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You're in good company
Customers past and present - a small selection only
Articles published about ST robots or RoboForth
Some quotations from customers:
"I was able to connect them up and communicate with them very easily. For a simple low end robot they are a great deal!
The language is easy to use, especially after working on a *** or a ***. [major robot manufacturers names deleted]
One other thing I must say, You have been outstanding when it comes to customer service! - Eli Lilly
"...We were all very impressed with how quickly we could get going with the robot system (especially Robwin and ROBOFORTH) and I'll definitely come straight back to you next time we need a robot arm!" - The Techology Partnership (Cambridge, UK)
"I finally understand why you made RoboForth as is. It is extremely lean. When I worked with the big name robots, their robots require a ton of memory on windows to run their API... RoboForth is so lean and the performance on Linux is insanely good. There aren't any other industrial grade robots that have this kind of performance." - Waterloo University, Canada
"...a spectacular job of answering questions from users, be it a silly basic question or a complicated technical inquiry." - MIT (Cambridge, MA)
"Thank you very much for your continuous support, your customer support has been outstanding... as always your responses are prompt and clear. I wish all companies had customer support as helpful as yours" - Thermo-Fisher Scientific.
"This has been one of the best investments we have made, it does a great job for us." - Mesa Labs, USA
# mechanical, electronic construction -- Great quality
# reliability -- Very reliable.
# electronics, interfacing -- UI is friendly and ST provides a tons of support.
# value for money -- Worth the money that was spent on the units.
- Broadcom Inc, CA
"This thing is awesome! ... 16 second video clip attached (was amazed at how easy it was to get a program written for it). We used the added I/O to interface it with a PLC and have them working together beautifully. The documentation that you send with the robot made everything really easy to do." - Halifax CC, NC.
"In general we found your support (Q&A) very responsive.
Although not trivial at first sight the programming language happens to be very efficient and to provide a high degree of control and flexibility “ something I'm not sure other providers provide..." - Eff Inov Technologies, France
"We just finished the first course using the robot and everything worked great!
Students liked the robot a lot and found the programming interface easy to use and very intuitive." - Indiana Tech.
"Our arm from ST Robotics was installed in June 2005 as an exhibit to display the movement and flexibility of a robotic arm. The arm now has a running time of 24,400 hours...
This was installed as part of a larger exhibition and carries on regardless while all the other exhibits are failing. A laudable feat of engineering endurance, and excellent customer support." - Dundee Science Centre, Scotland
"No, no problems, it's working fine. We recently tried it with a laser aimed through the sensor block and it was just as good (accuracy). So we have no problems with the (classified)."�- Kearfott Guidance.
"The quality is amazing [of their product]. It's a much better finish than we ever did manually." - Qualplast, England.
"The robot system has exceeded all our expectations" - Racal Mesl.
"No, neither robot has given any trouble. They are both working perfectly - Radstone Electronics."
and then after another 5 years we called them and the robots were still in use, one for 10 years: "The robots have worked flawlessly"
"We know of *** and *** systems that constantly give trouble. Ours works consistently night and day. - Xenova Pharmaceuticals."
"Arnold is still running all shifts with no problems. We never need to relearn positions." - Hewlett Packard.
"This is the third robot we've bought for this job and the only one that could do it. The *** is still in it's packing case in the parking lot." - Signet Armorlite.
found on the net: (a Perl forum)
"My favorite robot is from STRobotics.... Their stuff is designed on the Z8000, and runs a language they call RoboForth. It's a pretty fair implementation of Forth, and that is one of my all-time favorite programming languages."
We regret it is our firm policy not to give contact details. The customers above have not given permission to do so.
ST Robotics wins award for most dedicated employer
https://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/242382/1/azu_etd_12369_sip1_m.pdf
Research at the University of Arizona.
http://www.paa.co.uk/ftp/labauto/documentation/integratedroboticsystemforhtsdna.pdf
The entire national DNA database, the biggest in the world, was set up by the UK Forensic Science Service using 8 ST robots.
(note: The ST R16 robot is mistakenly referred to as a Hamilton ML16 robot and Roboforth is also an ST product.)
http://www.samedanltd.com/magazine/12/issue/40/article/1057
http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/14354/title/High-Throughput-Thermocyclers/
Robotics in the nuclear industry
Trawsfynydd Power Station De-commissioning
ST supplied 4 large Cartesian robot systems in master-slave combinations to swab waste containers in a radioactive environment.
Real-time_Teleoperation_of_an_Industrial_Robotic_Arm_Through_Human_Arm_Movement_Imitation
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REVIEWS: Le Coq Sportif
Le Coq Sportif.
There are few places in the world where fashion has become so intrinsically woven into its DNA than in France.
A proud fashion forward nation, brands galore have emerged from France but some stand out more than others. One of those is Le Coq Sportif.
Sticking to their mantra of producing high-quality collections with fitted cuts, in premium materials, dyed with unique, luminous colours, the brand have unveiled their celebration of French sport with the Tricolore and Essentials lines.
Featuring sporty items in, you guessed it, blue-white-red, the new range is emblematic of the brand’s roots. Offering classic pieces for everyday wear, the Tricolore collection plays skillfully with the concept of combining three colours and subtly signs off each item with its famous placket.
With the Essentials line, you get a modern expression of the brand’s traditional savoir-faire. Taking inspiration from an athletic wardrobe, Le Coq Sportif have put together knitwear pieces with just the right cut.
France’s golden generation that gives Fabien Galthie hope ahead of Rugby World Cup 2023
Dakar Rally 2020: Everything you need to know ahead of the world’s toughest motor race
With a focus on natural materials, like premium cotton, this line offers a wide choice of luminous colours.
WE RATE IT: Stylish and slick, the lines offer a perfect blend of sport-casual from a brand which has always impressed.
WHERE TO BUY: From Le Coq Sportif stores in the UAE and online at lecoqsportif.com
PRICE: Various
REVIEWS: Garmin Forerunner 35
REVIEWS: ON Cloudflow
REVIEWS: Nike winter collection
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Sport Compass
An online tool designed to help organisations survive and thrive.
What is Sport Compass?
Sport Compass replaces Sport NZ’s Organisation Development Tool (ODT) and Club Warrant of Fitness (Club WoF). It's a free online tool to assist administrators. Get started now.
Where Sport NZ's previous tools had a big focus on assessment, Sport Compass is different. The results in Sport Compass are less important than the process of agreeing priorities and making regular improvements. With Sport Compass you are not scored or benchmarked, and there are no prizes for achieving at a high level.
The responsibility for running a sport and recreation organisation can be overwhelming. Especially when you don't know what you don't know. Financial, premises and people-related pressures are very common. Sport Compass is a working tool to help people agree when and how to deal with common pressures. It may also be used to help you move from a good situation to an even better situation.
How does Sport Compass work?
Sport Compass has one core module for small to mid-sized organisations. More detailed modules will be added over time but the core module is a good place to start for most organisations.
More than 200 people from all over the country contributed over 1200 hours to the core module. We discovered together that we can't assume what an organisation must do to be successful. So instead of putting the focus on what you are doing, Sport Compass puts the focus on the things that many administrators struggle with; situations that might put your organisation at risk, that suck the fun out of the job, or that prevent you from achieving what you hope to achieve. Once you decide where to put your focus, Sport Compass provides ideas to help you move forward.
Each module in Sport Compass involves three levels. The levels are not a target. They exist to speed up the process and to help you decide what is really important. Taking the time to work on a situation that could put your organisation at risk is far more important than getting as far as level three.
Can I just try?
Yes! It's free to use. Get started now. Once you have registered we recommend checking out the short guide video on the home page. Your assessment can be reset at any time so go ahead and explore.
Check out www.sportcompass.nz or contact admin@sportcompass.nz for more information.
Strong organisations, Clubkit
Assessing capability , Running a club
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Brazil 1 Switzerland 1: Zuber pegs back below-par Selecao
Coutinho's curling strike was cancelled out by Steven Zuber's second-half header.
Stephen Creek
18 June, 2018 01:25 IST
Steven Zuber scored a header to equalize for Switzerland after Philippe Countinho's first half strike. - Getty Images
Brazil continued the trend of tournament favourites underperforming as they were held to a 1-1 draw by Switzerland in their World Cup Group E opener in Rostov.
Having bowed out of their home tournament four years ago with a 7-1 semi-final defeat to Germany, Brazil initially started their mission to put that humiliation behind them in stunning fashion when Philippe Coutinho struck a sublime goal to open the scoring.
READ: As it happened
Despite dictating the pace of the game, Brazil were never completely dominant and had Switzerland's rather toothless attack to thank for not taking advantage of the possession and space the underdogs were afforded.
The five-time winners failed to extend their lead and were punished early in the second half when Steven Zuber lost his marker at a corner and equalised – a goal that might have opened the game up had Brazil been at their best.
But Tite's side remained somewhat subdued by their own high standards, with Neymar a shadow of his usual talismanic self having only recently recovered from a fractured foot, and their remaining group games with Costa Rica and Serbia now come with more pressure than would have previously been anticipated.
Switzerland can reflect on an excellent start to their campaign, having claimed a point from the most difficult of their group matches and improved their chances of reaching the knockout stages for the second consecutive tournament.
Vladimir Petkovic's side began on the front foot, Xherdan Shaqiri sending a bouncing cross towards Blerim Dzemaili that the Bologna midfielder fired over the crossbar with a shot on the turn.
Their promising start could not last and soon Switzerland were sitting back as Brazil passed the ball crisply around the pitch, almost finding a breakthrough when Paulinho dragged a shot across the face of goal and wide of the far post with 10 minutes played.
VIEW: Brazil vs Switzerland: The match in pictures
Just 10 minutes later, Switzerland were reeling from a piece of sublime, quintessentially Brazilian skill.
Marcelo's cross from the left bounced back out of the box to the feet of Coutinho, who took a touch to control it before unleashing a shot that curled spectacularly around helpless goalkeeper Yann Sommer and in off the post.
Having taken the lead, Brazil slowed the pace of the game down and frustrated Switzerland, whose only subsequent attacking foray before half-time ended disappointingly with Zuber firing a shot straight into Thiago Silva, who headed narrowly over the crossbar at the other end just before the interval.
Switzerland drew level only four minutes into the second half when a corner from Shaqiri found Zuber unmarked on the edge of the six-yard box and he had the simple task of heading the ball beyond Alisson and high into the centre of the goal.
Neymar fired into the side-netting from inside the penalty area and Fernandinho hit a speculative long-range shot wide to the left of the target as Brazil probed for a goal to restore their lead, but their attacks lacked the necessary urgency.
Coutinho had another chance to score with 20 minutes left but his neat control was followed by a wayward drive, and Gabriel Jesus saw a penalty appeal waved away when he was challenged by Manuel Akanji in the box.\
ALSO READ: Live updates from day four of the FIFA World Cup
Two late chances fell to Brazil substitute Roberto Firmino, but the Liverpool forward lashed the ball over before drawing a reaction save from Sommer with a close-range header, and Miranda almost made amends for his failure to mark Zuber earlier but fired wide from 18 yards as Switzerland held on for a deserved point that was secured when a Fabian Schar block prevented Coutinho from having the final say.
Key Opta stats:
- Brazil failed to win their opening match at the World Cup for the first time since 1978, when they drew 1-1 with Sweden; they had won nine in a row between 1982 and 2014.
- Switzerland have lost only one of their last 23 matches (W16 D6), a 2-0 defeat to Portugal in October 2017.
- Brazil have failed to win any of their last three World Cup matches (D1 L2), their worst winless run since June 1978, when they went four games without a win.
- Switzerland haven't lost their opening World Cup match in any of their last five tournaments (W2 D3).
- Valon Behrami became the first Swiss player to appear in four different World Cup finals – he also appeared in 2006, 2010 and 2014.
- Brazil have won only one of their last seven World Cup matches against European opposition (D2 L4), a 3-1 win over Croatia in the opening match of the 2014 World Cup.
Dugout videos
Steven Zuber: The Swiss behind Brazil's agony
Germany 0 Mexico 1: Lozano stuns woeful reigning champion
Fabian Schär
Yann Sommer
Xhedran Shaqiri
Rohit Sharma hurts his left hand, taken off the field
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Operating Systems Compatibility List General Information
Most operating system vendors provide patches and updates to their products. It is a best practice of NetBackup Quality Engineering to test with the latest service pack or patch level of the operating system when testing a platform. If a known problem exists on a specific service pack or patched OS level, this information is identified in the tables below. Any required operating system patches for specific releases of NetBackup are documented in the NetBackup Release Notes. The current patch versions of releases will work with NetBackup for the operating systems listed below unless otherwise noted. Veritas supports the standard un-altered kernel/operating system levels as indicated in the table, provided the OS Vendor still provides support for that level. Should an issue arise on a revised kernel, operating system, or virtual system environment, Veritas support may request the recreation of the problem with the standard operating environment distribution.
NetBackup Vault:
This option runs on the same operating systems and versions and in the same clustering environments as NetBackup unless otherwise noted in the NetBackup Release Notes. NetBackup restrictions and limitations related to systems, clusters, and peripherals also apply to Vault.
Exception: Vault does not support standalone drives.
Data at Rest Key Management Service (KMS):
This feature is a master server-based symmetric key management service that manages symmetric cryptography keys for tape drives that conform to the T10 standard (i.e. LTO4). Beginning in NetBackup 6.5.2, KMS is supported on all OS versions where the master server and media server are supported unless otherwise noted.
Support Definitions:
Veritas Maintenance/Support only applies to Veritas Licensed Software, assuming you have a current Veritas Maintenance/Support subscription for such software and such Veritas Licensed Software is operating in configurations which Veritas designates as supported. Veritas Maintenance/Support does not cover (and we have no responsibility for) providing technical support, installation services or other services for any other software or hardware products. Also, Veritas is not obligated to provide Maintenance/Support when your Veritas Licensed Software is operating in configurations Veritas does not designate as supportable/supported. Please see the current Veritas Technical Support Policy and your Veritas license agreement for more information, terms and limitations.
Supported Configurations:
For more information about technical notes in regards to Veritas supported configurations (such as operating system/levels, firmware levels, databases, devices, device drivers, applications, etc.), please refer to the Veritas Support website https://www.veritas.com/support/en_US.html. Please note that while Veritas makes reasonable efforts to keep this information updated, we cannot assure that this information will be in all cases complete or the most current.
Third Party Products:
Where your problem may be related to product(s) from a third party vendor with whom we have a cooperative or collaborative relationship on such product(s), then Veritas may work with that vendor towards resolving your reported problem. Where Veritas does not have such a support relationship in place with the third party vendor, or where the vendor ceases to support such product(s), then our ability to support Veritas Licensed Software operating with such vendor's product(s) may be limited, affected, or prevented (and such third party product(s) may cease to be part of Veritas - supported configuration(s)). Veritas support may be limited by the hardware or software vendor due to their support lifecycle. Should a vendor announce End of Support for a product, Veritas support may be limited.
Bare Metal Restore (BMR)
Please refer to the following link for BMR supported configurations : https://www.veritas.com/support/en_US/article.000127612
In NetBackup 8.1 release, NetBackup Bare Metal Restore functionality is not supported for restoring the clients which have NetBackup version 8.1 installed.
However, you can still use Bare Metal Restore for restoring the clients which have NetBackup version 8.0 and earlier installed.
While restoring 8.0 and earlier clients, Veritas recommends that you use Shared Resource Tree (SRT) having 8.0 and earlier client version.
Note that there is a planned support for NetBackup Bare Metal Restore functionality in a future release.
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HomeNewsCorporateIFMA Approaches GST Council for Reduction in Tax on Electric Fans
IFMA Approaches GST Council for Reduction in Tax on Electric Fans
Mrinmoy Bhattacharjee
India’s top fan manufacturers have requested GST Council to reduce the tax rate on electric fans to 12% from 28%. The manufacturers, under the Indian Fan Manufacturers Association (IFMA)banner,have argued that since fans are a necessity in India, they should not be clubbed with air-conditioners and taxed similarly.
IFMA comprises of eleven Indian fan manufacturers representing the organised industry. In a press release, the association has said that issues with respect to filing of online returns under GST still exist within the trade. “The demonetisation of high denomination bank notes had affected the demand in the fan industry. However, growth is on a recovery path now,” it said.
The association is also working with Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Energy Efficiency Services Ltd and Bureau of Indian Standards to develop a road map for manufacturing better energy-efficient fans that would help optimise power consumption and contribute to energy management.
“The star labelling program is expected to not only give an opportunity to all end users to make informed choices at the time of purchase, but also result in savings of approximately 30,000 MW of electricity over the next few years, as fans account for nearly 30% of the total power consumption,” IFFMA has said.
IFFMA members are also concerned that spurious branded fans are finding their way into the market and affecting the reputation and business of branded manufacturers and causing loss of revenue to the government. Accordingly, the association had organised 39 raids across the country during 2016-17 in an attempt to curb violation of its members’ copyrights. During 2016-17, members of IFMA achieved a consolidated production of 52.26 million fans, registering a growth of 9.08% over the previous year.
Philips Lighting Opens Global Customer Remote Oper...
AIIB, ADB Approves $100 million Loan for IndiaR...
CorporateNews
Budget 2019: Govt Has Taken Steps to Bring Back Confidence in NBFCs, Prest Loans CEO Mittal Says
Light Communications Alliance Formed
Smart Cities Risk Curtailing Potential by Prioritising Technology over People: JLL Report
EESL Unveils ‘Game Changing’ Super-Efficient Split ACs
Bureau of Energy Efficiency
Bureau of Indian Standards
EESL
Energy Efficiency Services Ltd
GST concil
IFFMA
By IndiaGoes.online Disable responsivity
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English (US) ไทย
SIGN UP EARN BITCOIN HOME
Goldman Sachs Report Says Bitcoin Could Shape 'Future of Finance' (รายงานจาก Goldman Sachs ระบุว่า บิทคอยน์ อาจจะสร้าง 'อนาคตแห่งวงการการเงิน') - March 11, 2015
The Support Team - May 07, 2018 07:27
Joon Ian Wong (@joonian) | Published on March 11, 2015 at 15:52 GMT
Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies are part of a technology "megatrend" that could change the fundamental mechanics of transactions, according to a new report from Goldman Sachs' equity research analysts.
Bitcoin, along with improved payment security, 'big data' analytics and faster payment networks are the components of a technology trend that will disrupt the payments ecosystem, the report says.
The disruption of the $1.2tn global payments industry will be also be driven by converging trends in regulation, global demographics and the rise of markets outside the United States.
The report says:
"Innovations in network technology and cryptography could change the speed and mechanics of moving money."
Bitcoin will change consumer payments
The report, published yesterday, is titled The Future of Finance: Redefining The Way We Pay in the Next Decade. It's written by James Schneider and SK Prasad Borra, payments analysts at the bank's research division.
It comes as the second in a series that has already featured the rise of 'shadow banks'.
According to Schneider and Borra, bitcoin's major impact will be enabling the transfer of assets without a central clearing authority.
The large public companies that will benefit will be merchants, who will reap savings on payment costs. Firms who might lose out are traditional money-transfer firms like Western Union, Moneygram and Xoom.
The report names Coinbase, BitPay and Ripple Labs as the leading firms in the bitcoin space.
Bitcoin's impact will be felt in the field of consumer-to-consumer payments, the report says. This market includes all payments made between consumers, with examples of leading vendors being mobile wallets like Venmo and Square Cash.
Disruptive entrants to the consumer payments space are limited to earning revenue from international money transfers, according to the report, a market that's worth $580bn. These entrants include bitcoin exchanges and the peer-to-peer platform for foreign currency exchange TransferWise.
Exchanges named in the report include Coinbase, itBit, Circle, Trucoin and CoinCorner.
Bitcoin could also play a significant role in global remittances for customers who want to use cash to begin the transfer process. The report points to Bitspark as an example of a firm that lets customers remit funds by depositing cash, bypassing the need for a bank account. Bitspark then performs the transfer by exchanging it into bitcoin.
New players could take 20% of the current $30bn consumer-to-consumer market from incumbents over the next 10 years, the analysts estimate. Newcomers will also drive fees down from a current average of 6% of the principal to 2.5%.
"Distributed networks are, in principle, more secure and reliable due to their open source nature, and there is no single point of failure," the report notes.
"Given the low transaction fees associated with ... virtual currencies, there is potential for significant dislocation in the profit pools associated with money transfer."
Significant merchant interest in bitcoin
The Ripple network is highlighted as a bitcoin alternative that could gain acceptance among small banks. The report points to Ripple's partnerships with banks like Fidor, CBW Bank and Cross River Bank as evidence that the network allows these institutions to perform international money transfers without depending on large banking partners.
Merchant adoption of bitcoin could rise in coming years, the report found. The analysts conducted a survey with the Electronic Transactions Association that found 23% of merchants planned to accept bitcoin within the next 24 months.
The report estimates that more than 100,000 merchants currently take bitcoin payments globally.
The analysts stress that merchant adoption of bitcoin is in its "infancy" and that results so far have been inconclusive. It cites Overstock.com falling well short of its bitcoin sales target last year as an example of a merchant who is not enjoying significant benefits from bitcoin payments.
But the authors also stress that it's too early to write bitcoin off, and that they will "closely monitor" merchant bitcoin-use in the coming months.
The report also noted that nearly 80% of trading volume on bitcoin exchanges is driven by trade in the yuan-bitcoin currency pair, although it did not point out that Chinese exchanges often don't charge fees for trading, leading to higher trading volumes.
The opportunity for bitcoin-linked companies is tiny compared to the potential gains available in other sectors identified in the report. While $6bn could accrue to firms like bitcoin exchanges operating in the consumer-to-consumer payments space, some $17bn is up for grabs in the business-to-business payments sector.
In the field of payments between businesses and consumers, $84bn could be taken by newcomers.
Source: http://www.coindesk.com/goldman-sachs-report-says-bitcoin-could-shape-future-of-finance/
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CoinDesk: Samsung SDS Invests in Blockchain Startup
About us| Careers| Press| Terms of Service| Contact us © 2017-2018 coins.co.th
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Download, Install, & Update Issues
Download Older Version of App
If you have vintage iOS hardware, you may not be able to run the latest release of some apps (i.e. requires iOS 8). Some users have indicated success in purchasing, then downloading an earlier version of an app. Note that Apple indicates "Previously purchased items MIGHT not be available if they're no longer on the iTunes Store."
Purchase the app using iTunes on your computer.
After the app has completed download, go to your iOS device and follow the steps to Download past purchases.
When you attempt to download a current app that requires a newer version of iOS, you should see an alert indicating "This is version X for iPad 8.1. Would you like an earlier version of this app?". Click "Yes".
Backup All Projects
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SLA vacated schools in HSZ still closed
[TamilNet, Monday, 17 March 2003, 23:31 GMT]
The Eluthumadduval North Maruthankulam Government Tamil Mixed School in the northern Jaffna district has not started functioning even after the Sri Lanka Army troops who occupied the school premises have vacated. Villagers complain that the school authorities are unable to repair the damaged buildings and restart the school, as the school is located in the Sri Lanka Army High Security Zone (HSZ).
A similar situation prevails in other parts of the Jaffna peninsula as education authorities are unable to repair damaged buildings to restart these schools, which are in the high security zones, sources said.
Meanwhile, the Sri Lanka Navy (SLN) Monday vacated the office complex of the Neduntheivu Pradeshya Sabah (PS), which it had been occupying to provide security to cadres of the paramilitary group, Eelam People's Democratic party (EPDP).
The SLN provided accommodation to the EPDP members in the Neduntheivu PS office complex against the wishes of the villagers. The villagers conducted a sustained picketing campaign against the presence of EPDP members in the Neduntheivu office complex demanding that they should vacate from the area, sources said.
