, a charter school shall submit any lease, lease-purchase
2281 agreement, or other contract or agreement relating to the charter school's facilities or financing
2282 of the charter school's facilities to the school's authorizer and an attorney for review and advice
2283 prior to the charter school entering into the lease, agreement, or contract.
2284 (10) A charter school may not employ an educator whose license has been suspended
2285 or revoked by the [State Board of Education] state board under Section 53E-6-604.
2286 (11) (a) Each charter school shall register and maintain the charter school's registration
2287 as a limited purpose entity, in accordance with Section 67-1a-15.
2288 (b) A charter school that fails to comply with Subsection (11)(a) or Section 67-1a-15 is
2289 subject to enforcement by the state auditor, in accordance with Section 67-3-1.
2291 53G-5-405. Application of statutes and rules to charter schools.
2292 (1) A charter school shall operate in accordance with its charter agreement and is
2293 subject to this public education code and other state laws applicable to public schools, except
2294 as otherwise provided in this chapter and other related provisions.
2295 (2) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (2)(b), [State Board of Education] state board
2296 rules governing the following do not apply to a charter school:
2297 (i) school libraries;
2298 (ii) required school administrative and supervisory services; and
2299 (iii) required expenditures for instructional supplies.
2300 (b) A charter school shall comply with rules implementing statutes that prescribe how
2301 state appropriations may be spent.
2302 (3) The following provisions of this public education code, and rules adopted under
2303 those provisions, do not apply to a charter school:
2304 (a) Sections 53G-7-1202 and 53G-7-1204, requiring the establishment of a school
2305 community council and school improvement plan;
2306 (b) Section 53G-4-409, requiring the use of activity disclosure statements;
2307 (c) Section 53G-7-606, requiring notification of intent to dispose of textbooks;
2308 (d) Section 53G-10-404, requiring annual presentations on adoption;
2309 (e) Sections 53G-7-304 and 53G-7-306 pertaining to fiscal procedures of school
2310 districts and local school boards; and
2311 (f) Section 53E-4-408, requiring an independent evaluation of instructional materials.
2312 (4) For the purposes of Title 63G, Chapter 6a, Utah Procurement Code, a charter
2313 school is considered an educational procurement unit as defined in Section 63G-6a-103.
2314 (5) Each charter school shall be subject to:
2315 (a) Title 52, Chapter 4, Open and Public Meetings Act; and
2316 (b) Title 63G, Chapter 2, Government Records Access and Management Act.
2317 (6) A charter school is exempt from Section 51-2a-201.5, requiring accounting reports
2318 of certain nonprofit corporations. A charter school is subject to the requirements of Section
2320 (7) (a) The State Charter School Board shall, in concert with the charter schools, study
2321 existing state law and administrative rules for the purpose of determining from which laws and
2322 rules charter schools should be exempt.
2323 (b) (i) The State Charter School Board shall present recommendations for exemption to
2324 the [State Board of Education] state board for consideration.
2325 (ii) The [State Board of Education] state board shall consider the recommendations of
2326 the State Charter School Board and respond within 60 days.
2328 53G-5-406. Accountability -- Rules.
2329 [In accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act, and
2330 after consultation with chartering entities, the State Board of Education shall] The state board
2331 shall, after consultation with chartering entities, make rules that:
2332 (1) require a charter school to develop an accountability plan, approved by its charter
2333 school authorizer, during its first year of operation;
2334 (2) require an authorizer to:
2335 (a) visit a charter school at least once during:
2336 (i) its first year of operation; and
2337 (ii) the review period described under Subsection (3); and
2338 (b) provide written reports to its charter schools after the visits; and
2339 (3) establish a review process that is required of a charter school once every five years
2340 by its authorizer.
2342 53G-5-407. Employees of charter schools.
2343 (1) A charter school shall select its own employees.
2344 (2) The [school's] charter school governing board shall determine the level of
2345 compensation and all terms and conditions of employment, except as otherwise provided in
2346 Subsections (7) and (8) and under this chapter and other related provisions.
2347 (3) The following statutes governing public employees and officers do not apply to a
2348 charter school:
2349 (a) Chapter 11, Part 5, School District and [USDB] Utah Schools for the Deaf and the
2350 Blind Employee Requirements; and
2351 (b) Title 52, Chapter 3, Prohibiting Employment of Relatives.
2352 (4) (a) To accommodate differentiated staffing and better meet student needs, a charter
2353 school, under rules adopted by the [State Board of Education] state board, shall employ
2354 teachers who are licensed.
2355 (b) The [school's] charter school governing board shall disclose the qualifications of its
2356 teachers to the parents of its students.
2357 (5) [State Board of Education] State board rules governing the licensing or certification
2358 of administrative and supervisory personnel do not apply to charter schools.
2359 (6) (a) An employee of a school district may request a leave of absence in order to
2360 work in a charter school upon approval of the local school board.
2361 (b) While on leave, the employee may retain seniority accrued in the school district and
2362 may continue to be covered by the benefit program of the district if the charter school and the
2363 [locally elected] local school board mutually agree.
2364 (7) (a) A proposed or authorized charter school may elect to participate as an employer
2365 for retirement programs under:
2366 (i) Title 49, Chapter 12, Public Employees' Contributory Retirement Act;
2367 (ii) Title 49, Chapter 13, Public Employees' Noncontributory Retirement Act; and
2368 (iii) Title 49, Chapter 22, New Public Employees' Tier II Contributory Retirement Act.
2369 (b) An election under this Subsection (7):
2370 (i) shall be documented by a resolution adopted by the charter school governing board
2371 [of the charter school]; and
2372 (ii) applies to the charter school as the employer and to all employees of the charter
2373 school.
2374 (c) The charter school governing board [of a charter school] may offer employee
2375 benefit plans for its employees:
2376 (i) under Title 49, Chapter 20, Public Employees' Benefit and Insurance Program Act;
2378 (ii) under any other program.
2379 (8) A charter school may not revoke an election to participate made under Subsection
2380 (7).
2381 (9) The charter school governing board [of a charter school] shall ensure that, prior to
2382 the beginning of each school year:
2383 (a) each of the charter school's employees signs a document acknowledging that the
2384 employee:
2385 (i) has received:
2386 (A) the disclosure required under Section 63A-4-204.5 if the charter school participates
2387 in the Risk Management Fund; or
2388 (B) written disclosure similar to the disclosure required under Section 63A-4-204.5 if
2389 the charter school does not participate in the Risk Management Fund; and
2390 (ii) understands the legal liability protection provided to the employee and what is not
2391 covered, as explained in the disclosure; and
2392 (b) (i) at least one of the charter school's employees or another person is assigned
2393 human resource management duties, as defined in Section 17B-1-805; and
2394 (ii) the assigned employee or person described in Subsection (9)(b)(i) receives human
2395 resource management training, as defined in Section 17B-1-805.
2397 53G-5-408. Criminal background checks on school personnel.
2398 The following individuals are required to submit to a criminal background check and
2399 ongoing monitoring as provided in Section 53G-11-402:
2400 (1) an employee of a charter school who does not hold a current Utah educator license
2401 issued by the [State Board of Education] state board under Title 53E, Chapter 6, Education
2402 Professional Licensure;
2403 (2) a volunteer for a charter school who is given significant unsupervised access to a
2404 student in connection with the volunteer's assignment;
2405 (3) a contract employee, as defined in Section 53G-11-401, who works at a charter
2406 school; and
2407 (4) a charter school governing board member.
2409 53G-5-409. Regulated transactions and relationships -- Definitions --
2410 Rulemaking.
2412 (a) "Charter school officer" means:
2413 (i) a member of a charter school's governing board;
2414 (ii) a member of a board or an officer of a nonprofit corporation under which a charter
2415 school is organized and managed; or
2416 (iii) the chief administrative officer of a charter school.
2417 (b) (i) "Employment" means a position in which a person's salary, wages, pay, or
2418 compensation, whether as an employee or contractor, is paid from charter school funds.
2419 (ii) "Employment" does not include a charter school volunteer.
2420 (c) "Relative" means a father, mother, husband, wife, son, daughter, sister, brother,
2421 uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, first cousin, mother-in-law, father-in-law, brother-in-law,
2422 sister-in-law, son-in-law, or daughter-in-law.
2423 (2) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (2)(b), a relative of a charter school officer
2424 may not be employed at a charter school.
2425 (b) If a relative of a charter school officer is to be considered for employment in a
2426 charter school, the charter school officer shall:
2427 (i) disclose the relationship, in writing, to the other charter school officers;
2428 (ii) submit the employment decision to the charter school's governing board for the
2429 approval, by majority vote, of the charter school's governing board;
2430 (iii) abstain from voting on the issue; and
2431 (iv) be absent from the portion of the meeting where the employment is being
2432 considered and determined.
2433 (3) (a) Except as provided in Subsections (3)(b) and (3)(c), a charter school officer or a
2434 relative of a charter school officer may not have a financial interest in a contract or other
2435 transaction involving a charter school in which the charter school officer serves as a charter
2436 school officer.
2437 (b) If a charter school's governing board considers entering into a contract or executing
2438 a transaction in which a charter school officer or a relative of a charter school officer has a
2439 financial interest, the charter school officer shall:
2440 (i) disclose the financial interest, in writing, to the other charter school officers;
2441 (ii) submit the contract or transaction decision to the charter school's governing board
2442 for the approval, by majority vote, of the charter school's governing board;
2444 (iv) be absent from the portion of the meeting where the contract or transaction is being
2446 (c) The provisions in Subsection (3)(a) do not apply to a reasonable contract of
2447 employment for:
2448 (i) the chief administrative officer of a charter school; or
2449 (ii) a relative of the chief administrative officer of a charter school whose employment
2450 is approved in accordance with the provisions in Subsection (2).
2451 (4) The [State Board of Education] state board or State Charter School Board may not
2452 operate a charter school.
2454 53G-5-410. Safe technology utilization and digital citizenship.
2455 A charter school governing board, or a council formed by a charter school governing
2456 board to prepare a plan for the use of School LAND Trust Program money under Section
2457 53G-7-1206:
2458 (1) shall provide for education and awareness on safe technology utilization and digital
2459 citizenship that empowers:
2460 (a) a student to make smart media and online choices; and
2461 (b) a parent [or guardian] to know how to discuss safe technology use with the parent's
2462 [or guardian's] child;
2463 (2) shall partner with the school's principal and other administrators to ensure that
2464 adequate on and off campus Internet filtering is installed and consistently configured to prevent
2465 viewing of harmful content by students and school personnel, in accordance with charter school
2466 governing board policy and Subsection 53G-7-216(3); and
2467 (3) may partner with one or more non-profit organizations to fulfill the duties described
2468 in Subsections (1) and (2).
2470 53G-5-411. Charter school fiscal year -- Statistical reports.
2471 (1) A charter school's fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30.
2472 (2) (a) A charter school shall forward statistical reports for the preceding school year,
2477 (3) A charter school shall forward the accounting report required under Section
2480 53G-5-501. Noncompliance -- Rulemaking.
2481 (1) If a charter school is found to be out of compliance with the requirements of
2482 Section 53G-5-404 or the school's charter agreement, the charter school authorizer shall notify
2483 the following in writing that the charter school has a reasonable time to remedy the deficiency,
2484 except as otherwise provided in Subsection 53G-5-503(4):
2485 (a) the charter school governing board [of the charter school]; and
2486 (b) if the charter school is a qualifying charter school with outstanding bonds issued in
2487 accordance with Part 6, Charter School Credit Enhancement Program, the Utah Charter School
2488 Finance Authority.
2489 (2) If the charter school does not remedy the deficiency within the established timeline,
2490 the authorizer may:
2491 (a) subject to the requirements of Subsection (4), take one or more of the following
2492 actions:
2493 (i) remove a charter school director or finance officer;
2494 (ii) remove a charter school governing board member; or
2495 (iii) appoint an interim director or mentor to work with the charter school; or
2496 (b) subject to the requirements of Section 53G-5-503, terminate the school's charter
2497 agreement.
2498 (3) The costs of an interim director or mentor appointed pursuant to Subsection (2)(a)
2499 shall be paid from the funds of the charter school for which the interim director or mentor is
2500 working.
2501 (4) The authorizer shall notify the Utah Charter School Finance Authority before the
2502 authorizer takes an action described in Subsections (2)(a)(i) through (iii) if the charter school is
2503 a qualifying charter school with outstanding bonds issued in accordance with Part 6, Charter
2504 School Credit Enhancement Program.
2506 the State Board of Education] The state board shall make rules:
2507 (a) specifying the timeline for remedying deficiencies under Subsection (1); and
2508 (b) ensuring the compliance of a charter school with its approved charter agreement.
2510 53G-5-502. Voluntary school improvement process.
2511 (1) As used in this section, "high performing charter school" means a charter school
2512 that:
2513 (a) satisfies all requirements of state law and [State Board of Education] state board
2514 rules;
2515 (b) has operated for at least three years meeting the terms of the school's charter
2516 agreement; and
2517 (c) is in good standing with the charter school's authorizer.
2518 (2) (a) Subject to Subsection (2)(b), a charter school governing board may voluntarily
2519 request the charter school's authorizer to place the school in a school improvement process.
2520 (b) A charter school governing board shall provide notice and a hearing on the charter
2521 school governing board's intent to make a request under Subsection (2)(a) to parents [and
2522 guardians] of students enrolled in the charter school.
2523 (3) An authorizer may grant a charter school governing board's request to be placed in
2524 a school improvement process if the charter school governing board has provided notice and a
2525 hearing under Subsection (2)(b).
2526 (4) An authorizer that has entered into a school improvement process with a charter
2527 school governing board shall:
2528 (a) enter into a contract with the charter school governing board on the terms of the
2529 school improvement process;
2530 (b) notify the [State Board of Education] state board that the authorizer has entered into
2531 a school improvement process with the charter school governing board;
2532 (c) make a report to a committee of the [State Board of Education] state board
2533 regarding the school improvement process; and
2534 (d) notify the Utah Charter School Finance Authority that the authorizer has entered
2535 into a school improvement process with the charter school governing board if the charter
2536 school is a qualifying charter school with outstanding bonds issued in accordance with Part 6,
2537 Charter School Credit Enhancement Program.
2538 (5) Upon notification under Subsection (4)(b), and after the report described in
2539 Subsection (4)(c), the [State Board of Education] state board shall notify charter schools and
2540 the school district in which the charter school is located that the charter school governing board
2541 has entered into a school improvement process with the charter school's authorizer.
2542 (6) A high performing charter school or the school district in which the charter school
2543 is located may apply to the charter school governing board to assume operation and control of
2544 the charter school that has been placed in a school improvement process.
2545 (7) A charter school governing board that has entered into a school improvement
2546 process shall review applications submitted under Subsection (6) and submit a proposal to the
2547 charter school's authorizer to:
2548 (a) terminate the school's charter, notwithstanding the requirements of Section
2549 53G-5-503; and
2550 (b) transfer operation and control of the charter school to:
2551 (i) the school district in which the charter school is located; or
2552 (ii) a high performing charter school.
2553 (8) Except as provided in Subsection (9) and subject to Subsection (10), an authorizer
2555 (a) approve a charter school governing board's proposal under Subsection (7); or
2556 (b) (i) deny a charter school governing board's proposal under Subsection (7); and
2557 (ii) (A) terminate the school's charter agreement in accordance with Section
2559 (B) allow the charter school governing board to submit a revised proposal; or
2560 (C) take no action.
2561 (9) An authorizer may not take an action under Subsection (8) for a qualifying charter
2562 school with outstanding bonds issued in accordance with Part 6, Charter School Credit
2563 Enhancement Program, without mutual agreement of the Utah Charter School Finance
2564 Authority and the authorizer.
2565 (10) (a) An authorizer that intends to transfer operation and control of a charter school
2566 as described in Subsection (7)(b) shall request approval from the [State Board of Education]
2567 state board.
2568 (b) (i) The [State Board of Education] state board shall consider an authorizer's request
2569 under Subsection (10)(a) within 30 days of receiving the request.
2570 (ii) If the [State Board of Education] state board denies an authorizer's request under
2571 Subsection (10)(a), the authorizer may not transfer operation and control of the charter school
2572 as described in Subsection (7)(b).
2573 (iii) If the [State Board of Education] state board does not take action on an authorizer's
2574 request under Subsection (10)(a) within 30 days of receiving the request, an authorizer may
2575 proceed to transfer operation and control of the charter school as described in Subsection
2576 (7)(b).
2578 53G-5-503. Termination of a charter agreement.
2579 (1) Subject to the requirements of Subsection (3), a charter school authorizer may
2580 terminate a school's charter agreement for any of the following reasons:
2581 (a) failure of the charter school to meet the requirements stated in the charter
2582 agreement;
2583 (b) failure to meet generally accepted standards of fiscal management;
2584 (c) (i) designation as a low performing school under Title 53E, Chapter 5, Part 3,
2585 School Turnaround and Leadership Development; and
2586 (ii) failure to improve the school's grade under the conditions described in Title 53E,
2587 Chapter 5, Part 3, School Turnaround and Leadership Development;
2588 (d) violation of requirements under this chapter or another law; or
2589 (e) other good cause shown.
2590 (2) (a) The authorizer shall notify the following of the proposed termination in writing,
2591 state the grounds for the termination, and stipulate that the charter school governing board may
2592 request an informal hearing before the authorizer:
2593 (i) the charter school governing board [of the charter school]; and
2594 (ii) if the charter school is a qualifying charter school with outstanding bonds issued in
2597 (b) Except as provided in Subsection (2)(e), the authorizer shall conduct the hearing in
2598 accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 4, Administrative Procedures Act, within 30 days after
2599 receiving a written request under Subsection (2)(a).
2600 (c) If the authorizer, by majority vote, approves a motion to terminate a charter school,
2601 the charter school governing board [of the charter school] may appeal the decision to the [State
2602 Board of Education] state board.
2603 (d) (i) The [State Board of Education] state board shall hear an appeal of a termination
2604 made pursuant to Subsection (2)(c).
2605 (ii) The [State Board of Education] state board's action is final action subject to judicial
2606 review.
2607 (e) (i) If the authorizer proposes to terminate the charter agreement of a qualifying
2608 charter school with outstanding bonds issued in accordance with Part 6, Charter School Credit
2609 Enhancement Program, the authorizer shall conduct a hearing described in Subsection (2)(b)
2610 120 days or more after notifying the following of the proposed termination:
2611 (A) the charter school governing board of the qualifying charter school; and
2612 (B) the Utah Charter School Finance Authority.
2613 (ii) Prior to the hearing described in Subsection (2)(e)(i), the Utah Charter School
2614 Finance Authority shall meet with the authorizer to determine whether the deficiency may be
2615 remedied in lieu of termination of the qualifying charter school's charter agreement.
2616 (3) An authorizer may not terminate the charter agreement of a qualifying charter
2620 (4) (a) [In accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act,
2621 the State Board of Education] The state board shall make rules that require a charter school to
2622 report any threats to the health, safety, or welfare of its students to the State Charter School
2623 Board in a timely manner.
2624 (b) The rules under Subsection (4)(a) shall also require the charter school report to
2625 include what steps the charter school has taken to remedy the threat.
2626 (5) Subject to the requirements of Subsection (3), the authorizer may terminate a
2627 charter agreement immediately if good cause has been shown or if the health, safety, or welfare
2628 of the students at the school is threatened.
2629 (6) If a charter agreement is terminated during a school year, the following entities may
2630 apply to the charter school's authorizer to assume operation of the school:
2631 (a) the school district where the charter school is located;
2632 (b) the charter school governing board of another charter school; or
2633 (c) a private management company.
2634 (7) (a) If a charter agreement is terminated, a student who attended the school may
2635 apply to and shall be enrolled in another public school under the enrollment provisions of
2636 Chapter 6, Part 3, School District Residency, subject to space availability.
2637 (b) Normal application deadlines shall be disregarded under Subsection (7)(a).
2639 53G-5-504. Charter school closure.
2640 (1) If a charter school is closed for any reason, including the termination of a charter
2641 agreement in accordance with Section 53G-5-503 or the conversion of a charter school to a
2642 private school, the provisions of this section apply.
2643 (2) A decision to close a charter school is made:
2644 (a) when a charter school authorizer approves a motion to terminate described in
2645 Subsection 53G-5-503(2)(c);
2646 (b) when the [State Board of Education] state board takes final action described in
2647 Subsection 53G-5-503(2)(d)(ii); or
2648 (c) when a charter school provides notice to the charter school's authorizer that the
2649 charter school is relinquishing the charter school's charter.
2650 (3) (a) No later than 10 days after the day on which a decision to close a charter school
2651 is made, the charter school shall:
2652 (i) provide notice to the following, in writing, of the decision:
2653 (A) if the charter school made the decision to close, the charter school's authorizer;
2654 (B) the State Charter School Board;
2655 (C) if the [State Board of Education] state board did not make the decision to close, the
2656 [State Board of Education] state board;
2657 (D) parents of students enrolled at the charter school;
2658 (E) the charter school's creditors;
2659 (F) the charter school's lease holders;
2660 (G) the charter school's bond issuers;
2661 (H) other entities that may have a claim to the charter school's assets;
2662 (I) the school district in which the charter school is located and other charter schools
2663 located in that school district; and
2664 (J) any other person that the charter school determines to be appropriate; and
2665 (ii) post notice of the decision on the Utah Public Notice Website, created in Section
2666 63F-1-701.
2667 (b) The notice described in Subsection (3)(a) shall include:
2668 (i) the proposed date of the charter school closure;
2669 (ii) the charter school's plans to help students identify and transition into a new school;
2671 (iii) contact information for the charter school during the transition.
2672 (4) No later than 10 days after the day on which a decision to close a charter school is
2673 made, the closing charter school shall:
2674 (a) designate a custodian for the protection of student files and school business records;
2675 (b) designate a base of operation that will be maintained throughout the charter school
2676 closing, including:
2677 (i) an office;
2678 (ii) hours of operation;
2679 (iii) operational telephone service with voice messaging stating the hours of operation;
2681 (iv) a designated individual to respond to questions or requests during the hours of
2682 operation;
2683 (c) assure that the charter school will maintain insurance coverage and risk
2684 management coverage throughout the transition to closure and for a period following closure of
2685 the charter school as specified by the charter school's authorizer;
2686 (d) assure that the charter school will complete by the set deadlines for all fiscal years
2687 in which funds are received or expended by the charter school a financial audit and any other
2688 procedure required by state board rule;
2689 (e) inventory all assets of the charter school; and
2690 (f) list all creditors of the charter school and specifically identify secured creditors and
2691 assets that are security interests.
2692 (5) The closing charter school's authorizer shall oversee the closing charter school's
2693 compliance with Subsection (4).
2694 (6) (a) A closing charter school shall return any assets remaining, after all liabilities
2695 and obligations of the closing charter school are paid or discharged, to the closing charter
2696 school's authorizer.
2697 (b) The closing charter school's authorizer shall liquidate assets at fair market value or
2698 assign the assets to another public school.
2699 (7) The closing charter school's authorizer shall oversee liquidation of assets and
2700 payment of debt in accordance with state board rule.
2701 (8) The closing charter school shall:
2702 (a) comply with all state and federal reporting requirements; and
2703 (b) submit all documentation and complete all state and federal reports required by the
2704 closing charter school's authorizer or the [State Board of Education] state board , including
2705 documents to verify the closing charter school's compliance with procedural requirements and
2706 satisfaction of all financial issues.
2707 (9) When the closing charter school's financial affairs are closed out and dissolution is
2708 complete, the authorizer shall ensure that a final audit of the charter school is completed.
2709 (10) On or before January 1, 2017, [in accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah
2710 Administrative Rulemaking Act, the State Board of Education] the state board shall, after
2711 considering suggestions from charter school authorizers, make rules that:
2712 (a) provide additional closure procedures for charter schools ; and
2713 (b) establish a charter school closure process.
2715 53G-5-505. Tort liability.
2716 (1) An employee of a charter school is a public employee and the charter school
2717 governing board is a public employer in the same manner as a local school board for purposes
2718 of tort liability.
2719 (2) The charter school governing board [of a charter school], the nonprofit corporation
2720 under which the charter school is organized and managed, and the school are solely liable for
2721 any damages resulting from a legal challenge involving the operation of the school.
2723 53G-5-602. Utah Charter School Finance Authority created -- Members --
2724 Compensation -- Services.
2725 (1) There is created a body politic and corporate known as the Utah Charter School
2726 Finance Authority. The authority is created to provide an efficient and cost-effective method of
2727 financing charter school facilities.
2728 (2) The governing board of the authority shall be composed of:
2729 (a) the governor or the governor's designee;
2730 (b) the state treasurer; and
2731 (c) the state superintendent [of public instruction] or the state superintendent's
2732 designee.
2739 (4) Upon request, the [State Board of Education] state board shall provide staff support
2740 to the authority.
2743 For purposes of this part:
2744 (1) (a) "Absence" or "absent" means, consistent with Subsection (1)(b), failure of a
2745 school-age minor assigned to a class or class period to attend the entire class or class period.
2746 (b) A school-age minor may not be considered absent under this part more than one
2747 time during one day.
2748 (2) "Habitual truant" means a school-age minor who:
2749 (a) is at least 12 years old;
2750 (b) is subject to the requirements of Section 53G-6-202; and
2751 (c) (i) is truant at least 10 times during one school year; or
2752 (ii) fails to cooperate with efforts on the part of school authorities to resolve the
2753 minor's attendance problem as required under Section 53G-6-206.
2754 (3) "Minor" means a person under the age of 18 years.
2755 (4) "Parent" includes:
2756 (a) a custodial parent of the minor;
2757 (b) a legally appointed guardian of a minor; or
2758 (c) any other person purporting to exercise any authority over the minor which could be
2759 exercised by a person described in Subsection (4)(a) or (b).
2760 (5) "School-age minor" means a minor who:
2761 (a) is at least six years old, but younger than 18 years old; and
2762 (b) is not emancipated.
2763 (6) "School year" means the period of time designated by a local school board or
2764 [local] charter school governing board as the school year for the school where the school-age
2765 minor:
2766 (a) is enrolled; or
2767 (b) should be enrolled, if the school-age minor is not enrolled in school.
2768 (7) "Truant" means absent without a valid excuse.
2769 (8) "Truant minor" means a school-age minor who:
2770 (a) is subject to the requirements of Section 53G-6-202 or 53G-6-203; and
2771 (b) is truant.
2772 (9) "Valid excuse" means:
2773 (a) an illness, which may be either mental or physical;
2774 (b) a family death;
2775 (c) an approved school activity;
2776 (d) an absence permitted by a school-age minor's:
2777 (i) individualized education program, developed pursuant to the Individuals with
2778 Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, as amended; or
2779 (ii) accommodation plan, developed pursuant to Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
2780 of 1973, as amended; or
2781 (e) any other excuse established as valid by a local school board, [local] charter school
2782 governing board, or school district.
2784 53G-6-202. Compulsory education.
2785 (1) For purposes of this section:
2786 (a) "Intentionally" is as defined in Section 76-2-103.
2787 (b) "Recklessly" is as defined in Section 76-2-103.
2788 (c) "Remainder of the school year" means the portion of the school year beginning on
2789 the day after the day on which the notice of compulsory education violation described in
2790 Subsection (3) is served and ending on the last day of the school year.
2791 (d) "School-age child" means a school-age minor under the age of 14.
2792 (2) Except as provided in Section 53G-6-204 or 53G-6-702, the parent of a school-age
2793 minor shall enroll and send the school-age minor to a public or regularly established private
2795 (3) A school administrator, a designee of a school administrator, a law enforcement
2796 officer acting as a school resource officer, or a truancy specialist may issue a notice of
2797 compulsory education violation to a parent of a school-age child if the school-age child is
2798 absent without a valid excuse at least five times during the school year.
2799 (4) The notice of compulsory education violation, described in Subsection (3):
2800 (a) shall direct the parent of the school-age child to:
2801 (i) meet with school authorities to discuss the school-age child's school attendance
2802 problems; and
2803 (ii) cooperate with the local school board, [local] charter school governing board, or
2804 school district in securing regular attendance by the school-age child;
2805 (b) shall designate the school authorities with whom the parent is required to meet;
2806 (c) shall state that it is a class B misdemeanor for the parent of the school-age child to
2807 intentionally or recklessly:
2808 (i) fail to meet with the designated school authorities to discuss the school-age child's
2809 school attendance problems; or
2810 (ii) fail to prevent the school-age child from being absent without a valid excuse five or
2811 more times during the remainder of the school year;
2812 (d) shall be served on the school-age child's parent by personal service or certified
2813 mail; and
2814 (e) may not be issued unless the school-age child has been truant at least five times
2815 during the school year.
2816 (5) It is a class B misdemeanor for a parent of a school-age minor to intentionally or
2817 recklessly fail to enroll the school-age minor in school, unless the school-age minor is exempt
2818 from enrollment under Section 53G-6-204 or 53G-6-702.
2819 (6) It is a class B misdemeanor for a parent of a school-age child to, after being served
2820 with a notice of compulsory education violation in accordance with Subsections (3) and (4),
2822 (a) fail to meet with the school authorities designated in the notice of compulsory
2823 education violation to discuss the school-age child's school attendance problems; or
2824 (b) fail to prevent the school-age child from being absent without a valid excuse five or
2825 more times during the remainder of the school year.
2826 (7) A local school board, [local] charter school governing board, or school district shall
2827 report violations of this section to the appropriate county or district attorney.
2828 (8) If school personnel have reason to believe that, after a notice of compulsory
2829 education violation is issued, the parent [or guardian] has failed to make a good faith effort to
2830 ensure that the child receives an appropriate education, the issuer of the compulsory education
2831 violation shall report to the Division of Child and Family Services:
2832 (a) identifying information of the child and the child's parent [or guardian] who
2833 received the notice of compulsory education violation;
2834 (b) information regarding the longest number of consecutive school days the
2835 school-age minor has been absent from school and the percentage of school days the child has
2836 been absent during each relevant school term;
2837 (c) whether the child has made adequate educational progress;
2838 (d) whether the requirements of Section 53G-6-206 have been met;
2839 (e) whether the child is two or more years behind the local public school's age group
2840 expectations in one or more basic skills; and
2841 (f) whether the child is receiving special education services or systematic remediation
2842 efforts.
2844 53G-6-203. Truancy -- Notice of truancy -- Failure to cooperate with school
2845 authorities.
2846 (1) Except as provided in Section 53G-6-204 or 53G-6-702, a school-age minor who is
2847 enrolled in a public school shall attend the public school in which the school-age minor is
2848 enrolled.
2849 (2) A local school board, charter school governing board, or school district may impose
2850 administrative penalties on a school-age minor in accordance with Section 53G-8-211 who is
2851 truant.
2852 (3) A local school board or charter school governing board:
2853 (a) may authorize a school administrator, a designee of a school administrator, a law
2854 enforcement officer acting as a school resource officer, or a truancy specialist to issue notices
2855 of truancy to school-age minors who are at least 12 years old; and
2856 (b) shall establish a procedure for a school-age minor, or the school-age minor's
2857 parents, to contest a notice of truancy.
2858 (4) The notice of truancy described in Subsection (3):
2859 (a) may not be issued until the school-age minor has been truant at least five times
2860 during the school year;
2861 (b) may not be issued to a school-age minor who is less than 12 years old;
2862 (c) may not be issued to a minor exempt from school attendance as provided in Section
2863 53G-6-204 or 53G-6-702;
2864 (d) shall direct the school-age minor and the parent of the school-age minor to:
2865 (i) meet with school authorities to discuss the school-age minor's truancies; and
2867 school district in securing regular attendance by the school-age minor; and
2868 (e) shall be mailed to, or served on, the school-age minor's parent.
2869 (5) Nothing in this part prohibits a local school board, charter school governing board,
2870 or school district from taking action to resolve a truancy problem with a school-age minor who
2871 has been truant less than five times, provided that the action does not conflict with the
2872 requirements of this part.
2874 53G-6-204. Minors exempt from school attendance.
2875 (1) (a) A local school board or charter school governing board may excuse a school-age
2876 minor from attendance for any of the following reasons:
2877 (i) a school-age minor over age 16 may receive a partial release from school to enter
2878 employment, or attend a trade school, if the school-age minor has completed [the eighth] grade
2879 8; or
2880 (ii) on an annual basis, a school-age minor may receive a full release from attending a
2881 public, regularly established private, or part-time school or class if:
2882 (A) the school-age minor has already completed the work required for graduation from
2883 high school, or has demonstrated mastery of required skills and competencies in accordance
2884 with Subsection 53F-2-501(1);
2885 (B) the school-age minor is in a physical or mental condition, certified by a competent
2886 physician if required by the local school board or charter school governing board, which
2887 renders attendance inexpedient and impracticable;
2888 (C) proper influences and adequate opportunities for education are provided in
2889 connection with the school-age minor's employment; or
2890 (D) the district superintendent or charter school governing board has determined that a
2891 school-age minor over the age of 16 is unable to profit from attendance at school because of
2892 inability or a continuing negative attitude toward school regulations and discipline.
2893 (b) A school-age minor receiving a partial release from school under Subsection
2894 (1)(a)(i) is required to attend:
2895 (i) school part time as prescribed by the local school board or charter school governing
2896 board; or
2897 (ii) a home school part time.
2898 (c) In each case, evidence of reasons for granting an exemption under Subsection (1)
2899 must be sufficient to satisfy the local school board or charter school governing board.
2900 (d) A local school board or charter school governing board that excuses a school-age
2901 minor from attendance as provided by this Subsection (1) shall issue a certificate that the minor
2902 is excused from attendance during the time specified on the certificate.
2903 (2) (a) A local school board shall excuse a school-age minor from attendance, if the
2904 school-age minor's parent files a signed and notarized affidavit with the school-age minor's
2905 school district of residence, as defined in Section 53G-6-302, that:
2906 (i) the school-age minor will attend a home school; and
2907 (ii) the parent assumes sole responsibility for the education of the school-age minor,
2908 except to the extent the school-age minor is dual enrolled in a public school as provided in
2910 (b) A signed and notarized affidavit filed in accordance with Subsection (2)(a) shall
2911 remain in effect as long as:
2912 (i) the school-age minor attends a home school; and
2913 (ii) the school district where the affidavit was filed remains the school-age minor's
2914 district of residence.
2915 (c) A parent of a school-age minor who attends a home school is solely responsible for:
2916 (i) the selection of instructional materials and textbooks;
2917 (ii) the time, place, and method of instruction; and
2918 (iii) the evaluation of the home school instruction.
2919 (d) A local school board may not:
2920 (i) require a parent of a school-age minor who attends a home school to maintain
2921 records of instruction or attendance;
2922 (ii) require credentials for individuals providing home school instruction;
2923 (iii) inspect home school facilities; or
2924 (iv) require standardized or other testing of home school students.
2925 (e) Upon the request of a parent, a local school board shall identify the knowledge,
2926 skills, and competencies a student is recommended to attain by grade level and subject area to
2927 assist the parent in achieving college and career readiness through home schooling.
2928 (f) A local school board that excuses a school-age minor from attendance as provided
2929 by this Subsection (2) shall annually issue a certificate stating that the school-age minor is
2930 excused from attendance for the specified school year.
2931 (g) A local school board shall issue a certificate excusing a school-age minor from
2932 attendance:
2933 (i) within 30 days after receipt of a signed and notarized affidavit filed by the
2934 school-age minor's parent pursuant to this Subsection (2); and
2935 (ii) on or before August 1 each year thereafter unless:
2936 (A) the school-age minor enrolls in a school within the school district;
2937 (B) the school-age minor's parent [or guardian] notifies the school district that the
2938 school-age minor no longer attends a home school; or
2939 (C) the school-age minor's parent [or guardian] notifies the school district that the
2940 school-age minor's school district of residence has changed.
2941 (3) A parent who files a signed and notarized affidavit as provided in Subsection (2)(a)
2942 is exempt from the application of Subsections 53G-6-202(2), (5), and (6).
2943 (4) Nothing in this section may be construed to prohibit or discourage voluntary
2944 cooperation, resource sharing, or testing opportunities between a school or school district and a
2945 parent [or guardian] of a minor attending a home school.
2947 53G-6-205. Preapproval of extended absence.
2948 In determining whether to preapprove an extended absence of a school-age minor as a
2949 valid excuse under Subsection 53G-6-201(9)(e), a local school board, [local] charter school
2950 governing board, or school district shall approve the absence if the local school board, [local]
2951 charter school governing board, or school district determines that the extended absence will not
2952 adversely impact the school-age minor's education.
2954 53G-6-206. Duties of a local school board, charter school governing board, or
2955 school district in resolving attendance problems -- Parental involvement -- Liability not
2956 imposed.
2957 (1) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (1)(b), a local school board, [local] charter
2958 school governing board, or school district shall make efforts to resolve the school attendance
2959 problems of each school-age minor who is, or should be, enrolled in the school district.
2960 (b) A minor exempt from school attendance under Section 53G-6-204 or 53G-6-702 is
2961 not considered to be a minor who is or should be enrolled in a school district or charter school
2962 under Subsection (1)(a).
2963 (2) The efforts described in Subsection (1) shall include, as reasonably feasible:
2964 (a) counseling of the minor by school authorities;
2965 (b) issuing a notice of truancy to a school-age minor who is at least 12 years old, in
2966 accordance with Section 53G-6-203;
2967 (c) issuing a notice of compulsory education violation to a parent of a school-age child,
2968 in accordance with Section 53G-6-202;
2969 (d) making any necessary adjustment to the curriculum and schedule to meet special
2970 needs of the minor;
2971 (e) considering alternatives proposed by a parent;
2972 (f) monitoring school attendance of the minor;
2973 (g) voluntary participation in truancy mediation, if available; and
2974 (h) providing a school-age minor's parent, upon request, with a list of resources
2975 available to assist the parent in resolving the school-age minor's attendance problems.
2976 (3) In addition to the efforts described in Subsection (2), the local school board, [local]
2977 charter school governing board, or school district may enlist the assistance of community and
2978 law enforcement agencies as appropriate and reasonably feasible in accordance with Section
2980 (4) This section does not impose civil liability on boards of education, local school
2981 boards, [local] charter school governing boards, school districts, or their employees.
2982 (5) Proceedings initiated under this part do not obligate or preclude action by the
2983 Division of Child and Family Services under Section 78A-6-319.
2985 53G-6-207. Truancy specialists.
2986 A local school board or [local] charter school governing board may appoint and fix the
2987 compensation of a truancy specialist to assist in enforcing laws related to school attendance and
2988 to perform other duties prescribed by law or the state board.
2990 53G-6-208. Taking custody of a person believed to be a truant minor --
2991 Disposition -- Reports -- Immunity from liability.
2992 (1) A peace officer or public school administrator may take a minor into temporary
2993 custody if there is reason to believe the minor is a truant minor.
2994 (2) An individual taking a school-age minor into custody under Subsection (1) shall,
2995 without unnecessary delay, release the minor to:
2996 (a) the principal of the minor's school;
2997 (b) a person who has been designated by the local school board or [local] charter
2998 school governing board to receive and return the minor to school; or
2999 (c) a truancy center established under Subsection (5).
3000 (3) If the minor refuses to return to school or go to the truancy center, the officer or
3001 administrator shall, without unnecessary delay, notify the minor's parents and release the minor
3002 to their custody.
3003 (4) If the parents cannot be reached or are unable or unwilling to accept custody and
3004 none of the options in Subsection (2) are available, the minor shall be referred to the Division
3005 of Child and Family Services.
3006 (5) (a) A local school board or [local] charter school governing board, singly or jointly
3007 with another school board, may establish or designate truancy centers within existing school
3008 buildings and staff the centers with existing teachers or staff to provide educational guidance
3009 and counseling for truant minors. Upon receipt of a truant minor, the center shall, without
3010 unnecessary delay, notify and direct the minor's parents to come to the center, pick up the
3011 minor, and return the minor to the school in which the minor is enrolled.
3012 (b) If the parents cannot be reached or are unable or unwilling to comply with the
3013 request within a reasonable time, the center shall take such steps as are reasonably necessary to
3014 insure the safety and well being of the minor, including, when appropriate, returning the minor
3015 to school or referring the minor to the Division of Child and Family Services. A minor taken
3016 into custody under this section may not be placed in a detention center or other secure
3017 confinement facility.
3018 (6) Action taken under this section shall be reported to the appropriate school district.
3019 The district shall promptly notify the minor's parents of the action taken.
3020 (7) The Utah Governmental Immunity Act applies to all actions taken under this
3021 section.
3022 (8) Nothing in this section may be construed to grant authority to a public school
3023 administrator to place a minor in the custody of the Division of Child and Family Services,
3024 without complying with Title 62A, Chapter 4a, Part 2, Child Welfare Services, and Title 78A,
3025 Chapter 6, Part 3, Abuse, Neglect, and Dependency Proceedings.
3027 53G-6-209. Truancy support centers.
3028 (1) A school district may establish one or more truancy support centers for:
3029 (a) truant minors taken into custody under Section 53G-6-208; or
3030 (b) students suspended or expelled from school.
3031 (2) A truancy support center shall provide services to the truant minor and the truant
3032 minor's family, including:
3033 (a) assessments of the truant minor's needs and abilities;
3034 (b) support for the parents and truant minor through counseling and community
3035 programs; and
3036 (c) tutoring for the truant minor during the time spent at the center.
3037 (3) For the suspended or expelled student, the truancy support center shall provide an
3038 educational setting, staffed with certified teachers and aides, to provide the student with
3039 ongoing educational programming appropriate to the student's grade level.
3040 (4) In a district with a truancy support center, all students suspended or expelled from
3041 school shall be referred to the center. A parent [or guardian] shall appear with the student at
3042 the center within 48 hours of the suspension or expulsion, not including weekends or holidays.
3043 The student shall register and attend classes at the truancy support center for the duration of the
3044 suspension or expulsion unless the parent [or guardian] demonstrates that alternative
3045 arrangements have been made for the education or supervision of the student during the time of
3046 suspension or expulsion.
3047 (5) The truancy support center may provide counseling and other support programming
3048 for students suspended or expelled from school and their parents [or guardian].
3050 53G-6-302. Child's school district of residence -- Determination -- Responsibility
3051 for providing educational services.
3053 (a) "Health care facility" means the same as that term is defined in Section 26-21-2.
3054 (b) "Human services program" means the same as that term is defined in Section
3056 (2) The school district of residence of a minor child whose custodial parent [or legal
3057 guardian] resides within Utah is:
3058 (a) the school district in which the custodial parent [or legal guardian] resides; or
3059 (b) the school district in which the child resides:
3060 (i) while in the custody or under the supervision of a Utah state agency;
3061 (ii) while under the supervision of a private or public agency which is in compliance
3062 with Section 62A-4a-606 and is authorized to provide child placement services by the state;
3063 (iii) while living with a responsible adult resident of the district, if a determination has
3064 been made in accordance with rules made by the [State Board of Education in accordance with
3065 Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act,] state board that:
3066 (A) the child's physical, mental, moral, or emotional health will best be served by
3067 considering the child to be a resident for school purposes;
3068 (B) exigent circumstances exist that do not permit the case to be appropriately
3069 addressed under Section 53G-6-402; and
3070 (C) considering the child to be a resident of the district under this Subsection (2)(b)(iii)
3071 does not violate any other law or rule of the [State Board of Education] state board;
3072 (iv) while the child is receiving services from a health care facility or human services
3073 program, if a determination has been made in accordance with rules made by the [State Board
3074 of Education in accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act,]
3075 state board that:
3080 (C) considering the child to be a resident of the district under this Subsection (2)(b)(iv)
3081 does not violate any other law or rule of the [State Board of Education] state board; or
3082 (v) if the child is married or has been determined to be an emancipated minor by a
3083 court of law or by a state administrative agency authorized to make that determination.
3084 (3) A minor child whose custodial parent [or legal guardian] does not reside in the state
3085 is considered to be a resident of the district in which the child lives, unless that designation
3086 violates any other law or rule of the [State Board of Education] state board, if:
3087 (a) the child is married or an emancipated minor under Subsection (2)(b)(v);
3088 (b) the child lives with a resident of the district who is a responsible adult and whom
3089 the district agrees to designate as the child's legal guardian under Section 53G-6-303;
3090 (c) if permissible under policies adopted by a local school board, it is established to the
3091 satisfaction of the local school board that:
3092 (i) the child lives with a responsible adult who is a resident of the district and is the
3093 child's noncustodial parent, grandparent, brother, sister, uncle, or aunt;
3094 (ii) the child's presence in the district is not for the primary purpose of attending the
3095 public schools;
3096 (iii) the child's physical, mental, moral, or emotional health will best be served by
3097 considering the child to be a resident for school purposes; and
3098 (iv) the child is prepared to abide by the [rules and] policies of the school and school
3099 district in which attendance is sought; or
3100 (d) it is established to the satisfaction of the local school board that:
3101 (i) the child's parent [or guardian] moves from the state;
3102 (ii) the child's parent [or guardian] executes a power of attorney under Section
3103 75-5-103 that:
3104 (A) meets the requirements of Subsection (4); and
3105 (B) delegates powers regarding care, custody, or property, including schooling, to a
3106 responsible adult with whom the child resides;
3107 (iii) the responsible adult described in Subsection (3)(d)(ii)(B) is a resident of the
3108 district;
3109 (iv) the child's physical, mental, moral, or emotional health will best be served by
3111 (v) the child is prepared to abide by the [rules and] policies of the school and school
3112 district in which attendance is sought; and
3113 (vi) the child's attendance in the school will not be detrimental to the school or school
3115 (4) (a) If admission is sought under Subsection (2)(b)(iii), (3)(c), or (3)(d), then the
3116 district may require the person with whom the child lives to be designated as the child's
3117 custodian in a durable power of attorney, issued by the party who has legal custody of the child,
3118 granting the custodian full authority to take any appropriate action, including authorization for
3119 educational or medical services, in the interests of the child.
3120 (b) Both the party granting and the party empowered by the power of attorney shall
3121 agree to:
3122 (i) assume responsibility for any fees or other charges relating to the child's education
3123 in the district; and
3124 (ii) if eligibility for fee waivers is claimed under Section 53G-7-504, provide the
3125 school district with all financial information requested by the district for purposes of
3126 determining eligibility for fee waivers.
3127 (c) Notwithstanding Section 75-5-103, a power of attorney meeting the requirements of
3128 this section and accepted by the school district shall remain in force until the earliest of the
3129 following occurs:
3130 (i) the child reaches the age of 18, marries, or becomes emancipated;
3131 (ii) the expiration date stated in the document; or
3132 (iii) the power of attorney is revoked or rendered inoperative by the grantor or grantee,
3133 or by order of a court of competent jurisdiction.
3134 (5) A power of attorney does not confer legal guardianship.
3135 (6) Each school district is responsible for providing educational services for all
3136 children of school age who are residents of the district.
3138 53G-6-303. Guardianship for residency purposes by responsible adult --
3139 Procedure to obtain -- Termination.
3140 (1) For purposes of this part, "responsible adult" means a person 21 years of age or
3141 older who is a resident of this state and is willing and able to provide reasonably adequate food,
3142 clothing, shelter, and supervision for a minor child.
3143 (2) A local school board [of education] may adopt a policy permitting it to designate a
3144 responsible adult residing in the school district as legal guardian of a child whose custodial
3145 parent [or legal guardian] does not reside within the state upon compliance with the following
3147 (a) submission to the school district of a signed and notarized affidavit by the child's
3148 custodial parent [or legal guardian] stating that:
3149 (i) the child's presence in the district is not for the primary purpose of attending the
3151 (ii) the child's physical, mental, moral, or emotional health would best be served by a
3152 transfer of guardianship to the Utah resident;
3153 (iii) the affiant is aware that designation of a guardian under this section is equivalent
3154 to a court-ordered guardianship under Section 75-5-206 and will suspend or terminate any
3155 existing parental or guardianship rights in the same manner as would occur under a
3156 court-ordered guardianship;
3157 (iv) the affiant consents and submits to any such suspension or termination of parental
3158 or guardianship rights;
3159 (v) the affiant consents and submits to the jurisdiction of the state district court in
3160 which the school district is located in any action relating to the guardianship or custody of the
3161 child in question;
3162 (vi) the affiant designates a named responsible adult as agent, authorized to accept
3163 service on behalf of the affiant of any process, notice, or demand required or permitted to be
3164 served in connection with any action under Subsection (2)(a)(v); and
3165 (vii) it is the affiant's intent that the child become a permanent resident of the state and
3166 reside with and be under the supervision of the named responsible adult;
3167 (b) submission to the school district of a signed and notarized affidavit by the
3168 responsible adult stating that:
3169 (i) the affiant is a resident of the school district and desires to become the guardian of
3170 the child;
3171 (ii) the affiant consents and submits to the jurisdiction of the state district court in
3174 (iii) the affiant will accept the responsibilities of guardianship for the duration,
3175 including the responsibility to provide adequate supervision, discipline, food, shelter,
3176 educational and emotional support, and medical care for the child if designated as the child's
3177 guardian; and
3178 (iv) the affiant accepts the designation as agent under Subsection (2)(a)(vi);
3179 (c) submission to the school district of a signed and notarized affidavit by the child
3180 stating that:
3181 (i) the child desires to become a permanent resident of Utah and reside with and be
3182 responsible to the named responsible adult; and
3183 (ii) the child will abide by all applicable [rules] policies of any public school which the
3184 child may attend after guardianship is awarded; and
3185 (d) if the child's custodial parent [or legal guardian] cannot be found in order to execute
3186 the statement required under Subsection (2)(a), the responsible adult must submit an affidavit
3187 to that effect to the district. The district shall also submit a copy of the statement to the
3188 Criminal Investigations and Technical Services Division of the Department of Public Safety,
3189 established in Section 53-10-103.
3190 (3) The district may require the responsible adult, in addition to the documents set forth
3191 in Subsection (2), to also submit any other documents which are relevant to the appointment of
3192 a guardian of a minor or which the district reasonably believes to be necessary in connection
3193 with a given application to substantiate any claim or assertion made in connection with the
3194 application for guardianship.
3195 (4) Upon receipt of the information and documentation required under Subsections (2)
3196 and (3), and a determination by the local school board that the information is accurate, that the
3197 requirements of this section have been met, and that the interests of the child would best be
3198 served by granting the requested guardianship, the local school board or its authorized
3199 representative may designate the applicant as guardian of the child by issuing a designation of
3200 guardianship letter to the applicant.
3201 (5) (a) If a local school board has adopted a policy permitting the local school board to
3202 designate a guardian under this section, a denial of an application for appointment of a
3203 guardian may be appealed to the district court in which the school district is located.
3204 (b) The court shall uphold the decision of the local school board unless it finds, by
3205 clear and convincing evidence, that the local school board's decision was arbitrary and
3206 capricious.
3207 (c) An applicant may, rather than appealing the local school board's decision under
3208 Subsection (5)(b), file an original Petition for Appointment of Guardian with the district court,
3209 which action shall proceed as if no decision had been made by the local school board.
3210 (6) A responsible adult obtaining guardianship under this section has the same rights,
3211 authority, and responsibilities as a guardian appointed under Section 75-5-201.
3212 (7) (a) The school district shall deliver the original documents filed with the school
3213 district, together with a copy of the designation of guardianship issued by the district, in person
3214 or by any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to the clerk of the state district court in which
3215 the school district is located.
3216 (b) The court may not charge the school district a fee for filing guardianship papers
3217 under this section.
3218 (8) (a) The authority and responsibility of a custodial parent [or legal guardian]
3219 submitting an affidavit under this section may be restored by the district, and the guardianship
3220 obtained under this section terminated by the district:
3221 (i) upon submission to the school district in which the guardianship was obtained of a
3222 signed and notarized statement by the person who consented to guardianship under Subsection
3223 (2)(a) requesting termination of the guardianship; or
3224 (ii) by the person accepting guardianship under Subsection (2)(b) requesting the
3225 termination of the guardianship.
3226 (b) If the school district determines that it would not be in the best interests of the child
3227 to terminate the guardianship, the district may refer the request for termination to the state
3228 district court in which the documents were filed under Subsection (5) for further action
3229 consistent with the interests of the child.
3230 (9) The school district shall retain copies of all documents required by this section
3231 until the child in question has reached the age of 18 unless directed to surrender the documents
3232 by a court of competent jurisdiction.
3233 (10) (a) Intentional submission to a school district of fraudulent or misleading
3234 information under this part is punishable under Section 76-8-504.
3235 (b) A school district which has reason to believe that a party has intentionally
3236 submitted false or misleading information under this part may, after notice and opportunity for
3237 the party to respond to the allegation:
3238 (i) void any guardianship, authorization, or action which was based upon the false or
3239 misleading information; and
3240 (ii) recover, from the party submitting the information, the full cost of any benefits
3241 received by the child on the basis of the false or misleading information, including tuition, fees,
3242 and other unpaid school charges, together with any related costs of recovery.
3243 (c) A student whose guardianship or enrollment has been terminated under this section
3244 may, upon payment of all applicable tuition and fees, continue in enrollment until the end of
3245 the school year unless excluded from attendance for cause.
3247 53G-6-305. District paying tuition -- Effect on state aid.
3248 (1) A local school board may by written agreement pay the tuition of a child attending
3249 school in a district outside the state. Both districts shall approve the agreement and file it with
3251 (2) The average daily membership of the child may be added to that of other eligible
3252 children attending schools within the district of residence for the purpose of apportionment of
3253 state funds.
3254 (3) (a) The district of residence shall bear any excess tuition costs over the state's
3255 contribution for attendance in the district of residence unless otherwise approved in advance by
3257 (b) (i) If a child who resides in a Utah school district's boundaries attends school in a
3258 neighboring state under this section, the [State Board of Education] state board may make an
3259 out-of-state tuition payment to the Utah school district of residence.
3260 (ii) If the [State Board of Education] state board approves the use of state funds for an
3261 out-of-state tuition payment described in Subsection (3)(b)(i), the [State Board of Education]
3262 state board shall use funds appropriated by the Legislature for necessarily existent small
3263 schools as described in Section 53F-2-304.
3265 53G-6-306. Permitting attendance by nonresident of the state -- Tuition.
3266 (1) A local school board may permit a child residing outside the state to attend school
3267 within the district. With the exception of a child enrolled under Section 53G-6-707, the child
3268 is not included for the purpose of apportionment of state funds.
3269 (2) The local school board shall charge the nonresident child tuition at least equal to
3270 the per capita cost of the school program in which the child enrolls unless the local school
3271 board, in open meeting, determines to waive the charge for that child in whole or in part. The
3272 official minutes of the meeting shall reflect the determination.
3275 As used in Sections 53G-6-402 through 53G-6-407:
3276 (1) "Early enrollment" means:
3277 (a) except as provided in Subsection (1)(b), application prior to the third Friday in
3278 February for admission for the next school year to a school that is not a student's school of
3279 residence; and
3280 (b) application prior to November 1 for admission for the next school year to a school
3281 that is not a student's school of residence if:
3282 (i) the school district is doing a district wide grade reconfiguration of its elementary,
3283 middle, junior, and senior high schools; and
3284 (ii) the grade reconfiguration described in Subsection (1)(b)(i) will be implemented in
3285 the next school year.
3286 (2) (a) "Early enrollment school capacity" or "maximum capacity" means the total
3287 number of students who could be served in a school building if each of the building's
3288 instructional stations were to have the enrollment specified in Subsection (2)(b).
3289 (b) (i) Except as provided in Subsection (2)(b)(ii):
3290 (A) for an elementary school, an instructional station shall have an enrollment at least
3291 equal to the school district's average class size for the corresponding grade; and
3292 (B) for a middle, junior, or senior high school, an instructional station shall have an
3293 enrollment at least equal to the district's average class size for similar classes.
3294 (ii) (A) A local school board shall determine the instructional station capacity for
3295 laboratories, physical education facilities, shops, study halls, self-contained special education
3296 classrooms, facilities jointly financed by the school district and another community agency for
3297 joint use, and similar rooms.
3298 (B) Capacity for self-contained special education classrooms shall be based upon
3299 students per class as defined by [State Board of Education] state board and federal special
3300 education standards.
3301 (3) (a) "Instructional station" means a classroom, laboratory, shop, study hall, or
3302 physical education facility to which a local school board [of education] could reasonably assign
3303 a class, teacher, or program during a given class period.
3304 (b) More than one instructional station may be assigned to a classroom, laboratory,
3305 shop, study hall, or physical education facility during a class period.
3306 (4) "Late enrollment" means application:
3307 (a) after the third Friday in February for admission for the next school year to a school
3308 that is not the student's school of residence; or
3309 (b) for admission for the current year to a school that is not the student's school of
3310 residence.
3311 (5) (a) "Late enrollment school capacity" or "adjusted capacity" means the total number
3312 of students who could be served in a school if each teacher were to have the class size specified
3313 in Subsection (5)(b).
3314 (b) (i) An elementary school teacher shall have a class size at least equal to the district's
3315 average class size for the corresponding grade.
3316 (ii) A middle, junior, or senior high school teacher shall have a class size at least equal
3317 to the district's average class size for similar classes.
3318 (6) "Nonresident student" means a student who lives outside the boundaries of the
3319 school attendance area.
3320 (7) "Open enrollment threshold" means:
3321 (a) for early enrollment, a projected school enrollment level that is the greater of:
3322 (i) 90% of the maximum capacity; or
3323 (ii) maximum capacity minus 40 students; and
3324 (b) for late enrollment, actual school enrollment that is the greater of:
3325 (i) 90% of adjusted capacity; or
3326 (ii) adjusted capacity minus 40 students.
3327 (8) "Projected school enrollment" means the current year enrollment of a school as of
3328 October 1, adjusted for projected growth for the next school year.
3329 (9) "School attendance area" means an area established by a local school board from
3330 which students are assigned to attend a certain school.
3331 (10) "School of residence" means the school to which a student is assigned to attend
3332 based on the student's place of residence.
3334 53G-6-402. Open enrollment options -- Procedures -- Processing fee -- Continuing
3335 enrollment.
3336 (1) Each local school board is responsible for providing educational services consistent
3337 with Utah state law and rules of the [State Board of Education] state board for each student
3338 who resides in the district and, as provided in this section through Section 53G-6-407 and to
3339 the extent reasonably feasible, for any student who resides in another district in the state and
3340 desires to attend a school in the district.
3341 (2) (a) A school is open for enrollment of nonresident students if the enrollment level
3342 is at or below the open enrollment threshold.
3343 (b) If a school's enrollment falls below the open enrollment threshold, the local school
3344 board shall allow a nonresident student to enroll in the school.
3345 (3) A local school board may allow enrollment of nonresident students in a school that
3346 is operating above the open enrollment threshold.
3347 (4) (a) A local school board shall adopt policies describing procedures for nonresident
3348 students to follow in applying for entry into the district's schools.
3349 (b) Those procedures shall provide, as a minimum, for:
3350 (i) distribution to interested parties of information about the school or school district
3351 and how to apply for admission;
3352 (ii) use of standard application forms prescribed by the [State Board of Education] state
3354 (iii) (A) submission of applications from December 1 through the third Friday in
3355 February by those seeking admission during the early enrollment period for the following year;
3357 (B) submission of applications from August 1 through November 1 by those seeking
3358 admission during the early enrollment period for the following year in a school district
3359 described in Subsection 53G-6-401(1)(b);
3360 (iv) submission of applications by those seeking admission during the late enrollment
3361 period;
3362 (v) written notification to the student's parent [or legal guardian] of acceptance or
3363 rejection of an application:
3364 (A) within six weeks after receipt of the application by the district or by March 31,
3365 whichever is later, for applications submitted during the early enrollment period;
3366 (B) within two weeks after receipt of the application by the district or by the Friday
3367 before the new school year begins, whichever is later, for applications submitted during the late
3368 enrollment period for admission in the next school year; and
3369 (C) within two weeks after receipt of the application by the district, for applications
3370 submitted during the late enrollment period for admission in the current year;
3371 (vi) written notification to the resident school for intradistrict transfers or the resident
3372 district for interdistrict transfers upon acceptance of a nonresident student for enrollment; and
3373 (vii) written notification to the parents [or legal guardians] of each student that resides
3374 within the school district and other interested parties of the revised early enrollment period
3375 described in Subsection 53G-6-401(1)(b) if:
3376 (A) the school district is doing a district wide grade reconfiguration of its elementary,
3378 (B) the grade reconfiguration described in Subsection (4)(b)(vii)(A) will be
3379 implemented in the next school year.
3380 (c) (i) Notwithstanding the dates established in Subsection (4)(b) for submitting
3381 applications and notifying parents of acceptance or rejection of an application, a local school
3382 board may delay the dates if a local school board is not able to make a reasonably accurate
3383 projection of the early enrollment school capacity or late enrollment school capacity of a school
3384 due to:
3385 (A) school construction or remodeling;
3386 (B) drawing or revision of school boundaries; or
3387 (C) other circumstances beyond the control of the local school board.
3388 (ii) The delay may extend no later than four weeks beyond the date the local school
3389 board is able to make a reasonably accurate projection of the early enrollment school capacity
3390 or late enrollment school capacity of a school.
3391 (5) A school district may charge a one-time $5 processing fee, to be paid at the time of
3393 (6) An enrolled nonresident student shall be permitted to remain enrolled in a school,
3394 subject to the same rules and standards as resident students, without renewed applications in
3395 subsequent years unless one of the following occurs:
3396 (a) the student graduates;
3397 (b) the student is no longer a Utah resident;
3398 (c) the student is suspended or expelled from school; or
3399 (d) the district determines that enrollment within the school will exceed the school's
3400 open enrollment threshold.
3401 (7) (a) Determination of which nonresident students will be excluded from continued
3402 enrollment in a school during a subsequent year under Subsection (6)(d) is based upon time in
3403 the school, with those most recently enrolled being excluded first and the use of a lottery
3404 system when multiple nonresident students have the same number of school days in the school.
3405 (b) Nonresident students who will not be permitted to continue their enrollment shall
3406 be notified no later than March 15 of the current school year.
3407 (8) The parent [or guardian] of a student enrolled in a school that is not the student's
3408 school of residence may withdraw the student from that school for enrollment in another public
3409 school by submitting notice of intent to enroll the student in:
3410 (a) the district of residence; or
3411 (b) another nonresident district.
3412 (9) Unless provisions have previously been made for enrollment in another school, a
3413 nonresident district releasing a student from enrollment shall immediately notify the district of
3414 residence, which shall enroll the student in the resident district and take such additional steps
3415 as may be necessary to ensure compliance with laws governing school attendance.
3416 (10) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (10)(c), a student who transfers between
3417 schools, whether effective on the first day of the school year or after the school year has begun,
3418 by exercising an open enrollment option under this section may not transfer to a different
3419 school during the same school year by exercising an open enrollment option under this section.
3420 (b) The restriction on transfers specified in Subsection (10)(a) does not apply to a
3421 student transfer made for health or safety reasons.
3422 (c) A local school board may adopt a policy allowing a student to exercise an open
3423 enrollment option more than once in a school year.
3424 (11) Notwithstanding Subsections (2) and (6)(d), a student who is enrolled in a school
3425 that is not the student's school of residence, because school bus service is not provided between
3426 the student's neighborhood and school of residence for safety reasons:
3427 (a) shall be allowed to continue to attend the school until the student finishes the
3428 highest grade level offered; and
3429 (b) shall be allowed to attend the middle school, junior high school, or high school into
3430 which the school's students feed until the student graduates from high school.
3431 (12) Notwithstanding any other provision of this part or Part 3, School District
3432 Residency, a student shall be allowed to enroll in any charter school or other public school in
3433 any district, including a district where the student does not reside, if the enrollment is
3434 necessary, as determined by the Division of Child and Family Services, to comply with the
3435 provisions of 42 U.S.C. Section 675.
3437 53G-6-403. Policies for acceptance and rejection of applications.
3438 (1) (a) A local school board shall adopt [rules] policies governing acceptance and
3439 rejection of applications required under Section 53G-6-402.
3440 (b) The [rules] policies adopted under Subsection (1)(a) shall include policies and
3441 procedures to assure that decisions regarding enrollment requests are administered fairly
3442 without prejudice to any student or class of student, except as provided in Subsection (2).
3443 (2) Standards for accepting or rejecting an application for enrollment may include:
3444 (a) for an elementary school, the capacity of the grade level;
3445 (b) for a secondary school, the capacity of a comprehensive program;
3446 (c) maintenance of heterogeneous student populations if necessary to avoid violation of
3447 constitutional or statutory rights of students;
3448 (d) not offering, or having capacity in, an elementary or secondary special education or
3449 other special program the student requires;
3450 (e) maintenance of reduced class sizes:
3451 (i) in a Title I school that uses federal, state, and local money to reduce class sizes for
3452 the purpose of improving student achievement; or
3453 (ii) in a school that uses school trust money to reduce class size;
3454 (f) willingness of prospective students to comply with district policies; and
3455 (g) giving priority to intradistrict transfers over interdistrict transfers.
3456 (3) (a) Standards for accepting or rejecting applications for enrollment may not
3457 include:
3458 (i) previous academic achievement;
3459 (ii) athletic or other extracurricular ability;
3460 (iii) the fact that the student requires special education services for which space is
3461 available;
3462 (iv) proficiency in the English language; or
3463 (v) previous disciplinary proceedings, except as provided in Subsection (3)(b).
3464 (b) A local school board may provide for the denial of applications from students who:
3465 (i) have committed serious infractions of the law or school [rules] policies, including
3466 [rules] policies of the district in which enrollment is sought; or
3467 (ii) have been guilty of chronic misbehavior which would, if it were to continue after
3468 the student was admitted:
3469 (A) endanger persons or property;
3470 (B) cause serious disruptions in the school; or
3471 (C) place unreasonable burdens on school staff.
3472 (c) A local school board may also provide for provisional enrollment of students with
3473 prior behavior problems, establishing conditions under which enrollment of a nonresident
3474 student would be permitted or continued.
3475 (4) (a) The [State Board of Education] state board, in consultation with the Utah High
3476 School Activities Association, shall establish policies regarding nonresident student
3477 participation in interscholastic competition.
3478 (b) Nonresident students shall be eligible for extracurricular activities at a public
3479 school consistent with eligibility standards as applied to students that reside within the school
3480 attendance area, except as provided by policies established under Subsection (4)(a).
3481 (5) For each school in the district, the local school board shall post on the school
3482 district's website:
3483 (a) the school's maximum capacity;
3484 (b) the school's adjusted capacity;
3485 (c) the school's projected enrollment used in the calculation of the open enrollment
3486 threshold;
3487 (d) actual enrollment on October 1, January 2, and April 1;
3488 (e) the number of nonresident student enrollment requests;
3489 (f) the number of nonresident student enrollment requests accepted; and
3490 (g) the number of resident students transferring to another school.
3492 53G-6-404. Denial of enrollment -- Appeal.
3493 (1) Denial of initial or continuing enrollment in a nonresident school may be appealed
3494 to the local school board [of education] of the nonresident district.
3495 (2) The decision of the local school board shall be upheld in any subsequent
3496 proceedings unless the local school board's decision is found, by clear and convincing
3497 evidence, to be in violation of applicable law or regulation, or to be arbitrary and capricious.
3499 53G-6-405. Funding.
3500 (1) A student who enrolls in a nonresident district is considered a resident of that
3501 district for purposes of state funding.
3502 (2) The [State Board of Education] state board shall adopt rules providing that:
3503 (a) the resident district pay the nonresident district, for each of the resident district's
3504 students who enroll in the nonresident district, 1/2 of the amount by which the resident
3505 district's per student expenditure exceeds the value of the state's contribution; and
3506 (b) if a student is enrolled in a nonresident district for less than a full year, the resident
3507 district shall pay a portion of the amount specified in Subsection (2)(a) based on the percentage
3508 of school days the student is enrolled in the nonresident district.
3509 (3) (a) Except as provided in this Subsection (3), the parent [or guardian] of a
3510 nonresident student shall arrange for the student's own transportation to and from school.
3511 (b) The [State Board of Education] state board may adopt rules under which
3512 nonresident students may be transported to their schools of attendance if:
3513 (i) the transportation of students to schools in other districts would relieve
3514 overcrowding or other serious problems in the district of residence and the costs of
3515 transportation are not excessive; or
3516 (ii) the Legislature has granted an adequate specific appropriation for that purpose.
3517 (c) A receiving district shall provide transportation for a nonresident student on the
3518 basis of available space on an approved route within the district to the school of attendance if
3519 district students would be eligible for transportation to the same school from that point on the
3520 bus route and the student's presence does not increase the cost of the bus route.
3521 (d) Nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting the resident district or the
3522 receiving district from providing bus transportation on any approved route.
3523 (e) Except as provided in Subsection (3)(b), the district of residence may not claim any
3524 state transportation costs for students enrolled in other school districts.
3526 53G-6-406. Graduation credits.
3527 (1) A nonresident district shall accept credits toward graduation that were awarded by a
3528 school accredited or approved by the [State Board of Education] state board or a regional
3529 accrediting body recognized by the U.S. Department of Education.
3530 (2) A nonresident district shall award a diploma to a nonresident student attending
3531 school within the district during the semester immediately preceding graduation if the student
3532 meets graduation requirements generally applicable to students in the school.
3533 (3) A district may not require that a student attend school within the district for more
3534 than one semester prior to graduation in order to receive a diploma.
3536 53G-6-407. Intradistrict transfers for students impacted by boundary changes --
3537 Transportation of students who transfer within a district.
3538 (1) (a) In adjusting school boundaries, a local school board shall strive to avoid
3539 requiring current students to change schools and shall, to the extent reasonably feasible,
3540 accommodate parents who wish to avoid having their children attend different schools of the
3541 same level because of boundary changes which occur after one or more children in the family
3542 begin attending one of the affected schools.
3543 (b) In granting interdistrict and intradistrict transfers to a particular school, the local
3544 school board shall take into consideration the fact that an applicant's brother or sister is
3545 attending the school or another school within the district.
3546 (2) (a) A district shall receive transportation money under Sections 53F-2-402 and
3547 53F-2-403 for resident students who enroll in schools other than the regularly assigned school
3548 on the basis of the distance from the student's residence to the school the student would have
3549 attended had the intradistrict attendance option not been used.
3550 (b) The parent [or guardian] of the student shall arrange for the student's transportation
3551 to and from school, except that the district shall provide transportation on the basis of available
3552 space on an approved route within the district to the school of the student's attendance if the
3553 student would be otherwise eligible for transportation to the same school from that point on the
3557 As used in this part:
3558 (1) "Asset" means the same as that term is defined in Section 53G-5-102.
3559 (2) "Board of trustees of a higher education institution" or "board of trustees" means
3560 the same as that term is defined in Section 53G-5-102.
3561 [(3) "Charter agreement" or "charter" means the same as that term is defined in Section
3562 53G-5-102.]
3563 [(4)] (3) "Charter school authorizer" or "authorizer" means the same as that term is
3564 defined in Section 53G-5-102.
3565 [(5) "Governing board" means the same as that term is defined in Section 53G-5-102.]
3567 53G-6-502. Eligible students.
3569 (a) "At capacity" means operating above the school's open enrollment threshold.
3570 [(b) "District school" means a public school under the control of a local school board
3571 elected pursuant to Title 20A, Chapter 14, Nomination and Election of State and Local School
3572 Boards.]
3573 [(c)] (b) "Open enrollment threshold" means the same as that term is defined in Section
3575 [(d)] (c) "Refugee" means a person who is eligible to receive benefits and services
3576 from the federal Office of Refugee Resettlement.
3577 [(e)] (d) "School of residence" means the same as that term is defined in Section
3579 (2) All resident students of the state qualify for admission to a charter school, subject
3580 to the limitations set forth in this section and Section 53G-6-503.
3581 (3) (a) A charter school shall enroll an eligible student who submits a timely
3582 application, unless the number of applications exceeds the capacity of a program, class, grade
3583 level, or the charter school.
3584 (b) If the number of applications exceeds the capacity of a program, class, grade level,
3585 or the charter school, the charter school shall select students on a random basis, except as
3586 provided in Subsections (4) through (8).
3587 (4) A charter school may give an enrollment preference to:
3588 (a) a child or grandchild of an individual who has actively participated in the
3589 development of the charter school;
3590 (b) a child or grandchild of a member of the charter school governing board;
3591 (c) a sibling of an individual who was previously or is presently enrolled in the charter
3592 school;
3593 (d) a child of an employee of the charter school;
3594 (e) a student articulating between charter schools offering similar programs that are
3595 governed by the same charter school governing board;
3596 (f) a student articulating from one charter school to another pursuant to an articulation
3597 agreement between the charter schools that is approved by the State Charter School Board; or
3598 (g) a student who resides within up to a two-mile radius of the charter school and
3599 whose school of residence is at capacity.
3600 (5) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (5)(b), and notwithstanding Subsection (4)(g),
3601 a charter school that is approved by the [State Board of Education] state board after May 13,
3602 2014, and is located in a high growth area as defined in Section 53G-6-504 shall give an
3603 enrollment preference to a student who resides within a two-mile radius of the charter school.
3604 (b) The requirement to give an enrollment preference under Subsection (5)(a) does not
3605 apply to a charter school that was approved without a high priority status pursuant to
3606 Subsection 53G-6-504(7)(b).
3607 (6) If a district school converts to charter status, the charter school shall give an
3608 enrollment preference to students who would have otherwise attended it as a district school.
3609 (7) (a) A charter school whose mission is to enhance learning opportunities for
3610 refugees or children of refugee families may give an enrollment preference to refugees or
3611 children of refugee families.
3612 (b) A charter school whose mission is to enhance learning opportunities for English
3613 language learners may give an enrollment preference to English language learners.
3614 (8) A charter school may weight the charter school's lottery to give a slightly better
3615 chance of admission to educationally disadvantaged students, including:
3616 (a) low-income students;
3617 (b) students with disabilities;
3618 (c) English language learners;
3619 (d) migrant students;
3620 (e) neglected or delinquent students; and
3621 (f) homeless students.
3622 (9) A charter school may not discriminate in the charter school's admission policies or
3623 practices on the same basis as other public schools may not discriminate in admission policies
3624 and practices.
3626 53G-6-503. Charter school students -- Admissions procedures -- Transfers.
3628 [(a) "District school" means a public school under the control of a local school board
3631 [(b)] (a) "Nonresident school district" means a school district other than a student's
3632 school district of residence.
3633 [(c)] (b) "School district of residence" means a student's school district of residence as
3634 determined under Section 53G-6-302.
3635 [(d)] (c) "School of residence" means the school to which a student is assigned to
3636 attend based on the student's place of residence.
3637 (2) (a) The [State School Board] state board, in consultation with the State Charter
3638 School Board, shall make rules describing procedures for students to follow in applying for
3639 entry into, or exiting, a charter school.
3640 (b) The rules under Subsection (2)(a) shall, at a minimum, provide for:
3641 (i) posting on a charter school's Internet website, beginning no later than 60 days before
3642 the school's initial period of applications:
3643 (A) procedures for applying for admission to the charter school;
3644 (B) the school's opening date, if the school has not yet opened, or the school calendar;
3646 (C) information on how a student may transfer from a charter school to another charter
3647 school or a district school;
3648 (ii) written notification to a student's parent [or legal guardian] of an offer of
3649 admission;
3650 (iii) written acceptance of an offer of admission by a student's parent [or legal
3651 guardian];
3652 (iv) written notification to a student's current charter school or school district of
3653 residence upon acceptance of the student for enrollment in a charter school; and
3654 (v) the admission of students at:
3655 (A) any time to protect the health or safety of a student; or
3656 (B) times other than those permitted under standard policies if there are other
3657 conditions of special need that warrant consideration.
3658 (c) The rules under Subsection (2)(a) shall prevent the parent of a student who is
3659 enrolled in a charter school or who has accepted an offer of admission to a charter school from
3660 duplicating enrollment for the student in another charter school or a school district without
3661 following the withdrawal procedures described in Subsection (3).
3662 (3) The parent of a student enrolled in a charter school may withdraw the student from
3663 the charter school for enrollment in another charter school or a school district by submitting to
3664 the charter school:
3665 (a) on or before June 30, a notice of intent to enroll the student in the student's school
3666 of residence for the following school year;
3667 (b) after June 30, a letter of acceptance for enrollment in the student's school district of
3668 residence for the following year;
3669 (c) a letter of acceptance for enrollment in the student's school district of residence in
3670 the current school year;
3671 (d) a letter of acceptance for enrollment in a nonresident school district; or
3672 (e) a letter of acceptance for enrollment in a charter school.
3673 (4) (a) A charter school shall report to a school district, by the last business day of each
3674 month the aggregate number of new students, sorted by their school of residence and grade
3675 level, who have accepted enrollment in the charter school for the following school year.
3676 (b) A school district shall report to a charter school, by the last business day of each
3677 month, the aggregate number of students enrolled in the charter school who have accepted
3678 enrollment in the school district in the following school year, sorted by grade level.
3679 (5) When a vacancy occurs because a student has withdrawn from a charter school, the
3680 charter school may immediately enroll a new student from its list of applicants.
3682 charter school releasing a student from enrollment during a school year shall immediately
3683 notify the school district of residence, which shall enroll the student in the school district of
3684 residence and take additional steps as may be necessary to ensure compliance with laws
3685 governing school attendance.
3686 (7) (a) The parent of a student enrolled in a charter school may withdraw the student
3687 from the charter school for enrollment in the student's school of residence in the following
3688 school year if an application of admission is submitted to the school district of residence by
3689 June 30.
3690 (b) If the parent of a student enrolled in a charter school submits an application of
3691 admission to the student's school district of residence after June 30 for the student's enrollment
3692 in the school district of residence in the following school year, or an application of admission is
3693 submitted for enrollment during the current school year, the student may enroll in a school of
3694 the school district of residence that has adequate capacity in:
3695 (i) the student's grade level, if the student is an elementary school student; or
3696 (ii) the core classes that the student needs to take, if the student is a secondary school
3697 student.
3698 (c) [State Board of Education] State board rules made under Subsection (2)(a) shall
3699 specify how adequate capacity in a grade level or core classes is determined for the purposes of
3701 (8) Notwithstanding Subsection (7), a school district may enroll a student at any time
3702 to protect the health and safety of the student.
3703 (9) A school district or charter school may charge secondary students a one-time $5
3704 processing fee, to be paid at the time of application.
3706 53G-6-504. Approval of increase in charter school enrollment capacity --
3707 Expansion.
3708 (1) For the purposes of this section:
3709 (a) "High growth area" means an area of the state where school enrollment is
3710 significantly increasing or projected to significantly increase.
3711 (b) "Next school year" means the school year that begins on or after the July 1
3712 immediately following the end of a general session of the Legislature.
3713 (2) The [State Board of Education] state board may approve an increase in charter
3714 school enrollment capacity subject to the Legislature:
3715 (a) appropriating funds for an increase in charter school enrollment capacity in the next
3716 school year; or
3717 (b) authorizing an increase in charter school enrollment capacity in the school year
3718 immediately following the next school year.
3719 (3) In appropriating funds for, or authorizing, an increase in charter school enrollment
3720 capacity, the Legislature shall provide a separate appropriation or authorization of enrollment
3721 capacity for a charter school proposed and approved in response to a request for applications
3722 issued under Section 53G-5-301.
3723 (4) (a) A charter school may annually submit a request to the [State Board of
3724 Education] state board for an increase in enrollment capacity in the amount of .25 times the
3725 number of students in grades 9 through 12 enrolled in an online course in the previous school
3726 year through the Statewide Online Education Program.
3727 (b) A charter school shall submit a request for an increase in enrollment capacity
3728 pursuant to Subsection (4)(a) on or before October 1 of the school year for which the increase
3729 in enrollment capacity is requested.
3730 (c) The [State Board of Education] state board shall approve a request for an increase
3731 in enrollment capacity made under Subsection (4)(a) subject to the availability of sufficient
3732 funds appropriated under Title 53F, Chapter 2, Part 7, Charter School Funding, to provide the
3733 full amount of the per student allocation for each charter school student in the state to
3734 supplement school district property tax revenues.
3735 (d) An increase in enrollment capacity approved under Subsection (4)(c) shall be a
3736 permanent increase in the charter school's enrollment capacity.
3737 (5) (a) On or before January 1, 2017, [in accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah
3739 considering suggestions from charter school authorizers, make rules establishing requirements,
3740 procedures, and deadlines for an expansion of a charter school.
3741 (b) The rules described in Subsection (5)(a) shall include rules related to:
3742 (i) an expansion of a charter school when another charter school issues a notice of
3743 closure; and
3744 (ii) the establishment of a satellite campus.
3745 (6) (a) If the Legislature does not appropriate funds for an increase in charter school
3746 enrollment capacity that is tentatively approved by the [State Board of Education] state board,
3747 the [State Board of Education] state board shall prioritize the tentatively approved schools and
3748 expansions based on approved funds.
3749 (b) A charter school or expansion that is tentatively approved, but not funded, shall be
3750 considered to be tentatively approved for the next application year and receive priority status
3751 for available funding.
3752 (7) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (6)(b) or (7)(b), in approving an increase in
3753 charter school enrollment capacity for new charter schools and expanding charter schools, the
3754 [State Board of Education] state board shall give:
3755 (i) high priority to approving a new charter school or a charter school expansion in a
3756 high growth area; and
3757 (ii) low priority to approving a new charter school or a charter school expansion in an
3758 area where student enrollment is stable or declining.
3759 (b) An applicant seeking to establish a charter school in a high growth area may elect
3760 to not receive high priority status as provided in Subsection (7)(a)(i).
3762 53G-6-702. Dual enrollment.
3763 [(1) (a) "District school" means a public school under the control of a local school
3764 board elected pursuant to Title 20A, Chapter 14, Nomination and Election of State and Local
3765 School Boards.]
3766 [(b)] (1) ["Minor"] As used in this section, "minor" means the same as that term is
3768 (2) A person having control of a minor who is enrolled in a regularly established
3769 private school or a home school may also enroll the minor in a public school for dual
3770 enrollment purposes.
3771 (3) The minor may participate in any academic activity in the public school available to
3772 students in the minor's grade or age group, subject to compliance with the same rules and
3773 requirements that apply to a full-time student's participation in the activity.
3774 (4) (a) A student enrolled in a dual enrollment program in a district school is
3775 considered a student of the district in which the district school of attendance is located for
3776 purposes of state funding to the extent of the student's participation in the district school
3777 programs.
3778 (b) A student enrolled in a dual enrollment program in a charter school is considered a
3779 student of the charter school for purposes of state funding to the extent of the student's
3780 participation in the charter school programs.
3782 the State Board of Education] The state board shall make rules for purposes of dual enrollment
3783 to govern and regulate the transferability of credits toward graduation that are earned in a
3784 private or home school.
3786 53G-6-703. Private school and home school students' participation in
3787 extracurricular activities in a public school.
3789 (a) "Academic eligibility requirements" means the academic eligibility requirements
3790 that a home school student is required to meet to participate in an extracurricular activity in a
3791 public school.
3792 (b) "Minor" means the same as that term is defined in Section 53G-6-201.
3793 (c) "Parent" means the same as that term is defined in Section 53G-6-201.
3794 (d) "Principal" means the principal of the school in which a home school student
3795 participates or intends to participate in an extracurricular activity.
3796 (2) (a) A minor who is enrolled in a private school or a home school shall be eligible to
3797 participate in an extracurricular activity at a public school as provided in this section.
3798 (b) A private school student may only participate in an extracurricular activity at a
3799 public school that is not offered by the student's private school.
3800 (c) Except as provided in Subsection (2)(d), a private school student or a home school
3801 student may only participate in an extracurricular activity at:
3802 (i) the school within whose attendance boundaries the student's custodial parent [or
3803 legal guardian] resides; or
3804 (ii) the school from which the student withdrew for the purpose of attending a private
3805 or home school.
3806 (d) A school other than a school described in Subsection (2)(c)(i) or (ii) may allow a
3807 private school student or a home school student to participate in an extracurricular activity
3808 other than:
3809 (i) an interscholastic competition of athletic teams sponsored and supported by a public
3810 school; or
3811 (ii) an interscholastic contest or competition for music, drama, or forensic groups or
3812 teams sponsored and supported by a public school.
3813 (3) (a) Except as provided in Subsections (4) through (13), a private school or home
3814 school student shall be eligible to participate in an extracurricular activity at a public school
3815 consistent with eligibility standards:
3816 (i) applied to a fully enrolled public school student;
3817 (ii) of the public school where the private school or home school student participates in
3818 an extracurricular activity; and
3819 (iii) for the extracurricular activity in which the private school or home school student
3820 participates.
3821 (b) A school district or public school may not impose additional requirements on a
3822 private school or home school student to participate in an extracurricular activity that are not
3823 imposed on a fully enrolled public school student.
3824 (c) (i) A private school or home school student who participates in an extracurricular
3825 activity at a public school shall pay the same fees as required of a fully enrolled public school
3826 student to participate in an extracurricular activity.
3827 (ii) If a local school board or charter school governing board imposes a mandatory
3828 student activity fee for a student enrolled in a public school, the fee may be imposed on a
3829 private school or home school student who participates in an extracurricular activity at the
3830 public school if the same benefits of paying the mandatory student activity fee that are
3831 available to a fully enrolled public school student are available to a private school or home
3832 school student who participates in an extracurricular activity at the public school.
3833 (4) Eligibility requirements based on school attendance are not applicable to a home
3834 school student.
3835 (5) A home school student meets academic eligibility requirements to participate in an
3836 extracurricular activity if:
3837 (a) the student is mastering the material in each course or subject being taught; and
3838 (b) the student is maintaining satisfactory progress towards achievement or promotion.
3839 (6) (a) To establish a home school student's academic eligibility, a parent, teacher, or
3840 organization providing instruction to the student shall submit an affidavit to the principal
3841 indicating the student meets academic eligibility requirements.
3842 (b) Upon submission of an affidavit pursuant to Subsection (6)(a), a home school
3843 student shall:
3844 (i) be considered to meet academic eligibility requirements; and
3845 (ii) retain academic eligibility for all extracurricular activities during the activity season
3846 for which the affidavit is submitted, until:
3847 (A) a panel established under Subsection (10) determines the home school student does
3848 not meet academic eligibility requirements; or
3849 (B) the person who submitted the affidavit under Subsection (6)(a) provides written
3850 notice to the school principal that the student no longer meets academic eligibility
3851 requirements.
3852 (7) (a) A home school student who loses academic eligibility pursuant to Subsection
3853 (6)(b)(ii)(B) may not participate in an extracurricular activity until the person who submitted
3854 the affidavit under Subsection (6)(a) provides written notice to the school principal that the
3855 home school student has reestablished academic eligibility.
3856 (b) If a home school student reestablishes academic eligibility pursuant to Subsection
3857 (7)(a), the home school student may participate in extracurricular activities for the remainder of
3858 the activity season for which an affidavit was submitted under Subsection (6)(a).
3859 (8) A person who has probable cause to believe a home school student does not meet
3860 academic eligibility requirements may submit an affidavit to the principal:
3861 (a) asserting the home school student does not meet academic eligibility requirements;
3863 (b) providing information indicating that the home school student does not meet the
3864 academic eligibility requirements.
3865 (9) A principal shall review the affidavit submitted under Subsection (8), and if the
3866 principal determines it contains information which constitutes probable cause to believe a
3867 home school student may not meet academic eligibility requirements, the principal shall
3868 request a panel established pursuant to Subsection (10) to verify the student's compliance with
3870 (10) (a) A school district superintendent shall:
3871 (i) appoint a panel of three individuals to verify a home school student's compliance
3872 with academic eligibility requirements when requested by a principal pursuant to Subsection
3873 (9); and
3874 (ii) select the panel members from nominees submitted by national, state, or regional
3875 organizations whose members are home school students and parents.
3876 (b) Of the members appointed to a panel under Subsection (10)(a):
3877 (i) one member shall have experience teaching in a public school as a licensed teacher
3878 and in home schooling high school-age students;
3879 (ii) one member shall have experience teaching in a higher education institution and in
3880 home schooling; and
3881 (iii) one member shall have experience in home schooling high school-age students.
3882 (11) A panel appointed under Subsection (10):
3883 (a) shall review the affidavit submitted under Subsection (8);
3884 (b) may confer with the person who submitted the affidavit under Subsection (8);
3885 (c) shall request the home school student to submit test scores or a portfolio of work
3886 documenting the student's academic achievement to the panel;
3887 (d) shall review the test scores or portfolio of work; and
3888 (e) shall determine whether the home school student meets academic eligibility
3890 (12) A home school student who meets academic eligibility requirements pursuant to
3891 Subsection (11), retains academic eligibility for all extracurricular activities during the activity
3892 season for which an affidavit is submitted pursuant to Subsection (6).
3893 (13) (a) A panel's determination that a home school student does not comply with
3894 academic eligibility requirements is effective for an activity season and all extracurricular
3895 activities that have academic eligibility requirements.
3896 (b) A home school student who is not in compliance with academic eligibility
3897 requirements as determined by a panel appointed under Subsection (11) may seek to establish
3898 academic eligibility under this section for the next activity season.
3899 (14) (a) A public school student who has been declared to be academically ineligible to
3900 participate in an extracurricular activity and who subsequently enrolls in a home school shall
3901 lose eligibility for participation in the extracurricular activity until the student:
3902 (i) demonstrates academic eligibility by providing test results or a portfolio of the
3903 student's work to the school principal, provided that a student may not reestablish academic
3904 eligibility under this Subsection (14)(a) during the same activity season in which the student
3905 was declared to be academically ineligible;
3906 (ii) returns to public school and reestablishes academic eligibility; or
3907 (iii) enrolls in a private school and establishes academic eligibility.
3908 (b) A public school student who has been declared to be behaviorally ineligible to
3910 lose eligibility for participation in the extracurricular activity until the student meets eligibility
3911 standards as provided in Subsection (3).
3912 (15) When selection to participate in an extracurricular activity at a public school is
3913 made on a competitive basis, a private school student and a home school student shall be
3914 eligible to try out for and participate in the activity as provided in this section.
3915 (16) (a) If a student exits a public school to enroll in a private or home school
3916 mid-semester or during an activity season, and the student desires to participate in an
3917 extracurricular activity at the public school, the public school shall issue an interim academic
3918 assessment based on the student's work in each class.
3919 (b) A student's academic eligibility to participate in an extracurricular activity under
3920 the circumstances described in Subsection (16)(a) shall be based on the student meeting public
3921 school academic eligibility standards at the time of exiting public school.
3922 (c) A student may appeal an academic eligibility determination made under Subsection
3923 (16)(b) in accordance with procedures for appealing a public school student's academic
3924 eligibility.
3926 53G-6-704. Charter school students' participation in extracurricular activities at
3927 other public schools.
3928 (1) A charter school student is eligible to participate in an extracurricular activity not
3929 offered by the student's charter school at:
3930 (a) the school within whose attendance boundaries the student's custodial parent [or
3931 legal guardian] resides;
3932 (b) the public school from which the student withdrew for the purpose of attending a
3933 charter school; or
3934 (c) a public school that is not a charter school if the student's charter school is located
3935 on the campus of the public school or has local school board approval to locate on the campus
3936 of the public school.
3937 (2) In addition to the public schools listed in Subsection (1), the [State Board of
3938 Education] state board may establish rules to allow a charter school student to participate in an
3939 extracurricular activity at a public school other than a public school listed in Subsection (1).
3940 (3) A school other than a school described in Subsection (1)(a), (b), or (c) may allow a
3941 charter school student to participate in extracurricular activities other than:
3942 (a) interschool competitions of athletic teams sponsored and supported by a public
3944 (b) interschool contests or competitions for music, drama, or forensic groups or teams
3945 sponsored and supported by a public school.
3946 (4) A charter school student is eligible for extracurricular activities at a public school
3947 consistent with eligibility standards as applied to full-time students of the public school.
3948 (5) A school district or public school may not impose additional requirements on a
3949 charter school student to participate in extracurricular activities that are not imposed on
3950 full-time students of the public school.
3951 (6) (a) The [State Board of Education] state board shall make rules establishing fees for
3952 charter school students' participation in extracurricular activities at school district schools.
3953 (b) The rules shall provide that:
3954 (i) charter school students pay the same fees as other students to participate in
3955 extracurricular activities;
3956 (ii) charter school students are eligible for fee waivers pursuant to Section 53G-7-504;
3957 (iii) for each charter school student who participates in an extracurricular activity at a
3958 school district school, the charter school shall pay a share of the school district's costs for the
3959 extracurricular activity; and
3960 (iv) a charter school's share of the costs of an extracurricular activity shall reflect state
3961 and local tax revenues expended, except capital facilities expenditures, for an extracurricular
3962 activity in a school district or school divided by total student enrollment of the school district
3963 or school.
3964 (c) In determining a charter school's share of the costs of an extracurricular activity
3965 under Subsections (6)(b)(iii) and (iv), the [State Board of Education] state board may establish
3966 uniform fees statewide based on average costs statewide or average costs within a sample of
3967 school districts.
3968 (7) When selection to participate in an extracurricular activity at a public school is
3969 made on a competitive basis, a charter school student is eligible to try out for and participate in
3970 the activity as provided in this section.
3972 53G-6-705. Online students' participation in extracurricular activities.
3974 (a) "Online education" means the use of information and communication technologies
3975 to deliver educational opportunities to a student in a location other than a school.
3976 (b) "Online student" means a student who:
3977 (i) participates in an online education program sponsored or supported by the [State
3978 Board of Education] state board, a school district, or charter school; and
3979 (ii) generates funding for the school district or school pursuant to Subsection
3980 53F-2-102[(6)](4) and rules of the [State Board of Education] state board.
3981 (2) An online student is eligible to participate in extracurricular activities at:
3984 (b) the public school from which the student withdrew for the purpose of participating
3985 in an online education program.
3986 (3) A school other than a school described in Subsection (2)(a) or (b) may allow an
3987 online student to participate in extracurricular activities other than:
3992 (4) An online student is eligible for extracurricular activities at a public school
3994 (5) A school district or public school may not impose additional requirements on an
3995 online school student to participate in extracurricular activities that are not imposed on
3998 an online school student's participation in extracurricular activities at school district schools.
4000 (i) online school students pay the same fees as other students to participate in
4002 (ii) online school students are eligible for fee waivers pursuant to Section 53G-7-504;
4003 (iii) for each online school student who participates in an extracurricular activity at a
4004 school district school, the online school shall pay a share of the school district's costs for the
4006 (iv) an online school's share of the costs of an extracurricular activity shall reflect state
4010 (c) In determining an online school's share of the costs of an extracurricular activity
4015 made on a competitive basis, an online student is eligible to try out for and participate in the
4016 activity as provided in this section.
4018 53G-6-706. Placement of a home school student who transfers to a public school.
4020 (a) "Home school student" means a student who attends a home school pursuant to
4022 (b) "Parent" means the same as that term is defined in Section 53G-6-201.
4023 (2) When a home school student transfers from a home school to a public school, the
4024 public school shall place the student in the grade levels, classes, or courses that the student's
4025 parent [or guardian] and in consultation with the school administrator determine are
4026 appropriate based on the parent's [or guardian's] assessment of the student's academic
4027 performance.
4028 (3) (a) Within 30 days of a home school student's placement in a public school grade
4029 level, class, or course, either the student's teacher or the student's parent [or guardian] may
4030 request a conference to consider changing the student's placement.
4031 (b) If the student's teacher and the student's parent [or guardian] agree on a placement
4032 change, the public school shall place the student in the agreed upon grade level, class, or
4033 course.
4034 (c) If the student's teacher and the student's parent [or guardian] do not agree on a
4035 placement change, the public school shall evaluate the student's subject matter mastery in
4036 accordance with Subsection (3)(d).
4037 (d) The student's parent [or guardian] has the option of:
4038 (i) allowing the public school to administer, to the student, assessments that are:
4039 (A) regularly administered to public school students; and
4040 (B) used to measure public school students' subject matter mastery and determine
4041 placement; or
4042 (ii) having a private entity or individual administer assessments of subject matter
4043 mastery to the student at the parent's [or guardian's] expense.
4044 (e) After an evaluation of a student's subject matter mastery, a public school may
4045 change a student's placement in a grade level, class, or course.
4046 (4) This section does not apply to a student who is dual enrolled in a public school and
4047 a home school pursuant to Section 53G-6-702.
4049 53G-6-707. Interstate compact students -- Inclusion in attendance count --
4050 Foreign exchange students -- Annual report -- Requirements for exchange student
4051 agencies.
4052 (1) A school district or charter school may include the following students in the
4053 district's or school's membership and attendance count for the purpose of apportionment of
4054 state money:
4055 (a) a student enrolled under an interstate compact, established between the [State Board
4056 of Education] state board and the state education authority of another state, under which a
4057 student from one compact state would be permitted to enroll in a public school in the other
4058 compact state on the same basis as a resident student of the receiving state; or
4059 (b) a student receiving services under Title 62A, Chapter 4a, Part 7, Interstate Compact
4060 on Placement of Children.
4061 (2) A school district or charter school may:
4062 (a) enroll foreign exchange students that do not qualify for state money; and
4063 (b) pay for the costs of those students with other funds available to the school district
4064 or charter school.
4065 (3) Due to the benefits to all students of having the opportunity to become familiar
4066 with individuals from diverse backgrounds and cultures, school districts are encouraged to
4067 enroll foreign exchange students, as provided in Subsection (2), particularly in schools with
4068 declining or stable enrollments where the incremental cost of enrolling the foreign exchange
4069 student may be minimal.
4070 (4) The state board shall make an annual report to the Legislature on the number of
4071 exchange students and the number of interstate compact students sent to or received from
4072 public schools outside the state.
4073 (5) (a) A local school board or charter school governing board shall require each
4074 approved exchange student agency to provide it with a sworn affidavit of compliance prior to
4075 the beginning of each school year.
4076 (b) The affidavit shall include the following assurances:
4077 (i) that the agency has complied with all applicable policies of the state board;
4078 (ii) that a household study, including a background check of all adult residents, has
4079 been made of each household where an exchange student is to reside, and that the study was of
4080 sufficient scope to provide reasonable assurance that the exchange student will receive proper
4081 care and supervision in a safe environment;
4082 (iii) that host parents have received training appropriate to their positions, including
4083 information about enhanced criminal penalties under Subsection 76-5-406(10) for persons who
4084 are in a position of special trust;
4085 (iv) that a representative of the exchange student agency shall visit each student's place
4086 of residence at least once each month during the student's stay in Utah;
4087 (v) that the agency will cooperate with school and other public authorities to ensure
4088 that no exchange student becomes an unreasonable burden upon the public schools or other
4089 public agencies;
4090 (vi) that each exchange student will be given in the exchange student's native language
4091 names and telephone numbers of agency representatives and others who could be called at any
4092 time if a serious problem occurs; and
4093 (vii) that alternate placements are readily available so that no student is required to
4094 remain in a household if conditions appear to exist which unreasonably endanger the student's
4095 welfare.
4096 (6) (a) A local school board or charter school governing board shall provide each
4097 approved exchange student agency with a list of names and telephone numbers of individuals
4098 not associated with the agency who could be called by an exchange student in the event of a
4099 serious problem.
4100 (b) The agency shall make a copy of the list available to each of its exchange students
4101 in the exchange student's native language.
4102 (7) Notwithstanding Subsection 53F-2-303(3)(a), a school district or charter school
4103 shall enroll a foreign exchange student if the foreign exchange student:
4104 (a) is sponsored by an agency approved by the [State Board of Education] state board;
4105 (b) attends the same school during the same time period that another student from the
4106 school is:
4107 (i) sponsored by the same agency; and
4108 (ii) enrolled in a school in a foreign country; and
4109 (c) is enrolled in the school for one year or less.
4110 Section 100. Section 53G-6-708 is amended to read:
4111 53G-6-708. Career and technical education program alternatives.
4112 (1) A secondary student may attend a technical college described in Section
4113 53B-2a-105 if the secondary student's career and technical education goals are better achieved
4114 by attending a technical college as determined by:
4115 (a) the secondary student; and
4116 (b) if the secondary student is a minor, the secondary student's parent [or legal
4117 guardian].
4118 (2) A secondary student served under this section by a technical college described in
4119 Section 53B-2a-105 shall be counted in the average daily membership of the sending school
4120 district or charter school.
4124 (1) "Federal law" means:
4125 (a) a statute passed by the Congress of the United States; or
4126 (b) a final regulation:
4127 (i) adopted by an administrative agency of the United States government; and
4128 (ii) published in the code of federal regulations or the federal register.
4129 [(2) "Individualized Education Program" or "IEP" means a written statement, for a
4130 student with a disability, that is developed, reviewed, and revised in accordance with the
4131 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. Sec. 1400 et seq.]
4132 [(3) "LEA" means a school district, charter school, or the Utah Schools for the Deaf
4133 and the Blind.]
4134 [(4)] (2) "Reasonably accommodate" means an LEA shall make its best effort to enable
4135 a parent [or guardian] to exercise a parental right specified in Section 53G-6-803:
4136 (a) without substantial impact to staff and resources, including employee working
4137 conditions, safety and supervision on school premises and for school activities, and the
4138 efficient allocation of expenditures; and
4139 (b) while balancing:
4140 (i) the parental rights of parents [or guardians];
4141 (ii) the educational needs of other students;
4142 (iii) the academic and behavioral impacts to a classroom;
4143 (iv) a teacher's workload; and
4144 (v) the assurance of the safe and efficient operation of a school.
4146 53G-6-802. Annual notice of parental rights.
4147 (1) An LEA shall annually notify a parent [or guardian] of a student enrolled in the
4148 LEA of the parent's [or guardian's] rights as specified in this part.
4149 (2) An LEA satisfies the notification requirement described in Subsection (1) by
4150 posting the information on the LEA's website or through other means of electronic
4151 communication.
4153 53G-6-803. Parental right to academic accommodations.
4154 (1) (a) A student's parent [or guardian] is the primary person responsible for the
4155 education of the student, and the state is in a secondary and supportive role to the parent [or
4156 guardian]. As such, a student's parent [or guardian] has the right to reasonable academic
4157 accommodations from the student's LEA as specified in this section.
4158 (b) Each accommodation shall be considered on an individual basis and no student
4159 shall be considered to a greater or lesser degree than any other student.
4160 (c) The parental rights specified in this section do not include all the rights or
4161 accommodations that may be available to a student's parent [or guardian] as a user of the public
4162 education system.
4163 (d) An accommodation under this section may only be provided if the accommodation
4164 is:
4165 (i) consistent with federal law; and
4166 (ii) consistent with a student's IEP if the student already has an IEP.
4167 (2) An LEA shall reasonably accommodate a parent's [or guardian's] written request to
4168 retain a student in kindergarten through grade 8 on grade level based on the student's academic
4169 ability or the student's social, emotional, or physical maturity.
4170 (3) An LEA shall reasonably accommodate a parent's [or guardian's] initial selection of
4171 a teacher or request for a change of teacher.
4172 (4) An LEA shall reasonably accommodate the request of a student's parent [or
4173 guardian] to visit and observe any class the student attends.
4174 (5) Notwithstanding Part 2, Compulsory Education, an LEA shall record an excused
4175 absence for a scheduled family event or a scheduled proactive visit to a health care provider if:
4176 (a) the parent [or guardian] submits a written statement at least one school day before
4177 the scheduled absence; and
4178 (b) the student agrees to make up course work for school days missed for the scheduled
4179 absence in accordance with LEA policy.
4180 (6) (a) An LEA shall reasonably accommodate a parent's [or guardian's] written request
4181 to place a student in a specialized class, a specialized program, or an advanced course.
4182 (b) An LEA shall consider multiple academic data points when determining an
4183 accommodation under Subsection (6)(a).
4184 (7) Consistent with Section 53E-4-204, which requires the [State Board of Education]
4185 state board to establish graduation requirements that use competency-based standards and
4186 assessments, an LEA shall allow a student to earn course credit towards high school graduation
4187 without completing a course in school by:
4188 (a) testing out of the course; or
4189 (b) demonstrating competency in course standards.
4190 (8) An LEA shall reasonably accommodate a parent's [or guardian's] request to meet
4191 with a teacher at a mutually agreeable time if the parent [or guardian] is unable to attend a
4192 regularly scheduled parent teacher conference.
4193 (9) (a) At the request of a student's parent [or guardian], an LEA shall excuse a student
4194 from taking an assessment that:
4195 (i) is federally mandated;
4196 (ii) is mandated by the state under this public education code; or
4197 (iii) requires the use of:
4198 (A) a state assessment system; or
4199 (B) software that is provided or paid for by the state.
4200 (b) [In accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act,
4202 (i) to establish a statewide procedure for excusing a student under Subsection (9)(a)
4204 (A) does not place an undue burden on a parent [or guardian]; and
4205 (B) may be completed online; and
4206 (ii) to prevent negative impact, to the extent authorized by state statute, to an LEA or
4207 an LEA's employees through school grading or employee evaluations due to a student not
4208 taking a test under Subsection (9)(a).
4209 (c) An LEA:
4210 (i) shall follow the procedures outlined in rules made by the [State Board of Education]
4211 state board under Subsection (9)(b) to excuse a student under Subsection (9)(a);
4212 (ii) may not require procedures to excuse a student under Subsection (9)(a) in addition
4213 to the procedures outlined in rules made by the [State Board of Education] state board under
4214 Subsection (9)(b); and
4215 (iii) may not reward a student for taking an assessment described in Subsection (9)(a).
4216 (d) The [State Board of Education] state board shall:
4217 (i) maintain and publish a list of state assessments, state assessment systems, and
4218 software that qualify under Subsection (9)(a); and
4219 (ii) audit and verify an LEA's compliance with the requirements of this Subsection (9).
4220 (10) (a) An LEA shall provide for:
4221 (i) the distribution of a copy of a school's discipline and conduct policy to each student
4222 in accordance with Section 53G-8-204; and
4223 (ii) a parent's [or guardian's] signature acknowledging receipt of the school's discipline
4224 and conduct policy.
4225 (b) An LEA shall notify a parent [or guardian] of a student's violation of a school's
4226 discipline and conduct policy and allow a parent [or guardian] to respond to the notice in
4227 accordance with Chapter 8, Part 2, School Discipline and Conduct Plans.
4229 53G-7-202. Waivers from state board rules.
4230 (1) A charter school or any other public school or school district may apply to the
4231 [State Board of Education] state board for a waiver of any state board rule that inhibits or
4232 hinders the school or the school district from accomplishing its mission or educational goals set
4233 out in its strategic plan or charter agreement.
4234 (2) The state board may grant the waiver, unless:
4235 (a) the waiver would cause the school district or the school to be in violation of state or
4236 federal law; or
4237 (b) the waiver would threaten the health, safety, or welfare of students in the district or
4238 at the school.
4239 (3) If the [State Board of Education] state board denies the waiver, the reason for the
4240 denial shall be provided in writing to the waiver applicant.
4242 53G-7-203. Kindergartens -- Establishment -- Funding.
4243 (1) Kindergartens are an integral part of the state's public education system.
4244 (2) Each local [board of education] school board shall provide kindergarten classes free
4245 of charge for kindergarten children residing within the district.
4246 (3) Kindergartens established under Subsection (2) shall receive state money under
4247 Title 53F, Public Education System -- Funding.
4249 53G-7-205. Assessment of emerging and early reading skills -- Resources
4250 provided by school districts.
4251 (1) The Legislature recognizes that well-developed reading skills help:
4252 (a) children to succeed in school, develop self esteem, and build positive relationships
4253 with others;
4254 (b) young adults to become independent learners; and
4255 (c) adults to become and remain productive members of a rapidly changing
4256 technology-based society.
4257 (2) (a) Each potential kindergarten student, the student's parent [or guardian], and
4258 kindergarten personnel at the student's school may participate in an assessment of the student's
4259 reading and numeric skills.
4260 (b) The [State Board of Education] state board, in cooperation with the state's school
4261 districts, may develop the assessment instrument and any additional materials needed to
4262 implement and supplement the assessment program.
4263 (3) The potential kindergarten student's teacher may use the assessment in planning and
4264 developing an instructional program to meet the student's identified needs.
4265 (4) (a) Each school is encouraged to schedule the assessment early enough before the
4266 kindergarten starting date so that a potential kindergarten student's parent [or guardian] has
4267 time to develop the child's needed skills as identified by the assessment.
4268 (b) Based on the assessment under Subsection (2), the school shall provide the
4269 potential student's parent [or guardian] with appropriate resource materials to assist the parent
4270 [or guardian] at home in the student's literacy development.
4272 53G-7-206. Acceptance of credits and grades awarded by accredited schools.
4273 (1) (a) A public school shall accept credits and grades awarded to a student by a school
4274 accredited or approved by the [State Board of Education] state board or accredited or
4275 recognized by the Northwest Association of Accredited Schools as issued by the school,
4276 without alterations.
4277 (b) Credits awarded for a core standards for Utah public schools course shall be applied
4278 to fulfilling core standards for Utah public schools requirements.
4279 (2) Subsection (1) applies to credits awarded to a student who:
4280 (a) transfers to a public school; or
4281 (b) while enrolled in the public school, takes courses offered by another public or
4282 private school.
4283 (3) Subsection (1) applies to:
4284 (a) traditional classes in which an instructor is present in the classroom and the student
4285 is required to attend the class for a particular length of time;
4286 (b) open entry/open exit classes in which the student has the flexibility to begin or end
4287 study at any time, progress through course material at his own pace, and demonstrate
4288 competency when knowledge and skills have been mastered;
4289 (c) courses offered over the Internet; or
4290 (d) distance learning courses.
4292 53G-7-208. Local governmental entities and school districts -- Contracts and
4293 cooperation -- Disbursement of funds -- Municipal and county representative
4294 participation in local school board meetings -- Notice required.
4295 (1) Local governmental entities and school districts may contract and cooperate with
4296 one another in matters affecting the health, welfare, education, and convenience of the
4297 inhabitants within their respective territorial limits.
4298 (2) A local governmental entity may disburse public funds in aid of a school district
4299 located wholly or partially within the limits of its jurisdiction.
4300 (3) (a) As used in this Subsection (3):
4301 (i) "Interested county executive" means the county executive or county manager of a
4302 county with unincorporated area within the boundary of a school district, or the designee of the
4303 county executive or county manager.
4304 (ii) "Interested mayor" means the mayor of a municipality that is partly or entirely
4305 within the boundary of a school district, or the mayor's designee.
4306 (b) A [school district] local school board shall allow an interested mayor and interested
4307 county executive to attend and participate in the local school board discussions at a [school
4308 district] local school board meeting that is open to the public under Title 52, Chapter 4, Open
4309 and Public Meetings Act.
4310 (c) An interested county executive and interested mayor may attend and participate in
4311 local school board discussions at a [school district] local school board meeting that is closed to
4312 the public under Title 52, Chapter 4, Open and Public Meetings Act, if:
4313 (i) the [school district] local school board invites the interested county executive or
4314 interested mayor to attend and participate; and
4315 (ii) for a closed meeting held for the purpose of discussing the local school board's
4316 disposition or acquisition of real property, the interested county executive or interested mayor
4317 does not have a conflict of interest with respect to the real estate disposition or acquisition.
4318 (d) (i) A county or municipality may enter into an agreement with a school district
4319 under Title 11, Chapter 13, Interlocal Cooperation Act, to govern the attendance of an
4320 interested county executive or interested mayor at a [school district] local school board
4322 (ii) An agreement under Subsection (3)(d)(i) may not be inconsistent with the
4323 provisions of this Subsection (3).
4324 (e) Each local school board shall give notice of local school board meetings to each
4325 interested mayor and interested county executive.
4326 (f) The notice required under Subsection (3)(c) shall be provided by:
4327 (i) mail;
4328 (ii) e-mail; or
4329 (iii) other effective means agreed to by the person to whom notice is given.
4331 53G-7-213. Child care centers in public schools -- Requirements -- Availability --
4332 Compliance with state and local laws.
4333 (1) (a) Upon receiving a request from a community group such as a community
4334 council, local PTA, or parent/student organization, a local school board may authorize the use
4335 of a part of any school building in the district to provide child care services for school aged
4336 children.
4337 (b) (i) The local school board shall provide written public notice of its intent to
4338 authorize a child care center.
4339 (ii) The local school board shall file a copy of the notice with the Office of Child Care
4340 within the Department of Workforce Services and the Department of Health.
4341 (2) (a) Establishment of a child care center in a public school building is contingent
4342 upon the local school board determining that the center will not interfere with the building's use
4343 for regular school purposes.
4344 (b) The decision shall be made at the sole discretion of the local school board.
4345 (c) A local school board may withdraw its approval to operate a child care center at any
4346 time if it determines that such use interferes with the operation or interest of the school.
4347 (d) The school district and its employees and agents are immune from any liability that
4348 might otherwise result from a withdrawal of approval if the withdrawal was made in good
4349 faith.
4350 (3) (a) The local school board shall charge a commercially reasonable fee for the use of
4351 a school building as a child care center so that the district does not incur an expense.
4352 (b) The fee shall include but not be limited to costs for utility, building maintenance,
4353 and administrative services supplied by the school that are related to the operation of the child
4354 care center.
4355 (4) (a) Child care service may be provided by governmental agencies other than school
4356 districts, nonprofit community service groups, or private providers.
4357 (b) If competitive proposals to provide child care services are submitted by the entities
4358 listed in Subsection (4)(a), the local school board shall give preference to the private provider
4359 and nonprofit community service groups so long as their proposals are judged to be at least
4360 equal to the proposal of the governmental agency.
4361 (c) It is intended that these programs function at the local community level with
4362 minimal state and district involvement.
4363 (5) It is the intent of the Legislature that providers not be required to go through a
4364 complex procedure in order to obtain approval for providing the service.
4365 (6) (a) Child care centers within a public school building shall make their services
4366 available to all children regardless of where the children reside.
4367 (b) If space and resources are limited, first priority shall be given to those who reside
4368 within the school boundaries where the center is located, and to the children of teachers and
4369 other employees of the school where the child care center is located.
4370 (c) Second priority shall be given to those who reside within the school district
4371 boundaries where the center is located.
4372 (7) (a) The local school board shall require proof of liability insurance which is
4373 adequate in the opinion of the local school board for use of school property as a child care
4374 center.
4375 (b) A school district participating in the state Risk Management Fund shall require the
4376 provider of child care services to comply with the applicable provisions of Title 63A, Chapter
4377 4, Risk Management.
4378 (8) Child care centers established under this section shall operate in compliance with
4379 state and local laws and regulations, including zoning and licensing requirements, and
4380 applicable school [rules] policies.
4381 (9) Except for Subsection (8), this section does not apply to child care centers
4382 established by a school district within a public school building if the center offers child care
4383 services primarily to children of employees or children of students of the school district.
4385 53G-7-214. Honorary high school diploma for certain veterans.
4386 (1) A [board of education of a school district] local school board may award an
4387 honorary high school diploma to a veteran, if the veteran:
4388 (a) left high school before graduating in order to serve in the armed forces of the
4389 United States;
4390 (b) served in the armed forces of the United States during the period of World War II,
4391 the Korean War, or the Vietnam War;
4392 (c) (i) was honorably discharged; or
4393 (ii) was released from active duty because of a service-related disability; and
4394 (d) (i) resides within the school district; or
4395 (ii) resided within the school district at the time of leaving high school to serve in the
4396 armed forces of the United States.
4397 (2) To receive an honorary high school diploma, a veteran or immediate family
4398 member or guardian of a veteran shall submit to a local school board:
4399 (a) a request for an honorary high school diploma; and
4400 (b) information required by the local school board to verify the veteran's eligibility for
4401 an honorary high school diploma under Subsection (1).
4402 (3) At the request of a veteran, a veteran's immediate family member or guardian, or a
4403 local school board, the Department of Veterans and Military Affairs shall certify whether the
4404 veteran meets the requirements of Subsections (1)(b) and (c).
4406 53G-7-215. Competency-based education -- Recommendations -- Coordination.
4407 (1) As used in this section, "competency-based education" means the same as that term
4408 is defined in Section 53F-5-501.
4409 (2) A local school board or a charter school governing board may establish a
4410 competency-based education program.
4411 (3) A local school board or charter school governing board that establishes a
4412 competency-based education program shall:
4413 (a) establish assessments to accurately measure competency;
4414 (b) provide the assessments to an enrolled student at no cost to the student;
4415 (c) award credit to a student who demonstrates competency and subject mastery;
4416 (d) submit the competency-based standards to the [State Board of Education] state
4417 board for review; and
4418 (e) publish the competency-based standards on its website or by other electronic means
4419 readily accessible to the public.
4420 (4) A local school board or charter school governing board may:
4421 (a) on a random lottery-based basis, limit enrollment to courses that have been
4422 designated as competency-based courses;
4423 (b) waive or adapt traditional attendance requirements;
4424 (c) adjust class sizes to maximize the value of course instructors or course mentors;
4425 (d) enroll students from any geographic location within the state; and
4426 (e) provide proctored online competency-based assessments.
4428 53G-7-302. School district and charter school budgets.
4430 (a) "Budget officer" means:
4431 (i) for a school district, the school district's superintendent; or
4432 (ii) for a charter school, an individual selected by the charter school governing board.
4433 (b) ["Governing] "LEA governing board" means:
4434 (i) for a school district, the local school board; or
4435 (ii) for a charter school, the charter school governing board.
4436 (2) Before June 1 of each year, the budget officer shall prepare a tentative budget, with
4437 supporting documentation, to be submitted to the budget officer's LEA governing board.
4438 (3) The tentative budget and supporting documents shall include the following items:
4439 (a) the revenues and expenditures of the preceding fiscal year;
4440 (b) the estimated revenues and expenditures of the current fiscal year;
4441 (c) for a school district, an estimate of the revenues for the succeeding fiscal year based
4442 upon the lowest tax levy that will raise the required revenue, using the current year's taxable
4443 value as the basis for this calculation;
4444 (d) a detailed estimate of the essential expenditures for all purposes for the next
4445 succeeding fiscal year; and
4446 (e) the estimated financial condition of the school district or charter school by funds at
4447 the close of the current fiscal year.
4448 (4) The tentative budget shall be filed with the district business administrator or charter
4449 school executive director for public inspection at least 15 days before the date of the tentative
4450 budget's proposed adoption by the LEA governing board.
4452 53G-7-303. LEA governing board budget procedures.
4460 (2) (a) For a school district, before June 30 of each year, a local school board shall
4461 adopt a budget and make appropriations for the next fiscal year.
4462 (b) For a school district, if the tax rate in the school district's proposed budget exceeds
4463 the certified tax rate defined in Section 59-2-924, the local school board shall comply with
4464 Section 59-2-919 in adopting the budget, except as provided by Section 53F-8-301.
4465 (3) (a) For a school district, before the adoption or amendment of a budget, a local
4466 school board shall hold a public hearing, as defined in Section 10-9a-103, on the proposed
4467 budget or budget amendment.
4468 (b) In addition to complying with Title 52, Chapter 4, Open and Public Meetings Act,
4469 in regards to the public hearing described in Subsection (3)(a), at least 10 days prior to the
4470 public hearing, a local school board shall:
4471 (i) publish a notice of the public hearing in a newspaper or combination of newspapers
4472 of general circulation in the school district, except as provided in Section 45-1-101;
4473 (ii) publish a notice of the public hearing electronically in accordance with Section
4474 45-1-101;
4475 (iii) file a copy of the proposed budget with the local school board's business
4476 administrator for public inspection; and
4477 (iv) post the proposed budget on the school district's Internet website.
4478 (c) A notice of a public hearing on a school district's proposed budget shall include
4479 information on how the public may access the proposed budget as provided in Subsections
4480 (3)(b)(iii) and (iv).
4481 (4) For a charter school, before June 30 of each year, a charter school governing board
4482 shall adopt a budget for the next fiscal year.
4483 (5) Within 30 days of adopting a budget, [a] an LEA governing board shall file a copy
4484 of the adopted budget with the state auditor and the [State Board of Education] state board.
4486 53G-7-304. Undistributed reserve in local school board budget.
4487 (1) A local school board may adopt a budget with an undistributed reserve. The reserve
4488 may not exceed 5% of the maintenance and operation budget adopted by the local school board
4489 in accordance with a scale developed by the [State Board of Education] state board. The scale
4490 is based on the size of the school district's budget.
4491 (2) The local school board may appropriate all or a part of the undistributed reserve
4492 made to any expenditure classification in the maintenance and operation budget by written
4493 resolution adopted by a majority vote of the local school board setting forth the reasons for the
4494 appropriation. The local school board shall file a copy of the resolution with the [State Board
4495 of Education] state board and the state auditor.
4496 (3) The local school board may not use undistributed reserves in the negotiation or
4497 settlement of contract salaries for school district employees.
4499 53G-7-305. Limits on appropriations -- Estimated expendable revenue.
4507 (2) [A] An LEA governing board may not make an appropriation in excess of its
4508 estimated expendable revenue, including undistributed reserves, for the following fiscal year.
4509 (3) [A] An LEA governing board may reduce a budget appropriation at the LEA
4510 governing board's regular meeting if notice of the proposed action is given to all LEA
4511 governing board members and to the district superintendent or charter school executive
4512 director, as applicable, at least one week before the meeting.
4513 (4) For a school district, in determining the estimated expendable revenue, any existing
4514 deficits arising through excessive expenditures from former years are deducted from the
4515 estimated revenue for the ensuing year to the extent of at least 10% of the entire tax revenue of
4516 the district for the previous year.
4517 (5) For a school district, in the event of financial hardships, the local school board may
4518 deduct from the estimated expendable revenue for the ensuing year, by fund, at least 25% of
4519 the deficit amount.
4520 (6) For a school district, all estimated balances available for appropriations at the end
4521 of the fiscal year shall revert to the funds from which they were appropriated and shall be fund
4522 balances available for appropriation in the budget of the following year.
4523 (7) For a school district, an increase in an appropriation may not be made by the local
4524 school board unless the following steps are taken:
4525 (a) the local school board receives a written request from the district superintendent
4526 that sets forth the reasons for the proposed increase;
4527 (b) notice of the request is published:
4528 (i) in a newspaper of general circulation within the school district at least one week
4529 before the local school board meeting at which the request will be considered; and
4530 (ii) in accordance with Section 45-1-101, at least one week before the local school
4531 board meeting at which the request will be considered; and
4532 (c) the local school board holds a public hearing on the request before the local school
4533 board's acting on the request.
4535 53G-7-306. School district interfund transfers.
4536 (1) A school district shall spend revenues only within the fund for which they were
4537 originally authorized, levied, collected, or appropriated.
4538 (2) Except as otherwise provided in this section, school district interfund transfers of
4539 residual equity are prohibited.
4540 (3) The [State Board of Education] state board may authorize school district interfund
4541 transfers of residual equity when a district states its intent to create a new fund or expand,
4542 contract, or liquidate an existing fund.
4543 (4) The [State Board of Education] state board may also authorize school district
4544 interfund transfers of residual equity for a financially distressed district if the state board
4545 determines the following:
4546 (a) the district has a significant deficit in its maintenance and operations fund caused
4547 by circumstances not subject to the administrative decisions of the district;
4548 (b) the deficit cannot be reasonably reduced under Section 53G-7-305; and
4549 (c) without the transfer, the school district will not be capable of meeting statewide
4550 educational standards adopted by the [State Board of Education] state board.
4551 (5) The board shall develop in rule standards for defining and aiding financially
4552 distressed school districts under this section [in accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah
4553 Administrative Rulemaking Act].
4554 (6) (a) All debt service levies not subject to certified tax rate hearings shall be recorded
4555 and reported in the debt service fund.
4556 (b) Debt service levies under Subsection 59-2-924 (5)(c) that are not subject to the
4557 public hearing provisions of Section 59-2-919 may not be used for any purpose other than
4558 retiring general obligation debt.
4559 (c) Amounts from these levies remaining in the debt service fund at the end of a fiscal
4560 year shall be used in subsequent years for general obligation debt retirement.
4561 (d) Any amounts left in the debt service fund after all general obligation debt has been
4562 retired may be transferred to the capital projects fund upon completion of the budgetary hearing
4563 process required under Section 53G-7-303.
4565 53G-7-307. Warrants drawn by budget officer.
4573 (2) The budget officer of [a] an LEA governing board may not draw warrants on school
4574 district or charter school funds except in accordance with and within the limits of the budget
4575 passed by the LEA governing board.
4577 53G-7-309. Monthly budget reports.
4585 (2) The business administrator or budget officer of [a] an LEA governing board shall
4586 provide each LEA governing board member with a report, on a monthly basis, that includes the
4587 following information:
4588 (a) the amounts of all budget appropriations;
4589 (b) the disbursements from the appropriations as of the date of the report; and
4590 (c) the percentage of the disbursements as of the date of the report.
4591 (3) Within five days of providing the monthly report described in Subsection (2) to [a]
4592 an LEA governing board, the business administrator or budget officer shall make a copy of the
4593 report available for public review.
4595 53G-7-402. Internal auditing program -- Audit committee -- Powers and duties.
4596 (1) A local school board or charter school governing board shall establish an audit
4597 committee.
4598 (2) (a) The audit committee shall establish an internal audit program that provides
4599 internal audit services for the programs administered by the local education agency.
4600 (b) A local education agency that has fewer than 10,000 students is not subject to
4601 Subsection (2)(a).
4602 (3) (a) A local school board or charter school governing board shall appoint the audit
4603 director, with the advisement of the audit committee, if the local school board or charter school
4604 governing board hires an audit director.
4605 (b) If the local school board or charter school governing board has not appointed an
4606 audit director and the local school board or charter school governing board contracts directly
4607 for internal audit services, the local school board or charter school governing board shall
4608 approve a contract for internal audit services, with the advisement of the audit committee.
4609 (4) The audit committee shall ensure that copies of all reports of audit findings issued
4610 by the internal auditors are available, upon request, to the audit director of the [State Board of
4611 Education] state board, the Office of the State Auditor, and the Office of Legislative Auditor
4612 General.
4613 (5) The audit committee shall ensure that significant audit matters that cannot be
4614 appropriately addressed by the local education agency internal auditors are referred to either the
4615 audit director of the [State Board of Education] state board, the Office of the State Auditor, or
4616 the Office of Legislative Auditor General.
4617 (6) The audit director may contract with a consultant to assist with an audit.
4618 (7) The audit director of the [State Board of Education] state board and the Office of
4619 the State Auditor may contract to provide internal audit services.
4621 53G-7-503. State policy on student fees, deposits, or other charges.
4622 (1) For purposes of this part:
4623 [(a) "Board" means the State Board of Education.]
4624 [(b)] (a) "Secondary school" means a school that provides instruction to students in
4625 grades 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12.
4626 [(c)] (b) "Secondary school student":
4627 (i) means a student enrolled in a secondary school; and
4628 (ii) includes a student in grade 6 if the student attends a secondary school.
4629 (2) (a) A secondary school may impose fees on secondary school students.
4630 (b) The state board shall adopt rules regarding the imposition of fees in secondary
4631 schools in accordance with the requirements of this part.
4632 (3) A fee, deposit, or other charge may not be made, or any expenditure required of a
4633 student or the student's parent [or guardian], as a condition for student participation in an
4634 activity, class, or program provided, sponsored, or supported by or through a public school or
4635 school district, unless authorized by the local school board or charter school governing board
4636 under rules adopted by the state board.
4637 (4) (a) A fee, deposit, charge, or expenditure may not be required for elementary school
4638 activities which are part of the regular school day or for supplies used during the regular school
4639 day.
4640 (b) An elementary school or elementary school teacher may compile and provide to a
4641 student's parent [or guardian] a suggested list of supplies for use during the regular school day
4642 so that a parent [or guardian] may furnish on a voluntary basis those supplies for student use.
4643 (c) A list provided to a student's parent [or guardian] pursuant to Subsection (4)(b)
4644 shall include and be preceded by the following language:
4645 "NOTICE: THE ITEMS ON THIS LIST WILL BE USED DURING THE REGULAR
4646 SCHOOL DAY. THEY MAY BE BROUGHT FROM HOME ON A VOLUNTARY BASIS,
4647 OTHERWISE, THEY WILL BE FURNISHED BY THE SCHOOL."
4649 53G-7-504. Waiver of fees.
4650 (1) (a) A local school board shall require, as part of an authorization granted under
4651 Section 53G-7-503, that adequate waivers or other provisions are available to ensure that no
4652 student is denied the opportunity to participate because of an inability to pay the required fee,
4653 deposit, or charge.
4654 (b) (i) If, however, a student must repeat a course or requires remediation to advance or
4655 graduate and a fee is associated with the course or the remediation program, it is presumed that
4656 the student will pay the fee.
4657 (ii) If the student or the student's parent [or guardian] is financially unable to pay the
4658 fee, the local school board shall provide for alternatives to waiving the fee, which may include
4659 installment payments and school or community service or work projects for the student.
4660 (iii) In cases of extreme financial hardship or where the student has suffered a
4661 long-term illness, or death in the family, or other major emergency and where installment
4662 payments and the imposition of a service or work requirement would not be reasonable, the
4663 student may receive a partial or full waiver of the fee required under Subsection (1)(b)(i).
4664 (iv) The waiver provisions in Subsections (2) and (3) apply to all other fees, deposits,
4665 and charges made in the secondary schools.
4666 (2) (a) The local school board shall require each school in the district that charges a fee
4667 under this part and Part 6, Textbook Fees, to provide a variety of alternatives for satisfying the
4668 fee requirement to those who qualify for fee waivers, in addition to the outright waiver of the
4669 fee.
4670 (b) The local school board shall develop and provide a list of alternatives for the
4671 schools, including such options as allowing the student to provide:
4672 (i) tutorial assistance to other students;
4673 (ii) assistance before or after school to teachers and other school personnel on school
4674 related matters; and
4675 (iii) general community or home service.
4676 (c) Each school may add to the list of alternatives provided by the local school board,
4677 subject to approval by the local school board.
4678 (3) A local school board may establish policies providing for partial fee waivers or
4679 other alternatives for those students who, because of extenuating circumstances, are not in a
4680 financial position to pay the entire fee.
4681 (4) With regard to children who are in the custody of the Division of Child and Family
4682 Services who are also eligible under Title IV-E of the federal Social Security Act, local school
4683 boards shall require fee waivers or alternatives in accordance with Subsections (1) through (3).
4686 (a) requiring a parent [or guardian] of a student applying for a fee waiver to provide
4687 documentation and certification to the school verifying:
4688 (i) the student's eligibility to receive the waiver; and
4689 (ii) that the alternatives for satisfying the fee requirements under Subsection (2) have
4690 been complied with to the fullest extent reasonably possible according to the individual
4691 circumstances of both the fee waiver applicant and the school; and
4692 (b) specifying the acceptable forms of documentation for the requirement under
4693 Subsection (5)(a), which shall include verification based on income tax returns or current pay
4694 stubs.
4695 (6) Notwithstanding the requirements under Subsection (5), a school is not required to
4696 keep documentation on file after the verification is completed.
4698 53G-7-505. Notice of student fees and waivers.
4699 A local school board shall annually give written notice of its student fee schedules and
4700 fee waiver policies to the parent [or guardian] of a child who attends a public school within the
4703 53G-7-602. State policy on providing textbooks.
4704 (1) It is the public policy of this state that public education shall be free.
4705 (2) A student may not be denied an education because of economic inability to
4706 purchase textbooks necessary for advancement in or graduation from the public school system.
4707 (3) [A school] An LEA governing board may not sell textbooks or otherwise charge
4708 textbook fees or deposits except as provided in this public education code.
4710 53G-7-603. Purchase of textbooks by local school board -- Sales to pupils -- Free
4711 textbooks -- Textbooks provided to teachers -- Payment of costs -- Rental of textbooks.
4712 (1) A local school board, under rules adopted by the [State Board of Education] state
4713 board, may purchase textbooks for use in the public schools directly from the publisher at
4714 prices and terms approved by the state board and may sell those books to pupils in grades
4715 [nine] 9 through 12 at a cost not to exceed the actual cost of the book plus costs of
4716 transportation and handling.
4717 (2) Each local school board, however, shall provide, free of charge, textbooks and
4718 workbooks required for courses of instruction for each child attending public schools whose
4719 parent [or guardian] is financially unable to purchase them.
4720 (3) Children who are receiving cash assistance under Title 35A, Chapter 3, Part 3,
4721 Family Employment Program, supplemental security income, or who are in the custody of the
4722 Division of Child and Family Services within the Department of Human Services are eligible
4723 for free textbooks and workbooks under this section.
4724 (4) The local school board shall also purchase all books necessary for teachers to
4725 conduct their classes.
4726 (5) The cost of furnishing textbooks and workbooks may be paid from school operating
4727 funds, the textbook fund, or from other available funds.
4728 (6) Books provided to teachers and pupils without charge or at less than full cost are
4729 paid for out of funds of the district and remain the property of the district.
4730 (7) In school districts that require pupils to rent books instead of purchasing them or
4731 providing them free of charge, the local school board shall waive rental fees for a child whose
4732 parent [or guardian] is financially unable to pay the rental fee. The children considered eligible
4733 under Subsection (3) are also eligible for the purposes of this Subsection (7).
4735 53G-7-604. Free textbook system.
4736 (1) If a local school board considers it desirable or necessary, or if the local school
4737 board is petitioned by two-thirds of those voting in the district, it shall provide free textbooks
4738 to all pupils in the schools under its charge.
4739 (2) Books purchased under this section shall be paid for out of the funds of the district.
4740 (3) The local school board shall assure that sufficient funds are raised and set aside for
4741 this purpose.
4742 (4) A local school board that has adopted the free textbook system shall terminate the
4743 system if petitioned by two-thirds of those voting in an election conducted for that purpose vote
4744 to terminate the system.
4745 (5) The local school board may not act upon a petition to terminate the free textbook
4746 system during a period of four years after the system is adopted.
4747 (6) The local school board may not reinstitute a free textbook system until four years
4748 after its termination.
4750 53G-7-605. Repurchase and resale of textbooks.
4751 (1) If a student moves from a district in which free textbooks were not provided, the
4752 local school board of that district may purchase the books used by the student at a reasonable
4753 price, based upon the original cost and the condition of the book upon return.
4754 (2) The books purchased by the district under this section may be resold to other
4755 students in the district.
4757 53G-7-606. Disposal of textbooks.
4758 (1) For a school year beginning with or after the 2012-13 school year, a local school
4759 district may not dispose of textbooks used in its public schools without first notifying all other
4760 school districts in the state of its intent to dispose of the textbooks.
4761 (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to textbooks that have been damaged, mutilated, or
4762 worn out.
4763 (3) The [State Board of Education] state board shall develop rules and procedures
4764 directing the disposal of textbooks.
4768 (1) "Bigotry" means action or advocacy of imminent action involving:
4769 (a) the harassment or denigration of a person or entity; or
4770 (b) any intent to cause a person not to freely enjoy or exercise any right secured by the
4771 constitution or laws of the United States or the state, except that an evaluation or prohibition
4772 may not be made of the truth or falsity of any religious belief or expression of conscience
4773 unless the means of expression or conduct arising therefrom violates the standards of conduct
4774 outlined in this section, Section 53G-10-203, or 20 U.S.C. Sec. 4071(f).
4775 (2) "Club" means any student organization that meets during noninstructional time.
4776 (3) "Conscience" means a standard based upon learned experiences, a personal
4777 philosophy or system of belief, religious teachings or doctrine, an absolute or external sense of
4778 right and wrong which is felt on an individual basis, a belief in an external absolute, or any
4779 combination of the foregoing.
4780 (4) "Curricular club" means a club that is school sponsored and that may receive
4781 leadership, direction, and support from the school or school district beyond providing a
4782 meeting place during noninstructional time. An elementary school curricular club means a club
4783 that is organized and directed by school sponsors at the elementary school. A secondary school
4784 curricular club means a club:
4785 (a) whose subject matter is taught or will soon be taught in a regular course;
4786 (b) whose subject matter concerns the body of courses as a whole;
4787 (c) in which participation is required for a particular course; or
4788 (d) in which participation results in academic credit.
4789 (5) (a) "Discretionary time" means school-related time for students that is not
4790 instructional time.
4791 (b) "Discretionary time" includes free time before and after school, during lunch and
4792 between classes or on buses, and private time before athletic and other events or activities.
4793 (6) (a) "Encourage criminal or delinquent conduct" means action or advocacy of
4794 imminent action that violates any law or administrative rule.
4795 (b) "Encourage criminal or delinquent conduct" does not include discussions
4796 concerning changing of laws or rules, or actions taken through lawfully established channels to
4797 effectuate such change.
4798 (7) (a) "Instructional time" means time during which a school is responsible for a
4799 student and the student is required or expected to be actively engaged in a learning activity.
4800 (b) "Instructional time" includes instructional activities in the classroom or study hall
4801 during regularly scheduled hours, required activities outside the classroom, and counseling,
4802 private conferences, or tutoring provided by school employees or volunteers acting in their
4803 official capacities during or outside of regular school hours.
4804 (8) "Involve human sexuality" means:
4805 (a) presenting information in violation of laws governing sex education, including
4806 Sections 53G-10-402 and 53E-9-203;
4807 (b) advocating or engaging in sexual activity outside of legally recognized marriage or
4808 forbidden by state law; or
4809 (c) presenting or discussing information relating to the use of contraceptive devices or
4810 substances, regardless of whether the use is for purposes of contraception or personal health.
4811 (9) "LEA governing board" means a local school board or charter school governing
4813 [(9)] (10) "Limited open forum" means a forum created by a school district or charter
4814 school for student expression within the constraints of Subsection 53G-10-203(2)(b).
4815 [(10)] (11) "Noncurricular club" is a student initiated group that may be authorized and
4816 allowed school facilities use during noninstructional time in secondary schools by a school and
4817 [school] LEA governing board in accordance with the provisions of this part. A noncurricular
4818 club's meetings, ideas, and activities are not sponsored or endorsed in any way by [a school] an
4819 LEA governing board, the school, or by school or school district employees.
4820 [(11)] (12) "Noninstructional time" means time set aside by a school before
4821 instructional time begins or after instructional time ends, including discretionary time.
4822 [(12)] (13) "Religious club" means a noncurricular club designated in its application as
4823 either being religiously based or based on expression or conduct mandated by conscience.
4824 [(13)] (14) "School" means a public school, including a charter school.
4825 [(14)] (15) (a) "School facilities use" means access to a school facility, premises, or
4826 playing field.
4827 (b) "School facilities use" includes access to a limited open forum.
4828 [(15) "School governing board" means a local school board or charter school board.]
4830 53G-7-702. Student clubs -- Limited open forum -- Authorization.
4831 (1) (a) A school may establish and maintain a limited open forum for student clubs
4832 pursuant to the provisions of this part, [State Board of Education] state board rules, and
4833 [school] LEA governing board policies.
4834 (b) Notwithstanding the provisions under Subsection (1)(a), a school retains the right to
4835 create a closed forum at any time by allowing curricular clubs only.
4836 (2) (a) A school shall review applications for authorization of clubs on a case-by-case
4837 basis.
4838 (b) Before granting an authorization, the school shall find:
4839 (i) that the proposed club meets this part's respective requirements of a curricular club
4840 or a noncurricular club; and
4841 (ii) that the proposed club's purpose and activities comply with this part.
4842 (c) Before granting an authorization, a school may request additional information from
4843 the faculty sponsor, from students proposing the club, or from its [school] LEA governing
4844 board, if desired.
4845 (3) A school shall grant authorization and school facilities use to curricular and
4846 noncurricular clubs whose applications are found to meet the requirements of this part, rules of
4847 the [State Board of Education] state board, and policies of the [school] LEA governing board
4848 and shall limit or deny authorization or school facilities use to proposed clubs that do not meet
4849 the requirements of this part, rules of the [State Board of Education] state board, and policies of
4850 the [school] LEA governing board.
4852 53G-7-703. Curricular clubs -- Authorization.
4853 (1) Faculty members or students proposing a curricular club shall submit written
4854 application for authorization on a form approved by the [school] LEA governing board.
4855 (2) [A school] An LEA governing board may exempt a club whose membership is
4856 determined by student body election or a club that is governed by an association that regulates
4857 interscholastic activities from the authorization requirements under this section.
4858 (3) An application for authorization of a curricular club shall include:
4859 (a) the recommended club name;
4860 (b) a statement of the club's purpose, goals, and activities;
4861 (c) a statement of the club's categorization, which shall be included in the parental
4862 consent required under Section 53G-7-709, indicating all of the following that may apply:
4863 (i) athletic;
4864 (ii) business/economic;
4865 (iii) agriculture;
4866 (iv) art/music/performance;
4867 (v) science;
4868 (vi) gaming;
4869 (vii) religious;
4870 (viii) community service/social justice; and
4871 (ix) other;
4872 (d) the recommended meeting times, dates, and places;
4873 (e) a statement that the club will comply with the provisions of this part and all other
4874 applicable laws, rules, or policies; and
4875 (f) a budget showing the amount and source of any funding provided or to be provided
4876 to the club and its proposed use.
4877 (4) The application may be as brief as a single page so long as it contains the items
4878 required under this section.
4879 (5) A school shall approve the name of a curricular club consistent with the club's
4880 purposes and its school sponsorship.
4881 (6) (a) A school shall determine curriculum relatedness by strictly applying this part's
4882 definition of curricular club to the club application.
4883 (b) If the school finds that the proposed club is a curricular club, the school shall
4884 continue to review the application as an application for authorization of a curricular club.
4885 (c) If the school finds that the proposed club is a noncurricular club, the school may:
4886 (i) return the application to the faculty member or students proposing the club for
4887 amendment; or
4888 (ii) review the application as an application for authorization of a noncurricular club.
4889 (7) (a) Only curricular clubs may be authorized for elementary schools.
4890 (b) A school governing body may limit, or permit a secondary school to limit, the
4891 authorization of clubs at the secondary school to only curricular clubs.
4893 53G-7-704. Noncurricular clubs -- Annual authorization.
4894 (1) A noncurricular club shall have a minimum of three members.
4895 (2) Students proposing a noncurricular club shall submit a written application for
4896 authorization on a form approved by the [school] LEA governing board.
4897 (3) An application for authorization of a noncurricular club shall include:
4918 (5) (a) [A school] An LEA governing board may provide for approval of a
4919 noncurricular club name in an action separate from that relating to authorization of the club
4920 itself.