The SLN detachment that functioned in the Neduntheivu PS office complex comprising the local market and library withdrew to the main SLN base in Karainagar around noon Monday, the sources said.
http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=8558
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Safe Utah
Southwest Adult High
16 S 300 W
F: 435.652.4739 southwest@washk12.org
Our ESL classes are for all who would like to learn or refine their English skills.
Classes for level 2, 4, and 6 are held on Mondays and Wednesdays from 6:00-9:00 p.m.
Classes for level 1 and 3 are held on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 6:00-9:00 p.m.
$40 for enrollment fee
Proof of Utah residency
Steps to begin classes:
Meet with Joe Eckman (he is here from 4:30-8:00 every night)
Fill out paperwork
Take pre-class assessment
Find out which class you are in and start!
Washington County School District - Home Page
FERPA | PPRA | Conducting an Administrative Investigation (1700) | Non-Discrimination (1710) | Safe Schools (2110) | Student Non-Discrimination and Prevention of Harassment (2115) | Student Enrollment (2920) | School Fees (3400) | Bullying and Hazing (3510) | Technology Acceptable Use Policy (3700) | Graduation Requirements (4100) | Guidelines for Gifted Accelerated Student for College Level Program (9201) | Career and Technical Education (9300) |
Washington County School District © 2018
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About Syte
Contact Syte
Dolorous 40th Anniversary of Roe v Wade
Syte Reitz
The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world…….
Cultural Wars
Don't Diss My Church
Rolf's Guitar
Browsing Posts tagged Is Herman Cain guilty?
Herman Cain: Guilty or Not Guilty? and Why Does it Matter? False Accusations Should Be Punishable by Law
Herman Cain: Guilty or Not Guilty?
and Why Does it Matter?
False accusations should be punishable by law.
Herman Cain Suspends Campaign
Two Possibilities
The recent attacks on Herman Cain, the swiftness of his “trial” by media, and his rapid exit from the Republican presidential primary race have left many bewildered. There lingers an uneasiness, as though a lynching had just occurred, and nobody objected.
There are two possibilities; that Herman Cain is guilty of recent accusations of sexual harassment and marital infidelity, or that he is innocent of these accusations. We simply do not know which is the case.
If Cain were guilty, that would be unfortunate. His moral integrity would certainly be blemished. However, to be fair, it must be pointed out that similar issues did not get in the way of Gingrich’s, Clinton’s, or JFK’s public careers. In a society that has just removed the ban on bestiality in the military, with the White House laughingly declining to comment, surely Herman Cain’s weakness would not be as staggering as such transgressions might have been in the past?
Gingrich, Clinton, JFK
If Cain were innocent, however, then the extent of the coordinated slanderous attack on Cain would be historically significant and unnerving. If President Obama’s campaign was prepared to coordinate such a vicious and fallacious attack on an opposing candidate, that really would make a story dwarfing other stories of political ethical misconduct, including Watergate and the more recent Blagojevich affair.
Politics 14 Dems, 2012 election, Alinsky tactics, bestiality in the military, black vote 2008, Blagojevich, Chicago tractics, Chief Justice Abrahamson, Clinton, Collective Bargaining, Democrats play race card, dirty politics, false accusations, false accusations should be punishable by law, Ginger White, Gingrich, Governor Walker, Herman Cain, innocent until proven guilty, Is Herman Cain guilty?, Is Herman Cain innocent?, JFK, Justice David Prosser, legislators fleeing state, Libya Gaffe, lynching Herman Cain, media lynching, media trial, Obama flip-flops, Obama lies about abortion, Obama lies about Obamacare, President Obama lies, Pro-Life candidates, Republican primary, slander and perjury, slander of Herman Cain, smearing candidates, trial by media, Unions, Watergate, Why was Cain such a threat?, Wisconsin Supreme Court
Syte Reitz grew up in Queens, New York, in a family of Lithuanian immigrants who fled Nazi and Soviet domination during World War II. Her education includes a Ph.D. in Biochemistry, and post-doctoral work at Princeton University. Syte left her job as an Assistant Professor at Oakland University, Michigan, to devote herself to raising her children, and ultimately homeschooled them through the end of high school. She is a member of Madison's Cathedral Parish.
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Engines and Global Warming
A Blast from the Past— Remembering my brother, and the Lithuanian immigrant family and American melting pot that produced us.
Madison’s Cathedral, 2005 — Last Bulletin before the Fire
Astonishingly Perceptive Wisconsin State Journal Article Portrays Bishop Morlino in 2004
SOTU Dems
Merry Christmas and Happy Birthday!
What on Earth is Going on with the Catholic Church? or The Flip Side of Mercy
Madison’s Bishop Celebrates 15 Years!
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Trump: To Dump or Not to Dump? OR Negotiating Wonderland OR Restoring Sanity to the United States
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The Hidden Cactus War
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6 Ways Tech Startups Are Changing in 2019
Adam Rowe June 22nd 2018 6:30 am
Tech startups are always looking to capitalize on the next big thing. And every year, the startup ecosystem is slightly different. Entrepreneurs preparing to launch a startup in 2019 should be aware of the latest trends that will guide their successes or failures.
Industry analyst Mary Meeker's 2018 Internet Trends presentation relies on data gathered across 2017. It's one of the best bellwethers the tech industry relies on to predict what is on the horizon for the rest of 2018 and the first half of 2019.
Here's a look at the top six findings that startups will find the most relevant.
Voice AI Is Trending Up
The trend for speaking to a digital assistant is only set to continue. The Amazon Echo’s U.S. user base jumped a massive 10 million users between the third and fourth quarters of 2017. Voice AI tech isn't just a few new bits of hardware, though – it's an entirely new interface through which to communicate.
Why Tech Startups Care
The voice AI ecosystem is the perfect entry point for a startup: Small enough to get a foothold, but growing quickly enough to scale up rapidly. Voice startups can accomplish tasks and streamline user's lives all from within an Echo or Google Home device.
Tech Incumbents Are Essential
In the U.S., at least, business has never been more equivalent with “tech.” In April 2018, tech companies composed 25 percent of U.S. market capitalization, and tech is a growing target for corporate research and development dollars.
Startups are inherently pitted against the biggest tech companies. But now that corporations such as Google and Amazon have grown large enough to become entire ecosystems in themselves, it's tougher and tougher for a startup to turn into the next Facebook. At least getting acquired by one of the tech giants is still an option.
Gig Workers Are on the Rise
In 2017, on-demand or “gig” workers grew nearly a quarter — 23 percent — over the previous year. The primary reason cited was the added flexibility of a non-traditional work style.
Is a glut of on-demand workers a sign that individuals value their freedom and flexibility, or an indication that a stable salaried job with benefits is increasingly tough to pin down in today's economy? One thing's for sure: From scooter-chargers to Mechanical Turk enthusiasts, startups are relying more heavily on those part-time workers for their labor.
Digital Payments Are Increasing
Also on the rise: Forms of digital payment, from mobile payments to in-app purchases to smart home device buys.
Of those surveyed, 60 percent had made a digital payment at some point across their previous 10 everyday transactions. New digital currencies are emerging, with Coinbase's global registered users up well over three times since January 2017.
Startups might burn a lot of cash at the beginning, but becoming solvent is a must at some point. Less friction on digital payments is good for any business, but it's even better for tech startups that tend to operate in the online sphere already.
Online Education Is Up
Online courses like Coursera and Kahn Academy have existed for years to guide audiences through free, velvet-voiced tutorials on topics from mathematics to English history. In 2017, a full 70 percent of those using YouTube say they're aiming to solve specific problems, whether for school, work, or a hobby.
And since YouTube is the largest social network according to a recent Pew study — 73 percent of Americans use it, compared to just 68 percent with Facebook accounts — that percentage is even more important. People are using the internet to fix their daily problems.
Increasingly, video watchers are opting for mobile: Users' global mobile video viewing times are estimated to have passed 30 minutes a day already in 2018.
This fact indicates that a startup's audiences are more primed than ever to accept an online startup as the potential answer to their problem — and if it can offer up a solution via short-form video, all the better.
…But, Internet User Growth Is Slowing
As of 2017, 49 percent of the world's population — 3.4 billion people — have internet access. And that growth appears to be peaking. Internet users rose seven percent that year, down versus the 12 percent rise seen in 2016. Smartphone users grew zero percent in 2017, another indication that the internet is saturated.
But that doesn't mean hours spent online are staying flat. Of those who are online, U.S. adults spend 5.9 hours per day on the internet, up from 5.4 hours in 2016.
Knowing your user demographic is key to success, in business and during pitch meetings both. The slowing pace of internet user growth isn't good or bad per se, but it affects who's willing to try out a new app. As the internet matures, people will be easier to connect with, but might be less likely to adapt to an unfamiliar brand.
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Jeff Doll
In the time that I’ve been in the quality organization at Workiva, the impact of changes to the methods and means by which we deliver product quality has been substantial, challenging, and positive. It came as no real surprise last year when we started to see the emerging methodologies and trends in the way that new product development teams would be seeking to develop, test, and deliver some of our new projects.
It’s a difficult thing admitting that sometimes what got you to where you stand will never take you close to where you’re going. I believe that this is a key distinction that sets our R&D organization apart from the rest of the pack. We haven’t been afraid to adapt and pivot, doing so rapidly and frequently where needed. However, doing so also means that there are some additional challenges incurred in maintaining an exceptional product platform through engineering quality.
When the many facets of a project change, it can be challenging to have the whole organization move together, but with several years and countless hours of collaboration as an organization, we have achieved many incredible milestones.
A few significant figures to note:
We deliver Wdesk an average of 4 times per week.
Those releases contain an average of 20,000 lines changed across 26.5 tickets.
We have delivered exceptional levels of product functionality and quality demonstrated by customer satisfaction and net promoter scores.
An average release currently undergoes over 9 days of automated testing within the release cycle running approximately 7,000 automated functional tests.
These are staggering metrics that demonstrate the requirements and detail required to achieve the goal that has been set by our company leadership, that we are a world-class software organization. But alongside of recognizing these successes, it’s time that we take a step back and look at the means by which we have achieved these successes to determine the path forward.
Without the efforts of our Test Development team the past few years to engineer quality into our products and processes, we wouldn't be able to deliver our products with the same high level of quality that we have achieved.
Looking back, when we started investigation into automated functional testing, the group consisted of four team members. This team worked on a project that the quality organization believed would be necessary to achieve the goals that were seen in the future. Team leadership saw the countless clones of manual regression test suites, hours and hours of manual execution, and the nauseating repetition of executing test cases. The tedious process to document and maintain those test suites would not be maintainable at the pace we knew was required to achieve the organization’s goals.
Fast forward a few years, and several mature testing solutions which have ultimately resulted from those early projects are still the means by which we verify release candidates. When we began executing automated tests using an internal project named Kitty Hawk, 14 outdated laptops stacked on a cart managed our automated test suites, the kind of machines that IT had taken back because someone had been upgraded.
The test machine cart in all its glory:
This rabble of QA members and pile of old laptops have grown into a mature testing team and infrastructure. Through this, Workiva delivers the means we use to determine the viability of a release candidate on a near daily basis. Certainly there are limitations, but today we are more limited by the performance of the application under test than the actual testing frameworks themselves. By all accounts, this is a measure of tremendous success and value.
With our success, though, we have come to realize that after years of delivering testing that met the needs of our development and release model, there is a need to significantly adjust the patterns (or really anti-patterns) of how we test our applications. More accurately, where and how we test applications, when we design and implement new test tooling, and even how we decide when to not deliver testing. Yes, sad days. TL;DR your headline can read “Admissions from QA manager that sometimes it’s better not to test something.” Here’s the caveat—how not to test something within our previous understanding of how we implement automated testing.
The earlier Workiva days were such that we developed and shipped products and features rapidly. We didn’t always consider the full future impacts of how something should be tested. We saw a need for test coverage and implemented it in the best way we knew how at the time. In hindsight, we became victims of our own test success. We wrote thousands of tests that absolutely ensure quality but do so in a method that wasn’t engineered into our products and has some downsides and inefficiencies.
Sure this model works, but at what cost?
Money? (You'd shudder at our cloud service bills!)
Time?
Personal well being of our team members? ¯_(ツ)_/¯ (You’d have to ask their families.)
Time is something we can measure, let's look at that.
For example, as a service (note, service—this is important), server pdf translations once executed 325 individual translation/comparison test cases for a full regression suite of the product.
Each test looked something like this:
Log in and import a document
Send the document revision to the translation
API receives the translation and processes the document
Callback with translated document for download
Save document
Call comparison to a goldfile to ensure the outcome matches expectations
Sounds slow?
Yeah, it was. The full set of tests took on average 100 minutes to execute (this is parallelized across available machines). Executed serially, this breaks down to an equivalent of approximately 21.6 hours of testing time for the service.
After recognizing the many pitfalls and the inefficiencies of testing the service by using the application UI, we pivoted. The team's QA, working with test development and a number of other team members, implemented and delivered tooling to call the service directly for the translation. As an additional win, the auditing of existing tests also discovered inefficiencies in the way we had previously decided to separate test cases yielding further gain.
The translations service test framework was rolled into our test management system several months ago. At current executes 239 tests with a total average execution time of 50 minutes effectively cutting the parallelized test time of the service in half and also reducing occurrences of test failures not related to the intended service under test.
So, what happened? Did we test it wrong originally? Yes and no. Yes, the testing could been done more efficiently by some other means. We could have used a service test harnesses or a similar process of testing the service. No, because at the time that was how we were able to test the translations APIs with the existing test frameworks. Having not done so at the time would have had significant impacts on testing of this service.
So...why?
In our need to move quickly, we utilized what was available. Teams didn’t spin up their own test frameworks, and test development wasn’t resourced for projects beyond what was currently in progress. This occurred mostly due to bandwidth limitations and requirements of maintaining and updating the existing system. Honestly, we didn’t recognize it until we were far down the path.
What is the outcome? Consider the following:
A generally accepting testing pattern: The Testing Pyramid
A small percentage of end-to-end tests, which test the full stack of an application in a replicated production environment.
A larger bed of integration tests ensuring that service endpoints and various APIs integrate as expected. These are crucial in a service oriented system.
A foundation of unit tests ensuring that the code does what it’s supposed to through the permutations of how it can be executed.
A fairly common testing (anti) pattern: Test Ice Cream Cone
A large volume of manual testing.
A high number of automated end-to-end tests.
A smaller number of service integration tests.
And a narrow foundation of unit tests.
On one hand, we have a system where the large majority of your tests execute in ns or ms. The other is such that the majority of your tests execute in minutes or, at best, tens of seconds.
One looks delicious, one looks…robust?
Who doesn’t love ice cream? But much like that large cookie dough blizzard, you’re going to eventually regret this decision. The Wdesk client application at its current state follows something in the middle of these two—very much an hourglass.
What does this indicate? That we've ventured into the land of functional test bloat. It’s simple if you look at how Wdesk is designed in the most basic sense. We have a client, a handful of services, and a python server. The server runs on an infrastructure/architecture that is in most ways, mature and without need of additional testing (i.e., doesn’t require an extreme amount of intentional testing, Google AppEngineTM).
We run approximately 34,000 unit tests per build, approximately 6,000 automated functional tests per release, and around 1,000 service or integration tests per release candidate regression test run.
Additionally, there is a layer of integration tests within our python unit test framework that can be run ad hoc. Consider the testing pyramid and the testing ice cream cone (anti-pattern). Which is it? Which should it be? How is this considered in the product life cycle?
With all of this in mind, it’s time to make some changes to how we understand and deliver product quality and, more directly, how we test. We need to approach testing with a mindset of how we design, engineer, deliver, and iterate.
For the future ecosystems of complex microservice applications to be tested effectively, we must adjust. Without an intentional shift, the potential for failure is high if our future model of a microservice integration ecosystem is built on a foundation of client end-to-end testing. This is a recipe for slow, arduous delivery and test value lapses/failures.
Ok, so we’re doomed…great.
Not at all. Our belief as an organization is that we want to deliver the highest quality software as quickly as possible. We are a world-class software organization and acting as such should be a non-negotiable in how we proceed.
The need to understand the road forward and act accordingly necessitates that in order to succeed, our method of testing and ensuring product quality occurs early and at the most efficient level. The future of our product quality (and ultimately success—who wants to use a buggy product?) depends on delivering effectively on this method.
Because of this, we believe the following things:
We believe in delivering only the highest quality software to our customers.
We believe in building testable applications.
We believe in the value of unit testing.
We believe in headless service testing.
We believe in service integration testing where possible.
We believe that testing should happen early to ensure quality throughout the development cycle and in a measurable, ongoing way.
We believe that efficiency is to be valued over speed, never sacrificing quality.
We believe end-to-end tests should be used at minimum for only use cases requiring the full stack.
We believe that testing needs to be designed and engineered as a part of any product development life cycle.
We believe that doing so will enable teams to deliver quality software most efficiently.
We believe in breaking the testing anti-pattern.
We believe in designing and delivering testing by the most efficient means across our organization, using the right tools for the tasks.
We believe that world class software requires that we engineer quality into the foundation of our products and processes.
We believe this will not happen by accident.
The next generation of Workiva quality
As we move into the next generation of Wdesk, empowered by these things, we are continuing to achieve the goals set before us. We will ultimately deliver an exceptional next generation data platform. We are designing and implementing world-class testing, solutions, and tooling. We are ensuring that teams can deliver high-quality functionality and testing in parity, and this is resulting in the ability to ship software faster than ever.
Through testing that is not only thorough and effective but also efficient, we are enabled to release as often as we like. We can do this without flakey tests, last-minute reworks, unknown dependencies, or lack of meaningful test coverage. Issues can be identified earlier, lowering the impact to the overall development cycle. We know that what has taken us this far won't take us through the next steps. And, we look forward to delivering the next generation of Wdesk more efficiently than ever.
Google App Engine is a trademark of Google Inc.
What do Software Development Engineers in Test at Workiva do?
Validating Dart Dependencies and You!
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Technorites
Latest Technology, Gadgets, Mobile and games news
Delta Air Lines’ startup partnerships are fueling innovation
For the first time, this year Delta Air Lines had a large presence at CES. The carrier used much of its space to highlight the “parallel reality” screens developed by Misapplied Sciences and Sarcos Robotics, which brought its latest Guardian exoskeleton. At the show, I sat down with COO Gil West, an industry veteran with years of experience at a number of airlines and airplane manufacturers, to talk about how the company works with these startups.
Like all large companies, Delta has gone through a bit of a digital transformation in recent years by rebuilding a lot of the technical infrastructure that powers its internal and external services (though like all airlines, it also still has plenty of legacy tech that is hard to replace). This work enabled the company to move faster, rethink a lot of its processes and heightened the reality that a lot of this innovation has to come from outside the company.
“If you think about where we are as a world right now, it’s a Renaissance period for transportation,” West said. “Now, fortunately, we’re right in the middle of it, but if you think about the different modes of transportation and autonomous and electrification — and the technologies like AI and ML — everything is converging. There’s truly, I think, a transportation revolution — and we’ll play in it.
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Game dev union leader: “Dream job” passion “can open us up to exploitation”
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Amelia Earhart Search Forum >
The Islands: Expeditions, Facts, Castaway, Finds and Environs >
Seven Site
Author Topic: Seven Site (Read 190260 times)
John Kada
Re: Seven Site
Thank you for posting that portion of the map, Ric. I agree that with the information we have at present we can't know whether someone from the Bushnell spent time within the boundaries of the Seven Site.
But I’m not motivated by ardent naysaying, I’m simply trying to come to the best possible interpretation of the clues that Tighar has amassed through a lot of hard work. One of the most important of those clues is sextant box. The Bushnell was surveying the lagoon and it’s my understanding that surveying sextants were tools used in that kind of work. It’s certainly reasonable to think that surveying sextants used by personnel from the Bushnell would have had Naval Observatory numbers, and it is conceivable that somehow a sextant box from the Bushnell got left behind near the castaway’s remains and then was found during the search that uncovered the rest of the castaway’s bones, after Gallagher learned of the skull. You and I and the rest of the forum can keep posting about the likelihood of this hypothesis being true without ever resolving the issue. The thing about it though is that this hypothesis is testable, at least potentially. If records of the Naval Observatory numbers of the sextants used by the crew of the Bushnell when it surveyed the Phoenix group are available, then if those records indicate that a surveying sextant with Naval Observatory number 1542 was used in this surveying work, the hypothesis I’ve put forward will be proven correct and we’ll properly understand the origin of the sextant box. If sextant #1542 wasn’t used by the Bushnell, the hypothesis can be set aside. (added later: And if no relevant records are found, then we'll all have to live with the possibility that the sextant was from the Bushnell).
What are the chances of finding this information? Probably slim, but I refer you to this timepiece with USNO#44 inscribed in its case, which I posted about here. An impressive amount of information was dug up about this watch, including its assignment to the USS Cushing. Perhaps the information we seek about the Bushnell’s surveying sextants can be found through archival research. I admit that I don’t know where to begin but perhaps Tighar’s resourceful researchers do. Or perhaps Tighar can hire a person with the research skills to find those records if they do still exist. It is my understanding that the National Archives maintains a list of experienced researchers who do this kind of work—for a fee of course. I’ve gotta think that the cost of trying to uncover this information would be a very small fraction of the cost of a full scale expedition to Nikumaroro. It seems to me that Tighar might wish to consider the merits of such an expenditure.
« Last Edit: November 01, 2012, 06:47:54 PM by John Kada »
John Ousterhout
The Naval Observatory Records are kept at the National Archives (NARA), in Washington, DC. Although I live on the "west coast", I've been a little involved in a search of those records for information about sextants that might be associated with Noonan and Manning. The TIGHAR folks who have actually spent time at the archives looking through hundreds of boxes of old records deserve a LOT of thanks, even though they haven't given us a smoking gun. What they have given us is a clearly identifed place to look for the information that will eventually connect a particular sextant to a person or ship. I wish I was on the "right" coast and could spend time in the archives looking through boxes of old Navy Observatory correspondence. Any volunteers? It just takes lots of hours to leaf through boxes of old papers, but for some of us those hours are fascinating!
Quote from: John Ousterhout on November 01, 2012, 07:32:19 PM
There may be other places to search for records relevant to the Bushnell, besides the records of the USNO. I've been pretty occupied making posts on this Bushnell Hypothesis idea and haven't tried to get some idea where to look. But perhaps the a branch of the National Archives on the West Coast would hold files worth investigating. The Bushnell could have been supplied with its instruments through a west coast Naval Shipyard, for instance. A first step might be to explore that possibility.
Perhaps a Tighar member in the know can tell us where in the National Archives the Bushnell papers came from? Perhaps there is more to obtained wherever those came from. I would be very interested in pursuing that if I had a chance to get to D.C.
Separate from the question of the Bushnell I'd previously made a post on another thread suggesting that files of the U.S. Shipping Board might be of interest with regard to the transfer of sextants from the USNO to the merchant fleet after WWI. I still think that line of research should be pursued. But the Bushnell--it was right there at Gardner Island!...
Joe Cerniglia
Niku in a rainstorm
Quote from: John Kada on November 01, 2012, 05:42:08 PM
I agree that with the information we have at present we can't know whether someone from the Bushnell spent time within the boundaries of the Seven Site.
With respect, I would say that insufficient data to know with certainty didn't impede Ric from drawing a conclusion. He said the evidence the Bushnell party left behind, from their own maps and documentation of where they surveyed and built towers, indicates they were never at the Seven Site. The knowledge on this point is about as reliable as we could hope it to be. Ric never said "we can't know." Rather, he said based upon what he has seen and assembled, we can guess fairly accurately.
But I’m not motivated by ardent naysaying, I’m simply trying to come to the best possible interpretation of the clues that Tighar has amassed through a lot of hard work.
I for one appreciate your approach of considering new possibilities. We need to do this and, to the extent possible, test each one and see how it does or does not line up with the collective or individual's interpretation thus far of the evidence.