4921 (b) [A school] An LEA governing board shall require:
4922 (i) that a noncurricular club name shall reasonably reflect the club's purpose, goals, and
4923 activities; and
4924 (ii) that the noncurricular club name shall be a name that would not result in or imply a
4925 violation of this part.
4927 53G-7-705. Clubs -- Limitations and denials.
4928 (1) A school shall limit or deny authorization or school facilities use to a club, or
4929 require changes prior to granting authorization or school facilities use:
4930 (a) as the school determines it to be necessary to:
4931 (i) protect the physical, emotional, psychological, or moral well-being of students and
4932 faculty;
4933 (ii) maintain order and discipline on school premises;
4934 (iii) prevent a material and substantial interference with the orderly conduct of a
4935 school's educational activities;
4936 (iv) protect the rights of parents [or guardians] and students;
4937 (v) maintain the boundaries of socially appropriate behavior; or
4938 (vi) ensure compliance with all applicable laws, rules, regulations, and policies; or
4939 (b) if a club's proposed charter and proposed activities indicate students or advisors in
4940 club related activities would as a substantial, material, or significant part of their conduct or
4941 means of expression:
4942 (i) encourage criminal or delinquent conduct;
4943 (ii) promote bigotry;
4944 (iii) involve human sexuality; or
4945 (iv) involve any effort to engage in or conduct mental health therapy, counseling, or
4946 psychological services for which a license would be required under state law.
4947 (2) [A school] An LEA governing board has the authority to determine whether any
4948 club meets the criteria of Subsection (1).
4949 (3) If a school or [school] LEA governing board limits or denies authorization to a
4950 club, the school or [school] LEA governing board shall provide, in writing, to the applicant the
4951 factual and legal basis for the limitation or denial.
4952 (4) A student's spontaneous expression of sentiments or opinions otherwise identified
4953 in Subsection 53E-9-203(1) is not prohibited.
4955 53G-7-707. Use of school facilities by clubs.
4956 (1) A school shall determine and assign school facilities use for curricular and
4957 noncurricular clubs consistent with the needs of the school.
4958 (2) The following [rules] provisions apply to curricular clubs:
4959 (a) in assigning school facilities use, the administrator may give priority to curricular
4960 clubs over noncurricular clubs; and
4961 (b) the school may provide financial or other support to curricular clubs.
4962 (3) The following [rules] provisions apply to noncurricular clubs:
4963 (a) a preference or priority may not be given among noncurricular clubs;
4964 (b) (i) a school shall only provide the space for noncurricular club meetings; and
4965 (ii) a school may not spend public funds for noncurricular clubs, except as required to
4966 implement the provisions of this part, including providing space and faculty oversight for
4967 noncurricular clubs;
4968 (c) a school shall establish the noninstructional times during which noncurricular clubs
4969 may meet;
4970 (d) a school may establish the places that noncurricular clubs may meet;
4971 (e) a school may set the number of hours noncurricular clubs may use the school's
4972 facilities per month, provided that all noncurricular clubs shall be treated equally; and
4973 (f) a school shall determine what access noncurricular clubs shall be given to the
4974 school newspaper, yearbook, bulletin boards, or public address system, provided that all
4975 noncurricular clubs shall be treated equally.
4977 53G-7-708. Club membership.
4978 (1) A school shall require written parental [or guardian] consent for student
4979 participation in all curricular and noncurricular clubs at the school.
4980 (2) Membership in curricular clubs is governed by the following [rules]:
4981 (a) (i) membership may be limited to students who are currently attending the
4982 sponsoring school or school district; and
4983 (ii) members who attend a school other than the sponsoring school shall have, in
4984 addition to the consent required under Section 53G-7-709, specific parental [or guardian]
4985 permission for membership in a curricular club at another school;
4986 (b) (i) curricular clubs may require that prospective members try out based on objective
4987 criteria outlined in the application materials; and
4988 (ii) try-outs may not require activities that violate the provisions of this part and other
4989 applicable laws, rules, and policies; and
4990 (c) other rules or policies as determined by the [State Board of Education] state board,
4991 school district, or school.
4992 (3) Membership in noncurricular clubs is governed by the following [rules]:
4993 (a) student membership in a noncurricular club is voluntary;
4994 (b) membership shall be limited to students who are currently attending the school;
4995 (c) (i) noncurricular clubs may require that prospective members try out based on
4996 objective criteria outlined in the application materials; and
4998 applicable laws, rules, and policies;
4999 (d) a copy of any written or other media materials that were presented at a
5000 noncurricular club meeting by a nonschool person shall be delivered to a school administrator
5001 no later than 24 hours after the noncurricular club meeting and, if requested, a student's parent
5002 [or legal guardian] shall have an opportunity to review those materials; and
5003 (e) other rules or policies as determined by the [State Board of Education] state board,
5006 53G-7-709. Parental consent.
5009 (2) The consent described in Subsection (1) shall include an activity disclosure
5010 statement containing the following information:
5011 (a) the specific name of the club;
5013 (c) a statement of the club's categorization, which shall be obtained from the
5014 application for authorization of a club in accordance with the provisions of Section 53G-7-703
5015 or 53G-7-704, indicating all of the following that may apply:
5025 (d) beginning and ending dates;
5026 (e) a tentative schedule of the club activities with dates, times, and places specified;
5027 (f) personal costs associated with the club, if any;
5028 (g) the name of the sponsor, supervisor, or monitor who is responsible for the club; and
5029 (h) any additional information considered important for the students and parents to
5031 (3) All completed parental consent forms shall be filed by the parent or the club's
5032 sponsor, supervisor, or monitor with the school's principal, the chief administrative officer of a
5033 charter school, or their designee.
5035 53G-7-711. Appeals -- Procedures.
5036 (1) (a) A completed application or complaint shall be approved, denied, or investigated
5037 by the school within a reasonable amount of time.
5038 (b) If an application or complaint is denied, written reasons for the denial or results of
5039 the investigation shall be stated and, if appropriate, suggested corrections shall be made to
5040 remedy the deficiency.
5041 (c) A club that is denied school facilities use shall be informed at the time of the denial
5042 of the factual and legal basis for the denial, and, if appropriate, how the basis for the denial
5043 could be corrected.
5044 (2) (a) If denied, suspended, or terminated, a club, student desirous of participating or
5045 speaking, or a complaining parent [or guardian], has 10 school days from the date of the denial,
5046 suspension, or termination to file a written appeal from the denial, suspension, or termination
5047 to a designee authorized by the [school] LEA governing board.
5048 (b) The designee shall issue a determination within a reasonable amount of time from
5049 receipt of the appeal, which decision is final and constitutes satisfaction of all administrative
5050 remedies unless the time for evaluation is extended by agreement of all parties.
5051 (3) A person directly affected by a decision made in accordance with the provisions of
5052 this part may appeal the decision by writing to a person designated by the [school] LEA
5053 governing board.
5055 53G-7-712. Rulemaking -- State board -- LEA governing boards.
5056 The [State Board of Education] state board may adopt additional rules and [school]
5057 LEA governing boards may adopt additional [rules or] policies governing clubs that do not
5058 conflict with the provisions of this part.
5060 53G-7-803. Uniforms in schools -- Policy approval.
5061 (1) The school uniform policy authorized in Section 53G-7-802 may be adopted:
5062 (a) for a charter school:
5063 (i) by the [governing body] charter school governing board or administrator of the
5064 charter school in accordance with Subsection (2); or
5065 (ii) by including the school uniform policy in the school's charter agreement approved
5066 in accordance with Chapter 5, Utah Charter Schools;
5067 (b) for more than one school at the district level by a local school board in accordance
5068 with Subsection (2); or
5069 (c) for a single school at the school level by the principal of the school in accordance
5070 with Subsection (2).
5071 (2) A school uniform policy adopted by an election is subject to the following
5073 (a) the adopting authority shall hold a public hearing on the matter prior to formal
5074 adoption of the school uniform policy;
5075 (b) (i) the adopting authority shall hold an election for approval of a school uniform
5076 policy prior to its adoption and shall receive an affirmative vote from a majority of those voting
5077 at the election; and
5078 (ii) only parents [and guardians] of students subject to the proposed school uniform
5079 policy may vote at the election, limited to one vote per family.
5080 (3) (a) A local school board or principal is required to hold an election to consider
5081 adoption of a school uniform policy for an entire school district or an individual school if
5082 initiative petitions are presented as follows:
5083 (i) for a school district, a petition signed by a parent [or guardian] of 20% of the
5084 district's students presented to the local school board; and
5085 (ii) for an individual school, a petition signed by a parent [or guardian] of 20% of the
5086 school's students presented to the principal.
5087 (b) The public hearing and election procedures required in Subsection (2) apply to this
5089 (4) (a) The procedures set forth in Subsections (3) and (4) shall apply to the
5090 discontinuance or modification of a school uniform policy adopted under this section.
5091 (b) A vote to discontinue an adopted school uniform policy may not take place during
5092 the first year of its operation.
5093 (5) The adopting authority shall establish the manner and time of an election required
5098 (1) "Cooperating employer" means a public or private entity which, as part of a work
5099 experience and career exploration program offered through a school, provides interns with
5100 training and work experience in activities related to the entity's ongoing business activities.
5101 (2) "Intern" means a student enrolled in a school-sponsored work experience and career
5102 exploration program under Section 53G-7-902 involving both classroom instruction and work
5103 experience with a cooperating employer, for which the student receives no compensation.
5104 (3) "Internship" means the work experience segment of an intern's school-sponsored
5105 work experience and career exploration program, performed under the direct supervision of a
5106 cooperating employer.
5107 (4) "Private school" means a school serving any of grades 7 through 12 which is not
5108 part of the public education system.
5109 (5) "Public school" means:
5110 (a) a public school district;
5111 (b) an applied technology center or applied technology service region;
5112 (c) the Schools for the Deaf and the Blind; or
5113 (d) other components of the public education system authorized by the [State Board of
5114 Education] state board to offer internships.
5116 53G-7-902. Public or private school internships.
5117 A public or private school may offer internships in connection with work experience
5118 and career exploration programs operated in accordance with the rules of the [State Board of
5119 Education] state board.
5120 Section 141. Section 53G-7-1004 is amended to read:
5121 53G-7-1004. Rulemaking -- Reporting.
5122 The [State Board of Education] state board may make rules [in accordance with Title
5123 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act,] regarding compliance standards and
5124 reporting requirements for local school boards with respect to the policy required by Section
5125 53G-7-1002.
5127 53G-7-1101. Definitions.
5129 (1) "Alignment" or "realignment" means the initial or subsequent act, respectively, of
5130 assigning a public school a classification or region.
5131 (2) "Appeals panel" means the appeals panel created in Section 53G-7-1106.
5132 (3) (a) "Association" means an organization that governs or regulates a student's
5133 participation in an athletic interscholastic activity.
5134 (b) "Association" does not include an institution of higher education described in
5135 Section 53B-1-102.
5136 (4) "Classification" means the designation of a school based on the size of the school's
5137 student enrollment population for purposes of interscholastic activities.
5138 (5) "Eligibility" means eligibility to participate in an interscholastic activity regulated
5139 or governed by an association.
5140 (6) "Governing body" means a body within an association that:
5141 (a) is responsible for:
5142 (i) adopting [rules or] standards or policies that govern interscholastic activities or the
5143 administration of the association;
5144 (ii) adopting or amending the association's governing document or bylaws;
5145 (iii) enforcing the [rules and] standards and policies of the association; and
5146 (iv) adopting the association's budget; and
5147 (b) has oversight of other boards, committees, councils, or bodies within the
5148 association.
5149 (7) "Interscholastic activity" means an activity within the state in which:
5150 (a) a student that participates represents the student's school in the activity; and
5151 (b) the participating student is enrolled in grade 9, 10, 11, or 12.
5152 (8) "Public hearing" means a hearing at which members of the public are provided a
5153 reasonable opportunity to comment on the subject of the hearing.
5154 (9) "Region" means a grouping of schools of the same classification for purposes of
5155 interscholastic activities.
5157 53G-7-1103. Governing body membership.
5158 (1) (a) A governing body shall have 15 members as follows:
5159 (i) six members who:
5160 (A) are each an elected member of a local school board; and
5161 (B) each represent a different classification;
5162 (ii) (A) one school superintendent representing the two largest classifications;
5163 (B) one school superintendent representing the two classifications that are next in
5164 diminishing size to the smaller of the two classifications described in Subsection (1)(a)(ii)(A);
5166 (C) one school superintendent representing the two classifications that are next in
5167 diminishing size to the smaller of the two classifications described in Subsection (1)(a)(ii)(B);
5168 (iii) (A) one school principal representing the two largest classifications;
5169 (B) one school principal representing the two classifications that are next in
5170 diminishing size to the smaller of the two classifications described in Subsection (1)(a)(iii)(A);
5172 (C) one school principal representing the two classifications that are next in
5173 diminishing size to the smaller of the two classifications described in Subsection (1)(a)(iii)(B);
5174 (iv) one representative of charter schools;
5175 (v) one representative of private schools, if private schools are members of or regulated
5176 by the association; and
5177 (vi) one member representing the [State Board of Education] state board.
5178 (b) Only a member respectively described in Subsection (1)(a)(iv) or (v) may be
5179 elected or appointed by or represent charter or private schools on the governing body.
5180 (2) (a) A member described in Subsection (1)(a)(i), (ii), (iii), or (v) may be elected,
5181 appointed, or otherwise selected in accordance with association rule or policy to the extent the
5182 selection reflects the membership requirements in Subsection (1)(a)(i), (ii), (iii), or (v).
5183 (b) A governing body member described in Subsection (1)(a)(vi) shall be the chair of
5184 the [State Board of Education] state board or the chair's designee if the designee is an elected
5185 member of the [State Board of Education] state board.
5187 53G-7-1104. Reporting requirements.
5188 An association shall provide a verbal report, accompanied by a written report, annually
5189 to the [State Board of Education] state board, including:
5190 (1) the association's annual budget in accordance with Section 53G-7-1105;
5191 (2) a schedule of events scheduled or facilitated by the association;
5192 (3) procedures for alignment or realignment;
5193 (4) any amendments or changes to the association's governing document or bylaws; and
5194 (5) any other information requested by the [State Board of Education] state board.
5196 53G-7-1105. Association budgets.
5197 (1) An association shall:
5198 (a) adopt a budget in accordance with this section; and
5199 (b) use uniform budgeting, accounting, and auditing procedures and forms, which shall
5200 be in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles or auditing standards.
5201 (2) An association budget officer or executive director shall annually prepare a
5202 tentative budget, with supporting documentation, to be submitted to the governing body.
5206 (c) a detailed estimate of the essential expenditures for all purposes for the next
5208 (d) the estimated financial condition of the association by funds at the close of the
5209 current fiscal year.
5210 (4) The tentative budget shall be filed with the governing body 15 days, or earlier,
5211 before the date of the tentative budget's proposed adoption by the governing body.
5212 (5) The governing body shall adopt a budget.
5213 (6) Before the adoption or amendment of a budget, the governing body shall hold a
5214 public hearing on the proposed budget or budget amendment.
5215 (7) (a) In addition to complying with Title 52, Chapter 4, Open and Public Meetings
5216 Act, in regards to the public hearing described in Subsection (6), at least 10 days before the
5217 public hearing, a governing body shall:
5218 (i) publish a notice of the public hearing electronically in accordance with Section
5219 63F-1-701; and
5220 (ii) post the proposed budget on the association's Internet website.
5221 (b) A notice of a public hearing on an association's proposed budget shall include
5222 information on how the public may access the proposed budget as provided in Subsection
5223 (7)(a).
5224 (8) No later than September 30 of each year, the governing body shall file a copy of the
5225 adopted budget with the state auditor and the [State Board of Education] state board.
5227 53G-7-1106. Procedures for disputes -- Appeals -- Appeals panel --
5228 Compensation.
5229 (1) (a) An association shall establish a uniform procedure for hearing and deciding:
5230 (i) disputes;
5231 (ii) allegations of violations of the association's rules or policies;
5232 (iii) requests to establish eligibility after a student transfers schools; and
5233 (iv) disputes related to alignment or realignment.
5234 (b) An individual may appeal to an appeals panel established in this section an
5235 association decision regarding a request to establish eligibility after a student transfers schools.
5236 (2) (a) There is established an appeals panel for an association decision described in
5238 (b) The appeals panel shall consist of the following three members:
5239 (i) a judge or attorney who is not employed by, or contracts with, a school;
5240 (ii) a retired educator, principal, or superintendent; and
5241 (iii) a retired athletic director or coach.
5242 (c) A review and decision by the appeals panel is limited to whether the association
5243 properly followed the association's rules and procedures in regard to a decision described in
5245 (d) (i) An association shall adopt policies for filing an appeal with the appeals panel.
5246 (ii) The appeals panel shall review an appeal and issue a written decision explaining
5247 the appeals panel's decision no later than 10 business days after an appeal is filed.
5248 (e) The appeals panel's decision is final.
5249 (3) (a) The [State Board of Education] state board shall appoint the members of the
5250 appeals panel described in Subsection (2):
5251 (i) from the association's nominations described in Subsection (3)(b); and
5252 (ii) in accordance with the [State Board of Education's] state board's appointment
5253 process.
5254 (b) (i) The association shall nominate up to three individuals for each position
5255 described in Subsection (2) for the [State Board of Education's] state board's consideration.
5256 (ii) If the [State Board of Education] state board refuses to appoint members to the
5257 panel who were nominated by the association as described in Subsection (3)(b)(i), the [State
5258 Board of Education] state board shall request additional nominations from the association.
5259 (iii) No later than 45 days after the association provides the nominations, the [State
5260 Board of Education] state board shall appoint to the appeals panel an individual from the
5261 names provided by the association.
5262 (c) For the initial membership, the [State Board of Education] state board shall appoint
5263 two of the positions having an initial term of three years and one position having an initial term
5264 of two years.
5265 (d) Except as required by Subsection (3)(e), as terms of appeals panel members expire,
5266 the [State Board of Education] state board shall appoint each new member or reappointed
5267 member to a two-year term.
5268 (e) When a vacancy occurs in the membership for any reason, the replacement shall be
5269 appointed for the unexpired term.
5270 (4) The [State Board of Education] state board shall reimburse an association for per
5271 diem and travel expenses of members of the appeals panel.
5273 53G-7-1202. School community councils -- Duties -- Composition -- Election
5274 procedures and selection of members.
5276 (a) "Digital citizenship" means the norms of appropriate, responsible, and healthy
5277 behavior related to technology use, including digital literacy, ethics, etiquette, and security.
5279 elected under Title 20A, Chapter 14, Nomination and Election of State and Local School
5281 [(c)] (b) "Educator" means the same as that term is defined in Section 53E-6-102.
5282 [(d)] (c) (i) "Parent [or guardian] member" means a member of a school community
5283 council who is a parent [or guardian] of a student who:
5284 (A) is attending the school; or
5285 (B) will be enrolled at the school during the parent's [or guardian's] term of office.
5286 (ii) "Parent [or guardian] member" may not include an educator who is employed at the
5288 [(e)] (d) "School community council" means a council established at a district school in
5289 accordance with this section.
5290 [(f)] (e) "School employee member" means a member of a school community council
5291 who is a person employed at the school by the school or school district, including the principal.
5292 [(g)] (f) "School LAND Trust Program money" means money allocated to a school
5293 pursuant to Section 53F-2-404.
5294 (2) A district school, in consultation with the district school's local school board, shall
5295 establish a school community council at the school building level for the purpose of:
5296 (a) involving parents [or guardians] of students in decision making at the school level;
5297 (b) improving the education of students;
5298 (c) prudently expending School LAND Trust Program money for the improvement of
5299 students' education through collaboration among parents [and guardians], school employees,
5300 and the local school board; and
5301 (d) increasing public awareness of:
5302 (i) school trust lands and related land policies;
5303 (ii) management of the State School Fund established in Utah Constitution Article X,
5304 Section V; and
5305 (iii) educational excellence.
5306 (3) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (3)(b), a school community council shall:
5307 (i) create a school improvement plan in accordance with Section 53G-7-1204;
5308 (ii) create the School LAND Trust Program in accordance with Section 53G-7-1206;
5309 (iii) advise and make recommendations to school and school district administrators and
5310 the local school board regarding:
5311 (A) the school and its programs;
5312 (B) school district programs;
5313 (C) a child access routing plan in accordance with Section 53G-4-402;
5314 (D) safe technology utilization and digital citizenship; and
5315 (E) other issues relating to the community environment for students;
5316 (iv) provide for education and awareness on safe technology utilization and digital
5320 [or guardian's] child; and
5321 (v) partner with the school's principal and other administrators to ensure that adequate
5322 on and off campus Internet filtering is installed and consistently configured to prevent viewing
5323 of harmful content by students and school personnel, in accordance with local school board
5324 policy and Subsection 53G-7-216(3).
5325 (b) To fulfill the school community council's duties described in Subsections (3)(a)(iv)
5326 and (v), a school community council may:
5327 (i) partner with one or more non-profit organizations; or
5328 (ii) create a subcommittee.
5329 (c) A school or school district administrator may not prohibit or discourage a school
5330 community council from discussing issues, or offering advice or recommendations, regarding
5331 the school and its programs, school district programs, the curriculum, or the community
5332 environment for students.
5333 (4) (a) Each school community council shall consist of school employee members and
5334 parent [or guardian] members in accordance with this section.
5335 (b) Except as provided in Subsection (4)(c) or (d):
5336 (i) each school community council for a high school shall have six parent [or guardian]
5337 members and four school employee members, including the principal; and
5338 (ii) each school community council for a school other than a high school shall have
5339 four parent [or guardian] members and two school employee members, including the principal.
5340 (c) A school community council may determine the size of the school community
5341 council by a majority vote of a quorum of the school community council provided that:
5342 (i) the membership includes two or more parent [or guardian] members than the
5343 number of school employee members; and
5344 (ii) there are at least two school employee members on the school community council.
5345 (d) (i) The number of parent [or guardian] members of a school community council
5346 who are not educators employed by the school district shall exceed the number of parent [or
5347 guardian] members who are educators employed by the school district.
5348 (ii) If, after an election, the number of parent [or guardian] members who are not
5349 educators employed by the school district does not exceed the number of parent [or guardian]
5350 members who are educators employed by the school district, the parent [or guardian] members
5351 of the school community council shall appoint one or more parent [or guardian] members to
5352 the school community council so that the number of parent [or guardian] members who are not
5353 educators employed by the school district exceeds the number of parent [or guardian] members
5354 who are educators employed by the school district.
5355 (5) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (5)(f), a school employee member, other than
5356 the principal, shall be elected by secret ballot by a majority vote of the school employees and
5357 serve a two-year term. The principal shall serve as an ex officio member with full voting
5358 privileges.
5359 (b) (i) Except as provided in Subsection (5)(f), a parent [or guardian] member shall be
5360 elected by secret ballot at an election held at the school by a majority vote of those voting at the
5361 election and serve a two-year term.
5362 (ii) (A) Except as provided in Subsection (5)(b)(ii)(B), only a parent [or guardian] of a
5363 student attending the school may vote in, or run as a candidate in, the election under Subsection
5364 (5)(b)(i).
5365 (B) If an election is held in the spring, a parent [or guardian] of a student who will be
5366 attending the school the following school year may vote in, and run as a candidate in, the
5367 election under Subsection (5)(b)(i).
5368 (iii) Any parent [or guardian] of a student who meets the qualifications of this section
5369 may file or declare the parent's [or guardian's] candidacy for election to a school community
5370 council.
5371 (iv) (A) Subject to Subsections (5)(b)(iv)(B) and (5)(b)(iv)(C), a timeline for the
5372 election of parent [or guardian] members of a school community council shall be established by
5373 a local school board for the schools within the school district.
5374 (B) An election for the parent [or guardian] members of a school community council
5375 shall be held near the beginning of the school year or held in the spring and completed before
5376 the last week of school.
5377 (C) Each school shall establish a time period for the election of parent [or guardian]
5378 members of a school community council under Subsection (5)(b)(iv)(B) that is consistent for at
5379 least a four-year period.
5380 (c) (i) At least 10 days before the date that voting commences for the elections held
5381 under Subsections (5)(a) and (5)(b), the principal of the school, or the principal's designee,
5382 shall provide notice to each school employee[,] or parent[, or guardian,] of the opportunity to
5383 vote in, and run as a candidate in, an election under this Subsection (5).
5384 (ii) The notice shall include:
5385 (A) the dates and times of the elections;
5386 (B) a list of council positions that are up for election; and
5387 (C) instructions for becoming a candidate for a community council position.
5388 (iii) The principal of the school, or the principal's designee, shall oversee the elections
5389 held under Subsections (5)(a) and (5)(b).
5390 (iv) Ballots cast in an election held under Subsection (5)(b) shall be deposited in a
5391 secure ballot box.
5392 (d) Results of the elections held under Subsections (5)(a) and (5)(b) shall be made
5393 available to the public upon request.
5394 (e) (i) If a parent [or guardian] position on a school community council remains
5395 unfilled after an election is held, the other parent [or guardian] members of the council shall
5396 appoint a parent [or guardian] who meets the qualifications of this section to fill the position.
5397 (ii) If a school employee position on a school community council remains unfilled after
5398 an election is held, the other school employee members of the council shall appoint a school
5399 employee to fill the position.
5400 (iii) A member appointed to a school community council under Subsection (5)(e)(i) or
5401 (ii) shall serve a two-year term.
5402 (f) (i) If the number of candidates who file for a parent [or guardian] position or school
5403 employee position on a school community council is less than or equal to the number of open
5404 positions, an election is not required.
5405 (ii) If an election is not held pursuant to Subsection (5)(f)(i) and a parent [or guardian]
5406 position remains unfilled, the other parent [or guardian] members of the council shall appoint a
5407 parent [or guardian] who meets the qualifications of this section to fill the position.
5408 (iii) If an election is not held pursuant to Subsection (5)(f)(i) and a school employee
5409 position remains unfilled, the other school employee members of the council shall appoint a
5410 school employee who meets the qualifications of this section to fill the position.
5411 (g) The principal shall enter the names of the council members on the School LAND
5412 Trust website on or before October 20 of each year, pursuant to Section 53G-7-1203.
5413 (h) Terms shall be staggered so that approximately half of the council members stand
5414 for election each year.
5415 (i) A school community council member may serve successive terms provided the
5416 member continues to meet the definition of a parent [or guardian] member or school employee
5417 member as specified in Subsection (1).
5418 (j) Each school community council shall elect:
5419 (i) a chair from its parent [or guardian] members; and
5420 (ii) a vice chair from either its parent [or guardian] members or school employee
5421 members, excluding the principal.
5422 (6) (a) A school community council may create subcommittees or task forces to:
5423 (i) advise or make recommendations to the council; or
5424 (ii) develop all or part of a plan listed in Subsection (3).
5425 (b) Any plan or part of a plan developed by a subcommittee or task force shall be
5426 subject to the approval of the school community council.
5427 (c) A school community council may appoint individuals who are not council members
5428 to serve on a subcommittee or task force, including parents [or guardians], school employees,
5429 or other community members.
5430 (7) (a) A majority of the members of a school community council is a quorum for the
5431 transaction of business.
5432 (b) The action of a majority of the members of a quorum is the action of the school
5433 community council.
5434 (8) A local school board shall provide training for a school community council each
5435 year, including training:
5436 (a) for the chair and vice chair about their responsibilities;
5437 (b) on resources available on the School LAND Trust website; and
5438 (c) on this part.
5440 53G-7-1203. School community councils -- Open and public meeting
5443 (a) (i) "Charter trust land council" means a council established by a charter school
5444 governing board under Section 53G-7-1205.
5445 (ii) "Charter trust land council" does not include a charter school governing board
5446 acting as a charter trust land council.
5447 [(b) "School community council" means a council established at a school within a
5448 school district under Section 53G-7-1202.]
5449 [(c)] (b) "Council" means a school community council or a charter trust land council.
5450 (c) "School community council" means a council established at a school within a
5451 school district under Section 53G-7-1202.
5452 (2) A school community council or a charter trust land council:
5453 (a) shall conduct deliberations and take action openly as provided in this section; and
5454 (b) is exempt from Title 52, Chapter 4, Open and Public Meetings Act.
5455 (3) (a) As required by Section 53G-7-1202, a local school board shall provide training
5456 for the members of a school community council on this section.
5457 (b) A charter school governing board shall provide training for the members of a
5458 charter trust land council on this section.
5459 (4) (a) A meeting of a council is open to the public.
5460 (b) A council may not close any portion of a meeting.
5461 (5) A council shall, at least one week prior to a meeting, post the following information
5462 on the school's website:
5463 (a) a notice of the meeting, time, and place;
5464 (b) an agenda for the meeting; and
5465 (c) the minutes of the previous meeting.
5466 (6) (a) On or before October 20, a principal shall post the following information on the
5467 school website and in the school office:
5468 (i) the proposed council meeting schedule for the year;
5469 (ii) a telephone number or email address, or both, where each council member can be
5470 reached directly; and
5471 (iii) a summary of the annual report required under Section 53G-7-1206 on how the
5472 school's School LAND Trust Program money was used to enhance or improve academic
5473 excellence at the school and implement a component of the school's improvement plan.
5474 (b) (i) A council shall identify and use methods of providing the information listed in
5475 Subsection (6)(a) to a parent [or guardian] who does not have Internet access.
5476 (ii) Money allocated to a school under the School LAND Trust Program under Section
5477 53F-2-404 may not be used to provide information as required by Subsection (6)(b)(i).
5478 (7) (a) The notice requirement of Subsection (5) may be disregarded if:
5479 (i) because of unforeseen circumstances it is necessary for a council to hold an
5480 emergency meeting to consider matters of an emergency or urgent nature; and
5481 (ii) the council gives the best notice practicable of:
5482 (A) the time and place of the emergency meeting; and
5483 (B) the topics to be considered at the emergency meeting.
5484 (b) An emergency meeting of a council may not be held unless:
5485 (i) an attempt has been made to notify all the members of the council; and
5486 (ii) a majority of the members of the council approve the meeting.
5487 (8) (a) An agenda required under Subsection (5)(b) shall provide reasonable specificity
5488 to notify the public as to the topics to be considered at the meeting.
5489 (b) Each topic described in Subsection (8)(a) shall be listed under an agenda item on
5490 the meeting agenda.
5491 (c) A council may not take final action on a topic in a meeting unless the topic is:
5492 (i) listed under an agenda item as required by Subsection (8)(b); and
5493 (ii) included with the advance public notice required by Subsection (5).
5494 (9) (a) Written minutes shall be kept of a council meeting.
5495 (b) Written minutes of a council meeting shall include:
5496 (i) the date, time, and place of the meeting;
5497 (ii) the names of members present and absent;
5498 (iii) a brief statement of the matters proposed, discussed, or decided;
5499 (iv) a record, by individual member, of each vote taken;
5500 (v) the name of each person who:
5501 (A) is not a member of the council; and
5502 (B) after being recognized by the chair, provided testimony or comments to the
5503 council;
5504 (vi) the substance, in brief, of the testimony or comments provided by the public under
5505 Subsection (9)(b)(v); and
5506 (vii) any other information that is a record of the proceedings of the meeting that any
5507 member requests be entered in the minutes.
5508 (c) The written minutes of a council meeting:
5509 (i) are a public record under Title 63G, Chapter 2, Government Records Access and
5510 Management Act; and
5511 (ii) shall be retained for three years.
5512 (10) (a) As used in this Subsection (10), "rules of order and procedure" means a set of
5513 [rules] policies that govern and prescribe in a public meeting:
5517 (b) A council shall:
5518 (i) adopt rules of order and procedure to govern a public meeting of the council;
5519 (ii) conduct a public meeting in accordance with the rules of order and procedure
5520 described in Subsection (10)(b)(i); and
5521 (iii) make the rules of order and procedure described in Subsection (10)(b)(i) available
5522 to the public:
5523 (A) at each public meeting of the council; and
5524 (B) on the school's website.
5526 53G-7-1205. Charter trust land councils.
5527 (1) To receive School LAND Trust Program funding as described in Sections
5528 53F-2-404 and 53G-7-1206, a charter school governing board shall establish a charter trust
5529 land council, which shall prepare a plan for the use of School LAND Trust Program money that
5530 includes the elements described in Subsection 53G-7-1206(4).
5531 (2) (a) The membership of the council shall include parents [or guardians] of students
5532 enrolled at the school and may include other members.
5533 (b) The number of council members who are parents [or guardians] of students
5534 enrolled at the school shall exceed all other members combined by at least two.
5535 (3) A charter school governing board may serve as the charter trust land council that
5536 prepares a plan for the use of School LAND Trust Program money if the membership of the
5537 charter school governing board meets the requirements of Subsection (2)(b).
5538 (4) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (4)(b), council members who are parents [or
5539 guardians] of students enrolled at the school shall be elected in accordance with procedures
5540 established by the charter school governing board.
5541 (b) Subsection (4)(a) does not apply to a charter school governing board that serves as
5542 the charter trust land council that prepares a plan for the use of School LAND Trust Program
5543 money.
5544 (5) A parent [or guardian] of a student enrolled at the school shall serve as chair or
5545 co-chair of a charter trust land council that prepares a plan for the use of School LAND Trust
5546 Program money.
5548 53G-7-1206. School LAND Trust Program.
5550 [(a) "Charter agreement" means an agreement made in accordance with Section
5551 53G-5-303 that authorizes the operation of a charter school.]
5552 [(b)] (a) "Charter school authorizer" means the same as that term is defined in Section
5554 [(c)] (b) "Charter trust land council" means a council established by a charter school
5556 [(d)] (c) "Council" means a school community council or a charter trust land council.
5557 [(e) "District school" means a public school under the control of a local school board
5560 [(f)] (d) "School community council" means a council established at a district school in
5561 accordance with Section 53G-7-1202.
5562 (2) There is established the School LAND (Learning And Nurturing Development)
5563 Trust Program under the [State Board of Education] state board to:
5564 (a) provide financial resources to public schools to enhance or improve student
5565 academic achievement and implement a component of a district school's school improvement
5566 plan or a charter school's charter agreement; and
5567 (b) involve parents [and guardians] of a school's students in decision making regarding
5568 the expenditure of School LAND Trust Program money allocated to the school.
5569 (3) To receive an allocation under Section 53F-2-404:
5570 (a) a district school shall have established a school community council in accordance
5571 with Section 53G-7-1202;
5572 (b) a charter school shall have established a charter trust land council in accordance
5573 with Section 53G-7-1205; and
5574 (c) the school's principal shall provide a signed, written assurance that the school is in
5575 compliance with Subsection (3)(a) or (b).
5576 (4) (a) A council shall create a program to use the school's allocation distributed under
5577 Section 53F-2-404 to implement a component of the school's improvement plan or charter
5578 agreement, including:
5579 (i) the school's identified most critical academic needs;
5580 (ii) a recommended course of action to meet the identified academic needs;
5581 (iii) a specific listing of any programs, practices, materials, or equipment that the
5582 school will need to implement a component of its school improvement plan to have a direct
5583 impact on the instruction of students and result in measurable increased student performance;
5585 (iv) how the school intends to spend its allocation of funds under this section to
5586 enhance or improve academic excellence at the school.
5587 (b) (i) A council shall create and vote to adopt a plan for the use of School LAND
5588 Trust Program money in a meeting of the council at which a quorum is present.
5589 (ii) If a majority of the quorum votes to adopt a plan for the use of School LAND Trust
5590 Program money, the plan is adopted.
5591 (c) A council shall:
5592 (i) post a plan for the use of School LAND Trust Program money that is adopted in
5593 accordance with Subsection (4)(b) on the School LAND Trust Program website; and
5594 (ii) include with the plan a report noting the number of council members who voted for
5595 or against the approval of the plan and the number of council members who were absent for the
5596 vote.
5597 (d) (i) The local school board of a district school shall approve or disapprove a plan for
5598 the use of School LAND Trust Program money.
5599 (ii) If a local school board disapproves a plan for the use of School LAND Trust
5600 Program money:
5601 (A) the local school board shall provide a written explanation of why the plan was
5602 disapproved and request the school community council who submitted the plan to revise the
5603 plan; and
5604 (B) the school community council shall submit a revised plan in response to a local
5605 school board's request under Subsection (4)(d)(ii)(A).
5606 (iii) Once a plan has been approved by a local school board, a school community
5607 council may amend the plan, subject to a majority vote of the school community council and
5609 (e) A charter trust land council's plan for the use of School LAND Trust Program
5610 money is subject to approval by the:
5611 (i) charter school governing board; and
5612 (ii) charter school's charter school authorizer.
5613 (5) (a) A district school or charter school shall:
5614 (i) implement the program as approved;
5615 (ii) provide ongoing support for the council's program; and
5616 (iii) meet [State Board of Education] state board reporting requirements regarding
5617 financial and performance accountability of the program.
5618 (b) (i) A district school or charter school shall prepare and post an annual report of the
5619 program on the School LAND Trust Program website each fall.
5620 (ii) The report shall detail the use of program funds received by the school under this
5621 section and an assessment of the results obtained from the use of the funds.
5622 (iii) A summary of the report shall be provided to parents [or guardians] of students
5623 attending the school.
5624 (6) On or before October 1 of each year, a school district shall record the amount of the
5625 program funds distributed to each school under Section 53F-2-404 on the School LAND Trust
5626 Program website to assist schools in developing the annual report described in Subsection
5628 (7) The president or chair of a local school board or charter school governing board
5629 shall ensure that the members of the local school board or charter school governing board are
5630 provided with annual training on the requirements of this section.
5631 (8) (a) The School LAND Trust Program shall provide training to the entities described
5632 in Subsection (8)(b) on:
5633 (i) the School LAND Trust Program; and
5634 (ii) (A) a school community council; or
5635 (B) a charter trust land council.
5636 (b) The School LAND Trust Program shall provide the training to:
5637 (i) a local school board or a charter school governing board;
5638 (ii) a school district or a charter school; and
5639 (iii) a school community council.
5640 (9) The School LAND Trust Program shall annually review each school's compliance
5641 with applicable law, including rules adopted by the [State Board of Education] state board, by:
5642 (a) reading each School LAND Trust Program plan submitted; and
5643 (b) reviewing expenditures made from School LAND Trust Program money.
5644 (10) The state board shall designate a staff member who administers the School LAND
5645 Trust Program:
5646 (a) to serve as a member of the Land Trusts Protection and Advocacy Committee
5647 created under Section 53D-2-202; and
5648 (b) who may coordinate with the Land Trusts Protection and Advocacy Office director,
5649 appointed under Section 53D-2-203, to attend meetings or events within the School and
5650 Institutional Trust System, as defined in Section 53D-2-102, that relate to the School LAND
5651 Trust Program.
5653 53G-8-202. Public school discipline policies -- Basis of the policies --
5654 Enforcement.
5655 (1) The Legislature recognizes that every student in the public schools should have the
5656 opportunity to learn in an environment which is safe, conducive to the learning process, and
5657 free from unnecessary disruption.
5658 (2) (a) To foster such an environment, each local school board or charter school
5659 governing board [of a charter school], with input from school employees, parents [and
5660 guardians] of students, students, and the community at large, shall adopt conduct and discipline
5661 policies for the public schools in accordance with Section 53G-8-211.
5662 (b) A district or charter school shall base its policies on the principle that every student
5663 is expected:
5664 (i) to follow accepted [rules] standards of conduct; and
5665 (ii) to show respect for other people and to obey persons in authority at the school.
5666 (c) (i) On or before September 1, 2015, the [State Board of Education] state board shall
5667 revise the conduct and discipline policy models for elementary and secondary public schools to
5668 include procedures for responding to reports received through the School Safety and Crisis
5669 Line under Subsection 53E-10-502(3).
5670 (ii) Each district or charter school shall use the models, where appropriate, in
5671 developing its conduct and discipline policies under this chapter.
5672 (d) The policies shall emphasize that certain behavior, most particularly behavior
5673 which disrupts, is unacceptable and may result in disciplinary action.
5674 (3) The local superintendent and designated employees of the district or charter school
5675 shall enforce the policies so that students demonstrating unacceptable behavior and their
5676 parents [or guardians] understand that such behavior will not be tolerated and will be dealt with
5677 in accordance with the district's conduct and discipline policies.
5679 53G-8-203. Conduct and discipline policies and procedures.
5680 (1) The conduct and discipline policies required under Section 53G-8-202 shall
5682 (a) provisions governing student conduct, safety, and welfare;
5683 (b) standards and procedures for dealing with students who cause disruption in the
5684 classroom, on school grounds, on school vehicles, or in connection with school-related
5685 activities or events;
5686 (c) procedures for the development of remedial discipline plans for students who cause
5687 a disruption at any of the places referred to in Subsection (1)(b);
5688 (d) procedures for the use of reasonable and necessary physical restraint in dealing with
5689 students posing a danger to themselves or others, consistent with Section 53G-8-302;
5690 (e) standards and procedures for dealing with student conduct in locations other than
5691 those referred to in Subsection (1)(b), if the conduct threatens harm or does harm to:
5692 (i) the school;
5693 (ii) school property;
5694 (iii) a person associated with the school; or
5695 (iv) property associated with a person described in Subsection (1)(e)(iii);
5696 (f) procedures for the imposition of disciplinary sanctions, including suspension and
5697 expulsion;
5698 (g) specific provisions, consistent with Section 53E-3-509, for preventing and
5699 responding to gang-related activities in the school, on school grounds, on school vehicles, or in
5700 connection with school-related activities or events;
5701 (h) standards and procedures for dealing with habitual disruptive or unsafe student
5702 behavior in accordance with the provisions of this part; and
5703 (i) procedures for responding to reports received through the School Safety and Crisis
5705 (2) (a) Each local school board shall establish a policy on detaining students after
5706 regular school hours as a part of the district-wide discipline plan required under Section
5708 (b) (i) The policy described in Subsection (2)(a) shall apply to elementary school
5709 students, grades kindergarten through [six] 6.
5710 (ii) The local school board shall receive input from teachers, school administrators, and
5711 parents [and guardians] of the affected students before adopting the policy.
5712 (c) The policy described in Subsection (2)(a) shall provide for:
5713 (i) notice to the parent [or guardian] of a student prior to holding the student after
5714 school on a particular day; and
5715 (ii) exceptions to the notice provision if detention is necessary for the student's health
5716 or safety.
5718 53G-8-204. Suspension and expulsion procedures -- Notice to parents --
5719 Distribution of policies.
5720 (1) (a) Policies required under this part shall include written procedures for the
5721 suspension and expulsion of, or denial of admission to, a student, consistent with due process
5722 and other provisions of law.
5723 (b) (i) The policies required in Subsection (1)(a) shall include a procedure directing
5724 public schools to notify the custodial parent and, if requested in writing by a noncustodial
5725 parent, the noncustodial parent of the suspension and expulsion of, or denial of admission to, a
5727 (ii) Subsection (1)(b)(i) does not apply to that portion of school records which would
5728 disclose any information protected under a court order.
5729 (iii) The custodial parent is responsible for providing to the school a certified copy of
5730 the court order under Subsection (1)(b)(ii) through a procedure adopted by the local school
5731 board or the charter school governing board [of a charter school].
5732 (2) (a) Each local school board or charter school governing board [of a charter school]
5733 shall provide for the distribution of a copy of a school's discipline and conduct policy to each
5734 student upon enrollment in the school.
5735 (b) A copy of the policy shall be posted in a prominent location in each school.
5736 (c) Any significant change in a school's conduct and discipline policy shall be
5737 distributed to students in the school and posted in the school in a prominent location.
5739 53G-8-205. Grounds for suspension or expulsion from a public school.
5740 (1) A student may be suspended or expelled from a public school for any of the
5741 following reasons:
5742 (a) frequent or flagrant willful disobedience, defiance of proper authority, or disruptive
5743 behavior, including the use of foul, profane, vulgar, or abusive language;
5744 (b) willful destruction or defacing of school property;
5745 (c) behavior or threatened behavior which poses an immediate and significant threat to
5746 the welfare, safety, or morals of other students or school personnel or to the operation of the
5748 (d) possession, control, or use of an alcoholic beverage as defined in Section
5749 32B-1-102;
5750 (e) behavior proscribed under Subsection (2) which threatens harm or does harm to the
5751 school or school property, to a person associated with the school, or property associated with
5752 that person, regardless of where it occurs; or
5753 (f) possession or use of pornographic material on school property.
5754 (2) (a) A student shall be suspended or expelled from a public school for any of the
5756 (i) any serious violation affecting another student or a staff member, or any serious
5757 violation occurring in a school building, in or on school property, or in conjunction with any
5758 school activity, including:
5759 (A) the possession, control, or actual or threatened use of a real weapon, explosive, or
5760 noxious or flammable material;
5761 (B) the actual or threatened use of a look alike weapon with intent to intimidate another
5762 person or to disrupt normal school activities; or
5763 (C) the sale, control, or distribution of a drug or controlled substance as defined in
5764 Section 58-37-2, an imitation controlled substance defined in Section 58-37b-2, or drug
5765 paraphernalia as defined in Section 58-37a-3; or
5766 (ii) the commission of an act involving the use of force or the threatened use of force
5767 which if committed by an adult would be a felony or class A misdemeanor.
5768 (b) A student who commits a violation of Subsection (2)(a) involving a real or look
5769 alike weapon, explosive, or flammable material shall be expelled from school for a period of
5770 not less than one year subject to the following:
5771 (i) within 45 days after the expulsion the student shall appear before the student's local
5772 school board superintendent, the superintendent's designee, chief administrative officer of a
5773 charter school, or the chief administrative officer's designee, accompanied by a parent [or legal
5774 guardian]; and
5775 (ii) the superintendent, chief administrator, or designee shall determine:
5776 (A) what conditions must be met by the student and the student's parent for the student
5777 to return to school;
5778 (B) if the student should be placed on probation in a regular or alternative school
5779 setting consistent with Section 53G-8-208, and what conditions must be met by the student in
5780 order to ensure the safety of students and faculty at the school the student is placed in; and
5781 (C) if it would be in the best interest of both the school district or charter school, and
5782 the student, to modify the expulsion term to less than a year, conditioned on approval by the
5783 local school board or charter school governing board [of a charter school] and giving highest
5784 priority to providing a safe school environment for all students.
5785 (3) A student may be denied admission to a public school on the basis of having been
5786 expelled from that or any other school during the preceding 12 months.
5787 (4) A suspension or expulsion under this section is not subject to the age limitations
5788 under Subsection 53G-6-204(1).
5789 (5) Each local school board and charter school governing board [of a charter school]
5790 shall prepare an annual report for the [State Board of Education] state board on:
5791 (a) each violation committed under this section; and
5792 (b) each action taken by the school district against a student who committed the
5793 violation.
5795 53G-8-206. Delegation of authority to suspend or expel a student -- Procedure for
5796 suspension -- Readmission.
5797 (1) (a) A local school board [of education] may delegate to any school principal or
5798 assistant principal within the school district the power to suspend a student in the principal's
5799 school for up to 10 school days.
5800 (b) A charter school governing board [of a charter school] may delegate to the chief
5801 administrative officer of the charter school the power to suspend a student in the charter school
5802 for up to 10 school days.
5803 (2) The local school board or charter school governing board may suspend a student for
5804 up to one school year or delegate that power to the district superintendent, the superintendent's
5805 designee, or chief administrative officer of a charter school.
5806 (3) The local school board may expel a student for a fixed or indefinite period,
5807 provided that the expulsion shall be reviewed by the district superintendent or the
5808 superintendent's designee and the conclusions reported to the local school board, at least once
5809 each year.
5810 (4) If a student is suspended, a designated school official shall notify the parent [or
5811 guardian] of the student of the following without delay:
5812 (a) that the student has been suspended;
5813 (b) the grounds for the suspension;
5814 (c) the period of time for which the student is suspended; and
5815 (d) the time and place for the parent [or guardian] to meet with a designated school
5816 official to review the suspension.
5817 (5) (a) A suspended student shall immediately leave the school building and the school
5818 grounds following a determination by the school of the best way to transfer custody of the
5819 student to the parent [or guardian] or other person authorized by the parent or applicable law to
5820 accept custody of the student.
5821 (b) Except as otherwise provided in Subsection (5)(c), a suspended student may not be
5822 readmitted to a public school until:
5823 (i) the student and the parent [or guardian] have met with a designated school official
5824 to review the suspension and agreed upon a plan to avoid recurrence of the problem; or
5825 (ii) in the discretion of the principal or chief administrative officer of a charter school,
5826 the parent [or guardian] of the suspended student and the student have agreed to participate in
5827 such a meeting.
5828 (c) A suspension may not extend beyond 10 school days unless the student and the
5829 student's parent [or guardian] have been given a reasonable opportunity to meet with a
5830 designated school official and respond to the allegations and proposed disciplinary action.
5832 53G-8-207. Alternatives to suspension or expulsion.
5833 (1) Each local school board or charter school governing board [of a charter school]
5834 shall establish:
5835 (a) policies providing that prior to suspending or expelling a student for repeated acts
5836 of willful disobedience, defiance of authority, or disruptive behavior which are not of such a
5837 violent or extreme nature that immediate removal is required, good faith efforts shall be made
5838 to implement a remedial discipline plan that would allow the student to remain in school; and
5839 (b) alternatives to suspension, including policies that allow a student to remain in
5840 school under an in-school suspension program or under a program allowing the parent [or
5841 guardian], with the consent of the student's teacher or teachers, to attend class with the student
5842 for a period of time specified by a designated school official.
5843 (2) If the parent [or guardian] does not agree or fails to attend class with the student,
5844 the student shall be suspended in accordance with the conduct and discipline policies of the
5845 district or the school.
5846 (3) The parent [or guardian] of a suspended student and the designated school official
5847 may enlist the cooperation of the Division of Child and Family Services, the juvenile court, or
5848 other appropriate state agencies, if necessary, in dealing with the student's suspension.
5849 (4) The state superintendent [of public instruction], in cooperation with school districts
5850 and charter schools, shall:
5851 (a) research methods of motivating and providing incentives to students that:
5852 (i) directly and regularly reward or recognize appropriate behavior;
5853 (ii) impose immediate and direct consequences on students who fail to comply with
5854 district or school standards of conduct; and
5855 (iii) keep the students in school, or otherwise continue student learning with
5856 appropriate supervision or accountability;
5857 (b) explore funding resources to implement methods of motivating and providing
5858 incentives to students that meet the criteria specified in Subsection (4)(a);
5859 (c) evaluate the benefits and costs of methods of motivating and providing incentives
5860 to students that meet the criteria specified in Subsection (4)(a);
5861 (d) publish a report that incorporates the research findings, provides model plans with
5862 suggested resource pools, and makes recommendations for local school boards and school
5863 personnel;
5864 (e) submit the report described in Subsection (4)(d) to the Education Interim
5865 Committee; and
5866 (f) maintain data for purposes of accountability, later reporting, and future analysis.
5868 53G-8-208. Student suspended or expelled -- Responsibility of parent --
5869 Application for students with disabilities.
5870 (1) If a student is suspended or expelled from a public school under this part for more
5871 than 10 school days, the parent [or guardian] is responsible for undertaking an alternative
5872 education plan which will ensure that the student's education continues during the period of
5874 (2) (a) The parent [or guardian] shall work with designated school officials to
5875 determine how that responsibility might best be met through private education, an alternative
5876 program offered by or through the district or charter school, or other alternative which will
5877 reasonably meet the educational needs of the student.
5878 (b) The parent [or guardian] and designated school official may enlist the cooperation
5879 of the Division of Child and Family Services, the juvenile court, or other appropriate state
5880 agencies to meet the student's educational needs.
5881 (3) Costs for educational services which are not provided by the school district or
5882 charter school are the responsibility of the student's parent [or guardian].
5883 (4) (a) Each school district or charter school shall maintain a record of all suspended or
5884 expelled students and a notation of the recorded suspension or expulsion shall be attached to
5885 the individual student's transcript.
5886 (b) The district or charter school shall contact the parent [or guardian] of each
5887 suspended or expelled student under the age of 16 at least once each month to determine the
5888 student's progress.
5889 (5) (a) This part applies to students with disabilities to the extent permissible under
5890 applicable law or regulation.
5891 (b) If application of any requirement of this part to a student with a disability is not
5892 permissible under applicable law or regulation, the responsible school authority shall
5893 implement other actions consistent with the conflicting law or regulation which shall most
5894 closely correspond to the requirements of this part.
5896 53G-8-209. Extracurricular activities -- Prohibited conduct -- Reporting of
5897 violations -- Limitation of liability.
5898 (1) The Legislature recognizes that:
5899 (a) participation in student government and extracurricular activities may confer
5900 important educational and lifetime benefits upon students, and encourages school districts and
5901 charter schools to provide a variety of opportunities for all students to participate in such
5902 activities in meaningful ways;
5903 (b) there is no constitutional right to participate in these types of activities, and does
5904 not through this section or any other provision of law create such a right;
5905 (c) students who participate in student government and extracurricular activities,
5906 particularly competitive athletics, and the adult coaches, advisors, and assistants who direct
5907 those activities, become role models for others in the school and community;
5908 (d) these individuals often play major roles in establishing standards of acceptable
5909 behavior in the school and community, and establishing and maintaining the reputation of the
5910 school and the level of community confidence and support afforded the school; and
5911 (e) it is of the utmost importance that those involved in student government, whether as
5912 officers or advisors, and those involved in competitive athletics and related activities, whether
5913 students or staff, comply with all applicable laws and [rules] standards of behavior and conduct
5914 themselves at all times in a manner befitting their positions and responsibilities.
5915 (2) (a) The [State Board of Education] state board may, and local [boards of education
5916 and governing boards of charter schools] school boards and charter school governing boards
5917 shall, adopt rules or policies implementing this section that apply to both students and staff.
5918 (b) The rules or policies described in Subsection (2)(a) shall include prohibitions
5919 against the following types of conduct in accordance with Section 53G-8-211, while in the
5920 classroom, on school property, during school sponsored activities, or regardless of the location
5921 or circumstance, affecting a person or property described in Subsections 53G-8-203(1)(e)(i)
5922 through (iv):
5923 (i) use of foul, abusive, or profane language while engaged in school related activities;
5924 (ii) illicit use, possession, or distribution of controlled substances or drug
5925 paraphernalia, and the use, possession, or distribution of an electronic cigarette as defined in
5926 Section 76-10-101, tobacco, or alcoholic beverages contrary to law; and
5927 (iii) hazing, demeaning, or assaultive behavior, whether consensual or not, including
5928 behavior involving physical violence, restraint, improper touching, or inappropriate exposure
5929 of body parts not normally exposed in public settings, forced ingestion of any substance, or any
5930 act which would constitute a crime against a person or public order under Utah law.
5931 (3) (a) School employees who reasonably believe that a violation of this section may
5932 have occurred shall immediately report that belief to the school principal, district
5933 superintendent, or chief administrative officer of a charter school.
5934 (b) Principals who receive a report under Subsection (3)(a) shall submit a report of the
5935 alleged incident, and actions taken in response, to the district superintendent or the
5936 superintendent's designee within 10 working days after receipt of the report.
5937 (c) Failure of a person holding a professional certificate to report as required under this
5938 Subsection (3) constitutes an unprofessional practice.
5939 (4) Limitations of liability set forth under Section 53G-8-405 apply to this section.
5941 53G-8-210. Disruptive student behavior.
5943 (a) "Disruptive student behavior" includes:
5944 (i) the grounds for suspension or expulsion described in Section 53G-8-205; and
5945 (ii) the conduct described in Subsection 53G-8-209(2)(b).
5946 (b) "Parent" includes:
5947 (i) a custodial parent of a school-age minor;
5948 (ii) a legally appointed guardian of a school-age minor; or
5949 (iii) any other person purporting to exercise any authority over the minor which could
5950 be exercised by a person described in Subsection (1)(b)(i) or (ii).
5951 (c) "Qualifying minor" means a school-age minor who:
5952 (i) is at least nine years old; or
5953 (ii) turns nine years old at any time during the school year.
5954 (d) "School year" means the period of time designated by a local school board or
5956 minor is enrolled.
5957 (2) A local school board, school district, charter school governing board [of a charter
5958 school], or charter school may impose administrative penalties in accordance with Section
5959 53G-8-211 on a school-age minor who violates this part.
5960 (3) (a) A local school board or charter school governing board [of a charter school]
5961 shall:
5962 (i) authorize a school administrator or a designee of a school administrator to issue
5963 notices of disruptive student behavior to qualifying minors; and
5964 (ii) establish a procedure for a qualifying minor, or a qualifying minor's parent, to
5965 contest a notice of disruptive student behavior.
5966 (b) A school representative shall provide to a parent of a school-age minor, a list of
5967 resources available to assist the parent in resolving the school-age minor's disruptive student
5968 behavior problem.
5969 (c) A local school board or charter school governing board [of a charter school] shall
5970 establish procedures for a school counselor or other designated school representative to work
5971 with a qualifying minor who engages in disruptive student behavior in order to attempt to
5972 resolve the minor's disruptive student behavior problems.
5973 (4) The notice of disruptive student behavior described in Subsection (3)(a):
5974 (a) shall be issued to a qualifying minor who:
5975 (i) engages in disruptive student behavior, that does not result in suspension or
5976 expulsion, three times during the school year; or
5977 (ii) engages in disruptive student behavior, that results in suspension or expulsion, once
5979 (b) shall require that the qualifying minor and a parent of the qualifying minor:
5980 (i) meet with school authorities to discuss the qualifying minor's disruptive student
5981 behavior; and
5982 (ii) cooperate with the local school board or charter school governing board [of a
5983 charter school] in correcting the school-age minor's disruptive student behavior; and
5984 (c) shall be mailed by certified mail to, or served on, a parent of the qualifying minor.
5985 (5) A habitual disruptive student behavior notice:
5986 (a) may only be issued to a qualifying minor who:
5988 expulsion, at least six times during the school year;
5989 (ii) (A) engages in disruptive student behavior, that does not result in suspension or
5990 expulsion, at least three times during the school year; and
5991 (B) engages in disruptive student behavior, that results in suspension or expulsion, at
5992 least once during the school year; or
5993 (iii) engages in disruptive student behavior, that results in suspension or expulsion, at
5994 least twice during the school year; and
5995 (b) may only be issued by a school administrator, a designee of a school administrator,
5996 or a truancy specialist, who is authorized by a local school board or charter school governing
5997 board [of a local charter school] to issue a habitual disruptive student behavior notice.
5998 (6) (a) A qualifying minor to whom a habitual disruptive student behavior notice is
5999 issued under Subsection (5) may not be referred to the juvenile court.
6000 (b) Within five days after the day on which a habitual disruptive student behavior
6001 notice is issued, a representative of the school district or charter school shall provide
6002 documentation, to a parent of the qualifying minor who receives the notice, of the efforts made
6003 by a school counselor or representative under Subsection (3)(c).
6005 53G-8-211. Responses to school-based behavior.
6007 (a) "Evidence-based" means a program or practice that has:
6008 (i) had multiple randomized control studies or a meta-analysis demonstrating that the
6009 program or practice is effective for a specific population;
6010 (ii) been rated as effective by a standardized program evaluation tool; or
6011 (iii) been approved by the [State Board of Education] state board.
6012 (b) "Mobile crisis outreach team" means the same as that term is defined in Section
6014 (c) "Restorative justice program" means a school-based program or a program used or
6015 adopted by a local education agency that is designed to enhance school safety, reduce school
6016 suspensions, and limit referrals to court, and is designed to help minors take responsibility for
6017 and repair the harm of behavior that occurs in school.
6018 (d) "School administrator" means a principal of a school.
6019 (e) "School is in session" means a day during which the school conducts instruction for
6020 which student attendance is counted toward calculating average daily membership.
6021 (f) "School resource officer" means a law enforcement officer, as defined in Section
6022 53-13-103, who contracts with, is employed by, or whose law enforcement agency contracts
6023 with a local education agency to provide law enforcement services for the local education
6024 agency.
6025 (g) (i) "School-sponsored activity" means an activity, fundraising event, club, camp,
6026 clinic, or other event or activity that is authorized by a specific local education agency or public
6027 school, according to [local] LEA governing board policy, and satisfies at least one of the
6028 following conditions:
6029 (A) the activity is managed or supervised by a local education agency or public school,
6030 or local education agency or public school employee;
6031 (B) the activity uses the local education agency or public school's facilities, equipment,
6032 or other school resources; or
6033 (C) the activity is supported or subsidized, more than inconsequentially, by public
6034 funds, including the public school's activity funds or [minimum school program] Minimum
6035 School Program dollars.
6036 (ii) "School-sponsored activity" includes preparation for and involvement in a public
6037 performance, contest, athletic competition, demonstration, display, or club activity.
6038 (h) (i) "Status offense" means a violation of the law that would not be a violation but
6039 for the age of the offender.
6040 (ii) Notwithstanding Subsection (1)(h)(i), a status offense does not include a violation
6041 that by statute is made a misdemeanor or felony.
6042 (2) This section applies to a minor enrolled in school who is alleged to have committed
6043 an offense at the school where the student is enrolled:
6044 (a) on school property where the student is enrolled:
6045 (i) when school is in session; or
6046 (ii) during a school-sponsored activity; or
6047 (b) that is truancy.
6048 (3) (a) If the alleged offense is a class C misdemeanor, an infraction, a status offense
6049 on school property, or truancy, the minor may not be referred to law enforcement or court but
6050 may be referred to evidence-based alternative interventions, including:
6051 (i) a mobile crisis outreach team, as defined in Section 78A-6-105;
6052 (ii) a receiving center operated by the Division of Juvenile Justice Services in
6053 accordance with Section 62A-7-104;
6054 (iii) a youth court or comparable restorative justice program;
6055 (iv) evidence-based interventions created and developed by the school or school
6057 (v) other evidence-based interventions that may be jointly created and developed by a
6058 local education agency, the [State Board of Education] state board, the juvenile court, local
6059 counties and municipalities, the Department of Health, or the Department of Human Services.
6060 (b) Notwithstanding Subsection (3)(a), a school resource officer may:
6061 (i) investigate possible criminal offenses and conduct, including conducting probable
6062 cause searches;
6063 (ii) consult with school administration about the conduct of a minor enrolled in a
6065 (iii) transport a minor enrolled in a school to a location if the location is permitted by
6066 law;
6067 (iv) take temporary custody of a minor pursuant to Subsection 78A-6-112(1); or
6068 (v) protect the safety of students and the school community, including the use of
6069 reasonable and necessary physical force when appropriate based on the totality of the
6070 circumstances.
6071 (c) Notwithstanding other provisions of this section, a law enforcement officer who has
6072 cause to believe a minor has committed an offense on school property when school is not in
6073 session nor during a school-sponsored activity, the law enforcement officer may refer the minor
6074 to court or may refer the minor to evidence-based alternative interventions at the discretion of
6075 the law enforcement officer.
6076 (4) (a) Notwithstanding Subsection (3)(a) and subject to the requirements of this
6077 Subsection (4), a school district or school may refer a minor to court for a class C misdemeanor
6078 committed on school property or for being a habitual truant, as defined in Section 53G-6-201,
6079 if the minor refuses to participate in an evidence-based alternative intervention described in
6081 (b) (i) When a minor is referred to court under Subsection (4)(a), the school shall
6082 appoint a school representative to continue to engage with the minor and the minor's family
6083 through the court process.
6084 (ii) A school representative appointed under this Subsection (4)(b) may not be a school
6085 resource officer.
6086 (c) A school district or school shall include the following in its referral to the court:
6087 (i) attendance records for the minor;
6088 (ii) a report of evidence-based alternative interventions used by the school before
6089 referral, including outcomes;
6090 (iii) the name and contact information of the school representative assigned to actively
6091 participate in the court process with the minor and the minor's family; and
6092 (iv) any other information the school district or school considers relevant.
6093 (d) A minor referred to court under this Subsection (4), may not be ordered to or placed
6094 in secure detention, including for a contempt charge or violation of a valid court order under
6095 Section 78A-6-1101 when the underlying offense is a class C misdemeanor occurring on
6096 school property or habitual truancy.
6097 (e) If a minor is referred to court under this Subsection (4), the court may use, when
6098 available, the resources of the Division of Juvenile Justice Services or the Division of
6099 Substance Abuse and Mental Health to address the minor.
6100 (5) If the alleged offense is a class B misdemeanor or a class A misdemeanor, the
6101 minor may be referred directly to the juvenile court by the school administrator, the school
6102 administrator's designee, or a school resource officer, or the minor may be referred to the
6103 evidence-based alternative interventions in Subsection (3)(a).
6105 53G-8-212. Defacing or damaging school property -- Student's liability -- Work
6106 program alternative.
6107 (1) A student who willfully defaces or otherwise damages any school property may be
6108 suspended or otherwise disciplined.
6109 (2) (a) If a school's property has been lost or willfully cut, defaced, or otherwise
6110 damaged, the school may withhold the issuance of an official written grade report, diploma, or
6111 transcript of the student responsible for the damage or loss until the student or the student's
6112 parent [or guardian] has paid for the damages.
6113 (b) The student's parent [or guardian] is liable for damages as otherwise provided in
6114 Section 78A-6-1113.
6115 (3) (a) If the student and the student's parent [or guardian] are unable to pay for the
6116 damages or if it is determined by the school in consultation with the student's parent [or
6117 guardian] that the student's interests would not be served if the parent [or guardian] were to pay
6118 for the damages, the school shall provide for a program of work the student may complete in
6119 lieu of the payment.
6120 (b) The school shall release the official grades, diploma, and transcripts of the student
6121 upon completion of the work.
6122 (4) Before any penalties are assessed under this section, the school shall adopt
6123 procedures to ensure that the student's right to due process is protected.
6124 (5) No penalty may be assessed for damages which may be reasonably attributed to
6125 normal wear and tear.
6126 (6) If the Department of Human Services or a licensed child-placing agency has been
6127 granted custody of the student, the student's records, if requested by the department or agency,
6128 may not be withheld from the department or agency for nonpayment of damages under this
6131 53G-8-302. Prohibition of corporal punishment -- Use of reasonable and
6132 necessary physical restraint.
6133 (1) A school employee may not inflict or cause the infliction of corporal punishment
6134 upon a student.
6135 (2) A school employee may use reasonable and necessary physical restraint in self
6136 defense or when otherwise appropriate to the circumstances to:
6137 (a) obtain possession of a weapon or other dangerous object in the possession or under
6138 the control of a student;
6139 (b) protect a student or another individual from physical injury;
6140 (c) remove from a situation a student who is violent; or
6141 (d) protect property from being damaged, when physical safety is at risk.
6142 (3) Nothing in this section prohibits a school employee from using less intrusive
6143 means, including a physical escort, to address circumstances described in Subsection (2).
6144 (4) (a) Any rule, ordinance, policy, practice, or directive which purports to direct or
6145 permit the commission of an act prohibited by this part is void and unenforceable.
6146 (b) An employee may not be subjected to any sanction for failure or refusal to commit
6147 an act prohibited under this part.
6148 (5) A parochial or private school that does not receive state funds to provide for the
6149 education of a student may exempt itself from the provisions of this section by adopting a
6150 policy to that effect and notifying the parents [or guardians] of students in the school of the
6151 exemption.
6152 (6) This section does not apply to a law enforcement officer as defined in Section
6153 53-13-103.
6155 53G-8-404. State board to set procedures.
6156 The [State Board of Education] state board shall make rules governing the
6157 dissemination of the information.
6159 53G-8-503. Reporting procedure.
6160 (1) The principal of a public school affected by this chapter shall appoint one educator
6161 as the "designated educator" to make all reports required under Sections 53G-8-501 through
6163 (2) The designated educator, upon receiving a report of a prohibited act from an
6164 educator under Section 53G-8-502, shall immediately report the violation to the student's
6165 parent [or legal guardian], and may report the violation to an appropriate law enforcement
6166 agency or official, in accordance with Section 53G-8-211.
6167 (3) The designated educator may not disclose to the student or to the student's parent
6168 [or legal guardian] the identity of the educator who made the initial report.
6170 53G-8-509. State board rules to ensure protection of individual rights.
6171 The [State Board of Education and local boards of education] state board and LEA
6172 governing boards shall adopt rules or policies to implement Sections 53G-8-505 through
6173 53G-8-508. The rules or policies shall establish procedures to ensure protection of individual
6174 rights against excessive and unreasonable intrusion.
6176 53G-8-604. Traffic ordinances on school property -- Enforcement.
6177 (1) A local political subdivision in which real property is located that belongs to, or is
6178 controlled by, the [State Board of Education, a local board of education] state board, an LEA
6179 governing board, an area vocational center, or the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind
6180 may, at the request of the responsible board of education or institutional council, adopt
6181 ordinances for the control of vehicular traffic on that property.
6182 (2) A law enforcement officer whose jurisdiction includes the property in question may
6183 enforce an ordinance adopted under Subsection (1).
6186 As used in this [section] part:
6187 [(1) "Governing authority" means:]
6188 [(a) for a school district, the local school board;]
6189 [(b) for a charter school, the governing board; or]
6190 [(c) for the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind, the State Board of Education.]
6191 [(2)] (1) "Law enforcement agency" means the same as that term is defined in Section
6192 53-1-102.
6193 [(3) "Local education agency" or "LEA" means:]
6194 [(a) a school district;]
6195 [(b) a charter school; or]
6196 [(c) the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind.]
6197 [(4)] (2) "School resource officer" or "SRO" means a law enforcement officer, as
6198 defined in Section 53-13-103, who contracts with or whose law enforcement agency contracts
6199 with an LEA to provide law enforcement services for the LEA.
6201 53G-8-702. School resource officer training -- Curriculum.
6203 the State Board of Education] The state board shall make rules that prepare and make available
6204 a training program for school principals and school resource officers to attend.
6205 (2) To create the curriculum and materials for the training program described in
6206 Subsection (1), the [State Board of Education] state board shall:
6207 (a) work in conjunction with the State Commission on Criminal and Juvenile Justice
6208 created in Section 63M-7-201;
6209 (b) solicit input from local school boards, charter school governing boards, and the
6210 Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind;
6211 (c) solicit input from local law enforcement and other interested community
6212 stakeholders; and
6213 (d) consider the current United States Department of Education recommendations on
6214 school discipline and the role of a school resource officer.
6215 (3) The training program described in Subsection (1) may include training on the
6216 following:
6217 (a) childhood and adolescent development;
6218 (b) responding age-appropriately to students;
6219 (c) working with disabled students;
6220 (d) techniques to de-escalate and resolve conflict;
6221 (e) cultural awareness;
6222 (f) restorative justice practices;
6223 (g) identifying a student exposed to violence or trauma and referring the student to
6224 appropriate resources;
6225 (h) student privacy rights;
6226 (i) negative consequences associated with youth involvement in the juvenile and
6227 criminal justice systems;
6228 (j) strategies to reduce juvenile justice involvement; and
6229 (k) roles of and distinctions between a school resource officer and other school staff
6230 who help keep a school secure.
6232 53G-8-703. Contracts between an LEA and law enforcement for school resource
6233 officer services -- Requirements.
6234 (1) An LEA may contract with a law enforcement agency or an individual to provide
6235 school resource officer services at the LEA if the [LEA's governing authority] LEA governing
6236 board reviews and approves the contract.