One of the most important of those clues is the sextant box. The Bushnell was surveying the lagoon and it’s my understanding that surveying sextants were tools used in that kind of work. It’s certainly reasonable to think that surveying sextants used by personnel from the Bushnell would have had Naval Observatory numbers, and it is conceivable that somehow a sextant box from the Bushnell got left behind near the castaway’s remains and then was found during the search that uncovered the rest of the castaway’s bones, after Gallagher learned of the skull.
It's reasonable, but there's no evidence that has been presented that this is what happened. There is, however, a chain of photographic evidence and a written account by Noonan himself that potentially link the box found on Nikumaroro to a World War I U.S. Navy surplus sextant. The evidence is not ironclad, but if it leads where it seems to point, then would not the U.S. Navy have had to re-purchase sextants it sold as surplus 20 years before the Bushnell team arrived in 1939 for that box to be brought by them to the Seven Site (which they indicated on a map they never visited)? I don't ask this rhetorically, and I'm not dismissing it out of hand. A single document could, as you suggest, entirely dismiss this evidence and attribute the sextant to the Bushnell party.
You and I and the rest of the forum can keep posting about the likelihood of this hypothesis being true without ever resolving the issue.
I've had a number of forays into research for TIGHAR with corporate archives and libraries, and my experience is that with the right cooperation you can gather a lot of useful information, but resolution to the level at which you speak comes at a much higher price. And it's a moving target. Those who disagree can always raise the bar once they find you've reached that level.
I very much appreciate your effort to try to build new possibilities with regard to the sextant box, and I notice you made a valuable addition to the dating of the Keuffel & Esser sextants, as well as research on Navy surplus activities. Your research has led me to consider a new "sign-off" in my signature. I hope you will not consider the question rhetorical, but rather an invitation to enlighten me. There is much I can see, especially with regard to the Bushnell Papers, that your analysis has led me to examine and newly discover.
- Are there facts of which I am unaware or had not well considered?
TIGHAR #3078 ECR
Thanks for your thoughtful comments. I always enjoy reading your posts.
Rather than create a series of nested boxes, let me try replying to your comments in order (the mechanics of nesting posts are beyond me at this hour...).
I’m not sure Ric is actually saying what you claim he does, but in any case I’m not following how from the map of the Bushnell team’s survey points one can conclude that the Bushnell sailors were not at the Seven Site. Can you flesh this out for me?
You say that I have not provided evidence that a Bushnell sailor left a sextant box at the Seven Site. Indeed I have not, any more than Tighar has provided evidence that that Noonan carried a Brandis/Naval Observatory sextant onto the Electra on his last flight. I’ve suggested that a good case can be made that the sextant box found on Gardner could have been from the Bushnell. This is based upon a sound set of facts: teams of Bushnell sailors surveyed Gardner Island in 1939; surveying points were close to the Seven Site; surveying sextants are used in that kind of work; a US Navy surveying sextant of that era would be marked with a Naval Observatory number. If I may say so, I don’t think this line of reasoning is really any weaker than the reasoning Tighar uses to hypothesize that Noonan had a Brandis/Naval Observatory sextant on his last flight, and that is not meant as some kind of put down -- Tighar has presented good reasons to believe such a sextant may have been on the last flight of the Electra, but it doesn’t have evidence. In the case of what I’ll refer to as the Bushnell hypothesis, we actually know the Bushnell made it to Gardner so I think one might even argue that the Bushnell hypothesis better explains how a Naval Observatory sextant box could have been found near the castaway than does the Nikumaroro hypothesis. But again, the kind of evidence you are asking me to provide does not exist for either hypothesis. Good reasons can be offered for Noonan having a Brandis/Naval Observatory sextant on his last flight and that last flight may have ended at Gardner. I have good reasons to believe that Naval Observatory sextants were used by the crew of the Bushnell and it is a fact that the Bushnell was at Gardner. (Notice that we are now getting into a potentially endless, unresolvable, argument? Wouldn't it be better to look for the evidence that will end the argument?).
I’m not following your point regarding re-purchasing 20 year old sextants—I never said the Bushnell was using re-purchased sextants. Perhaps you are thinking of my previous posts on other threads where I’ve estimated that the sextant with N.O. number 1542 was given its N.O. number around 1918 or 1919. I’ve also pointed out that the US Navy had a glut of sextants after WWI and disposed of them in two ways: by giving them to the merchant fleet (where Noonan served) and by sending them to the Washington Navy Yard for sale as surplus; I certainly still think that those are avenues of research that should be pursued. The sextant with N.O. number 1542 might have left the Navy by one of those routes, but here on this thread I’ve been considering the possibility that sextant #1542 remained in the US Navy and was used by the crew of the Bushnell in 1939. The US Navy apparently continued to use sextants it purchased in the WWI era for many decades—that is why we see what appear to be WWI era sextants with eccentricity certificates dated in the 1930’s and 1940s. One ebay seller of a sextant on the Ameliapedia sextant table actually claimed he used his Brandis sextant on a USN vessel in the 1960s, incredibly enough.
To summarize: one year before the castaway’s skeletal remains and a US Naval Observatory Sextant Box were found the US Navy did hydrographic surveying work at Gardener Island. Surveying sextants were a tool used in doing hydrographic survey work. Sextants used by the US Navy can reasonably be expected to have had Naval Observatory numbers. Navy personnel were clearly in the vicinity of the Seven Site and could well have spent time there. It is certainly possible that a Navy guy left a sextant box with N.O. number 1542 behind.
That’s my quite reasonable hypothesis. I would say that it would be a terrible error for Tighar not to make an effort to try to find records that would tell us whether a surveying sextant with N.O. number 1542 was used in the Bushnell survey. Obviously this line of research could weaken the Nikumaroro hypothesis if it is discovered that the sextant box was from the Bushnell. In the past Tighar has found artifacts that held promise as potential artifacts from the Electra, only to later announce that careful research had led them to conclude the object in question was from somewhere else. I see no reason why Tighar should not once again do that kind of careful research regarding the possibility that the sextant was from the Bushnell.
« Last Edit: November 02, 2012, 01:13:15 AM by John Kada »
Quote from: John Kada on November 02, 2012, 01:08:56 AM
Thanks. I enjoy reading yours as well. I can see that behind the scenes, you've put a lot of research into what you're saying.
What I said above was really just a fancy way of saying, Ric is not absolutely sure, but he thinks the evidence points more in one direction than the other. By "conclude," I should point out, I don't mean to say the answer is final and unimpeachable and that new evidence, such as what you seek, couldn't overturn all of it. What I'm saying is, the conclusion is based upon where some think (not know) the evidence points. By the way, I never let such "conclusions" stop me from pursuing the data, and I don't believe you will - or should - either.
Just one brief example: There was a very brief moment back in 2010 in which we had "concluded" the ointment jar held a food product. We backtracked, took another look, and concluded all over again from glass catalogs that, no, actually it probably didn't. Glass catalogs had ample evidence that the type of jar in question had been used for cosmetic ointments. No harm done. This sort of thing happens all the time.
You say that I have not provided evidence that a Bushnell sailor left a sextant box at the Seven Site. Indeed I have not, any more than Tighar has provided evidence that that Noonan carried a Brandis/Naval Observatory sextant onto the Electra on his last flight.
If by evidence you mean proof, then you're right. I offered no proof. But I did offer evidence, as did you. If you look at the photo of Victor Wright I've attached, you'll see there's some very good documentary evidence that Noonan carried sextant boxes, probably with the same dovetailed joinery Harold Gatty observed when he looked at the Nikumaroro sextant box, on his flights. Wright and Noonan were like Spock and Captain Kirk in those early days, so there's even a chance the box pictured in the background may be the same one found on Gardner Island, according to the bulletin I cited earlier.
Now, this is speculative interpretation of the evidence, but I find this to be an interesting coincidence.
You have proof the Bushnell Party was there and one can speculate they used sextants of the type that may have been contained in the sextant box found on Nikumaroro. It would remain for each to weigh this in his own way and decide what he or she thinks happened. This is fine. In light of the sum total of evidence for the Nikumaroro Hypothesis that TIGHAR has gathered, I rather believe that the sextant would not ultimately be necessary as evidence in its overall case. The sextant box is not worth an argument per se, but it might be a good springboard for a discussion on how one or another approaches the overall evidence.
I’ve suggested that a good case can be made that the sextant box found on Gardner could have been from the Bushnell.
Yes, you've made a good case. If the sextant box were the only thing the Nikumaroro Hypothesis had going for it, I'd even say your case is the most probable version of events. When you combine the fact that the sextant box was found with a diorama of other artifacts, faunal evidence, and human remains of a castaway, along with the radio evidence, the navigational logic, and anecdotal evidence, it seems logical that the sextant box may have belonged to the castaways who were Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan. Please note I did say may. Gallagher, who was there, seemed to have thought so, given that he went to some degree of effort to describe it to the authorities who questioned him about it. The authorities, who examined the box, also thought it worth sending to two experts in air navigation for an opinion. These experts did not share TIGHAR's opinion. You might be pleased as well to know that the Western Pacific High Comissioner would have readily subscribed to your Bushnell Hypothesis.
Alternative solutions can be generated by isolating each piece of evidence. It just becomes much harder to do so when you imagine the entire scene that must have greeted Gallagher when he came upon the bones.
I think one of the problems we are having is that many of us, and I am one, have become so accustomed to ambiguity and uncertainty in the data that we've long since become dependent on probabilities. We have also become quite accustomed not to rely upon any single piece of evidence or artifact as the key to solving the mystery. It's the difference between a smoking gun and preponderance of evidence. I am firmly in the preponderance of evidence school of thinking. By this same token, I believe in the details of each piece of evidence, learning absolutely everything one can possibly know, not to strengthen it as a smoking gun, but to strengthen the overall chain of evidence.
I hope this has not led to any misapprehension that I or anyone else knows any of these things for sure. And, yes, I can see quite clearly how the chain of events with the Bushnell party could have happened. I am simply inclined to suppose that a different set of events happened.
Wouldn't it be better to look for the evidence that will end the argument?).
I personally do not have any immediate plans to do more extensive research on the sextant for the simple reason that I'm already committed to a set of other projects with the artifactual glass. I simply don't have that much free time. One of the reasons I could write more than usual yesterday was a rare vacation day. This doesn't mean that you should not pursue it, or that anyone else should not. Have at it.
By the way, I would like to state, for the record, that the answer to the question below will always be a hearty 'yes'.
Victor Wright.jpg (10.67 kB, 205x159 - viewed 1074 times.)
I have just one "fun" addendum. In order to provide some perspective on the "school of thinking" of which I speak, Dr. Tom King, TIGHAR board member and archaeologist, has generously offered this morning to share an email he wrote back in August that I thought might be relevant. The email was in reference to the attached jpeg I unearthed from an Earhart discussion blog on the internet. I think it summarizes things about as nicely as any book could. Here it is:
Dr. King:
"Never assume" -- part of the Navy Seal training mantra of "Rogue Warrior" author Richard Marcinko -- is excellent advice, I think. Of course we can't assume that Niku "natives" wouldn't have had access to freckle cream. We also can't assume that a Coast Guardsman wouldn't have been carrying a compact full of rouge, that some "native" might not have chosen the Seven Site to experiment with culturally atypical forms of clam opening and fish cooking, that an adventuresome Coast Guardsman mightn't have put a couple of bottles upright in a fire to see whether they'd melt or explode, that John William Jones wasn't really a super-clever hoaxer with a functioning radio, that Emily Sikuli wasn't kidding about the wreckage on the reef, and so on.
It's the old "smoking gun" vs "preponderance of evidence" thing; to account for our evidence we can either ascribe it to Earhart or posit that some Niku resident was using freckle cream, AND that a Coast Guardsman was carrying a compact, AND that a "native" got crazy with the fish and clams, AND that some Coastie was a bottle burner, AND that Jones was a hoaxer, AND that Emily was kidding -- AND of course that the bones found in 1940 were those of some unknown castaway who floated in on his sextant box that just happened to be US Navy surplus. A reasonable person, I think, really has to opt for Earhart. Unfortunately the media want a smoking gun, and tend to turn everything we find into one, which guarantees this kind of reaction.
assume.jpeg (99.75 kB, 400x235 - viewed 1032 times.)
I'm enjoying this discussion greatly. I'll add one very minor comment about the photo of the navigator's station in reply #38, above: I understand that British (and presumably American) flying boats carried marine sextants, in addition to the aeronautical octants discussed elsewhere. The purpose of the marine sextant was for accurately determining positions of locations on the ground/sea, not for navigation in the air. It's easy to understand why this was important - a bay or lagoon that might be used for future air service needed to have accurate charts showing features important to aircraft that might not appear on a nautical chart, such as the location of a suitable beaching spot, or underwater obstructions, or the centerline of a long enough open area for a takeoff/landing. The presence of an old-style marine sextant box in a photo of a flying boat navigator's station should not be a surprise. With that in mind, what would be the purpose of carrying a similar marine sextant on Amelia's round the world flight? Was Fred needing to determine accurate locations on the ground at their various landing spots?
« Last Edit: November 02, 2012, 08:05:22 AM by John Ousterhout »
Ric Gillespie
"Do not try. Do or do not. There is no try" Yoda
Quote from: John Ousterhout on November 02, 2012, 08:02:54 AM
I understand that British (and presumably American) flying boats carried marine sextants, in addition to the aeronautical octants discussed elsewhere.
Where does that understanding come from? It may be true but I have never heard that alleged. Cite your source.
The purpose of the marine sextant was for accurately determining positions of locations on the ground/sea, not for navigation in the air. It's easy to understand why this was important - a bay or lagoon that might be used for future air service needed to have accurate charts showing features important to aircraft that might not appear on a nautical chart, such as the location of a suitable beaching spot, or underwater obstructions, or the centerline of a long enough open area for a takeoff/landing.
That doesn't make sense to me. An aviation bubble octant works just fine on the ground (or sea). I see no need for a mariner's sextant except, as Noonan put it, as a "preventer."
The presence of an old-style marine sextant box in a photo of a flying boat navigator's station should not be a surprise.
That's a bold statement of fact without supporting documentation.
With that in mind, what would be the purpose of carrying a similar marine sextant on Amelia's round the world flight? Was Fred needing to determine accurate locations on the ground at their various landing spots?
Fred clearly explained why he carried a mariner's sextant aboard the clippers. Not for the reasons you speculate, but as a "preventer" (back up). It was a personal quirk. If he did it on the clippers I see no reason why he wouldn't do the same on the Electra.
« Last Edit: November 02, 2012, 11:38:27 PM by Martin X. Moleski, SJ »
In a different thread I made a post about my surprise to discover that British flying boats carried marine sextants for survey work as late as 1944. I'd just seen one advertised in a catalog, and did a bit of google-searching about their use. Why a marine sextant would be preferred over the aviation instrument is a good question - the implication is that it is better suited to the task, but in what way I can't say.
Let me clarify what Ric is saying. There is evidence that a member or members of the Bushnell survey party were, at some point during the survey, on the lagoon shore roughly 100 meters (as the Frigate Bird flies) from the Seven Site. There is zero evidence that any member of the Bushnell party was ever at the Seven Site. We can't say it didn't happen. We can only say that there is no reason to think that it did happen.
I’ve suggested that a good case can be made that the sextant box found on Gardner could have been from the Bushnell. This is based upon a sound set of facts:
Let's look at your sound set of facts.
teams of Bushnell sailors surveyed Gardner Island in 1939;
surveying points were close to the Seven Site;
"Close" is subjective. The closest surveyed point was on the lagoon shore about 100 meters from the Seven Site.
surveying sextants are used in that kind of work;
What kind of surveying work was the guy on the lagoon shore doing? Why do you think he needed a sextant?
If he did, why do you think he was using an obsolete WWI F.E. Brandis Sons Navy Surveying Sextant?
a US Navy surveying sextant of that era would be marked with a Naval Observatory number.
It would? We know that some Navy sextants were marked with N.O. numbers but we don't know that all were.
If I may say so, I don’t think this line of reasoning is really any weaker than the reasoning Tighar uses to hypothesize that Noonan had a Brandis/Naval Observatory sextant on his last flight,
• Both hypotheses acknowledge that the sextant box found by Gallagher was almost certainly for an F.E. Brandis & Sons Navy Surveying Sextant.
• Both hypotheses can argue, but not prove, that an F.E. Brandis & Sons Navy Surveying Sextant was brought to Gardner Island.
• The sextant box was found in the immediate proximity of the castaway skeleton. The Noonan Hypothesis requires only that Earhart found the box useful.
• The Bushnell Hypothesis requires that some member of the Bushnell party visited the Seven Site without noticing the bones and then somehow proceeded to abandon the sextant box at that location.
I think Occam would choose the Noonan Hypothesis.
I would say that it would be a terrible error for Tighar not to make an effort to try to find records that would tell us whether a surveying sextant with N.O. number 1542 was used in the Bushnell survey. Obviously this line of research could weaken the Nikumaroro hypothesis if it is discovered that the sextant box was from the Bushnell. In the past Tighar has found artifacts that held promise as potential artifacts from the Electra, only to later announce that careful research had led them to conclude the object in question was from somewhere else. I see no reason why Tighar should not once again do that kind of careful research regarding the possibility that the sextant was from the Bushnell.
If you feel strongly that this avenue of research is worth pursuing I urge you to get out of your armchair, stop telling TIGHAR what it would be a terrible error for us not to do, and go do some real research.
Quote from: J. Nevill on November 02, 2012, 11:23:05 AM
John actually seems to have done a great deal of legwork going through archival records for sextants if I'm following his efforts correctly in 'Who did the USN give its sextants too after WWI?' and 'Can you add to the list of sextant numbers?' on this forum.
If I've wronged John I sincerely apologize. I've checked the two postings you linked and I don't see anything new. I confess that it does irk me when people advance an alternative hypothesis that doesn't make sense to me and then tell me that I should devote resources to trying to prove them right. I'm constantly looking for holes in our reasoning and good alternative explanations but I can't afford to chase what I consider to be remote possibilities. I'm all for civility but I'm not for wasting time on snipe hunts.
Alan Harris
John actually seems to have done a great deal of legwork going through archival records for sextants if I'm following his efforts correctly
Strongly agree. As far as I can see, John has furthered the tracing of sextants and understanding of the numbering more than everyone else put together. Reading through those entire threads, not just single posts, I have been amazed at his persistence and tenacity.
Ric,
You acknowledge that a Bushnell sailor could have been at the Seven Site, so we agree on something, at least. If a Bushnell sailor could have been at the Seven Site, as you agree, then don't you agree that it is possible he left a sextant box there? The two of us sitting in our armchairs can argue till we’re blue in the face whether it actually happened without resolving the matter. The proof, one way or the other, might be in the records of the surveying work done on Gardner, if they still exist. I think it takes some pretty ardent naysaying on your part to dismiss the Bushnell Hypothesis as a ‘snipe hunt’. On the “What’s Next For Tighar?” page I read “Meanwhile, there are many avenues of Earhart Project research that need further work” and “How many other “sleepers” do we have in the volumes of data and artifacts we’ve collected over the years?” I am suggesting the Bushnell Hypothesis as one of those sleepers worthy of investigation. Apparently I can lead a Tighar to water but I can’t make her drink.
You asked why a Bushnell sailor might have a sextant with him. The sailors of the Bushnell were doing hydrographic surveying work. That work resulted in the production of a map showing the lagoon bottom and of the reef slope on the ocean side of the lagoon, as we see from the portion of the Bushnell map you posted. In order to produce this map the Bushnell guys needed to know the position they were at each location in the lagoon where they measured the water depth (they had small boats to make these measurements). My understanding is that the tool used for determining position in a boat on the lagoon was the surveying sextant, which was used measure angles to three landmarks--those steel towers--to determine a position fix in an analogous manner as used for celestial navigation. Here is how the use of sextants in hydrographic surveying is explained in the 1942 edition of the Hydrographic Manual of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (US CGS):
“The sextant is a portable instrument for measuring the angle between two objects. It is universally used on shipboard by the hydrographic surveyor and is one of the most important instruments used in marine navigation. With it the hydrographer afloat makes most of the measurements for which a transit or theodolite is used ashore. In hydrographic surveying the sextant is used principally to measure the horizontal angle between two terrestrial objects or survey buoys. It is by this means that the three-point problem is used in hydrographic surveying for locating the position of the survey vessel at selected times during the sounding. The sextant is also used extensively to measure the altitude above the horizon of celestial bodies; to measure inclined angles to celestial bodies to obtain azimuths; and to measure small vertical angles from which distances are obtained.”
The use of steel towers for triangulation is explained as follows:
“Portable steel towers, identical with those designed for and used in first-order triangulation, have been used for tall hydrographic signals where they were needed at the same time for establishing triangulation control. For details of design and construction see Special Publication No. 158, Bilby Steel Tower for Triangulation. The towers are designed in 14-foot sections. This permits them to be dismantled and re-erected at other sites. The total height desired is gained by the addition or omission of the lower sections.”
So that’s what the Bushnell sailors on Gardner were using their surveying sextants for: measuring angles between the steel towers that were erected at those 20 triangulation stations. The Bushnell Reports describing the work done at Gardner are consistent with what the US CGS Hydrographic Manual says. The Bushnell papers tell us a shore party came and erected triangulation towers, then a few weeks later a surveying team came and made their measurements, after which the triangulation towers were disassembled.
You say the Brandis sextants were obsolete, i.e., out of US Navy service? Can you please present your evidence? If you read through my previous armchair research (the links that Jeff Nevill referred you to) you’ll see that I made the case that the Naval Observatory assigned N.O. number 1542 to a sextant in 1918 or 1919. My armchair research also indicated that after WWI the USN had a glut of sextants and thus transferred some of them in 1919 to the merchant fleet; more sextants were removed from USN service and sold as surplus in 1929. I don’t think the USN got rid of all of its WWI era sextants, and I have never said so. In fact I’ve said that the USN kept using them all the way up to WWII, and perhaps even the 1960’s, as I explained in my last reply to Joe C. My evidence? The Brandis sextants with 1930s and 1940s eccentricity certificates dates we see in the Ameliapedia sextant table. So I hope you now see why is entirely reasonable to think the sextant with N.O. number 1542 may have been one of many WWI vintage sextants that were still in use by the USN in 1939. If you think the US Navy got rid of all of its WWI vintage sextants what evidence can you cite ? You can’t merely proclaim it to be so—where’s your evidence?
As to whether you’ve offended me in your last remarks, quite frankly I don’t worry about those sorts of things. My experience is that people resort to personal attacks when they feel they are ‘losing’ the argument. So you didn’t offend me but perhaps you’ve offended some of the many other armchair researchers out there who have made an effort to resolve the Earhart Mystery. Believe it or not, I’m simply trying to help Tighar resolve this longstanding research project.
My thanks to Jeff and Al for their kind words about my posts on the USNO sextants. I actually had a great deal of fun doing that work -- all from my armchair!
While diminishing none of John's fine work, I think some credit for sextant research is also due to the following TIGHAR and EPAC members: Kenton Spading, Art Rypinski, Rick Jones, Erik Davis, Dan Brown, Tom King, Ric Gillespie, for his bulletin on the Noonan 'preventer' connection, and most of all, Peter McQuarrie, for finding the bones papers that told of the sextant box. There are many others as well who have lent their time and expertise, sifting through library archives and reading endless documents. If anyone would like to add to my list, they are welcome.
« Last Edit: May 07, 2018, 07:55:57 PM by Joe Cerniglia »
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TIGLFF UPDATES
New Board Members and Officers!
As 2019 opens and our 30th Anniversary celebrations start to unfold we are excited to announce our board and officers.
This year we have ammended the bylaws to allow for co-presidents. We are proud to announce that previous board members, Mariruth Kennedy and Ed Lally have been elected as our first ever co-presidents. Their individual vast experience will combine to help steer the festival to a very successful year.
Rob Akins, also a past board member has assumed the role as vice president and will continue as Events chair, where he was responsible for some of our most exciting events last year.
Ben Tozour will continue as Treasurer and Sunny Hall will continue as Secretary. Both have made extraordinary contributions to the festival with their continued service in these important positions.
Continuing as a board member is Cynthia “Sam” Salmons, our intrepid Crown Circle Lounge leader for over 20 years!
Joining the board is Santiago Echeverry. He is a professor and filmmaker who has been a supporter and volunteer for many years.
We are excited about the year to come. If you are interested in serving on the board or a committee for our 30th anniversary please contact us!
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GOP Candidates and the Educational F-Word
Montgomery County Fourth and Fifth grade math teachers, as seen in this May 16, 2013, photo from Takoma Park, MD, are training themselves to teach students in a new style of learning math to prepare them for newer, more rigorous education standards under Common Core
Linda Davidson—The Washington Post/Getty Images
By History News Network
This post is in partnership with the History News Network, the website that puts the news into historical perspective. The article below was originally published at HNN.
Like Rick Perry in 2012, the Republican contenders for president this time around will also attack the education department and the Common Core. For generations, conservatives have attacked federal leadership in education as the ultimate big-government imposition. It wasn’t always this way, and we might just be on the cusp of another historic shift.
In the lead-up to 2016, GOP hopefuls will burnish their conservative credentials by bashing any federal role in education. In January, Mike Huckabee dramatically resigned his Fox News job, fueling chatter of a potential presidential bid. To prepare, Huckabee backed away from the Common Core, calling the new standards “toxic.” Bobby Jindal has long been out front, loudly and proudly suing the federal government for its role in the Common Core standards. The standards, Governor Jindal accuses, will “coerce” states into accepting federal leadership in education. Most recently, Jindal released his presidential-sounding plan for education reform, denouncing any “federal meddling” in education.
Trump Vows ‘Big Action’ on School Prayer
Arizona Bill to Ban Sex Ed Before 7th Grade Is Going Nowhere
Even conservative candidates who like the Common Core carefully recite their loathing of any federal role in education. Jeb Bush, for example, supports the standards. But as Karl Rove noted a few weeks ago, Bush has had a hard time convincing conservatives that those standards will not impose a federal stranglehold on state and local control of schools. In recent appearances, Governor Bush has downplayed his support for the Common Core.
This script has been in place for as long as there has been an Education Department. In the 1980 campaign, candidate Reagan promised to abolish the just-created department. To conservatives like Reagan, centralized education meant more than just another arm of big government. To Reagan, centralized federal control meant control by suspiciously leftist intellectuals. It implied too much influence for the likes of John Dewey and Jonathan Kozol. For later generations, it would mean too much influence for lefties such as Bill Ayers and Linda Darling-Hammond.
Reagan was not the first conservative to worry. Conservative activists have battled furiously against any role for the federal government ever since the New Deal. In the 1940s, for instance, Allen Zoll swayed conservatives around the country with his dramatic pamphlets.
Zoll loomed large on the rightward fringe of conservatism back then. He had influence with grass-roots conservatives nationwide as well as with emerging leaders such as William F. Buckley Jr. Zoll did not mince words when he denounced federal leadership. The government, Zoll warned, wanted to install pernicious “progressive” models in schools nationwide. Progressive education, Zoll wrote, “produced millions of little victims who know next to nothing and who have never been taught even how to learn anything.” But that was not all. The “infiltration and control of American education” by means of federal leadership was “communism’s number one goal.” The truth was plain for anyone to see. Federal control meant communism.
It was not always this way. Back in the 1920s, leading conservatives actually led the campaign for the creation of a federal department of education. Most prominently, Hiram Evans backed a program to invest $100 million in a new cabinet-level education department. At the time, Evans headed the resurgent Ku Klux Klan. And though today’s conservatives might not like the company, in the 1920s Evans’s organization was wildly popular with conservative white Protestants.
Unlike later conservatives, Evans felt confident that federal control would push education in firmly conservative directions. Also unlike later conservatives, Evans trusted the national education leaders of his time. It makes sense. The experts in his day included the hysterical war-time leadership of the National Education Association in 1918. Leaders of the NEA wanted new funding for schools, they said, to impose a uniform Americanization on German-speakers and other suspect groups.
Evans promised that public schools with conservative federal leadership could “build a homogenous people.” In the crude language of the 1920s Klan, Evans gushed, “we will grind out Americans like meat out of a grinder.”
No politicians these days would embrace Evans’s racist vision of proper Americanism. But some conservative thinkers have begun to temper their ideas about the role of the federal government. If the experts are pushing conservative ideas, some conservatives say, then maybe more centralization is a good thing.
Bill Bennett, President Reagan’s second education secretary, has lamented the “federal overreach” that accompanied the roll-out of the new Common Core standards. “But the federal intrusion into Common Core,” Bennett concluded, “however unwelcome and unhelpful, does not change a basic truth: Common, voluntary standards are a good, conservative policy.”
Bennett’s support of the standards fits the historical record. As Michael Petrilli of the Fordham Institute has argued, the thinking behind these standards started back when Bennett was in charge of the federal education bureaucracy. When conservatives are the experts, the thinking goes, more federal support means more conservative schools.
Could this become the new normal for conservatives? If dominant educational experts embrace conservative ideas, might conservatives become once more the party of federal leadership in education? If conservative thinkers like Bennett and Petrilli can be in charge instead of lefties like Ayers and Darling-Hammond, could conservatives change their tune?
If so, it won’t happen in 2016. This sort of conservative thinking has not trickled down to the electoral level yet. Every GOP candidate this time around will have to oppose any federal leadership in education in order to prove his conservative bona fides. But we might just be witnessing the beginnings of a revolution in a long conservative tradition.
Adam Laats is an historian in the Graduate School of Education at Binghamton University (SUNY). He is the author, most recently, of The Other School Reformers: Conservative Activism in American Education (Harvard University Press, 2015). He blogs about history, conservatism, and education at I Love You but You’re Going to Hell.
Mexico's President Is Considering Raffling Off the Presidential Jet—for Only $25 per Ticket
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Search in titles only Search in News only
Final Fantasy 7 Remake Delayed
April is starting to look a little packed.
Final Fantasy VII Remake producer Yoshinori Kitase said today that the game will be delayed slightly. Final Fantasy 7 Remake was originally slated to be released on March 3. Now, it will instead be released on April 10. This comes via a press release sent out Kitase and the development team at Square Enix.
This sad news comes roughly a week after the still unannounced demo for Final Fantasy 7 Remake was leaked. There are already...
New Character Focused Trailer and Screens for Resident Evil 3 Remake
When you smile...
When you think of Resident Evil 3, you probably think of the characters of Jill Valentine and the ever persistent Nemesis. You may even think of Carlos, whom you do spend a bit of time playing as after a certain story beat in the original. However, there are a number of other characters that were in the original that are maybe not as memorable. They are, nonetheless, still vital to the story and will obviously show up in the Resident Evil 3 remake that Capcom is working...
PlayStation is Officially Ditching E3 2020
A surprise move with the PlayStation 5 mere months away from release.
In late 2018, Sony announced that they would not participate in E3 2019. Today, history repeats itself as Sony has once again announced that they will not be participating in E3 2020. For the second year in a row, Sony and their PlayStation lineup will be a no-show at, what used to be, one of the largest industry events of the year.
Sony has been present at every previous E3 up until 2019. They have...
New Nvidia Driver Adds Framerate Limiter, VRSS for VR, and More
The 441.87 driver update is feature filled.
Nvidia released a special "CES" branded driver update today for their video cards. The 441.87 driver includes a number of new features that Nvidia GPU owners across a few different generations will get to make use of. This driver update also includes a very interesting new feature for those who have VR devices. ...
Nvidia Announces 360Hz Monitor for Competitive Gaming
Nvidia showed of a new 1080p, 360Hz monitor at CES.
When it comes to monitors, more is usually better, so long as you aren't talking about response times at least. More resolution means more pixels which means better image quality. More Hertz (Hz) means higher refresh rates which means the gameplay animations are smoother. Of course, to get these high resolutions or refresh rates, you need a powerful system that can support them.
If you do have a beefy system and you feel...
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Battlefield 4's Story Trailer Features Explosions, Drama, and Dog Punching
Created by: Shawn Zipay
Battlefield 4 features a dramatic character-driven campaign that starts with the evacuation of American VIPs from Shanghai and follows your squad's struggle to find its way home.
I wonder if I'll actually finish Battlefield 4's story after having never finished the single player campaign in Battlefield 3....
Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag Has a Launch Trailer and This is It
Don't you just love these straight and "to the point" news posts? I know I do!...
Call of Duty: Ghosts Launch Trailer Features M&M
The launch trailer for Call of Duty: Ghosts features explosions and a song by those adorable M&M characters!
What's that? It's a song by Eminem and not the CGI candies? Well, that's unfortunate....
Watch (Or Don't) 17 Minutes of Batman: Arkham Origins Gameplay
Join Senior Producer Ben Mattes, and Gameplay Director Michael McIntyre take you through about 17 minutes of Batman: Arkham Origins. If you're wondering if there are spoilers contained in 17 minutes of gameplay, you'd probably be safe in your assumption that there are.
Batman: Arkham Origins is slated for release this Friday, October 25....
Season Pass and DLC Announced for WWE 2K14
2K have revealed the downloadable content and Season Pass coming for WWE 2K14. Ready for it? Are you ready for the list of upcoming DLC? You better be ready because it's coming now!
Sid Meier's Ace Patrol: Pacific Skies Coming to Steam and iOS this Fall
2K and Firaxis are ready to bring PC users of Steam and iOS users with an iPad, iPhone, or iPod touch 4 Sid Meier's Ace Patrol: Pacific Skies this Fall.
Season Two of The Gauntlet Kicked Off
The Gauntlet is a "comedy gamer competition" put on by Rooster Teeth (Red vs. Blue, Achievement Hunter), Verizon, and a variety of YouTube personalities including Freddie Wong and iJustine. This, the second season of the show, includes four groups from Rooster Teeth, Achievement Hunter, YouTube, and one group of gaming finalists that have earned their way into the competition through tryout rounds at RTX.
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New PlayStation 4 Trailer Gets Nostalgic - For the Players Since 1995
Say what you will about the PlayStation brand, but Sony's marketing for the last two generations has been nothing but amazing. Sony just released this "For the Players Since 1995" trailer for the PlayStation 4. Enjoy the trip down memory lane.
Tripwire Interactive Filed DMCA Takedown Against 7 Days to Die
Earlier this week, the Steam Greenlight page for 7 Days to Die, a zombie survival title by The Fun Pimps, issued a warning that a DMCA takedown notice was handed out against the game. Questions were raised as to who filed the request and why. It was confirmed yesterday evening that Tom "The Game Attorney" Buscaglia, acting on behalf of Tripwire Interactive, is the party responsible for issuing the DMCA takedown notice.
Hey all. My name is Tom Buscaglia, The Game Attorney. I am an
Let's Play The Wolf Among Us - Episode 1 Finale
Welcome to the finale of the first episode for The Wolf Among Us from Telltale Games.
The Wolf Among Us - Part 1
YouTube playlist for TWUA let's play
The Wolf Among Us on Steam
GameStop Black Friday Ad Features Battlefield 4 for Half Price
Ah yes, Black Friday. The day where everyone that is still bloated from stuffing their faces the day before push and trample their way to big savings. This year, GameStop features some pretty big savings on a number of titles, but the most notable one for you guys is that Battlefield 4 will be just $29.99 (USD).
Yep, the game will be HALF OFF of the regular price. If you're willing to brave the lines and the unwashed masses, you can potentially score BF4 for just $30 for eit...
Dragon Ball Z: Kakarot is Now Available
Experience a Life of Crime All Over Again with a Remastered Release of Kingpin
Horizon: Zero Dawn Might Be Coming to PC in 2020
Cyberpunk 2077 Sees Significant Delay
2019 Was RuneScape's Most Successful Year Ever
5 Xbox One Games to Look out for in 2020
New Guardian Class Coming Next Week for Black Desert Online
Six Minutes of Zombie Army 4 Footage
Cook, Serve, Delicious 3?! Launches into Early Access on January 29
Marvel's Avengers Delayed Until September 2020
Fans Believe Devil May Cry's Dante is the Next Super Smash Bros. Ultimate DLC Reveal
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TouchArcade Game of the Year 2014: ‘Wayward Souls’
Posted on December 26, 2014 December 27, 2014 by Eli Hodapp
TouchArcade Rating:
This has been an incredible year for iOS gaming. 2014 brought us viral hits like Flappy Bird, the entire phenomenon surrounding Flappy-like games, MFi controllers of all sorts, and more solid iOS games than we can even believe. iPads got thinner, iPhones got bigger. iOS 8 improved a bunch of tiny annoyances of iOS 7, added neat new features like Metal, and we’re already seeing a few awesome games on the App Store utilizing these new technologies. This year, 138,546 games were released, and of those, we reviewed 515. Distilling that down to one is a nearly impossible job, but in the weeks preceding our year-end coverage one game kept popping up as a clear stand out for everyone.
TouchArcade Game of the Year
Wayward Souls, $6.99 [Review] [Forum Thread] – Rocketcat Games has a fantastic track record for releasing great iOS games. Hook Champ (Free) served as the groundwork for both Super QuickHook (Free) and Hook Worlds (Free). Similarly, Mage Gauntlet (Free) was a great tease of what was to ultimately come of Wayward Souls ($6.99). If you’ve been following TouchArcade for the last few years, you’re likely incredibly familiar with all these titles, for everyone else, if there’s just one iOS game you play this year, it should be Wayward Souls.
Like Shaun who reviewed it, I’m not sure whether it’s more appropriate to describe it as an action RPG with elements of roguelikes, or a roguelike with elements of an action RPG. All the important roguelike elements are there like permadeath, randomly generated dungeon layouts, and increasingly difficult floors to explore. Similar to roguelikes, a lot of the game can hinge on luck in regards to which monsters you come across, what loot you get, and how direct of a path you’re able to take to that particular floor’s exit.
Combat is all realtime, and feels just like playing whatever favorite 16-bit era action RPG you most fondly remember. Additionally, multiple classes allow for incredibly varied play styles which all manage to feel distinctly different. The coins you earn in game are persistent between runs, and are used to buy upgrades for each of your character classes. This provides an overarching feeling of progression, even if you’re losing everything else when you die. It’s really clever game design, and when paired with the ridiculous amount of totally cosmetic equippable hats you can find, “Just one more run…" is all too easy to say after each death.
Wayward Souls has been updated several times since release, both adding new features and increasing its price with each update. It’s an interesting way of pricing a game, as the price you pay is representative of the value you’re getting at the time of purchase. For instance, it’s a little more expensive now than it was at launch, but you’re also getting a game with new dungeons, bosses, and game modes.
Wayward Souls is a universal app that plays beautifully regardless of whether you’re playing with native touch controls or with an MFi controller. You can import or export your game saves, and if you’re into achievements, there’s a bunch of those too. The music and sound design is great, the pixel art is sharp, and I really can’t think of a game I enjoyed playing more this year than Wayward Souls.
Monument Valley, $3.99 [Review] [IAP Expansion Content Review] [Forum Thread] – Following the release of Whale Trail (Free), ustwo went silent while the rest of us waited to see what they’d unveil next. With the talent behind the studio, it wasn’t hard to get really excited as soon as the earliest screenshots of Monument Valley ($3.99) started getting revealed. It is not at all hyperbole to call the game a piece of art, as you could take a screenshot of any part of the game and it’d make for amazing wallpaper of whatever device you’re playing it on.
Set in a world filled with impossible architectural artwork reminiscent of the works of M.C. Escher, you must guide Princess Ida through all sorts of brain-bending obstacles. Monument Valley is a game that could only work on touchscreen devices, as so much of solving each level and opening paths for Princess Ida to walk on involves rotating, sliding, and otherwise interacting with the level itself. Be sure to play with the sound on, as the game is both an audio and visual treat.
Monument Valley is challenging, but it’s easy enough for even the most casual of gamers to get through without much frustration. It’s a rather short game, but we feel we vastly prefer games that are short, powerful, and meaningful to games that drag on forever which potentially lead to you not completing them at all. It won’t take you much more than a few hours to get to the end of Monument Valley, and you might even beat it in one sitting. The Forgotten Shores expansion was released not long ago which for (as of this writing) $1.99 doubles the content included in the game, as is a highly recommended purchase if you even vaguely found yourself enjoying Monument Valley.
Hearthstone, Free [Review] [IAP Expansion Content Review] [Forum Thread] – Like many collectible card games, Hearthstone is a game that you can learn to play in an afternoon, with a depth (both in regards to gameplay and community) that can totally absorb your life if you’re not careful. Currently playable on the PC, Mac, iPad, and Android tablets, Hearthstone started as a tiny side project inside of Blizzard and has since turned into a massive worldwide phenomenon complete with a shockingly large eSports component of professional Hearthstone players and streamers.
The initially meager cardpool has been expanded through the release of The Curse of Naxxramas single player adventure and more recently the release of Goblins vs Gnomes which is sold through individual card packs much closer to what you would expect out of a new collectable card game set. Along with new cards and mechanics comes a shift in the metagame, making Hearthstone a constantly evolving game that changes from day to day.
We’re incredibly excited to see the iPhone Hearthstone client released next year, as if you think the game has hit critical mass already, just wait until every person with an iPhone is capable of playing.
Best iPad Games
Blizzard’s award-winning card battler – experience the magic, mischief and mayhem with your friends. Requires an In…
TA Rating:
** Apple Game of the Year 2014 ** ** Winner of Apple Design Award 2014 ** In Monument Valley you will manipulate imposs…
Wayward Souls
Wayward Souls is an action-adventure game built for quick playthroughs and massive amounts of replay value. It was inspi…
Jack B. Nimble
"A fast, well-designed endless runner" – Indiegames.com "A fresh feel, like a hardcore twist on Halfbrick's classic, M…
Previous PostPrevious Best iPhone and iPad Games of 2014
Next PostNext The TouchArcade Show – 187 – Game of the Year Discussion
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Should Feeding People Be Part of the Health Care System?
by Jen Recknagel
Stonegate Community Health Centre is trying to treat patients before they get sick.
The Local: Who are you and where are we right now?
Bev Leaver: I’m the the Executive Director of Stonegate Community Health Centre. We are located in the middle of 75 apartment buildings in South Etobicoke. It’s a little community that not many know exists because there aren’t any major transit lines that go near us.
The people who live here are on average getting poorer and poorer. We used to be part of a plaza that included a grocery store, but that land was bought by a developer in 2014 and torn down. Right now we are the lone building standing on a construction site.
Stonegate CHC sits as the lone building in a plaza that was bought by developers and demolished in January 2014.
The Local: How did the community respond to the grocery store closing?
BL: When the demolition was going to happen, we got the community together to identify how big an impact losing the grocery store was going to be for this community. We learned that many people can’t afford to use TTC to get to the next nearest grocery store. A lot of seniors said ‘I think I’m going to have to move. I’ve lived here for 40 years and I think I’m going to have to move because if I can’t get food, I can’t stay here’.
The community identified some ideas for how we could cope. One idea was to get a grocery store back, which we have taken as a lobbying challenge. The second was having a mobile food market come, so now we have Food Share’s mobile food market come every Friday night.
For the Senior’s, we partnered with ESS Support Services to arrange for their bus to pick up seniors at their door and take them grocery shopping once a week. We also have a Good Food box program where individuals can purchase two weeks worth of fruits and vegetables for $18 from the CHC.
Through the Good Food Box program, people can purchase two weeks worth of fruits and vegetables for $18. Boxes are picked up at the Community Health Centre.
The Local: Would you call this a ‘food desert’?
BL: I do call it a desert. I don’t know about the strict definition in terms of how many kilometers from you need to be, but kilometers for a young healthy person and kilometers for a senior with mobility issues in walkers or scooter is an entirely different thing.
The Local: What is the impact of food insecurity or food deserts on chronic disease?
BL: Nutrition is important. For almost every chronic condition, there is a recommendation about a diet that would be optimal. If we don’t address that, than we’re just waiting for people to get sick and waiting for people to go to hospital. We will end up spending more money in the long run. The province funds social services, they fund income support, they fund health care, and they fund transportation — so why can’t we work together? It would probably be the same dollars spent, but it would be spent better so we can prevent illness.
The Local: Some people might say that it’s not the health system’s role to provide access to food. Why did you decide to invest in food?
BL: I think healthy nutrition is fundamental to health. If we only have our professionals advising that our clients eat healthy and not following through with giving them the means and skills to live on a budget, to eat healthy on a budget, to prepare food in a way that is going to be healthful, then we’re only doing half of the job.
The Local: Is that a problem you see a lot — people not knowing how to utilize the resources they have?
BL: I think a lot of people don’t know enough about where to find the best nutrition in the food they buy. A lot of people lack skills in cooking. They haven’t had the opportunity to learn or don’t have the equipment in their home to learn.
The Local: How do you fund your food programs?
BL: We get funding from a variety of source. We don’t spend our health dollars on providing food — we fundraise for that. As a CHC we can get funding through variety of different places so we can offer a greater breadth of programs than traditional health care.
The ‘Guys Can Cook’ program is for young men aged 13 to 18. They work with a George Brown chef to learn about nutrition, cooking, and food safety. They also get the opportunity to earn a food handlers certificate, so they can get employment later.
The Local: If you follow the social determinants of health there are issues with transportation, education, housing, legal status. These are huge problems. What is the health system’s role in some of those broader issues that affect health?
BL: It’s shortsighted not to be thinking broadly about what makes people healthy. But that’s not how our health system is designed. Our health system is designed to look after sick people and not think about what made them sick. I think it is more efficient to consider their whole life — and there is movement towards that. Population Health and the recognition of the social determinants are in a lot of strategic plans.
The Local: It really sounds like in order to deal with food insecurity you need to look outside the traditional walls of the health care system. Can you talk about some of the intersectoral partnerships you have?
BL: Everything that we do, we look for partners. We have dozens and dozens of partner agencies from different sectors who are coming here, delivering services, and that’s just the way any CHC would operate.
We partner with Food Share around a number of things. We partner with ESS, a community support agency, for transportation. Our community garden is in a City of Toronto location, so we partner with Parks Toronto to operate. And they fund our balcony gardening program, because a lot of our folks don’t have land.We also run a farmer’s market once a week out of the food bank’s parking lot and give out Market Bucks for clients to spend.
The Local: Do you feel like you take a population health approach?
BL: Absolutely. I mean we are a CHC and part of our model is to take a population health approach. To recognize social determinants of health and to press all of those into everything we do.
So our care doctors don’t just write a prescription; they find out whether somebody can afford to fill that prescription. They ask whether people have done their taxes, because that’s the only way they’re going to get their tax credits.
Everything that we do looks at what we can do to remove barriers to meet the needs in this population.
Listen to a podcast with the seniors who use Stonegate’s Grocery Bus.
About the author, Jen Recknagel
Jen Recknagel is Senior Editor at The Local.
More articles on
Feature by Shawn Micallef
Bubble Tea, Dollar Stores, and Dialysis?
When Target closed in Canada, it left a crater in many suburban malls. In Thorncliffe Park, a group of health care providers stepped in.
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Short film by Jen Recknagel & Sampreeth Rao
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How a drop-in program for youth is changing the nature of mental health recovery on Toronto’s west side.
Feature by Simon Lewsen
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Photo essay By Craig Madho Photography by Nick Iwanyshyn
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Jen Quinlan was just trying to get Roma kids to the dentist. She ended up picking a fight with one of Canada’s richest real estate companies.
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Issue 4 - Coming Winter 2020
The Lawrence Heights Issue
Get it delivered to your inbox.