6237 (2) If an LEA contracts with a law enforcement agency or an individual to provide
6238 SRO services at the LEA, the [LEA's governing authority] LEA governing board shall require
6239 in the contract:
6240 (a) an acknowledgment by the law enforcement agency or the individual that an SRO
6241 hired under the contract shall:
6242 (i) provide for and maintain a safe, healthy, and productive learning environment in a
6244 (ii) act as a positive role model to students;
6245 (iii) work to create a cooperative, proactive, and problem-solving partnership between
6246 law enforcement and the LEA;
6247 (iv) emphasize the use of restorative approaches to address negative behavior; and
6248 (v) at the request of the LEA, teach a vocational law enforcement class;
6249 (b) a description of the shared understanding of the LEA and the law enforcement
6250 agency or individual regarding the roles and responsibilities of law enforcement and the LEA
6251 to:
6252 (i) maintain safe schools;
6253 (ii) improve school climate; and
6254 (iii) support educational opportunities for students;
6255 (c) a designation of student offenses that the SRO shall confer with the LEA to resolve,
6256 including an offense that:
6257 (i) is a minor violation of the law; and
6258 (ii) would not violate the law if the offense was committed by an adult;
6259 (d) a designation of student offenses that are administrative issues that an SRO shall
6260 refer to a school administrator for resolution in accordance with Section 53G-8-211;
6261 (e) a detailed description of the rights of a student under state and federal law with
6262 regard to:
6263 (i) searches;
6264 (ii) questioning; and
6265 (iii) information privacy;
6266 (f) a detailed description of:
6267 (i) job duties;
6268 (ii) training requirements; and
6269 (iii) other expectations of the SRO and school administration in relation to law
6270 enforcement at the LEA;
6271 (g) that an SRO who is hired under the contract and the principal at the school where
6272 an SRO will be working, or the principal's designee, will jointly complete the SRO training
6273 described in Section 53G-8-702; and
6274 (h) if the contract is between an LEA and a law enforcement agency, that:
6275 (i) both parties agree to jointly discuss SRO applicants; and
6276 (ii) the law enforcement agency will accept feedback from an LEA about an SRO's
6279 53G-9-203. Definitions -- School personnel -- Medical recommendations --
6280 Exceptions -- Penalties.
6282 (a) "Health care professional" means a physician, physician assistant, nurse, dentist, or
6283 mental health therapist.
6284 (b) "School personnel" means a school district or charter school employee, including a
6285 licensed, part-time, contract, or nonlicensed employee.
6286 (2) School personnel may:
6287 (a) provide information and observations to a student's parent [or guardian] about that
6288 student, including observations and concerns in the following areas:
6289 (i) progress;
6290 (ii) health and wellness;
6291 (iii) social interactions;
6292 (iv) behavior; or
6293 (v) topics consistent with Subsection 53E-9-203(6);
6294 (b) communicate information and observations between school personnel regarding a
6295 child;
6296 (c) refer students to other appropriate school personnel and agents, consistent with
6297 local school board or charter school policy, including referrals and communication with a
6298 school counselor or other mental health professionals working within the school system;
6299 (d) consult or use appropriate health care professionals in the event of an emergency
6300 while the student is at school, consistent with the student emergency information provided at
6301 student enrollment;
6302 (e) exercise their authority relating to the placement within the school or readmission
6303 of a child who may be or has been suspended or expelled for a violation of Section 53G-8-205;
6305 (f) complete a behavioral health evaluation form if requested by a student's parent [or
6306 guardian] to provide information to a licensed physician.
6307 (3) School personnel shall:
6308 (a) report suspected child abuse consistent with Section 62A-4a-403;
6309 (b) comply with applicable state and local health department laws, rules, and policies;
6311 (c) conduct evaluations and assessments consistent with the Individuals with
6312 Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. Sec. 1400 et seq., and its subsequent amendments.
6313 (4) Except as provided in Subsection (2), Subsection (6), and Section 53G-9-604,
6314 school personnel may not:
6315 (a) recommend to a parent [or guardian] that a child take or continue to take a
6316 psychotropic medication;
6317 (b) require that a student take or continue to take a psychotropic medication as a
6318 condition for attending school;
6319 (c) recommend that a parent [or guardian] seek or use a type of psychiatric or
6320 psychological treatment for a child;
6321 (d) conduct a psychiatric or behavioral health evaluation or mental health screening,
6322 test, evaluation, or assessment of a child, except where this Subsection (4)(d) conflicts with the
6323 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. Sec. 1400 et seq., and its subsequent
6324 amendments; or
6325 (e) make a child abuse or neglect report to authorities, including the Division of Child
6326 and Family Services, solely or primarily on the basis that a parent [or guardian] refuses to
6327 consent to:
6328 (i) a psychiatric, psychological, or behavioral treatment for a child, including the
6329 administration of a psychotropic medication to a child; or
6330 (ii) a psychiatric or behavioral health evaluation of a child.
6331 (5) Notwithstanding Subsection (4)(e), school personnel may make a report that would
6332 otherwise be prohibited under Subsection (4)(e) if failure to take the action described under
6333 Subsection (4)(e) would present a serious, imminent risk to the child's safety or the safety of
6334 others.
6335 (6) Notwithstanding Subsection (4), a school counselor or other mental health
6336 professional acting in accordance with Title 58, Chapter 60, Mental Health Professional
6337 Practice Act, or licensed through the [State Board of Education] state board, working within
6338 the school system may:
6339 (a) recommend, but not require, a psychiatric or behavioral health evaluation of a child;
6340 (b) recommend, but not require, psychiatric, psychological, or behavioral treatment for
6341 a child;
6342 (c) conduct a psychiatric or behavioral health evaluation or mental health screening,
6343 test, evaluation, or assessment of a child in accordance with Section 53E-9-203; and
6344 (d) provide to a parent [or guardian], upon the specific request of the parent [or
6345 guardian], a list of three or more health care professionals or providers, including licensed
6346 physicians, psychologists, or other health specialists.
6347 (7) Local school boards or charter schools shall adopt a policy:
6348 (a) providing for training of appropriate school personnel on the provisions of this
6349 section; and
6350 (b) indicating that an intentional violation of this section is cause for disciplinary action
6351 consistent with local school board or charter school policy and under Section 53G-11-513.
6352 (8) Nothing in this section shall be interpreted as discouraging general communication
6353 not prohibited by this section between school personnel and a student's parent [or guardian].
6355 53G-9-205. School Breakfast Program -- Review of nonparticipants.
6356 (1) (a) Each local school board shall, at least once every three years, review each
6357 elementary school in its district that does not participate in the School Breakfast Program as to
6358 the school's reasons for nonparticipation.
6359 (b) (i) If the local school board determines that there are valid reasons for the school's
6360 nonparticipation, no further action is needed.
6361 (ii) Reasons for nonparticipation may include a recommendation from the school
6362 community council authorized under Section 53G-7-1202 or a similar group of parents and
6363 school employees that the school should not participate in the program.
6364 (2) (a) After two nonparticipation reviews, a local school board may, by majority vote,
6365 waive any further reviews of the nonparticipatory school.
6366 (b) A waiver of the review process under Subsection (2)(a) does not prohibit
6367 subsequent consideration by the local school board of an individual school's nonparticipation in
6368 the School Breakfast Program.
6369 (3) The requirements of this section shall be nullified by the termination of the
6370 entitlement status of the School Breakfast Program by the federal government.
6372 53G-9-206. Eye protective devices for industrial education, physics laboratory,
6373 and chemistry laboratory activities.
6374 (1) Any individual who participates in any of the following activities in public or
6375 private schools that may endanger his vision shall wear quality eye protective devices:
6376 (a) industrial education activities that involve:
6377 (i) hot molten metals;
6378 (ii) the operation of equipment that could throw particles of foreign matter into the
6379 eyes;
6380 (iii) heat treating, tempering, or kiln firing of any industrial materials;
6381 (iv) gas or electric arc welding; or
6382 (v) caustic or explosive material;
6383 (b) chemistry or physics laboratories when using caustic or explosive chemicals, and
6384 hot liquids and solids.
6385 (2) "Quality eye protective devices" means devices that meet the standards of the
6386 American Safety Code for Head, Eye, and Respiratory Protection, Z2.1-1959, promulgated by
6387 the American Standards Association, Inc.
6388 (3) (a) The local school board shall furnish these protective devices to individuals
6389 involved in these activities.
6390 (b) The local school board may sell these protective devices at cost or rent or loan them
6391 to individuals involved in these activities.
6393 53G-9-207. Child sexual abuse prevention.
6394 (1) As used in this section, "school personnel" means the same as that term is defined
6395 in Section 53G-9-203.
6396 (2) The [State Board of Education] state board shall approve, in partnership with the
6397 Department of Human Services, age-appropriate instructional materials for the training and
6398 instruction described in Subsections (3)(a) and (4).
6399 (3) (a) A school district or charter school shall provide, every other year, training and
6400 instruction on child sexual abuse prevention and awareness to:
6401 (i) school personnel in elementary and secondary schools on:
6402 (A) responding to a disclosure of child sexual abuse in a supportive, appropriate
6403 manner; and
6404 (B) the mandatory reporting requirements described in Sections 53E-6-701 and
6405 62A-4a-403; and
6406 (ii) parents [or guardians] of elementary school students on:
6407 (A) recognizing warning signs of a child who is being sexually abused; and
6408 (B) effective, age-appropriate methods for discussing the topic of child sexual abuse
6409 with a child.
6410 (b) A school district or charter school shall use the instructional materials approved by
6411 the [State Board of Education] state board under Subsection (2) to provide the training and
6412 instruction to school personnel and parents [or guardians] under Subsection (3)(a).
6413 (4) (a) In accordance with Subsections (4)(b) and (5), a school district or charter school
6414 may provide instruction on child sexual abuse prevention and awareness to elementary school
6415 students using age-appropriate curriculum.
6416 (b) A school district or charter school that provides the instruction described in
6417 Subsection (4)(a) shall use the instructional materials approved by the state board under
6418 Subsection (2) to provide the instruction.
6419 (5) (a) An elementary school student may not be given the instruction described in
6420 Subsection (4) unless the parent [or guardian] of the student is:
6421 (i) notified in advance of the:
6422 (A) instruction and the content of the instruction; and
6423 (B) [parent or guardian's] parent's right to have the student excused from the
6424 instruction;
6425 (ii) given an opportunity to review the instructional materials before the instruction
6426 occurs; and
6427 (iii) allowed to be present when the instruction is delivered.
6428 (b) Upon the written request of the parent [or guardian] of an elementary school
6429 student, the student shall be excused from the instruction described in Subsection (4).
6430 (c) Participation of a student requires compliance with Sections 53E-9-202 and
6432 (6) A school district or charter school may determine the mode of delivery for the
6433 training and instruction described in Subsections (3) and (4).
6434 (7) Upon request of the [State Board of Education] state board, a school district or
6435 charter school shall provide evidence of compliance with this section.
6437 53G-9-208. Sunscreen -- Possession -- Administration -- Immunity.
6438 (1) As used in this section, "sunscreen" means a compound topically applied to prevent
6439 sunburn.
6440 (2) A public school shall permit a student, without a parent or physician's
6441 authorization, to possess or self-apply sunscreen that is regulated by the Food and Drug
6442 Administration.
6443 (3) If a student is unable to self-apply sunscreen, a volunteer school employee may
6444 apply the sunscreen on the student if the student's parent [or legal guardian] provides written
6445 consent for the assistance.
6446 (4) A volunteer school employee who applies sunscreen on a student in compliance
6447 with Subsection (3) and the volunteer school employee's employer are not liable for:
6448 (a) an adverse reaction suffered by the student as a result of having the sunscreen
6449 applied; or
6450 (b) discontinuing the application of the sunscreen at any time.
6454 (1) "Department" means the Department of Health, created in Section 26-1-4.
6455 (2) "Health official" means an individual designated by a local health department from
6456 within the local health department to consult and counsel parents and licensed health care
6457 providers, in accordance with Subsection 53G-9-304(2)(a).
6458 (3) "Health official designee" means a licensed health care provider designated by a
6459 local health department, in accordance with Subsection 53G-9-304(2)(b), to consult with
6460 parents, licensed health care professionals, and school officials.
6461 (4) "Immunization" or "immunize" means a process through which an individual
6462 develops an immunity to a disease, through vaccination or natural exposure to the disease.
6463 (5) "Immunization record" means a record relating to a student that includes:
6464 (a) information regarding each required vaccination that the student has received,
6465 including the date each vaccine was administered, verified by:
6466 (i) a licensed health care provider;
6467 (ii) an authorized representative of a local health department;
6468 (iii) an authorized representative of the department;
6469 (iv) a registered nurse; or
6470 (v) a pharmacist;
6471 (b) information regarding each disease against which the student has been immunized
6472 by previously contracting the disease; and
6473 (c) an exemption form identifying each required vaccination from which the student is
6474 exempt, including all required supporting documentation described in Section 53G-9-303.
6475 (6) "Legally responsible individual" means:
6476 (a) a student's parent;
6477 (b) the student's legal guardian;
6478 (c) an adult brother or sister of a student who has no legal guardian; or
6479 (d) the student, if the student:
6480 (i) is an adult; or
6481 (ii) is a minor who may consent to treatment under Section 26-10-9.
6482 (7) "Licensed health care provider" means a health care provider who is licensed under
6483 Title 58, Occupations and Professions, as:
6484 (a) a medical doctor;
6485 (b) an osteopathic doctor;
6486 (c) a physician assistant; or
6487 (d) an advanced practice registered nurse.
6492 [(9)] (8) "Local health department" means the same as that term is defined in Section
6494 [(10)] (9) "Required vaccines" means vaccines required by department rule described
6496 [(11)] (10) "School" means any public or private:
6497 (a) elementary or secondary school through grade 12;
6498 (b) preschool;
6499 (c) child care program, as that term is defined in Section 26-39-102;
6500 (d) nursery school; or
6501 (e) kindergarten.
6502 [(12)] (11) "Student" means an individual who attends a school.
6503 [(13)] (12) "Vaccinating" or "vaccination" means the administration of a vaccine.
6504 [(14)] (13) "Vaccination exemption form" means a form, described in Section
6505 53G-9-304, that documents and verifies that a student is exempt from the requirement to
6506 receive one or more required vaccines.
6507 [(15)] (14) "Vaccine" means the substance licensed for use by the United States Food
6508 and Drug Administration that is injected into or otherwise administered to an individual to
6509 immunize the individual against a communicable disease.
6511 53G-9-402. Rules for examinations prescribed by Department of Health --
6512 Notification of impairment.
6513 (1) (a) Each local school board shall implement [rules] policies as prescribed by the
6514 Department of Health for vision, dental, abnormal spinal curvature, and hearing examinations
6515 of students attending the district's schools.
6516 (b) Under guidelines of the Department of Health, qualified health professionals shall
6517 provide instructions, equipment, and materials for conducting the examinations.
6518 (c) The [rules] policies shall include exemption provisions for students whose parents
6519 [or guardians] contend the examinations violate their personal beliefs.
6520 (2) The school shall notify, in writing, a student's parent [or guardian] of any
6521 impairment disclosed by the examinations.
6523 53G-9-404. Vision screening.
6525 (a) "Office" means the Utah State Office of Rehabilitation created in Section
6527 (b) "Qualifying child" means a child who is at least 3-1/2 years old, but is less than
6528 nine years old.
6529 (2) A child under nine years old entering school for the first time in this state must
6530 present the following to the school:
6531 (a) a certificate signed by a licensed physician, optometrist, or other licensed health
6532 professional approved by the office, stating that the child has received vision screening to
6533 determine the presence of amblyopia or other visual defects; or
6534 (b) a written statement signed by at least one parent [or legal guardian] of the child that
6535 the screening violates the personal beliefs of the parent [or legal guardian].
6536 (3) (a) The office:
6537 (i) shall provide vision screening report forms to a person approved by the office to
6538 conduct a free vision screening for a qualifying child;
6539 (ii) may work with health care professionals, teachers, and vision screeners to develop
6540 protocols that may be used by a parent, teacher, or vision screener to help identify a child who
6541 may have conditions that are not detected in a vision screening, such as problems with eye
6542 focusing, eye tracking, visual perceptual skills, visual motor integration, and convergence
6543 insufficiency; and
6544 (iii) shall, once protocols are established under Subsection (3)(a)(ii), develop language
6545 regarding the vision problems identified in Subsection (3)(a)(ii) to be included in the notice
6546 required by Subsection (3)(b).
6547 (b) The report forms shall include the following information for a parent [or guardian]:
6548 "vision screening is not a substitute for a complete eye exam and vision evaluation by an eye
6549 doctor."
6550 (4) A school district or charter school may conduct free vision screening clinics for a
6551 qualifying child.
6552 (5) (a) The office shall maintain a central register of qualifying children who fail vision
6553 screening and who are referred for follow-up treatment.
6554 (b) The register described in Subsection (5)(a) shall include the name of the child, age
6555 or birthdate, address, cause for referral, and follow-up results.
6556 (c) A school district or charter school shall report to the office referral follow-up results
6557 for a qualifying child.
6558 (6) (a) A school district or charter school shall ensure that a volunteer who serves as a
6559 vision screener for a free vision screening clinic for a qualifying child:
6560 (i) is a school nurse;
6561 (ii) holds a certificate issued by the office under Subsection (6)(b)(ii); or
6562 (iii) is directly supervised by an individual described in Subsection (6)(a)(i) or (ii).
6563 (b) The office shall:
6564 (i) provide vision screening training to a volunteer seeking a certificate described in
6565 Subsection (6)(b)(ii), using curriculum established by the office; and
6566 (ii) issue a certificate to a volunteer who successfully completes the vision screening
6567 training described in Subsection (6)(b)(i).
6568 (c) An individual described in Subsection (6)(a) is not liable for damages that result
6569 from acts or omissions related to the vision screening, unless the acts or omissions are willful
6570 or grossly negligent.
6571 (7) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (7)(b), a licensed health professional
6572 providing vision care to private patients may not participate as a screener in a free vision
6573 screening program provided by a school district.
6574 (b) A school district or charter school may:
6575 (i) allow a licensed health professional who provides vision care to private patients to
6576 participate as a screener in a free vision screening program for a child 3-1/2 years old or older;
6577 (ii) establish guidelines to administer a free vision screening program described in
6578 Subsection (7)(b)(i); and
6579 (iii) establish penalties for a violation of the requirements of Subsection (7)(c).
6580 (c) A licensed health professional or other person who participates as a screener in a
6581 free vision screening program described in Subsection (7)(b):
6582 (i) may not market, advertise, or promote the licensed health professional's business in
6583 connection with providing the free screening at the school; and
6584 (ii) shall provide the child's results of the free vision screening on a form produced by
6585 the school or school district, which:
6586 (A) may not include contact information other than the name of the licensed health
6587 professional; and
6588 (B) shall include a statement: "vision screening is not a substitute for a complete eye
6589 exam and vision evaluation by an eye doctor."
6590 (d) A school district or charter school may provide information to a parent [or
6591 guardian] of the availability of follow up vision services for a student.
6592 (8) The Department of Health shall:
6593 (a) by rule, set standards and procedures for vision screening required by this part,
6594 which shall include a process for notifying the parent [or guardian] of a child who fails a vision
6595 screening or is identified as needing follow-up care; and
6596 (b) provide the office with copies of rules, standards, instructions, and test charts
6597 necessary for conducting vision screening.
6598 (9) The office shall supervise screening, referral, and follow-up required by this part.
6600 53G-9-502. Administration of medication to students -- Prerequisites -- Immunity
6601 from liability -- Applicability.
6602 (1) A public or private school that holds any classes in grades kindergarten through 12
6603 may provide for the administration of medication to any student during periods when the
6604 student is under the control of the school, subject to the following conditions:
6605 (a) the local school board, charter school governing board, or the private equivalent,
6606 after consultation with the Department of Health and school nurses shall adopt policies that
6607 provide for:
6608 (i) the designation of volunteer employees who may administer medication;
6609 (ii) proper identification and safekeeping of medication;
6610 (iii) the training of designated volunteer employees by the school nurse;
6611 (iv) maintenance of records of administration; and
6612 (v) notification to the school nurse of medication that will be administered to students;
6614 (b) medication may only be administered to a student if:
6615 (i) the student's parent [or legal guardian] has provided a current written and signed
6616 request that medication be administered during regular school hours to the student; and
6617 (ii) the student's licensed health care provider has prescribed the medication and
6618 provides documentation as to the method, amount, and time schedule for administration, and a
6619 statement that administration of medication by school employees during periods when the
6620 student is under the control of the school is medically necessary.
6621 (2) Authorization for administration of medication by school personnel may be
6622 withdrawn by the school at any time following actual notice to the student's parent [or
6624 (3) School personnel who provide assistance under Subsection (1) in substantial
6625 compliance with the licensed health care provider's written prescription and the employers of
6626 these school personnel are not liable, civilly or criminally, for:
6627 (a) any adverse reaction suffered by the student as a result of taking the medication;
6629 (b) discontinuing the administration of the medication under Subsection (2).
6630 (4) Subsections (1) through (3) do not apply to:
6631 (a) the administration of glucagon in accordance with Section 53G-9-504;
6632 (b) the administration of a seizure rescue medication in accordance with Section
6633 53G-9-505; or
6634 (c) the administration of an opiate antagonist in accordance with Title 26, Chapter 55,
6635 Opiate Overdose Response Act.
6637 53G-9-503. Self-administration of asthma medication.
6638 (1) As used in this section, "asthma medication" means prescription or nonprescription,
6639 inhaled asthma medication.
6640 (2) A public school shall permit a student to possess and self-administer asthma
6641 medication if:
6642 (a) the student's parent [or guardian] signs a statement:
6643 (i) authorizing the student to self-administer asthma medication; and
6644 (ii) acknowledging that the student is responsible for, and capable of,
6645 self-administering the asthma medication; and
6646 (b) the student's health care provider provides a written statement that states:
6647 (i) it is medically appropriate for the student to self-administer asthma medication and
6648 be in possession of asthma medication at all times; and
6649 (ii) the name of the asthma medication prescribed or authorized for the student's use.
6650 (3) The Utah Department of Health, in cooperation with the state superintendent [of
6651 public instruction], shall design forms to be used by public schools for the parental and health
6652 care provider statements described in Subsection (2).
6653 (4) Section 53G-8-205 does not apply to the possession and self-administration of
6654 asthma medication in accordance with this section.
6656 53G-9-504. Administration of glucagon -- Training of volunteer school personnel
6657 -- Authority to use glucagon -- Immunity from liability.
6658 (1) As used in this section, "glucagon authorization" means a signed statement from a
6659 parent [or guardian] of a student with diabetes:
6660 (a) certifying that glucagon has been prescribed for the student;
6661 (b) requesting that the student's public school identify and train school personnel who
6662 volunteer to be trained in the administration of glucagon in accordance with this section; and
6663 (c) authorizing the administration of glucagon in an emergency to the student in
6665 (2) (a) A public school shall, within a reasonable time after receiving a glucagon
6666 authorization, train two or more school personnel who volunteer to be trained in the
6667 administration of glucagon, with training provided by the school nurse or another qualified,
6668 licensed medical professional.
6669 (b) A public school shall allow all willing school personnel to receive training in the
6670 administration of glucagon, and the school shall assist and may not obstruct the identification
6671 or training of volunteers under this Subsection (2).
6672 (c) The Utah Department of Health, in cooperation with the state superintendent [of
6673 public instruction], shall design a glucagon authorization form to be used by public schools in
6675 (3) (a) Training in the administration of glucagon shall include:
6676 (i) techniques for recognizing the symptoms that warrant the administration of
6677 glucagon;
6678 (ii) standards and procedures for the storage and use of glucagon;
6679 (iii) other emergency procedures, including calling the emergency 911 number and
6680 contacting, if possible, the student's parent [or guardian]; and
6681 (iv) written materials covering the information required under this Subsection (3).
6682 (b) A school shall retain for reference the written materials prepared in accordance with
6683 Subsection (3)(a)(iv).
6684 (4) A public school shall permit a student or school personnel to possess or store
6685 prescribed glucagon so that it will be available for administration in an emergency in
6687 (5) (a) A person who has received training in accordance with this section may
6688 administer glucagon at a school or school activity to a student with a glucagon authorization if:
6689 (i) the student is exhibiting the symptoms that warrant the administration of glucagon;
6691 (ii) a licensed health care professional is not immediately available.
6692 (b) A person who administers glucagon in accordance with Subsection (5)(a) shall
6693 direct a responsible person to call 911 and take other appropriate actions in accordance with the
6694 training materials retained under Subsection (3)(b).
6695 (6) School personnel who provide or receive training under this section and act in good
6696 faith are not liable in any civil or criminal action for any act taken or not taken under the
6697 authority of this section with respect to the administration of glucagon.
6698 (7) Section 53G-9-502 does not apply to the administration of glucagon in accordance
6699 with this section.
6700 (8) Section 53G-8-205 does not apply to the possession and administration of glucagon
6701 in accordance with this section.
6702 (9) The unlawful or unprofessional conduct provisions of Title 58, Occupations and
6703 Professions, do not apply to a person licensed as a health professional under Title 58,
6704 Occupations and Professions, including a nurse, physician, or pharmacist who, in good faith,
6705 trains nonlicensed volunteers to administer glucagon in accordance with this section.
6707 53G-9-505. Trained school employee volunteers -- Administration of seizure
6708 rescue medication -- Exemptions from liability.
6710 (a) "Prescribing health care professional" means:
6711 (i) a physician and surgeon licensed under Title 58, Chapter 67, Utah Medical Practice
6712 Act;
6713 (ii) an osteopathic physician and surgeon licensed under Title 58, Chapter 68, Utah
6714 Osteopathic Medical Practice Act;
6715 (iii) an advanced practice registered nurse licensed under Title 58, Chapter 31b, Nurse
6716 Practice Act; or
6717 (iv) a physician assistant licensed under Title 58, Chapter 70a, Physician Assistant Act.
6718 [(b) "Section 504 accommodation plan" means a plan developed pursuant to Section
6719 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, to provide appropriate accommodations to
6720 an individual with a disability to ensure access to major life activities.]
6721 [(c)] (b) "Seizure rescue authorization" means a student's Section 504 accommodation
6722 plan that:
6723 (i) certifies that:
6724 (A) a prescribing health care professional has prescribed a seizure rescue medication
6725 for the student;
6726 (B) the student's parent [or legal guardian] has previously administered the student's
6727 seizure rescue medication in a nonmedically-supervised setting without a complication; and
6728 (C) the student has previously ceased having full body prolonged or convulsive seizure
6729 activity as a result of receiving the seizure rescue medication;
6730 (ii) describes the specific seizure rescue medication authorized for the student,
6731 including the indicated dose, and instructions for administration;
6732 (iii) requests that the student's public school identify and train school employees who
6733 are willing to volunteer to receive training to administer a seizure rescue medication in
6734 accordance with this section; and
6735 (iv) authorizes a trained school employee volunteer to administer a seizure rescue
6736 medication in accordance with this section.
6737 [(d)] (c) (i) "Seizure rescue medication" means a medication, prescribed by a
6738 prescribing health care professional, to be administered as described in a student's seizure
6739 rescue authorization, while the student experiences seizure activity.
6740 (ii) A seizure rescue medication does not include a medication administered
6741 intravenously or intramuscularly.
6742 [(e)] (d) "Trained school employee volunteer" means an individual who:
6743 (i) is an employee of a public school where at least one student has a seizure rescue
6744 authorization;
6745 (ii) is at least 18 years old; and
6746 (iii) as described in this section:
6747 (A) volunteers to receive training in the administration of a seizure rescue medication;
6748 (B) completes a training program described in this section;
6749 (C) demonstrates competency on an assessment; and
6750 (D) completes annual refresher training each year that the individual intends to remain
6751 a trained school employee volunteer.
6752 (2) (a) The Department of Health shall, with input from the [State Board of Education]
6753 state board and a children's hospital, develop a training program for trained school employee
6754 volunteers in the administration of seizure rescue medications that includes:
6755 (i) techniques to recognize symptoms that warrant the administration of a seizure
6756 rescue medication;
6757 (ii) standards and procedures for the storage of a seizure rescue medication;
6758 (iii) procedures, in addition to administering a seizure rescue medication, in the event
6759 that a student requires administration of the seizure rescue medication, including:
6760 (A) calling 911; and
6761 (B) contacting the student's parent [or legal guardian];
6762 (iv) an assessment to determine if an individual is competent to administer a seizure
6764 (v) an annual refresher training component; and
6765 (vi) written materials describing the information required under this Subsection (2)(a).
6766 (b) A public school shall retain for reference the written materials described in
6767 Subsection (2)(a)(vi).
6768 (c) The following individuals may provide the training described in Subsection (2)(a):
6769 (i) a school nurse; or
6770 (ii) a licensed heath care professional.
6771 (3) (a) A public school shall, after receiving a seizure rescue authorization:
6772 (i) inform school employees of the opportunity to be a school employee volunteer; and
6773 (ii) subject to Subsection (3)(b)(ii), provide training, to each school employee who
6774 volunteers, using the training program described in Subsection (2)(a).
6775 (b) A public school may not:
6776 (i) obstruct the identification or training of a trained school employee volunteer; or
6777 (ii) compel a school employee to become a trained school employee volunteer.
6778 (4) A trained school employee volunteer may possess or store a prescribed rescue
6779 seizure medication, in accordance with this section.
6780 (5) A trained school employee volunteer may administer a seizure rescue medication to
6781 a student with a seizure rescue authorization if:
6782 (a) the student is exhibiting a symptom, described on the student's seizure rescue
6783 authorization, that warrants the administration of a seizure rescue medication; and
6784 (b) a licensed health care professional is not immediately available to administer the
6785 seizure rescue medication.
6786 (6) A trained school employee volunteer who administers a seizure rescue medication
6787 shall direct an individual to call 911 and take other appropriate actions in accordance with the
6788 training described in Subsection (2).
6790 in accordance with this section in good faith is not liable in a civil or criminal action for an act
6791 taken or not taken under this section.
6792 (8) Section 53G-9-502 does not apply to the administration of a seizure rescue
6793 medication.
6794 (9) Section 53G-8-205 does not apply to the possession of a seizure rescue medication
6796 (10) (a) The unlawful or unprofessional conduct provisions of Title 58, Occupations
6797 and Professions, do not apply to a person licensed as a health care professional under Title 58,
6798 Occupations and Professions, including a nurse, physician, or pharmacist for, in good faith,
6799 training a nonlicensed school employee who volunteers to administer a seizure rescue
6801 (b) Allowing a trained school employee volunteer to administer a seizure rescue
6802 medication in accordance with this section does not constitute unlawful or inappropriate
6803 delegation under Title 58, Occupations and Professions.
6805 53G-9-506. Diabetes medication -- Possession -- Self-administration.
6806 (1) As used in this section, "diabetes medication" means prescription or
6807 nonprescription medication used to treat diabetes, including related medical devices, supplies,
6808 and equipment used to treat diabetes.
6809 (2) A public school shall permit a student to possess or possess and self-administer
6810 diabetes medication if:
6812 (i) authorizing the student to possess or possess and self-administer diabetes
6813 medication; and
6814 (ii) acknowledging that the student is responsible for, and capable of, possessing or
6815 possessing and self-administering the diabetes medication; and
6817 (i) it is medically appropriate for the student to possess or possess and self-administer
6818 diabetes medication and the student should be in possession of diabetes medication at all times;
6820 (ii) the name of the diabetes medication prescribed or authorized for the student's use.
6825 diabetes medication in accordance with this section.
6829 (1) (a) "Abusive conduct" means verbal, nonverbal, or physical conduct of a parent or
6830 student directed toward a school employee that, based on its severity, nature, and frequency of
6831 occurrence, a reasonable person would determine is intended to cause intimidation,
6832 humiliation, or unwarranted distress.
6833 (b) A single act does not constitute abusive conduct.
6834 (2) "Bullying" means a school employee or student intentionally committing a written,
6835 verbal, or physical act against a school employee or student that a reasonable person under the
6836 circumstances should know or reasonably foresee will have the effect of:
6837 (a) causing physical or emotional harm to the school employee or student;
6838 (b) causing damage to the school employee's or student's property;
6839 (c) placing the school employee or student in reasonable fear of:
6840 (i) harm to the school employee's or student's physical or emotional well-being; or
6841 (ii) damage to the school employee's or student's property;
6842 (d) creating a hostile, threatening, humiliating, or abusive educational environment due
6844 (i) the pervasiveness, persistence, or severity of the actions; or
6845 (ii) a power differential between the bully and the target; or
6846 (e) substantially interfering with a student having a safe school environment that is
6847 necessary to facilitate educational performance, opportunities, or benefits.
6848 (3) "Communication" means the conveyance of a message, whether verbal, written, or
6849 electronic.
6850 (4) "Cyber-bullying" means using the Internet, a cell phone, or another device to send
6851 or post text, video, or an image with the intent or knowledge, or with reckless disregard, that
6852 the text, video, or image will hurt, embarrass, or threaten an individual, regardless of whether
6853 the individual directed, consented to, or acquiesced in the conduct, or voluntarily accessed the
6854 electronic communication.
6855 (5) (a) "Hazing" means a school employee or student intentionally, knowingly, or
6856 recklessly committing an act or causing another individual to commit an act toward a school
6857 employee or student that:
6858 (i) (A) endangers the mental or physical health or safety of a school employee or
6859 student;
6860 (B) involves any brutality of a physical nature, including whipping, beating, branding,
6861 calisthenics, bruising, electric shocking, placing of a harmful substance on the body, or
6862 exposure to the elements;
6863 (C) involves consumption of any food, alcoholic product, drug, or other substance or
6864 other physical activity that endangers the mental or physical health and safety of a school
6865 employee or student; or
6866 (D) involves any activity that would subject a school employee or student to extreme
6867 mental stress, such as sleep deprivation, extended isolation from social contact, or conduct that
6868 subjects a school employee or student to extreme embarrassment, shame, or humiliation; and
6869 (ii) (A) is committed for the purpose of initiation into, admission into, affiliation with,
6870 holding office in, or as a condition for membership in a school or school sponsored team,
6871 organization, program, club, or event; or
6872 (B) is directed toward a school employee or student whom the individual who commits
6873 the act knows, at the time the act is committed, is a member of, or candidate for membership
6874 in, a school or school sponsored team, organization, program, club, or event in which the
6875 individual who commits the act also participates.
6876 (b) The conduct described in Subsection (5)(a) constitutes hazing, regardless of
6877 whether the school employee or student against whom the conduct is committed directed,
6878 consented to, or acquiesced in, the conduct.
6881 [(6)] (7) "Policy" means [a school] an LEA governing board policy described in
6883 [(7)] (8) "Retaliate" means an act or communication intended:
6884 (a) as retribution against a person for reporting bullying or hazing; or
6885 (b) to improperly influence the investigation of, or the response to, a report of bullying
6886 or hazing.
6887 [(8)] (9) "School" means a public elementary or secondary school, including a charter
6889 [(9) "School board" means:]
6890 [(a) a local school board; or]
6891 [(b) a charter school governing board.]
6892 (10) "School employee" means an individual working in the individual's official
6893 capacity as:
6894 (a) a school teacher;
6895 (b) a school staff member;
6896 (c) a school administrator; or
6897 (d) an individual:
6898 (i) who is employed, directly or indirectly, by a school, [school board] an LEA
6899 governing board, or a school district; and
6900 (ii) who works on a school campus.
6902 53G-9-604. Parental notification of certain incidents and threats required.
6903 [(1) For purposes of this section, "parent" includes a student's guardian.]
6904 [(2)] (1) A school shall:
6905 (a) notify a parent if the parent's student threatens to commit suicide; or
6906 (b) notify the parents of each student involved in an incident of bullying,
6907 cyber-bullying, hazing, abusive conduct, or retaliation of the incident involving each parent's
6909 [(3)] (2) (a) If a school notifies a parent of an incident or threat required to be reported
6910 under Subsection [(2)] (1), the school shall produce and maintain a record that verifies that the
6911 parent was notified of the incident or threat.
6912 (b) A school shall maintain a record described in Subsection [(3)] (2)(a) in accordance
6913 with the requirements of:
6914 (i) Title 53E, Chapter 9, Part 2, Student Privacy;
6915 (ii) Title 53E, Chapter 9, Part 3, Student Data Protection;
6916 (iii) the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, 20 U.S.C. Sec. 1232g; and
6917 (iv) 34 C.F.R. Part 99.
6918 [(4)] (3) A local school board or charter school governing board shall adopt a policy
6919 regarding the process for:
6920 (a) notifying a parent as required in Subsection [(2)] (1); and
6921 (b) producing and retaining a record that verifies that a parent was notified of an
6922 incident or threat as required in Subsection [(3)] (2).
6923 [(5)] (4) At the request of a parent, a school may provide information and make
6924 recommendations related to an incident or threat described in Subsection [(2)] (1).
6926 (a) provide a student a copy of a record maintained in accordance with this section that
6927 relates to the student if the student requests a copy of the record; and
6928 (b) expunge a record maintained in accordance with this section that relates to a
6929 student if the student:
6930 (i) has graduated from high school; and
6931 (ii) requests the record be expunged.
6933 53G-9-605. Bullying, cyber-bullying, hazing, abusive conduct, and retaliation
6934 policy.
6935 (1) On or before September 1, 2018, [a school] an LEA governing board shall update
6936 the [school] LEA governing board's bullying, cyber-bullying, hazing, and retaliation policy to
6937 include abusive conduct.
6938 (2) A policy shall:
6939 (a) be developed only with input from:
6940 (i) students;
6941 (ii) parents;
6942 (iii) teachers;
6943 (iv) school administrators;
6944 (v) school staff; or
6945 (vi) local law enforcement agencies; and
6946 (b) provide protection to a student, regardless of the student's legal status.
6947 (3) A policy shall include the following components:
6948 (a) definitions of bullying, cyber-bullying, hazing, and abusive conduct that are
6949 consistent with this part;
6950 (b) language prohibiting bullying, cyber-bullying, hazing, and abusive conduct;
6951 (c) language prohibiting retaliation against an individual who reports conduct that is
6952 prohibited under this part;
6953 (d) language prohibiting making a false report of bullying, cyber-bullying, hazing,
6954 abusive conduct, or retaliation;
6955 (e) as required in Section 53G-9-604, parental notification of:
6956 (i) a student's threat to commit suicide; and
6957 (ii) an incident of bullying, cyber-bullying, hazing, abusive conduct, or retaliation,
6958 involving the parent's student;
6959 (f) a grievance process for a school employee who has experienced abusive conduct;
6960 (g) an action plan to address a reported incident of bullying, cyber-bullying, hazing, or
6961 retaliation; and
6962 (h) a requirement for a signed statement annually, indicating that the individual signing
6963 the statement has received the [school] LEA governing board's policy, from each:
6964 (i) school employee;
6965 (ii) student who is at least eight years old; and
6966 (iii) parent [or guardian] of a student enrolled in the charter school or school district.
6967 (4) A copy of a policy shall be:
6968 (a) included in student conduct handbooks;
6969 (b) included in employee handbooks; and
6970 (c) provided to a parent [or a guardian] of a student enrolled in the charter school or
6971 school district[; and].
6972 [(d) distributed to parents.]
6973 (5) A policy may not permit formal disciplinary action that is based solely on an
6974 anonymous report of bullying, cyber-bullying, hazing, abusive conduct, or retaliation.
6975 (6) Nothing in this part is intended to infringe upon the right of a school employee,
6976 parent, or student to exercise the right of free speech.
6978 53G-9-606. Model policy and state board duties.
6979 (1) On or before September 1, 2018, the [State Board of Education] state board shall:
6980 (a) update the [State Board of Education's] state board's model policy on bullying,
6981 cyber-bullying, hazing, and retaliation to include abusive conduct; and
6982 (b) post the model policy described in Subsection (1)(a) on the [State Board of
6983 Education] state board's website.
6984 (2) The [State Board of Education] state board shall require a [school] an LEA
6985 governing board to report annually to the [State Board of Education] state board on:
6986 (a) the [school] LEA governing board's policy, including implementation of the signed
6987 statement requirement described in Subsection 53G-9-605(3)[(g)];
6988 (b) the [school] LEA governing board's training of school employees relating to
6989 bullying, cyber-bullying, hazing, and retaliation described in Section 53G-9-607; and
6990 (c) other information related to this part, as determined by the [State Board of
6993 53G-9-607. Training, education, and prevention -- Standards.
6994 (1) (a) [A school] An LEA governing board shall include in the training of a school
6995 employee training regarding bullying, cyber-bullying, hazing, abusive conduct, and retaliation
6996 that meets the standards described in Subsection (4).
6997 (b) [A school] An LEA governing board may offer voluntary training to parents and
6998 students regarding abusive conduct.
6999 (2) To the extent that state or federal funding is available for this purpose, [school]
7000 LEA governing boards are encouraged to implement programs or initiatives, in addition to the
7001 training described in Subsection (1), to provide for training and education regarding, and the
7002 prevention of, bullying, hazing, abusive conduct, and retaliation.
7003 (3) The programs or initiatives described in Subsection (2) may involve:
7004 (a) the establishment of a bullying task force; or
7005 (b) the involvement of school employees, students, or law enforcement.
7007 the State Board of Education] The state board shall make rules that establish standards for high
7008 quality training related to bullying, cyber-bullying, hazing, abusive conduct, and retaliation.
7010 53G-9-702. Youth suicide prevention programs required in secondary schools --
7011 State board to develop model programs -- Reporting requirements.
7012 (1) As used in the section:
7014 [(b)] (a) "Intervention" means an effort to prevent a student from attempting suicide.
7015 [(c)] (b) "Postvention" means mental health intervention after a suicide attempt or
7016 death to prevent or contain contagion.
7017 [(d)] (c) "Program" means a youth suicide prevention program described in Subsection
7019 [(e)] (d) "Public education suicide prevention coordinator" means an individual
7020 designated by the state board as described in Subsection (3).
7021 [(f)] (e) "Secondary grades":
7022 (i) means grades 7 through 12; and
7023 (ii) if a middle or junior high school includes grade 6, includes grade 6.
7024 [(g)] (f) "State suicide prevention coordinator" means the state suicide prevention
7025 coordinator described in Section 62A-15-1101.
7026 (2) In collaboration with the public education suicide prevention coordinator, a school
7027 district or charter school, in the secondary grades of the school district or charter school, shall
7028 implement a youth suicide prevention program, which, in collaboration with the training,
7029 programs, and initiatives described in Section 53G-9-607, shall include programs and training
7030 to address:
7031 (a) bullying and cyberbullying, as those terms are defined in Section 53G-9-601;
7032 (b) prevention of youth suicide;
7033 (c) youth suicide intervention;
7034 (d) postvention for family, students, and faculty;
7035 (e) underage drinking of alcohol;
7036 (f) methods of strengthening the family; and
7037 (g) methods of strengthening a youth's relationships in the school and community.
7038 (3) The state board shall:
7039 (a) designate a public education suicide prevention coordinator; and
7040 (b) in collaboration with the Department of Heath and the state suicide prevention
7041 coordinator, develop model programs to provide to school districts and charter schools:
7042 (i) program training; and
7043 (ii) resources regarding the required components described in Subsection (2)(b).
7044 (4) The public education suicide prevention coordinator shall:
7045 (a) oversee the youth suicide prevention programs of school districts and charter
7046 schools;
7047 (b) coordinate prevention and postvention programs, services, and efforts with the state
7048 suicide prevention coordinator; and
7049 (c) award grants in accordance with Section 53F-5-206.
7050 (5) A public school suicide prevention program may allow school personnel to ask a
7051 student questions related to youth suicide prevention, intervention, or postvention.
7052 (6) (a) Subject to legislative appropriation, the state board may distribute money to a
7053 school district or charter school to be used to implement evidence-based practices and
7054 programs, or emerging best practices and programs, for preventing suicide in the school district
7056 (b) The state board shall distribute money under Subsection (6)(a) so that each school
7057 that enrolls students in grade 7 or a higher grade receives an allocation of at least $1,000.
7058 (c) (i) A school shall use money allocated to the school under Subsection (6)(b) to
7059 implement evidence-based practices and programs, or emerging best practices and programs,
7060 for preventing suicide.
7061 (ii) Each school may select the evidence-based practices and programs, or emerging
7062 best practices and programs, for preventing suicide that the school implements.
7063 (7) (a) The state board shall provide a written report, and shall orally report to the
7064 Legislature's Education Interim Committee, by the October 2015 meeting, jointly with the
7065 public education suicide prevention coordinator and the state suicide prevention coordinator,
7066 on:
7067 (i) the progress of school district and charter school youth suicide prevention programs,
7068 including rates of participation by school districts, charter schools, and students;
7069 (ii) the state board's coordination efforts with the Department of Health and the state
7070 suicide prevention coordinator;
7071 (iii) the public education suicide prevention coordinator's model program for training
7072 and resources related to youth suicide prevention, intervention, and postvention;
7073 (iv) data measuring the effectiveness of youth suicide programs;
7074 (v) funds appropriated to each school district and charter school for youth suicide
7075 prevention programs; and
7076 (vi) five-year trends of youth suicides per school, school district, and charter school.
7077 (b) School districts and charter schools shall provide to the state board information that
7078 is necessary for the state board's report to the Legislature's Education Interim Committee as
7079 required in Subsection (7)(a).
7081 53G-9-703. Parent education -- Mental health -- Bullying -- Safety.
7082 (1) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (4), a school district shall offer a seminar for
7083 parents of students in the school district that:
7084 (i) is offered at no cost to parents;
7085 (ii) begins at or after 6 p.m.;
7086 (iii) is held in at least one school located in the school district; and
7087 (iv) covers the topics described in Subsection (2).
7088 (b) (i) A school district shall annually offer one parent seminar for each 11,000
7089 students enrolled in the school district.
7090 (ii) Notwithstanding Subsection (1)(b)(i), a school district may not be required to offer
7091 more than three seminars.
7092 (c) A school district may:
7093 (i) develop its own curriculum for the seminar described in Subsection (1)(a); or
7094 (ii) use the curriculum developed by the [State Board of Education] state board under
7096 (d) A school district shall notify each charter school located in the attendance
7097 boundaries of the school district of the date and time of a parent seminar, so the charter school
7098 may inform parents of the seminar.
7099 (2) The [State Board of Education] state board shall:
7100 (a) develop a curriculum for the parent seminar described in Subsection (1) that
7101 includes information on:
7102 (i) substance abuse, including illegal drugs and prescription drugs and prevention;
7103 (ii) bullying;
7104 (iii) mental health, depression, suicide awareness, and suicide prevention, including
7105 education on limiting access to fatal means;
7106 (iv) Internet safety, including pornography addiction; and
7107 (v) the School Safety and Crisis Line established in Section 53E-10-502; and
7108 (b) provide the curriculum, including resources and training, to school districts upon
7109 request.
7110 (3) The [State Board of Education] state board shall report to the Legislature's
7111 Education Interim Committee, by the October 2015 meeting, on:
7112 (a) the progress of implementation of the parent seminar;
7113 (b) the number of parent seminars conducted in each school district;
7114 (c) the estimated attendance reported by each school district;
7115 (d) a recommendation of whether to continue the parent seminar program; and
7116 (e) if a local school board has opted out of providing the parent seminar, as described
7117 in Subsection (4), the reasons why a local school board opted out.
7118 (4) (a) A school district is not required to offer the parent seminar if the local school
7119 board determines that the topics described in Subsection (2) are not of significant interest or
7120 value to families in the school district.
7121 (b) If a local school board chooses not to offer the parent seminar, the local school
7122 board shall notify the [State Board of Education] state board and provide the reasons why the
7123 local school board chose not to offer the parent seminar.
7125 53G-9-704. Youth suicide prevention training for employees.
7126 (1) A school district or charter school shall require a licensed employee to complete a
7127 minimum of two hours of professional development training on youth suicide prevention every
7128 three years.
7130 (a) develop or adopt sample materials to be used by a school district or charter school
7131 for professional development training on youth suicide prevention; and
7132 (b) [in rule made in accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative
7133 Rulemaking Act,] incorporate in rule the training described in Subsection (1) into professional
7134 development training described in Section 53E-6-201.
7137 As used in Section 53G-9-802:
7138 (1) "Attainment goal" means earning:
7139 (a) a high school diploma;
7140 (b) a Utah High School Completion Diploma, as defined in [State Board of Education]
7141 state board rule;
7142 (c) an Adult Education Secondary Diploma, as defined in [State Board of Education]
7143 state board rule; or
7144 (d) an employer-recognized, industry-based certificate that is:
7145 (i) likely to result in job placement; and
7146 (ii) included in the [State Board of Education's] state board's approved career and
7147 technical education industry certification list.
7148 (2) "Cohort" means a group of students, defined by the year in which the group enters
7149 grade 9.
7150 (3) "Designated student" means a student:
7151 (a) (i) who has withdrawn from an LEA before earning a diploma;
7152 (ii) who has been dropped from average daily membership; and
7153 (iii) whose cohort has not yet graduated; or
7154 (b) who is at risk of meeting the criteria described in Subsection (3)(a), as determined
7155 by the student's LEA, using risk factors defined in rules made by the [State Board of Education
7156 in accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act] state board.
7157 (4) "Graduation rate" means:
7158 (a) for a school district or a charter school that includes grade 12, the graduation rate
7159 calculated by the [State Board of Education] state board for federal accountability and reporting
7160 purposes; or
7161 (b) for a charter school that does not include grade 12, a proxy graduation rate defined
7162 in rules made by the [State Board of Education in accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah
7163 Administrative Rulemaking Act] state board.
7164 (5) "Local education agency" or "LEA" means a school district or charter school that
7165 serves students in grade 9, 10, 11, or 12.
7166 (6) "Nontraditional program" means a program, as defined in rules made by the [State
7167 Board of Education] state board under Subsection 53E-3-501(1)(e), in which a student receives
7168 instruction through:
7169 (a) distance learning;
7170 (b) online learning;
7171 (c) blended learning; or
7172 (d) competency-based learning.
7173 (7) "Statewide graduation rate" means:
7174 (a) for a school district or a charter school that includes grade 12, the statewide
7175 graduation rate, as annually calculated by the [State Board of Education] state board; or
7176 (b) for a charter school that does not include grade 12, the average graduation rate for
7177 all charter schools that do not include grade 12.
7178 (8) "Third party" means:
7179 (a) a private provider; or
7180 (b) an LEA that does not meet the criteria described in Subsection 53G-9-802(3).
7182 53G-9-802. Dropout prevention and recovery -- Flexible enrollment options --
7183 Contracting -- Reporting.
7184 (1) (a) Subject to Subsection (1)(b), an LEA shall provide dropout prevention and
7185 recovery services to a designated student, including:
7186 (i) engaging with or attempting to recover a designated student;
7187 (ii) developing a learning plan, in consultation with a designated student, to identify:
7188 (A) barriers to regular school attendance and achievement;
7189 (B) an attainment goal; and
7190 (C) a means for achieving the attainment goal through enrollment in one or more of the
7191 programs described in Subsection (2);
7192 (iii) monitoring a designated student's progress toward reaching the designated
7193 student's attainment goal; and
7194 (iv) providing tiered interventions for a designated student who is not making progress
7195 toward reaching the student's attainment goal.
7196 (b) An LEA shall provide the dropout prevention and recovery services described in
7197 Subsection (1)(a):
7198 (i) throughout the calendar year; and
7199 (ii) except as provided in Subsection (1)(c)(i), for each designated student who
7200 becomes a designated student while enrolled in the LEA.
7201 (c) (i) A designated student's school district of residence shall provide dropout recovery
7202 services if the designated student:
7203 (A) was enrolled in a charter school that does not include grade 12; and
7204 (B) becomes a designated student in the summer after the student completes academic
7205 instruction at the charter school through the maximum grade level the charter school is eligible
7206 to serve under the charter school's charter agreement as described in Section 53G-5-303.
7207 (ii) In accordance with Subsection (1)(c)(iii), a charter school that does not include
7208 grade 12 shall notify each of the charter school's student's district of residence, as determined
7209 under Section 53G-6-302, when the student completes academic instruction at the charter
7210 school as described in Subsection (1)(c)(i)(B).
7211 (iii) The notification described in Subsection (1)(c)(ii) shall include the student's name,
7212 contact information, and student identification number.
7213 (2) (a) An LEA shall provide flexible enrollment options for a designated student that:
7214 (i) are tailored to the designated student's learning plan developed under Subsection
7215 (1)(a)(ii); and
7216 (ii) include two or more of the following:
7217 (A) enrollment in the LEA in a traditional program;
7218 (B) enrollment in the LEA in a nontraditional program;
7219 (C) enrollment in a program offered by a private provider that has entered into a
7220 contract with the LEA to provide educational services; or
7221 (D) enrollment in a program offered by another LEA.
7222 (b) A designated student may enroll in:
7223 (i) a program offered by the LEA under Subsection (2)(a), in accordance with this
7224 public education code, rules established by the [State Board of Education] state board, and
7225 policies established by the LEA;
7226 (ii) the Electronic High School, in accordance with Title 53E, Chapter 10, Part 6,
7227 Electronic High School; or
7228 (iii) the Statewide Online Education Program, in accordance with Title 53F, Chapter 4,
7229 Part 5, Statewide Online Education Program.
7230 (c) An LEA shall make the LEA's best effort to accommodate a designated student's
7231 choice of enrollment under Subsection (2)(b).
7232 (3) Beginning with the 2017-18 school year and except as provided in Subsection (4),
7233 an LEA shall enter into a contract with a third party to provide the dropout prevention and
7234 recovery services described in Subsection (1)(a) for any school year in which the LEA meets
7235 the following criteria:
7236 (a) the LEA's graduation rate is lower than the statewide graduation rate; and
7237 (b) (i) the LEA's graduation rate has not increased by at least 1% on average over the
7238 previous three school years; or
7239 (ii) during the previous calendar year, at least 10% of the LEA's designated students
7240 have not:
7241 (A) reached the students' attainment goals; or
7242 (B) made a year's worth of progress toward the students' attainment goals.
7243 (4) An LEA that is in the LEA's first three years of operation is not subject to the
7244 requirement described in Subsection (3).
7245 (5) An LEA described in Subsection (3) shall ensure that:
7246 (a) a third party with whom the LEA enters into a contract under Subsection (3) has a
7247 demonstrated record of effectiveness engaging with and recovering designated students; and
7248 (b) a contract with a third party requires the third party to:
7249 (i) provide the services described in Subsection (1)(a); and
7250 (ii) regularly report progress to the LEA.
7251 (6) An LEA shall annually submit a report to the [State Board of Education] state
7252 board on dropout prevention and recovery services provided under this section, including:
7253 (a) the methods the LEA or third party uses to engage with or attempt to recover
7254 designated students under Subsection (1)(a)(i);
7255 (b) the number of designated students who enroll in a program described in Subsection
7256 (2) as a result of the efforts described in Subsection (6)(a);
7257 (c) the number of designated students who reach the designated students' attainment
7258 goals identified under Subsection (1)(a)(ii)(B); and
7259 (d) funding allocated to provide dropout prevention and recovery services.
7261 (a) ensure that an LEA described in Subsection (3) contracts with a third party to
7262 provide dropout prevention and recovery services in accordance with Subsections (3) and (5);
7264 (b) on or before October 30, 2017, and each year thereafter, report to the Education
7265 Interim Committee on the provisions of this section, including a summary of the reports
7266 submitted under Subsection (6).
7268 53G-9-803. Remediation programs for secondary students.
7270 (a) "Secondary school" means a school that provides instruction to students in grades 7,
7271 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12.
7272 (b) "Secondary school student":
7275 (2) A school district or charter school shall implement programs for secondary school
7276 students to attain the competency levels and graduation requirements established by the [State
7278 (3) (a) A school district or charter school shall establish remediation programs for
7279 secondary school students who do not meet competency levels in English, mathematics,
7280 science, or social studies.
7281 (b) Participation in the programs is mandatory for secondary school students who fail
7282 to meet the competency levels based on classroom performance.
7283 (4) Secondary school students who require remediation under this section may not be
7284 advanced to the following class in subject sequences until they meet the required competency
7285 level for the subject or complete the required remediation program, except that a school district
7286 or charter school may allow secondary school students requiring remediation who would
7287 otherwise be scheduled to enter their first year of high school to complete their remediation
7288 program during that first year.
7289 (5) (a) Remediation programs provided under this section should not be unnecessarily
7290 lengthy or repetitive.
7291 (b) A secondary school student need not repeat an entire class if remediation can
7292 reasonably be achieved through other means.
7293 (6) A school district or charter school may charge secondary school students a fee to
7294 participate in the remediation programs.
7295 Section 194. Section 53G-10-202 is amended to read:
7296 53G-10-202. Maintaining constitutional freedom in the public schools.
7297 (1) Any instructional activity, performance, or display which includes examination of
7298 or presentations about religion, political or religious thought or expression, or the influence
7299 thereof on music, art, literature, law, politics, history, or any other element of the curriculum,
7300 including the comparative study of religions, which is designed to achieve secular educational
7301 objectives included within the context of a course or activity and conducted in accordance with
7302 applicable rules or policies of the state and [local boards of education] LEA governing boards,
7303 may be undertaken in the public schools.
7304 (2) No aspect of cultural heritage, political theory, moral theory, or societal value shall
7305 be included within or excluded from public school curricula for the primary reason that it
7306 affirms, ignores, or denies religious belief, religious doctrine, a religious sect, or the existence
7307 of a spiritual realm or supreme being.
7308 (3) Public schools may not sponsor prayer or religious devotionals.
7309 (4) School officials and employees may not use their positions to endorse, promote, or
7310 disparage a particular religious, denominational, sectarian, agnostic, or atheistic belief or
7311 viewpoint.
7313 53G-10-204. Civic and character education -- Definitions -- Legislative finding --
7314 Elements -- Reporting requirements.
7316 (a) "Character education" means reaffirming values and qualities of character which
7317 promote an upright and desirable citizenry.
7318 (b) "Civic education" means the cultivation of informed, responsible participation in
7319 political life by competent citizens committed to the fundamental values and principles of
7320 representative democracy in Utah and the United States.
7321 (c) "Values" means time-established principles or standards of worth.
7323 (a) Civic and character education are fundamental elements of the public education
7324 system's core mission as originally intended and established under Article X of the Utah
7325 Constitution;
7326 (b) Civic and character education are fundamental elements of the constitutional
7327 responsibility of public education and shall be a continuing emphasis and focus in public
7329 (c) the cultivation of a continuing understanding and appreciation of a constitutional
7330 republic and principles of representative democracy in Utah and the United States among
7331 succeeding generations of educated and responsible citizens is important to the nation and
7332 state;
7333 (d) the primary responsibility for the education of children within the state resides with
7334 their parents [or guardians] and that the role of state and local governments is to support and
7335 assist parents in fulfilling that responsibility;
7336 (e) public schools fulfill a vital purpose in the preparation of succeeding generations of
7337 informed and responsible citizens who are deeply attached to essential democratic values and
7338 institutions; and
7339 (f) the happiness and security of American society relies upon the public virtue of its
7340 citizens which requires a united commitment to a moral social order where self-interests are
7341 willingly subordinated to the greater common good.
7342 (3) Through an integrated curriculum, students shall be taught in connection with
7343 regular school work:
7344 (a) honesty, integrity, morality, civility, duty, honor, service, and obedience to law;
7345 (b) respect for and an understanding of the Declaration of Independence and the
7346 constitutions of the United States and of the state of Utah;
7347 (c) Utah history, including territorial and preterritorial development to the present;
7348 (d) the essentials and benefits of the free enterprise system;
7349 (e) respect for parents, home, and family;
7350 (f) the dignity and necessity of honest labor; and
7351 (g) other skills, habits, and qualities of character which will promote an upright and
7352 desirable citizenry and better prepare students to recognize and accept responsibility for
7353 preserving and defending the blessings of liberty inherited from prior generations and secured
7354 by the constitution.
7355 (4) Local school boards and school administrators may provide training, direction, and
7356 encouragement, as needed, to accomplish the intent and requirements of this section and to
7357 effectively emphasize civic and character education in the course of regular instruction in the
7358 public schools.
7359 (5) Civic and character education in public schools are:
7360 (a) not intended to be separate programs in need of special funding or added specialists
7361 to be accomplished; and
7362 (b) core principles which reflect the shared values of the citizens of Utah and the
7363 founding principles upon which representative democracy in the United States and the state of
7364 Utah are based.
7365 (6) To assist the Commission on Civic and Character Education in fulfilling the
7366 commission's duties under Section 67-1a-11, by December 30 of each year, each school district
7367 and the State Charter School Board shall submit to the lieutenant governor and the commission
7368 a report summarizing how civic and character education are achieved in the school district or
7369 charter schools through an integrated school curriculum and in the regular course of school
7370 work as provided in this section.
7371 (7) Each year, the [State Board of Education] state board shall report to the Education
7372 Interim Committee, on or before the October meeting, the methods used, and the results being
7373 achieved, to instruct and prepare students to become informed and responsible citizens through
7374 an integrated curriculum taught in connection with regular school work as required in this
7377 53G-10-205. Waivers of participation.
7378 (1) As used in this section[:(a) "Parent" means a parent or legal guardian.(b)
7379 "School"], "school" means a public school.
7380 (2) If a parent of a student, or a secondary student, determines that the student's
7381 participation in a portion of the curriculum or in an activity would require the student to affirm
7382 or deny a religious belief or right of conscience, or engage or refrain from engaging in a
7383 practice forbidden or required in the exercise of a religious right or right of conscience, the
7384 parent or the secondary student may request:
7385 (a) a waiver of the requirement to participate; or
7386 (b) a reasonable alternative that requires reasonably equivalent performance by the
7387 student of the secular objectives of the curriculum or activity in question.
7388 (3) The school shall promptly notify a student's parent if the secondary student makes a
7389 request under Subsection (2).
7390 (4) If a request is made under Subsection (2), the school shall:
7391 (a) waive the participation requirement;
7392 (b) provide a reasonable alternative to the requirement; or
7393 (c) notify the requesting party that participation is required.
7394 (5) The school shall ensure that the provisions of Subsection 53G-10-203(3) are met in
7395 connection with any required participation under Subsection (4)(c).
7396 (6) A student's academic or citizenship performance may not be penalized if the
7397 secondary student or the student's parent chooses to exercise a religious right or right of
7398 conscience in accordance with the provisions of this section.
7400 53G-10-302. Instruction in American history and government -- Study and
7401 posting of American heritage documents.
7402 (1) The Legislature recognizes that a proper understanding of American history and
7403 government is essential to good citizenship, and that the public schools are the primary public
7404 institutions charged with responsibility for assisting children and youth in gaining that
7405 understanding.
7406 (2) (a) The [State Board of Education] state board and local school boards shall
7407 periodically review school curricula and activities to ensure that effective instruction in
7408 American history and government is taking place in the public schools.
7409 (b) The boards shall solicit public input as part of the review process.
7410 (c) Instruction in American history and government shall include a study of:
7411 (i) forms of government, such as a republic, a pure democracy, a monarchy, and an
7412 oligarchy;
7413 (ii) political philosophies and economic systems, such as socialism, individualism, and
7414 free market capitalism; and
7415 (iii) the United States' form of government, a compound constitutional republic.
7416 (3) School curricula and activities shall include a thorough study of historical
7417 documents such as:
7418 (a) the Declaration of Independence;
7419 (b) the United States Constitution;
7420 (c) the national motto;
7421 (d) the pledge of allegiance;
7422 (e) the national anthem;
7423 (f) the Mayflower Compact;
7424 (g) the writings, speeches, documents, and proclamations of the Founders and the
7425 Presidents of the United States;
7426 (h) organic documents from the pre-Colonial, Colonial, Revolutionary, Federalist, and
7427 post Federalist eras;
7428 (i) United States Supreme Court decisions;
7429 (j) Acts of the United States Congress, including the published text of the
7430 Congressional Record; and
7431 (k) United States treaties.
7432 (4) To increase student understanding of, and familiarity with, American historical
7433 documents, public schools may display historically important excerpts from, or copies of, those
7434 documents in school classrooms and common areas as appropriate.
7435 (5) There shall be no content-based censorship of American history and heritage
7436 documents referred to in this section due to their religious or cultural nature.
7437 (6) Public schools shall display "In God we trust," which is declared in 36 U.S.C. 302
7438 to be the national motto of the United States, in one or more prominent places within each
7439 school building.
7441 53G-10-303. Teaching of American sign language.
7442 (1) The Legislature recognizes that American sign language is a fully developed,
7443 autonomous, natural language with distinct grammar, syntax, and art forms.
7444 (2) American sign language shall be accorded equal status with other linguistic systems
7445 in the state's public and higher education systems.
7446 (3) The [State Board of Education] state board, in consultation with the state's school
7447 districts and members of the deaf and hard of hearing community, shall develop and implement
7448 policies and procedures for the teaching of American sign language in the state's public
7449 education system at least at the middle school or high school level.
7450 (4) A student may count credit received for completion of a course in American sign
7451 language at the middle school or high school level toward the satisfaction of a foreign language
7452 requirement in the public education system under rules made by the [State Board of Education]
7454 (5) The State Board of Regents, in consultation with the state's public institutions of
7455 higher education and members of the state's deaf and hard of hearing community, shall develop
7456 and implement policies and procedures for offering instruction in American sign language in
7457 the state's system of higher education.
7458 (6) The Joint Liaison Committee, in consultation with members of the state's deaf and
7459 hard of hearing community, shall review any policies and procedures developed under this
7460 section and make recommendations to either or both boards regarding the policies.
7462 53G-10-304. Instruction on the flag of the United States of America.
7464 the State Board of Education] The state board shall provide by rule for a program of instruction
7465 within the public schools relating to the flag of the United States.
7466 (2) The instruction shall include the history of the flag, etiquette, customs pertaining to
7467 the display and use of the flag, and other patriotic exercises as provided by 4 U.S.C. Secs. 1 to
7468 10.
7469 (3) (a) The pledge of allegiance to the flag shall be recited once at the beginning of
7470 each day in each public school classroom in the state, led by a student in the classroom, as
7471 assigned by the classroom teacher on a rotating basis.
7472 (b) Each student shall be informed by posting a notice in a conspicuous place that the
7473 student has the right not to participate in reciting the pledge.
7474 (c) A student shall be excused from reciting the pledge upon written request from the
7475 student's parent [or legal guardian].
7476 (d) (i) At least once a year students shall be instructed that:
7477 (A) participation in the pledge of allegiance is voluntary and not compulsory; and
7478 (B) not only is it acceptable for someone to choose not to participate in the pledge of
7479 allegiance for religious or other reasons, but students should show respect for any student who
7480 chooses not to participate.
7481 (ii) A public school teacher shall strive to maintain an atmosphere among students in
7482 the classroom that is consistent with the principles described in Subsection (3)(d)(i).
7484 53G-10-305. Financial education information.
7485 A public school shall provide the following to the parents [or guardian] of a
7486 kindergarten student during kindergarten enrollment:
7487 (1) a financial and economic literacy passport, as defined in Section 53E-3-505; and
7488 (2) information about higher education savings options, including information about
7489 opening a Utah Educational Savings Plan account.
7491 53G-10-402. Instruction in health -- Parental consent requirements -- Conduct
7492 and speech of school employees and volunteers -- Political and religious doctrine
7493 prohibited.
7496 [(b) "Local school board" means:]
7497 [(i) a local board of education elected in accordance with Section 53G-4-201; or]
7498 [(ii) a charter school governing board, as defined in Section 53G-5-102.]
7499 [(c) "Parent" means a parent or legal guardian.]
7500 (a) "LEA governing board" means a local school board or charter school governing
7502 [(d)] (b) "Refusal skills" means instruction:
7503 (i) in a student's ability to clearly and expressly refuse sexual advances by a minor or
7504 adult;
7505 (ii) in a student's obligation to stop the student's sexual advances if refused by another
7506 individual;
7507 (iii) informing a student of the student's right to report and seek counseling for
7508 unwanted sexual advances;
7509 (iv) in sexual harassment; and
7510 (v) informing a student that a student may not consent to criminally prohibited
7511 activities or activities for which the student is legally prohibited from giving consent, including
7512 the electronic transmission of sexually explicit images by an individual of the individual or
7513 another.
7514 (2) (a) The state board shall establish curriculum requirements under Section
7515 53E-3-501 that include instruction in:
7516 (i) community and personal health;
7517 (ii) physiology;
7518 (iii) personal hygiene;
7519 (iv) prevention of communicable disease;
7520 (v) refusal skills; and
7521 (vi) the harmful effects of pornography.
7522 (b) (i) That instruction shall stress:
7523 (A) the importance of abstinence from all sexual activity before marriage and fidelity
7524 after marriage as methods for preventing certain communicable diseases; and
7525 (B) personal skills that encourage individual choice of abstinence and fidelity.
7526 (ii) (A) At no time may instruction be provided, including responses to spontaneous
7527 questions raised by students, regarding any means or methods that facilitate or encourage the
7528 violation of any state or federal criminal law by a minor or an adult.
7529 (B) Subsection (2)(b)(ii)(A) does not preclude an instructor from responding to a
7530 spontaneous question as long as the response is consistent with the provisions of this section.
7531 (c) (i) The state board shall recommend instructional materials for use in the curricula
7532 required under Subsection (2)(a) after considering evaluations of instructional materials by the
7533 State Instructional Materials Commission.
7534 (ii) [A local school] An LEA governing board may choose to adopt:
7535 (A) the instructional materials recommended under Subsection (2)(c)(i); or
7536 (B) other instructional materials as provided in state board rule.
7537 (iii) The state board rule made under Subsection (2)(c)(ii)(B) shall include, at a
7538 minimum:
7539 (A) that the materials adopted by [a local school] an LEA governing board under
7540 Subsection (2)(c)(ii)(B) shall be based upon recommendations of the school district's or charter
7541 school's Curriculum Materials Review Committee that comply with state law and state board
7542 rules emphasizing abstinence before marriage and fidelity after marriage, and prohibiting
7543 instruction in:
7544 (I) the intricacies of intercourse, sexual stimulation, or erotic behavior;
7545 (II) the advocacy of premarital or extramarital sexual activity; or
7546 (III) the advocacy or encouragement of the use of contraceptive methods or devices;
7547 (B) that the adoption of instructional materials shall take place in an open and regular
7548 meeting of the [local school] LEA governing board for which prior notice is given to parents of
7549 students attending the respective schools and an opportunity for parents to express their views
7550 and opinions on the materials at the meeting;
7551 (C) provision for an appeal and review process of the [local school] LEA governing
7552 board's decision; and
7553 (D) provision for a report by the [local school] LEA governing board to the state board
7554 of the action taken and the materials adopted by the [local school] LEA governing board under
7555 Subsections (2)(c)(ii)(B) and (2)(c)(iii).
7556 (3) (a) A student shall receive instruction in the courses described in Subsection (2) on
7557 at least two occasions during the period that begins with the beginning of grade 8 and the end
7558 of grade 12.
7559 (b) At the request of the state board, the Department of Health shall cooperate with the
7560 state board in developing programs to provide instruction in those areas.
7561 (4) (a) The state board shall adopt rules that:
7562 (i) provide that the parental consent requirements of Sections 76-7-322 and 76-7-323
7563 are complied with; and
7564 (ii) require a student's parent to be notified in advance and have an opportunity to
7565 review the information for which parental consent is required under Sections 76-7-322 and
7567 (b) The state board shall also provide procedures for disciplinary action for violation of
7568 Section 76-7-322 or 76-7-323.
7569 (5) (a) In keeping with the requirements of Section 53G-10-204, and because school
7570 employees and volunteers serve as examples to their students, school employees or volunteers
7571 acting in their official capacities may not support or encourage criminal conduct by students,
7572 teachers, or volunteers.
7573 (b) To ensure the effective performance of school personnel, the limitations described
7574 in Subsection (5)(a) also apply to a school employee or volunteer acting outside of the school
7575 employee's or volunteer's official capacities if:
7576 (i) the employee or volunteer knew or should have known that the employee's or
7577 volunteer's action could result in a material and substantial interference or disruption in the
7578 normal activities of the school; and
7579 (ii) that action does result in a material and substantial interference or disruption in the
7580 normal activities of the school.
7581 (c) The state board or [a local school] an LEA governing board may not allow training
7582 of school employees or volunteers that supports or encourages criminal conduct.
7583 (d) The state board shall adopt rules implementing this section.
7584 (e) Nothing in this section limits the ability or authority of the state board or [a local
7585 school] an LEA governing board to enact and enforce rules or take actions that are otherwise
7586 lawful, regarding educators', employees', or volunteers' qualifications or behavior evidencing
7587 unfitness for duty.
7588 (6) Except as provided in Section 53G-10-202, political, atheistic, sectarian, religious,
7589 or denominational doctrine may not be taught in the public schools.
7590 (7) (a) [A local school board and a local school] An LEA governing board and an LEA
7591 governing board's employees shall cooperate and share responsibility in carrying out the
7592 purposes of this chapter.
7593 (b) [A local school] An LEA governing board shall provide appropriate professional
7594 development for the [local school] LEA governing board's teachers, counselors, and school
7595 administrators to enable them to understand, protect, and properly instruct students in the
7596 values and character traits referred to in this section and Sections 53E-9-202, 53E-9-203,
7597 53G-10-202, 53G-10-203, 53G-10-204, and 53G-10-205, and distribute appropriate written
7598 materials on the values, character traits, and conduct to each individual receiving the
7599 professional development.
7600 (c) [A local school] An LEA governing board shall make the written materials
7601 described in Subsection (7)(b) available to classified employees, students, and parents of
7602 students.
7603 (d) In order to assist [a local school] an LEA governing board in providing the
7604 professional development required under Subsection (7)(b), the state board shall, as
7605 appropriate, contract with a qualified individual or entity possessing expertise in the areas
7606 referred to in Subsection (7)(b) to develop and disseminate model teacher professional
7607 development programs that [a local school] an LEA governing board may use to train the
7608 individuals referred to in Subsection (7)(b) to effectively teach the values and qualities of
7609 character referenced in Subsection (7)(b).
7610 (e) In accordance with the provisions of Subsection (5)(c), professional development
7611 may not support or encourage criminal conduct.
7612 (8) [A local school] An LEA governing board shall review every two years:
7613 (a) [local school] LEA governing board policies on instruction described in this
7614 section;
7615 (b) for a local school board [of education] of a school district, data for each county that
7616 the school district is located in, or, for a charter school governing board, data for the county in
7617 which the charter school is located, on the following:
7618 (i) teen pregnancy;
7619 (ii) child sexual abuse; and
7620 (iii) sexually transmitted diseases and sexually transmitted infections; and
7621 (c) the number of pornography complaints or other instances reported within the
7622 jurisdiction of the [local school] LEA governing board.
7623 (9) If any one or more provision, subsection, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of this
7624 section, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, is found to be
7625 unconstitutional, the balance of this section shall be given effect without the invalid provision,
7626 subsection, sentence, clause, phrase, or word.
7628 53G-10-403. Required parental consent for sex education instruction.
7630 [(a) "Parent" means the same as that term is defined in Section 53G-10-205.]
7631 [(b)] (a) (i) "Sex education instruction" means any course material, unit, class, lesson,
7632 activity, or presentation that, as the focus of the discussion, provides instruction or information
7633 to a student about:
7634 (A) sexual abstinence;
7635 (B) human sexuality;
7636 (C) human reproduction;
7637 (D) reproductive anatomy;
7638 (E) physiology;
7639 (F) pregnancy;
7640 (G) marriage;
7641 (H) childbirth;
7642 (I) parenthood;
7643 (J) contraception;
7644 (K) HIV/AIDS;
7645 (L) sexually transmitted diseases; or
7646 (M) refusal skills, as defined in Section 53G-10-402.
7647 (ii) "Sex education instruction" does not include child sexual abuse prevention
7648 instruction described in Section 53G-9-207.
7649 [(c)] (b) "School" means the same as that term is defined in Section 53G-10-205.
7650 (2) A school shall obtain prior written consent from a student's parent before the school
7651 may provide sex education instruction to the student.
7652 (3) If a student's parent chooses not to have the student participate in sex education
7653 instruction, a school shall:
7654 (a) waive the requirement for the student to participate in the sex education instruction;
7656 (b) provide the student with a reasonable alternative to the sex education instruction
7657 requirement.
7658 (4) In cooperation with the student's teacher or school, a parent shall take responsibility
7659 for the parent's student's sex education instruction if a school:
7660 (a) waives the student's sex education instruction requirement in Subsection (3)(a); or
7661 (b) provides the student with a reasonable alternative to the sex education instruction
7662 requirement described in Subsection (3)(b).
7664 student's parent chooses not to have the student participate in sex education instruction as
7665 described in Subsection (3).
7667 53G-10-405. Instruction on the harmful effects of alcohol, tobacco, and controlled
7668 substances -- Rulemaking authority -- Assistance from the Division of Substance Abuse
7669 and Mental Health.
7670 (1) The [State Board of Education] state board shall adopt rules providing for
7671 instruction at each grade level on the harmful effects of alcohol, tobacco, and controlled
7672 substances upon the human body and society. The rules shall require but are not limited to
7673 instruction on the following:
7674 (a) teaching of skills needed to evaluate advertisements for, and media portrayal of,
7675 alcohol, tobacco, and controlled substances;
7676 (b) directing students towards healthy and productive alternatives to the use of alcohol,
7677 tobacco, and controlled substances; and
7678 (c) discouraging the use of alcohol, tobacco, and controlled substances.
7679 (2) At the request of the state board, the Division of Substance Abuse and Mental
7680 Health shall cooperate with the state board in developing programs to provide this instruction.
7681 (3) The state board shall participate in efforts to enhance communication among
7682 community organizations and state agencies, and shall cooperate with those entities in efforts
7683 which are compatible with the purposes of this section.
7685 53G-10-406. Underage Drinking Prevention Program -- State board rules.
7687 (a) "Advisory council" means the Underage Drinking Prevention Program Advisory
7688 Council created in this section.
7689 [(b) "Board" means the State Board of Education.]
7690 [(c) "LEA" means:]
7691 [(i) a school district;]
7692 [(ii) a charter school; or]
7693 [(iii) the Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind.]
7694 [(d)] (b) "Program" means the Underage Drinking Prevention Program created in this
7696 [(e)] (c) "School-based prevention program" means an evidence-based program
7697 intended for students aged 13 and older that:
7698 (i) is aimed at preventing underage consumption of alcohol;
7699 (ii) is delivered by methods that engage students in storytelling and visualization;
7700 (iii) addresses the behavioral risk factors associated with underage drinking; and
7701 (iv) provides practical tools to address the dangers of underage drinking.
7702 (2) There is created the Underage Drinking Prevention Program that consists of:
7703 (a) a school-based prevention program for students in grade 7 or 8; and
7704 (b) a school-based prevention program for students in grade 9 or 10 that increases
7705 awareness of the dangers of driving under the influence of alcohol.
7706 (3) (a) Beginning with the 2018-19 school year, an LEA shall offer the program each
7707 school year to each student in grade 7 or 8 and grade 9 or 10.
7708 (b) An LEA shall select from the providers qualified by the state board under
7709 Subsection (6) to offer the program.
7710 (4) The state board shall administer the program with input from the advisory council.
7711 (5) There is created the Underage Drinking Prevention Program Advisory Council
7712 comprised of the following members:
7713 (a) the executive director of the Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control or the
7714 executive director's designee;
7715 (b) the executive director of the Department of Health or the executive director's
7716 designee;
7717 (c) the director of the Division of Substance Abuse and Mental Health or the director's
7719 (d) the director of the Division of Child and Family Services or the director's designee;
7720 (e) the director of the Division of Juvenile Justice Services or the director's designee;
7721 (f) the state superintendent [of public instruction] or the state [superintendent of public
7722 instruction's] superintendent's designee; and
7723 (g) two members of the [State Board of Education] state board, appointed by the chair
7724 of the [State Board of Education] state board.
7725 (6) (a) In accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 6a, Utah Procurement Code, the state
7726 board shall qualify one or more providers to provide the program to an LEA.
7727 (b) In selecting a provider described in Subsection (6)(a), the state board shall consider:
7728 (i) whether the provider's program complies with the requirements described in this
7730 (ii) the extent to which the provider's underage drinking prevention program aligns
7731 with core standards for Utah public schools; and
7732 (iii) the provider's experience in providing a program that is effective at reducing
7733 underage drinking.
7734 (7) (a) The state board shall use money from the Underage Drinking Prevention
7735 Program Restricted Account described in Section 53F-9-304 for the program.
7736 (b) The state board may use money from the Underage Drinking Prevention Program
7737 Restricted Account to fund up to .5 of a full-time equivalent position to administer the
7738 program.
7739 [(8) In accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking Act,
7740 the]
7741 (8) The state board shall make rules that:
7742 (a) beginning with the 2018-19 school year, require an LEA to offer the Underage
7743 Drinking Prevention Program each school year to each student in grade 7 or 8 and grade 9 or
7744 10; and
7745 (b) establish criteria for the state board to use in selecting a provider described in
7748 53G-10-501. Definitions.
7749 [Reserved] As used in this part:
7750 (1) "Driver education" includes classroom instruction and driving and observation in a
7751 dual-controlled motor vehicle.
7752 (2) "Driving" or "behind-the-wheel driving" means operating a dual-controlled motor
7753 vehicle under the supervision of a certified instructor.
7755 53G-10-502. Driver education established by school districts.
7756 [(1) As used in this part:]
7757 [(a) "Driver education" includes classroom instruction and driving and observation in a
7758 dual-controlled motor vehicle.]
7759 [(b) "Driving" or "behind-the-wheel driving" means operating a dual-controlled motor
7760 vehicle under the supervision of a certified instructor.]
7761 [(2)] (1) (a) Local school districts may establish and maintain driver education for
7762 pupils.
7763 (b) A school or local school district that provides driver education shall provide an
7764 opportunity for each pupil enrolled in that school or local school district to take the written test
7765 when the pupil is 15 years and nine months of age.
7766 (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of Subsection [(2)] (1)(b), a school or local school
7767 district that provides driver education may provide an opportunity for each pupil enrolled in
7768 that school or school district to take the written test when the pupil is 15 years of age.
7769 [(3)] (2) The purpose of driver education is to help develop the knowledge, attitudes,
7770 habits, and skills necessary for the safe operation of motor vehicles.
7771 [(4)] (3) [In accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative Rulemaking
7772 Act, the State Board of Education] The state board shall make rules for driver education
7773 offered in the public schools.
7774 [(5)] (4) The rules under Subsection [(4)] (3) shall:
7775 (a) require at least one hour of classroom training on the subject of railroad crossing
7776 safety for each driver education pupil;
7777 (b) require instruction, based on data and information provided by the Division of Air
7778 Quality, on:
7779 (i) ways drivers can improve air quality; and
7780 (ii) the harmful effects of vehicle emissions; and
7781 (c) establish minimum standards for approved driving ranges under Section
7782 53-3-505.5.
7783 [(6)] (5) The requirements of Section 53-3-505.5 apply to any behind-the-wheel
7784 driving training provided as part of driver education offered under this part and used to satisfy
7785 the driver training requirement under Section 53-3-204.
7787 53G-10-503. Driver education funding -- Reimbursement of school districts for
7788 driver education class expenses -- Limitations -- Excess funds -- Student fees.
7789 (1) (a) Except as provided in Subsection (1)(b), a school district that provides driver
7790 education shall fund the program solely through:
7791 (i) funds provided from the Automobile Driver Education Tax Account in the Uniform
7792 School Fund as created under Section 41-1a-1205; and
7793 (ii) student fees collected by each school.
7794 (b) In determining the cost of driver education, a school district may exclude:
7795 (i) the full-time equivalent cost of a teacher for a driver education class taught during
7796 regular school hours; and
7797 (ii) classroom space and classroom maintenance.
7798 (c) A school district may not use any additional school funds beyond those allowed
7799 under Subsection (1)(b) to subsidize driver education.
7800 (2) (a) The state superintendent [of public instruction] shall, prior to September 2nd
7801 following the school year during which it was expended, or may at earlier intervals during that
7802 school year, reimburse each school district that applied for reimbursement in accordance with
7804 (b) A school district that maintains driver education classes that conform to this part
7805 and the rules prescribed by the state board may apply for reimbursement for the actual cost of
7806 providing the behind-the-wheel and observation training incidental to those classes.
7807 (3) Under the state board's supervision for driver education, a school district may:
7808 (a) employ personnel who are not licensed by the state board under Section 53E-6-201;
7810 (b) contract with private parties or agencies licensed under Section 53-3-504 for the
7811 behind-the-wheel phase of the driver education program.
7812 (4) The reimbursement amount shall be paid out of the Automobile Driver Education
7813 Tax Account in the Uniform School Fund and may not exceed:
7814 (a) $100 per student who has completed driver education during the school year;
7815 (b) $30 per student who has only completed the classroom portion in the school or
7816 through the electronic high school during the school year; or
7817 (c) $70 per student who has only completed the behind-the-wheel and observation
7818 portion in the school during the school year.
7819 (5) If the amount of money in the account at the end of a school year is less than the
7820 total of the reimbursable costs, the state superintendent [of public instruction] shall allocate the
7821 money to each school district in the same proportion that its reimbursable costs bear to the total
7822 reimbursable costs of all school districts.
7823 (6) If the amount of money in the account at the end of any school year is more than the
7824 total of the reimbursement costs provided under Subsection (4), the state superintendent may
7825 allocate the excess funds to school districts:
7826 (a) to reimburse each school district that applies for reimbursement of the cost of a fee
7827 waived under Section 53G-7-504 for driver education; and
7828 (b) to aid in the procurement of equipment and facilities which reduce the cost of
7829 behind-the-wheel instruction.
7830 (7) A local school board shall establish the student fee for driver education for the
7831 school district. Student fees shall be reasonably associated with the costs of driver education
7832 that are not otherwise covered by reimbursements and allocations made under this section.
7834 53G-10-505. Reports as to costs of driver training programs.
7835 A local school board seeking reimbursement shall, at the end of each school year and at
7836 other times as designated by the [State Board of Education] state board, report the following to
7837 the state superintendent [of public instruction]:
7838 (1) the costs of providing driver education including a separate accounting for:
7839 (a) course work; and
7840 (b) behind-the-wheel and observation training to students;
7841 (2) the costs of fees waived under Section 53G-7-504 for driver education including a
7842 separate accounting for:
7845 (3) the number of students who completed driver education including a separate
7846 accounting for:
7849 (4) whether or not a passing grade was received; and
7850 (5) any other information the [State Board of Education] state board may require for
7851 the purpose of administering this program.
7853 53G-10-506. Promoting the establishment and maintenance of classes -- Payment
7854 of costs.
7855 (1) The state superintendent [of public instruction] shall promote the establishment and
7856 maintenance of driver education classes in school districts under rules adopted by the [State
7858 (2) The state board may employ personnel and sponsor experimental programs
7859 considered necessary to give full effect to this program.
7860 (3) The costs of implementing this section shall be paid from the legislative
7861 appropriation to the state board made from the Automobile Driver Education Tax Account in
7862 the Uniform School Fund.
7864 53G-10-507. Driver education teachers certified as license examiners.
7865 (1) The Driver License Division of the Department of Public Safety and the [State
7866 Board of Education] state board shall establish procedures and standards to certify teachers of
7867 driver education classes under this part to administer written and driving tests.
7868 (2) The division is the certifying authority.
7869 (3) (a) A teacher certified under this section shall give written and driving tests
7870 designed for driver education classes authorized under this part.
7871 (b) The Driver License Division shall, in conjunction with the [State Board of
7872 Education] state board, establish minimal standards for the driver education class tests that are
7873 at least as difficult as those required to receive a class D operator's license under Title 53,
7874 Chapter 3, Uniform Driver License Act.
7875 (c) A student who passes the written test but fails the driving test given by a teacher
7876 certified under this section may apply for a learner permit or class D operator's license under
7877 Title 53, Chapter 3, Part 2, Driver Licensing Act, and complete the driving test at a Driver
7878 License Division office.
7879 (4) A student shall have a learner permit issued by the Driver License Division under
7880 Section 53-3-210.5 in the student's immediate possession at all times when operating a motor
7881 vehicle under this section.
7882 (5) A student who successfully passes the tests given by a certified driver education
7883 teacher under this section satisfies the written and driving parts of the test required for a learner
7884 permit or class D operator's license.
7885 (6) The Driver License Division and the [State Board of Education] state board shall
7886 establish procedures to enable school districts to administer or process any tests for students to
7887 receive a learner permit or class D operator's license.
7888 (7) The division and state board shall establish the standards and procedures required
7889 under this section by rules [made in accordance with Title 63G, Chapter 3, Utah Administrative
7890 Rulemaking Act].
7892 53G-10-508. Programs authorized -- Minimum standards.
7893 (1) Local school districts may:
7894 (a) allow students to complete the classroom training portion of driver education
7895 through the following programs:
7896 (i) home study; or
7897 (ii) the electronic high school;
7898 (b) provide each parent with driver education instructional materials to assist in parent
7899 involvement with driver education including behind-the-wheel driving materials;
7900 (c) offer driver education outside of school hours in order to reduce the cost of
7901 providing driver education;
7902 (d) offer driver education through community education programs;
7903 (e) offer the classroom portion of driver education in the public schools and allow the
7904 student to complete the behind-the-wheel portion with a private provider:
7905 (i) licensed under Section 53-3-504; and
7906 (ii) not associated with the school or under contract with the school under Subsection
7907 53G-10-503(3); or
7908 (f) any combination of Subsections (1)(a) through (e).
7910 the State Board of Education] The state board shall establish in rule minimum standards for the
7911 school-related programs under Subsection (1).
7913 53G-11-203. Health insurance mandates.
7914 A local school board and [the governing body of] a charter school governing board shall
7915 include in a health plan it offers to school district employees, or charter school employees
7916 insurance mandates in accordance with Section 31A-22-605.5.
7918 53G-11-205. Education employee associations -- Equal participation --
7919 Prohibition on endorsement or preferential treatment -- Naming of school breaks.
7921 (a) "Education employee association" includes teacher associations, teacher unions,
7922 teacher organizations, and classified education employees' associations.
7923 (b) "School" means a school district, a school in a school district, a charter school, or
7924 the [State Board of Education] state board and its employees.
7925 (2) A school shall allow education employee associations equal access to the following
7926 activities:
7927 (a) distribution of information in or access to teachers' or employees' physical or
7928 electronic mailboxes, including email accounts that are provided by the school; and
7929 (b) membership solicitation activities at new teacher or employee orientation training
7930 or functions.
7931 (3) If a school permits an education employee association to engage in any of the
7932 activities described in Subsection (2), the school shall permit all other education employee
7933 associations to engage in the activity on the same terms and conditions afforded to the
7934 education employee association.
7935 (4) It is unlawful for a school to:
7936 (a) establish or maintain structures, procedures, or policies that favor one education
7937 employee association over another or otherwise give preferential treatment to an education
7938 employee association; or
7939 (b) explicitly or implicitly endorse any education employee association.
7940 (5) A school's calendars and publications may not include or refer to the name of any
7941 education employee association in relation to any day or break in the school calendar.
7943 53G-11-207. Collective bargaining agreement -- Website posting.
7944 (1) As used in this section, "collective bargaining agreement" includes:
7945 (a) a master agreement; and
7946 (b) an amendment, addendum, memorandum, or other document modifying the master
7948 [(2) The board of education of a school district:]
7949 (2) A local school board:
7950 (a) shall post on the school district's website a collective bargaining agreement entered
7951 into by the [board of education] local school board within 10 days of the ratification of the
7953 (b) may remove from the school district's website a collective bargaining agreement
7954 that is no longer in effect.
7955 [(3) The governing board of a charter school:]
7956 (3) A charter school governing board:
7957 (a) shall post on the charter school's website a collective bargaining agreement entered
7958 into by the charter school governing board [of the charter school] within 10 days of the
7959 ratification of the agreement; and
7960 (b) may remove from the charter school's website a collective bargaining agreement
7963 53G-11-303. Professional learning standards.
7964 (1) As used in this section, "professional learning" means a comprehensive, sustained,
7965 and evidence-based approach to improving teachers' and principals' effectiveness in raising
7966 student achievement.
7967 (2) A school district or charter school shall implement high quality professional
7968 learning that meets the following standards:
7969 (a) professional learning occurs within learning communities committed to continuous
7970 improvement, individual and collective responsibility, and goal alignment;
7971 (b) professional learning requires skillful leaders who develop capacity, advocate, and
7972 create support systems, for professional learning;
7973 (c) professional learning requires prioritizing, monitoring, and coordinating resources
7974 for educator learning;
7975 (d) professional learning uses a variety of sources and types of student, educator, and
7976 system data to plan, assess, and evaluate professional learning;
7977 (e) professional learning integrates theories, research, and models of human learning to
7978 achieve its intended outcomes;
7979 (f) professional learning applies research on change and sustains support for
7980 implementation of professional learning for long-term change;
7981 (g) professional learning aligns its outcomes with:
7982 (i) performance standards for teachers and school administrators as described in rules
7983 of the [State Board of Education] state board; and
7984 (ii) performance standards for students as described in the core standards for Utah
7985 public schools adopted by the [State Board of Education] state board pursuant to Section
7986 53E-4-202; and
7987 (h) professional learning:
7988 (i) incorporates the use of technology in the design, implementation, and evaluation of
7989 high quality professional learning practices; and
7990 (ii) includes targeted professional learning on the use of technology devices to enhance
7991 the teaching and learning environment and the integration of technology in content delivery.
7992 (3) School districts and charter schools shall use money appropriated by the Legislature
7993 for professional learning or federal grant money awarded for professional learning to
7994 implement professional learning that meets the standards specified in Subsection (2).
7995 (4) (a) In the fall of 2014, the [State Board of Education] state board, through the state
7996 superintendent [of public instruction], and in collaboration with an independent consultant
7997 acquired through a competitive bid process, shall conduct a statewide survey of school districts
7998 and charter schools to:
7999 (i) determine the current state of professional learning for educators as aligned with the
8000 standards specified in Subsection (2);
8001 (ii) determine the effectiveness of current professional learning practices; and
8002 (iii) identify resources to implement professional learning as described in Subsection
8004 (b) The [State Board of Education] state board shall select a consultant from bidders
8005 who have demonstrated successful experience in conducting a statewide analysis of
8006 professional learning.
8007 (c) (i) Annually in the fall, beginning in 2015 through 2020, the [State Board of
8008 Education] state board, through the state superintendent [of public instruction], in conjunction
8009 with school districts and charter schools, shall gather and use data to determine the impact of
8010 professional learning efforts and resources.
8011 (ii) Data used to determine the impact of professional learning efforts and resources
8012 under Subsection (4)(c)(i) shall include:
8013 (A) student achievement data;
8014 (B) educator evaluation data; and
8015 (C) survey data.
8019 (1) "Authorized entity" means an LEA, qualifying private school, or the [State Board of
8020 Education] state board that is authorized to request a background check and ongoing
8021 monitoring under this part.
8022 (2) "Bureau" means the Bureau of Criminal Identification within the Department of
8023 Public Safety created in Section 53-10-201.
8024 (3) "Contract employee" means an employee of a staffing service or other entity who
8025 works at a public or private school under a contract.
8026 (4) "FBI" means the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
8027 (5) (a) "License applicant" means an applicant for a license issued by the [State Board
8028 of Education] state board under Title 53E, Chapter 6, Education Professional Licensure.
8029 (b) "License applicant" includes an applicant for reinstatement of an expired, lapsed,
8030 suspended, or revoked license.
8031 [(6) "Local education agency" or "LEA" means a school district, charter school, or the
8032 Utah Schools for the Deaf and the Blind.]
8033 [(7)] (6) "Non-licensed employee" means an employee of an LEA or qualifying private
8034 school that does not hold a current Utah educator license issued by the [State Board of
8035 Education] state board under Title 53E, Chapter 6, Education Professional Licensure.
8036 [(8)] (7) "Personal identifying information" means:
8037 (a) current name, former names, nicknames, and aliases;
8038 (b) date of birth;
8039 (c) address;
8040 (d) telephone number;
8041 (e) driver license number or other government-issued identification number;
8042 (f) social security number; and
8043 (g) fingerprints.
8044 [(9)] (8) "Qualifying private school" means a private school that:
8045 (a) enrolls students under Title 53F, Chapter 4, Part 3, Carson Smith Scholarship
8046 Program; and
8047 (b) is authorized to conduct fingerprint-based background checks of national crime
8048 information databases under the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006, Pub. L.
8049 No. 109-248.
8050 [(10)] (9) "Rap back system" means a system that enables authorized entities to receive
8051 ongoing status notifications of any criminal history reported on individuals whose fingerprints
8052 are registered in the system.
8053 [(11)] (10) "WIN Database" means the Western Identification Network Database that
8054 consists of eight western states sharing one electronic fingerprint database.
8056 53G-11-403. Background checks for licensed educators.
8057 The [State Board of Education] state board shall:
8058 (1) require a license applicant to submit to a nationwide criminal background check
8059 and ongoing monitoring as a condition for licensing;
8060 (2) collect the following from an applicant:
8061 (a) personal identifying information;
8062 (b) a fee described in Subsection 53-10-108(15); and
8063 (c) consent, on a form specified by the [State Board of Education] state board, for:
8064 (i) an initial fingerprint-based background check by the FBI and bureau upon
8065 submission of the application;
8066 (ii) retention of personal identifying information for ongoing monitoring through
8067 registration with the systems described in Section 53G-11-404; and
8068 (iii) disclosure of any criminal history information to the individual's employing LEA
8069 or qualifying private school;
8070 (3) submit an applicant's personal identifying information to the bureau for:
8071 (a) an initial fingerprint-based background check by the FBI and bureau; and
8072 (b) ongoing monitoring through registration with the systems described in Section
8073 53G-11-404 if the results of the initial background check do not contain disqualifying criminal
8074 history information as determined by the [State Board of Education] state board in accordance
8075 with Section 53G-11-405;
8076 (4) identify the appropriate privacy risk mitigation strategy that will be used to ensure
8077 that the [State Board of Education] state board only receives notifications for individuals with
8078 whom the [State Board of Education] state board maintains an authorizing relationship;
8079 (5) notify the employing LEA or qualifying private school upon receipt of any criminal
8080 history information reported on a licensed educator employed by the LEA or qualifying private
8082 (6) (a) collect the information described in Subsection (2) from individuals who were
8083 licensed prior to July 1, 2015, by the individual's next license renewal date; and
8084 (b) submit the information to the bureau for ongoing monitoring through registration
8085 with the systems described in Section 53G-11-404.
8087 53G-11-404. Bureau responsibilities.
8088 The bureau shall:
8089 (1) upon request from an authorized entity, register the fingerprints submitted by the
8090 authorized entity as part of a background check with:
8091 (a) the WIN Database rap back system, or any successor system; and
8092 (b) the rap back system maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation;
8093 (2) notify an authorized entity when a new entry is made against an individual whose
8094 fingerprints are registered with the rap back systems described in Subsection (1) regarding:
8095 (a) an alleged offense; or
8096 (b) a conviction, including a plea in abeyance;
8097 (3) assist authorized entities to identify the appropriate privacy risk mitigation strategy
8098 that is to be used to ensure that the authorized entity only receives notifications for individuals
8099 with whom the authorized entity maintains an authorizing relationship; and
8100 (4) collaborate with the [State Board of Education] state board<
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me + annabel capper: or, the limits of Armitage fangrrling, almost a year in
[ETA: some links updated, 6/1/15]
A screencap of the ridiculously beautiful Richard Armitage, chosen because of its thoughtful mood, from “The Chase,” an extra from the Spooks 7 DVDs. Source: Richard Armitage Central Gallery [since removed]
Others have been writing about the status of their interest in Armitage of late, and I still worry about my fascination for various reasons, most of which are probably obvious to you. The year anniversary of the trigger event for my Armitagemania is fast approaching with no signs that the symptoms are abating. It continues to relieve me that I’m not alone in dealing with this weird quandary. Many of you are in the same boat and I’m vitally grateful for your company. This post is provoked by a strong reaction I had recently to stuff that has surfaced lately in Armitageworld. I hated myself for being interested, but discovering it left me with a much-needed feeling of relief, albeit a bittersweet one. That’s what I’m exploring here.
Caveat lector. I thought about publishing this piece with comments closed, but that seemed unfair to fellow sufferers who might also need to unload on this topic. So I’m keeping comments open with a certain amount of trepidation. Known commentators can post without moderation; new commentators need their first post moderated by me; you may comment with “anonymous” as your tag, but I will have to approve the comment. The last time (of which I am aware) that elements of this topic surfaced in a reputable forum, by which I mean a moderated one, something approaching a bloodbath ensued. This took place after I was exposed to Armitage and before I was blogging, and I was a bit stunned to read some of those comments. It made me understand why the moderated discussion boards all include a proviso prohibiting discussion of Mr. Armitage’s personal life. If you comment, please remember the Golden Rule — thinking of “others” as both me and your fellow commenters and Mr. Armitage and Ms. Capper. It’s fine to disagree with what I say below or even the fact that I am articulating it for a general audience — I spent a lot of time wondering whether this post in itself violates the “do unto others” rule vis-à-vis either Armitage or Capper, and it took courage for me to hit “publish.” Just keep in mind that no one involved in this discussion or concerned with this topic is evil; no one — me included — seeks to do anyone harm. It might help to think of this as a discussion not about Mr. Armitage’s personal life per se, but about our reactions to aspects of it that we glimpse.
And so, finally, ad rem. No, still no answers.
John Bateman (Richard Armitage) and Maya Lahan (Leila Rouass) in Spooks 9.8. My cap. Love the way the shadows over Mr. Armitage’s shoulders draw dark lines through the photo that accentuate the architectural qualities of his upper body. As Frenz has noted, it’s not just a pretty physique; the man uses his shoulders to act, too. Here, in his attempt to convey a sense of security to an unsettled Maya, John also performs an act of self-reassurance by enveloping her body in his bare arms, almost as if she’s a transitional object that reassures him of the validity of his notion of his past.
I admit it: I’ve now rewatched Spooks 9.8 a few times. Not because I liked the plot or found the resolution of the Lucas North / John Bateman division any more successful than I did when I saw it the first time. I watched it to see those painful but oh so remarkable performances again. And because Mr. Armitage is so beautiful, even as the villain. I watch as I’ve been watching since January 4th: to elevate my mood via a combination of factors (beauty, artistry, charisma) that I still don’t completely understand. I watch because my eyes open wider, my nostrils flare, when I see him, but because my heart and mind open, too, in response to the figure on the screen. Who doesn’t always seem quite real to me. Frankly, it would be easier if he weren’t.
Objectification? Oh boy, do I ever worry about it. Precisely because the guy seems like such a mensch on top of all of his talent. If he didn’t seem so real, I wouldn’t be worried about treating him as if he weren’t; if he were a jerk, or talentless, I could just ogle him and be done with it, but then again, if he was a jerk, or untalented, I wouldn’t be fascinated. I’ve been thinking of objectification mostly in terms of its sexual connotations and worried primarily about that — the treating of a person, and specifically his body, as if he primarily exists to fuel my sexual pleasure. That really does bother me. After I realized the extent to which I had slid, during a late summer in which I had lacked time for more careful thinking, from a relatively analytical discussion of his clothing choices at formal occasions into a level of detailed discussion of Mr. Armitage’s body that bugged me — including closeups of particularly enticing body parts — I’ve written relatively little in that direction here since the fall semester started. I wrote a little bit about the problem of beauty as an aspect of criticisms of his career trajectory, and tried to point out that it’s not his fault that he’s beautiful or that directors try to show us that, and that our reactions to his beauty are about us rather than him. Blaming him for anything about our own lack of restraint in thought, word, or deed is the practical equivalent to me of blaming rape victims for dressing provocatively. We need to take responsibility. So since the Fall I’ve been avoiding the discussion of Armitage’s body as if it were a thing, and mostly been calling him beautiful as opposed to sexy. Mostly. I still slip. So if you’ve been missing the PHWOAR here, don’t worry. I still feel it. In spades. It has a good shot at making a comeback.
Carol Bolton (Sarah Smart) helps John Standring (Richard Armitage) disrobe before attending to his injuries in episode 3 of Sparkhouse. Source: RichardArmitageNet.com
But calling Armitage beautiful instead of sexy seems like a dodge. Just like you can’t act without your body, so that it’s an obfuscation to say that we admire someone for his acting, not for his body, when acting is inter alia the successful rhetorical or poetical instrumentalization of one’s own body, beauty and sexiness are both aesthetic perceptions, both uses of and perceptions of the body. It’s just that beauty is considered more elevated than sexiness. Though the elevating aspect of beauty is something I desperately need right now. And perhaps particularly his beauty, which speaks to me well beyond the level of physical arousal. Because while I get a sexual thrill from looking at some of these pictures, that’s not all I get. They’re not just a better sort of pornography for the educated woman. And like the cap above, some of the pictures I love most are not all that pretty. Somehow the pictures symbolize something else: hard work, thoughtfulness, and struggle as values; the attainment of art; the presence of someone who is often described in ways that suggests he tries to do the right thing, of someone who’s got scruples. Most of all an inspiring, enveloping energy. A comfort at low points, a reminder of a sort of secular or quotidian redemption that results from the evaluation a job well done or a perception of light breaking through the darkness — the two most common reactions I experience in response to Armitage’s work.
I suppose one potential aspect of objectification is that you can make the object of your gaze into whatever you like without protest from him, that you can love who you want to love in whatever way you wish for whatever reason, without the disturbing wrinkles that might make someone unlovable under any other circumstance. But there’s a way here in which Armitage’s physical beauty seems to function as a placeholder for a spiritual quality, a way of being in the world that I’m trying hard to understand and, I admit, imitate even as I perhaps construct myself the thing that I admire. I know that sounds a bit inchoate. This theme is something that deserves more time, so I mark it here with plans to discuss it down the road. It’s not the point today. The point instead is that the aspects of sexiness and beauty that are oh so enticing are still central to my fascination. Noting this would be unproblematic except that lately — in light of events — I’ve sensed a surge in my perhaps faulty perception that Mr. Armitage is real. And (as Anselm of Canterbury knew of G-d) the potential that something that exists in the imagination could also exist in reality is intoxicating. In the particular case at hand here, that possibility amplifies my desire and admiration. (As well as my embarrassment about the former.)
Datum: My post on the Old Vic Gala is currently the seventh most hit post on this blog. The post says nothing; I didn’t attend; I intended solely to bookmark some links I wanted to go back to. I assume that the comments are attracting the attention, as one commenter went to the gala and attended the dress rehearsal. If you look at that post and feel moved to comment on what she wrote, please be aware that I have the utmost respect for her decisions. I don’t want to put her on the spot, but the fact that she said it on my blog made me think. Am I objectifying Mr. Armitage in ways that hadn’t yet occurred to me? Is the very fact of this blog an objectification? Martha Nussbaum would apparently say yes — as here, I’ve explicitly turned Mr. Armitage into a thing that I make use of for my own purposes. On the other hand, all analysis does that — it seeks to resolve complexity for the purposes of explanation. No rationalizations about whom an analysis might be for can impede those imperatives. Analysis involves an I-it relationship. One defines an object of study and then studies it. And though I have written quite extensive posts on the techniques of Mr. Armitage’s acting, in the end I can’t study acting solely as an activity that occurs without a body or a spirit behind it. These things are all connected and they do at least a little to explain the desire to meet the man who stirs us so unbelievably.
The perceived desire to meet the target of our admiration has an inherent tendency to be objectifying, I think; I assume that our desires to meet Mr. Armitage have nothing to do with him. This perception raises the problem of whether one can ever have a non-objectifying relationship with someone one’s never met. Martin Buber says you can have an I-thou relationship even with a total stranger to whom you never speak. I-thou is the sort of relationship that moves artistic inspiration, for example, or engagement with the work of another thinker. I hope Buber is right. I’m trying, anyway. But in order for that to happen the blog has to move beyond analysis to talk about how I perceive my self to be in dialogue with Armitage’s work. How does the most elevated perception of his “thou” move mine? Laying aside that we can at best guess what Armitage perceives to be the point in his work when he was most in touch with his spirit — and that we maybe haven’t seen it! maybe it’s not on youtube! — that’s a really hard kind of writing to do, but it’s what has to come next, the challenge for this blog as my Armitagemania moves into its second year.
Datum: That commentator essentially realized my theatrical fantasy, the sixth most hit post on this blog, and even went a bit beyond. And I can’t help but mention in this context that my reaction to the comments on the theatrical fantasy, Stalking Armitage?, an attempt to sort out my (non-)relationship to Mr. Armitage, is the second most hit post here. So the desire for close encounters with Mr. Armitage in real life somehow, either as fantasy or reality, is on the table and has been for some time. It — and concern over it — may flare periodically in the wake of actual encounters.
Datum: Another widely reported fan encounter at the aforementioned gala, in which Mr. Armitage is reported to be — after proving on stage that he is incredibly talented and incredibly willing not to take himself too seriously — not only incredibly good-looking but also incredibly normal and incredibly charming.
Datum: A scan of the program for the Old Vic Gala confirms Mr. Armitage’s courtesy and makes me, if you think this possible (cough), respect him even more as a man who hasn’t forgotten where he came from and isn’t afraid to admit it in public. That assessment may be especially attractive to me because academia is so full of insecure men, so after two decades in this milieu my meters for normal male behavior are skewed hopelessly. But yeah, I’m still asking myself whether he can possibly be for real. I keep looking for a turnoff that I am not finding. Maybe I’m willfully ignoring his recent revelation about his temper. I and a different commentator speculated on the potential reasons for that disclosure and about why we read little negative response to that information. At any rate, for whatever reason, I don’t feel it. [Interestingly, while I was composing this, an amusing discussion emerged in the comments to a previous post under the question of “what could you find out about Richard Armitage that would turn you off?” Just more proof that “me + richard armitage” readers are often very intuitive thinkers who grasp the direction of my thoughts before I can put them down on the screen.]
“I just met a wonderful new man. He’s fictional, but you can’t have everything.” Tom Baxter (Jeff Daniels) breaks through the fourth wall to comfort Cecelia (Mia Farrow) in one of Woody Allen’s best pictures.
Datum: A post by mulubinba (since removed) about experiences close to home regarding obsession with celebrities, which referenced a forum for sufferers of depression, with some incredibly revealing comments. Do you see yourself there? Do I? Well, this is not a serial activity for me. Armitagemania is the only syndrome like this I’ve ever experienced. And maybe I am lying to myself, but I don’t think I’m obsessive in the technical sense of the term; reading about and looking at pictures of Richard Armitage does not bring me relief from anxiety or fear about vague or specific dangers, and I do not engage in it to ward off bad or irrational feelings about my interest in Armitage himself. Without too much trouble I can stop consuming Armitage product when I have to, as on religious holidays, and I am not doing this against my own rational will. If for some reason against my own inclination I became suddenly allergic to all things Armitage I’d be sad but I’d survive.
But Armitagemania as coping mechanism for distracting me from current problems? Oh yeah. That’s been there from the very beginning. I know I’m not alone, either. Can we say “Purple Rose of Cairo“? Do you ever find yourself wishing that Mr. Armitage would just step through the screen?
I get a lot of messages off blog — sometimes one a day. Fewer lately, which is fine, as I have a hard time keeping up with comments. Anyway, I’ve been getting about one mail off blog per month asking for help in abating the severe recurrence of persistent thoughts of Mr. Armitage. Toward the end of August I asked for reader help on one request. A discussion of levels of Armitagemania ensued that was interesting, in which Skully raised the point of whether we have an obligation to mindfulness toward those who are really suffering. We agreed that we do, but also that we don’t know what the answer is, other than seeking support from friends, getting professional help, or going absolutely cold turkey and/or turning off the Internet. In case you were thinking of writing to me: though I am way behind at the moment, I eventually do answer all messages, but I really don’t know the answer to this question. As should have been apparent for some time.
Datum: A tweet surfaces suggesting that Mr. Armitage will manage somehow to squeeze “The Rover” into his performance schedule for 2011. The theatrical fantasy again becomes acute in my life. Mulubinba ponders her response to the potential of seeing Mr. Armitage perform in person. She’d go if he were playing in her city but not to the stage door. If “The Rover” happens, what will Servetus do? Luckily, it seems, an actual announcement is still some way off.
Datum (taking deep breath): Pictures of Annabel Capper at the Old Vic Gala in the company of Mr. Armitage surface in a link posted in a thread on C19, as well as a cell phone video of him standing in line to get on the bus to the after party. RAFrenzy writes about the latter, and, as so often, describes exactly how I felt. Like her, I worried about my hypocrisy. When the video popped up on youtube, I first eagerly looked it and favorited it so I wouldn’t lose it, then felt unbelievably sorry for the poor guy, that he has to consider the possibility that he could be captured on video while walking the twenty feet from the door to the bus, and ashamed of myself for being such a voyeur, and an eager one at that. Then, I watched it again. Three of those over those more than two thousand viewings were mine. I was disturbed. So. Since Frenz admitted to her reaction to the video, I am going to write, tangentially, about the pictures of Ms. Capper. Because I had all the reactions about them I describe above — and yet another. Relief.
I stress, not for the last time, that I know next to nothing about her. The rest of the post is about my feelings about what I know about her as a way of describing my feelings about my Armitagemania. Meta enough for you? I think if I’m objectifying anyone today, it’s her. I apologize for this confession, Ms. Capper, in case you are offended by it, but you really did me a huge favor this week.
Richard Armitage and Annabel Capper at the Children’s BAFTA awards, Hilton Hotel, London, November 2006.
As the point of this post is not to generate gossip, but it may inevitably do so, I feel obligated to remind everyone that we have no idea who Annabel Capper is to Richard Armitage. Thinking quickly as I write this, I am aware of only five pieces of neutrally verifiable information that put them together: that they were in the cast of a play together in 2002 in a venue that supports the work of emerging playwrights [original link is dead, but you can read a transcription of that information here]; that they attended the Children’s BAFTAs ceremony in each other’s company in 2006 (they are pictured together at left); that a doodle for charity purposes that he attributed to himself in 2007 incorporated her name; that they were photographed together at the Carrie’s War premiere in the summer of 2009; and that they appeared together at the London gala premiere of Cirque du Soleil’s Varekai show in January 2010 (that videolink is dead, but you can now watch it here — worthwhile because she’s not dolled up to the teeth in designer clothes but rather sensibly dressed and manages a nice smile but looks quite overwhelmed by all the flashes going off — the video made me think that she was mustering her professionality but possibly dislikes the red carpet experience as much as he has reported he does). Everything else we may believe about his relationship to her is, as far as I am aware, hearsay and not confirmed with independent evidence. He’s stated repeatedly since the summer that he’s got no current romantic interest; he’s also remarked that it’s increasingly difficult for him to meet new people to go out with and that he sometimes resorts to an ex when he needs a date.
Annabel Capper, CV headshot, 2010 or earlier.
Silences, lack of any further verifiable information that puts them together, and recent denials of romance on his part notwithstanding (she’s never been quoted as herself in an interview about him, and as far as I know, I’ve only ever read one piece of “friends say” information about him), “Annabel Capper” is a frequent search term that brings readers to this blog. How frequent? It’s number 20 — and thirteen of the top ten are variations on the name of this blog or generic search terms for Mr. Armitage — i.e., more than half of the top twenty are requests for the same two things. So in terms of unique requests it’s in the top ten, though not as popular as the more generic “richard armitage girlfriend.” (Incidentally, “sopa de lima” and “wallace and gromit” are in the top twenty as well.)
When I started blogging I had planned to keep her name out of it to prevent those searchers from landing here, since I wasn’t going to provide any additional information about her, and because she mostly works on stage, it seems, her appearances (as well as those in other media) are not stored in places that make it easy for me to catch or comment on them. But that didn’t stop me from being curious about her on my own behalf. Eventually I began to think that it was hypocritical for me to be interested in her but not admit it — like saying I had (hypothetically) an illness but not conceding how severe it was. So though I didn’t ever write about her, I did mention her name, for example, in picture captions, or in the comments, which is why one can now find one’s way here using that search term. The fact that I am now writing a post about my feelings about her means that even more people who search her name will end up here. But the data above and my reaction to it sort of compel me, and I’m not ashamed any more, though perhaps I should be. Because I like Annabel Capper, or more accurately, it’s that I like the idea of her, and I have ever since I learned the little bit about her that’s available for consumption on the web — really little more than the contours of a professional life, and not dissimilar to the sort of information (mutatis mutandis) that you could find out about me if you knew my real name. Yup: like Hermione Norris, Annabel Capper has become a collateral attraction.
First, and most obvious based on the means I have for learning about her, her body appeals to me. She’s tall and not slight. If her Spotlight CV is accurate, she carries not an ounce of extra weight on a strong 5’8″ frame. Her shoulders are wide enough that it looks like she could protect herself in a fight. But it’s more than an actual physicality; her pictures suggest an energy that says “don’t tread on me.” I admire “strong,” and Ms. Capper’s arresting gaze and marked features expand on the boundaries of conventional attractiveness. Striking, I’d call her, with those intense green eyes and a heavily structured brow that gives them extra broadcast potential and magnetic power. Capable of force, an actor’s reel of her work demonstrates — and copes with a range of accents in an “assured” quality of voice. Confident! Second, though she’s not a classic lead, her CV suggests, she’s apparently talented enough to work regularly in British theatre, including in shows with very minimal casts where one suspects she must contribute a great deal of the energy of the ensemble herself. Cast at an early stage in her career in a prestigious Shakespeare audio project as Helen in Troilus and Cressida. Has not hesitated to be involved in various projects of artistic and political interest. Associates herself with creating meaningful spaces and structures for others to perform in. Has played Lincoln Center in a Sara Ruhl play, which has to have been hard work. Works repeatedly in supporting roles with the same directors, including the respected Mark Wing-Davey, which suggests that she’s a team player and a reliable artist who takes direction well. Works hard — CV suggests at least three different roles in 2010. Said to have a “haunting voice” and “vivid intelligence,” and G-d knows, Servetus loves smart — which is my third reaction. I found her listed among the visiting faculty in the 2010 and 2011 prospectuses for the University of London’s Central School of Speech and Drama, where she is described as teaching writing, another activity dear to my heart (both writing, and teaching it) — and one that demands a particular sort of intelligence that moves beyond “smart.” She gives of her talent to others who’ve been less able to identify or capitalize on their strengths, a final point of attraction for me to Ms. Capper, as demonstrated by an entry from a humanitarian project to visit prisoners and do workshop Shakespeare with them [original text deleted; Internet Archive text here].
I’ve never met her in person and every one of us has flaws. From my perspective here, thousands of miles away from London and gathering information on the internet, however, Annabel Capper seems: striking, attractive, energetic, strong, artistically adventurous, smart, informed and aware, (multi-)talented, get-along-withable, industrious, generous. All this I can conclude reasonably without her having put any personal information out there about herself other than her resumé. So she’s probably also modest — and as we know, she’s discreet. The kind of person you’d want as a friend. Worthy of respect. Worthy of trust. Worthy of … love.
I’m not a very frequent C19 reader — not out of any problem with C19 but because my own Armitagemania is so prolix that it doesn’t fit well into that format — but when the reports came in about the Old Vic gala I started looking over there for more commentary and up to the minute news. (I’m grateful that people post it and in return, I’d have been happy to discuss this reaction there, but the topic is prohibited, as noted above.) And I wasn’t disappointed; it was gratifying to read that stuff. I’m just as curious about information on the “real” Armitage as the next fangrrrl. I jumped right over to the dorktastic video when it appeared and I wrote about it; comments on that post eventually moved in the direction of how far we would go in watching “private” information and disseminating or talking about it. If you look at the comments you’ll see that I was much less solid in October about what I’d discuss or not discuss on this blog than I had been in April. And then I saw a link in the C19 thread with the provocative question “Isn’t that Annabel Capper?” My heart caught in my throat. My finger hovered over the mouse. Of course I was going to click — how could I ever stop myself? I want to know everything about him! — but I was already feeling dirty about it.
Annabel Capper (right) in “Women in War” (2003).
While the finger was twitching, I was already starting to hate myself. The dialogue of the warring Servetuses begins: “Can’t leave this topic alone, can you?” I asked myself. “So what if it’s Annabel Capper?” The reply: “But what if it isn’t? Don’t you want to know that, too?” Servetus: “Can’t the man spend a night alone and enjoy his success with the people who appreciate him without you googling in to observe him? Come on, take the high ground. Refuse to look.” Servetus: “Oh, come on, ignoring information doesn’t erase it. If the data there could contribute to your picture of him then you need to look at it. Plus, maybe it will be something so nasty that you’ll be shocked out of your preoccupations; wouldn’t it be positive then?” Servetus: “Oh come on, you even don’t believe that yourself. This is not about information gathering, it is unadulterated prurience. You’re just going to feel dirty and hypocritical after you see it. There’ll be one moment of excitement and then you’ll feel like dreck.” Servetus: “Oh yeah? Well you can’t stop me.” (It was fatal for me to say that to myself, since I have a very oppositional personality.) The defiant finger fell — whether it was Servetus, or Servetus, who propelled it: who can say?
CLICK.
Yeah. And it was her, in two very dimly lit, grainy photographs. Annabel Capper! Standing next to Richard Armitage at the bar of the restaurant, and then next to him while they were talking to a third person! And there was one moment of huge thrill, but I was wrong about the consequences. All of the conflict disappeared, and I felt an overwhelming, dizzying wave of relief, and no conflict at all. My knee-jerk reaction: “Oh, how wonderful that they’re there together. How great for him. How great for her.” I had wondered whether, for example, his parents or his brother might have been in the audience to witness his first steps onto a live stage in quite some time, and I was just so happy that someone who really cared about him was there for him after such a nerve-wracking reentry. My cheeks blushed and I had a physical sensation of warmth all over. Glee!
Richard Armitage confesses his nervousness about the Twenty-Four Hour Plays to a BBC reporter. Source: Richard Armitage Net
I am not describing this reaction to paint myself as an altruist or to suggest that my Armitagemania is innocent in any way. It’s not. All kinds of potential unpleasantness that I just may not be able to admit to consciously could lie behind that reaction. Maybe it stemmed from relief that it wasn’t someone whose picture I hadn’t seen, so that I wasn’t going to get dragged against my ability to stop it into hours of pointless fangrrlish speculation. Or relief that it was Ms. Capper, because I don’t believe that she’s his current romantic partner, and so he’s still single and notionally available to me in my daydreams, without too much disturbing data from reality like a committed lover. (I’ve sort of filed her in my mind under the surmised label of “potential ex,” and wondered whether her days at LAMDA coincided enough with his that she could be the drama school love interest who he “never felt … was the one,” in which case my respect for her grows exponentially, since I wouldn’t be able to hang out with someone who said something like that about me, even if he didn’t intend it to be published. But then Servetus has the unfortunate personality trait of holding grudges.) And the historian evaluating evidence I was trained to be also forces me to point out that her presence there proves nothing: nothing about the pictures says anything about their relationship to him or why she was there. Pictures at an after party don’t even prove she was at the performance. She could be his partner, or his ex, or just a very good friend — one must add, a very good friend indeed to put up with and draw upon herself the growing circus around him, to which I am admittedly now making a six-thousand-word contribution — or she could have been there accidentally. And yet other less probable possibilities could explain her presence that probably aren’t worth elaborating upon this late in such a long post.
But what this reaction showed me is that there is a limit to the insanity of Armitagemania. I may spend a ridiculous amount of time writing on this blog, which is in turn only a fraction of the time I spend thinking about him and his work, but I still haven’t become so much of a fangrrl that I can’t tolerate the thought of the actual Mr. Armitage in the arms of a partner in real life or that I would be happy to learn that he’d been dumped and was single again. My excesses aside, at base I am at least capable of fulfilling the laudable self-description of another commenter here of herself the Armitage fan as “a friend he’s just never met,” of being happy that he has people in his life, no matter his relationship to them, that have stable contacts with him that stretch over long periods — that he has friends and potentially romantic partners towards whom I have no consciousness of jealous feelings. In short Armitagemania is not making me betray my own convictions; maybe I am letting myself off the hook too easily, but Ms. Capper’s recorded presence at this event provided the welcome news that I am not at stage 3 or even close.
What a relief.
Ms. Capper, I hope that Richard Armitage loves you somehow — as a lover, as a dear friend — because in the absence of any more personal information about you than I am ever likely to have, you seem like you are worthy of any or all of that, and you are also lucky enough to know him personally, a status that tens of thousands of women envy you no matter how things stand. (I also hope that in private he’s the person he appears to be in public — ethical, thoughtful, sweet, loyal, modest — and that if you are his ex, it’s not because he has some severe personality flaw, or acted a bit of a monster to you, or that he lost his temper irretrievably or did something else that hurt you terribly. Yeah: if you’re his ex, I hope you dumped him. Is that mean of me? Or am I only loyal to my gender?) But even if he doesn’t love you, or if he’s much less nice in real life than his press suggests, I want to thank you for going to that after party weekend before last. Your presence there did that extra little bit for me that makes him real and reminds me that he isn’t just beauty or artistry, a concept that I observe and turn over in my mind to make myself feel better in bad moments — that he is a real person with real relationships, with entanglements that he also may not handle satisfactorily in every regard but that root him in a particular context. That’s bittersweet, because (as Anselm demonstrated about G-d, see above) the fact that he exists in reality and not just in the imagination makes Richard Armitage better — even as, at best, I might manage to see him live on stage. In reality, I will only ever know him in my imagination. And that’s powerful — particularly on days when my nerves are sore and my soul is exhausted. But it’s not the imagination of him, the concept of him, that really powers the energy that comes from his roles, or at least not all by itself.
You appear to be the kind of woman that I want someone who’s the kind of man Richard Armitage appears to be to fall in love with. So you, too, have become part of the fantasy — perhaps unfairly, since you didn’t sign up for it, any more than he did and indeed much less so.
But for better or for worse, you made him real, Ms. Capper, in a quiet way. It would be easier for all of us fans if he weren’t. But if he weren’t real, then he wouldn’t be half so powerful as a fantasy, either.
~ by Servetus on December 1, 2010.
Posted in accents, acting, Annabel Capper, Armitage as victim, Armitage on Armitage, Armitage's body, Armitageworld dogmas, career, collateral attractions, equilibrium, fans, fantasy, gratitude, gravitas, Hermione Norris, heterosexual utopias, humiliation, if I could interview Mr. Armitage, interiority, John Bateman, joy, loss, Lucas North, Malice Aforethought, Maya Lahan, me, morality / ethics / norms, objectification, order / disorder, reality, redemption, Richard Armitage, silliness, Spooks, squee, The Armitage Army, the real Armitage, The Rovers, theatre theatre, why Armitage?, Why me?
188 Responses to “me + annabel capper: or, the limits of Armitage fangrrling, almost a year in”
RAFrenzy said this on December 1, 2010 at 11:14 am | Reply
? Too much ?
servetus said this on December 1, 2010 at 11:15 am | Reply
Taken against the balance of the blog and other RA blogs, no. But you’re brave to allow comments. Unless those who frequently move into protect their boy have learned not to tip their hands quite so much. Candidly, that behavior fascinates me. As you may have learned over the last year, I really like Richard Armitage. Well, just a wee bit. But I’m not quite up for trolling the web to try to defend his honor or his privacy. However, I’m fascinated by those who are. What drives them to that length? I can’t help but wonder. But then I’m cursed with questioning the dog out of everything.
The only thing I take exception to in the piece is the implication that Twitter is chiefly for stalking. LOL! That’s the dream! Those crumbs of information so lovingly placed to lead us to someone’s altar.
Problem is that there is a veiled contempt for the worshippers, or maybe that’s how my jaded eyes see it. I’m so convinced of this that I would never follow as much as I do as the “real me.” I’m not quite that far gone. And that, my friend, is the supreme rationalization for my indulgence in this mania.
Twitter: I do think in this particular case that that crumb was placed for a reason — to put the fangrrls all atwitter, so to speak– but I also know that it’s been used to stalk. I have a colleague who stalks his ex-wife this way, and has saved records of her tweets in order to take her back to court in a custody fight over their kid. So it’s not all innocent. Obviously any smart party, however, would never tweet anything of crucial importance unless he wished it to be known.
I have not had to suppress any problematic comments. Maybe it’s that the warning at the beginning is worded so strongly that people are afraid to disagree?
contempt for the worshippers: I think that’s interesting. I agree that that peaks through in some cases. Presumably the worshippers will notice when they are being treated contemptuously and vote with their feet?
servetus said this on December 1, 2010 at 10:42 pm | Reply
Speaking of which, should I link this on Twitter? 😀
Go right ahead 🙂
I’ve had no caffeine yet. That’s what I’m blaming for leaving a key sentence out of my first comment. LOL!
I’m soon on my way out the door to brave the snow and ice on the side of a of mountain. But if I didn’t love it, I wouldn’t do it.
Hope you have a great day as you test the limits of comment moderation.
RAFrenzy said this on December 1, 2010 at 12:13 pm | Reply
That’s why you were up so late / early.
Servetus, meta analyser in Armitage studies, is unsurpassed in the blogging kingdom!
Mea culpa! Parts of your post spoke directly to me. MillyMe’s tragic tale. Take heed in time and desist, dear reader! While Servetus determinedly discussed sartorial details of Armitage dress, Milly was skipping along the dizzy paths of Pwoarosophy and Thighology. Being made John Porter chair and being led gently to the Latin terms for the anatomy didn’t seem to diminish her unabashed interest in these fields. Reading about others similarly afflicted (depression and celebrity worship) has only made her aware of how tragic she is, mired in admiration of the body, as she is,and not just of the body of work!
OK, that’s me trying to make ponderous fun of my own fascination for an actor I might never lay eyes on! That’s why your blog has been such a find. You’ve been similarly afflicted for as long as I have. I found you quite quickly after that and you have allowed me to take part in the journey of your own fascination and puzzlement as to why him? Why no end in sight yet? and where to now?!
As a counterbalance to the tragic tales of obsession, I refer to an article by Chuck Gallozzi called Admiration of others at personal-development.com.
“When we accept, appreciate, and admire others, welcoming them into our lives, they touch us and help make us what we are. When we embrace others, we embrace life.
Besides being a valuable teacher, admiration is a source of happiness. For what is admiration but delight in what is? It is appreciation and gratitude for what is. A grateful heart is full of joy, while an ungrateful one is full of bitterness.”
I appreciate how your blog also provides room for the positive aspects of our admiration of this actor!
MillyMe said this on December 1, 2010 at 12:42 pm | Reply
more and more monumental meta, that’s me!
This post wasn’t intended as an indictment of you, MillyMe, but as an indictment of me. Like I said, I don’t think I am done with PHWOAR, and I couldn’t get alone without the current holder of the John Porter chair.
It’s also easy to be bawdy in the summertime, I think. Fwiw.
Sweetie, I’m only teasing! I enjoy posing as the light-hearted fangirl!
MillyMe said this on December 2, 2010 at 6:20 am | Reply
I enjoy you being her 🙂
servetus said this on December 3, 2010 at 4:03 am | Reply
Wow’s the word. I’m not too sure what the bloodbath was all about because I only started reading RA blogs a few months ago. Nat’s blog is in fact the first RA blog I read. I have to admit I did wince a little when I read the title because I could imagine the sort of comments a post like this would invite. Therefore, you are very brave, Servetus.
The only thing I would say about this is I am glad he has someone to share his success with, whether she is his girlfriend or close friend. Afterall, she was there to support him as a friend through thick and thin right from the very beginning. So, if anyone gets the privilege to enjoy the afterparty with him, it should be her.
Riv said this on December 1, 2010 at 12:53 pm | Reply
I don’t want to repeat slander; there really was a huge variety of sentiment, some of it positive and commending Natalie for taking on a topic that was obviously of high interest but which had been cordoned off from treatment on the discussion boards. What was troubling was (a) the appearance of personal attacks on Ms Capper or her appearance; (b) personal attacks on Mr Armitage for his undefined association with Ms Capper or for other perceived transgressions; (c) attacks on Natalie for bringing up the topic in the first place.
Nice point — sharing a triumph with an old friend, whoever she is, is a nice thing to do.
See, I’ve been totally out of the loop on all this. Oh, geez. His “undefined association” with AC or other perceived transgressions? I–oh–I have to shut up or I will say something that regarding that which will get me into trouble.
And who are we to attack AC’s appearance–middle-school girls text messaging back and forth because the hunky guy in our science class is friendly with a girl other than us? Meeee-oooowwwwww.
Once again, I have to say I do not blame him one bit for stepping away from the craziness a bit. I really don’t. And I am sincerely sorry that Nat was attacked over this.
angieklong said this on December 1, 2010 at 11:08 pm | Reply
I think it’s a reflection of a weird sort of insecurity, to criticize him for not having a girlfriend that the critic thinks is prettier. But that came up. Comments on that post were also really narky about some of his clothing choices, which drove me crazy and to some extent eventually led to my decision to write the BAFTA clothing posts.
And yeah, Natalie is pretty much the sweetest blogger in Armitageworld. She did not deserve the tsuris.
The poor man has said he has no fashion sense or if he did have, he’s lost it. Cut him some slack, people. Do you want him to be Richard, or some slick Hollywood clone? I think he’s been doing pretty much OK of late. Love his new coat. It think things will get better in the wardrobe dept. Maybe he’ll hire a good stylist or start seeking the advice of some fashion-savvy friend/SO.
And yes, I would guess insecurity on the part of some fans is a big part of it. I remember being a very insecure teenager feeling that I had to discredit others in my head in order to build myself up, but thank goodness, I moved beyond that.
And some of this nattering reminds of snarky teens, hence my middle school girls’ comment earlier.
Good for Nat for sticking to her guns, anyway. Shame people have to be that way.
angieklong said this on December 2, 2010 at 2:46 am | Reply
@servetus, those attacks do sound very troubling indeed!
Riv said this on December 2, 2010 at 2:09 am | Reply
Natalie allows anonymous comments. People get vicious when they don’t have to take responsibility for their statements, unfortunately. It’s one reason this blog requires you to take a pseudonym. I don’t mind dissent but I can’t accept cruelty.
The point I tried to make in a post below. I hate people not taking responsibility for what they say online. And you see it all the time.
When I read your post, I didn’t realize the “bloodbath” you were referring to had anything to do with my blog until I read these comments! haha. 🙂
Just to let you know, I only felt attacked the first time I ever posted anything about AC, not realizing there were many in the RA fandom who thought this was a no-touch subject. I had no idea there were some fans who felt/feel overly protective about it or the reaction it would get. At first, the one or two rude comments hurt my feelings, but then I thought, “My blog… my rules!” and decided not to remove the post. I was then surprised by the outpouring of support from blog readers both by comments and private emails thanking me for discussing the subject openly. Since then, I haven’t received any mean comments about the AC subject.
When I posted the photo of RA and AC at the Varakai event, commenters didn’t attack me, but started attacking each other because of differing opinions. It became way out of hand, so I had to disable and hide the comments. I don’t like to censor things, but out of respect for Richard, my blog and all the blog readers, I thought it was the right thing to do.
Nat said this on December 2, 2010 at 6:41 pm | Reply
I may be conflating two of your posts on the topic, but I really do remember a level of unpleasantness that discouraged me.
Dear Prof.,
I can’t find your PM. Can you help me? Thanks
lucrezia said this on December 1, 2010 at 12:53 pm | Reply
I emailed you.
Another fascinating post Servetus. I need to read it in more detail later and think about it some more.
I’m probably less conflicted than others about my admiration for ALL of Richard Armitage’s considerable talents and physical attributes. He’s truly a Renaissance Man in every way. To me my fan-ship for him is a fun and lovely way of escaping the sorrows of life if even for a moment.
I hope there’s no harm in it for him, and luckily we’re physically separated by the Atlantic Ocean. I find him incredibly sexy, and truly physically beautiful, heartbreakingly so at times. I love his interviews, especially videos of earlier interviews when he was less guarded. There are other actors I have admired and found handsome, but the more I know about Richard Armitage as a person the more loveable I find him!
I’ve known about RA for about 5 years now, but only in the last 8 or so months have my feelings intensified to the extent I search out information about him every day. I rarely visit the forums, but religiously visit the blogs, especially yours Servetus. So knowing little about his personal life, I rather accidentally ran into a mention of Ms. Capper one day not long ago. The comments I found were along the lines of “not her again!” I then researched RA and Ms. Capper a bit further, but still know little. Now, thanks to this post, I know more. I’m also glad he has a good and loyal and long time friend in AC, and it seems to be a mutually supportive friendship.
So, what is this all leading to you may ask. Only that I think it’s natural to be curious about his personal life because let’s face it, we are interested in him not just as an actor, but as a man. I don’t shy away from finding out more about him as a person, I seek information out, and I love talking about it with others. I will not shy away from any private information I can find or read about him. I wish I knew more, but at the same time am always a bit nervous about knowing more and having my fantasy of RA the person changed forever. But yet, at the same time, I greatly admire and respect his desire for privacy.
This may seem like a contradiction from what I just said above (weird sentence?). I truly believe the only thing RA owes us as devoted fans is to give us the best performance he can as an actor whether on screen or on stage, or wherever. That is all he owes us for buying his DVD’s, and audiobooks, and supporting him in whatever he does. He doesn’t owe us entry into his private life.
Musa said this on December 1, 2010 at 1:35 pm | Reply
I agree with you, Musa, except I don’t search for things about him every day … unless you count following a number of RA fanblogs as searching! 🙂
Very well-written post as usual, Servetus. I agree with you as well – I too have a sort of reluctant interest in Ms. Capper, which is really difficult to explain, because … well, would I be interested at all if she HADN’T been seen together with RA? No. From what you’ve gathered about her, and written here, I’d say she sounds like a nice person, and we get the impression that RA is a nice person too, so sounds like they’re well-matched as friends. If there’s more to it than friendship, who knows? Does it really matter to any of us either way?
I suppose that from a sense of being an ordinary woman, that he’s seen with a woman who looks REAL is the sort of self-satisfied “see? He’s a decent bloke, he wouldn’t be interested in one of those fake girls you see everywhere and especially in the glitzy world of showbiz, he wants a REAL woman! (… Like me!)” Because that’s just it, isn’t it? If he was seen with a supermodel, he would be Just Like Everyone Else – one who cares more about the appearance of someone rather than about the person they are inside, which I loathe anyway, and that would perhaps diminish a part of the attRAction [sic].
Good grief, fangirl psychological analysis is a slippery slope. You go into it with the best of intentions and come out sounding more insane than you did going in! *cowers*
Traxy said this on December 1, 2010 at 2:37 pm | Reply
Thanks, Traxy. You get right down to business on two issues that plague me:
(a) randomness — I wouldn’t have even known she existed were it not for him. So she turns out to be interesting and admirable — but I’m still reluctant because I’m not admiring her for her — I’m admiring her because of him. A not very feminist attitude, and I am an attenuated feminist.
(b) the “real woman” issue. This is another feminist bugbear. I confess that I love it that she is tall and of medium build rather than being tiny and cute, and that she appears to be forceful. I tried to write that section really carefully because as much as I am troubled by the fascination with the supermodel female — they are also “real” women — no woman on this planet is any less real than any other. They are equally victims of these bizarre stereotypes fed to us by the celebrity machine. On the other hand, it remains the case that the fact that she’s “real,” indeed a bit gritty, makes me admire him more than if he were dating a cute blonde with a plastic surgery body and a brain that hadn’t developed much since seventh grade — for precisely the reason you state. Ms Capper seems like someone I could be friends with because in important respects she is like me — she embodies “everywoman.” So even the admiration for her is hardly innocent.
Absolutely. It’s a double-edged sword. Like you say, we’re all real women, and just because someone has gone down the “surgically enhanced” route doesn’t make her into a machine or anything. There’s still a living, breathing human being inside.
I think feefa (further down) put it very well: “If RA is a fantasy object then she’s a potential rival (crudely put) – but it helps that she seems to be a good thing, by anyone’s criteria. What’s not to identify with?”
Perhaps that’s the thing. RA is our fantasy and AC is our projected rival, of sorts. But if she’s genuinely a “decent person” and someone we can identify with, which most of us can’t when it comes to the “rich and beautiful” (even though we too may be both beautiful and rich, of course) … well then she’s not so much of a rival but more a substitute for ourselves? We can identify with her. Which then boils down to the whole issue of “if she’s a friend of his, and she’s a ‘normal person’ with half a brain, that means that by default, RA would also get along famously with me, if we ever crossed paths” – which again, sounds if not creepy, at least it’s bordering on stalkerish. Which, in turn, worries me.
Now, how much I may gush about the guy online, I’m a (reasonably) sensible person offline, and wouldn’t dream of stalking a celebrity or get to the point of really believing that RA and I would be BFFs if only we met. Likelihood of me ever meeting him – slim. Likelihood of me ever getting to a point where he’d consider me a friend – none.
Yet there’s still that nagging feeling of if we met and had a proper conversation, we’d have things to talk about and WOULD most likely get along quite well because we seem to have a similar approach to life in general. But, and here’s the important part, I would NEVER try to seek him out and force myself into his company and actually TRULY believe that all that stands between us and a happily ever after (as friends or otherwise) is an introduction. That’s the stuff of fantasy and romance novels, not real life, and I KNOW that. So why can’t I just shake off the “we could be such good friends” feeling, when I know that sort of thought is uncomfortably close to erotomania?
And again, delving further into fan attitudes and behaviours does make you sound insane. Can I justify it by saying I’ve done some psychology studies at uni because I’ve always found psychology a most fascinating topic? 🙂
I have this same impulse, Traxy, to think that we’d have so much in common if we met, and I think you put your finger right on it — identifying with her enhances that fantasy. I don’t know either why I can’t shake it off. Sometimes it’s to the point of wishing he’d do something that would be a big turnoff for me. The problem is that I’m a fairly open kind of gal and whatever it was would have to be fairly extreme: like turn out to be an anti-Semite or something.
I don’t think delving into fan attitudes makes us sound insane — as long as we own our own positions honestly. The bigger question of why we feel akin to people we don’t know is really fascinating.
Good point. Well, my position I hope has been made clear. 🙂
The problem (if you want to call it that) with RA is that in every interview, he comes across as even more lovable. Saying things like he’s not very tidy – well, who is? Certainly not me. The repetetive food thing? Been there, done that. Beer and pizza? Make it a nice ale and yes please! (The rugby I’m not keen on, but we all have to make sacrifices.) Essentially, all the things he says to make him sound more human and flawed and and less perfect and attractive … it just has the opposite effect on me. Even the picking of the nose bit.