An independent magazine exploring urban health and social issues in Toronto.
info@thelocal.to
200 Elizabeth Street, Rm GNU403
M5G 2C4
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How to find Queen Bee Cottage, Milton
Queen Bee Cottage, Milton is three hours by road south from Sydney and three hours by road east of the Australian capital city of Canberra in the heart of the historic village of Milton and 5 minutes down the road from Mollymook Beach.
South Coast Summer extends from late October through to early March when daily temperatures average around 27C (82F) with the ocean waters warming to 22C (75F). April marks the first signs of Autumn/Fall when temperatures begin to mellow to the Winter daytime average of 20C (70F) and 15C (60F) in the ocean. Winter on the south coast is renowned for clear cool days with wide cloudless blue skies. By September Spring begins to shine and so quickly the long hot Summer days are with us again…
Detailed travelling directions will be emailed with your booking confirmation, or click on the Google Map pin below for directions from your address.
How to find The Long Weekend Retreat, Millstream
The Long Weekend Retreat, Millstream is under 2 hours by road from Cairns in Far North Queenslands on the Atherton Tablelands. While Cairns is considered the gateway to the Great Barrier Reef the Atherton Tablelands is a treasure trove of natural wonders and gourmet delights. Shaped by volcanic activities, the diversity of this rural landscape is spectacular, featuring lush mountains, green valleys, sparkling lakes and streams, spectacular waterfalls, endless plains, grassy savannahs and pockets of ancient World Heritage listed rainforest.
Atherton Tablelands has a perfect climate with temperatures and humidity are generally lower than the surrounding tropics of Far North Queensland.
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The Millions Interview: Leslie Jamison
The Millions Interview
Michelle Huneven May 25, 2011 | 6 books mentioned 3 9 min read
I read and admired Leslie Jamison’s The Gin Closet when it first came out –and was immediately curious about its author: How could someone so young (Jamison was 26 at publication) write a book so lyrical, dark and knowing? As she and I both found ourselves in Iowa City this last spring, Jamison, now 28, agreed to sit down for a chat.
This was Jamison’s second stint in Iowa City; she’d received her MFA from the Writers Workshop five years ago, and is presently a PhD candidate at Yale. Now, she was accompanying her boyfriend, another Yale PhD student, while he got his MFA in poetry at the workshop.
On a cool spring day, before the cornfields were plowed or the leaves of the trees had unfurled, Jamison and I drove to the small town of Mount Vernon twenty miles north of Iowa City. Our destination was a coffeehouse called Fuel, a standard-bearer among coffeehouses with nooks and comfortable chairs, ample table space, amusing oddments to look at and buy, not to mention great coffee, and cookies baked in small batches all day long. (Jamison works part time in a bakery and has developed, she says, a snobbery about cookies: Fresh from the oven or none at all!). Fuel is one of Jamison’s natural habitats; she reads and writes there for hours at a stretch, so it seemed the ideal spot for a good long chat into the digital recorder. Also, as Jamison herself pointed out, The Gin Closet, which came out in paperback this month, is concerned with three generations of women and Fuel is run by three generations of women. Today, the granddaughter served as barista as the grandmother baked.
Stella, The Gin Closet’s protagonist, joins a long line of literary heroines, very intelligent young women on the cusp of adult lifewho willfully make bad choices (think Emma Woodhouse, Dorothea Brooke, Hester Prynne, Isabel Archer). At loose ends in her mid-twenties, Stella works for a famous, abusive boss and has fallen in love with a married man. In part to console herself, Stella moves in with her grandmother Lucy only to discover that Lucy is dying.
Jamison’s prose is lyrical, with the frank blare of youth:
Every night I said things like: Today my boss and I got drunk at lunch. Today my boss was on Oprah! Today I spent a thousand dollars on gift baskets. Today I used the word “autumnal” twice, and both times I was speaking to tulip salesmen…I compressed my days neatly into appetizer courses. I worked as a personal assistant for a woman with a reputation for treating people like shit, and she treated me like shit. I couldn’t spin witty versions of the rest. In the darkness I began caring for my collapsing grandmother. She wasn’t being inspirational or having sex or treating anyone like shit. She was just getting old.
As Lucy dies, a secret emerges: Stella has an aunt, Matilda, who was cast out of the family before Stella was born. After the funeral, Stella sets out to find this Aunt Tilly, ostensibly to deliver a letter but really to set things right. Tilly is found in a trailer in the Nevada desert.
The novel alternates between Stella’s first person and her aunt Tilly’s limited third person narrations. Tilly is a late-stage alcoholic and ex-prostitute whose difficult past Jamison renders fearlessly. Tilly’s one son Abe, a banker, has been sending her enough money so she can quit turning tricks; he wants her to live with him in San Francisco, but only if she’ll stop drinking. Stella convinces Tilly to take up this longstanding offer and the three of them—Stella, Tilly and Abe—set up housekeeping together in the city.
The center, if there ever was one, doesn’t hold.
As I suspected, Jamison is whip smart, articulate and intense—a terrific conversationalist.
Michelle Huneven: What got you started on this book—what was the germ, the seed?
Leslie Jamison: The short answer is my family I was working on a different novel and was stuck–I didn’t understand how stuck. I moved into a family home with my grandmother who was very sick. My life was taken over by her declining health. Trying to take care of her was completely beyond what I understood how to do. I realized when I woke up in the morning that there was no way I could work on this other novel, it had no claim on my heart or thoughts, so I just started writing with no particular plan about what was happening with my grandmother and how it was bringing up a lot of feelings about our family, a lot of old wounds that hadn’t been repaired. I had a fantasy that they could all be repaired before she died. It didn’t happen that way. But I was left with these pages about how I wish things had been different in our family, in particular with an aunt who had been estranged for a long time. I started to write a novel that explored bluntly what if– what if my aunt came back into the conversation of my family. That scenario had a lot of emotional weight with me and really drove the first draft of the novel. It took many more drafts to get further in–and further away from my family.
MH: I particularly liked Stella’s mix of naieve hopefulness and her blind confidence that she could repair the familial breach and somehow accomplish what her mother and grandmother hadn’t managed to do.
LJ: Yes, Stella has a dual feeling of guilt and superiority. I shared some version of that, myself. You feel responsible for what your family has done, even if you weren’t alive for it, but you also feel like, I’m better than that, I would never do that to somebody, and what’s more, I can go fix it. Stella thinks “I can do what my mother wasn’t capable of doing, which was to love the damage in another person.”
MH: In a way, Stella’s a classic young heroine. She’s smart and deep, but she’s not yet fully-formed, which makes her ripe for demons—in the beginning of the book, she has a terrible boss, she’s deep in it with a married man, then she’s in over her head with her sick grandmother. A flick on the back of the head is all that’s needed to send her down some misbegotten path—like saving her aunt.
LJ: Which lets you in on the dirty secret of what altruism really is, which is saying I don’t know how to deal with my own stuff so I’ll immerse myself in somebody else’s stuff, so I can feel like a hero in their life.
MH: Yes, but there are times when nothing can touch your low self esteem except getting out of yourself and being of service to another person.
LJ: We can do good things out of flawed motives–which doesn’t make them less good. But you can also show up for a certain situation only to discover that the situation is bigger than you are–you’re really signing up to lose control.
MH: One scene really haunts me. Stella goes to her aunt’s trailer in Nevada and sees the gin closet, her aunt’s drinking room. It’s a terrible womb-tomb place, bottles, flies, a turkey carcass of all things, a stool in the corner—truly the nightmare version of a tuffet. Appalling! But the next thing you know, Stella and Tilly are drinking together. Reading along, I was thinking: No! Don’t do it, Stella–you’re giving too much ground! I knew she wanted to help her aunt and bring her back into the family. While I never thought she had a chance of succeeding, I really didn’t want her to sink to her aunt’s level.
LJ: I wanted to destabilize Stella’s hero complex from the start to show it as confused. She wanted to connect with her aunt and build a sense of trust and to not be just another voice saying, “you’re a fuck up and we want your problems far away from us.” The short cut to that was to get low with her, get shamed with her.
That’s as opposed to saying I’m here, in a better spot, and I want you to come here too, which imposes a boundary and a separateness that requires a lot of moral fortitude and a kind of caring that’s willing to be patient.
MH: And drinking with her aunt is like taking food in the dark realm, like Persephone eating the pomegranate seeds—it compromises the mission, prefigures its doom.
The novel also plays with a universal orphan fantasy: you’re a little girl and you’re mad at your parents and then you think, Hey! what if I had another, secret family which was my real, true family. Even the happiest child imagines at some point that she actually belongs with the fairies.
LJ: (Laughs) Yeah! Drunken fairies! Absolutely. Stella replaces her mother with a woman she can be a mother to. She has trouble recognizing all the ways that her mother has been a mother for her, and wants to instead focus on what she resents her for and to replace her with a relationship that can make her feel good about herself, where she can occupy this nurturing role. What Stella’s mother has given her is complicated, but there’s a lot of good in it. And that, I think is ultimately the reckoning in the orphan family fantasy–where you have to come back and say, maybe I didn’t want the fairies after all.
MH: It’s Coraline—suddenly your busy, hardworking mother seems infinitely better than the one who wants to replace your eyes with buttons.
LJ: Or Where the Wild Things Are. Suddenly, your cold porridge in your room doesn’t look so bad after where you’ve been…
MH: I was interested, too, in how, when the new family forms, when they move into Abe’s apartment, closeness doesn’t follow. The two educated young people don’t really know how to find common ground with Tilly, who is white-knuckling it through her days working at a new job that’s essentially busywork, and trying to put her stamp on the loft by decorating it with cheap little trinkets she finds on her wanderings. The three don’t even enjoy a honeymoon period together.
LJ: Yes. It’s strange to suddenly be family with someone with whom you don’t have that whole backlog of quiet awkward shared family experience. Tilly and Stella are family but there’s no territory that they share beyond a feeling that it’s wrong that they hadn’t been family so far. So there’s kind of a rabid good intention coming up against, well, what it looks like day to day.
MH: Here’s a question all the bookclubs will ask you: How did you write so convincingly about prostitution?
LJ: I did what every self-respecting PhD student does…which is to say, I went to the library. I checked out 20 books from the Yale system and spent a month doing little but reading them. The main thing I remember feeling from all these womens’ stories was that, yes, many of them were stories of incredible hardship, but they weren’t about soul-erasure or the effacement of dignity–they weren’t black and white Before and After stories. There was a tremendous amount of dailiness; not quite so much melodrama as I’d imagined. I remember thinking, I’m not qualified to imagine my way into this. And then thinking, I’m just going to have to get over that.
MH: What writing, what literary models conditioned you for writing The Gin Closet?
LJ: I distinctly remember reading–over the course of two long, lonely, completely engrossed days–the entirety of Yates’ Revolutionary Road. I’d reached one of those points where I’d forgotten what the point of a novel was–why the world was better-off for having it, I guess–and why I was writing my own; and I read Yates and felt such deep humanity and honesty and richness in his world, and felt myself so changed–I thought, if I can do this for anyone, the book will be worth it. The deep geneology of my conditioning had been going on for a long time before the draft, as is true for all writers: Faulkner and Woolf are my twin gods; Plath has always been important to me, Anne Carson, the many beautiful and talented writers I’m lucky to call friends.
MH: What’s the next book? How is it different or the same from The Gin Closet?
LJ: I am working on the second draft of a novel about the Sandinista Revolution in Nicaraugua.
I feel like The Gin Closet was a gush of consciousness. I wrote it from pure feeling. I followed it intuitively. I’m not sure if any of my other books are going to be like that. The process of writing since then has been much more deliberate– not that my heart isn’t involved. But I’ve been extending out of myself much more, whereas with the first one, I was dredging stuff out from inside myself. That’s not to say it’s totally autobiographical.
MH: Who are you looking to now, for the new book? What writers do you reach for to “prime the pump” so to speak—to make you want to write?
LJ: There are some writers who make me want to write, and other writers who make me feel as if I can write–as if I have it in me–and these circles aren’t entirely overlapping. Shirley Hazzard makes me want to write–in fact, she makes me want to write exactly like she writes–but this is usually bad, because I end up writing second-tier Hazzard instead of any-tier Jamison. I usually read poetry when I’m trying to write–it makes me swollen with beauty and possibility, with honesty, but it doesn’t call up the urge to imitate. Lately I’ve been reading Carson’s Nox, and Berryman’s Dream Songs. The new book is about history, which gives me a rich well of reading that isn’t fiction. I’ve been reading a lot of Sandinista memoirs–they are just so fucking interesting; full of the physical world and translated curse-words and a surprising (maybe not so surprising) amount of sex and humor.
MH: You seem to have a penchant for poets…how has living with/among poets affected your writing and your attitudes toward fiction and poetry?
LJ: I’ve always thought “A penchant for poets” might be a good title for my memoir, if I ever publish one. I’ve dated a few of them, and–as you point out—I have been living with one for several years, in a house so laden with books in multiple genres it’s creaking at the seams. As I’ve mentioned, poetry gets me inspired to write–I love getting close to the minds that make it. I love having conversations over scrambled eggs about line breaks and refrains, because I get to think about making without thinking about my own making. Sometimes it’s hard because I feel like Practical Peggy juxtaposed against the infinite and infinitely disorganized energy of a poet–short attention span, fickle production, wild strokes of genius.
MH: So which side are you going to root for this year at the Writers Workshop softball game?
LJ: I’m going to have to root for fiction. Genre before love. Plus, my boyfriend loves to argue, so I think this will suit him just fine.
MH: How has it been being back in Iowa City for two years, when you’re not at the workshop?
LJ: Yeah! (Laughs and squints at the iphone on the table between us) How much time do you have left on your little recorder there?
Michelle Huneven is a novelist whose most recent books are Blame and Off Course.
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David Burr Gerrard January 28, 2014 | 6 books mentioned 10 min read
A lot of young writers don’t have a lot of empathy, and I don’t think I did. But that’s just part of growing up. If you still have the knives out when you’re my age, it’s time to put them away.
David Burr Gerrard | 6 books mentioned 10 min read
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Style Sheet: A Conversation with My Copyeditor
Edan Lepucki February 7, 2014 | 6 books mentioned 38 10 min read
I’ve fallen in love with my copyeditor Susan Bradanini Betz. Not only did she find all the mantle/mantel homonym errors in my novel manuscript, she also helped me with my commas and discovered a couple of embarrassing inconsistencies. (“First she had a briefcase,” one of her notes reads. “Now it’s a suitcase.”) She is both respectful of style and sharp as knives about grammar. Also, she said she’d read a sequel to my book — if not a whole series! — so of course I love her.
I’ve always been curious about a copyeditor’s process and Susan was kind enough to answer a few questions of mine. Susan has been in the publishing business for, as she puts it, a zillion years. She’s worked in-house as both a copyeditor and an acquisitions editor, and currently freelances, mostly for Knopf and Soho Press. She recently started working with Little, Brown again, which was one of her main clients in the 1980s and 1990s. She lives in Chicago.
The Millions: You have worked in book publishing for years, not only as a copyeditor but as an in-house editor doing acquisitions and all that. You told me copyediting is your favorite of these jobs. Why?
Susan Bradanini Betz: When I copyedit, I get closer to the manuscript than I was ever able to as an acquisitions editor. I read every single word, looking at each word and tracking the syntax, not skimming over sentences. It’s not my job as a copyeditor to suggest big-picture changes or comment on quality, so I am focused on the story and the language at the word and sentence level. I keep the reader in mind and try to anticipate what might be confusing or problematic; I check facts and dates, track characters and events for consistency; and I do the most thorough read I possibly can, coming away with an in-depth understanding of the work that wasn’t possible for me in acquisitions.
As a freelance copyeditor, I work for publishers who expect me to do a thorough job. And when I find an error in a novel’s chronology or an incorrect date in a nonfiction book, I feel that is as important to the integrity of the book as when I used to suggest switching chapters around.
TM: What are the copyeditor’s particular pleasures and challenges?
SBB: I love being able to read a manuscript closely, word by word or even, when something is particularly dense, syllable by syllable. (Yes, I have done that.) The main challenge, other than the usual one of balancing deadlines with quality, is making a sustainable living as a freelance copyeditor. With Obamacare, I’ll have health insurance for the first time in quite a while.
TM: Can you describe how you go about copyediting a manuscript? That is, what’s your reading process like? How in the hell do you manage to catch the smallest of errors?
SBB: Ideally, I’d have time to read through every manuscript twice: once to mark everything and once just to read and find whatever I missed the first time through. But the schedules don’t allow for that. Plus, I usually end up reading each sentence multiple times anyway.
So, when I get a manuscript, I just start right in on page one. I don’t page through or skim the manuscript first because I want to be aware of the evolution of the story and the order in which information is presented. That way, if some detail important to the reader’s understanding was inadvertently dropped in the author’s revision process, I’m more likely to catch it.
I usually read the first 60 to 100 pages without marking anything but the most cut-and-dried items — serial commas, typos, backward quotation marks, those sorts of things. I start my style sheets right away on page one, keeping track of the author’s existing style for thoughts, words, dialogue, and so on, and noting what seems intentional and what seems unintentional.
Once I’m familiar with the author’s style and voice, which usually happens around page 60, I begin making copyediting changes that I hope are consistent with the author’s intent and the publisher’s expectations. I query a lot rather than changing a lot. When I reach the end of the manuscript, I go back and copyedit those first sixty pages.
Creating style sheets is the secret to catching small errors. I am obsessed with my style sheets. I keep a word list, a character list, a list of places (fictional and real), a chronology, a general style sheet, a list of hyphenated modifiers, and any other list that helps me keep track of everything. I usually fact check as I go, although when I’m pressed for time I make a list of items to look up later, sometimes after I’ve returned the manuscript to the publisher. In those cases, I send a list of corrections that can be added by the production editor to the first pass. (Ha-ha, if someone else wrote this paragraph, I’d query the repeat of “list” — I used it seven times in five sentences.)
Because I read slowly, I also remember odd little details that provide a strong visual image, and so as I read along, if my visual image is jarred by a description, I’ll backtrack to figure out if there’s some inconsistency. I remember more details about characters in novels I’ve copyedited than I remember from my own life.
TM: Can you turn off your copyediting mind when you’re reading for pleasure?
SBB: No, I can’t turn it off, but believe it or not, that mind-set makes pleasure reading more pleasurable for me. When reading for pleasure I don’t read as slowly as when I copyedit, but I am not a fast reader. Often I will read a sentence more than once, then flip back and forth comparing it with other sentences, just like I do when copyediting. I think I’ve always read like a copyeditor, even way back before I knew what a copyeditor was. One of my favorite authors is Proust, and when I was young I would read some of his sentences over and over trying to make sure I understood how every word related to the other words and just to make sure I understood what he was saying.
TM: So I guess it’s possible to have fun reading while you’re copyediting…
SBB: Yes! I have fun reading nearly all the manuscripts that come to me — maybe all. I think of my job as publishers setting up an amazing reading list for me.
I try not to read ahead of my editing, but sometimes it’s impossible not to because I’m so caught up in the story. Many things can only be noticed when you are reading slowly and reading something for the first time. If I read ahead, I have to go back and reread everything at a copyediting pace. But because I already know what’s going to happen, I might make assumptions that don’t take into account the reader’s limited information at that point in the story
TM: In a conversation between Michael Pietsch and Donna Tartt that ran in Slate, Pietsch quoted from the letter Tartt sent to her copyeditor for The Goldfinch:
I am terribly troubled by the ever-growing tendency to standardized and prescriptive usage, and I think that the Twentieth century, American-invented conventions of House Rules and House Style, to say nothing of automatic computer functions like Spellcheck and AutoCorrect, have exacted an abrasive, narrowing, and destructive effect on the way writers use language and ultimately on the language itself. Journalism and newspaper writing are one thing; House Style indubitably very valuable there; but as a literary novelist who writes by hand, in a notebook, I want to be able to use language for texture and I’ve intentionally employed a looser, pre-twentieth century model rather than running my work through any one House Style mill.
What are your thoughts on Tartt’s argument? (And were you the copyeditor to receive this note?!)
SBB: Yikes — no, fortunately, I wasn’t the copyeditor to receive that note. But often, when an author has that kind of reaction, it’s a result of misunderstanding. Most copyeditors don’t want to alter anything in a manuscript that the author has done on purpose.
The house style is set by the publisher, and copyeditors generally receive a manuscript without any guidelines other than to follow the house style for that publisher. And “house style” doesn’t refer to writing style but to mechanics such as capitalization, hyphenation, spelling (most often the house dictionary is Webster’s 11th), and so on. In addition, copyeditors watch for dangling modifiers, subject-verb and antecedent-pronoun agreement, repeating words, chronology, consistent names and dates, among other things. And they are expected minimally to verify dates, proper nouns (personal names, place-names, streets and highways, institutions, etc.), foreign words, brand names, slogans or advertisements — really, to verify as much as possible within the allotted time. Add to that that freelancers have no benefits and work for an hourly rate, so getting continual work from a publisher is important. What all that means is that the copyeditor is pressed for time and is unlikely to go against house style unless instructed to do so, for fear that the publisher will think she just doesn’t know how to copyedit.
Copyeditors are always guessing at the author’s intentionality, and a copyeditor who assumes everything the author has done is inadvertent does come off as a harsh schoolmarm. For example, in the note the author writes “Twentieth century, American-invented conventions.” A copyeditor would revise that as “twentieth-century, American-invented conventions,” assuming that the cap T in “Twentieth” was a typo, and the inconsistent hyphenation of compound modifiers was an oversight. However, “House Style,” which is not a proper noun, is capped three times in one paragraph. For me, that would be a signal that the author might have a personal cap style that I shouldn’t mess with. So I’d probably query the author about her intentionality regarding caps, calling out the occurrences so she can double-check that everything is as she wants it. If the copyeditor doesn’t at least call out the nonstandard style with a query, someone will do it later — either the production editor or the proofreader or even someone in publicity. And if the issue is raised after typesetting, the publisher is perfectly justified in asking why the copyeditor hadn’t settled that question earlier.
But that said, as an acquisitions editor, I saw copyeditors make all sorts of unjustified changes. And when I was acquiring poetry and fiction, I would sometimes lose it myself when I saw what copyeditors would do. I once had a copyeditor rewrite the last paragraph in a novel, which made the author (and me) go ballistic. The final paragraph! As if the author hadn’t given it considerable thought.
And sometimes a copyeditor is just mismatched to a project. Last year a publisher asked me to do a second copyedit on a memoir that had been thoroughly (way too thoroughly) copyedited already. The first copyeditor had changed so much that the author became paralyzed about a third of the way through his review of her changes. According to what the publisher told me, and from what I could tell from the author’s comments on her comments, he not only felt the copyeditor didn’t understand his work, but he started doubting his own choices. When I looked at the first copyedit, I understood the reasons behind nearly all of her changes, but I also saw that she clearly did not get this author’s humor or his unique voice, which often involved nonstandard syntax. She had done a ton of work recasting passive sentences and paring down “awkward” (and by “awkward” I mean “hilarious”) sentences. And in many places he had agreed to a change that honestly purged all the humor and personality from a passage. So then I would query if it was OK to reinstate his original as it was better than the copyedited version. That was a case of a complete mismatch.
TM: Is there a tension between what you know to be “correct” and the artistic license of the writer? How do you handle that tension?
SBB: I see my job as a copyeditor less about enforcing rules than about making sure the author is aware of anything in the manuscript that is nonstandard and confirming that any variations from standard grammar and punctuation are intentional. In my queries, I try to get across the idea that just because I’m asking a question doesn’t mean that something needs to be changed. As you know, I often qualify my questions by saying something like “just checking” or “it might be just me” or “not really necessary to change.” Especially with poetry, I love when an author responds with “yes, that is intentional,” because it means he or she truly thought through the style, so I don’t have to be so OCD about it.