Like you, I’m open, so yes, for something to have a turn-off effect would really have to be pretty extreme. Animal cruelty, there’s one I really couldn’t stand. (But I just can’t see him as being nasty to animals – he strikes me more like a person who’d crouch down and play). If he was a holocaust denier, that would also be a deterrent, because then I would just think he was stupid. (And he doesn’t strike me as being stupid.) And so on.
Then again, he might just be really awkward to live with. Maybe he leaves the milk out, doesn’t take out the trash or clean the toilet or something. Leaving the cap off the toothpaste, or squeezing the tube the “wrong” way. Has ketchup or mayo with EVERYTHING. You know, little things that would annoy you if you lived with him, but if you didn’t, you’d never know. I bet that’s it. Which only shows he’s a perfectly normal human being like the rest of us!
Traxy said this on December 3, 2010 at 10:32 am | Reply
Isn’t cruelty to animals considered a symptom of mental illness? (seem to remember that from somewhere). Holocaust denier would definitely do it for me, too. Spousal abuser. Thief. Soccer hooligan.
I wonder if it’s just that he’s a really strong introvert. Some things he’s said point in that direction. People like that need very tolerant partners because they need a lot of alone time and are not always great at communicating their needs.
servetus said this on December 28, 2010 at 11:46 pm | Reply
@servetus, almost lost my cappucino at “soccer hooligan” still laughing..
Ann Marie said this on December 29, 2010 at 12:26 am | Reply
We do our best 🙂
servetus said this on December 29, 2010 at 12:28 am | Reply
Musa,
I, too, find him lovable and quite adorable. There are actors I think are attractive, sexy, talented–but none whom strike me as more generally likable and Mr. A. I would have loved to have had a brother, and he would have made a marvelous one, I think.
And because I have such an affection for him, for the person he appears to be, I do indeed also respect him and his wish for some privacy. In this “Big Brother” world where our personal privacy seems to be increasingly trampled upon, I think we all are entitled to that, even if we are a public figure. Bless him and his friends and family as the madness likely increases.
angieklong said this on December 1, 2010 at 6:56 pm | Reply
I think he would be a great brother, though I must say, I already have a little brother. I’d have loved to have had a big one, though. 🙂
That’s why I wrote him as big brother to sisters in Truce. I see him as making a loving, teasing, but ultimately protective sibling. I always wanted an older brother, but of course, we’d have to age him to do that. *grin*
Good comment. I agree that he is not obliged to allow us into his private life. I suppose the question is are we obliged to look away from his private life?
An absolutely wonderful blog post! Thank you, Servetus !!! You hit the quintessence of it all so well that there is just nothing to add.
I normally try to avoid anything related to the private life of RA, so I, like @Riv, did not hear about the bloodbath you refer to.
I also only had a fleeting notion of Ms. Capper. But your description of her is so admirable and wonderful, that I loved to read it.
Also your video is so lovely, though when I think about it, I would not like RA to do that with me, as I would be unable to move or say a word. It would be the most boring and one sided conversation for him, he ever had. What experience would that be for him ;o)
I am even not sure if I would / should attend “The Rover” (stage door visit not even under consideration) if, by any chance, it should be in the time I am in London next year. The only aspect which lets me seriously consider it is, that it would fill the theater and so with my visit I indirectly would support his career.
But with my luck I will not have that chance to decide anyway.
Thank you for this wonderful post. Once again I will have to print it out and read through it again and again to get all the brilliant aspects of it.
CDoart said this on December 1, 2010 at 2:25 pm | Reply
You’re always so kind, CDoart.
I think everyone has to decide for herself what responsible behaviors are w/r/t fangrrling — but at the same time not everything is ok. Calexora’s experiences made me think a lot about where the lines would be for me.
I think my statement for my own struggles came over a bit like a criticism. It was not meant that way!
On the contrary, I very much admire your drawing the line of fandom so exactly and taking all aspects into account while treating all participants with the utmost respect. I really admire that in all your posts. Your appreciation of the worth and honor of other persons shines through.
It gives me so much to think about and lets me test my own behaviour and feelings, if I always treat the people around me like that.
What always astonishes me is that your drawing the line always remains in my comfort zone, though I would not be able to express or find the frontier-line in such an explicit and clear way.
CDoart said this on December 2, 2010 at 1:15 am | Reply
No, not at all — I didn’t understand it as a criticism at all. Maybe we share the value of valuing other people?
Value people, love people; use things. Sometimes we get it the other way around.
Thank you! Yes, you are completely right.
Sometimes I think it would be easier to walk through life and just see one’s own worth. But I would not like to change anything and missing out on all the colourful diversity of life.
CDoart said this on December 2, 2010 at 11:46 am | Reply
I really feel that trying to empathize with the position of others helps us understand ourselves as humans better. Even when this is difficult.
Should we each simply ask how we would like to be treated if in the object of our affection’s large shoes? And try to act accordingly, perhaps?
I do wish we could all get along.
If I were in his shoes I’d like someone to buy me smaller shoes 🙂
Servetus, your comment caused me to fall off my chair with laughter ;o)
CDoart said this on December 2, 2010 at 12:02 pm | Reply
ROFTL!
Seriously, I think that’s a good option, to treat him the way we would like to be treated if we were the ‘superstars’.
Servetus, I know you write these posts to understand yourself, but oh how you make me think about myself and my thoughts/feelings towards Mr. Armitage.
I finished reading it and suddenly Richard Armitage felt more real, because my feelings changed from jealousy for the ‘virtual’ rival to identification with her. To think of him the way I think any of my friends and as you said, the fact that he has relationships, friends make him less a fantasy (I became conscious to what degree my image of Mr.Armitage has touches of fantasy). I think this leads me to control (a bit :P) the squee-ing, the admiration for the person he seems to be and the talent he has to create those complex characters I love so much is still there, in the end he is a person that lives in another country, I might never meet and sometimes I will succumb to squee-ing and fangrrling but I know the base of those is real.
The change into identification makes me see his reaction in that Old Vic vid in a different light. If Ms Capper is waiting for him at the bus, at the end of that line of fans taking pics, if I were him that sheepish smile would be due to the embarrassment of a close friend and fellow actress watching this madness that I have barely got used to. I can imagine her with an amused smile, LOL!
OML (Sorry for going off topic)
OneMoreLurker said this on December 2, 2010 at 3:56 pm | Reply
@OML, I loved this.
Ann Marie said this on December 2, 2010 at 5:34 pm | Reply
OML, this is really a sweet post and you offer a reaction that I hadn’t thought of — that writing about Ms Capper can help us to identify with her. I am going to have to think about this some more.
I absolutely agree with you. If we all would act under this premise, the world would be a much better place.
My struggles with my fandom come a bit from the for me unexpected event of being a fan. I never was before and am unsure, with what behaviour of fans RA would feel comfortable with. I cannot really compare him to me and my likely feelings, because I would not feel comfortable on a stage to begin with.
Also a main part for me is what would help him in the eyes of publicity, the press, potential employers, to further support his career as an actor.
I want to support his career, too, and hope this blog helps at least in a small way, or at the very least is not harmful.
I really think you do that in a big way!
You show the world what a thoughtful, open minded and supportive group of fans this very special actor has. (Not just crazy fangirls.) You also show in a great way, how very special and talented he is.
I really think he and his agents should engage you for his promotions and negotiations with producers ;o)
And I would love to hear an interview with RA lead by you.
You see, I have some major wishes for Christmas and the New Year ;o)
From your mouth to his agent’s ears …
‘nen guten Rutsch, CDoart!
I often wonder where the line is from super fan to creepy fan. This is something I often ponder, even being on fan sites, am I crossing the line somehow? For me, I work from home, so in a sense this is the water cooler conversation I would have at work, it is just focused on one person. Your site does provide relief from the stresses of life. I say well, it is healthier than drinking, but how much I am not sure. But in some senses that is me making excuses a bit and trying to be funny.
I am a bit conflicted about all of this, but at least I am in really good company and I feel like if I am going to have a fan gurl crush on someone, he is prob one of the better people, if not the best.
The other thing, I wanted to touch on was the fame factor. I think what many of us are struggling with is it’s like discovering U2 before they were U2 or REM, they were really good underground bands, then they hit it big. It’s like having this cool obscure secret and secret community that ain’t so secert anymore.
As for his love life, I truly hope that he has someone special in his life. And from what you described, she sounds like a pretty amazing woman teaching Shakespeare to inmates!!! The thing that would turn me off would be if he turned up with a super slick starlet. Again, I refer to Hugh Jackman who has been married for many years to a woman who knew him when.
@Rob said this on December 1, 2010 at 2:30 pm | Reply
Do I ever hear you, @Rob. Is writing six thousand words on this topic super or creepy? Especially when it keeps me up writing till late in the morning.
I think you’re exactly right about the revelation of the cool secret. I think that’s a huge dynamic in this particular fandom. I feel that way too and I’ve only been a fan for about a year now.
No matter who she is, she really reflects well on him. I’m sure he has friends who are not quite this stellar — but she makes him look good IMO.
I like your take on it. She is the only person from his real life we “know” (apart from what he told about his parents and that is all good as well) and his friendship with her seem to indicate that he indeed has “depth” (for the lack of a better word) apart from being nice and a pretty face.
Jane said this on December 2, 2010 at 1:07 pm | Reply
I wonder what would happen if we found he had a questionable friend. Would we admire him for his tolerance? 🙂
As a happily married woman with an incredible crush on this Renaissance man, who also wants said man to have happiness in his personal life as well as success in his professional life, I can truly say I’m glad Annabel is still part of his life. She’s someone who’s known him long-term, through the ups and downs; she seems a truly nice person beyond the talent and intelligence (I would love to hear that “haunting voice”) and even if their romantic relationship didn’t work out for whatever reason (I’ve wondered if his hectic work schedule and long periods working away from London in Hungary and South Africa weren’t an issue for her), it seems they still have a friendship, a bond. And surely that is a good thing. We need those relationships.
Agree with above comment, if he started showing up with the latest trout-pouted starlet on his arm everywhere, then I would be bothered. Because I have a high estimation of Mr. A, and Annabel seems to give it validity.
I like him, I admire him, and I want him to be happy and fulfilled in every avenue of his life, much as I do a beloved single co-worker of mine who is something of a Renaissance Man himself (I love ya, Michael). Whether it’s Annabel or someone else who can bring that into Richard’s life, then bring it on.
It’s hard to know how to feel about “starlets,” insofar as I tend to agree with you that they make men less rather than more attractive to me, but also because they are people, too, and they also suffer for their attractiveness.
When I referred to trout-pouted starlets, I was thinking of the sort of actress who is seemingly more concerned with her outward appearance and tinkering with it via plastic surgery (the fad being those awful puffy lips these days)rather than working on her craft. I feel sorry for those young woman, because there has to be a terribly insecurity and like body image issues (and it is such a fickle business, let’s face it) to keep re-inventing their looks.
for whatever reason, I just can’t quite see Richard with someone like that. A intelligent, talented young “starlet” (who probably wouldn’t want to be called a starlet in the first place) who is confident in herself–fine.
“terrible insecurity” and “likely body image issues”
Sigh. My first day back working in the office and I am tired and starting to ache. Sorry.
hang in there. Been a long day here, too — there’s got to be a more humane way to earn one’s daily bread.
I need to become a novelist . . . I need to become a novelist . . . husband’s dropping hints again . . . “You know, people DO pay to read stuff other people have written, dear . . ”
“Ah, but I need things like insurance, darling . . . the meds are not cheap . . .”
By the time I get through two parades, an open house and two bazaars on Saturday in three different towns (and see Santa in every place), I’ll be wanting to work on that novel posthaste.
There should be some theological statement on the transsubstantiation of Santa — he is more ubiquitous than Jesus Christ (theological joke)
And for a county with no larger population than ours, old Saint Nick is making mega appearances, particularly this Saturday. Come to think of it, he’s also going to be in Luverne in the neighboring county in their parade at the same time he’s in McKenzie. And I’ve often felt like I was going to meet myself on busy days–poor Santa!
My dad was Santa when I was growing up. He would visit the homes of family friends and deliver candy canes and encouragement to behave. Our druggist said his children firmly believed because they had talked with the big man himself. Daddy loved every minute of it, bless his heart.
Believing what I happen to believe about him, I’d hope that if he did appear with someone like that, that that wouldn’t be the defining issue for him. That such a woman would also have an intelligence or humor or ethic that attracted him — and that it was my prejudice that made me see her as just a “trout pouted starlet” with some sort of body dysmorphic syndrome. That said, of course, if he went out with someone like Paris Hilton we’d be entitled to doubt his sanity.
Paris Hilton . . . oh, dear. Of, course, she is sort of last year’s news these days. It would have to be one of the Kardashian sisters. Who are famous for only God knows why.
Yeah, I would assume if he were with someone who was more plastic than flesh, it would be due to other worthwhile and worthy qualities he saw in her. He doesn’t seem like the type to be drawn to someone who’s had a lot of “work.” Then again, that may be my prejudice.
“Superficial”–that’s the word I was looking for earlier and it popped into my head on the drive home. I don’t envision Richard with a highly superficial, shallow person because he doesn’t appear to be one himself.
He’s “depthy,” and I would somehow assume he’d want a partner who was the same.
But hey, if he wants to date Kim AND Paris and Ke$hs (people who spell their names with a dollar sign worry me) for that matter, it’s his business. Not mine.
Well now, where to start?
First, I am a little confused about the angst (less here in your blog than in some others I’ve read) about “violating his privacy” at the after-party. Good Lord people! It was an event open to the public, to anyone who could afford the ticket and the time to go! This was not a private, invitation-only event where privacy and confidentiality might be expected. I find it difficult to believe that an actor attending the after-party would think (unless perhaps if half in a vodka bottle and totally knackered)that this was the place to find a stranger (a member of the public or an actor they’ve never met before) and bear one’s soul. This was a work event!
2) Annabel: When the pictures first came out I thought that was her. I think that if it is, good for her and good for him! I am happy that he would have had someone who, at the very least, must be a long-time friend, to connect with at this event, even if just to chat with. Being alone at social things is something I dislike intensely- no matter how much of a butterfly I am I need to land in “safe” territory periodically through the night.
And it must be good for her career too to mix with the gala crowd (maybe easier since she does more theatre).
So blessings to both of them whatever their relationship. I simply pray for him not to be lonely.
And servetus no matter how wonderful someone is, chemistry is important, it may not be anyone’s fault if it doesn’t work out.
3) servetus, a liken your analysis of my lovely Mr. Armitage’s work, with its focus on his body and voice, to an in-depth literary analysis wherein every aspect is combed through to find meaning and symbolism. The body and voice are the tools he uses and they exist for his use and manipulation outside of the quality of a script. I am amazed at how expressive his eyes are and I can’t get enough of comparing his use of that expressiveness among his various roles. I see no reason for guilt, angst or self-doubt. And its ok to say, “He’s really pretty and looking at him brightens my day.” God gives all sorts of ways to cope, beauty is beauty, avail ourselves of it while it exists.
Yes, he is the friend I’ve just never met, I wish him love and success which means I’ll be keeping tabs as much as I can to see how he’s doing. I would seriously think about a trip to the stage door to see for myself the blue of those eyes, the velvet of that voice instead of relying on others descriptions. firsthand observation is very important in research! Someday!
BTW; Can I apply for the Sir Guy of Gisborne chair? Now that I’ve let him out of his box he’s very demanding! 🙂
Ann Marie,
Sometimes–and this is just my view–I think some fans get a little too possessive of/obsessive about Mr. A and begin to see themselves as his ever-vigilant defenders in every bloomin’ aspect of his life. And that seems like too much to me. They are so very SERIOUS. And that’s just not my personality.
The event clearly was a public one and I don’t think his personal privacy was invaded by photos taken or even the video at the bus stop, although I agree the flashes going off in his face had to be annoying–but I guess it’s one more thing he has to get used to. Now, if they had followed him into the bathroom or someone had secretly taped his conversations at the after-party, OK, now that’s too much!!
I don’t go to C19 (or RAC or AA, for that matter–see, I am clearly NOT as crazed as some of you are LOL I am kidding, kidding!!) and never would have realized that even was Annabel in his presence if I hadn’t stumbled upon it here.
I think it was at RAnet that I first saw her photo with RA a while back, and while curious about a possible significant other for RA, I haven’t made any exhaustive search trying to find out more. I am a nosy reporter type, but I also know when and where to draw the line, I think.
Frenz,
I see where you are coming from in terms of empathizing with her; I guess such situations can never be easy. BTW Didn’t Richard once say in an interview he would never marry an actress?
I envy your maturity! 🙂
Bahh, it’s just that I’m an old married lady and have been for half my life now and I’ve been through a lot. If you’d heard us doing imitations of Vincent D’Inofrio’s character in “Men in Black” earlier, you wouldn’t think me so mature, I assure you!
And now I must dash off into the cold to shoot photos of a living nativity scene.
“and the ox and ass before him stood, Jesus our brother, kind and good.” Hope you had fun.
Cold but fun. Not a living nativity as it turned out, but one painted by one of the older members, with life-sized figures of all the characters from the story, including the camel, donkey, sheep and even a drummer boy. The congregation gathered around with candles and sang “Silent Night.” It was quite lovely with the lights of the park glowing in the background. My camera didn’t love the cold so my photos weren’t as good as I would have liked . . . but I am glad I got what I got.
Angst: it’s more about what it says about me than about his privacy, or rather, thinking about whether this is a private occasion points out to me all of the really problematic moments of my fandom. Like seriously, he doesn’t have a cleaner for his house which is “organized mess” — is that because he needs to make sure no one has access to his stuff? Well, if so, people like me are the reason for that. I don’t know if that’s paranoia on his part, but if so, I’m the audience for the product that makes him paranoid. Troubling.
Agree that the party was “work” rather than a totally private event.
The ad for the Gisborne chair will be out soon. 🙂
Didn’t he say he didn’t have a cleaner because of concern about scripts for Spooks getting leaked?
I would consider applying for the Gisborne chair but I really think I have too many irons in the fire as it is. I will simply remain Giz’s most faithful and trustworthy admirer. ( ;
Those things are important to the dear lad.
scripts: yes. I read it as a subset of a larger problem — how to get a cleaner who wouldn’t betray important info.
Yeah, we all know there are plenty of sources willing to pay a pretty penny for that kind of info. How would you know you could trust this person not to take advantage of that?
I read that (“if I don’t do it it doesn’t get done”) as an indirect hint that he currently lives alone and has no flat-mate/partner who might do the cleaning (apart from not having a professional cleaner). I though the secret scripts comment referred to Spooks scripts, after all they are secret enough, but in hindsight it may well have been a hint in the direction of Captain America or The Hobbit.
CA / TH: indeed.
Allright you’ll be most faithfull and trustworthy admirer but I come second! Hehe
OML 😉
you’re so generous, OML 🙂
@servetus, I think that when he was filming Spooks script confidentiality was probably a contractual issue he had to take seriously (remember how upset he was when he locked a script in the boot of his car?). This was something he alluded to in an interview as to why he doesn’t have a cleaner. The real issue is that people have lost the concept of honor and keeping ones word and respecting the person let alone the privacy of the individual. I don’t have any idea why you would think that you fall into this category of person. You write a blog that is not about a superb actor but one that uses the that actor as the lens for examination and exploration of life’s issues. I think I get a little frustrated sometimes when I see good people (and I have evidence to believe that you are one) question/blame themselves needlessly.Maybe you need to go through the exercise and that’s ok. I have to confess my obtuseness in not seeing what all the fuss is about. I have no frame of reference for the conflict that is referenced for Nat’s hysterically funny and delightful blog. I don’t know if I missed the war there but I may not have and not thought anything of it than pity for the offender because I have seen horrible things in emails sent at work that were worse! the flack with DB (a Jonas fan) on another blog was the closest I’ve seen to blood drawn. It just all seems so senseless to me.
Ann Marie said this on December 2, 2010 at 3:16 am | Reply
Tempest in a teapot, mountain out of molehill territory Ann Marie?
That’s the way I feel a great deal of the time when these conflicts arise. To me, fandom should be a supportive, positive, enjoyable, fun experience as much as possible. Not something approved with daggers drawn at fellow admirers of the celeb. Silly and senseless.
If it starts being too angsty and I’m not having fun anymore, then I know I should really step away.
Respect of individuals gets trampled a lot in general in today’s world and quite frequently in cyberspace. People will write the most slanderous, libelous things about other human beings while hiding behind the cloak of anonymity.
I have been personally attacked on our newspaper website by readers(silly creatures didn’t realize we have ways of finding their real identity out– muahahahahaha) and it’s made me not want to hide my identity when I express my opinion on a blog. That’s why Angieklong is, in fact, Angie K. Long.
I totally understand privacy issues and I am not telling anyone you need to use your name; you are entitled to keep that to yourself, absolutely. It was my personal choice and so far, I haven’t regretted it.
I’m not brave, I’m just my hard-headed father’s hard-headed daughter.
I agree, Ann Marie, Servetus is way too hard on herself sometimes. You’re a good, thoughtful, kind person with a great intellect, Doc. And we appreciate what you do.
Thanks for seeing the good in me, Ann Marie 🙂 I try hard to be the best person I can. Maybe i do too much apologizing here, and I’ll try to back off.
Wow! You really spilled your guts, didn’t you? Very brave.
I think that you represent quite accurately what goes through the minds of quite a few admirers, the ones who have self-awareness. It’s almost as if they’re in so deep they are not sure where the boundary is. That’s how this post seems to me. What a struggle!
My response got so long, and this post was so thought-provoking, that I’m going to wait and finish it on my blog later on. Am just on my way out the door.
Meanwhile, “consuming Armitage product”. Did you really mean to put it that way?
pi said this on December 1, 2010 at 5:55 pm | Reply
Thanks. I tried to channel some of your “dare it all” energy, pi.
Everything you say here is right — I’m in deep, I don’t know what’s ok, and whether there’s something that’s ok for me to look about but not to talk about (which seems nonsense to me. What is Enlightenment? Sapere aude).
I look forward INTENSELY to your response.
“consuming Armitage product” — well, I will be an academic for a little longer 🙂 and hope I may be forgiven these little excesses.
@Ann Marie, I’m not exactly sure but as he has said that he wants to keep his personal life private, they could be doing so to respect that. Especially when people start making not-so-nice comments about her. So, I’m guessing it’s best to avoid the subject altogether.
That said, the post Servetus has written is not like that at all. In some ways and also from reading the comments, it helps others get to know AC a little better.
Re afterparty, I don’t think he intended for the public to know he was going with someone. If he did, he would have taken the publicity photos with her. I think he just wanted to be around familiar company in a social event, and who can blame him really. But, I suppose he is aware that there is a possibility for something this to happen. Again, I am happy that she was there with him, but I do think it would have been better for him if those pictures weren’t ‘published’.
Riv said this on December 1, 2010 at 6:06 pm | Reply
@Riv, I don;t have feelings one way or the other about the photos, he may not have even been “with” her but a shared common event to meet up at may have been the thing. I do that all the time with friends. we may not arrive together but if we know the other is also going we arrange to link up there. No big deal. I think we speculate too much about everything. I mean, really, the man must be able to talk to someone at a party, and yes, pictures will be taken because it was after all, a public event which is what my point is. There was an alumni dinner at school and tons of photos were taken…it happens. Yikes.
“I think we speculate too much about everything”—oh, yes.
Amen, and amen.
Let’s stop gazing at our navels so much, girls, if you know what I mean.
God love you angie…from your lips…
Thanks, Ann Marie. I just had to say it. I don’t mean to hurt anyone’s feelings, but–as to paraphrase the sergeant in “Stripes”– “Lighten up, ladies!”
I think Richard would appreciate that.
I’m kind of a professional navel gazer.
@ Riv, I think I can explain what I mean a little more clearly. I think where I may differ with what you may e thinking is here: I don’t think this event (because it was part of his professional appearance at the theatre) falls under “private life”…it was a public event that people bought tickets to attend.
What I would consider to be “private life” and therefore would hope people would respect and not publish pictures about are things like, “being out and about (non work related) by himself, with a friend, talking on a cell phone, being in a grocery store, etc. That’s were I draw a line. The people who are going to say unkind things about Annabel are going to say them no matter what, the venue is irrelevant.
I think that events like these are de rigeur for actors. I think that private lives should be respected and we should appreciate the public glimpses we are provided.
I agree that this was a public event (though a “VIP” event) in contrast to a private party for friends and family only. They have attended low-profile public events together before and while it seems that they did never seek out photographers they didn’t ran away from them either. It could have happened at any of the events they attended that a picture of them got printed in the press. It is only because the press is still very much not interested in Mr. Armitage’s private life that this hasn’t happen yet but the more famous he gets the more likely it becomes.
So I don’t think posting pictures and mentioning her name and what is available about her is out of bounds. But that is were it ends in my opinion. As servetus says, very little can be concluded about the nature of their relationship or about the potential ups and downs of their relationship and this new appearance together actually adds no new information. What we should in my opinion respectfully stay away from is jumping onto any conclusions that might be totally wrong and base our judgements onto what is nothing but speculation.
I think for the moment, and as long as the press is content with that, it is the easiest to stick with officially single to avoid further questions and potential digging. It may very well be true but I seriously doubt that he would announce anything publicly until things are very serious and even then only within the context of an interview to promote a new project, hardly on twitter!
I do wonder how he feels about the increased interest in his person that the Hobbit will bring with it.
press not yet interested: yes, good point. It’s interesting to me that on a lot of these professional photo source sites that include pictures of them together at the Varekai event that only his name is listed and not hers, as if they have no idea who she is. That may make all of this easier for her, since the annoyance is limited to a few moments every now and then as opposed to a constant media push.
I don’t think that he’s under any obligation to explain who anyone he is photographed with or hangs around with is — whether or not he becomes more notorious with The Hobbit. Actually, I don’t think he’s under any obligation to explain anything 🙂 But that he does makes him more sympathetic.
No he isn’t obliged to anything. But at one point it might be easier, assuming he has a steady partner, to admit it, because otherwise the press will start digging and publish any kind of speculation. It is a miracle that this hasn’t happen before because it certainly happens to other actors of (to date) comparable fame. I can only assume it is because all known aspects of his private life including non-famous and scandal-free Ms Capper are so very boring and wouldn’t make a good story.
Jane said this on December 2, 2010 at 7:52 am | Reply
I agree. If he has a GF who is willing to be exposed as such, he should try to make it known — it would calm *everybody* down a few dozen Fahrenheit degrees.
@Ann Marie, I definitely agree that it isn’t wrong at all because it is indeed a public event. And for what its worth, the photos were sort of accidental, they were posted by the owner out of kindness to his fans who were missing out on the party. She certainly didn’t know who AC was. So, I don’t think she is at fault. Since it’s already out there, it is very fair to talk about it.
I was just trying to explain why some people would rather not talk about it especially after the aforementioned bloodbath. And, I think it is for the reasons servetus mentioned above in reply to my saying I didn’t know what happened. Also, like RAfrenzy said, AC could equally be a private person like RA. She may have gone to support him, but it doesn’t mean that she wants to be seen with him.
I think all of us draw the line for violation of privacy differently. To me personally, I would see publishing photos of RA with AC without their acknowledgement of the photo being taken, even in a public event, as a violation. (Again, this time, she didn’t know and I am actually thankful for her generosity to us who weren’t there at the party and loved her blog entry.) But, I personally wouldn’t go as far as to insult the people who brought it up because I know that it is not actually wrong, other people might not perceive that as a violation, and discussing the issue helps some people get it out of their systems. 🙂
One thing this raises for me, too, is the matter of generational divide. Back in the day when people didn’t carry cameras around with them all the time, it was considered normal to ask for permission to photograph. Now everyone’s got a camera or a phone or whatever and is photographing all the time. I have to tell my students in class that they have to ask permission to record what happens in class — that is not obvious to them.
I agree it is a generational divide. I haven’t think about it until now, but I don’t think I feel as strongly against taking pics of ‘public/out in the open’ stuff as to ask permission to do it (which is different to my sense of what I should or shouldn’t publish).
For example, taking pics of the backstage, I wouldn’t have thought about asking for permission because it would be pics to remember the event. In that particular case I just don’t think it’s allright to put the camera in anyones face as if that person were an inanimated object. Not saying the people that did it don’t have manners, maybe it’s because of circumstances (he was passing by quickly, you were excited, you just didn’t think of taking some steps back to take the pic) but as an outsider serves to keep it in mind for future opportunities.
@Servetus, I agree about the generational divide, though I’m part of the generation you speak of.
@OML, yes, I suppose it’s okay to take photographs of a celebrity without asking for permission if they were not in the company of personal friends/family members and as you mentioned, refrain the use of flash photography right in their faces. I think it’s alright to take photographs of a celebrity while they’re signing photographs at the stage door. But, I am merely stating my views on this issue and do not wish to impose them on others.
Riv said this on December 3, 2010 at 12:37 am | Reply
I don’t think your post tries to impose on us. The fact that we can express our views (always well-mannered of course)that might not always be the same makes for a very entertaining discussion.
I wonder all sorts of things about Richard Armitage, but I guess I have not wondered too much about Annabel. Perhaps that’s because I’ve already made assumptions about her. I’ve assumed from the first mention of her that she is intelligent, has a spine, and is down-to-earth. But I have to remember that all of those are mostly assumptions with only some evidence — chief among it being her association with Richard Armitage.
Very candidly and at the risk of stepping on your toes, Servetus, I’ve been wondering since my response of this morning if maybe this wasn’t too much. Not because I feel any need to protect Richard Armitage. He’s a big boy and can protect himself. But more because Annabel has not explicitly put herself out there for us to examine her as he has put himself out there, and I’m not sure her association with him is a reasonable invitation to do so. Oh, I know there will be rationalizations aplenty that it is. And no, I don’t think the theater event was a private affair and therefore off-limits, but I’m wondering if Annabel shouldn’t be pff-limits for her sake and not RA’s. I say this as someone who has been examined due to my association with my husband. Very frustrating to not be seeking that and yet be subject to it anyway because you’re close to someone who is in the limelight.
It’s hard not to empathize with her.
RAFrenzy said this on December 1, 2010 at 7:22 pm | Reply
The great thing about blogs is we don’t have mods telling us what we can/can’t post. (Although RA bloggers in general are respectful, I believe/hope.) So while you may want to keep the AC topic off-limits on your blog Frenz, others like Sev and I may choose to examine it from time to time. I understand your point, though.
Nat said this on December 1, 2010 at 10:49 pm | Reply
Thanks, Nat. I really admired your steadfastness when you were treating this and your unwillingness to be pushed around by a group of people whom I found frighteningly aggressive at times. One thing that I feel relatively strongly about is that fenced-off topics create problems. It’s better for responsible people to take things up discursively and discipline people who pop up on the borders than to prohibit discussion and create ghettoes where anything goes and much of what is said is destructive.
Nat and Servetus, I hope you both know I think you or anyone has the right to post as they please on their blogs and would never say otherwise. As for the treatment of Annabel here, it was respectful. I simply got a pang of what it feels like to be put under the magnifying glass by the public for an association when you’re only trying to support the person who invited it. So know that I am not a fan of censorship just awareness although I’m insensitive at times and yet perhaps being overly sensitive about this given my experience. I’m totally willing to chalk it up to that.
Kick in the head is that my next blog piece may really be insensitive. I don’t think it is, but it might be.
RAFrenzy said this on December 2, 2010 at 2:16 am | Reply
No matter what you write, Frenz, there will be somebody who doesn’t like it/doesn’t agree/finds it too sensitive/too insensitive/too boring/too daring . . . in other words, you can’t please ’em all.
I can’t please everyone with my fan fic; some people like it all, some like certain types of stories, and others wouldn’t touch it with a ten-foot pole. And that’s OK. Because if I try to make everyone happy, I won’t be true to myself in the end.
If I feel it’s well-crafted and interesting and engaging; if I make people laugh, cry, tingle, then my job is done.
I didn’t think you were advocating censorship, Frenz, but rather an ethic of care.
Same here, Frenz.
Keep doing what you feel in your heart is the right thing to do, Nat. I’m sorry it’s been such a brouhaha. It’s YOUR blog and you have the right to set the rules and regulations and write and post and link what you choose. I would think everyone here would agree with that.
As I said I wondered whether this post violates the Golden Rule with regard to her. I wanted to be absolutely honest, which was that she makes me like him (even) more (if perhaps for questionable reasons) and seeing them together made me feel relieved about myself in a situation that’s had me vaguely worried for months. As someone says below I’m trying to own problematic feelings and that puts me in a difficult rhetorical position. I have to admit to interests that cast me in a less than attractive light, even if it is a typical or more broadly shared one.
The “do unto others” proviso was hard to apply insofar as I am nothing like Annabel Capper in terms of my willingness to appear in public. I’m not sure I’d ever agree to step on a red carpet even if my marital partner were involved and he’d promised me the moon if I did it with him. I’d actually consider paying a starlet to appear in a situation like that. So it was a bit hard for me to imagine a fully congruent “do unto others” situation. I have gone to parties I’d rather not have in service of romantic partners’ professional obligations and I do think there is a sense in which if you do that you agree to accept whatever the fallout is. My rationalization was that assuming I had made the decision to appear in public or semi-public with a friend, ex, or lover who was also a minor celebrity, I would want anyone who wrote about it to write kindly and accurately, and I wasn’t saying anything negative about her and I made an effort to relay only facts that influenced my surmises and perceptions and to distinguish the difference between facts and surmises. I tried to make it clear that I was absolutely not going to tolerate any trash-talking of her. I also didn’t create the interest in her.
That said, you’re right that she gets attention she might not have invited because of her association with him and her willingness to appear in front of the flashbulbs with him should not necessarily be understood as an equivalent willingness to have her life drawn under the lupe by people like me. There’s actually more information about my professional life on the internet than there is about Ms Capper’s, and while I don’t object to any of it being there in the abstract, there is a sense in which it would be frightening if a group of people who were interested in someone close to me started looking at it closely. I also don’t think that one of my rationales regarding Mr. Armitage (that a blog like this serves as publicity for his career even if he weren’t to approve of everything in it, and that for him almost all publicity is good publicity) applies to her, insofar as there’s no evidence that she’s seeking a greater notoriety than she already has or that she seeks publicity.
So I am still undecided. This post may poof eventually if I become convinced it’s invasive. I’m not convinced that it is at this point because I don’t see the event at which she was photographed as fully private, I’m not sure what those photographs can possibly prove, and the post was intended as an honest exploration of my feelings — with her as the occasion of observation. But I may be wrong about all those things and am willing to be convinced.
Hi there. Thank you for linking to my blog article on RA.
FeignedMischief said this on December 1, 2010 at 7:30 pm | Reply
Hey, FM,
Thanks again for your wonderful blog entry about meeting and talking with Mr. Armitage and welcome.
Thanks so much for writing it! It really made my week.
As ever I’m grateful to you, Servetus, for being brave enough to explore thoughts and actions I find hard to own myself.
I’ve been curious about AC too – had exactly the same guilty reaction to the ‘Isn’t that Annabel Capper?’ C19 post. If RA is a fantasy object then she’s a potential rival (crudely put) – but it helps that she seems to be a good thing, by anyone’s criteria. What’s not to identify with?
I’ve often wondered what it’s been like for her as Richard’s career has taken off. In a cruel and competitive business like acting, it must be hard to watch success happening to someone else – whether friend or lover. You’d have to be a saint not to feel at least a stab of envy .
I’m impressed by the way she seems to have cultivated an alternative path for herself instead of succumbing to resting actor syndrome. She’s carved out her own territory almost in opposition to his, so she doesn’t seem defined by her relative lack of success – on the contrary. Perhaps the fact that she’s got the richer experience in theatre (which he clearly aspires to) has meant there’s less tension. In fact she’s ideally placed to mentor his attempts to get back on the stage – that’s partly how I read her presence at the Old Vic. She’d be able to guide and support him at a scary time.
RAF, I agree that she hasn’t put herself up for scrutiny in quite the same way as him – but she has appeared in public with him, and she seems pretty savvy. She must know what the deal is?
feefa said this on December 1, 2010 at 7:36 pm | Reply
She can’t be unaware of the intense scrutiny that surrounds him, I think. Presumably she could simply decline the opportunity to appear with him in public, thus preventing the creation of photo opportunities.
Nice point about the “alternative path” issue — that was something I was trying to point out. She has an important career even if she’s not a headliner, and she does significant work and gets praised for it by colleagues. Not everyone can be the star, and she exemplifies the Stanislavski saying about how there are no small roles. I also think it’s a good point about her ability to help him back onto stage. The projects she’s been associated with repeatedly have had important, respected directors. So maybe she’s helping him with contacts, too.
And thanks for the sympathy about owning these thoughts. I am quite grateful. I also find it easier to combat thoughts I don’t like if I can cop to them as opposed to having to pretend I don’t have them.
For information: AC’s cv mentions that she has a part in ‘Operation Mincemeat’. This is airing on BBC 2 TV at 9pm next Sunday (5 Dec), and will be available on iPlayer for those who can access it.
vivecosse said this on December 1, 2010 at 7:42 pm | Reply
Thanks for the tip. I’m hoping I can DL this somewhere. 🙂
AC appeared for exactly 30 seconds in the 22nd minute of this hour long WW2 documentary. In the midst of a gaggle of young office girls, she played an ageing spinster.
vivecosse said this on December 6, 2010 at 11:43 am | Reply
Please Lord, save her from that fate!
Pam said this on December 6, 2010 at 1:13 pm | Reply
Yeah, if she’s looking for love, I hope she finds it, if not with Mr. Armitage, then with someone who truly appreciates her.
servetus said this on December 6, 2010 at 8:09 pm | Reply
Thanks for the update — hope she got some money out of it, at least.
feefa, I hear you, but let me say that being savvy and knowing the deal, as it were, is little comfort to someone when they appear in public with someone they care about. Or maybe she doesn’t care about him and is just an opportunist who appears with him to generate talk about herself. Knowing a little about how down-to-earth he is, I doubt that, but then I could be wrong.
By the way, I certainly don’t want to become the defender of Annabel, but again, it’s hard not to empathize with her.
Presumably if she were “only” an opportunist we’d see more of her in his company than we have — e.g., at the BAFTAs, where he appeared with Miranda Raison.
I think you’re right that friends, lovers, partners of all kinds have to take into account unwanted negative externalities from appearances with more-famous or more notorious SOs and that they may do so because they care more about the person involved than they do about their own comfort zone.
I guess it comes down to, on some level, the dilemma of whether it’s ok to talk about her if we speak kindly, or simply unacceptable to speak about her at all. The first is oppressive within limits — it allows us to speak, but not perhaps as we really want to; the second, by not allowing us to speak at all, is perhaps more fair in that it suppresses the positive and the negative stances with equal vigor.
I also want to say that I appreciate you, Servetus and your search for the heart of matters, but I would be disingenuous if I didn’t share my honest thoughts about this. Hopefully, nothing I’ve said will create a problem, but I think it’s good food for thought or I wouldn’t have said it.
Believe you me, I’m thinking. Have been for days.
Before I start commenting individually I want to note that today is now officially the busiest day ever at “me and richard” — likely to go over 2,000 hits before the day ends. So clearly this topic has some traction.
If you are a lurker and want to say something dissonant to what’s being said here, please be assured that I will take all comments seriously that do not involve ad hominem attacks. I am still hugely conflicted about it.
Great post, Sev!
Thanks, Natalie — your appreciation on this topic means a lot.
Brave topic, since I was present (merely reading) when that particular ‘bloodbath’ took place.
As I remember most didn’t exactly have one opinion or another about her or their relationship – whatever it may be. I’m more annoyed by certain fans who want to dictate how every person should experience their admiration for him. There is no standard mold, there are no set rules how one should act or think. Or even where our curiosity needs to be curbed.
Of course I’m not talking about (near) stalking practices and whatnot. I remember how one fan used her work to access an actor’s home address and literally knocked on his door with a friend. Now that is seriously crossing the line.
Curiosity is very much part of being human, so it is quite natural to want to know more. Yes, I have no doubt he’s a very private person, but people seem to be confused about what it means. To me it means predominantly: not willy-nilly sharing what my true thoughts and feelings are. Keeping certain aspects of my personal life to myself and only share with a few.
However I venture out there. What I would like to keep private at times simply isn’t. When that happens, it happens. Sometimes it gets noticed and people will talk, other times no one even bats an eyelid and is pretty much ignored. Whether I like it or not, I have absolutely no control over what others may think or say.
Ok, his public outings are far more scrutinised than any of ours, but this whole stance of “This is private! Clearly a No-Go area!!” is at times equally as ridiculous. Sometimes it does feel like the emperor’s new clothes.
CC said this on December 2, 2010 at 12:43 am | Reply
I just noticed my comment is more about the reactions & behaviour around him, than it is about him or him & AC. Probably because I think he’ll continue to do his own thing and act according to what feels right.
And regarding Ms. Capper, I just find I’m curious, but nothing more.
CC, that’s me–curious about AC, but not possessing any great need to know MORE.
Something that I have observed: there appear to be certain fans who seem to want to put Richard on a very high pedestal–which he has clearly indicated through his comments isn’t something he is comfortable with–and treat him like a sort of saint or god. But when and if he says or does something they don’t like, or doesn’t do or say something they expect, they seem ready to take him to task and write angry letters to his agent, massively whinge, et al. ready to knock him off the pedestal he didn’t ask to be put on in the first place. He IS a real person, as hard as it is to believe sometimes, considering his awesome beauty, talent, charisma and general niceness, and we all need to remember that, and respect that.
Oh yes, and who don’t seem to appreciate and tolerate any critical notes on him and their own behaviour. However when one doesn’t seem to toe the line, oy vey!
CC said this on December 2, 2010 at 4:44 pm | Reply
Agree that one thing we’re struggling with is not knowing his definition of privacy.
“I remember how one fan used her work to access an actor’s home address and literally knocked on his door with a friend.”
Oh goodness me. That would be against any sort of confidentiality agreement and most likely also be a breech of the Data Protection Act as well, at least if it was here in the UK. And that’s ASIDE from it being morally repulsive!
If you’re in a callcenter and get phoned up by a celeb, then you may gush “OMG guess who I just spoke to!!” to your colleagues and/or your partner when you get home, but noting down the celeb’s details for “private use” and especially seek them out, spew no. That would be gross misconduct.
Traxy said this on December 2, 2010 at 12:18 pm | Reply
She even boasted about it, as if it’s a truly great achievement. I think most of the fandom were just dumbfounded by her actions when it came to light, and most did disagree with her. Sending fanmail is one thing, but standing at one’s doorstep is another!
But the ultimate payback was when the actor discussed the incident in interviews later on. The ladies in question were even slightly indignant when he wasn’t flattering them or the incident.
Can’t possibly imagine why. 😉
horrifying behavior.
Hah, talk about the ultimate burn! Serves them right!
Is it crazy to post X # words about an actor? Of course it is! Including exhaustive analysis of wardrobe and tailoring; exhaustive analysis of form and feature; exchange of recipes in regard to what would we feed this (in the perception of many) paragon? Absolutely. And fun, and informative and thought-provoking. Commenters have been stimulated to bring not just their PHWAOR reactions, but their varied backgrounds, skills, writing, analyses to the discourse.
The question of intrusiveness and invasiveness is complex. The “bloody internet” stimulates extraordinary awareness of anyone who has a degree of public profile. The issue of how far to delve into one’s fangirling is always going to be a complex dilemma for the blogger, as it also involves how much of herself is the blogger comfortable of revealing of herself. The ethical dilemma being that of how to use the public information to interpret the actor. Is this invasion of privacy? I don’t think this blog, or that of Nat’s (which is witty and hysterically funny) quite constitutes a WikiLeaks situation. It is a personal decision on the part of the blogger – and I doubt any of us can apply a complete, across-the-board solution. We each have to find it within our personal codes of what is inappropriate or harmful or offensive to ourselves to either read, or comment on a blog.
As for Ms Capper, the lady has a marvellously individual face, and whatever role she has the life of Mr. Armitage, she has clearly accompanied the actor to situations in which photogs will inevitably pop up from the woodwork.
Post whatever you are comfortable with, servetus (or not entirely comfortable with). The feedback is part of it, and the ensuing discussion is valuable to all who read.
fitzg said this on December 2, 2010 at 1:19 am | Reply
Another divide in this issue for me involves the question of thought vs deed. That is, is it ok to think things vs ok to do them? I think it’s somewhat easier to define acceptable behavior than acceptable thought — which some participants in the discusssion seem to want to do — but this blog stands on a cusp between thought and behavior. I don’t want to be yelling fire in a crowded theatre.
Another fantastic post, servetus. There’s a discussion on another board I frequent about what it means to treat a celebrity as a “normal” person. For example, if you and RA had a mutual friend would you introduce yourself to him as “friend of so-and-so,” assuming you would do that with a non-celeb friend of a friend. And then there are stories like this one
http://wellknowwhenwegetthere.blogspot.com/2009/08/sincerely-john-hughes.html
http://www.liriandersson.com/?p=51
that feed our collective imagination.
I’m thinking more about this (and rewatching Daffy Duck as, uh, research) and will post more later.
jazzbaby1 said this on December 2, 2010 at 2:25 am | Reply
Loved reading those posts. The one about John Hughes just about made me cry. Definitely wonderful food for thought and the imagination, jazzbaby1.
And how is Daffy coming along? *grin* Suddenly craving seeing the one where Bugs visits Sherwood Forest and dubs the sheriff
Sir Loin of Beef . . . Can still hear Little John saying, “Never Worry, Never Fear, Robin Hood Will Soon Be Here!” And then Errol Flynn appears in the trees.
Ah, Errol–now THAT is what Robin should look like.
I’ve probably seen that Bugs but can’t recall it. I wonder if that’s where the Urban Legend about how sirloin came to be named sirloin came from.
jazzbaby1 said this on December 2, 2010 at 11:19 am | Reply
There was an article about John Hughes in a recent Vanity Fair that was really interesting — he was very focused on the teen ngeneration that he was writing for, and thought they had been overwhelmed by the baby boomers. He seems to have had a truly unique attitude.
Great post Servetus. I don’t have much to add, but I am reading it with avid attention. There is so much food for thought. I also started thinking about my fan-attitude, especially after Calorexa’s remarks. But I am far less astute at wording all these thoughts, so I am very grateful to you and all the commenters. It’s hugely interesting.
Elisabet said this on December 2, 2010 at 1:56 pm | Reply
Thanks, Elisabet.
servetus, easier to define deed vs. thought. Up to a point.
Well, 1984 came and sort of went. Sort of. “intent” and state of mind are long a part of the justice system. Profiling has been around for a long time. Technology is fervently working toward “reading thoughts”. Is the issue that of how a thought is expressed publicly? Then we get into the entire free speech debate.
A couple of times on a blog, I’ve expressed a less than kind opinion of an actor/actress, and afterward, felt that it was unkind, and I ought not to have expressed it in writing. (RIP Tynan) As opposed to private conversation. Which is probably silly. So, the internal debate goes on.
How can we not have thoughts and mental/emotional reactions to anyone? How does the thought express itself in deed? Especially, how to express that in a public and written (words do live on…) manner? I knew all the answers to everything in my 20’s and 30’s. Since then, fuggaboudit. Still searching. No advice to offer; who wants advice anyway, just expanded points of view to help reinforce our individual fundamental sense of right and wrong. Which can be very grey along the way.
fitzg said this on December 2, 2010 at 2:07 pm | Reply
I really like what you’ve said here, fitzg, especially this.
For me it depends on what the comment is. On another post just recently I said that I thought Daffy Duck was a better Robin Hood than JA. I don’t know anything else about him as an actor, I’ve never seen anything else he’s ever done, but I think he was out of his depth acting against RA and KA. I just didn’t buy his performance. That kind of criticism — harsh though it may be — I think is valid. I’m not ripping on Jonas, I’m ripping on his performance. It’s different to tear JA or Annabel or any other human apart for their humanity but at the same time it’s a very human instinct — jealousy, for example — that drives sucha response.
jazzbaby1 said this on December 2, 2010 at 3:31 pm | Reply
This gets to my rule on ad hominem — you can criticize an actor for delivering a poor performance, for example, but not for being a bad person. So the question is, if you say “this actor was not capable of providing a good performance in this instance” is that an attack on the person or his performance? I’m opposed to personal attack, but sometimes it’s hard to figure out where it is.
It can be hard to tell with actors, but what else can we criticize? If we were talking about, say, Jimi Hendrix and a particular performance was off then we could talk about how maybe he used strings that he didn’t particularly like or the dynamic between him and the band was off. When we talk about actors all we have is their physical presence to work with. I think in the case of Robin Hood the writers depended too much on the assumption that Robin was the hero and didn’t really do much to develop him as a character beyond that. The moment Robin carried Marian across the desert? I didn’t find that beautiful because of Robin and Marian and their relationship; I found it beautiful as a tribute to Domenic’s brother and the most famous scene from the English Patient. It’s possible that JA was hampered by poor direction or that RA and KA overwhelmed the direction that they were given.
Man, my head is spinning! I’ve tried to read all comments but am going to have stop here as I have A Very Important Person’s birthday cake to finish by tonight…she’s turning 5.
My first reaction is “HUH?” Then I kinda wonder if I need to weed out some of my thinking on this. You guys are right about the validity of internet comments and their effect on others and yes, we should be careful what we say. But then there’s the old thing that my Mama always threw at me, “It’s not WHAT you said that got you into trouble, but HOW you said it.” It’s really, really hard to convey that thru typing out words on the internet, the emotions, the state of mind, the background, etc.
But then, I’m new in these parts and yes, RA has had an effect on me that I haven’t really experienced before. Let me just say this. I’ve been involved a group of fans that is based on a mid-90’s TV show, who meet once a year. In the beginning, it was a little nerve-racking to think about meeting TV producers, writers and actors. I mean, this is big time! Not. They were/are regular people (for the most part) who were very friendly, accommodating to some admittedly nutso fans ( not me, of course *snort*). Some of them were as genuine as they could be…some were not. I learned that most of them were people with whom I had very little in common and if they lived in our little town, I probably would have no more than a nodding acquaintance. But that does not diminish my respect for them as fellow human beings or my honest interest in them as a friend. And the truth is, what I saw during the time we were together (2-3 days per year) might have been what my Mama calls “puttin; on”. Was that person that I may have spent 10 mins with showing me the real him/her?! Probably not. But then, was I showing my true self? Heck no! I sure don’t want anyone to know that sometimes I lick my fingers when eating fried chicken and I’ve got a real hang-up about the correct direction of toilet paper! And you don’t want to even see me get really aggravated when Dear Hubby tracks mud into the house. (his mud usually includes cow poop)
Bottom line is: we’re here to learn from each other. To broaden our horizons. Peer into a world that we’ve never imagined much less participated in. Yes, we must be diligent to filter out what’s not good for us or what is “too much”. I think G-d puts in each of us an alarm for the Too Much alert. At least He has with me. It’s up to me/us to listen for the alarm.
I had an interesting conversation with one of my daughter-in-laws last week. She was trying to deal with “a friend” who was being intrusive with her phone calls, visits, etc. (DIL works from her home via computer and has 3 children under 6 and helps with our family business. She’s a busy gal!) She wanted to know what to do about it and IF she should do anything about it. I told that I had faced similar circumstances many times and it all came down to: Is this person/thing/job/whatever intruding on my family time? Am I neglecting to spend time w/my own children and/or husband? Does this person/problem invade my time with G-d?
We each have responsibilities to meet every day and we like to think we do our best in meeting them. Anything that interferes with that, in my case, has to be disciplined and examined. Not easy sometimes but required, again, in my case. I have to be careful because I’m pretty much an All or Nothing kind of gal. But I wouldn’t trade the friendships and learning experiences I’ve had here and at other sites. If not for those “other sites”, I would never have learned the Jewish reasoning for not writing out the complete word for Jehovah G-d! When my internet Jewish friend explained it to me, I was humbled and amazed. What a notion! That G-d is so sacred that we can’t write out His name! Now that’s a true WOW!!!!!!!
NovemberBride said this on December 2, 2010 at 5:00 pm | Reply
@NovemberBride, it was good to see you post. Has your Lords of the North arrived yet? Also, please know that when I write out God’s name I am not being disrespectful to Him or do not consider it sacred for I do. It is the way I was taught in my religion.
Hope your five year old enjoyed her cake and candles, NovemberBride!
She was thrilled w/pony cake allbeit a somewhat haggard pony. But he was my first pony so he’s special! With 10 grands celebrating, it was a bit chaotic…but fun!
NovemberBride said this on December 3, 2010 at 4:44 am | Reply
I’m impressed at that kind of (re)productivity!
servetus said this on December 18, 2010 at 5:21 am | Reply
(taking lunch break with icing hanging off my nose and in my hair)…NOOOOOO! It hasn’t come yet altho my mail lady is praying for it to come as quickly as possible, not that I’m harassing her or anything. Just as friendly reminder, I returned Mr. Royle’s email 2 days ago by thanking him for the courteous phonelady’s assistance in ordering said CDs! *wink* I added that upon its receipt, I planned to listen to the reader’s rendition of the book with extreme anticipation. Heck, hubs might even like to hear it?! We’ll see….
And No Ma’m, no disrespect noted! You type God, I type G-d. I may be a Babtist (yes I know how to spell it, I’m just goofy that way) but I love exploring the whys of others’ view of G-d and the Bible. Another eye-opener for me was the crossing of oneself. Who knew the history and reasoning for it? Obviously not me! Whole new respect for the practice.
See that’s the beauty of this whole deal. I probably would’ve never known much less thought of asking anyone about such things. I was brought up in a VERY conservative family/home and you just didn’t question some things. So I hit upon the internet and places like this and a whole new world opened up for me!!
And by the way, I just touched (in the above comment) on a couple of points that Servatus and the rest of you examined. Many more that I could go over, but won’t. However, re the RA/AC relationship, I just have 2 questions: Does he send her roses? Does she feed him good? Anything else, I don’t need to know! Unless, someone wants to tell me…:)
Mine took a couple of week to come, so don’t despair if you don’t get it right away. I think they must have to burn the CDs.
To fill in: Ms. Capper is the only woman I’m aware of that he’s ever been photographed with more than once. We have no idea if he sends her roses or whether she cooks.
Exactly! My “theoretical” questions are somewhat satirical. ( again, emoticons might help get the case won, but then I usually struggle with which ones to use and how to use them and by that time, I ‘ve forgotten what I was saying anyways!) But we don’t know much and that’s ok with me. Really. My questions were based on “motherly” notions. (And while I’m at it, did you remember to take your vitamins today?! See, I just can’t help myself.) A long relationship, a broken relationship, many relationships…not things that I fret about. Too many crazy things going on this world to divert my attention I guess.
I did have a big cup of steamed milk for breakfast 🙂
@NovemberBride, two great points of yours: HOW you say it! and how difficult it is, to express the emotion/intent behind it, without facial expression, tone of voice. I’d love it if WordPress allowed comments with italicising, underlining, etc. I find this helpful in e-mail…
fitzg said this on December 2, 2010 at 11:29 pm | Reply
Emoticons are a real blessing once you get over the threshold of embarrassment in using them, I think. I read some criticism of Armitage fans as overusers of emoticons somewhere, but I think given all the potential for misunderstanding emotions, it’s better to use a few too many than a few too few 🙂
You can, but you have to use the HTML tags and type them in, like for italicized etc.
or minus the _, because WordPress seems to be quite sensitive.
No I take it back, WordPress is really sensitive, even just alluding a certain HTML tag will make it happen! [b], just replace [ with <
Thank Servetus for a different perspective on Ms.. Capper. I always thought of her “happy girl”, I hope it is for Mr.. RA is also a friend. Indeed, much of their links, because even a common interest in art. As for privacy, RA – it is natural that every fan wants to learn as much about his idol, and from our fans, depending on how much further to go in collecting information about him. I think it’s wonderful that RA does not share your privacy. On the other hand, every artist, whether painter, musician or actor does not exist without its addressee (the fans). And I was always curious, what shaped it such a sensitivity. After looking at the roles of RA, each man clearly shows, even the bad characters are not bad until the end, just make mistakes, such as John Mulligan in the Moving On
ania said this on December 3, 2010 at 8:02 am | Reply
I think you’re right that to some extent he needs us to be interested in him, Ania. I’m doing my little part 🙂
The ritual of crossing oneself is interesting. The last of my ancestors – the Irish side – to be Catholic, declared about three hundred years ago “What! Lose our lands? We’re Protestant!” (how principled…)
Yet, I (non-practising Anglican) viewing the glory of a cathedral in England or Normandy, have found myself quietly making the sign of the cross. Whether atavistic, or respectful awe for the urge and the faith to create such beauty, it precludes outright atheism for me. Creativity and beauty must derive from a source. One can hold to/practise within any denomination, or not; but the sense of faith expressed through beauty and respect for the beliefs of the creators (the menorah is one of the loveliest, most graceful expression of faith) is an anchor.
Ahhh, nicely put, fitzg!
[…] succinct and thus always worthwhile pi provides her promised reflections on the question of the limits of her Armitage fandom. She gets me exactly right when she writes: […]
Bursting with Armitage-y goodness! « Me + Richard Armitage said this on December 19, 2010 at 10:33 pm | Reply
Just wanted to say I’m so glad I found your blog. I’ve only recently given in and joined the RA forums so I’m late to this discussion. It’s intriguing, intelligent, fascinating and thought provoking. I admire your decision to tackle topics forbidden on the discussion forums. I admire RA as an actor and a man. I can’t feeling reasonably interested in what he does as a man because it informs my opinion of him. For example of the things that could put me right off him is learning he was a bigot, or abusive or a cheater. I can’t squee (love this term) over anybody I wouldn’t respect in real life. I say reasonably, because it’s not good to know too much because that takes away from the squee-quality which I enjoy. I’ve been in fandoms a long time and could probably write an entire blog on the evolution of that realization.
Interestingly I’ve never had to worry about any of my celeb crushes getting out of hand. I’ve even met a few and gotten autographs backstage. Maybe it’s because I don’t think that, stripped of their fame, they have any real direct bearing on my world, although indirectly I’ve benefited from meeting new friends with fellow fans. Maybe I’m just too pragmatic.
The only big way my crushes have benefited me directly is what choice in men I make in RL. I’m looking at what qualities I’m drawn to by men such as RA and a definite pattern is emerging. To my surprise, they are different from what I originally would have listed.
Prattling on, I’ll finish this comment by asking this question: if you could interview RA, what would you ask him?
judiang said this on December 28, 2010 at 4:34 pm | Reply
Sorry about the typos. Composed this post before coffee. 😛
Thanks for the kind words and welcome — I really enjoy reading comments and it’s gratifying to know that older posts are still relevant. To be fair to the forums: I think it’s easier for me to take these things on because as a single voice in charge, I have a lot more control in setting boundaries than the discussion boards do.
But absolutely: I think that one reason for many of the features of Armitagemania — both the intensity of it and some of its particular features (e.g. the protectiveness, which I was asking about today) have to do with our awareness of him as a person. I’m impressed by your ability to keep your pragmatism front and center, too.
I’m intrigued by the notion that celebrity crushes can affect our awareness of what we might choose in partners and I’ll have to think about this more. It’s true, though, that Mr. Armitage seems to have at least two qualities that I find absolutely essential in partners: compassion and integrity.
As to your question about what I’d ask — some of that is still secret. I have a list of questions, because I haven’t yet abandoned the fantasy that I could someday indeed interview him. One thing I’d really like to do is watch some of his work with him (if he could stand it) and ask him what he’s thinking/doing at certain points. It’s unclear, probably, that he’d be able to articulate it — if he’s as intuitive an actor as he seems to be it could be a problem for him to describe it — but it would be intriguing.
What would YOU ask, judiang?
well isn’t this creepy.
alexis said this on April 24, 2011 at 11:01 pm | Reply
[…] may also differ from the author perspective. The most obvious category for searching for the most viewed post on this blog (by a factor of four) has only eight mentions. (Not because I wouldn’t write about it more, but I’ve run out […]
The Hobbit finally joins the category cloud and associated reflections « Me + Richard Armitage said this on January 25, 2012 at 8:58 pm | Reply
[…] someone solely for his beauty seems shallow — even as I felt it was a false dilemma, as acting is to no insignificant degree the successful employment of one’s physicality to move an…. Eventually, I argued that four factors working together in a relationship of combinations […]
Why Richard Armitage had to be beautiful « Me + Richard Armitage said this on June 8, 2012 at 10:46 pm | Reply
[…] I observed on the boards. Someone — who likes it — once described this blog as a virtual water cooler. I think “bar” might be a better metaphor. Some people stay away entirely on the […]
Wow, well said, and thanks for saying it. 🙂
reveilles said this on February 3, 2013 at 11:04 pm | Reply
You’re welcome, and thanks 🙂
Servetus said this on February 3, 2013 at 11:39 pm | Reply
[…] “me + annabel capper: or, the limits of Armitage fangrrling, almost a year in.” December 1, 2010. With four times as many hits as the next post on the list, this one still […]
“me + richard armitage” at three years old. Stats and thanks. | Me + Richard Armitage said this on February 25, 2013 at 1:01 am | Reply
[…] are a few remarks I made in response to a post on Me + Richard Armitage last December, when the topic was about his fame, his friendship with an actress and the fandom […]
Richard Armitage – the perfect fantasy? said this on March 18, 2013 at 11:19 pm | Reply
[…] pursued the point, though, and I remembered that I had made that point once upon a time myself, in a long discussion of Annabel Capper that’s still the most viewed post on this blog, even if I don’t think about it much any more. (Poor Annabel Capper, to have her available […]
Everyman receding? Pondering the subject position(s) of Richard Armitage fans, including my own | Me + Richard Armitage said this on December 2, 2013 at 2:10 am | Reply
[…] topic than anyone who reads publicly available sources already knows). A long time ago, I wrote a speculative text on what a particular answer to this question would mean to me if I knew it were t… (a text that labels itself as such, throughout, by the way) but reliable data simply do not go to […]
Generic convention, generic invention, or: RPF as biography by other means | Me + Richard Armitage said this on February 14, 2014 at 11:16 pm | Reply
[…] will probably surprise no one to learn that it is this one. By a factor of at least three above the next most viewed post. The text has been picked up in […]
#BlogIntroChallenge 5: Which post got the most views? #richardarmitage | Me + Richard Armitage said this on June 2, 2015 at 3:05 am | Reply
[…] 1995-98. The combined total of their known public appearances together and overlap is traced in this post. In 2009-10, they were spotted in public three times together: at the Carrie’s War premiere, […]
Richard Armitage, nonsense articles, and the web | Me + Richard Armitage said this on August 9, 2016 at 8:49 pm | Reply
[…] been skirting writing about this for a while. My first attempt was about a relationship that if it ever existed, was in the past by the time I wro…, and therefore safer, although the post has been used to indict me and associate views with me that […]
Gossip and durable or slippery fantasies –or, part 2 | Me + Richard Armitage said this on November 1, 2017 at 9:59 am | Reply
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Handy guide for recognizing trolls in the Richard Armitage fandom
[This was my original planned topic for today, but I’ve modified it somewhat to deal with today’s events.]
The Beta XII-A entity from ST: TOS: The Day of the Dove. You can read the story here if you don’t know it already.
We had another incident of fan-directed trolling in our fandom on Friday evening. Trolling usually escalates in frequency when Richard Armitage is doing something fans are excited about, because a troll loves nothing more than sucking up our energy. (For Star Trek fans, think of the energy creature who splits the Klingons and the Enterprise crew in ST:TOS The Day of the Dove). Since I personally find reading the drama around trolling exhausting, I thought I’d drop a few suggestions about the topic here. Your mileage may vary, and of course, you may have good reasons for responding to a troll. I have done so from time to time myself. However, one must always keep in mind that doing so means giving a malicious total stranger who is laughing at you a chunk of your positive energy for free.
In my opinion, there are two key principles in understanding how to respond to problematic fandom content on the Internet.
First, ask (a) to whom am I speaking? and (b) is that a person I really want to speak to? and (c) are they listening?
Second, ask (a) what am I accomplishing by speaking here? What is at stake? and (b) what really needs defending?
I’m not telling anyone not to respond to a troll, even though I wish we wouldn’t, but here are some things I try to keep in mind when I’m debating a response.
What a troll is (and isn’t) and how to recognize one
A troll prepares to cook Bombur in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey. Screencap.
[I’m using “they” as a neutral pronoun in this post, incidentally, even though it bugs me grammatically.]
Here’s a definition. Paraphrasing that article, a troll is someone who intentionally puts something down in a discussion stream that they know will be highly controversial or inflammatory, solely for the purpose of provoking an emotional response from the normal audience for that topic in that medium. A troll in Armitageworld is usually either an outsider to the superfan community, or if not, uses a sockpuppet. These features are important because there’s a difference between trolling and controversy in discussion between known entities (intense controversy in fan discussion can causing flaming, but flaming usually has an object of contention — it doesn’t happen solely for the purpose of upsetting people), and a fan who says something controversial with their normal pseudonym is typically not a troll. Although some of us enjoy drama, there’s a different pattern to that behavior than that of a troll. (The lady in your church who is always the first to cry wolf about bomb threats is different from the person who calls your church phone anonymously with a bomb threat.) Similarly, and I can’t emphasize this enough, a fellow fan who disagrees with you about something or says something you find troubling and does not change their position even after you raise the issue with them about it is not a troll (or, as I read all too often these days, a bully). Reasoned disagreement, even if it doesn’t result in agreement, is a normal and acceptable part of fan discourse.
In contrast to controversial discussion, trolling is a specific behavior conducted for the purpose of the uproar it generates, which the troll enjoys. Its only goal is the fostering of bad feeling. The troll doesn’t care about the topic they are trolling about — they count on the fan to do that. Indeed, trolling only works because the fan cares about whatever the issue is more than the troll does. This frees the troll to say whatever they like, in order to see the fan squirm in response. The point of trolling is to make fans look silly, crazy, prejudiced, or worse. The troll enjoys seeing this reaction and knows that fans are regularly ready to provide it, which reinforces the troll’s feeling that fans are silly, crazy, prejudiced or worse.
Today we saw the manifestation of something which is not technically trolling, but many tweeps find disturbing — the penetration of non-fans into the stream of responses to Armitage’s tweets because he used the hashtag #Orlando. Some of this disagreement is legitimate. However, some of it is also conducted for the purpose of creating bad feeling. Such tweeps concentrate on specific issues and assemble to discipline people who are tweeting things they don’t like. While some fans were disagreeing with Armitage, non-fan accounts are generally recognizable as such. Whenever we’re talking about a political opinion (guns, immigration, whatever) there are people organized on Twitter to jump on tweets they disagree with and challenge the tweeter. Nothing can be done about this other than making one’s own tweets private, or blocking the people in question when they appear. If their words are particularly abusive, they can and should be reported to Twitter.
Trolls discuss their dinner in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey. Screencap.
But back to the fandom. While every principle about recognizing a troll is a generalization to which there will be exceptions, most casual trolls on Twitter are not very well constructed. A little clicking around makes it easy to identify a likely troll simply by their Internet trail.
For instance, a frequent feature of a troll account is that it is often not very old. In the troll incident we experienced this weekend, the account was created in June 2016. I noticed its appearance on June 2. Additionally, a troll account is usually not well-integrated in the fandom. Most Armitage tweeps follow one or more friends who are also fans, or they follow a fan-related account. They like or retweet pictures or tweets about Armitage. In contrast, a troll is typically not following many other fans or fan-related accounts, if at all, and they are not followed by other fans. They may follow Armitage, but they don’t have a trail of content related to him among their tweets. So it’s always important to check the tweets a troll has made, as well as the following and followed — including not only how many followers, but who they are, because it’s easy to follow fake accounts on Twitter and make oneself look larger than one is. Another way you can check on a troll is to google the handle or pseudonym they are using. Although it’s not a hard-and-fast rule, most fans use variations on their pseuds all over the place on different platforms and social media (I use “Servetus,” “Michaela Servetus,” “@ServetusRA,” “Servetus_Armitage,” and so on. A troll, in contrast, doesn’t want to reveal their real identity or put such poisonous comments on well-established social media accounts, so they tend to use either a very nondescript pseudonym (increases anonymity) or one that appears practically nowhere else.
Another good way to recognize a troll is by the shape of their comments, which often seek to triangulate. Loosely understood. Triangulation is the attempt to bring other people into conflict who are not central to it for the purpose of redirecting emotion in ways that suit the triangulator. (Example: I ask my mom for ice cream. She says “no.” So I ask my dad, who says “yes.” If my mom sees me eating, I tell her “dad said yes,” ensuring that I get what I want, appear innocent, and deflecting her negative response to my father and away from me.) The effectiveness of triangulation relies on a very exact knowledge of the matter that is likely to disturb the person who is being targeted to provide the emotional response. This is not difficult with celebrity fans, who tend to get exercised about a series of not-very-well-hidden matters, no matter the celebrity. In the case of the troll, triangulation allows trolls themselves to magnify the conflict, without ever feeling the brunt of the negative emotion they generate and enjoy.
The triangular role can be played by other fans. So, for example, a troll might say something about a controversial issue in the fandom that will making differing segments of fans fight with each other in order to enjoy the spectacle. The conflict is between the fan and the troll, but other groups of fans are drawn into the fray as rescuers. A typical axis for this is any issue that relates to Armitage’s personal life. One group of fans will disagree with the content of the troll’s statement; a second will disagree that the matter should be discussed at all; soon the fans are fighting with each other as the troll — the actual source of the conflict — watches with pleasure. This effect relies on the fact that fans almost always identify more with their individual pictures of Richard Armitage than we do with each other.
Most often, though, the triangular role in our fandom is played by the notional Richard Armitage. The troll says something I don’t like about Armitage — not to me directly. These comments are often phrased in a way that makes the need to respond appear necessary in order to defend myself against the allegation that I am bigoted or that Armitage is not worthy of fan admiration. As a result, I confront the troll on behalf of Armitage but also on behalf of my own good name, rescuing both him and myself (victims). We saw this this morning when fans began defending Armitage for the way he treats his fans. Or, a classic case of this occurred in the summer of 2014, when a well organized group of three twitter accounts started tweeting that they wanted refunds on their Crucible tickets because they claimed to have learned something they didn’t like about him. (I say well organized, because although the attack was clearly coordinated by a troll or trolls, they had taken care to organize it far enough ahead of time that it took more digging than usual to discover the evidence.) Naturally, fans jumped in to defend Armitage. This defense had the effect of amplifying the matter that the fans didn’t want to discuss. The triangulation here provokes the response from the non-involved party, i.e., the troll attacks Armitage, and that is where the conflict should lie, between persecutor and victim. However, the technically non-involved fan defender of Armitage is drawn in as the rescuer and provides the predictable emotional thrill for the troll. This strategy is most effective if the issue gets lots of play and lots of fans pile on for the defense, which proves to the troll that they are crazy defenders of their crush. If the first effect above also occurs (fans fight with each other), that is an added bonus.
What to do about this? The only one I can change is me
Thorin Oakenshield (Richard Armitage) prepares to engage with a troll, in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey. Screencap.
I said above that I think there are two key issues in contemplating a response to a troll. The first — who am I speaking to? — is important for behavior; the second — what is at stake / what needs defending? — is important for one’s state of mind.
First, the question of who is speaking to one, and to whom one is speaking. To me, this is one of the most pernicious problems of social media and it’s taken me years of facebooking to understand it. My college bestie posts an article on Facebook, and I respond. I don’t have to — she’s just throwing it out there and not directly asking for my comment. A total stranger who is friends with her in some other context foreign to me responds to me charging me with being a homophobe. The first question is: am I actually being spoken to? Maybe or maybe not. Then: who is this person to me? No one. So why do I care what she thinks about me? The second is: am I a homophobe? I would say on the whole, no, although no doubt I have prejudices that might be examined, my life shows that I am not. She has no way of knowing this because she has no information about me beyond her interpretation of a single comment. The correct response is clearly not to get into it with her, because why do I care at all about what an uninformed stranger thinks of me?
Applying this to trolls, a troll is a total stranger who knows only one thing about me — that I’m crushed on Richard Armitage and likely to react negatively on certain issues related to him. That’s enough to provoke me, certainly. A total stranger says something to me about something I’ve said something about that could be a vulnerable point. I check them out and they are not identifiable as a fellow fan and I don’t know them from any other context. Why would they be speaking to me if not to provoke? This is someone I need not to respond to. Block or mute if necessary. I would argue this also goes for people who join on a discussion on the basis of a popular tag. No one is required to speak to total strangers who say mean things. Why would I? This essentially constitutes a refusal to respond to manipulated attempts to triangulate.
Bilbo (Martin Freeman) decides to intervene to defend Thorin against the wargs, in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey. Screencap.
Which gets me to the second issue: the defense of Armitage.
This has been an issue in the fandom as long as I’ve been a fan and probably longer — the need we feel to defend Richard Armitage. In fact, I read an hour or so ago that Armitage’s reason for deleting his tweets was to keep fans who were defending him from being bullied by trolls. I don’t see everything, so I didn’t see any evidence of this, and I find that explanation implausible, but if it’s true, it would be a bit disturbing. Years ago we coined the term Armitage Protection Mode (APM) to delineate a behavior that all of us fall into from time to time. Because the thing is — the man has been living independently for three decades and he doesn’t need us to defend his words, his career, his actions, his role choices, his relationships, or anything about his life. He makes his own decisions about deleting tweets and they should not be about us. If Richard Armitage needs me to defend anything about him, he’s really in much worse shape than I think. And the odds that he has time to defend me rhetorically against against Internet trolls are really low. In short, he’s a grown up guy with a life in which his fandom is not central and he doesn’t have time any longer to be concerned with individual fans. He has a mum and doesn’t need thousands of mothers; he has an agent and a successful career and friends who actually know what is happening in his life (as opposed to us; we’re just guessing), and I don’t know how many professionals watching out for his interests. In that light, this is one of my all-time favorite blog posts in the fandom, ever, one that has grown more valuable in retrospect. So I’d ask myself, before deciding to respond to a troll — if I think I have to respond to a total stranger who is provoking me on purpose in order defend Richard Armitage, why do I think that?
There was a classic case of this last summer when someone who felt spurned for an autograph in the Vancouver airport began a malicious twitter campaign and, although the actual conflict was between the tweep and Armitage, successfully triangulated fans rose to the bait. My position on that: Richard Armitage knew what he was doing, he was in enough contact with the person to be able to speak to her, if he had wanted to say anything more than he did publicly, he certainly could have. If he didn’t think he needed to justify himself — so why did we? Instead, and predictably, fans jumped up to defend him and gave that troll all the attention and emotion she needed to feed off for weeks. I think the answer to that was not that we needed to prove that Richard Armitage is a good person to someone who claimed to have had an unsatisfactory experience (he is who he is, however that is, and my argumentation won’t change that), but rather we needed to bolster our own beliefs that Richard Armitage is a good person.
And if it’s down to that — if my defense of Armitage is down to having to state what I need to believe about him and thus providing the outrage that makes a total stranger happy — then I can go back to point one. Why do I need to justify my attitude to a complete stranger who knows nothing about me? Especially if the point of their attack is to get me to respond for their pleasure?
Please feel free to share your own experiences with dealing with Internet trolls.
~ by Servetus on June 13, 2016.
Posted in Richard Armitage
Tags: fandom, Richard Armitage, trolls, Twitter
58 Responses to “Handy guide for recognizing trolls in the Richard Armitage fandom”
In German we use the phrase “troll dich” which means “shove off”. Nothing more to say.
CraMERRY said this on June 13, 2016 at 6:04 am | Reply
Interesting — some more German slang to add to my vocabulary!
Servetus said this on June 13, 2016 at 3:51 pm | Reply
Awesome essay. Clearly well thought through and brilliantly executed. I am sorry for whoever was on the end of any vitriol or mischief making. I realise I am naive and am always hopeful for a world where we can all just get on, despite our differences. I would hate to think I had upset anyone so to do it for kicks is just very sad and something I really struggle to understand. Thanks for speaking out and giving some tips. I’m just so sorry that you had to.
Evie Arl said this on June 13, 2016 at 6:56 am | Reply
I think this is what is insidious about a lot of trolling — the person who is being attacked is implied and that drives troll targets crazy.
I wasn’t hassled this time — and the level of direct hassle to me has dropped quite a bit recently. I think trolls think the tweeps are a better target.
Thank you for this. I have always been somewhat in the dark about trolls, because my presence on social media is very minuscule to say the least.
As a novice – still – to twitter, I have come across something odd very recently; not only yesterday when it apparently peaked, although I wasn’t aware at the time, but in the past week or so.
I have a twitter account which I opened some five years ago, but never really began using until a certain gentleman began tweeting.
My twitter account is a compilation of many things that interest me, a sort of archive if you like, and it isn’t apparent that I follow RA. I have tweeted him directly only a few times (twice), when something was entertaining, and that’s it.
My twitter account hasn’t got many followers; I don’t seek to have many followers, but I follow quite a number of accounts, primarily news, food and travel related. In the course of the years, a few RA-fans have followed me, and I’ve followed them back.
The past week – the time span eludes me, but it’s not longer than that – I have gained seven(7) followers. Actually, it’s more than seven, because I’ve already blocked about five accounts, all of a sexual nature (then I changed my profile picture ;-)) One account is clearly related to an illness that I’m interested in. Another account is seemingly interested in photography. The last four ‘arrived’ on the same day or night, somewhere in between Saturday and yesterday, Sunday. I find this odd, highly unusual, and apparently their accounts show no signs of being interested in RA or anything I’m interested in. Their accounts hold real names and pictures, but that could just fake. Could they be trolls? Are they on my account for a certain purpose? Can trolls hide behind others’ accounts? Perhaps I should block them, just to be on the safe side.
I know I shouldn’t conjure up conspiratorial theories, but is some ‘attack’ under way? You can’t possible know the answer to this. Needless to say, I’m highly suspicious at this point.
Mermaid said this on June 13, 2016 at 7:17 am | Reply
Hello Mermaid, don’t worry. Twitter suggests who you should follow. Those suggestions often don’t make sense but people who are just interested in collecting new followers often act on those suggestions. I also think there is software out there which “collects and suggests”twitter accounts for others to follow automatically.
If you feel uncomfortable with an account: block and immediately unblock. This makes the account disappear. Trust your instincts 😊
suse3 said this on June 13, 2016 at 8:16 am | Reply
I am sorry to hear that you have been harassed by some losers.
I don’t follow or have too many followers, too. Nor, do I care. I like to just creep on people and see what they are up to. Sometimes I’ll engage, but most of the time I just read and have a chuckle at what might be happening on Twitter.
When it comes to trolls, I like to have a little fun with them until they end up blocking me. In the past, I noticed some annoyingly mean tweets to me and some people I followed. Instead of blocking them, I just started tweeting back at them about what I thought of them. lol I guess that makes me a troll.
I personally don’t believe in blocking people, because it make them win in my book. It’s only words and they can’t really hurt me. Besides, I like seeing if they’ll block me after what I say and do to them.😈
The last psychological pain I had to endure was going to concert with my horrible sister to listen to Mahler’s Symphony No. 6 ( “Tragic” ). Unfortunately, the only thing tragic about it was that I had endure the emotional torture of being told how underdressed I was and how uncouth I was. I could even crack a joke after the concert because she was my only ride home.
Duke said this on June 13, 2016 at 8:25 am | Reply
Don’t worry about that, Mermaid. Those are bots that automatically follow accounts in the hope that you will follow them back. It’s related to marketing rather than trolling. If they annoy you, block and mute. But I don’t think you will receive any hassle from them. They do not engage.
Guylty said this on June 13, 2016 at 8:36 am | Reply
Thanks for your advice, Guylty, Duke, suse3. I have blocked the four of them (their profiles were very similar). Hopefully, that’s the end to that.
Mermaid said this on June 13, 2016 at 12:33 pm | Reply
There are also accounts that “sell follows” that might follow you. These can be blocked as well.
hm , interesting i might need to look into the followers since i don’t really notice the ones who never talk to me… do they have to be blocked or do they drop off when you don’t interact? Or do they gather information by following and it is safer to block? (sheesh… as if cleaning the flat was not enough of a pain now i better worry about who follows borin’ ol’ me on twitter and what they want if they never say a thing)
Hariclea said this on June 14, 2016 at 2:30 am | Reply
As long as you don’t follow them back, you’re pretty safe. If you follow them back they can DM you which may set you up to be at risk of phishing, viruses, etc. Usually they are trying to get you to follow to generate a statistic that can be sold (here’s an account with so and so many followers, etc.) rather than gathering information.
Servetus said this on June 14, 2016 at 4:43 am | Reply
thanks v much that’s very helpful, will have a look at the lot and do a bit of long overdue clean up
Hariclea said this on June 14, 2016 at 10:42 am | Reply
Thanks to everyone who explained this feature of Twitter.
Did you ever have anon memes in Richard Armitage fandom?
Trolling experience – not too long ago in the Richlee fandom there was an incident where a well known Richlee blogger kinda went haywire. First, passively aggressively saying they no longer will ship Richlee because they their heart broke with the whole Robsten debacle but that will keep their tumblr up for their Richlee posts. Of course, everybody asked why. Then apparently they went off on Twitter against Lee. Then they deleted their tumblr. But throughout all this you could feel a palpable sense of sadness going through the fandom. I felt it too. There were posts actually defending Lee against these accusations as if Lee somehow owed an explanation to some kid in China (where apparently these rumours originated). While recognizing the absurdity of the situation, it actually felt good to see the posts because they did reinforce my ship, and all the reasons I shipped it. Yes, it fed into the troll but it also felt that those posts needed to be made to address the larger feeling of uncertainty within that fandom. Sightings of the two together had been rare. No obvious clothes sharing incidents. Really somestimes it had come down to looking at the timing of their tweets to justify a reason to keep shipping them beyond the obvious reason of them being hot together.
In my experience, trolling always picks up on some undercurrent in fandom. The good trolls (yes, I do believe some trolling is good) take the piss out of the issue. The bad trolls sow discord for the sake of discord but they are picking up on a larger issue.
Maybe the troll did enjoy feeding off the responses for a couple of days, but after a while it ceased to be about them, but more a meditation of the ship which in some ways backfired on the troll.
mimreckoner said this on June 13, 2016 at 7:38 am | Reply
I still ship them together.
It was funny that they tweeted about #Orlando around the same time as Servetus had mention in an earlier blog. This just makes one wonder more about those two.😉
anon memes: not yet; everything hits us eventually, just later and in smaller proportion.
RichLee rumors are older than Pace’s visit to China.
I do think combatting a troll does enhance certain kinds of group solidarity because there is a common enemy.
I don’t think there are good trolls. I am not centrally involved with the RichLee shippers but my observation of the phenomenon of trolling them suggests that they have malicious motivation, they say mean things, and then enjoy the blowups afterward. I have frequently been exposed to the argument that it is good for these fandoms to be trolled because it supposedly corrects the craziness, but I am skeptical of that argument.
that is a strange argument indeed, especially since it starts with the prejudice that something is ‘wrong’/’off’ in being a fan and then justifies negative/aggressive action against fans on that basis.
As a fan i find it infinitely more satisfying to join with others in talking about the work, forever puzzling (up/down/up/down) about the person/personality of the person than fighting some nasty external commentator.
Probably not the best place for this discussion but I do not like it when people refer to Richard and Lee together as “shipping” or a “ship”. I feel like it’s dehumanizing somehow. They are real people, not fictional characters. I think the world “ship” belonges to fiction. At this point the majority of us knows (or strongly suspects) that Armitage and Pace are an actual, real life couple. (Or were. I have no idea if they are still together.)
Alice said this on June 13, 2016 at 5:50 pm | Reply
I think the word is used in a lot of senses. I have trouble with the insistence that the word not be used to apply to talking about whatever their real life relationship is, because all fans involved in this particular discussion are speculating based on how we apply our fantasies to any evidence that appears. As far as I know, none of us has decisive evidence. The fantasy about real life persons is also a fantasy.
I agree to some extent, Alice. But I like fictional Richlee, too. Sometimes I almost like them better than their RL counterparts! One of my favourite Lee’s is tattoo artist Lee. Fictional Richard tends still to be an actor or high powered business man. But somehow people feel more free reimagining Lee – which I love.
I think you can like the fictional version of each man while still respecting the RL Richard and Lee, together and also separate.
There’s some RichLee fanfic that I have just adored.
“In short, he’s a grown up guy with a life in which his fandom is not central and he doesn’t have time any longer to be concerned with individual fans. He has a mum and doesn’t need thousands of mothers; he has an agent and a successful career and friends who actually know what is happening in his life (as opposed to us; we’re just guessing), and I don’t know how many professionals watching out for his interests.”
Thanks Servetus for explaining things the way you did. I could not have said it any better. It is kind of annoying seeing people fawn all over him like a baby or small child, which he is not.
Yes, I am an admirer of the man’s work, but it doesn’t mean I think he’s a god or ethereal being that some people in his fandom think. He is fallible like any other human being.
On aside note, I think it’s stupid when some fans decide to jump the gun at getting tickets for a play he may or may not actually be doing and booking plane tickets before RA has actually confirmed it. This scenario reminds me of the story of Henny Penny or Chicken Little. Could you imagine how many people with egg on their faces if RA is not in this play?
Please be aware of the comments policy regarding remarks about fans who are not present here / policing. Your comment is on the line, although I will let it stay.
Duke said this on June 13, 2016 at 4:47 pm | Reply
I have not attracted trolls because I am not a force to be reckoned with. Not a blip on a troll’s radar. However, when I think of trolling, I think of trailing a lure behind a boat to catch a big fish. In a way, Serv, you should be flattered that your lure (blog) has attracted some mighty big mouthed fish from time to time. Sometimes they provide a good fish dinner. And they never sink the boat.
Kathy Jones said this on June 13, 2016 at 8:47 am | Reply
Yeah, I actually assumed that was the origin of the word when I started being a fan. Too much time spent around fishermen? The word origin is apparently disputed.
This is a brilliant and really helpful post – thank you for explaining so well some of the weird things going on. It leaves me quite bewildered as to what motivates trolls, though. I guess they genuinely have nothing better to do, which must mean they are very sad and inadequate people.
Love the commentary on RA (as quoted above by Duke), too. Spot on.
Helen said this on June 13, 2016 at 9:01 am | Reply
There are emotional constellations in real life that create this need to suck up other people’s negative emotions or simply to live on other people’s feelings. I can’t venture to say what they might be in individual cases. I tend to experience a metaphorical allergy to passive aggression myself — this is a known bug of being an ACOA. I try to tamp down on it but am rarely successful.
Very interesting article with some wonderful explanations of what goes around and around, and the only thing I can think of is so many need to get a life, thank goodness the only trolls I have to worry about are the ones that live under the bridge near my house 🙂
Irish Witch said this on June 13, 2016 at 9:54 am | Reply
Yes, watch out for the ones closest to you. It’s a good policy 🙂
I’ve had a few nasty anon asks, but none I’ve given the time of day to. I think being in the RA and RichLee fandoms has thickened my skin considerably. I used to be so bothered (and I do still get riled up now and then), but my tolerance for BS has had a massive overhaul in the past few years. Really different experience from all my past other fandoms, which I find pretty interesting.
Fruity said this on June 13, 2016 at 12:09 pm | Reply
This brings up a great issue (that is not typically a situation one encounters on WP because it doesn’t have the anon ask feature). I feel like if one is very vulnerable to this problem, one should turn off anon asks. I regularly read people saying that their anon asks are so upsetting and my response is usually, well, then turn them off. It will cut way down on the number of people who are poking you to see if they can get a response.
This is still my only fandom but my response to certain behaviors has also changed. I feel like it’s a consequence of mid-life. I have much less time for nonsense.
Terrific article, Serv. It really is a good guide for recognizing trolls and determining what one’s response should be, if any.
Experiences with Internet trolls … ahhhh, memories! (Please note the heavy sarcasm.) In a fandom far, far away, a million years ago (at least in Internet terms), I used to moderate an email list dedicated to news and discussion about a certain musician. Let’s call him George. The name of the list was The George List. It had about 200 subscribers who were a bit of a crossover — most started out as fans of one artist (we’ll call him Zeb) who was actually quite famous. These folks became fans of George because the two of them had performed together quite often back then. I was one of them. I should state here that a few of the subscribers were hard-core Zeb fans. (I was not.) In fact, George was a subscriber and loved to join the discussions with us. There were only two rules I asked folks to follow, both stated in the welcome letter: 1) no flaming and 2) limit discussion about Zeb to stuff that George and Zeb did together.
On this one occasion, George had told the group the previous day that he was headed out on a brief road trip doing a few solo gigs and he’d be back on a certain date. The next morning, a new “fan” subscribed, someone none of us recognized from previous fandom interactions,and their very first post was, “Zeb is going to be performing blah blah blah.” Being ListMom, I privately emailed this person, off list, welcoming them and asking them politely to follow the rules stated in their welcome letter. Instead of responding to me privately, they took it to the list, saying things like how I had told them they weren’t allowed to talk about Zeb and asking if they all agreed with that and calling me names I won’t repeat here.
Several of the long-time subscribers tried to explain the intent of the list to the new person, which fell on deaf ears. They continued spouting off about how they should be able to post whatever and whenever they wanted about Zeb. And calling me more names (some of which I had to look up). The first person to agree with this troll (and sock puppet, as I later found out) was the fiercest hard-core Zeb fan on list. She started in and rallied the other hard-core Zebophiles … and voila, flame war.
Over the next 8 hours or so, each time a solution to end the fighting was suggested, the troll/sock puppet would fire back with more vitriol. Enough was enough, and I decided to desubscribe and ban this entity. As I was doing so, they unsubscribed. Oh, and so did Fierce Hard-Core Fan.
While I had gone into mediator/firefighter mode, a few of my assistant mods and friends went into investigator mode. They found out that the email account had been set up that morning. And the account was deactivated immediately after the address had unsubscribed from the list. It seemed as though it had been set up for the sole purpose starting the flame war. But why?
The list quieted down and went about its course. We did lose a few other subscribers over the following week or so. But we added far more in the coming months. George came back and was appalled at what had transpired. He wrote a glorious piece about respect and caring directed at the troll, even though they were long gone. There didn’t seem to be any other huge fights after that, just the usual family squabbles. The list continued in full swing for another 10 good years.
About that why? Good things come to those who wait. That Fierce Hard-Core Fan? She outed herself as the troll/sock puppet when she tried to start another attack against me on another media, where I wasn’t even subscribed, but one of my friends was. Friend sent me the exchange. It was gratifying to see the troll put in her place by the other posters. Karma …
zan said this on June 13, 2016 at 2:21 pm | Reply
Great story, Zan! (or at least it ended well). Glad you survived this!
i started to write about sockpuppets here (because we have had as many of them over the years as trolls) but decided it would complicate the issue too much. I think it’s a really interesting phenomenon, but in my experience it frequently falls apart because (as you say) either is a tell somewhere or the fan / sockpuppet feels a need to be recognized on some level. The only really successful sockpuppets are those who rigorously control clues about their identity and it’s very hard to do that.
it took me awhile to realize that when I defend Richard it’s not really about Richard, it’s about me. in defending his character, I’m also defending my own character, justifying my judgment for choosing him. I identify with Richard in various ways, so when I’m defending him, I’m also defending myself in the process. he doesn’t need me to defend him, I need to defend me. it’s still hard to differentiate that sometimes but it makes it much easier for me to not take things that are said about him so personally.
as for trolls, I think the biggest problem fans have is that they feel they must correct the inaccuracies for others who may be following along, they don’t want misinformation to influence newbies or non-fans and give them the wrong impression about Richard. but that is what the trolls are counting on, they give us a good length of rope and just sit back and watch us hang ourselves. we’re so passionate about the way we feel, what a good actor/person we think Richard is and how that makes us want to shout it from the rooftops, which makes it so easy for them to tap into that passion and then make fun of it, our fanaticism. so for me, I’ve put aside the need to be right. if someone who is just passing through is going to believe the petty lies the trolls spread about Richard, so be it, they’re not the type of fan that would have stuck around that long anyway. I feel that when it comes to crushes, you either get struck by lightening or it comes to you softly. if it’s the first, nothing anyone says is going to influence you into seeing your new crush in a negative way, nothing. if it’s the second, then you’ll scope out the lay of the land, investigate the claims and the character of the crush thoroughly, which will eventually bring you back. but the real question I had to ask myself was, why did I care? what’s it to me if Richard loses fans or gains them? why did it matter what fans said about him on public message boards/blogs? was I afraid he was going to see it and it would influence the way he felt about fans, about me? and that question slapped me in the face. this whole thing was supposed to be one-sided, it was supposed to be about me watching Richard, not Richard watching me. I don’t mean that I shouldn’t take responsibility for the way I act, but rather I shouldn’t be modifying my actions to suit Richard. it’s something I’m still digesting.
KellyDS said this on June 13, 2016 at 2:52 pm | Reply
Well said. I am glad you realized that.
He is an actor and not a personal acquaintance nor boyfriend to any of his fans. It’s simple to get easily to swept up in the fandom with accessibility his fans have of him through social media. Plus, stories of fan meetings of him after The Crucible at Stage Door where he took the time to sign autographs and take pictures don’t help.
With the speculation of RA being in a new play, some fans who have booked tickets. They will be shocked and have the same reaction you have experienced if this play doesn’t actual happen or if this play actual happens and there are no Stage Door meetings to be had.
I think people have to step away from their perfect imagine RA and realize that version of him does not exist. He is human, you know. I think being an admirer of his work is enough for me.
Duke, I’m not sure why you are so focused on this issue of fans buying tickets, but I think you should consider, since their activities have no bearing on you, why you feel the need to raise the issue. In any case it’s not the topic here and I have just warned you about policing fans. This is the last warning.
That’s an excellent point (fans needing to correct inaccuracies) and it was something that I did a fair amount of when I was a a new fan, although not with trolls. There probably should have been a paragraph about that in the original post. In my case, as my knowledge of the actor, his career, and his fandom has grown, I’ve felt the need to correct mistakes when others make them less and less (although I will still write about them here).
The second point is a really great question — why do I need Armitage to have fans, why do I care about the numbers beyond the certain good will that one has for someone one wants to do well? and the whole question of me seeing him vs him seeing me is one that has really bedeviled this fandom over the years. Everyone’s switch on that issue is set differently and it causes a lot of conflict.
I’ve been on Twitter a long time. I used it rarely – it was my mean girl place. (Mean, nasty, gun-loving Conservative that I am) however that seems to have become a bit more diversified since He began to post. Don’t ask me why. I still don’t use it very often.
Over the 15 years I’ve been involved in online fandom, I’ve seen so much drama and while most times I’m willing to sit on the side, eat cheetos and drink cokes and just watch, (and yes, point and snicker at) on occasion, I’ve been sucked into it – whether it be my writing being flamed or mocked (why do people hate hetters so much?) or me not writing what someone thought I should write (go write your own stuff!) or the fact I speak my mind and some people don’t like that. If you don’t want my opinion, don’t ask me, k? I especially hate when tragedy occurs and people use it to push their political agenda. There is a time and place and taking it to someone else’s abode or garden ain’t it. If you’re on your soapbox in your own arena, that’s fine. If you bring your hateful plants and ugly weeds into my garden, you best believe, I’m going to soak you with weed b gone.
Trolls are attention seeking and the internet makes it easier for people to hide. Richard is welcome to his opinion, even if it’s different from mine. I’ve not walked in his shoes and he’s not walked in mine.
What was the question? I think I’ve wandered…
zeesmuse said this on June 13, 2016 at 5:12 pm | Reply
I disagree strongly that moments of tragedy are not opportunities for talking about political issues. In the US in particular, we are told that we can’t talk about these things when the issues are acute, but no one cares about them when they aren’t. In my opinion, saying “don’t use this moment to talk about the actual issue” is a way of suppressing discourse and insuring that nothing will ever change. That means, of course, that we have to tolerate opinions we don’t like, but that is pretty standard.
I respect that. There is a time and a place for everything, and i’m such a passionate (hot-head) that for me, it’s best to step back. (hence why I decided to address something elsewhere a day late)
The issue here is already a hot topic. It’s really a push-button topic and is currently being beat to death in our political arena. The weapon wasn’t the cause, in my minuscule, personal opinion. We’ve suffered a tragedy and it’s easy to say things and insinuate things and blame things and issues in the heat of the moment. I recall vividly 9/11 when it FIRST happened and 2 radio personalities were angrily blaming someone whose fault it wasn’t. And when it came down they were wrong…
But now I’m so far off topic. Sigh.
Trolls are still attention seekers. Most times I think it’s someone simply creating and manufacturing imaginary support and friendships they lack in real life. It gives them a sense of importance, I guess.
It’s not much of a hot topic, if this keeps happening and we continue not to act, I’m afraid. I think it’s pretty much business as usual and our leadership showed us that this weekend.
re: trolls — I think the trolls I’m talking about don’t use the troll identity for friendships (although they may make friendships in other ways). I think it’s different with tumblr and anon asks — anon asks allow anyone to become a troll instantly. The other thing is that I am starting to see that function used for a different kind of trolling, e.g., to express sympathy with the blogger in order to see what kind of potentially ridiculous thing they will say.
To Morgana: thanks for your kind words about the blog and thank you for reading it for so long. I am declining to publish your comment because everything except the first sentence violates the comments policy. You are welcome to leave a comment that falls within the rules. Thanks.
Servetus said this on June 14, 2016 at 12:10 am | Reply
I think these are very good questions to ask and not only before interacting with a suspected troll, but generally. It would probably often to good to the discussion in general to think about who we are talking to and what we are talking about and what point we really want to make and why? I find it is a constant exercise in patience to count to 10 before i jump 😉 It’s easiest when i am least in APM mode 😉 Sometimes i actually find it harder to resist the case of ‘defense of another fan’ than APM. Because he is sort of remote and can remove himself easier from the debate or isn’t there to begin with whereas the fans are more exposed in certain ways.
I still often doubt if it was a good idea to say what i said but i do try to ponder a bit before i jump. I think in time and through repeated ‘fires’ one learns what one’s triggers are. Sometimes maybe we absolutely feel we must say something, for our own sanity and then we just stop there.
I know i’ve jumped in total fan reaction at times but i just had to say it and i don’t have to engage further. But that’s probably true more for press or public figure statements about fans in derogatory terms than trolls. The ones you clearly categorized above are easier to ignore i find. Media and public figure derogatory statements about fans are my downfall, so far even against my better judgment i’ve not been able to keep stumm to that:-)
The one thing that i am conflicted about is the tone of responses to non-fans… do i try to keep a cool head to make a better argument? Do i try to disprove their argument about the ‘crazy’ fan by appearing/being rational? is a passionate response necessarily a bad thing or am i embarrassed about being so passionate? I always wonder where the truth lies, i’d like to think i can combine passion and reason, but i’m sure it is all those answers at the same time although i wish it were not.
I am totally with you on the trigger regarding celebrities criticizing their fans. Obviously it’s not an either / or situation, but Cumberbatch’s statements about fans in the fall two years ago were a serious turnoff for me. One of the things that I’ve appreciated about Armitage is that until relatively recently (November/December 2014) he never said anything at all negative about fans.
re: tone of response — I try to stay cool / superior / detached. But that’s me.
You always get to the point! Thanks. I wish I could follow you more often and read all the comments here, but my eyes and lack of time don’t allow that frequently! I know too a lot about trolls and I think you painted the whole frightful scene perfectly! I had years of experience but in other places and for other issues. And I must say that they actually existed in real life, too, they were not born on social media — whenever I was in a public place speaking about things I was campaigning for, there was always someone in the audience or stopping by wherever my group and I were speaking who would just throw a word and try to inflame the audience or us. They were less, they had probably less chances to remain anonymous, but they did exist. I fought a lot against them even on social media, but for the same issues as in RL. This is probably the reason why I try to stay away from all this concerning Richard Armitage. I’ll openly confess: he’s my safe place in the world. When RL is really bad, RA is my healthy thought, my nice escape. So, I voluntarily stay away from any debate and don’t read responses to his tweets – except from those I already follow or know personally – and only write in some selected forums. Of course, sometimes it is impossible not to get wind of the fact that something is going on among the fans and that some issue is inflaming people or that trolls are doing their job as usual. But I try to just skip quickly and go on. As you perfectly say in your article: the real Mr. Armitage needs no defending and I certainly don’t need to defend myself, either. Thanks Servetus, though, because this article is important beyond RA’s question and has a lot to do with how we human beings use that feral weapon which is communication!
P.S.: it’s nice to see that my profile is fully int he “no-troll” zone 😀 My nick name has always been Lookaround or Lookie ever since I got in the first forum about RA and still is in anything RA-related 😀
Sara Lookaround said this on June 14, 2016 at 8:13 am | Reply
I think a lot of people feel that way (avoid controversy to enhance sanity) and I have nothing but respect for it. For whatever reason, it hasn’t worked out that way for me — although one of my most serious priorities in fandom has been to avoid most political discussion, because I have a lot of it in other settings.
Weighing in a little late on this one – I searched late Sunday pm on his @ tag for bullying tweets toward fans who had commented, and only found 1 that could even be considered borderline. And that one actually had a short convo which appeared basically cordial.
Has anyone found or experienced any that were “off-tag” bullying on twitter?
I think possible chivalry on his part to “defend” us as fans creates a nice warm feeling for a lot of us, but 1) I’d like to see actual evidence of bullying tweets toward fans (not just him, I saw the one that called him an idiot but did not see that person bully those who defended him) and 2) I’m actually a little concerned about him if he’s going to delete in order to defend his followers. That seems unsustainable and over-responsible to me. Lots of heart, but unsustainable. His active tweeps should know his statements about not feeding trolls unless you’re prepared for the risk. And I think those active tweeps also know to block/report as needed. So I’m skeptical without further evidence of need for it- anyone got? DM to me on twitter if you’d prefer.
SHeRA said this on June 14, 2016 at 3:58 pm | Reply
Yeah, I watch that tag fairly closely and I didn’t see any, which is why I find that article implausible. I always feel like it’s a game of percentages anyway. I hear someone say “Richard Armitage got bullied after such and such a post” and I see that there are 90 positive comments, 8 critical ones and 2 cranks. To me, that is a pretty good result. You won’t get that response in a classroom, that’s for sure 🙂
Absolutely! I find it surprising that anyone would expect to never see a negative response directed toward him, that’s part of public life, really! Or to your point, anything where you receive formal evaluation.
SHeRA said this on June 19, 2016 at 1:58 am | Reply
I’m coming out of lurker-mode again to say “Thank you, Servetus.” I really appreciate the way you explain complex matters with such clarity and patience and without ever condescending to your readers. I’ve learned so much about modern communication and the online world by reading your blog these past few years. You even deepened my understanding of myself!
Shalini said this on June 16, 2016 at 8:16 pm | Reply
Wow, thanks for the very kind words! I’m learning too as this goes along, just trying to distill the results.
Thanks for this, Serv! Excellently explained!
Methinks Cybersmile could use you as an ambassador, you have more insights and experience than some people on Twitter we know… 😉
Esther said this on June 16, 2016 at 9:35 pm | Reply
ah, but I don’t look so sexy in a leather jacket as some people, either 🙂
[…] is that it sparks healthy, critical discussion but that it does not turn to vitriol and trolling (so brilliantly explained by Servetus in her recent post). I expect his message to be empathicalist (yay! I’ve connected Richard Armitage to Audrey […]
Empathicalism | The Book of Esther said this on June 17, 2016 at 4:13 pm | Reply
[…] my own rule about dealing with potential trolls to this situation, I’d suggest first trying to learn something about the speaker whose speech is bothering me […]
Homophobia in the Richard Armitage fandom, or: what I’d like to say on #SCD2016 | Me + Richard Armitage said this on June 17, 2016 at 5:59 pm | Reply
[…] shouldn’t amplify this, if I were following my own rules, but this is an example of me being concern trolled. This account was created in order to RT […]
Concern trolling in the Richard Armitage fandom #SCD2016 | Me + Richard Armitage said this on June 17, 2016 at 6:23 pm | Reply
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The coverage of the Palestinian intifada in the Western media has revealed outrageous patterns not only of hostility and racism against Palestinians and Arabs, but also visceral hatred of Muslims and Islam. The Western media (and the US media in particular) have not only downplayed the Palestinians’ suffering and brutalization at the hands of their occupiers, but are also engaged in a brazen effort to distort reality and lay the blame for the current events on the victims.
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Similar distortion is also applied to the violence of Israeli settlers against Palestinian towns and villages. Rather than reporting the lethal nature of settlers’ violence as being the handiwork of armed extremists with the full backing of the Israeli military, the settlers are portrayed as “Israeli civilians” surrounded by a sea of Palestinians. The illegality of the settlements under international law is overlooked.
But most bizarre of all are the attempts of some media commentators to confer moral and material equivalence on the victims and their victimizers. The image conveyed is that of a symmetrical conflict: army against army, Goliath versus Goliath. These attempts to equate the oppressor and the oppressed, the illegal occupiers and the occupied, those with attack helicopters and tanks and those with rocks and stones, those with a huge nuclear-armed military juggernaut and those with a rag-tag police force, are frankly ludicrous. Although a few skirmishes have pitted Israeli soldiers against Palestinian policemen, the fact remains that Israel has one of the most powerful armies in the world and enjoys the unconditional support of the world’s foremost superpower, while the Palestinian ‘police force’ consists of lightly armed policemen equipped by the Israelis in order to control the unarmed Palestinian population. An attempt to establish symmetry between the two sides is morally and ethically reprehensible.
Is it not time that the Western media adopts a more balanced approach to international events, instead of simply disseminating Western bias constructed by Zionist spin doctors.
(Mr. Firoz Osman is Secretary of the Media Review Network, which is an advocacy group based in Pretoria, South Africa.)
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There are currently more than 60 journals listed in the IF list of ISI Web of Knowledge. At first sight this seems more than enough. However, these journals mostly publish papers that report the results of research. These research papers are written by professional researchers and read by other researchers active in the same field. For clinicians these papers are difficult to interpret and to estimate the value for their daily clinical work. Therefore the Editors-in-Chief of JRM have considered that there is a need for a platform that allows clinicians to publish papers with a more clinical background. We are convinced that many interesting clinical studies, observations, experiences, opinions and discussions currently are not, or not sufficiently, communicated in journals. JRM–CC does not intend to compete with existing scientific journals, a high impact factor is not the ultimate aim.
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JRM–CC will be a forum for a broad range of interesting clinical papers including case studies, case series, pilot studies, educational papers, personal opinions, technical papers, short reports, PhD-thesis summaries, position papers, book reviews. etc. The main criterion for considering a submission will be the relevance for clinical practice in Rehabilitation Medicine.
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No you cannot. JRM-CC will be open access and free for all clinicians. You will be able to read all papers online and there will be no printed version available. In case you wish to contribute to comments in JRM and JRM-CC you will be requested to register as member of JRM.
How to submit papers to JRM–CC?
For the time being you may just follow the Instructions for authors of JRM which can be found on our website. Later this year new instructions for JRM–CC will be defined and published. In case you have questions about the eligibility of a paper for publication you may ask the editorial office to help you.
Is there a submission fee of publication fee?
There will be no submission fee. The publication fee will be 50% of the fee for publications in JRM. Being an open access journal JRM has no other option than a publication fee to cover the costs of a free journal.
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MRI-UQ research leads to promising clinical trial for leukaemia
A novel leukaemia drug is showing encouraging results in a new clinical trial based on discoveries by Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland (MRI-UQ) Associate Professor Ingrid Winkler.
Under a research collaboration with GlycoMimetics Inc., a US-based biotech company, Associate Professor Winkler demonstrated that by inhibiting E-selectin not only are leukaemic stem cells sensitised to chemotherapy, but normal stem cells are also protected.
“To date, most things that have sensitised the cancer cells to chemotherapy have also sensitised normal stem cells, which is why there are so many side effects to chemotherapy,” said Associate Professor Winkler.
As bone marrow suppression is a severe side effect of high-dose chemotherapy, transient blockade of E-selectin could result in less infection and less of a requirement for blood product and hospital support. The full details of the “protective effects” of E-selectin blockade on immune cells were published in Nature Medicine in 2012.
Based in part on these findings GlycoMimetics have initiated a Phase I/II clinical trial in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) using their selective antagonist of E-selectin, GMI-1271.
The first results from this clinical trial in the US with GMI-1271 were released in June at the European Haematology Association 21st Congress in Copenhagen, Denmark, demonstrating an overall response rate (combined complete remission (CR) and remission with incomplete recovery (CRi)) of 47 per cent.
Associate Professor Winkler said she is delighted by the success of initial results.
“Nine of the nineteen patients showed a better than expected response, with the leukaemia cells disappearing from their blood. Eight of the nine had a complete response, meaning the leukaemia cannot be seen at all at this stage.”
The trial will now extend to Australia with eligibility expanded to include patients with newly diagnosed, previously untreated AML as well as those with relapsed/refractory disease.
Associate Professor Winkler said she is pleased that Australian patients will be among the first to benefit from this new treatment through the trial.
“The fact it’s come to a clinical trial and is getting good results is a fantastic feeling. I previously worked in an oncology unit overseas where I was treating these patients. I decided when I came back to Australia I would go into research and really help these patients.”
“Over 900 Australians were diagnosed with AML last year and 813 passed away. The median survival time is only 1.3 years from diagnosis. Our findings can go straight into helping patients… and these are the patients that really need help.”
Contact: Bernadette O’Connor, bernadette.oconnor@uq.edu.au, +61 7 3365 5118, 0431 533 209.
Giant rays shown to be predators of the deep
Multi-million dollar boost for UQ health and medical researc...
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Mohegan advances in Greek casino resort tender, Hard Rock rejected: source
ATHENS (Reuters) – Greece has put Mohegan Gaming & Entertainment into the next phase of a long-delayed tender process to build and operate a luxury casino resort in Athens but rejected Hard Rock International, a source close to the matter said on Tuesday.
The two U.S. groups had bid in October for the construction and 30-year operation of the casino resort, with Mohegan partnered by Greek construction company GEK TERNA <HRMr.AT>.
The winner of the tender will build a casino on a site of at least 1.2 hectares, with a minimum of 120 gaming tables and 1,200 slot machines. There will also be a luxury hotel, entertainment venues, a conference center and sports center in a planned 8 billion euro tourist resort on the site of the former Athens airport in Hellenikon.
Speaking to Reuters on condition of anonymity, the source said that Hard Rock submitted documents that failed to meet the tender’s criteria for financing of the project and required construction experience.
Once the bidders are officially notified of the decision, they have the right to appeal within 10 days. The opening of the technical offers will then follow.
Greece attracted a record 33 million tourists in 2018, with last year’s number expected to match that.
(Reporting by Angeliki Koutantou; Editing by David Goodman)
Musk nears $346 million payday as Tesla market value soars
Yen gains, yuan weakens on report tariffs on China to stay through U.S. election
Indexes hit new highs on strong U.S., China economic data
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Body of Sopranos star awaits autopsy
James Gandolfini probably died of a heart attack, according to the head of a Rome hospital's emergency department where the actor was taken.
The body of the actor was transferred to a hospital morgue in Rome early Thursday, where it awaited an autopsy.
By law, medical examiners in Italy are required to carry out the postmortem 24 hours after the body's arrival in the morgue, a hospital spokesman said.
Before Italian authorities can release his remains for transport back to the United States, the U.S. Embassy in Rome must issue a death certificate.
Post by: CNN's Ben Brumfield
Filed under: Entertainment • Italy • New Jersey • New York • TV • U.S. • World • World Update
Group apologizes to gay community, shuts down
After 37 years, Exodus International, an organization whose mission was to "help" gay Christians become straight, is shutting down. But not before issuing an apology.
"We're not negating the ways God used Exodus to positively affect thousands of people, but a new generation of Christians is looking for change - and they want to be heard," said Tony Moore, a board member of Exodus.
The announcement comes less than a day after Exodus issued a wide-ranging apology to the gay community for "years of undue judgment by the organization and the Christian Church as a whole," a statement from the group says.
Filed under: U.S.
Patriots player mum as police search for clues in man's death
Patriots tight end Aaron Hernandez is used to throngs of media clamoring to ask him questions, but the NFL star has never had to deal with them camping outside his home.
After reports that the player had been questioned in connection with a homicide not far from his Massachusetts house, that's what he's been faced with for the past three days.
A line of reporters waited on the road in front of his house Wednesday, along with neighbors eager for a word from the player.
Nearby, police sifted through the woods for clues that could shed some light on what happened to Odin Lloyd, 27, who was found dead less than a mile from Hernandez's expansive home in North Attleborough.
Hernandez has yet to say anything publicly.
Filed under: Football • Massachusetts • Pro football
Spurs, Heat meet in game 7
Game 7 of the NBA Finals will be all about heart, Miami Heat superstar LeBron James said.
The four-time MVP is seeking his second NBA crown when his Heat hosts the San Antonio Spurs on Thursday night.
Both teams are well-prepared, he said, and they know each other well. They know what will work on offense, what to do on defense. What gives a team an edge will be each player's mental makeup.
"I think it's about heart and determination at this point," he said Wednesday.
Post by: CNN staff
Filed under: Basketball • LeBron James • NBA
Parents of kids killed in fire demand answers
A year after a mall fire killed 19 people - mostly toddlers at an unlicensed child care center - Martin Weekes is no closer to understanding why his triplets perished.
"The phrase we tend to use is that we are deafened by silence - the silence in our house because we had a really busy house with three 2-year-olds," Weekes said. "Similarly, we have been deafened by the silence by the authorities in Qatar who just failed to communicate or show any interest."
Qatari officials have not responded to CNN's requests for comment on the fire at the Villaggio shopping mall in Doha, which killed 13 toddlers, four nursery staff and two firefighters. The owners of the child care center are Qatar's ambassador to Belgium and his wife.
Filed under: Qatar • World
'Landlords from hell' agree to plea deal
Think you have the landlord from hell? Think again.
Did they steal your stuff? Lock you out? Threaten you with a gun? Unless they did, they're not even in contention for the title.
Husband and wife, Kip and Nicole Macy, pleaded guilty to felony charges of residential burglary, stalking and attempted grand theft this week, after terrorizing tenants for years, the San Francisco District Attorney's Office said Wednesday.
Floods hit northern India, killing 150
Rescue workers in northern India are scrambling to save tens of thousands of people left stranded by devastating floods that have killed as many as 150 people in the region.
Triggered by unusually heavy monsoon rains, the floods have swept away buildings, roads and vehicles in the mountainous state of Uttarakhand, which borders Nepal and China.
Post by: CNN's Jethro Mullen
Filed under: India • Natural Disasters • World
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Smoking ceremony to protect firefighters - Smoking ceremony to protect firefighters
Smoking ceremony to protect firefighters
14 Nov 2017 | CFA News Views: 5253
A Smoking Ceremony will be conducted by Wolithiga Elders to protect CFA firefighters during this year’s summer Fire Danger Period.
By Lisa Clinch
A Smoking Ceremony is one of the most significant ancient ceremonies performed by Aboriginal people. The ceremony involves the smouldering of various native plants to produce smoke, which is believed to have cleansing properties and the ability to ward off bad spirits and to open up to good spirits, or ‘Biiami’.
CFA District 20 Operations Manager Peter Taylor is proud to have partnered with the traditional elders to acknowledge the commitment of volunteer firefighters and ensure their safety over the coming months.
“CFA and the Aboriginal community share a culture of fire and this is an opportunity to show our respect to the culture and values of the local Aboriginal community,” said Mr Taylor.
The Smoking Ceremony will be held from 10am on Sunday, 12 November 2017 at Bamawm Extension Fire Station (corner Echuca West School road and Wharparilla road, Bamawm Extension).
An open invitation is extended to all members of the Bamawm Extension community and particularly those who identify as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders, or hold a cultural link to the area.
It is anticipated that senior officers of emergency services will also attend, along with volunteers from local fire brigades.
Lunch will be hosted by the Bamawm Extension Fire Brigade. For further details or to RSVP, please contact Bryan Pickthall via email- bryela1@iinet.net.au or phone 0418 977 735 or Lisa Clinch 0439 940 235 - l.clinch@cfa.vic.gov.au
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Wonthaggi Fire Brigade members have coordinated the collection of more than 170 pallets of goods and $4,500 worth of gift cards after a short post on the brigade's Facebook page.
Victorian Government declares a State Of Disaster
Premier Daniel Andrews has declared a State of Disaster for six Local Government Areas and the Alpine Resorts, after considering advice from the Minister for Police and Emergency Services and the Emergency Management Commissioner.
Inclusion and Fairness
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Analysis / Retrospectives
‘Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs’ is Actually Really Funny
by Kali Tuttle · September 13, 2019
It’s been a while since I last watched Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (2009), but I genuinely don’t remember it being as funny as it is. I rewatched it today thinking that I would have to suffer through an hour and a half of insufferable grade school humor but I was pleasantly surprised.
Maybe it’s one of those movies that you have to watch a few times to really love. Or maybe I’m just slow when it comes to jokes. Either way, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs is actually hilarious and I wish everyone would realize that. And, honestly, it really should not have been that funny. It has a lot of elements working against it. Let me tell you about just a few of them.
Sony Pictures Animation does not have a great track record. It is the mastermind of stinkers like Hotel Transylvania (2012) and The Emoji Movie (2017). Yet, we also have it to thank for Spider-Man: Into the Spiderverse (2018); admittedly, that one was geared more toward an older audience, but it was still animation. How did Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (and its sequel) escape that group of losers?
I don’t have a clear answer on that one. Perhaps it was Lord and Miller’s signature touch of irreverent humor. It could be the addition of comedic actors Bill Hader, Andy Samberg, and Anna Faris that add that delightfully humorous streak to the film. It could also be James Caan’s presence, which is odd but is also welcomed. Or maybe it’s just the sarcastic way this whole film seemed to have been put together to make the writers laugh rather than the young audience.
I can’t quite put my finger on how Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs rises above the more mediocre likes of Goosebumps (2015) and The Smurfs (2011), I just know that it did and Sony Pictures Animation hasn’t been able to recreate that since.
Baby Brent
Baby Brent is the worst character in this film. In any other film, his presence alone would probably make me turn off the movie. A grown man dressed in only a diaper pretending to be a baby? That’s cringy enough in real life, let alone in an animated movie.
But I didn’t even mind. There were even parts that I found the annoying bit slightly amusing. I think a big part of that is the fact that Andy Samberg voices the character. Imagining Samberg saying it makes the lines actually funny.
The weirdest part of Baby Brent’s “development” is definitely near the end when he becomes Chicken Brent, but even then it’s not horribly cringy — more of a strange moment that will leave you scratching your head. But you’ll probably be giggling, too.
Joe Towne
I didn’t realize this character had a name until I looked it up. It’s a very fitting name, considering he is just a Joe Schmo who just seems to wander the town. And he may possibly be the best part of Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs.
Anytime anything is happening, you can count on Joe Towne’s presence and a dimwitted line that should not even be funny but will make you laugh anyway. What is Joe doing in the spaghetti tornado calmly driving a car? Beats me, but his calm demeanor is the funniest part of that whole sequence.
Joe’s role reminds me a lot of the guy on Spongebob Squarepants that is always yelling, “My leg!” The show would be complete without him and it’d still be hilarious, but his presence is a big plus. It’s the icing on the cake of this whole hilarious shebang.
A Monkey Thought Translator
Seriously, this is the kind of humor I would’ve thought funny in elementary school. YET, I’m still laughing right now about Steve the Monkey and his thought translator.
As you’d expect, most of Steve’s thoughts aren’t that intelligent, being a monkey and all. When he is licking Flint Lockwood’s face, he is only thinking, “Lick, lick, lick.” When he’s hungry, he will tell you repeatedly (and probably mention gummy bears as well). Like I said, pretty infantile humor, right? So, why am I laughing??
The character of Steve in general is one of the funniest parts of this movie. He’s just always there doing something completely random or weird and it’s hilarious. He’s the comedic relief in a comedic movie. If you didn’t think that was possible, I recommend watching Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs and try to find a better way to explain it.
Bluntness When You Least Expect It
The thing with family movies is that they use a lot of cliches to make things sound nice; that doesn’t necessarily mean that the words have any impact behind them though. Sometimes, I wish that these movies would be just a little blunter.
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs listened to my pleas and made their dialogue wildly funny and blunt. The first moment that comes to mind is when Sam Sparks and Flint are sitting together, obviously very much into each other, and Sam asks Flint if he can tell her secret. Instead of being that cliche romantic lead and saying something cute like, “Of course. You can trust me with anything,” Flint goes with a much blunter, “No.”
Don’t ask me why this part stood out over anything else, but I just found it hilarious. Even in real life, people don’t have the guts to say no to that question, which leads to a lot of heartbreak and confusion. Of course, Flint immediately retracts his statement and Sam tells him the secret (otherwise the audience would be a little frustrated) but it’s still funny to me. His first reaction was to be painfully honest.
And there are multiple other instances of this throughout the movie where instead of saying the cliche line you expect, the characters say something completely off-the-wall or something way more realistic and it really shakes you out of your stupor. It’s the little quirks like these that make this film so enjoyable to watch.
Am I Just High?
I need to know: is this movie really as funny as I thought it was, or was I possibly just a little too sleepy or whatever when I watched it? All I know is, for a Sony Pictures Animation film, it sure has aged well over the past ten years. Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs is one of the few animated movies in the past few years that I have truly enjoyed and will rewatch until I die.
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Tags: 10th AnniversaryAnimationAnna FarisBill HaderChris MillerCloudy with a Chance of MeatballsFamilyHumorPhil LordRetrospectiveSonySony PicturesSony Pictures AnimationThe Emoji Movie
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ksingh792 says:
Animated movies continue to become better. https://techgeeked.com/ranking-all-pixar-movies/
I have to rewatch this film.
Talking 4 Reel says:
I saw this film for the first time two months ago and I loved it. Phil and Chris are comedic geniuses. Did not like the sequel despite me laughing at the puns. The first Cloudy holds a lot of heart that’s pretty surprising.
Nick Kush says:
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PARLIAMENT IS PROROGUED
So, I’ve been following Marky Booth on Twitter as he patiently waited for parliament to be prorogued. I pinched this cartoon from him. Oh sorry, it’s actually a picture.
Anyway, twice in the last month, we’ve had to sit through Black Rod mumbling some antiquated nonsense, and some ermine clad ne’er do wells toffs doffing their caps, as Boris manages to once again shut down democracy with the compliance of Elizabeth Saxe Coburg Gotha.
Why they do all this dressing up in strange costumes and taking their hats off (only the men it seems) heaven only knows. Maybe there is a reason hidden in the mists of time and tradition. Maybe there isn’t and they just like dressing up is strange clothes. Who knows when it comes to the English aristocracy?
I was going to say, “who cares?” But I think I do. All these people, after all, are highly paid and/or on massive expenses and I help pay for them and their costumes which are doubtless expensive too.
And what is it all?
Why can’t the Speaker and Lords Speaker just read off a sheet that parliament is suspended until Monday by order of the queen and then everyone can go home, or wherever it is they go in London?
Well, of course,what it is for this time is so that on Monday the Toytown prime minister can have his party political broadcast read by the queen, who presumably will have had to come back from Balmoral, also at considerable expense, to read his list of promises, from her golden throne, after arriving in procession, accompanied by page boys, ladies in waiting and all manner of tra la la.
According to the Institute for Fiscal Studies, the promises that have been made over the last few weeks, and which will presumably to be included in this Clown Speech from the throne, are utterly unaffordable given the shitstorm of no deal that we are about to enter. Presumably, if she is paying attention Liz will already know that its a pack of lies, but will, nonetheless, read it out anyway.
So all the nonsense about 40 new hospitals (that on closer inspection became 6) and massive spending on infrastructure, or indeed for us Scots, all the money Johnson was guaranteeing to spend here to make up for the fact that Holyrood treats us so badly… you know, not making us pay for tertiary education or prescriptions or extra bedrooms or care for the elderly… you know the sort of thing… well, we can forget it. Tax increases and spending cuts to pay for this fool’s Brexit are going to be the order of the day.
Still, it is comforting to know that, no matter how bad things get, the Brits will always find enough money for tricorn hats and weird rituals.
Author trispwPosted on October 8, 2019 October 8, 2019 Tags black rod, Clown, Johnson, Marky Booth, Parliament, Queen, Twitter
107 thoughts on “PARLIAMENT IS PROROGUED”
Yes Tris
And the main point is that doris doesn’t have a majority and hence it is unlikely any of it will actually take place. Quick kick the can some more.
The unicorn promises that would cause the debt to reach heights never seen before.
The tories are supposed to be the party of fiscal control, no more in theory.
The doris will be hoping that the BIG BUTT party will be so full of tory parasites that they will vote with him.
The blame game is in it’s end stages.
Scotland surely will wake up.
I’m assuming that with Brexit done, there will be a rush general election before it all gets too bad and people start really suffering.
Of course, because Corbyn is so hopeless, almost undoubtedly Boris will win.
I imagine that the other Tories led by Swinson, will pick up some seats adn with Brexit out of the way, they will tend to vote with the Tories on most stuff.
I suspect that with a no deal Brexit, the whole point of the Brexit Party will disappear, and Farage will probably go to live somewhere else rather than live in Brexit Britain.
Hopefully the SNP will take the bulk of the Scottish seats, although I’m sure Swinson will work with the Tories to try to defeat them in a few seats.
Hopefully, we shall renew our mandate for a referendum and we need to make that very clear in our manifesto.
If they refuse, I think we should go to law.
But with almost certain ruin in front of us we need to get out of here and back into the EU sharpish.
William Purves says:
In 1689 the Scottish and English parliaments came to an agreement that the Scottish people were sovereign and that the English Parliament was sovereign. This was incorporated into the Treaty of the Union of Parliaments in 1706. The Supreme Court passed a judgment, that the English Parliament is sovereign, confirming this. This, therefore, confirms that the Scottish people are also sovereign. The Scottish people can, therefore, vote to repeal the Treaty of Union, and the English Government can do nothing about it according to the Treaty.
It might be interesting to put that in the manifesto!
nikostratos says:
https://media1.tenor.com/images/fc0b62aec66e653c8413df899f11b4ac/tenor.gif?itemid=11037071
Who knows, Niko?
I mean how much of any of this could have been guessed a couple of years ago
But all the polls show Corbyn trailing the buffoon, Johnson.
And all the polls show the SNP getting between 50 and 55 seats in Scotland.
But yes, when Maybot went to the country in 2017 polls showed her beating Corbyn hands down. Then she went on the stump and suddenly Corbyn seemed a much more exciting prospect. At least he was a sentient human being.
I’ve just read this:
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-referendum-millions-leave-voters-best-for-britain-no-deal-theresa-may-conservative-government-a8521346.html
Who knows if that will put a different complexion on things.
I note that Labour MP Owen Smith reportedly says that “Britain is changing its mind”. What a silly man! England has changed its mind, he means.
Well, they always conflate England and Britain.
“Quick kick the can some more.”
That’s all Doris has to do to win – kick the can past the 31st.
I wonder what would happen if he stepped down as PM on the 30th? How many days does it take for WM to elect a new PM?
Well, the last one took months, but in the meantime, Dominic Raab (First Secretary) would take over. I’m not certain that this would be any better.
Watched that nob Nigel Evans
Pontificating on how in some labour seats 70% voted to leave
And where being ignored.
It was pointed out to him Scotland and Northen Ireland
Voted overwhelmingly to remain and he wanted to disregard them.
Answer from him came there none .
Only leave votes count to the evil 🦹♂️ brexiteer maniacs
Ha ha, I’d have liked to see his face on that one. On the other hand, they have such brass necks…
Sirrah, I must take stern issue with your scoffing diatribe against our time-hallowed and, dare I say, sacred traditions concerning the prorogation of Parliament, indeed the Mother of Parliaments, by Her Majesty Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God, Queen, Defender of the Faith, Head of the Commonwealth, Horse of the Year, etc., etc. Is it truly your belief that such august and elevated proceedings should be conducted by persons dressed in lounge suits, drab frocks and, God forbid!, casual wear? When I was apprised that the prorogation, or at least a small part of it, would be broadcast via the televisual apparatus, I hastened to dress appropriately in my old regimentals, not forgetting my trusty sabre from my days with the Lancers in Poona and indeed sporting my garters and spurs. For two pins, Sir, I would call you out so that we might purge this insult in the honourable manner. Sadly, circumstances prevent me from leaving my present accommodations and any attempt on my part to do so of my own volition would only result in increased medications and a further regime of cold baths and electrical interventions. Aaaaarrghhh.
Col.(Retd) Marmaduke Eustace de Boutlace Framshawe-Wittering, PVC, DVD, FFS, WTF, AEIOU.
Col.(Retd)……Excellent rejoinder! I do like your impressive post-nominals. 😉
Andimac, sirrah, I am cut to the quick! I never dress in a suit and a frock! One or the other, please!
Mind you, if I were proroguing Parliament, I’d probably polish my shoes at least. And my tweed jacket would do nicely too. And my rainbow Yes Scotland pin.
Dear Colonel,
(By the way, are you an associate of Colonel Davidson of that Edinburgh Platoon, also now retired and stood down?)
In any case, Sir, it was good to hear from you.
Sometimes my Factotum, Tristan, gets carried away by the exuberance of his own verbosity and imagines himself to be a sophisticated rhetorician.
He is, we can surely agree, not! (He does, however, come cheap.)
I am obliged, dear Sir, on these occasions to haul him over the coals put him on bread and water and stop his generous stipend.
I am grateful for your bringing his lapse to my attention.
Yours etc
Munguin.
John Brownlie says:
Aucheorn says:
The Colonels do go on.
Old Colonels never die…only their privates
John MacDonald says:
Isn’t pro rogue a very apt definition of Doris? A scoundrel and really good at it. Equally applicable to the Farage balloon, Cummings through the lie, Jacob clean crackers etc.
LOL. I’d not thought of that! 🙂
The title of this piece struck like a lightening bolt!
Now let me get this straight. Parliament is prorogued AGAIN? Seriously?
After all the hoo-ha about proroguing parliament a couple of weeks ago, and all the hand wringing about how parliament MUST be in session to deal with momentous Brexit issues at this critical time, and after the Supreme Court ruled it illegal and declared that parliament was NOT prorogued, and how Boris flew back from New York City to take control, and after a contentious session of Commons with lots of shouting and name calling that everybody said they felt REALLY bad about the next morning……..THEN parliament adjourned to hold…..wait for it…….party conferences! If anything of legislative significance happened about Brexit or anything else in the UN-prorogued session of parliament, it escaped my attention.
So as I understand it, since someone finally noticed that nothing of note was really happening anyway, they just decided to get all dressed up in their fancy costumes and do prorogation all over again.
So is it LEGAL this time? And will the politicians be back from their party conferences to actually attend sessions? Will opening this one involve horses and coaches and the bejeweled crown and slamming door and all the other brouhaha and hullabaloo of the performance art that is British governance?
As an American, let me say that I’m appalled at what’s going on over there. At least in Washington, there is serious business being transacted. After all, it’s not easy dealing with a president who is both a criminal and certifiably insane! 😉
In the UK we have Prime minister ? Who believes he can
Ignore the rule of law.
Whereas you in the USA 🇺🇸 have a president who believes
He is the law
One is to the core Bad
The other definitely Mad
Niko……Well said!
On the matter of dressing up, I notice that in the picture, the state crown the Queen is wearing looks squashed down compared with the one George VI wore.
Upon inquiry, the Queen responded.
Dripping with history:
Queen: “There are some disadvantages to crowns, but otherwise they are quite important things.”
Tris: “Oh I do so agree, your majesty. Where should I be without mine?”
Jings, where do they get them?
LOL Tris…….That crazy comment caught my attention too. 🙂
well they are important to her. I mean without it she’d an impoverished 93 year old on pension credit choosing between eating and heating. After all she didn’t even go to school or get any qualifications so no high powered, high paid jobs for her…
True. It’s just as well there is a superb social security system in place for the likes of her.
I remember reading somewhere that she owns large numbers of opium farms in the ex-colonies.
Which would explain the resistance to legalising it here.
How enterprising of her.
Mind you she served as an ambulance driver during the war’
Get her back on duty. Now that the other Europeans are going off home, we desp[erately need people in the NHS. Give her a blue light and get on with it.
You ask whether or not it will involve horses and coaches. Well, I was watching a House of Lords discussion earlier tonight on the telly and this very matter came up. There was concern that all the climate change were protesters making it difficult for the noble peers to get into the House to get on with their work…anyway, one elderly lady peer of the realm was concerned about how the Queen was going to cope with it all. Unfortunately the old biddy got her words all mixed up a bit and, much to the hilarity of the lords assembled, spoke of the Queen arriving in a horse and cart.
LOL….Love it! 🙂
Not a tumbril, then – that was the French approach back in the day – now one would hope they’d just be pensioned off. On as much pension as normal pensioners get.
Ah, Ed, that would be the lowest pension in the developed world (so world).
Ours.
LOL. Liz hitches a ride on the coal wagon??
I note that with the prorogation, Boris will not have to face PMQs tomorrow (have I got that right?) What a shame Parliament will not get to ask him any questions – it went so well for him last time.
Is he not attending?
He won’t be there because nobody will, Danny: BoJo has succeeded in shutting down Parliament again.
OMG….I’m embarrassed. After opining about a second prorogation, I completely lost track of when parliament would actually be in session.
Danny. no need to be embarrassed.
Just think of it as a game of snakes and ladders with Wild Rules, you can never tell if a ladder or a snake is for going up or down.
It doesn’t matter anyway as the doris is for crashing out and the mps can’t see more than their job for the next 2 years, easy money and expenses.
The parliament only sits for about 90 days in a year, you have to remove the weekends, the holidays and the conference time.
The doris will just kick the can down the road by ignoring the mps, they don’t have the wit to stop him as they just see themselves as a replacement pm, they all think they can run the country with one hand tied behind.
I feel a lot better for NOT listening to the media over the last couple of days, it makes no sense as we are fed lies and deceit.
The trump releases the transcript of a phone call last week, redacted, then says it’s false news, time out for all required.
Yep. I kinda wish I could head off on a holiday, somewhere really remote where there would be no internet and no mobile signal…
St Kilda, maybe?
Dave…..I agree. He clearly has trouble keeping the lies straight. The business of identifying as fake news the transcript of the phone call that HE HIMSELF released to the press, AND then publicly admitted to the very next day, was bizarre even by Trumpy’s standards.
I’ll have to check on now long Congress sits. It’s probably about the same as parliament. Not very long for sure.
Yes. It seems it was done that way on purpose.
I just don;t know why they need another week off so that Lizzie can practice reading her speech without looking down and breaking her neck (see Danny’s video).
Can she not do that in Buck House while they get on with trying to find a realistic and internationally acceptable answer to the Irish border?
I really don’t think they made good use of their time after the Supreme Court reopened parliament. That Irish border problem is going to be tricky I’d say. 😉
Truth is that the opposition can’t get its lines right. They are too busy falling out amongst themselves to do anything effective.
By and large we are currently paying them to do nothing but fight each other.
The Irish border is irreconcilable.
You will have an international border with entirely different regulatory standards on hundreds of different items on either side of the border (that’s called taking back control).
At the same time you have an international treaty which says there must be no border; that people who are born on the island of Ireland can identify as either Irish or British, can move and work freely on either side of the border and can sell their goods without let or hindrance.
The two are not compatible.
But the likes of Farage and JRM and Frankoise (Mark) never gave Ireland a second thought. Neither, it seems, did Cameron, who we must remember is to blame for all of this.
I saw Cameron on one of the American news shows a couple of weeks ago. He was doing interviews in the States to sell his new book. He’s not acting very apologetic about Brexit.
Nooooooooo. He’s left that all behind.
He’s split the Tory party in 3 (ERG, Remainers and those who don’t give a stuff as long as they can get the fat salary and big expenses). He’s split the UK… Scotland and NI remain and Wales and England leave). He’s split the country… 51-49.
He’s split family and friends and the hatred is palpable at times.
But hey, he’s got a book to sell out of it, and I suspect his accountant will have been making wise choices as to where his money is. I’m sure he won;t run out of food or medications because he is rich a privileged.
I suppose he’s managed to get over the fact that instead of his legacy being “The Big Society” it is “The Busted Society”.
He makes Tony Blair look half way reasonable… and that’s not easy.
Of course he’s not apologetic. That kind of excessively wealthy, narcissistic, slimy, overentitled ars*ehole doesn’t do apologies because it doesn’t do remorse or taking responsibility. It’s a unifying characteristic of Bullingdon Boys, and a key factor in how they select’em at Oxford.
Trumpy should buy up the remaindered copies of Cameron’s book. Soak’em all in epoxy glue, stack’em up and add a bit of concavity, and they should be good for several miles of the bloody border wall.
Ah yes, the border wall, complete with alligators and snakes.
yeah, I don’t get it either. If parliament must be prorogued why can’t that be done at close of business on Friday followed by Queen’s speech first thing Monday morning and then back to work ?
Exactly, Jake. It’s not like they have to spring clean the place for Lizzy turning up. Oh wait, they do, and all the Beefeaters have to go through the cellars tapping the floor looking for gunpowder… I was forgetting these important things.
Honestly, at this point, I wouldn’t be surprised if someone who was active during The Troubles *did* put some explosives under Westminster and blew it into the Thames.
I also wouldn’t be surprised if someone else did it as a false-flag excuse to give doris his state of emergency excuse.
You would think in this day n age, what with modern technology and everything that the boffins in the Tower couldn’t come up with something to ease the strain on the old dears neck.
Can’t they tie helium filled balloons to it to take some of the weight or attach drone rotors to each corner, providing both lift and cool air. They could even get a very small Courtier to sit inside and hold it up while she’s wearing it.
There you go 3 brilliant ideas right off the top of my head, I don’t have royal patronage, haven’t had a fancy so called education and I know nowt about crowns or jewellery cos I’m skint. 🙄
Oh, alright. Arise Sir Greig12.
Happy now?
Hmm… not quite the response I was looking for, but I suppose it will have to suffice.
Ya want money? Out of Munguin?
Well?? ….. Yeh!
But I’ll donate it to a good cause, just like Kez.
greig12,
Not at all sure what you are saying,
AFAIK,
I am in the same boat:
“I don’t have royal patronage, haven’t had a fancy so called education and I know nowt about crowns or jewellery cos I’m skint. 🙄”
It is that that I hope we intend to pull down?
Yes / No?
‘Cause that is why I think our independence matters.
It was tongue in cheek Douglas. It was a nod, a vague reference or a bit of blatant thievery from the spirit of the VIZ letters page of the 1990s. Nothing more. It’s the risk you take when you make a joke, sometimes it hits the mark but more often than not, it lays the proverbial egg.
The important thing in the words of the song is, that you keep on keepin on and of course fcuk the whole concept of royalty. (Not in the song)
The trouble with humour, written on a page, is that sometimes, as you say it works and other times….
Well, C’est la vie, I guess.
Meanwhile, we read that the Govefish has called the SNP “sectarian” again. Here’s what The Irish News has to say about him. Dunno how authoritative it is, but Nothing Would Surprise Me about any of that fragrant crew, and I am reminded that fish rot from the head, supposedly. Here it is: https://archive.is/3c5tX.
bringiton says:
Ah yes,the Conservative and Democratic Unionist Party.
Better together etc etc
Bound by bigotry.
Oh, Ed.
I think that explains a lot. On top of all his other intellectual “achievements”, he doesn’t believe in dinosaurs.
A member of HMG doesn’t believe in dinosaurs?
I rarely swear around here, but goodness, gracious, me. What the fuck is happening in English Public Schools?
Well actually, Douglas, he went to Robert Gordon’s in Aberdeen, so we are forced to conclude that the man is simply bonkers.
Oh dear, Ed. I went to Robert Gordon’s as well (a good few years before the boy). Does that mean I am bonkers too?
LOL I think it means that you can be bonkers without having necessarily gone to an awfully expensive English school.
I hasten to add that a close friend at uni went to Harrow and was as grounded as I am… or indeed Munguin is.
(cackles)
Ah well, coincidence is not causality – thank God, because my school – High School of Glasgow – had some complete plonkers in it when I was there.
Buggery.
I’m told Rangers supporters are singing excitedly about a recently discovered and highly-prized leftover from Frank Sinatra’s visit to Glasgow many years ago. It belonged to his wife at the time and is known as “The sash Mia Farrow wore.”
LOL – Loyal Orange Lodge?
Or Call me Dave’s version – Lots of Love.
He really thought it meant that!
Down wit da kids, bro, no wot ah mean…?
If a Tory says they “got down with the kids” I could be calling CPS.
True true.
Talking of which I see Cressy I couldn’t find my arse with both hands Dick, is going to be made a scapegoat for the Westminster paedophile investigations all going wrong.
I’ve no idea what really happened, but I reckon now it will be a very very long tome before any kid who IS bothered by these people will dare complain.
Well, John, wasn’t one of Frankie’s greatest hits “Rangers in the Night”?
Ah, always thought it was a word rhyming with night and beginning
A plague on both their houses. For my sins, I support another Glasgow team that many peopl believe has the suffix ‘-nil’ as part of the full name. As it did on Saturday. Yet again.
Bit of a faux-pas from the Tories
“A local Conservative Party inadvertently called for people with mental health problems to be ‘neutered’ in an excruciating social media blunder.”
They are claiming they meant nurtured…
https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/tories-accidentally-call-people-mental-20545074?utm_source=twitter.com&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=sharebar
“Neutered” instead of “Nurtured”, eh? Aye, right… Freudian slip, predictive text or actual policy advocacy… you decide…
Aye, it’s OK, we know what he meant. Little Freudian slip when he was typing!!!!
I’m not even going to bother seguing seamlessly off topic this time, because I’m feeling cavalier and entitled.
From the National just now, an interactive Brexit Vulnerability Index map of Scotland: https://t1p.de/hsinpx.
Hmph. That URL-shortening service seems to be off line at the moment. Try this one instead: https://is.gd/ZU3vmh.
Worked fine for me.
Cavalier and entitled?
Why not, after all, you ARE.
Hmmm… Not many of us left untouched.
Union Jack, maybe?
doris will sing’I did it may’s way’.
The Turks want a buffer zone.
That will lead to a buffer zone for the buffer zone to a buff……………
WW3 starts in Syria, the arch duke has been killed.
Daily, it gets worse.