TM: Have you noticed any new style and grammar trends in the last five years?
SBB: New copyediting trends generally pop up after a new edition of The Chicago Manual of Style is published, and the 16th edition came out in 2010. New guidelines in CMOS cause publishers to reevaluate their current house style, because they have to decide what changes they will incorporate from the new edition. These are changes like what to do about capping a generic geographic noun when it follows more than one proper noun — so is it “Illinois and Chicago rivers” or “Illinois and Chicago Rivers”? The style has changed back and forth over the last editions of CMOS, but it’s something really only copyeditors get excited about.
For informative and entertaining updates on the state of copyediting, I keep up with Washington Post copyeditor Bill Walsh’s Twitter feed.
Just anecdotally, in the manuscripts I receive, I’ve noticed a lot of two-word proper nouns closed up (like “SpongeBob”), a result of tech product names, I guess. So when an author creates a fictional product or company now, it’s often one word made up of two.
I’ve noticed, too, that a lot of authors are omitting the word “that” and putting a comma in its place in dialogue or first-person narratives in fiction. I think that’s because many throwaway phrases currently used in conversation omit “that,” and the speaker pauses — for example, “I mean, I had a really good time at the party.” Almost every novel I’ve worked on in the past few years had at least one “I mean, . . .” in dialogue. And in just about every conversation I have in real life someone uses the phrase. But the comma for an omitted “that” happens with other constructions, too, as in “She was so late, she missed the show” rather than “She was so late she missed the show” or “She was so late that she missed the show.”
TM: What are your favorite errors to fix?
SBB: I love to find errors that are important to the accuracy or quality of the manuscript, because then I feel as if my copyediting is contributing something more than tiny details. So, for example, things like a character being described as not having visitation with his kids later taking them somewhere on “his” weekend, or someone beginning a scene sitting on a couch, then rising from a chair, or a character drinking a shot of whiskey but getting a refill on her red wine. Those are errors that usually result from the author’s revisions and multiple drafts, and they can slip past easily. I also like to catch dangling modifiers, because we all miss those, so it means I’m paying attention. I never change any of these, though, without querying, and most often I will just call them out to the author with a query. And, yes, I have had authors who say that dangling modifiers are part of their style and don’t want to change them.
TM: I am proud that you said my manuscript was “clean,” but I was also appalled by my misuse of the comma! Can you provide three rules for comma use to put in my back pocket for the next book?
SBB: It isn’t so much that commas are misused as that authors often don’t realize their phrasing is effective enough to make the addition of nonstandard commas unnecessary. A comma isn’t always needed to make the reader catch the pause in dialogue or narrative; often the syntax does that just fine, and an unnecessary comma slows the reader down too much.
So, in addition to the serial comma (“I adopted a lab mix, a poodle, and a Lhasa mix”), here are the three commas that I think work best when handled per standard punctuation style:
1. Avoid a comma between elements of a series connected by conjunctions.
I adopted a lab mix and a poodle and a Lhasa mix.
2. Add a comma between independent clauses connected by a conjunction unless each clause is short, especially if the conjunction is “but.”
I used to foster dogs, but I had to stop after I adopted Frank.
3. Avoid using a comma between compound predicates or objects.
I brought Frank home as a foster dog and just couldn’t return him to the shelter.
I’ve had many dogs but never bought a puppy from a pet store.
I feed my dogs kibble and homemade treats.
4. And a bonus tip: Always add a comma after a phrase or clause ending in a preposition to avoid “reading on.”
After I put my coat on, the dogs knew it was time to go out. (Even “After I put on my coat, the dogs knew it was time to go out” reads better with the comma, though there’s no chance of reading on.)
Image Credit: LPW
Edan Lepucki | 6 books mentioned 38 10 min read
I Don’t Trust Images: The Millions Interviews Ottessa Moshfegh
Lucia Senesi December 27, 2018 | 6 books mentioned 11 min read
My approach to writing was like a little volatile. Sort of like “fuck you," what drove a lot of my creativity—not all the time, but I can identify that.
Lucia Senesi | 6 books mentioned 11 min read
Edan says:
I just finished The Gin Closet, and this was a great interview to go along with my reading experience. (Except now I would like a cookie baked by a grandmother, please.)
Pingback: Lake, Fuel, Millions « Leslie Jamison News
Beautiful interview. I loved Leslie’s book and this just makes me love it. And it also makes me want to read her second novel!
Fathers, Daughters, and Family: The Millions Interviews Phillip and Lily Lopate
Editor June 15, 2015 | 6 books mentioned 1 7 min read
Encouraging People To Fail: The Millions Interviews Patty Yumi Cottrell
Anne K. Yoder March 22, 2017 | 6 books mentioned 10 min read
Humane, but Not Nice: The Millions Interviews Amanda Goldblatt
Anne K. Yoder July 22, 2019 | 6 books mentioned 13 min read
I’m interested in art that reflects flaws as opposed to resolving flaws, or seeking to resolve flaws. Whatever deepens flaws is more what I’m into.
Anne K. Yoder | 6 books mentioned 13 min read
You Have to Invent Yourself: An Interview with Jaron Lanier
Hannah Gersen June 11, 2018 | 6 books mentioned 11 min read
It’s a moral imperative to at least state what everybody should do even though it’s so hard. Then we’ll gradually muddle our way toward something better.
Hannah Gersen | 6 books mentioned 11 min read
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Chelsea will take confidence from defeat at Man City, says Lampard
Breaking News CELEBRITY NEWS ENGLISH PREMIERSHIP WATCH FOOTBALL FOREIGN NEWS INTERVIEW Sports WORLD NEWS
November 25, 2019 November 25, 2019 Tnin tninLeave a Comment on Chelsea will take confidence from defeat at Man City, says Lampard
Frank Lampard believes he will learn a lot about his young Chelsea side from how they react to their defeat at Manchester City.
Chelsea’s six-game winning run came to an end as they were beaten 2-1 by the Premier League champions at the Etihad Stadium on Saturday.
It is a measure of the London club’s progress under new boss Lampard, who has had to rely on youth due to a transfer embargo, that losing to a side that won the domestic treble last season is considered a disappointment.
“Experiences like this are great for them,” said Lampard. “They have to take them on the chin in terms of the defeat but also realise these are the kinds of levels we want to get to.”
“The feeling in the dressing room — it looked like they are very disappointed. They expect a lot of themselves, so I think we will take an amount of confidence.”
“Where we want to get to means we might come here and win (in future) and it might mean we can win titles, and win going forward, so I like seeing them disappointed.”
“I think that that just shows the next question is the reaction we have.”
Chelsea had gone into the game above City in the table and they took an early lead through N’Golo Kante before goals from Kevin De Bruyne and Riyad Mahrez won it for the hosts.
Lampard admits his side are probably exceeding expectations this term but has warned against complacency.
The former Chelsea and England midfielder said: “It is hard to explain my expectation at the start of the season.
“Until you have worked daily with the players until you bring players who were playing in the Championship last season and younger players here, you don’t know exactly how it is going to drop and how it ends up.
“So, (I’m) really happy with a lot of our stuff this season, so maybe that means we are slightly ahead of the curve.
“But in football, the curve will go downhill very fast if you don’t keep on yourself and take a lot of the lessons from Saturday and take them on moving forward.”
Source: (AFP)
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BBQ Smoking
Home » Smoking » 5 Best Manual Meat Grinders of 2020 (Reviewed & Rated)
5 Best Manual Meat Grinders of 2020 (Reviewed & Rated)
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Photo: Jane Charlesworth
Home meat grinders are a great investment if you want to start controlling everything that goes into your food. Here are five of the best to get your meat assembly line in full flow.
Home manual meat grinders are a great way to make your own ground meat at home, and give you full control over the contents of your food.
The problem with a lot of meat grinders out there is that they can be hard work, and can also jam up really easily.
So here’s a list of 5 of the best manual grinders out there to help make perfect homemade ground meat.
LEM Products #10 Hand Grinder
Kicking off this list is perhaps the best hand meat grinder out there.
Its stainless steel construction gives it much more than just a beautiful vintage look to it, but actually serves the function of making this one robust bit of kit.
The stainless steel build makes it rust-resistant and easy to clean, while giving it a shiny glean that’s hard to miss.
Functionality is at the core of what makes this a great grinder. It features a clamp for easy attachment to any table or kitchen surface. This is a significant upgrade on a lot of the suction cups that you see on cheaper models. The clamp and rubber base keeps it in place mounted on the table while you get grinding.
WHY IT’S OUR #1 PICK
A beautiful stainless steel grinder that is rustic in appearance but modern in application. Reliable, robust, and can work its way through batches of meat with no problem.
It comes with two stainless steel plates to give you different grades of meat grinding. It has the 3/8 plate for coarse grinds, and a 3/16 plate for finer results.
Through use of the two you can get through large batches of meat in minutes, and is pretty straightforward to use. Even for first timers.
Its added features come down to more than just the added plates though. LEM have also included a stainless steel knife, a stuffing star, and three separate stuffing tubes for sausage making.
All of this comes packed into a grinder that sits at just 8 pounds in weight, meaning that for all its output it won’t ever feel like it’s dominating your kitchen.
It’s also easy to take apart for washing and storing away. Easy.
CAM2 304 Meat Grinder
At a close second is this great budget meat grinder from CAM2 that’s small in stature but mighty in results.
Made with stainless steel, its durable and rust resistant enough to last you for the long haul. While using it we didn’t notice anything that suggested poor quality build, which is surprising given its cheaper cost compared to other other grinders on this list.
WHY IT’S OUR RUNNER-UP
A small and compact grinder for smaller quantities of meat. Comes with two plates for different types of meat.
The stainless steel build also means it’s incredibly easy to clean, unlike plastic models that can quickly become caked in germs and old meat.
One of the best features the grinder has is its broad base. This makes it very sturdy when clamped onto a surface, so that despite the grinder’s small size it stays more or less completely still throughout use.
Its base is built on rubber pads, which helps protect your kitchen surfaces while you use the grinder. It’s great to be able to put your back into grinding the meat without worrying about what it’s doing to your table.
Included with the grinder are two plates. One 3/8 plate for coarse grinding, and a 3/16 plate for fine grinder. Not only this but it comes with a filling tube to help with sausages.
It’s a shame that it only has one filling tube compared to LEM’s three, but as this is a more budget option some compromise should be expected.
It also comes with two 420 stainless steel blades, which means should your grinder’s blade break or become blunt then you can easily replace it with the spare.
A very worthy runner-up.
Sportsman MHG10 #10 Cast Iron Clamp-On
Anything named Sportsman will have my attention.
And anything made with cast iron definitely has my attention.
This grinder is made from coated iron, making it probably the most durable item on this list. The material also gives the grinder a nice vintage look that should suit anyone who likes a more rustic look in their kitchen.
WHY IT’S ON OUR LIST
Beautiful cast iron vintage grinder that is more than aesthetics. Comes with funnel attachment for making sausages.
Usually it’s the case that vintage aesthetics come at the cost of practical use, but I’m pleased to say that this is an ergonomically sound piece of equipment.
Its handle is well positioned to make it easy to use, and its padding makes it solid and stable when clamped to a surface.
It’s also fast to use, and can grind about 3 pounds of meat every minute.
Included is a cutting knife, as well as two cutting plates for different grades of grind, and three filling tubes and funnel attachment for sausages.
Bellemain Manual Meat Grinder
If the vintage steel look isn’t your thing, then this should be right up your street.
The Bellemain meat grinder features a plastic body design with stainless-steel knives, built upon a strong suction base to provide stability.
A beautifully neat grinder that is easy to clean and store. Comes with a meat pusher and a see-through center that’s ridiculously satisfying to look through.
It’s easy to take apart for proper cleaning as well as storage, and features a handy meat pusher tool to help you safely process your meat cleanly.
At its core it has a strong and rust-resistant stainless steel grinding disc and blade.
What I like most is its see-through center, which makes it really satisfying to look through while you work through your meat grinding. For me that’s worth the cost alone.
Gideon Hand Crank
The Gideon meat grinder combines both plastic and stainless-steel construction. The plastic used is heavy-duty, which ensures durability. The machine doesn’t just grind meat; you can also use it to grind fruits and vegetables.
It is easy to operate, just place your meat on the grinder and turn the crank. It is designed to ensure safety when you are using it. The blades are fully enclosed within the grinder to eliminate the risk of cutting yourself.
Good quality plastic grinders are hard to come by, but this does the job brilliantly. Easy to use, easy to clean, and the meat it produces is clean and precisely worked. What more can we say?
It comes with a meat pusher to help you push the meat as you grind. The pusher helps to protect your fingers by keeping them from making contact with the blades.
It has a strong suction base to ensure stability. The suction cups keep the base of the grinder firmly in place during use. The cups also keep your surfaces from being damaged from use.
You can easily disassemble the device for easy cleaning or storage. It’s also safe to clean using the dishwasher. The machine is extremely lightweight and has a compact design.
The grinder features heavy duty stainless-steel blades, which are designed to last for long and also rust-resistant. It also comes with two stainless steel plates for different levels of grinding (coarse and fine).
A great option for an affordable, easy-to-clean, meat grinder.
Meat grinding is a great way to have more control over what goes into your food, as well as how your food is prepared.
You can decide everything that goes into your meat, and be confident in how fresh and hygienic it is.
Not only that, but there’s a huge amount of cost to be saved too. While prices vary, manual meat grinders in general are cheap so it won’t take long to recoup any cost that made up your initial outlay.
While there are electric grinder models out there, I much prefer manual grinders. They’re a bit more work, but the results are often better and far more satisfying.
Spicy Grilled Shrimp Skewers (Recipe)
Recipe: BBQ Smoked Chuck Roast
Traeger Tailgater Pellet Grill | Reviewed
LEM Products #10 Stainless Steel Clamp-on Hand Grinder
Buy on Amazon Price incl. tax, excl. shipping
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Copyright © 2020 The Online Grill
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Recreation Gov
East Maroon Portal Picnic Site
Maroon Creek Road
East Maroon Portal Picnic Site is situated next to Maroon Creek, offering spectacular views of towering red stone cliffs, lush wetlands and evergreen forests. The area is an excellent gathering spot for families, group gatherings and parties.
The picnic area is available for use by the general public, but can be reserved for private events. This is the only site available in the Maroon Bells Scenic Area for wedding receptions.
Nestled in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, the 2.3 million acre White River national Forest is one of the top recreation Forests in the nation.
For hikers and backpackers, the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness epitomizes the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Starting from the East Maroon Portal, the Maroon Creek Trail winds through aspen groves and across boulder fields. After about a mile the East Maroon Trail branches off the Maroon Creek Trail and enters the wilderness. Climbing to alpine terrain, backpackers will find high mountain lakes and a smattering of wildflowers in early summer. Check specific regulations for camping in the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness Area.
This picnic area is available for use by the general public, but can be reserved for private events for a fee. The picnic site can be reserved for the morning, afternoon, or both. This is the only site available in the Maroon Bells Scenic Area for wedding receptions.
The picnic area has three large picnic tables and can accommodate up to 70 people.
Vehicle traffic is restricted on Maroon Creek Road from 8 a.m. until 5 p.m. past the Maroon Bells Welcome Station. Individuals who reserve this picnic site are issued five vehicle passes which allow travel in a motorized vehicle past this point. Parties reserving both the amphitheatre and picnic site for the same event will only be issued five vehicle passes total. Parking is severely limited at the Bells and public access is our first priority.
Other options for access to the site include parking at Aspen Highlands Ski Area for
0-3 Hours $10
8+ Hours $25
and riding the Maroon Bells shuttle bus ($8.00 per adult and $6.00 for seniors 65 or older and children under 6). Operating hours for the shuttle bus are 8:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. The shuttle bus runs from the first weekend of June until the first weekend of October, weather permitting. We recommend renting one or more high occupancy vehicles that hold 12 or more guests.
Bird seed, confetti, electric music and PA systems are prohibited at the site.
Visitors are required to remove or dispose of decorations and all trash after events. All food, beverages, scented items, and trash must be properly stored or removed when not attended. A bear-proof food locker and bear-proof waste receptacles are available at the site. Vault toilets are available at this site. Running water is not available at the picnic area.
The Maroon Bells Scenic Area is surrounding Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness. This wilderness is one of the five original Colorado wilderness areas designated by the 1964 Wilderness Act. Its scenic value exudes from its aspen groves, meadows of wildflowers, and dark forests of spruce and fir that rise up from the valleys to alpine landscapes. Here, bighorn sheep, pika, and ptarmigan find habitat above timberline.
Towering over glacial valleys at over 14,000 feet in elevation, the Maroon Bells are the most recognizable peaks in the Elk Mountains. The Maroon Bells are unique in the Rockies in that they are made up of metamorphic sedimentary mudstone that gives the peaks their maroon color and unstable nature for climbing.
The nearby town of Aspen is a popular destination for visitors to the area. From downhill skiing and world-class fly fishing, to dining and resorts, there are a multitude of outdoor and indoor opportunities in this mountain town.
Overall rating: Rate this Lodging
Have you stayed here? Be the first to leave a review!
Basalt, Colorado
Ruedi Marina Campground
Mollie B White River
Little Maud Campground
Adventures Nearby
Camp at Silver Queen Campground
Camp at Silver Bell Campground
Backpack to Conundrum Hot Springs
18 Miles Round Trip - 2500 ft gain
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Opinions & Rants
CelticNoise
This Is How Far Ahead Celtic Are; The Media Is Eulogising King For Expensive Failure.
Written by: James Forrest
The AGM’s are over, and as usual they were damp squibs.
The Celtic shareholders pressed Resolution 12 but left other matters alone entirely.
The Sevco one turned into a love-in with a teary Dave King plucking the heart strings, probably prior to plucking at wallets.
I’ll cover Celtic’s tomorrow; it’s been too long a day for that tonight.
But I have enjoyed Sevconia’s response to King’s impending departure.
None of it questions, in the least, his reasoning. He wants to spend more time with the family business? Aye, right. None of it questions how much he’s really put into the club. None of it asks what comes next. This is all hilarious enough for me, but what tickles the funny bone is this.
Their gratitude is amazing! The gushing outpouring of it. The suggestion that he should have a statue; the Memorial To The Cunning Pickpocket maybe. The whole thing is brilliant. What makes me laugh most, though is the very fact of it.
Some consider him the greatest chairman in their history; I suppose so, if they’ve rejected the Survival Lie and embraced reality.
But if they’re talking about Rangers then I’d suggest I am more aware of their background than they are, because although they’ve had dodgy geezers in that office before King is definitely the most crooked, the biggest liar and with the least for them to feel grateful about.
I think it’s a backhanded compliment to us.
They are celebrating what?
Second place and no trophies.
King’s had nearly five years at the club.
Last season was the first one in which they even managed the second spot.
Two cup finals in that time? Really?
For a spend of close to £50 million.
Jesus, you’d want a bigger return for your money if you were in his shoes.
He has lost every major battle he has fought. Ashley has owned him time and time again. He played right to the last card against the Takeover Panel, but the whole run was a series of reversals, one after the other. He complied, finally, on threat of jail and they cold shouldered him anyway. Celtic has missed Champions League Group Stage football two years in a row; he said it would only take one for us to collapse “like a house of cards.”
Yet here we stand. For all the honey being poured on him we’re top of the league. We’re also in the cup final, and favourites to win.
We’ve already qualified from our European group whilst they continue to sweat theirs. We’ve got the best squad, the better manager, more money … King will leave behind him a club still mired in debt, in scandal, in court cases. He will leave them still seeking a retail partner for next season, still seeking a major trophy … and possibly with a manager on the brink. Again.
Didn’t they once have all these high standards?
Didn’t they once have some commitment to never accepting less than being first?
Now they commemorate losers and honour defeat.
This is what we’ve reduced them to.
The Ibrox crisis started to get real when the bank who had been keeping Rangers afloat started to sweat at the height of the financial crisis. Who were Rangers’ and Murray’s bankers before being taken over?
HBOS
Please share these articles widely, and join our Facebook Group for discussions about the pieces and other issues.
If you have trouble finding the articles you can subscribe, follow us on Twitter and get every piece on Celtic News Now. And you can, of course, bookmark the site itself and check it for updates throughout the day.
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← Donald Trump Assassin Pleads Not Guilty in Las Vegas Court Appearance…
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Update: Disturbing Video – Police Officer Shoots Driver In Falcon Heights Minnesota – Passenger Records Aftermath…
Posted on July 7, 2016 by sundance
Against the earlier shooting in Baton Rouge Louisiana, unfortunately this police shooting will lead the news cycles – guaranteed.
This latest shooting happened only a few hours ago. Police said the incident began with a traffic stop around 9 p.m (link).
Sketchy Details / No media yet – As best we can determine, a woman named Lavish Reynolds (aka Diamond Reynolds) immediately began live-streaming video of the aftermath from a police officer shooting her boyfriend four times. A four year old girl was in the back seat.
Local Media Report – MINNEAPOLIS (WCCO) — WCCO confirms that a 32-year-old man has died after an officer-involved shooting Wednesday night in Falcon Heights.
Philando Castile’s mother, Valerie Castile, says he died at Hennepin County Medical Center. St. Anthony Police confirmed the shooting, which happened in the area of Larpenteur Avenue and Fry Street. Castile’s girlfriend, Diamond Reynolds, and her daughter were in the car at the time. Reynolds is in custody Wednesday night.
A video circulating on Facebook, which was pulled from the site before midnight, was filmed by Reynolds and appears to show the aftermath of the shooting.
Reynolds, who was in the front passenger seat, says in the video that she was pulled over for a broken tail light. She says police asked Castile, who was driving, for his license and registration.
She says as Castile was reaching for his wallet, he informed officers that he had a firearm in his possession, and a conceal-and-carry permit. Reynolds says in the video that an officer then shot her boyfriend four times. (read more)
According to the video (auto-streamed to Facebook here) and the narration, Philando Castile was driving, Ms Reynolds was the passenger as they were pulled over by the police. Her boyfriend informed the police officer he was licensed to carry a firearm, and when he reached for his wallet to get his ID the officer fired into the vehicle four times.
Here’s the video, but be warned this is very graphic, unsettling, and emotionally disturbing to watch and hear the driver explain what’s going on:
Reynolds: Stay with me. We got pulled over for a busted tail light in the back and he’s covered … they killed my boyfriend. He’s licensed to carry. He was trying to get out his ID and his wallet out his pocket and he let the officer know that he had a firearm and he was reaching for his wallet and the officer just shot him in his arm.
Officer: Ma’am, keep your hands where they are.
Reynolds: I am sir, no worries.
Officer: [Yells expletive.]
Reynolds: He just got his arm shot off. We got pulled over on Larpenteur.
Officer: I told him not to reach for it! I told him to get his head up!
Reynolds: He had, you told him to get his ID sir, his driver’s license. Please don’t tell me he’s dead.
Officer: [Expletive.]
Reynolds: Please don’t tell me my boyfriend just went like that.
Officer: Keep your hands where they are.
Reynolds: Yes I will, sir. I will keep my hands where they are. Please don’t tell me that he’s gone. Please don’t tell me that he’s gone. Please officer, don’t tell me that you just did this to him. You shot four bullets into him, sir. He was just getting his license and registration, sir.
Other Officer: Get the female passenger out of the car.
Reynolds: Where’s my daughter you have my daughter?”
[Five Minutes Later]
Reynolds: I got … the Roseville Police got me handcuffed, my phone is about to die. I’m on Larpenteur and Fry and the Roseville Police Department just shot my boyfriend. They shot him four times. He has a license to carry. We had a busted tail light. And we had some weed in the car that’s about it. (Transcript Via CBS Minnesota)
Video shows crowd gathered at scene of police-involved shooting in Falcon Heights, Minnesota https://t.co/3nKxy1WLtihttps://t.co/ZaQSg8C0lv
— ABC News (@ABC) July 7, 2016
In anticipation of this video disappearing there’s also a duplicate copy available below.