Reminds me of the end of the Vietnam war where the US of A threw it’s allies in South Vietnam to the wolves when it decided it had had enough.
Do not get into bed with the USA as the outcomes may not be favourable to you.
That will fall on deaf ears in Downing Street.
Doris will be off to war with whomsoever Trump tells him to.
I see Trumps answer to Johnson’s plea for diplomat’s wife who allegedly killed a young guy in England to be sent back to England for trial is,…. “Tough. These things happen. It’s difficult driving on the opposite side of the road”.
Get ready to be told we have to change to driving on the right now that we have taken back control of our laws.
His giving Erdoğan the green light to invide Syria and slaughter the Kurds is beyond disgusting. Giving Erdoğan and Putin everything they want, throwing the region into yet more turmoil – and aiding and abetting war crimes and genocide – I am so outraged and angry about it that I find myself overturning a whole responsible adulthood of leftie liberal morality and fantasising about hanging, drawing and quartering rather than impeachment.
The man is a scourge on the planet. Throw him out. And then impeach the rest of them – Barr, Pompeo , Kavanaugh and all the rest – and get rid of them before they can do any more harm. Too much time has been wasted already. The Democrats in the House of Representatives have been craven.
Mr craig Murray has a good take on how the False RAF airfield isn’t an annex of the USA Embassy.
The Husband is working here collecting phone traffic for the UK government so they can say’ Not us’
Meantime in the USA mi5 doing the same.
The road outside the Airfield is a public road and NOT subject.
I remember in Caithness an American killed a family on the Dounreay road, shipped out next day to avoid the court case, so nothing new.
Well, I don’t know for sure, but a country that allows other countries to walk all over them, whether it is the US over Russia or the UK over Scotland are not real countries. They are just imperialists.
I am not 100% behind Mr Murray, but his basic idea that small nations – y’know that stand up for their rights, ought to be protected from bullies like the larger powers. For not one of these larger powers is acting on behalf of the smaller country’s behalf.
I would be interested in alternative views.
Can’t say I disagree, Douglas.
The United Nations system was set up in the wake of WWII to try to impose some kind of order and decency on the behaviour of States, but we are constantly at the mercy of the zero-sum-game, neoliberal types whose principle is that nations do not have friends, they have interests – which overlooks the fact of our common humanity. It overlooks also the fact that left alone, most people are quite happy to coexist peacefully – apart from the usual frictions about this and that – with their neighbours under the rule of law in a society that protects them.
But there’s an ineradicable minority who thrive on hatred and exploitation, on f*ucking other people around generally, and fomenting any kind of disorder that they perceive to be to their advantage. Smaller States are less likely to throw their weight around if their citizens can keep democratic control over their institutions, because smaller States are less likely to suffer from delusions of grandeur.
OK, I’ve exhausted myself pontificating, I’m sure everybody wished I would shut up some time ago.
Erm, no.
In the UK,politicians who have emerged from the Thatcher Youth movement do not believe that there is any such thing as society and that greed is good.
The Me first philosophy.
Creatures such as Priti Patel who suggest that starving Ireland into submission is the way to conduct
foreign relations and influence people.
Unfortunately,that is what England has voted for so that is what Scotland gets and no sign that the
situation is going to change any time soon.
It doesn’t matter whether is is for referenda or elections, we get what England votes for, and it’s just a happy coincidence if sometimes our votes coincide. Now that people don’t vote Labour that much in Scotland, it happens virtually never.
Definitely NOT, you pontificate with sense.
Diplomats everywhere do it, I think.
The difference here is I can’t see the prime monster putting up any kind of fight with the orange one.
Craig Murray also makes the very pertinent point that the American in question is not on the diplomatic list. He is merely (?) a security functionary and does not qualify for diplomatic immunity. Ergo, neither does his wife. The USA is always pressing for extradition of people it accuses of US crimes. The lady allegedly involved in the fatal accident seems to have left in an indecent hurry. Why?
Because she has a history of bad driving, and she was driving on the wrong side of the road, is what I heard.
If Trump had just a tiny bit of decency in him (OK OK, I know), he would send her back sharpish.
Next time it might be an American she kills.
I’m inclined to believe that Craig is right.
Maybe the UK has the right to grant immunity to her on the bases that her husband works for a listening post. If this is true, it is a rather old fashioned idea. I mean I can see the possibility of him getting some sort of immunity (although I do not agree with it), but SHE is not employed as a spy, so why would SHE get immunity (unless they still consider wives to be possessions of their husbands?)
Still, Raab, is a useless idiot and Johnson is never going to do any serious falling out with him.
They can test it in a court, and she what senior judges think international law says, but it would only be an English or British court that rules and Trump is unlikely to pay any attention to that.
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Flora Nanadan
Queen of the country of Havoniwa, Maria's mother and Lashara's aunt. Flora laughs often and always has a devious scheme up her sleeve. A former student of the Holy Land, she has great combat skills and even pilots Wahanly's mechanoid like a pro on her first try. It is also said that she is one of the greatest martial artists in all the lands, though she has yet to spar against Kenshi. Much like Mexiah, Flora is very shameless in her apparel and actions, and flirts with Kenshi at every opportunity, even in front of other people. Her tendency to make a spectacle of herself in public embarrasses Maria and Lashara to no end, as well as anyone else who may be nearby. To get back at her for her antics, Maria and Lashara once activated Kenshi's "Massaging Demon" mode on her, thinking it would be the perfect revenge for all she had done to them, but Flora ended up enjoying it (almost too much) instead, causing her to fall for him.
During Babalun's takeover of the Holy Land, Flora uses a heavily armored train to keep Babel fortress occupied long enough for some of the students to evacuate with her. After Shurifon, Havoniwa, and the student seikishi combine their forces to retake the Holy Land, Flora and King Shurifon conspire to make Kenshi marry Aura and Maria, which would consequently unite the major countries.
Matsuki, Miyu
Clinkenbeard, Colleen
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Tag archieven: 3d
Dolphin Progress Report: May 2019
Geschreven door MayImilae, JMC47 op 12 mei 2019
/ Laatst geüpdatet op 2 juni 2019 / Korte link / Forum thread
The past few months have been quite hectic with a slew of gigantic changes requiring lengthy articles alongside them. These big features all hitting together seems to have brought up a talking point in the community would be irresponsible to ignore. Everyone wants to know when Dolphin 6.0 is coming. After all, Dolphin 5.0 launched nearly three years ago and lacks features like Ubershaders, Bluetooth Passthrough, Hybrid XFB, Emulated Motion Plus... the list goes on. Unfortunately, we have to announce that we aren't especially close to a release right now.
A release build is about more than just having exciting features, it's meant to be stable, reliable, and highly compatible. Since Dolphin 5.0, there have been a lot of minor and major regressions that haven't been fully worked out yet. Whether it's a game like Ed, Edd, & Eddy: The Mis-Edventures hanging on a loading screen or audio being broken in Resident Evil 2. There are dozens, if not over a hundred of these little issues that just take time and effort to address. Some of these issues are close to being resolved while others haven't even been investigated yet.
All we can ask of users is to continue using the latest development builds, continue reporting bugs, and be patient with the next release. With that out of the way, it's time to get to this May's Notable Changes. As always, users who want to try these features can download the latest development builds on the download page or use the auto-updater to get a new dev build every month automatically. Enjoy.
A Second Perspective: An In-Depth History of Stereoscopy in Dolphin
Geschreven door Armada, MayImilae, JMC47 op 13 mei 2015
/ Laatst geüpdatet op 14 mei 2015 / Korte link / Forum thread
Videogames are interactive experiences with emotional highs and lows, providing players with thrilling experiences alongside wondrous vistas. The greatest games can leave lifelong impacts on their players long after the controller is put down.
Emulators serve as a convenient way to relive those past experiences and rediscover hidden gems from one's childhood. But what if an emulator could not only recreate those moments, but enhance them by pushing the games you know and love to new heights? At what point do people say that the must-play experience of the game is not on the original console, but on an emulator?
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Results 31–60 of 292
Sale 78 Aust. Misc. Coins
GEORGE V-ELIZABETH II, an assortment of coins and tokens, including halfpennies, pennies, twenty cents and 1984 and 1994 one dollar mint rolls. Includes a 1946 ...
GEORGE V-ELIZABETH II, an assortment of silver from Australia, Britain, New Zealand, Egypt and other countries. Includes Australian one and two cents. Fine-uncirculated.(approx 200)
Sale 78 Mis-Strikes
GEORGE VI, halfpenny 1943I, struck off centre by 15 per cent. Very fine.
GEORGE VI, halfpenny, 1943 I struck 15 per cent off centre; die cracked pennies 1922 (2) 1964 weak date halfpenny 1963, lead bag seal, VR ...
GEORGE VI - ELIZABETH II, halfpenny, threepence - florin, 1948 - 1963, assorted dates; one cent, 1966 (2), off centre strikes, bitten coins, varieties and ...
GEORGE VI, sixpence, 1952, struck ten per cent off centre. Uncirculated and very rare for this date.
ELIZABETH II, one cent 1966, struck five per cent off centre, high rim due to slipped collar; five cents 1968, obverse only of split flan ...
ELIZABETH II, five cents 1975 struck from two obverse dies at 180ø. Nearly uncirculated and very rare.
ELIZABETH II, ten cents (circa 1975) struck from two reverse dies at 180ø. Nearly uncirculated and very rare.
ELIZABETH II, ten cents, 1977, 'The 30c Coin Variety' as written up by Ian McConnelly in the two page article in the Australian Coin and ...
ELIZABETH II, ten cents, (1997) (?) struck on a five cents blank. Brilliant uncirculated and rare.
ELIZABETH II, twenty cents 1972, struck from two obverse dies at 180ø. Uncirculated and very rare.
ELIZABETH II, twenty cents, struck from two reverse dies at 180ø (c.1972). Uncirculated and very rare.
ELIZABETH II, fifty cents 1977, struck from two obverse dies at 180ø. Nearly uncirculated and very rare.
ELIZABETH II, one dollar, 2000, struck with obverse of ten cent, 2000. Extremely fine and rare.
ELIZABETH II, one dollar, 2000, struck with obverse of ten cent, 2000, die. Very fine and rare.
Sale 78 Mint Rolls
ELIZABETH II, one cent, 1967, 1969 (4), 1970, 1974. Uncirculated. (7)
ELIZABETH II, one cent, 1976 (2), 1978 (15), 1980 (23), 1981 (3), 1984 (3), 1987, 1988 (6). Uncirculated. (53)
ELIZABETH II, one cent, 1979. Uncirculated. (29)
ELIZABETH II, two cents, 1974, 1980, 1981 (3), 1982 (2), 1983 (11), 1988; five cents, 1967. Uncirculated. (20)
ELIZABETH II, five cents, 1981. Uncirculated. (21)
ELIZABETH II, five cents, 1982 (4), 1983 (5), 1984 (4); ten cents, 1976, 1977, 1978; twenty cents, 1979, 1981 (7). Uncirculated. (24)
ELIZABETH II, ten cents, 1982. Uncirculated. (25)
ELIZABETH II, twenty cents, 1974. Uncirculated. (2)
ELIZABETH II, fifty cents, 1979 (4), 1981 (4) Royal Wedding, 1983 (2). Uncirculated. (10)
ELIZABETH II, fifty cents, 1982. Uncirculated. (20)
ELIZABETH II, one dollar, 1984, 1985, 1986 Year of Peace, also coins from mint rolls, 1984 (14), 1985 (14), 1986 (12) Year of Peace. Uncirculated. ...
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Home/., Opinions, September 2016/Dissing our National Anthem: cool – honoring cops: controversial?
Dissing our National Anthem: cool – honoring cops: controversial?
By Lloyd Marcus|2016-09-03T11:46:09-05:00September 3rd, 2016|
Folks, I just do not know what is going on in our country anymore. A pro-football player was celebrated for refusing to stand for our National Anthem because he says America suppresses blacks. Meanwhile, other pro-football players were denied their request to honor five police officers assassinated by Black Lives Matter; deemed too controversial.
As for the pro-football player who refused to stand for our National Anthem, he is the product of decades of liberals filling his head with lies about his country via Democrats, public education, mainstream media and Hollywood. There are also ga-zillionaire black celebs, role models, promoting the lie that cops routinely murder blacks and blacks can not catch a break in this racist hellhole called America.
Amazingly, all these liberalism indoctrinated millennial and generation-Xers ignore the huge elephant in America’s living room; a black man elected twice to run our country. Blacks are only 12% of the U.S. population. Therefore, it took mega-millions of white votes to trust a black man with the highest office in the land. Despite obvious evidence proving otherwise, far too many younger Americans still believe the lie that blacks are suppressed and white Americans should feel guilty for being white.
It is truly tragic and down right shameful that liberals have robbed many blacks of appreciating God’s gift of being born American. I am a sixty-something year old black man. I have known from my youth that America is the greatest land of opportunity on the planet for all who choose to go for it. In a nutshell, reject liberal’s you’re-a-victim crap and simply pursue your dreams. This formula works far more times than not.
I am hosting a Blue Lives Matter Celebration event Saturday, September 10th at the Ocean Convention Center in Daytona Beach, FL. Time is 11am -2pm and it is FREE to the public. Y’all come!
Things are coming together wonderfully. Famed jazz singer Lisa Scott will perform our National Anthem. Her hubby JB will perform on trumpet. Country/ Rock singer Stony Sixma will be in the house performing with his guitar. I will croon a few tunes as well. It is going to be a blast.
But folks, I must tell you. It blows my mind that some deem my event honoring our brave men and women in blue controversial. What on earth is happening in our country? Pro football players were celebrated for running out onto the field with their hands up further promoting the lie that Michael Brown was murdered by a cop with his hands up in surrender. Black Lives Matter openly sent out a clarion call to kill whites and cops. Outrageously, Black Lives Matter is celebrated in the mainstream media, honored at the White House and awarded $100 million by the Ford Foundation.
The bizarre reasoning prominent in our country today reminds me of a song we sang in my dad’s east Baltimore storefront church when I was a kid. Sister Davis would start as the congregation joined in, “They’re callin’ wrong right. They’re callin’ right wrong. Surely, we’re livin’ in the last days.”
We still need help funding the production of our celebration. Please contribute here.
For the past week, Mary and I have been celebrating our 39th wedding anniversary in beautiful Perdido Key Florida just across the line from Alabama. Thick southern accents abound. We are an interracial couple. From the giant of a man, robust personality good-old-boy boat captain who caught and steamed the crabs he sold us to everyone else we’ve met, Mary and I have experienced warm southern hospitality. I realize our experience is anecdotal. Still, it contradicts liberals’/Democrats’ despicable narrative that Americans, especially southerners, are secret cross-burning racists. It is just plain shameful and evil the way Democrats relentlessly spread victimhood-ism, racial mistrust/hate and division for political gain.
It is more crucial than ever that decent right-thinking Americans do the right thing; see y’all (been hangin’ with Southerners) at my Blue Lives Matter Celebration.
Lloyd Marcus, Proud Unhyphenated American
Chairman – CampaignToDefeatObama.com
© 2016 Lloyd Marcus – All Rights Reserved
About the Author: Lloyd Marcus
Self proclaimed Black Unhyphenated American, Lloyd Marcus is a featured columnist on American Thinker, Renew America, Canadian Free Press and numerous other Internet websites. A speaker, activist, singer/songwriter, recording artist and entertainer, Marcus was a featured act on the historical 2009 Tea Party Expressed Tour. The finale event was the Sept. 12th Taxpayers March and Rally in Washington DC where Marcus performed for a million people. His appearances include FoxNews, CNN, PJTV and numerous TV and radio programs. He emcees and performs his patriotic original songs at rallies and special events across America. He was the featured entertainment at the 2009 Free Republic National Convention. Marcus' mission is to use his God given gifts to spread the "truth" that Conservatism is best for all Americans. He resides in Central Florida. An elected official, Marcus is Chairman for Precinct 424, Volusia County Florida. He is also Creative Director for the Republican Executive Committee of Volusia County. Lloyd Marcus, Singer/Songwriter of the national "American Tea Party Anthem." President, NAACPC (National Association for the Advancement of Conservative People of Color) E-Mail: mr_lloydmarcus@hotmail.com Website: LloydMarcus.com
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Heatwave creating winter conditions in the NHS
Temperatures yesterday led to a surge of patients suffering dehydration and breathing problems.
NHS bosses said that operations were being delayed because beds were being taken up by older people sent from care homes, and that ageing hospital buildings were putting patients and staff at risk in the sweltering heat.
Jonathan Ashworth, the shadow health secretary, called for the government to introduce emergency measures to protect patients
Commenting on the impact of the sustained heatwave, NHS Providers deputy chief executive, Saffron Cordery, said:
"These days there is no real let-up in the pressure on NHS services in summer in the way we used to see.
"But the heatwave has meant that in some places at least, we’re back to winter conditions – in hospitals, community, mental health and ambulance services - and although fewer staff are off sick there are more away on holiday.
The heatwave has meant that in some places at least, we’re back to winter conditions.
Saffron Cordery Deputy Chief Executive
"Some trusts are reporting record numbers of people coming in to A&E, with increased emergency admissions, often for respiratory problems and conditions made worse by dehydration. We have heard concerns about large numbers of people from care homes requiring treatment.
"This extra activity is leading to delays for patients requiring planned operations such as knee and hip replacements.
"The extreme heat has also highlighted the shortcomings of ageing buildings which are not designed or equipped to deal with these conditions.
"Staff and patients are paying the price now for past decisions to delay investment in the NHS estate."
News 12 Jul 2018
No let up in the growing demand for treatment
Phillippa Hentsch responds to the latest combined performance figures from NHS England.
Blog 09 Jul 2018
The ten year plan must be realistic about the scale of the recovery task ahead
David Williams, policy advisor (finances) discusses the scale and cost of the recovery task for the NHS alongside other ambitions in the ten year plan.
Recovering lost ground in the NHS
Saffron Cordery discusses why the NHS needs to recover its position as the first step towards transformation and other important priorities, and the impact this will have on the funding settlement.
Simon Keen Media Relations Manager 020 7227 1174 simon.keen@nhsproviders.org
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Hozier announces an Irish tour in December
Hozier’s debut album (read my review) is the fastest selling album in Ireland this year and things are looking good for the album’s release in the UK, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and New Zealand with an appearance on Saturday Night Live to come this week.
In the meantime, Hozier has announced a proper Irish tour for December, with dates in Cork, Kerry, Mayo, Belfast and Dublin lined up. Support for all dates is Wyvern Lingo and tickets go on sale Friday 10 October at 9am from Ticketmaster and are limited to 4 per person.
December Tour dates
Thursday 4th: Dublin, The Olympia Theatre
Tickets €20 / €22.50 / €25 including booking fee
Friday 5th: Kerry, Killarney, INEC
Tickets €22.50 / €25 including booking fee
Saturday 6th: Cork, Opera House
Mango x Mathman pull their Dublin jocks up (Podcast)
Saturday 20th: Mayo, Royal Theatre, Castlebar
Sunday 21th: Belfast, The Ulster Hall
Tickets £20.00 / £22.50 including booking fee
Nialler9 Monday, October 6, 2014
Gig news update: Bill Drummond, Sleaford Mods, Milky Chance, All Tvvins, Ensemble Ériu & more
Win tickets to see Björk, Jimi Hendrix & Northern Soul music films in the IFI
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NWO Stop
FAST FIVE: UK Police Refuse To Turn Over Information That Could Prove Prince Andrew Is Guilty
Published by on January 17, 2020
UK Police Refuse To Turn Over Information That Could Prove Prince Andrew Is Guilty Authored by John Vibes via TheMindUnleashed.com, The infamous UK Police department Scotland Yard is refusing to reveal Prince Andrew's location on the night that he is accused of being with Virginia Giuffre, one of the young girls trafficked by Jeffrey Epstein who was underage at the time she claims the Duke had sex with her.
If the Duke is indeed telling the truth, then his claims could be very easily corroborated by whichever guard was on duty at the time.
Unfortunately, Scotland Yard has not been willing to cooperate.
As the Mind Unleashed reported last month, lawyers representing the victims have said they intend to subpoena Prince Andrew so he is forced to testify in court about his relationship with Epstein and his victims.
Andrew has already been caught in several lies since his appearance on BBC including a leak of private emails where he mentioned Virginia Giuffre by name despite claiming to have never heard of her during his interview.
Categories: ZH
FAST FIVE: Dershowitz Clarifies: Not A "Full-Fledged Member" Of Trump Legal Team
Dershowitz confirmed the news – or at least confirmed that he would be joining the team – in a series of tweets: STATEMENT REGARDING PROFESSOR DERSHOWITZ'S ROLE IN THE SENATE TRIAL – Professor Dershowitz will Read more…
FAST FIVE: A Market Full Of Gaps
But it is when you get gap after gap after gap that the action becomes incredulous and challenges conventional market wisdom. It is impressive to say that this market finds support on top of each Read more…
FAST FIVE: A $50 Billion Hole Emerges In Trump's China Trade Deal
What's more, while the remaining tariffs provide leverage for US trade negotiators, they are still a tax on US importers and US consumers of Chinese goods.” But before we even get there, going back to Read more…
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Smoke-Filled Casinos
If the extra $1 billion surplus announced by the state Senate weren’t a big enough hurdle to Eliot Spitzer’s plan to reduce health care spending, how about this letter from the American Cancer Society and other groups who concerned over a loophole that’ll allow smoking in the casinos built in the Catskills.
“We believe the compact’s failure to meaningfully address smoking is backsliding and a bad deal for the health of New Yorkers.”
The letter goes on to say:
“Your strong record as Attorney General in combating tobacco’s threat makes this situation even more disappointing and uncomfortable for us.”
The full letter is after the jump.
— Azi Paybarah
American Lung Association of New York State, Inc.
Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids
League of Women Voters – New York State
New York Public Interest Research Group
Honorable Eliot Spitzer
Executive Chamber
Re: Gaming compact with the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe
Dear Governor Spitzer:
We write to express our deep disappointment with the terms of the gaming
compact negotiated with the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe.
Secondhand tobacco smoke kills more than 50,000 Americans every year. New
York’s groundbreaking Clean Indoor Air Law, by prohibiting smoking in
worksites and public places, has reduced the threat of heart disease,
respiratory symptoms and cancer to nonsmoking workers and customers.
We believe persons working in or patronizing a gaming facility are entitled
to the same protection from deadly secondhand smoke that is available to
them everywhere else in New York. Regrettably, this agreement does nothing
to protect 3,000 workers or hundreds of thousands of casino patrons from
secondhand smoke.
While New York does not apply its laws and regulations on Native American
lands, your office could have insisted that the St. Regis Mohawks agree in
the compact to abide by the smoking restrictions delineated in section
1399-o of the Public Health Law. This would have meant, in effect, that
smoking would have been prohibited in all public areas and workspaces
within the facility. Indeed, the compact mandates that the Tribe’s
regulations “governing building, sanitary, health standards and fire safety
…shall be no less rigorous than current standards imposed by” the State,
with one glaring exception.With regard to smoking regulations, this
agreement states only that the Mohawks will maintain smoke-free
environments “within portions” of the facility. The agreement does not
specify the number, location, size and configuration of these “portions,”
nor does it define “smoke-free.” Apparently, the Tribe will be able to
comply with this requirement by simply declaring some of the hotel guest
rooms, or a section of a restaurant, to be non-smoking. In any case, it is
clear that how much or how little workers and patrons are protected from
secondhand smoke will be entirely up to the Tribe and facility management.
In 2003, New York recognized that such an arrangement protects no one and
enacted the Clean Indoor Air Act. In 2006, confirming the wisdom of New
York’s landmark law, the U.S. Surgeon General in a comprehensive report
concluded that secondhand smoke causes cancer and heart disease in exposed
nonsmokers and that “there is no risk-free level of exposure.”
All gaming facilities in Delaware are smoke-free. New Jersey state law
already prohibits smoking everywhere in casinos except on the gaming floor,
and the state legislature is now considering a bill to make casinos 100
percent smoke free. That measure will override a recently enacted Atlantic
City ordinance confining smoking to a separately enclosed and ventilated
area no more than 25 percent of the gaming floor. Pennsylvania similarly
is considering legislation that will make all workplaces, including gaming
facilities, smoke-free.
We believe the compact’s failure to meaningfully address smoking is
backsliding and a bad deal for the health of New Yorkers. At a time when
smoke free environments are becoming the norm all over the world, and New
York is recognized as a leader in this death and disease-preventing
movement, this agreement freezes in place the bad old days of smoke-filled
rooms, subjecting the nonsmoking majority to the pollution generated by the
small minority that still uses tobacco.
Accordingly, unless you can renegotiate this portion of the agreement to
assure a smoke-free facility, we will urge the Legislature to refuse to
carve this loophole into the law it overwhelmingly enacted four years ago,
and we will continue to oppose any gaming compact that fails to protect New
Yorkers from this serious health threat.
Your strong record as Attorney General in combating tobacco’s threat makes
this situation even more disappointing and uncomfortable for us. We have
vigorously supported your past efforts to protect public health from
tobacco and expect to do so in the future. We hope that under your
leadership New York will continue to be a leader on this issue, including
in promoting safe, smoke free gaming environments.
Russell Sciandra
Mr. Rifkin
Dr. Daines
Speaker Silver
Senator Bruno
Filed Under: Home, Politics, Politics Daily, Eliot Spitzer, New York -2, Catskill Mountains, American Cancer Society
SEE ALSO: Cuomo’s Deputy for Member Items
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Posts Tagged ‘John Moorlach’
Senator John Moorlach Says it May be Time For Travis Allen to Step Aside and Endorse John Cox
Posted by Craig P. Alexander on May 24, 2018
Today I received an e-mail from Senator John Moorlach in which he called upon Assemblyman and Gubernatorial candidate Travis Allen to withdraw from the race and endorse John Cox. Rather than me giving you a point by point description of Senator Moorlach’s statement here it is:
Governor –
The fifth is the race for Governor. I have stayed neutral. I enjoy a relationship with both of the two main Republican candidates. I have always advised that, in a top-two system, only one Republican should be running in this field. The polling has consistently shown John Cox obtaining double the support of that garnered by Assemblyman Travis Allen. And President Trump has endorsed Cox.
For the sake of the Republican Party, it may be time for the Assemblyman to bow out and endorse John Cox. If this is not done, I believe that we will see Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom and former Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa as the top two.
Here is a link to Senator Moorlach’s web page: John Moorlach’s Postings.
I also received in the mail today an “Independent Expenditure” mailer that bashed John Cox and advocated voting for Travis Allen. Only problem – it was from the same committee who have been putting out mailers and TV ads in favor of former LA Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa a Democrat also running for Governor (at the bottom of the mailer it says: Paid for by “Families & Teachers for Antonio Villaraigosa for Governor 2018”). Now you may ask why would they do that? Easy – if Republicans split the vote between Mr. Allen and Mr. Cox, only Mr. Villaraigosa and Gavin Newsom will be in the top two runoff in November. To put it more plainly – no Republican will be on the ballot for Governor this November which is exactly Senator Moorlach’s point in his appeal to Mr. Allen to withdraw.
Update: California Republican Party’s National Committeewoman Harmeet Dhillon (a San Francisco attorney) also has called on Travis Allen to drop out and endorse John Cox. She wrote in a post on Facebook:
“Since it is not numerically possible for Travis to make it into the top two — something that we Republicans really need for the down-ballot — it’s time for all Republicans to support the Republican front-runner, including Travis Allen,” “He can be a spoiler, or he can be a gracious future candidate and a hero. #Unite.”
Craig Alexander is an attorney at law and a resident of South Orange County. He practices law in the areas of the California Public Records Act, Office / Commercial Leasing, Insurance Law, HOA law, Business Law and Litigation. He can be reached at Craig@craigalexanderlaw.com
Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged: Antonio Villaraigosa, California Governor, Gavin Newsom, Gubernatorial Race, Harmeet Dhillon, John Cox, John Moorlach, Travis Allen | 1 Comment »
Looking for Voter Recommendations? Here are some!
Posted by Craig P. Alexander on May 8, 2018
Absentee ballots should be arriving in voter’s mailboxes starting today for the June 5, 2018 primary election. Many voters I know ask for advice on who to vote for during election season. To help them, I publish my Craig’s Picks Voter Recommendations. Other friends like Nancy Sandoval do as well. One of the best sources is the site maintained by my good friend Robyn Nordell. Robyn (like Nancy and I) does painstaking research about candidates and propositions then publishes her recommendations at her web site. Plus she is very kind to publish my own, Nancy’s and others’ (like some guy named John Moorlach!). We do not always agree on a particular race or proposition, but we all are pro-life, pro-Second Amendment, and limited government. None of us take any money for “endorsements” or our recommendations for or against any candidate, proposition or measure.
If you would like to see my Voter Recommendations here is a link to Craig’s Pics June 2018 – Final.
I have already chimed in on one aspect of the race for Governor here: Travis Allen – Not So Pro-life!
If you would like to see Robyn Nordell’s web site here is a link to her main page: Robyn Nordell.
If you would like to see Robyn Nordell’s Orange County web site page for her recommendations for Orange County specific races and scroll down for links to my recommendations and others like Nancy Sandoval’s here is the link: Robyn’s Orange County Page.
I encourage all conservative voters to vote in this primary race. Not voting may allow two Democrats advance to the “Top Two” run off in November for certain races!
Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged: 2018 Elections, John Moorlach, June 5, Nancy Sandoval, Robyn Nordell, Voter Recommendations | 3 Comments »
SD-34: Villa Park’s Tom Umberg to Challenge Janet Nguyen
Posted by Chris Nguyen on February 22, 2018
Senator Janet Nguyen (R-Garden Grove) and
former Assemblyman Tom Umberg (D-Villa Park)
Yesterday, former Assemblyman Tom Umberg (D-Villa Park) announced his entry into the race to challenge the re-election bid of Senator Janet Nguyen (R-Garden Grove) in the 34th District. Unfortunately for Umberg, in a case of unlucky timing, the news of his entry was completely drowned out by the news that Senate President Pro Tem Kevin de León (D-Los Angeles) had introduced a resolution to expel Senator Tony Mendoza (D-Artesia/Buena Park) due to allegations of sexual misconduct against Mendoza.
Hillary Clinton defeated Donald Trump by 23% in the 34th Senate District, and Umberg is already trying to make Trump an issue in the State Senate election by declaring in the second sentence of his announcement: “I am running for State Senate because I believe that our community needs a strong fighter in Sacramento who will stand up to President Trump and his Administration on important issues like health care, immigration, energy, the environment, civil rights, education, and consumer issues.”
Congressman Lou Correa led a list of Umberg’s endorsements by various Democratic elected officials. Correa was Nguyen’s predecessor in the 34th Senate District seat. There is no word on if former Councilwoman Gerrie Shipske (D-Long Beach) will continue her bid for the seat or drop out in favor of Umberg.
Umberg’s biography is formidable as a former State Assemblyman, former federal prosecutor, retired Army Colonel, and former Deputy Director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (under Bill Clinton), and former Co-Chair of the U.S. State Department’s Public Private Partnership for Justice Reform in Afghanistan (under Barack Obama).
Democrats currently hold a 9% registration advantage over Republicans in the two-county 34th Senate District. When then-Supervisor Nguyen defeated former Assemblyman Jose Solorio for the seat by 16% in 2014, Democrats held a 5% registration advantage over Republicans. Additionally, midterm elections have historically resulted strengthened voter turnout for the party opposing the President’s party. In 2014, with Democrat Barack Obama in office, that produced a bump in voter turnout for Republicans. In 2018, with Republican Donald Trump in office, that should produce a bump in voter turnout for Democrats.
However, Nguyen is a tough and tireless campaigner, and it is often said in political circles: “Nobody outworks Janet Nguyen.” Umberg is a daunting opponent, but Nguyen has beaten him before (2007 Supervisorial election, though that seat had dead even political registration with 32.1% of voters registered in each party) and has repeatedly beaten formidable opponents election after election, often as the underdog. There is no doubt that Umberg will provide a tough challenge, but Nguyen’s experience with arduous campaigns will likely give her a close win in November.
Umberg’s long biography also includes a long record. The Nguyen campaign likely still has its opposition research file from their 2007 battle with Umberg, who has a voting record of three terms in the State Assembly. Of course, Umberg is surely assembling a new opposition research file from Nguyen’s 7 years on the Board of Supervisors and 4 years in the State Senate.
Umberg has lost 4 of his last 5 campaigns for office over the last quarter of a century: a 1994 bid for State Attorney General when he lost to incumbent Republican Dan Lungren by 14%, a 2002 bid for the Democratic nomination for Insurance Commissioner when he lost to John Garamendi by 10%, a 2006 bid for the Democratic nomination for 34th Senate District when he lost to Correa by 19%, and a 2007 bid for the 1st Supervisorial District when he came in third by 3% in the legendary Nguyen-Nguyen special election in which Councilwoman Janet Nguyen (R-Garden Grove) defeated School Board Member Trung Nguyen (R-Garden Grove) by the slimmest of margins (Trung Nguyen led by 7 votes after the Registrar’s initial count, Janet Nguyen led by 7 votes after the Registrar’s recount and then by 3 votes after litigation was completed).
Umberg’s sole win in the last 25 years was his 2004 bid for State Assembly, winning by 30% over then-hapless, later controversial Otto Bade.
As of February 5, Umberg was still registered to vote at his home in Villa Park in the district of Senator John Moorlach (R-Costa Mesa).
Here’s an excerpt of an Orange County Register story on accusations of Umberg’s carpetbagging from January 2007:
State Sen. Lou Correa, who beat Umberg in the Senate primary and whose vacated supervisor seat Umberg hopes to win, is among those with reservations.
“Everybody seems to think that they can move into central Orange County and they can run for office,” said Correa, who has not endorsed a candidate. “But there are plenty of qualified individuals living in central Orange County that can run for office.”
Nonetheless, Umberg is the best-known candidate, having twice represented much of the district in the Assembly. He’s won the endorsement of the county Democratic Party and four key labor unions.
And many, including some Umberg opponents, downplay residency as an issue.
“I think it is a nonissue,” said veteran consultant Dave Gilliard, who’s representing Umberg opponent Janet Nguyen. “Central Orange County has a history of carpetbagging. There are many better reasons to oppose Umberg.”
There’s also the ever awkward press coverage of his extramarital affair.
Here’s the full text of Umberg’s press release announcing his candidacy:
RETIRED U.S. ARMY COLONEL & FORMER FEDERAL PROSECUTOR TOM UMBERG ANNOUNCES CANDIDACY FOR STATE SENATE
Also Announces Endorsements From U.S. Congressman Lou Correa, State Assemblyman Tom Daly, Santa Ana Mayor Miguel Pulido, State Senator Betty Karnette (Ret.), and former Long Beach Mayor Robert Foster
SANTA ANA – U.S. Army Colonel (Ret.) & former Federal Prosecutor and State Assemblyman Tom Umberg announced today that he is running for State Senate to represent California’s 34th Senate District.
“I am running for State Senate because I believe that our community needs a strong fighter in Sacramento who will stand up to President Trump and his Administration on important issues like health care, immigration, energy, the environment, civil rights, education, and consumer issues,” said Umberg who previously represented the cities of Anaheim, Garden Grove, Santa Ana, and Westminster during three terms in the California State Assembly.
Umberg also announced that his candidacy has been endorsed by U.S. Congressman Lou Correa, State Assemblyman Tom Daly, Santa Ana Mayor Miguel Pulido, State Senator Betty Karnette (Ret.), and former Long Beach Mayor Bob Foster.
“When Tom served in the Legislature, he was a leader in cutting through partisan bickering to achieve results,” said former State Senator Betty Karnette of Long Beach who served with Umberg in the California Legislature. “He had an impact.”
Tom Umberg is a retired U.S. Army Colonel who has served in Korea with the 2nd Infantry Division, with NATO forces in Italy, and as a paratrooper with the U.S. Army Special Operations Command, U.S. Army Special Warfare Center, and XVIIIth Airborne Corp. As a JAG officer, he tried over 50 felony cases in Korea, Italy, and the United States.
He was recalled to active military duty in 2004 as a war crimes prosecutor, and in 2009-10 to lead the U.S. military effort to attack corruption within the Afghan Army and Police, for which he was awarded the Bronze Star for meritorious service in a combat zone.
As a federal criminal prosecutor he had a 100% conviction rate, trying numerous white collar, civil rights, and gang cases. He successfully tried over 100 cases to verdict or judgment, including complex matters involving health care, real estate, work place harassment, construction defects, and protection of employee pension plans.
Tom Umberg served three terms in the California Legislature representing central Orange County. While in the State Assembly, he successfully authored and secured legislative passage of 76 new state laws, brought more than $563 million in state and federal grant funds into Orange County, and assisted more than 2,500 individuals with government red tape and state bureaucracy problems.
In 1997, Umberg was selected by President Bill Clinton to serve as Deputy Director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). In this capacity he was responsible for the development and coordination of United States policy to reduce the supply of illegal drugs, including negotiation and coordination with foreign governments to enhance U.S. counter-drug intelligence and interdiction. In 2011, he was also appointed Co-Chair of the U.S. State Department’s Public Private Partnership for Justice Reform in Afghanistan.
Umberg is a founding partner of Umberg Zipser LLP and previously served as a partner at both Morrison & Foerster and Manatt, Phelps & Phillips. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the National Association of Drug Court Professionals and is Chair of the Veterans Treatment Court Committee.
Tom is married to Brigadier General (Ret.) Robin Umberg. They met while they were on active duty in Korea. “Tom and I have been proud to serve our country together for over 60 years combined — in the United States and overseas,” said Robin Umberg.
(Cue my usual Nguyen disclaimer: I am not related to Senator Janet Nguyen or former School Board Member Trung Nguyen. The last name Nguyen is held by 36% of Vietnamese people.)
Posted in 34th Senate District | Tagged: Barack Obama, Bill Clinton, Dan Lungren, Dave Gilliard, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, Janet Nguyen, John Garamendi, John Moorlach, Jose Solorio, Kevin de León, Lou Correa, Otto Bade, Tom Umberg, Tony Mendoza, Trung Nguyen | Leave a Comment »
SD 29: Mayor Whitaker Enters Race to Replace Senator Newman
Posted by Chris Nguyen on July 10, 2017
Mayor Bruce Whitaker
(R-Fullerton)
Cross-posted to OC Daily…
First reported by Jon Fleischman at the FlashReport on Saturday night, Fullerton Mayor Bruce Whitaker has become the first candidate to announce his entry into the race to replace Senator Josh Newman if Newman is recalled in the 29th Senate District.
The 29th Senate District recall election has centered on Senator Newman’s vote for the unpopular gas tax (58% of voters in a statewide UC Berkeley poll oppose the gas tax increase, and the percentage is likely higher in SD-29, as that district is more conservative than the state as a whole). Whitaker is well-versed in recall elections and anti-tax battles, having helped lead a City Council recall and multiple efforts to repeal/defeat taxes, as his campaign biography notes:
Bruce began an intense and prolonged foray into political activism in 1992 when he became incensed at the largest federal tax increase in U.S. history during the George H.W. Bush administration, and the largest state tax increase in California’s history under Governor Pete Wilson. He became active in his own city of Fullerton in 1993 when he led — as a proponent and treasurer — a successful effort to recall a majority of the City Council and repeal unnecessary utility taxes. That accomplishment has saved more than $170 million for residents and businesses of Fullerton to date.
On the heels of the Fullerton recalls, the Orange County bankruptcy erupted in December of 1994. At that time it was the largest municipal bankruptcy in U.S. history. As the chief spokesman of the Committees of Correspondence of Orange County, Bruce debated Sheriff Brad Gates, county CEO William Popejoy, Chapman University president James Doti and others and authored many guest editorials which helped to defeat Measure R, the bankruptcy sales tax. The defeat of that tax has resulted in more than $2.8 billion in taxpayer savings since 1995.
Bruce Whitaker founded the Fullerton Association of Concerned Taxpayers in 1996. He was president for eight years, following which FACT successfully brought suit against the Gray Davis administration for an unconstitutional $12.7 billion bond offering.
When Governor Davis was recalled from office, the Schwarzenegger administration and the Legislature attempted to pass a $2 billion pension obligation bond which also lacked voter approval. FACT and the Pacific Legal Foundation brought suit and won in both Sacramento Superior Court and the State Court of Appeals.
Whitaker was first elected to the Fullerton City Council in 2010 and re-elected in 2012 and 2016. In the citywide at-large vote, Whitaker came in first twice and second once in these three successful bids for council.
Whitaker also has name ID in other parts of SD-29, having been elected to the Republican Central Committee representing the old 72nd Assembly District in 1996 and re-elected in 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010, before deciding not to run for re-election in 2012. He was also the top vote-getter four times. He came in second once, coming just 20 votes shy of first place in the race in which the top six places were elected.
Fleischman wrote:
Whitaker, a constitutional conservative, has been elected three times to the Fullerton City Council. Fullerton is the largest city completely within the boundaries of the 29th State Senate District.
Whitaker told me that, “Residents and taxpayers deserve respect from elected legislators. Senator Newman’s voting record proves that he does not reflect the values of this District.” He added, “Southern California needs strong leadership in Sacramento to protect and secure our rights, such as the right to vote on taxes. My record reflects that I’ve long been a passionate advocate for freedom, property rights, justice and fiscal responsibility.”
I was last with Bruce a few weeks at at a gas station on Harbor Boulevard where a massive effort took place to gather signatures for the recall of Newman. Whitaker appeared on the John and Ken Show, which broadcast their show live from that location.
Read the rest on the FlashReport…
In addition to his name ID from being elected to the City Council and the Central Committee, Whitaker may also have benefit from voters remembering the name of OC GOP Chairman Fred Whitaker, who has also been active in the recall.
Fullerton is the second-largest city in the district, behind only the portion of Anaheim in SD-29, but historically, Fullerton has produced the most voters in primary and special elections (which the SD-29 recall would be), as the SD-29 parts Anaheim has lower-propensity voters (Anaheim is split among three Senate districts, with voter-rich Anaheim Hills sitting in SD-37, represented by Republican Senator John Moorlach of Costa Mesa; the remainder of Anaheim is in SD-34, represented by Republican Senator Janet Nguyen of Garden Grove).
Posted in 29th Senate District, Fullerton | Tagged: Arnold Schwarzenegger, Brad Gates, Bruce Whitaker, Fred Whitaker, Gray Davis, Janet Nguyen, Jim Doti, John Moorlach, Jon Fleischman, Josh Newman, Pete Wilson, William Popejoy | Leave a Comment »
CRA Endorsements for the June 7 Primary Election
Posted by Chris Nguyen on March 19, 2016
I live-blogged the Orange County CRA Endorsing Convention in this prior post, but I’ve been asked to put a condensed list of the results of the Orange County CRA Endorsing Convention. So here they are:
U.S. Representative, 39th District: Ed Royce
U.S. Representative, 45th District: Greg Raths
U.S. Representative, 46th District: Bob Peterson
U.S. Representative, 47th District: Andy Whallon
U.S. Representative, 48th District: Dana Rohrabacher
U.S. Representative, 49th District: No Endorsement
State Senator, 29th District: No Endorsement
State Senator, 37th District: John M.W. Moorlach
Member of the State Assembly, 55th District: (Los Angeles County will host this endorsing convention)
Member of the State Assembly, 65th District: Young Kim
Member of the State Assembly, 68th District: Deborah Pauly
Member of the State Assembly, 69th District: Ofelia Velarde-Garcia
Member of the State Assembly, 72nd District: No Endorsement
Member of the State Assembly, 73rd District: William (Bill) Brough
Member of the State Assembly, 74th District: Matthew Harper
Orange County Supervisor, 1st District: No Endorsement
Orange County Supervisor, 3rd District: Todd Spitzer
Orange County Board of Education, Trustee Area 1: Robert M. Hammond
Orange County Board of Education, Trustee Area 3: Ken L. Williams, Jr.
Orange County Board of Education, Trustee Area 4: Zonya Marcenaro-Townsend
Judge of the Superior Court, Office No. 3: Megan L. Wagner
Judge of the Superior Court, Office No. 40: No Endorsement
Judge of the Superior Court, Office No. 48: Karen Lee Schatzle
Central Committee, 65th District: Jerry Jackson, Baron Night, David John Shawver, Alexandria A. “Alex” Coronado, Sou Moua, and Zonya Marcenaro-Townsend
Central Committee, 73rd District: Mary Young, Jennifer Beall, Tony Beall, Ed Sachs, Laurie Davies, and Mike Munzing
The individual units in the 55th, 68th, 69th, 72nd, and 74th Districts have not yet decided if they will endorse for those Central Committee races.
Last month, the Statewide CRA endorsed Ted Cruz for President and Tom Del Beccaro for U.S. Senate.
Posted in 1st Supervisorial District, 29th Senate District, 37th Senate District, 39th Congressional District, 3rd Supervisorial District, 45th Congressional District, 46th Congressional District, 47th Congressional District, 48th Congressional District, 49th Congressional District, 65th Assembly District, 68th Assembly District, 69th Assembly District, 72nd Assembly District, 73rd Assembly District, 74th Assembly District, Orange County, Orange County Board of Education, Republican Central Committee | Tagged: Alexandria Coronado, Andy Whallon, Bill Brough, Bob Peterson, Dana Rohrabacher, David John Shawver, David Shawver, Deborah Pauly, Dr. Ken Williams, Ed Royce, Ed Sachs, Greg Raths, Jennifer Beall, Jerry Jackson, John Moorlach, Karen Lee Schatzle, Ken L. Williams, Ken L. Williams Jr., Ken Williams, Laurie Davies, Mary Young, Matt Harper, Matthew Harper, Megan Wagner, Mike Munzing, Ofelia Velarde-Garcia, Robert Hammond, Robert M. Hammond, Robert Morris Hammond, Sou Moua, Ted Cruz, Todd Spitzer, Tom Del Beccaro, Tony Beall, Young Kim, Zonya Marcenaro-Townsend, Zonya Townsend | Leave a Comment »
SD-37: Moorlach Leads Wagner in Fundraising and Cash on Hand
Senator John M. W. Moorlach and Assemblyman Donald P. Wagner
Well, campaign finance figures for the second half of 2015 are out, and OC Political will be doing our signature in-depth slicing and dicing of campaign finance numbers in the coming days, as we’ve done in prior elections. First up is the 37th Senate District, where Assemblyman Don Wagner (R-Irvine) is seeking to unseat Senator John Moorlach (R-Costa Mesa).
Moorlach surpassed expectations in fundraising, bringing in $128,754 in new contributions in the last six months of 2015. During the same period, Wagner raised $6,700 in new contributions, with $3,000 coming from Facebook.
Moorlach had $45,765 in expenditures. Wagner had $29,006 in expenditures, of which $16,500 went to a poll with Competitive Edge Research. It should be noted Wagner transferred the same amount, $16,500, from his Assembly account to his Senate account on December 23.
Moorlach has $19,772 in unpaid bills, of which $12,350 is owed to Tim Clark, the consultant on his Senate race who is now his chief of staff. Wagner has no unpaid bills.
Moorlach had $105,225 cash on hand. However, if he were to pay his unpaid bills, that would leave $85,453 in Moorlach’s cash on hand. Wagner’s cash on hand at $59,094, assuming he were to transfer his Assembly and Attorney General accounts into his Senate account. With $85,453, Moorlach’s cash on hand is $26,359 higher than Wagner’s.
For visual learners:
Candidate 6/30/15
Cash Balance
Contributions Transfers In Unpaid
Bills Expenditures Transfers Out Cash on Hand
(COH) COH Minus
Unpaid Bills
Moorlach for Senate $22,236 $128,754 $0 $19,772 $45,765 $0 $105,225 $85,453
Wagner for Senate $10,090 $3,750 $16,500 $0 $23,221 $0 $7,119 $7,119
Wagner for Assembly $71,347 $0 $0 $0 $5,785 $16,500 $49,061 $49,061
Wagner for Attorney General $2,980 $2,950 $0 $0 $0 $2,914 $2,914 $2,914
Notes: Figures may be off by one dollar due to rounding.
In fairness to Wagner, he had not yet announced his bid for Senate in 2015. I can only assume he made the decision after conducting that Competitive Edge Research poll.
Posted in 37th Senate District | Tagged: Competitive Edge Research, Don Wagner, John Moorlach, Tim Clark | 1 Comment »
County Board of Ed President Robert Hammond to Kick Off Re-Election Thursday
Posted by Chris Nguyen on January 26, 2016
Orange County Board of Education President Robert M. Hammond is kicking off his re-election on Thursday at 6:00 PM at the Bluewater Grill in Tustin.
Hammond may well be the first person ever whose endorsements include both former Lieutenant Governor Cruz Bustamante (D) and current State Senator John Moorlach (R). Moorlach’s challenger for re-election to the Senate, Assemblyman Don Wagner (R), has also endorsed Hammond.
Besides Lieutenant Governor Bustamante, Hammond’s endorsements also include the majority of Orange County’s State Senate delegation, State Assembly delegation, Board of Supervisors, and Countywide officeholders.
(In the interest of full disclosure, the consulting firm that owns OC Political ran Hammond’s successful 2012 bid for County Board of Education and is running his 2016 re-election bid.)
Posted in Orange County Board of Education | Tagged: Andrew Do, Bob Huff, Ceci Iglesias, Cecilia "Ceci" Iglesias, Cecilia Iglesias, Claude Parrish, Cruz Bustamante, Don Wagner, Eric Woolery, Gloria Romero, hugh nguyen, Janet Nguyen, Jeff Lalloway, Jeffery Lalloway, John Moorlach, Ken Williams, Linda Lindholm, Ling-Ling Chang, Mark McCurdy, Matt Harper, Matthew Harper, Michelle Steel, Mike Munzing, Phil Yarbrough, Robert Hammond, Robert Ming, Shari Freidenrich, Todd Spitzer, Tony Rackauckas, Travis Allen, Young Kim | 1 Comment »
OC GOP Endorsements for the June Primary
After last night’s Central Committee meeting, several readers asked for the list of candidates endorsed by the Republican Party of Orange County for the June Primary Election, so here it is:
United States Representative, 45th District: Mimi Walters
United States Representative, 48th District: Dana Rohrabacher
United States Representative, 49th District: Darrell Issa
State Senator, 29th District: Ling-Ling Chang
State Senator, 37th District: John Moorlach
State Assembly, 65th District: Young Kim
State Assembly, 73rd District: Bill Brough
State Assembly, 74th District: Matt Harper
County Supervisor, 1st District: Andrew Do
County Supervisor, 3rd District: Todd Spitzer
County Board of Education, Trustee Area 1: Robert Hammond
County Board of Education, Trustee Area 3: Ken Williams
At the February Central Committee meeting, it is widely expected that the Republican Party of Orange County will endorse Ed Royce for the 39th Congressional District and Travis Allen for the 72nd Assembly District.
Posted in 1st Supervisorial District, 29th Senate District, 37th Senate District, 39th Congressional District, 3rd Supervisorial District, 45th Congressional District, 48th Congressional District, 49th Congressional District, 65th Assembly District, 73rd Assembly District, 74th Assembly District, Orange County Board of Education | Tagged: Andrew Do, Bill Brough, Dana Rohrabacher, Darrell Issa, Dr. Ken Williams, John Moorlach, Ken L. Williams, Ken L. Williams Jr., Ken Williams, Ling-Ling Chang, Matt Harper, Matthew Harper, Mimi Walters, Robert Hammond, Robert M. Hammond, Todd Spitzer, Young Kim | Leave a Comment »
Live from OC GOP Central Committee: Moorlach vs. Wagner and Other Endorsements
We are live from the OC GOP Central Committee meeting tonight where a number of endorsements for Federal, State, and County offices are being considered in the June Primary, as well as the Orange Unified School District special election in March. The hottest contest of the evening is widely expected to be the dueling endorsement requests from Senator John Moorlach and his challenger for the 37th Senate District, Assemblyman Don Wagner.
Already endorsed in December were:
Assemblywoman Ling-Ling Chang for 29th Senate District
Assemblywoman Young Kim for Re-Election, 65th Assembly District
Supervisor Andrew Do for Re-Election, 1st Supervisorial District
Being considered tonight are:
Congressman Darrell Issa for Re-Election, 49th Congressional District
Congressman Dana Rohrabacher for Re-Election, 48th Congressional District
Congresswoman Mimi Walters for Re-Election, 45th Congressional District
Senator John Moorlach for Re-Election, 37th Senate District
Assemblyman Don Wagner for 37th Senate District
Assemblyman Bill Brough for Re-Election, 73rd Assembly District
Assemblyman Matthew Harper for Re-Election, 74th Assembly District
Supervisor Todd Spitzer for Re-Election, 3rd Supervisorial District
Trustee Robert Hammond for Re-Election, Orange County Board of Education, Trustee Area 1
Trustee Ken Williams for Re-Election, Orange County Board of Education, Trustee Area 3
Gregory Salas, Orange Unified School District, Trustee Area 1
7:05 PM: Invocation and Pledge of Allegiance
7:07 PM: OC GOP Chairman Fred Whitaker begins taking the roll
7:10 PM: Two new alternates are sworn in
7:14 PM: Current and former elected officials present introducing themselves are Bill Brough, Diane Harkey, Pat Bates, Matt Harper, David Shawver, Scott Peotter, John Moorlach, Robert Hammond, Tony Beall, Mike Munzing, Eric Woolery, Shari Freidenrich, Steven Choi, Mike Posey, Craig Young, Andrew Hamilton, Dwight Robinson, Peggy Huang, Hugh Nguyen, Shawn Nelson, Gene Hernandez, Brett Barbre, Tim Shaw, Deborah Pauly, Todd Spitzer, Mark McCurdy, Michael Gates, Andrew Do, Steve Nagel, Jim Cunneen, Cecilia Iglesias, Scott Voigts, Steve Tye, Erik Peterson, Ken Williams, Harry Sidhu, Jeff Lalloway, and Fred Whitaker.
7:20 PM: Chairman Whitaker presents Senator Pat Bates with the OC GOP’s Legislator of the Year award.
7:23 PM: Bates speaks about her husband, women in elected office, and bringing women into the Republican Party.
7:26 PM: County Auditor-Controller Eric Woolery gives the Taxpayer Watchdog Award to Bates.
7:27 PM: Chairman Whitaker gives one of the two Local Elected Officials of the Year awards to Santa Ana Unified School District Trustee Cecilia Iglesias.
7:30 PM: Assemblyman Don Wagner’s office presents an Assembly certificate to Iglesias.
7:31 PM: Iglesias thanks Thomas Gordon, Robert Hammond, and the Central Committee. She says Santa Ana is slowly but surely returning to its conservative values and hopes to elect more Santa Ana Republicans in 2016.
7:32 PM: Wagner returns to the room and re-presents the certificate.
7:33 PM: Chairman Whitaker presents the other Local Elected Official of the Year award to Lake Forest Councilman Dwight Robinson.
7:35 PM: Robinson speaks about his family. He speaks of freedom and liberty. He speaks of good governance and making his community a better place to live for his children. He points to Steven Choi and Irvine as an example. He points to the leadership of his Lake Forest colleague Scott Voigts. He points to Supervisor Shawn Nelson and speaks about the AQMD Board, job retention, and economic growth.
7:39 PM: Assemblyman Wagner presents an Assembly certificate to Robinson.
7:40 PM: Don Gilchrist and Kathy Tavoularis present “The Donald” (the OC GOP’s Legislative Staffer of the Year award) to Jennifer Beall, District Director for Assemblyman Bill Brough.
7:43 PM: Beall thanks Gilchrist and speaks of Brough’s efforts to elect more Republicans to local office. She thanks Sharon Campbell of Brough’s staff. She thanks Chairman Whitaker and speaks of getting volunteers into the field in targeted seats.
7:47 PM: OC GOP Secretary Peggy Huang presents the Volunteer of the Month award to UCI College Republicans President Rob Petrosyan.
7:49 PM: Petrosyan speaks about the importance of Republican activism.
7:50 PM: Senator John Moorlach presents a Senate certificate to Petrosyan. Supervisor Todd Spitzer presents a County certificate to Petrosyan. Ben Rejniak of Congresswoman Mimi Walters’s office presents a Congressional certificate to Petrosyan.
7:53 PM: Huang inaudibly presents the Emily Sanford Volunteer of the Year Award to a member of the Republican Women Federated.
7:59 PM: Whitaker thanks all the award recipients and speaks of the 2016 presidential election. He speaks of the 2015 activities of the OC GOP, including the election of Andrew Do to the Board of Supervisors, fundraising successes, and the early endorsements of Do for re-election, Assemblywoman Ling-Ling Chang for the 29th Senate District, and Assemblyman Young Kim for re-election. He speaks of the importance of focusing on targeted seats, not intraparty fights in safe seats. He points to Tom Steyer fielding liberal Democrats in primary elections to challenge incumbent moderate Democrats statewide. He asks for respectful discourse and reminds those present that Republicans are on the same team, and the Democrats are the opponents. He states no incumbent Republicans being considered for endorsement tonight have done anything to merit removal from office. He urges endorsing the incumbents and focusing resources on the targeted seats.
He states SD-37 will be considered in a candidates’ forum since there are two applicants for one seat.
8:07 PM: Senator John Moorlach speaks of being a Central Committee member in 1993 and being encouraged to challenge Bob Citron for Treasurer by then-OC GOP Chairman Tom Fuentes and Assemblyman Mickey Conroy. He speaks of reducing the County’s unfunded pension liability while on the Board of Supervisors. He speaks of being Vice Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee.
8:09 PM: Assemblyman Don Wagner states that SD-37 is in no danger of going to the Democrats. Wagner points to Moorlach’s vote on SB 141, in which Moorlach was one of only two Republicans to vote for it. Wagner says it allows governments to sell land acquired via eminent domain. Wagner points to Moorlach’s vote on SJR 13 where Moorlach joined with Democrats to vote for a resolution that took a position on a Supreme Court case on redistricting that was contrary to the Republican position. Wagner noted that he has repeatedly endorsed Republicans in tough races while Moorlach is often absent. Wagner spoke of Moorlach being the sole Senate Republican to not endorse Republican Assemblyman Katcho Achadjian’s bid to capture the seat held by retiring Congresswoman Lois Capps (D). Wagner contributed financial resources to help elect Janet Nguyen to the State Senate while Moorlach did not endorse her.
8:14 PM: Brett Barbre asks the candidates if they have taken union contributions.
8:15 PM: Wagner says he has not taken any for this Senate campaign but has taken public safety union money in the past that he has given to other Republican candidates.
8:16 PM: Moorlach says that he has taken none and has never benefited from union independent expenditures.
8:17 PM: Dennis White asks Moorlach to respond to the allegations raised by Wagner.
8:18 PM: Moorlach disputes Wagner’s allegation on SJR 13 and says he voted against it. He does not have a response for SB 141. [Editor’s Note: the vote record for SJR 13 shows Moorlach joined a unanimous 36-0 vote in favor of SJR 13 in the Senate while Wagner was one of 11 votes against SJR 13 when it passed the Assembly 57-11.]
8:19 PM: Wagner stands by his statements.
8:19 PM: Scott Voigts asks Wagner why he has been so generous with helping other Republicans.
Wagner states he wants to grow the ranks of Republican elected officials.
8:20 PM: Andy Whallon asks how they voted SB 443 on civil asset forfeiture reform.
8:22 PM: After much discussion, both declare they voted in favor of SB 443. [Editor’s Note: the vote record for SB 443 shows Wagner voted against SB 443 when it was defeated 44-24 in the Assembly while Moorlach voted in favor of SB 443 joining a 38-1 vote to pass it in the Senate.]
8:23 PM: Wagner apologizes for putting the Central Committee in an awkward position but says the Central Committee is there to make difficult decisions to help grow the Republican Party.
8:24 PM: Moorlach states he has never run against a Republican incumbent. He points to his voting record and emphasizes his votes on fiscal issues.
8:25 PM: Scott Baugh motions and Brett Franklin seconds the endorsement of John Moorlach.
8:26 PM: Scott Voigts offers a substitute motion for neutrality in the 37th Senate District. Mary Young seconds the motion.
8:27 PM: Allan Bartlett attempts to table the motion of Don Wagner’s endorsement, but he is rejected because he proposes tabling a non-existent motion.
8:27 PM: Baugh moves to table Voigts’s substitute motion. This motion to table the substitute motion is approve by voice vote.
8:28 PM: Baugh, Assemblyman Matt Harper, and Supervisor Shawn Nelson wish to speak in favor of the motion to endorse Moorlach. Voigts and Young wish to speak against. Since there must be an equal number of speakers and no third speaker against the motion stepped forward, so Nelson will not speak.
8:30 PM: Baugh speaks of Moorlach’s great character, his votes against the totalitarianism of civil asset forfeiture, and how it is easy to cherry-pick individual votes out of thousands cast each year by legislators. Baugh says while Moorlach is not warm and cuddly, he is a principled conservative.
8:31 PM: Voigts stated he broke his back in 1994 falling off a freeway overpass, after which he became involved with the Christian Coalition. Vogts met his-now boss and me tor, Wagner, in 1995 and helped engineer the Republican takeover of the South Orange County Community College District Board with Tom Fuentes. He speaks of numerous precincts where Wagner has walked for other Republicans and numerous campaigns where Wagner donated money to help elect more Republicans. Voigts says both are great men, so the party should stay neutral on this race.
8:34 PM: TJ Fuentes asks speakers not to invoke the memory of his father during debate.
8:34 PM: Assemblyman Matt Harper praises Wagner’s voting record and leadership in the Assembly. However, Harper points out the voters clearly elected Moorlach less than a year ago. He says Moorlach has been a great conservative leader in the Senate. Harper notes he signed the first page of the recall declaration of intent against Doris Allen, so he has no problem opposing bad Republican incumbents. He says SD-37 is nowhere near the Doris Allen situation.
8:38 PM: Mary Young states that Wagner has repeatedly given money to Republican Women Federated and other Republican volunteer events while Moorlach has given none.
8:39 PM: Voting begins on the endorsement of John Moorlach for re-election to the 37th Senate District.
8:40 PM: There are 48 votes for Moorlach and 7 against.
MOORLACH ENDORSED FOR RE-ELECTION 48-7.
8:41 PM: Whitaker notes the party has not dual-endorsed in the past. Wagner offers to withdraw his application.
8:41 PM: With only one dissenting vote, the endorsements for all other people being considered for Federal and State office is passed.
8:41 PM: With only one abstaining vote, the endorsements for all other people being considered for County and school offices is passed.
8:51 PM: After various announcements, Chairman Whitaker adjourns the meeting.
Posted in 1st Supervisorial District, 29th Senate District, 37th Senate District, 3rd Supervisorial District, 45th Congressional District, 48th Congressional District, 49th Congressional District, 65th Assembly District, 73rd Assembly District, 74th Assembly District, Orange County Board of Education, Orange Unified School District | Tagged: Andrew Do, Bill Brough, Dana Rohrabacher, Darrell Issa, Don Wagner, Dr. Ken Williams, Gregory Salas, John Moorlach, Ken L. Williams, Ken L. Williams Jr., Ken Williams, Ling-Ling Chang, Matt Harper, Matthew Harper, Mimi Walters, Robert Hammond, Todd Spitzer, Young Kim | 2 Comments »
SD-37: Moorlach vs. Wagner – The Rematch
Posted by Chris Nguyen on January 5, 2016
Senator John M. W. Moorlach (R-Costa Mesa) and Assemblyman Donald P. Wagner (R-Irvine)
Rumors had swirled for months that Assemblyman Don Wagner (R-Irvine) would challenge Senator John Moorlach (R-Costa Mesa) for the 37th Senate District this year. Former Supervisor Moorlach had defeated Assemblyman Wagner for the seat just ten months ago by a margin of 50.3%-44.0% in the March 2015 special election to complete the unexpired term of State Senator Mimi Walters, who had been elected to the United States House of Representatives.
Wagner has taken a very public step toward challenging Moorlach to a rematch in 2016. On December 7, Moorlach had submitted his application to the Republican Party of Orange County for an endorsement for re-election for the 37th Senate District. Then, yesterday, January 4, Wagner submitted his application for an OC GOP endorsement for the 37th Senate District.
Both applications will be considered at the OC GOP Central Committee meeting on January 18. The OC GOP states: “All Republican candidates running for election in [the 37th Senate District] are invited to participate in a candidate forum that will be held during the January Central Committee meeting. The meeting will begin at 7 PM.”
The format will be: “Each candidate will be allowed three (3) minutes to present why they should be endorsed. And, in keeping with tradition, we will allow three speakers in favor and three opposed to speak for one (1) minute. The candidate will be allowed one (1) minute to address any issues raised by opponents of the endorsement.”
Otherwise, it should be a quiet January 18 Central Committee meeting, with Congresswoman Mimi Walters, Congressman Dana Rohrabacher, Congressman Darrell Issa, Assemblyman Bill Brough, and Assemblyman Matthew Harper all filed applications for endorsement of their respective re-elections in time for the January 4 application deadline for OC GOP endorsements for partisan seats in the Primary Election. Assemblywoman Ling-Ling Chang‘s bid for the 29th Senate District and Assemblywoman Young Kim‘s bid for re-election were already endorsed in December.
The OC GOP endorsement application deadline for nonpartisan seats in the Primary Election (County Supervisors and County Board of Education Trustees) is January 11, though Supervisor Andrew Do‘s bid for re-election was already endorsed in December.
An incumbent holding partisan office has not been denied the OC GOP endorsement since John Campbell fell one vote short of the 2/3 needed for an endorsement when John Webb challenged him (two of OC Political’s earliest posts).
In the March 2015 special election for the 37th Senate District, Wagner spent $493,000 while Moorlach spent $276,000. Despite this significant funding differential of nearly 2:1, Moorlach still won the Senate seat.
As of the June 30 campaign finance reports, Moorlach had $31,299.92 in cash-on-hand across two committees (Moorlach for Senate 2015 and Moorlach for Senate 2016) while Wagner had $84,416.71 cash-on-hand across three committees (Wagner for Senate 2016, Wagner for Assembly 2014, Wagner for Attorney General 2018).
Presumably, Democrat Louise Stewardson, who ran as a write-in candidate in March 2015 will file for the ballot in June 2016.
No word on if the hilarious Naz Namazi, “Naz, N-A-Z, Naz…a legal immigrant,” will be running again to challenge “a liar and a hypocrite” for this seat.
The ever-popular “Winner by city or unincorporated area in the 37th Senate District Special Election” map. See this map in its original glory here. (Note: the sizes of Moorlach’s and Wagner’s heads have nothing to do with their vote margin in that community, it’s just the geographic size of the community that did it. Laguna Woods and Laguna Beach are very oddly-shaped cities.)
Posted in 37th Senate District, Republican Central Committee | Tagged: Andrew Do, Bill Brough, Dana Rohrabacher, Darrell Issa, Don Wagner, John Campbell, John Moorlach, John Webb, Louise Stewardson, Matt Harper, Matthew Harper, Mimi Walters, Naz Namazi | 7 Comments »
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Archive Items
Ethnic differences in body mass index trajectories from 18 years to postpartum in a population-based cohort of pregnant women in Norway
Kinnunen-2019.pdf (924k)
Kinnunen, Tarja I
Richardsen, Kåre Rønn
Sletner, Line
Torgersen, Leila
Sommer, Christine
Waage, Christin Wiegels
Mdala, Ibrahimu
Jenum, Anne Karen
Series/Report no
BMJ Open; Volume 9, Issue 2
Objectives: To explore ethnic differences in changes in body mass index (BMI) from the age of 18 years to 3 months postpartum. Design: A population-based cohort study. Setting: Child Health Clinics in Oslo, Norway. Participants: Participants were 811 pregnant women (mean age 30 years). Ethnicity was categorised into six groups. Primary outcome measures: The outcome variable was BMI (kg/m2) measured at the age of 18 and 25 years, at prepregnancy and at 3 months postpartum. Body weight at 18 years, 25 years and prepregnancy were self-reported in early pregnancy, while body height and weight at 3 months postpartum were measured. The main statistical method was generalised estimating equations, adjusted for age. The analyses were stratified by parity due to ethnicity×time×parity interaction (p<0.001). Results: Primiparous South Asian women had a 1.45 (95% CI 0.39 to 2.52) kg/m² higher and Middle Eastern women had 1.43 (0.16 to 2.70) kg/m2 higher mean BMI increase from 18 years to postpartum than Western European women. Among multiparous women, the mean BMI increased 1.99 (1.02 to 2.95) kg/m2 more in South Asian women, 1.48 (0.31 to 2.64) kg/m2 more in Middle Eastern women and 2.49 (0.55 to 4.42) kg/m2 more in African women than in Western European women from 18 years to prepregnancy. From 18 years to postpartum, the mean increase was 4.40 (2.38 to 6.42) kg/m2 higher in African women and 1.94 to 2.78 kg/m2 higher in the other groups than in Western European women. Conclusions: Multiparous women of ethnic minority origin seem substantially more prone to long-term weight gain than multiparous Western European women in Norway.
Ethnic differences
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Home > Real Estate > PE investments in real estate up 19% to USD 3.8 billion in Jan-Sept: Anarock
PE investments in real estate up 19% to USD 3.8 billion in Jan-Sept: Anarock
Hela October 26, 2019 Real Estate No Comments
New Delhi: Private equity investments in the domestic real estate sector rose by 19 per cent to USD 3.8 billion during January-September 2019, mostly in commercial properties, according to Anarock.
Private equity investments were over USD 3.2 billion in the year ago period, the consultant said in a statement.
Commercial real estate received close to USD 3 billion funds in the first three quarters of 2019 as against USD 2.1 billion in the corresponding period of the previous year.
Residential segment, on the other hand, received USD 295 million funding this year as against USD 210 million last year, thus seeing nearly 40 per cent gain.
According to Anarock data, retail segment attracted close to USD 260 million during January-September 2019 as against USD 355 million in the year-ago period.
Logistics and warehousing witnessed 27 per cent decline in total PE inflows in 2019 at nearly USD 200 million as against USD 275 million earlier.
Among cities, Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) witnessed maximum inflows at USD 1.59 billion till September this year, up 3 per cent from the same period of 2018.
Bengaluru witnessed nearly 17 per cent gain from USD 420 million to nearly USD 490 million till September.
Pune saw huge jump in investments — from USD 125 million in 2018 to nearly USD 390 million in 2019.
However, Hyderabad witnessed 76 per cent decline — from over USD 790 million last year to just USD 190 million in 2019.
Chennai saw investments of nearly USD 230 million as against USD 160 million a year ago.
PE funding in NCR dropped to USD 115 million from USD 150 million in January- September period of 2018.
As much as USD 3.6 billion was equity funding — comprising nearly 95 per cent of overall share — while the remaining 5 per cent was via structured debt.
Foreign private equity funds continued to dominate the real estate investment, with Blackstone, Hines, Ascendas, Brookefield being major players.
ICICI Prudential Real Estate Fund gave Rs 74 crore on account of debentures issued by Amrapali Sapphire Developers ICICI Prudential Real Estate Fund, a realty fund under ICICI Prudential Real Estate Portfolio Management Services, gave around Rs 74 crore on account of
CCD founder VG Siddhartha halts real estate venture sale to Blackstone, says report G Siddhartha, founder of the cafe chain, Cafe Coffee Day (CCD) has delayed his plans to sell the real estate venture Tanglin Developments,
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