Crowd growing at #FalconHeightsShooting Police say one man shot, woman & child also in car. Man's condition unknown pic.twitter.com/v40ze85Sgf
— Katherine Johnson (@KJohnsonKSTP) July 7, 2016
Crowd screaming "say his name: Phil" at #FalconHeightsShooting now chanting "No Justice, No Peace"
Man said he had gun "Ofc told him not to move & AS HE PUT HIS HANDS BACK UP" he was shot#falconheightsshooting pic.twitter.com/5xf8oI1bM3
— Just the Facts (@Truth007Seeker) July 7, 2016
This entry was posted in Abusive Cops, BGI - Black Grievance Industry, Death Threats, Police action, Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.
1,248 Responses to Update: Disturbing Video – Police Officer Shoots Driver In Falcon Heights Minnesota – Passenger Records Aftermath…
archstanton14 says:
who is the guy in the video?
The deceased, Philando Castile.
Disgusting people.
kathyca says:
Well…that link paints quite the picture. What an effing pig. That little girl doesn’t stand a chance.
To be clear, I’m not referring just to that direct link to the video. If you follow the hyperlink to her FB you will get quite an eye full. So careful.
James F says:
That poor little girl looks miserable getting “hot boxed” full of marijuana smoke with that crappy music blaring.
Was the video flipped round again? Was he driving under marijuana? Does anyone know what brand and make the car is?
marinetelecom says:
Looks like Ford Taurus or similar car.
She might grow up to be president someday. Obozo got his start with roof hits.
Why did he have a gun on his lap? Who holds a gun in plain sight while the police are making a stop? This woman is inciting trouble before the facts are known. Why isn’t she consoling her daughter? I know it’s not scripted but she sure knew what to say from the start to point the finger at the officer which feeds into today’s anxiety over the shootings of black men. More facts are coming out about the “victim” that contradict miss Reynolds assertion that “he was just getting his id out”. What is an officer supposed to think when he pulls over someone that fits the description of a burglary suspect and sees a gun on the lap of the driver? Any move the driver makes is suspect.
Char Char Binks says:
She was coldly framing the cop for murder as her “boyfriend” bled out. And she was the subject for the camera– not the crime scene, not the police,not her daughter, and definitely not Philando.
Abster says:
Mumma is disgusting. That poor child. Who is that man? The victim? They were heading out for 4th. Woman didn’t even wear pants. Thinks she’s Wonder Woman.
Poor, poor child. That video on its own shows that the guy was not a good person. Neither of them should be anywhere near a child.
http://blavity.com/philando-castiles-girlfriend-diamond-reynolds-recounts-shooting-governors-mansion/ Same tattoos as in the video you linked to above.
Someone capture that video before it gets scrubbed!
seabrznsun says:
When the video shoots to the floorboard I see some keys and what looks like it could be the butt of a gun on th floor. One more thing, beside the obvious in the video of the pitiful little child in this situation, I’ve been wondering if phil had finally gotten his drivers license back and obtained proof of insurance, which lavish says he was reaching for (and not the gun) when the officer shot him?
She has a young daughter, but she seems to always have the camera on HERSELF.
MN Gov on #PhilandoCastile: "Would this have happened if those passengers…were white? I don't think it would have" https://t.co/zzziKNjKxS
If the officer is put on trial itmust now be moved out of the state. Dayton’s statement is extremely prejudicial.
maggiemoowho says:
BLM is involved, if the officer is put on trial it would be a tragedy and done only for political reasons to appease the BLM terrorists.
He and his democrap buddies are the real problem in the Black community. What a piece of dung he is. Cops and others die because of irresponsible jerks like him and Obama.
libertarianmama74 says:
Wasn’t the cop Asian? 2. ANY responsible CPL/CCW holder knows that when you are pulled over, for ANYTHING, you immediately disclose you are a CPL/CCW holder and disclose the location of your firearm if it is on you. You give the police the option to take the firearm completely out of the equation of the stop. Reported in only a few stories, the guy was reaching for his wallet and the firearm became visible. Police don’t take chances with their lives, nor should they.
RescueGal says:
You are absolutely correct!
Justsayin says:
When I got my CCP my instructor told us NOT to tell LEO’s you’ve got a gun in the vehicle because it would cause unnecessary stress. Told us that LEO’s know if you’re a CCP or not when they radio in and run the plates.
Unrationed Rationale says:
That depends, really. Some states require you to notify the officer immediately and some do not. In states that do not, the best course of action is as Justsayin stated: Don’t even mention it. If your weapon is concealed and the officer can not see it then he will never even know. Letting him know might cause him to become unnecessarily alarmed.
Whatever you do, DO NOT use the word “gun.” 🙂 Say weapon/firearm. Don’t say, “I have a gun!”
I’m willing to bet he had no permit, but that that was something they devised to throw police off. We will likely see a lot more of it in the future.
What video did the befuddled governor watch?
The only hint of racism in the video was when Lavish Diamond assumed the Asian officer was “Chineese”.
Reynolds began profiling the officer. “It was a Chinese police officer that shot him. He’s Chinese, he’s about five-five, five-six and a half, heavy set guy.
And now the racis media and politicians are assuming the Asian officer is white.
Are you kidding me? The officer is Asian? But they’re referring to him as “white”. This is going to get a lot worse before it gets better.
KenH says:
He’s a white Asian which is new specious of man just discovered by the liberals.
booger71 says:
White Hispanic was their first find. Liberals should go to the Congo, they might find the missing link…..Where the great ape walked upright and evolved into a liberal.
Hispanic isn’t a race or an ethnicity. For years I’ve had to check boxes that say ‘white, nonhispanic”. Hispanics can be of any of the 3 races.
fuzzi says:
When a black officer shoots a black criminal, will the officer be described as a white Black?
It’s INSANE for the MN Gov to say something like that. He needs to be ejected ASAP.
MN Gov has some mighty strange eyes. What’s up with his eyes?
My first thought, too. It seems he’s either on some medication (legal or otherwise) or there is a neurological disorder or incident afoot.
The man has blood on his hands.
cohibadad says:
We continue to live in the age of Rodney King, where video of the end of a police incident, without all of the circumstances explained and with all of the misinformation and “racist” allegations being shouted from the media leading the discussion.
MN Gov. Mark Dayton: "My sense of outrage for what occurred is very real" https://t.co/xxvSc6Rncu #PhilandoCastile https://t.co/LwaRmTVo6Y
— CNN (@CNN) July 7, 2016
He needs to resign now, he is endangering lives. Watch, he’s going to let his city burn, you can see it coming.
janc1955 says:
Looks absolutely stoned.
porkchopsandwiches says:
no kidding, he sounds like he just got shot up with novocaine.
what is with his googly rolly eyes???
Alleges “recovering” alcoholic. He’s a rich kid from the Dayton-Hudson department store family.
Kid? That’s and old guy.
unfortunately I think you are right on the money. Riots are going to be pushed and the governor is going to order a stand down just like prior democRAT governors have done in the other BLM cases.
Does he have any facts upon which to base his opinion? Or is he just nuts?
beni franlkin says:
He’s just drunk…
While facts may come out to prove otherwise, it appears that this officer does not believe that blacks have a Second Amendment right to carry a firearm. Comply or not, the officer had him at point blank range and should have withheld fire until he saw a weapon appearing. A guy seated with a belt on cannot draw and fire that fast, nor would a real threat give a heads up he has a weapon. This was an over reaction by someone who should not be a cop.
I carry but on the rare occasion i am stopped I have my window down, interior light on if at night, ignition off, ID, registration and insurance in hand, and my hands on the wheel. i do not advertise anything about a weapon, don’t say much, and try to end the encounter as quickly as possible.
I, too am a CPL holder. The one time I’ve been pulled over while I was carrying (pistol was between driver’s seat and center console) I was speeding. I was on my way to work. I put my hands on the steering wheel as the officer (state police) approached. I IMMEDIATELY disclosed that I was a CPL holder and indicated the location of my pistol. I kept my hands on the wheel until I was asked for my ID and papers. I indicated to the patrolman that my license was in my handbag which was located on the passenger seat and my registration and insurance was located in my glove box, and I needed to reach over the firearm to obtain the things he was requesting. I waited to see his reaction and would have given the patrolman the option to take the firearm completely out of the equation if he wanted. He never asked for it, because I was respectful. He clocked me doing 16 over (I was admittedly speeding, running late for work) but given that I don’t have a record, my driving record is relatively clear, and I acted responsibly and respectfully during the stop, he wrote me for only 5 over, THANKED me for my handling of the situation and asked me to drive slower. That patrolman didn’t know if I was truly a woman just late for work, (first shift) or if I was a third shifter just getting out of work and had hit the bar, or drugs, or whatever. Be respectful and they will be respectful of you.
I take it you’ve not watched the video where the cop gets shot in the head before he gets to the window?
Unless the guy had a license to carry, it was illegal for him to have his gun on him in the car, right? And what we have seen from prior posts indicate that he probably didn’t have a license to carry.
My FOID was issued by the State of illinois. Are CCW licenses issued by county or local agencies or by the state?
Each state varies, in Missouri anyone (non felon) can have their firearm in the car with them loaded without a CCP either hidden from view or not.
The absence of a permit would completely destroy the story the woman told on the video.
This is a common trick of criminals to lie about having a CCW to an LEO at a stop in order to put the LEO at ease, even if for a second. Then comes the sucker punch…BANG!…dead cop.
jessinwis says:
I can’t leave a “like” for this, because I don’t like the situation you describe here, but I appreciate your comment. Police are under so much stress. So too are the communities. This is tragic.
This woman LReynolds is showing signs of BT-800 syndromes.
and he probably didn’t have a driver’s license like he never had all the umpteen times he was picked up before (25 times or so) and didn’t have a car registration and didn’t have insurance…so what was he fishing for in his pocket? an empty wallet. Remember all this post shooting stuff is from dopey Lavisha. He may have never told the cop he had a gun…only Lavisha said so. It looks as if when the cop saw the gun and told Philando not to move, he moved and the cop shot.
VegasGuy says:
“A guy seated with a belt on cannot draw and fire that fast, nor would a real threat give a heads up he has a weapon.”
And yet there WAS a weapon. So you sort of answer part of your own question yourself….
Agree with part 2………We only have the girlfriend word that he said (announced) he had a weapon. She made contradictory statements regarding his motions, & the Officer made utterences that he warned him not to reach for whatever….Doesn’t sound convincingly that he informed the Officer that he was armed.
Disagree completely with part 1 “A guy seated with a belt on cannot draw and fire that fast”
What if the weapon were tucked into his crotch area? Easy reach & stealthy move of the left hand which could be out of sight of the officer until the weapon is clear of the suspect’s thighs & now traveling up to a shooting position…..
In one pic you can plainly see a weapon on his lap partially covered by his tee-shirt.
How did you come to that conclusion, that video shows nothing that happened leading up to the shots that were fired. BLM and the sh!t head in the white house are involved, that means the cop was justified. They do not get involved in legitimate cases, there is no money in the truth for the BLM terrorists.
I guess gov has already been made privy to all facts and evidence…not. Shame on him for intentionally fueling the fire.
The Democrap way, they are liars and vicious monsters who don’t care about innocent citizens, they only protect criminals.
It looks like Philando Castile
https://www.facebook.com/philando.castile?fref=ts
was one of the armed robbers at the local Super USA July 4 a few blocks from the traffic stop July 6
http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2016/07/05/lauderdale-armed-robbery/
Sames shirt as facebook and that pointy chin https://www.facebook.com/philando.castile?fref=ts
Better picture
Idk, but hmmm….glasses, too.
Glasses have that distinctive U shape like a glacier-shaped valley.
That’s not him, it’s the other perp, possibly Diamond/Lavish.
not the same dude…
and be careful making accusations.
ignorancecosts says:
Check out his shoes in this pic. Then check out the shoes he is wearing on his FB page picture (3 poses in plaid shirt) same shoes.
Michael Brown redux?
Did anyone contact the number given in the CBS story to report tips?
They took his FB down I think, did you happen to screen shot the photo🙂
No. It’s still there. But screen shots, yes.
Thanks, I might need to sign in, I can’t get it to come up 😊
Cant get FB page to come up.
Is his FB page still up? I can’t get to it.
I archived it
https://archive.is/PLtGI
Armed robbery wow, Street cred like that will get him Art Museum or Civic Center built or reopened in his mame. Dems love their criminals. Freddie Gray sold hard drugs and that got him a Youth Center, The Freddie Gray Youth Center(can’t make this stuff up), Trayvon got his own memorial and shares it with other criminals who died from Sanford, Fl.(i’m not kidding when I say criminals, Sanford has to be the only town in the US, that has a memorial for known criminals). Mike Brown got a sidewalk plate that let everyone know that he left an afterglow of smiles, unicorns and rainbows, days full of sunshine and happiness( yeah, he probably did smile when he robbed and beat a store owner and thought he got away with it).
graphiclucidity says:
I made a comparison.
The middle pic is from Castile’s Facebook.
The pic on the left is the original photo of the robbery suspect.
The pic on the right is the same, only brightened and exposure adjustments to see the face slightly better.
//s.imgur.com/min/embed.js
USA1 shoe description “dark-color shoes with white highlights” to me fits better than USA2, which I’d instead describe as “with white soles”.
That white “U-band on top” or “white highlights” are best seen in this well-lit photo
https://theconservativetreehouse.com/2016/07/08/the-curious-case-of-philando-castile-falcon-heights-mn-police-shooting/
oops, this comment was meant for the other thread, I posted it over there.
I’m thinking Castile looks more like suspect USA1 than USA2, in agreement with lucid, I think
https://theconservativetreehouse.com/2016/07/08/confirmed-philando-castile-was-an-armed-robbery-suspect-false-media-narrative-now-driving-cop-killings/comment-page-4/#comment-2669226
later discussion focused more on USA2, with some argument the facial hair wasn’t quite right.
but from the start I’ve thought “more like USA1”, focusing mainly on the shoes and narrow-rounded toe shape and possible light U-band on top (maybe the “white highlights” in robbery description)
Well they confirmed a gun was recovered at the scene……How long does it take to confirm a valid CCW? That shouldn’t take long at all. Just look up the CCW database, right? Wouldn’t that bolster there position if there actually is one?
Guess the CRS & DOJ is processing a predated application….
@cameron_dehart Mr. Castile never applied for a permit to carry with our office. Therefore we did not issue his permit.
— Ramsey Sheriff (MN) (@RamseySheriff) July 7, 2016
Jon612 says:
CCW is not public info in MN.
The sheriff could not be more clear.
The only way to get a permit is from the sheriff in the county of your residence.
The sheriff denies existence of the permit or even an application.
There was no CCW permit for Castile.
Just another bald-faced lie from Lavish Diamond.
Happy go lucky says:
Has he lived in a different county in the last 5 years?
Diamond/Lavish knew that, and so she knew her lie could get a lot of traction before it could be proven wrong.
TrumpFanGirl says:
Look in his wallet?
Niagara Frontier says:
Protesters blocking traffic in NYC. That didn’t take long.
They are idiots, cops need to spray them all with Fox urine, that will make them leave faster than anything.
Those people stuck in their cars and buses aren’t going to get home for hours. On TV I just observed an open-top, double decker tourist bus stuck in the mess. I wonder what those tourists are thinking. Hope they went to the bathroom before they boarded.
The National Guard should be called in and clear those useless excuses for human beings out. They are endangering peoples lives, but the communist pathetic Government of New York won’t do anything, all this BS is taking the attention away from Hillary Clinton. The police need to get out the rubber bullets and tear gas.
Seriously, these people continue to hinder innocent, hardworking citizens, families, elderly from going about their daily lives. Why can’t they be stopped…not to even mention the cost of monitoring these riots to be.
Taking attention away from Hillary, the Dems who run NY will not stop this. They want this, Innocent Americans are the Dems enemy, they only protect criminals, like Hillary Clinton. This just makes me sick. Hopefully the people in NYC will get sick of this and vote out the Dems, but I won’t hold my breath.
FerociousFlower says:
Or just tell them all “We’re turning this into a Recruiting Event. If you stay, I guarantee, you will all have a job to report to – first thing in the morning”. POOF … streets are empty.
Philando Castile and Diamond Reynolds on the 4th of July
Nice title: “Forth type shit”
Monroe says:
Is that pot? Is there a child in the car? If pot then call CPS. Isn’t that driving while under the influence if that is weed?
she says she’s smoking a joint in the vid.
jello333 says:
Even back when we were first married a million years ago, my wife and I smoked very little. And once we had kids, we quit altogether. The only time either of our kids were exposed to it was by accident… or well, I guess we should have known better. 😉 Because it’s when our oldest was 5 years old and we took him to a Queen / Billy Squier concert. We wound up sitting way up in the top level of an arena and… well, it got kinda foggy up there. The kid was super happy and giddy for about half an hour, and then suddenly out like a light. 😉
@Monroe – Yes, I would categorize her actions as Child Endangerment.
Funny how the black demographic L-O-V-E to refer to MLK Jr as their prophet, savior, etc …But if they were held to his words “content of character / color of skin …etc” passage – her video should determine just that – content of character is lacking. However, we all know, they do not want to be judged by character, and instead INSIST on blackness as the ONLY identifier. Of course, ONLY black wonderfulness, righteousness, culture blah blah blah – ignoring ANY black dysfunction and ANYTHING in the least-bit derogatory toward “black-culture”.
I’m sooooooooooo over this lot of malcontents …soooooooo over all of it.
Have stayed out of commenting on this event until some more information is released, but I do find this post (supposedly) by Phil’s brother rather disturbing.
Sidenote: I think Lavish/Diamond is either gay or possibly bisexual. This photo is with Phil
this is a post from her that may show her sexual orientation
There are other (better) examples, but I didn’t want to post them here.
For facebook, search Philando Castile of the University of Minnesota (never attended or worked there) https://www.facebook.com/philando.castile?fref=ts
Not sure if this will work, but it’s an historic pic from “Phil’s” FB of two armed black panthers standing in front of a black panther party sign and he captioned it “BY ANY MEANS NECESSARY !”
Exactly, this smells fishy to me, his girlfriend is a terrible actress.
Yeah, let’s see how long it takes the Trayvon-loving media to unravel the facts here. That woman’s behavior is truly inhuman. Hopefully the officer has a camera.
The armed robber wears a pair of fancy sneakers:
Philando Castile belongs to the MN/Fashion sneakers facebook group
Philando Castile belongs to the MN/Fashion sneakers facebook group https://www.facebook.com/groups/352141541723/
That Democrap Governor knew what he needed to do and say to get his state in the news and to take the attention away from Hillary Clinton, looks like the BLM terrorists and the Obama Administration got themselves a new goat boy.
Sorry this was in response to another post. I must have posted wrong.😊
Ramsey Sheriff (MN) @RamseySheriff
Surprise, surprise….not
Sherlock says:
This is the story the left wants to obscure the Clinton crimes. That’s why Obama is on t.v. at this moment speaking about it, though he knows NOTHING about it. That’s why the dems at the hearing today wanted to deflect onto this issue. To me, it’s a shooting, let them investigate it.
Riling up the votes.
Instead of trying to stop the blood she is calmly filming how he dies.
The police too, why nobody helps him to stop the blood ???
Maybe she’s high
Lavish Reynold’s 4th of July, “forth type sh–” video, appears to show her smoking MJ, some improvised cigarilla.
I did not watch the video, but when I read that she started filming immediately, I questioned her decency, compassion, humanity…how can you film another person instead of trying to help him?
Hector R. Vasquez says:
She started the lies so that there would be riots and anger from the black community. She played the victim. She was just his partner in crime. I just feel sorry for the child.
The officer’s last name is llanes This is a spanish name. He wasn’t even white. The cop told him not to reach for the gun and she made it seem like it was his id. A big fat liar.
Didn’t some criminal activist tell BLM supporters in Ferguson that some will need to die for the cause. BLM teamed up to support the Islam Radicals, giving their lives would be a badge of honor in their sick twisted eyes. Something was really off about that video and the timing is just perfect for the Hillary cover up.
another video from the 4th that features Phil on the phone…
fine parental skills. Smoking in the car with the kid in the back seat, then yelling at them. SMH
per her appearance in the shooting video, it looks to me like she got her hurr (hair) did since the 4th.
Tells the baby get up “n-” at 2 minute mark.
Poor kids trying to run away…no need to wonder what’s wrong. It has gone on for generations. They know no better.
Gosh, what a good mom, that’s exactly what MY mom used to say, :”put the guns down and let the babies enjoy the holiday”. NOT.
She’s always the center of attention.
John Carifidy says:
This is interesting; check out the letterhead:
https://scontent-ord1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/13626396_1131268846895868_1134815650470095675_n.jpg?oh=9cb9aa23434e26fdd826261b188898c2&oe=57FECBCC
Don’t know how to make the image show up, but this is a statement by his Union, the Minnesota Teamsters Public and Law Enforcement Employee’s Union, Local 320
He was killed by a union brother.
Pozzo says:
Watch the video again people – Do they have a right-hand drive car?
When you upload to FB it flips video.
No Facebook doesn’t. I upload videos quite often and they are always in the correct perspective. Now the Reverse Camera in cell phones reverses things. I noticed in the first video posted above she did quite a bit of switching from the forward facing camera to the selfie reverse camera. The selfie camera is like a mirror image. It shouldn’t be used for normal video recording … Someone doing that is not the sharpest tool in the shed. The selfie camera qualify is less as well.
I was wrong on that. Maybe it’s something to do with Facebook live? Or specific to her phone camera? Mine you see a mirror image but when you take a photo or record video it is flipped to normal as someone else or you would see an object without a mirror.
JustSomeInputFromAz says:
Something about this incident does not smell right to me.
“Lavish” is moving the camera around quite a bit, but there is clear focus on “Mr. Phil” at the 0:05 mark, the 0:48 mark, and from the 0:59 thru 1:19 marks.
Looking at each of those four marks, I cannot see any change in the pattern of blood on “Mr. Phil”…..it simply seems he stopped bleeding?
I am not a Doctor, nor have I ever witnessed a human shot with a bullet, but it just seems the blood pattern should have changed over the course of little over 1 minute of the video.
Adjusting tin foil now……
He was dying. Blood pressure going down reducing active bleeding. And stupid Lavisha carrying on like it’s a movie or something. Her poor little daughter spawned from an idiot.
Perhaps a valid explanation for the blood pattern, but this thing still smells to me. Thanks
Obozo is trying to rile up his blacks. The thing to do is let an investigation procede. Apply the law to the facts in an impartial manner, and move on to MAGA.
That hasn’t so well these past few years. Trayvon Martin – bust. Michael Brown – bust. Freddie Gray – bust. Walter Scott – murder charges against the cop will be dropped. And now Alton Sterling – armed felon resisting arrest – bust. Philando Castile – ? along the same lines the more we learn. Criminal culture of a people with way too much down time on their plate. That’s what needs to change.
Idle hands are the Devil’s workshop?
and an idle self-centered mind
Why do cops keep trying to police black perps? I would just let them run. Let the Feds deal with it.
That’s what it will come to. Shoot outs in the Chicago, Detroit, Baltimore, Atlanta, St. Louis, etc corrals. They will be penned up in the very bowels of the cities with Black or dark-skinned cops (and multiracial administrators at arms’ length). Periodically they will open the gates and let out all the little children they can find to rescue them from the deprivation so they can grow up safely and happily ever after away from the morass..
Escape from New York.
Rinnngggg…
911 what is the problem?
I am calling becaus I have been raped and robbed
911: Was the perp black or white.
Victim: I think he might have been black.
911: OK here is the phone number of the Civil Rights Division of DOJ in Washington. Call them or the local NAACP.
Just poking around various online records looking for info about Lavish. Her mother is Dafina Doty, living in Indianopolis right now though Intelius says she has also lived in the Minneapolis area. There are two criminal records for Dafina in MN, one in 2007 for not having a drivers license, and one in 2008 for receiving stolen property. For that second conviction her name is Dafina Niyonu Palmer. There is also a business record in Indianopolis with her last name as Humphrey. The multiple last names is just so typical, isn’t it? I suspect that Lavish also has some court records somewhere but not under Reynolds. Perhaps Palmer or Humphrey?.
http://www.twincities.com/2008/10/29/man-charged-with-sexual-assault-of-man-he-suspected-of-burglarizing-a-friend/
A man was charged today with physically and sexually assaulting another man in St. Paul that he suspected of burglarizing a friend’s house, according to a criminal complaint.
The Ramsey County attorney’s office charged Taylor Gordon IV, 22, of St. Paul, with first-degree criminal sexual conduct and third-degree assault.
The complaint gave this account:
Police were dispatched Oct. 20, 12:48 a.m., to a home in the West Seventh Street neighborhood about a burglary. Dafina Niyonu Palmer told police she had just returned to her home in the 600 block of Canton Street from Chicago and found it burglarized.
There was no forced entry and Palmer told police she suspected a man who had lived with her for a brief time, had a key and knew she was in Chicago.
“Dafina Palmer was very upset and made numerous comments about doing physical harm” to the man, the complaint said. “Palmer was advised to let investigators handle the burglary.”
I do think this is Lavish’s mother.
Wow, that story is very strange. Here’s a different version of it. Apparently it happened in 2008, and I think Lavish might have been involved, I think she might be the 19 year old daughter mentioned in the article. Does anyone know how old Lavish is now? http://www.twincities.com/2008/10/30/st-paul-burglary-suspect-is-assaulted/
Dafina Palmer found her home in the West Seventh Street neighborhood burglarized Oct. 20 and said she suspected the burglar was an 18-year-old man who is her 17-year-old daughter’s best friend. Gordon is the girl’s boyfriend, Palmer said. Gordon beat up the man and sexually assaulted him with an object, the criminal complaint said. Prosecutors also have charged Palmer’s 15-year-old son and 17-year-old daughter, Ariel T. Doty, in juvenile court with aiding and abetting first-degree criminal sexual conduct. The boy’s name isn’t public because of his age. Palmer didn’t dispute the physical assault but said in an interview Thursday the sexual assault didn’t happen. She said only Gordon took part in the beating, and she and her children tried to stop it. “This has all been a tremendous misunderstanding,” said Palmer, 35. […] “Dafina Palmer was very upset and made numerous comments about doing physical harm” to the man, the complaint said. “Palmer was advised to let investigators handle the burglary.” Doty called the victim and Gordon to give her support after the burglary, Palmer said. When the victim arrived, Gordon took off after him, Palmer said. She and her 19-year-old daughter tried to hold Gordon back, but, Palmer said, “He was throwing us around like ragdolls.” At 4:40 a.m., police were dispatched to West Seventh Street and Watson Avenue about a man sitting on a bus bench who appeared to have been assaulted, the complaint said. […] Police arrested Palmer, her 15-year-old son, her 19-year-old daughter, her nephew, Doty and Gordon, according to the complaint and Palmer. Gordon, Doty and the 15-year-old were charged; the others were released.
If I’m right and this is Lavish’s mother, then Lavish must have grown up in one harsh ghetto family.
It was Lavish who was arrested with her mother in 2008.
Diamond Laraye Reynolds was booked in St Paul, MN on 10/20/2008.
The following Official Record of Diamond Laraye Reynolds is being redistributed by MugshotsNow.com and is protected by constitutional, publishing, and other legal rights. This Official Record was collected from a Law Enforcement agency on 8/27/2013. Address herein provided within Official Records.
MugshotsNow.com ID: 19567915
Arrest Address Street: 635 CANTON
Arresting Agency: ST PAUL PD
Arrest City: ST. PAUL
Arrest State: MN
Arrest County: RAM
City Of Violation: ST. PAUL
Birthdate: 7/14/1989
Arrival Date: 10/20/2008 8:15:00 AM
Address No.: 635
Place Of Birth: CHICAGO
Address Street: CANTON
http://www.mhomes.info/minnesota/minneapolis/diamond-laraye-reynolds/108733821
I believe I have located Lavish’s father. Mother Dafina sued him for child support in Cook County IL (Chicago). https://w3.courtlink.lexisnexis.com/cookcounty/Finddock.asp?DocketKey=CABADAJAEAH0DR
Attorney(s): STATES ATTY CHILD SUPPORT
Plaintiff: PALMER DAFINA N
Defendant: REYNOLDS ANTHONY
So typical. Squirt out a kid by some guy you’re not married to, then sue him for child support so you can go on welfare.
And here’s a different case Dafina was involved in with the father, maybe they had two kids together. https://w3.courtlink.lexisnexis.com/cookcounty/Finddock.asp?DocketKey=CAABDAJAHHI0DR
Mother Dafina appears to also have been arrested in 2011 in Hennepin County MN. http://jail.com/arrest-records/dafina-doty-2950263
I might stop looking. I can see now that Lavish, whatever her name is, comes from a really rough family. Probably multiple father situation, yet no fathers around, mother is a criminal, etc. Gee where have we seen this before.
Mother was married to a Humphrey in 1989 and a Palmer in 2001. She probably never married Reynolds. Girl got around, that’s for sure. http://marriage-divorce-records.mooseroots.com/d/c/Dafina-Doty
Castile seems to have been a stupid but calm guy … until he met Lavish ….
Officers down in Dallas!
Is Obama happy now!? Blood on his hands. This is developing fast in Dallas, does not look good. I have an impression of what I saw on the film but do not want to report it in case I’m wrong, but it looks very very ominous.
Watching it too…?? Didn’t even know protests were going on..?
Reporting two officers shot, preliminary report from FOX.
Hoping against hope they are alive and dispatched suspect. No indication yet.
Not looking good. Report is rifle used. Two officers removed from scene. No word on condition. Again, preliminary, it will probably be quite a while before we know for sure.
Now it’s all reporters what other reports are telling them. Video clearly depicted numerous shots, probably 8-10 in two groups. Video clearly showed motionless officer on ground.
THIS is what Obama has wrought upon this country!
Unfortunately this will more than likely become more common. I fear its going to be a long hot summer.
This is what Obama and the left want, believe it.
Just left my comment on Minn. governor’s line–told him he was judgemental and intemperate in his remarks and that he is, in large part, responsible for the riots breaking out.
It don’t matter… well, at least not unless the suspect is white and the officer is black. Then maybe the media will care, at least a little.
please God let this not be true
***Breaking***** Cop shot DEAD LIVE ON @FOXNEWS, Dallas protest*****
— TrumpCoastOfSC (@Ma1973sk) July 8, 2016
Focus is on a parking garage and possible sniper(s). Audio from KDFW did include multiple gunshots that sounded like rifle fire to me.
Prayers up for the PO’s. As if Dallas PD didn’t already have enough problems…
DALLAS — Murders are up this year in Dallas, as are robberies, assaults, and burglaries.
Murder is up almost 32 percent to start 2016 and the number of aggravated assaults has risen almost 48 percent. Nonviolent crime is up 5 percent in Dallas.
http://www.wfaa.com/news/local/dallas-county/dallas-police-officers-outraged-over-radical-staffing-changes/102446524
DALLAS — Dallas police officers are leaving in droves.
We talked to an officer whose last day was Wednesday. He joins more than 40 others who quit in the month of May[2016].
http://www.wfaa.com/news/exodus-continues-at-the-dallas-police-department/215006466
I’d quit too. No support, no tools. That is why crime goes up, and they are crucified if they actually do their jobs. Shame on Obama for sticking his nose in shootings he knew NOTHING about, NOTHING! And now we have to Dallas officers shot. Hoping for the best, expecting the worst.
dondeg says:
Bill meets Lynch on Tarmack.
Hillary has “at home” Tea party with Comey and the boys.
Comey says no evidence to prosecute
Country goes wild
Two black shootings = almost 100% change the media
Hillary had no compunction about letting Ambassador Stevens die. No compunction about the millions killed in the middle east, on all sides. Do you think she cares about a couple locals “taking one for the team”. I tell you, it’s all too convenient. I wouldn’t put anything past Killiary and Bill.
Raffaella says:
I am completely heart broken and traumatized by all these officer involved shootings resulting in quite a few black men’s death and offficer’s death. I just cannot watch another disturbing video. It seems that 1. cops are trigger happy, 2. No one seem to care enough to perform life saving medical care for the person shot, 3. BLM is making everything worst by calling everyone racist.
I know this is not a popular opinion here but I had to say it. That little girl’s voice on this video really got to me.
Yup…Calling for Mommy…some Mommy, huh? Poor child….I just wish all these little kids would be planted with good parents out of their awful environments forever.
The little girl had probably already seen more prior to the shooting than most of us would see in our lifetimes. The shooting will probably have no impact on her. She was already ruined.
I feel bad for all the officers being shot do to the lies put out by the lying families, the BLM terrorists, our dumb azz President and the media. The mother should have never put her child into a drug filled situation. I feel bad for any child whose parents are so selfish, they can’t give up the drugs not even for their children. Cops were shot tonight because this jack wipe girlfriend filled social media with lies and the dumb azz President and Democrat Governor got up and spewed more lies.
Same glasses as armed robber
http://www.kare11.com/news/crime/police-2-wanted-in-gas-station-robbery/264734180
at nearby Super USA convenience store.
What kind of man was #PhilandoCastile? He memorized names of 500 kids he served daily, with their food allergies https://t.co/3p1vVaL5nT
— Boing Boing (@BoingBoing) July 8, 2016
Interview with retired Professor of Law, (who happens to be the gentleman who wrote the Minnesota Personal Protection Act of 2003) on the situation in Falcon Heights and their subcontracting of police from St. Anthony: http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2016/07/07/3796266/philando-castile-shooting-st-anthony-police-falcon-heights-improper-stops/
Always quick to play politics after a shooting…. https://twitter.com/ClickingSticks/status/751248175265095680
Statement from Chairman Ken Martin on the Shooting Death of Philando Castile https://t.co/kSgbYHo9Pf
— Nancy in MN (@ClickingSticks) July 8, 2016
Teresa in Fort Worth, TX says:
If he was driving the car as his girlfriend claims, then why is his seatbelt over his right shoulder and why does that look like a rear seat window?
That was my question. The steering wheel is on the right side. The whole picture is backwards somehow???
Pingback: EXPOSED, MICHAEL BROWN ALL OVER AGAIN: Cops Pulled Over Philando Castile Because He Had Just Robbed A Store With Gun; Had No CCW Permit – PATDOLLARD
gingersnaps says:
Okay people here we go again about white vs blacks. I’m not a racist person, but I am tired of people playing the race card. I don’t care if your black, white, yellow, brown, purple, green, olive, red and etc. Stop focusing on the color of the skin, and start focusing on the situation at hand. Like this shooting of Philando Castile this week. Did anyone watch this video that was posted? Does anyone question the following:
~Why doesn’t she seem upset? She seems very calm after watching a cop “shoot her boyfriend’s arm off”!]
~Why isn’t she checking on him or asking him how he is doing? (yes, he’s clearly been shot and isn’t doing great. But wouldn’t you be making sure you can do whatever you can do to make sure he stays alive? Comfort him the best you can? I get we all react differently, but I would have told the officer I’m going to check him and you can shoot me if you want. I’m not going to let my boyfriend die as I sit here watching him bleed out!)
~ She states they were pulled over for a busted tail light, and he’s covered they killed him as he lies there clearly in pain moving back and forth. Goes on to state he license to carry and he was trying to get out his I.D and wallet out of his pocket he let the officer know he was rech(but caught herself-but she could be all nerves trying to talk) has a firearm and was reaching for his wallet, and the officer just shot him in the arm. She goes on calmly how they are waiting for back up, and the officer said to keep her hands where he can see them, and she stated she will respectfully. Then states how he shot his arm off! The officer stated he told him not to reach for it, and she states he told him to get his I.D and driver license, and omg please don’t let my boyfriend go like this (but seems calm and collected as she video tapes her boyfriend bleeding out) please don’t tell me his dead! Umm didn’t you stated they killed him in the beginning of the video?
~She says that the officer put 4 bullets into him, but at the end of video she says the officer shot him for no apparent reason, then said they shot him 3x’s for a busted tail light! Okay so what happen?!?
~clearly the officer told him to don’t move after learning he was carrying and he did anyways, but now the officer shot him in the arm 4 or 5 times!
~she’s asking for a ride home, not to the hospital and the police department shot her boyfriend 4x, he’s lichens to carry, they had a busted tail light and some weed and that’s it! Umm clearly your weed is laced with something, because your wacked out making no damn sense! Your story is all over, and you don’t seem to concerned for your man.
~ She had to point out he was Chinese, but I thought everyone was making a big fit about a white cop profiling a black man. Just saying!
~ How is she handcuffed and still recording? Doesn’t anyone notice it cuts out?
COME ON PEOPLE WATCH THE VIDEO LISTEN CLOSELY! IT SEEMS SO SHADY.
I will say we never know how we will react to a situation, and we all handle stuff differently. But this video has caused more lives to be lost before anyone knows what really happen, and going on the word of this girlfriend who clearly don’t seem to be all there herself. To many of us are quick to react, instead of standing back to see the whole picture!
I’m sorry if you don’t agree with me, and you don’t have too. You are in title to your own opinion, and thoughts too. But I felt like I needed to state what everyone is missing, because to many of you seem to care that he was black, and not what really went down.
I have a lot of the same questions you do. And I also think most people here have similar reactions… I don’t agree that there’s many of us who “care that he was black, and not what really went down.”
But I’ll also agree with this… “I would have told the officer I’m going to check him and you can shoot me if you want. I’m not going to let my boyfriend die as I sit here watching him bleed out!” Maybe her and her “boyfriend” weren’t all that close, I don’t know. But if it was someone I really had strong feelings for, then yeah… I’d be saying/doing pretty much exactly what you said.
Pingback: Confirmed – Philando Castile Was an Armed Robbery Suspect – False Media Narrative Now Driving Cop Killings… – ~II~The Watch Towers ~II~
Brenda Glass says:
there is more to the story than she is telling. Why did she start filming after the actor was shot instead of before so that we can see what went on between them officer and the deceased. they never tell the whole story they never dig deep enough to uncover anything that would justify the police taking deadly action day just casually omit things like the officer said don’t reach for your wallet keep your hands on the dash or something to that effect to which the man who was shot disobeyed the order. I’m just speculating only because I know how twisted and cut up and half truthful things are reported. I don’t buy this story
Why is it that as soon as something horrendous happens all the people that thrive on BS come out of the wood work. Is the shooting a terrible thing… YES! but until we can walk a mile in the shoes of both of the victims, yes the cop is also a victim, we cannot state what the cause or reprocussions are. Then all the idiots start to politicize it. I mean every shooting has to be the fault of Democrats… even if the politics at the time was Republican it is obviously has to be Democrats fault…. The victim and his girlfriend will undoubtably blame the police even if he had a gun… have her display his CCP and not just say he had it…. and why carry a gun on your lap… isn’t that really dangerous if you get into an accident? Also show the video before the shooting to show how he was only reaching for an iD and not making a commentary to twist the situation in your best interest to set up the inevitable lawsuit to get the city, state or anyone else to pay….. this was a horrible incident but one that could have been avoided if everyone had been above board.
vrajavala says:
Presently visiting my grand daughter who says she is a fan of Tupac Shakur. Did some research, found out he was sued for inciting violence and causing the death of two Texas police in the 90’s. just making sure my 13 yr old doesnt get a warped view. Also found out he went to prison for (sexually) molesting a fan
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Bruce Cockburn: Bone On Bone [Album Review]
Home » Featured Posts » Bruce Cockburn: Bone On Bone [Album Review]
Posted on Oct 31, 2017 | 0 comments
Bone On Bone
True North Records [2017]
Fire Note Says: Bruce Cockburn may be the most successful living singer-songwriter that most Americans have never heard of.
Album Review: Even with 33 albums to his name and a host of music awards in his native Canada, Bruce Cockburn may be the most successful living singer-songwriter that most Americans have never heard of. Back in the 70’s, Cockburn (pronounced Coe-burn) had a States-side pop airplay breakthrough with an acoustic folk song set to a light reggae beat called “Wondering Where the Lions Are,” and then in the 80’s he had a hit on MTV (back when the M stood for music) with an electric light rocker also set to an island rhythm, full of angry politically potent lyrics, “If I Had a Rocket Launcher.” Nevertheless, long-time US fans have taken to his potent songwriting, often deeply personal and spiritual, and at times espousing left-wing political and environmental activism in his strong, poetic lyrics set against his stellar acoustic guitar chops.
To those who call him “the other Bruce,” his catalog of masterful works, which follows him from the early folk roots, the occasional nods to jazz and blues influences, then into the late 70’s and 80’s experiments with rock and new wave on through his increased incorporation of rhythms and world music influences from the natives he encountered in lands he visited through his association with Oxfam and Amnesty Int’l. With such a lush and valued catalog, Cockburn is often placed alongside of greats like Bob Dylan, Neil Young and Van Morrison, while his more political and charity work has put him on stages alongside the likes of Jackson Browne, Bonnie Raitt and Crosby, Stills & Nash.
Bone on Bone, arrives at a time when the 72 year old has little left to prove. In 2014 he released Rumours of Glory; A Memoir on HarperOne, and a companion box set also titled Rumours of Glory, that included 117 songs on 9 discs, plus a full-length concert DVD and a 90 page booklet with rare photos, extensive credits and liner notes. So he might of eased comfortably into retirement with his family in his recently adopted city of San Francisco, but 6 years after his last one, Small Source of Comfort, we get a new work from an artist who feels both set free to say what’s on his mind, and a musician not ready to call it quits.
“States I’m In” opens the album, with Cockburn’s reliable guitar tones, but we also hear the ringing of tone of one of those Buddhist prayer bowl/bells which we heard at the end of the song “Ancestors” back in 2011. Cockburn’s voice is gritty and probably recorded more naturally and less adorned than any previous album, as he recounts all the places around the world his journeys have taken him, and their emotional impact on his being as he reflects on the world we share. While Comfort was still striving for something fresh in his poetry, like the wacky “Call Me Rose,” which imagined Richard Nixon reincarnated as a young Latina girl, to instrumentals like “Comets of Kandahar” that sought to share something from a part of the world not easily accessible to most travelers, here on Bone on Bone Cockburn seems more than comfortable staying closer to home.
In the song “3 Al Purdy’s,” Cockburn not only celebrates the influence of the Canadian free verse poet of the song’s title, but he quotes a fair amount of the unofficial poet laureate of our neighbor to the north, and shares insight, perhaps into his own writing: “didn’t get much schooling past learning how to read/got the poetry bug in some forgotten institution/… the beauty of language set a hook in my soul/… you can call this a rant, but I declare I declaim/Al Purdy’s poems are the name of the game/the winds of fate blow where they will/I’ll give you 3 Al Purdy’s for a 20 dollar bill.” Again, his voice is raw and real, just like his nod of the cap to his mentor in free verse.
“Stab at Matter” finds Cockburn engaging the tensions between physical being in the tangible world and one’s more spiritual pursuits, hinted at in the song’s title which is a joke on the 13th century Catholic hymn to Mary the mother of Jesus, which in Latin was “Stabat Mater.” Here and throughout the album Cockburn is joined by the choir from his church, The San Francisco Lighthouse Chorus, where the phrase “transforming the liminal” may be an apt description of the congregations spiritual inclusivity, but it flows as well in some of the most direct spiritual songs of Cockburns last 25 years: “40 Years in the Wilderness,” “Jesus Train,” and the traditional blues song, “Twelve Gate to the City.”
Besides Cockburn’s exceptionally talented acoustic guitar playing, see Leo Kottke and Richard Thompson for equals and hear the album’s one instrumental for a full display “Bone on Bone,” together with Cockburn’s familiar world music rhythms and a variety of instrumental support make Bone on Bone a delightful sonic experience. From the jazzy support of cornet player of Ron Miles on “Café Society” and a handful of others, to guitar interplay with Cockburn’s long-time collaborator and producer, Colin Linden, to the appearance of the odd accordion, thumb piano and kalimba, and Cockburn’s use of dulcimer and charango, the recording his lush with unexpected sounds.
At the center of the album is a light pop folk song again set to a reggae beat that sums up Cockburn’s approach to life as well as his artistic output, “Looking and Waiting.” Hopefully we won’t have to wait another six years for a report from this reflective, creative artist.
Key Tracks: “States I’m In” / “Stab at Matter” / “3 Al Purdy’s”
Artists With Similar Fire: Richard Thompson / Billy Bragg & Joe Henry / John Prine
Bruce Cockburn Website
Bruce Cockburn Facebook
True North Records
– Reviewed by Brian Q. Newcomb
Brian Q. Newcomb
Brian Quincy Newcomb has found work as rock critic and music journalist since the early 80's, contributing over the years to Billboard Magazine, Paste, The Riverfront Times, and The St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
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From Exile – Monolith [Review]
Posted on November 3, 2009 | 1 comment
From the heart of the south, Atlanta metal band From Exile are one of the few bands out there that refuse to be pigeonholed. Self dubbed as “progressive thrash metal” they truly transcend that, touching nearly every style of melodic metal out there on Monolith, the band’s second full length album. Currently, From Exile is only comprised of two members, and the band is without a label.
Instantaneously when I began playing Monument I knew I was onto something interesting. Upon the first guitar chord, my only thoughts were about how horrible the recording/mastering work on this album was going to be. Fortunately, it was just an adjustment/placement issue. Upon further listening, the sound of the album turned out to be the defining factor for the album. When I spoke with Eric (guitars, keys, vocals), he said “it is truly a massive record” – something I was immediately skeptical of. I wish that I could come up with some better way to describe the album as succinctly as Eric, but I can’t. I simply concur, and state: this is one massive record.
More interesting than the sound itself is the styles the band plays in, and the incredible songwriting on the album. Unlike band such as Opeth, metal bands regarded as incredible songwriters, From Exile does not need fifteen minutes to write an incredibly deep and engaging song. The whole album spans only a mere 32 minutes, but is some of the most dense and prolific composing I have heard in such as small time frame. Monolith features a substantial amount of complex guitar work, including guest solos from Eyal Levi and Emil Werstler (of Dååth). Among all the dense and complex musicianship on the album, there is a lot of material I feel as though I have heard before. Not in the sense that it is old and played out, but a warm and familiar way. From Exile have presented many themes from their various influences with a fresh take, almost in a nostalgic way at times.
Easily the most shocking part of the album is the incredible lack of vocals. Amidst the fourth track on the album, “Exhumed”, I realized I had only heard a small handful of vocal lines, none of which were memorable or recognizable, even after a few more listens. At such a short length, the lack of vocals is the biggest downside of the album, though does nothing to lessen the listener experience. In fact, the lack of prominent vocals on the album only solidifies the band in their niche among the “post-metal” and “instrumetal” acts that play off the ambience factor.
Even after sixteen listens through the album, I always run into the same problem: there needs to be more. When the last second of the last track ends, I am not ready or prepared, even given the feel of “In The Faded Silence”. During the album it feels stretched out and that more time has elapsed than really has, but upon finishing the album it is noticeably too short. This is not to say Monolith is an empty or incomplete work. Imagining anything else on this album would ruin it, much like it would ruin Cynic’s Traced in Air to add anything more to its 34 minutes of music. A full and complete work that is compelling enough to deserve more time, but leaves the listener unsatisfied enough to be hooked like a junkie.
Crushing blows followed by majestic and glorious guitar solos, this is most definitely an album that fans of quality shred must hear. For those who are fans of brilliant songwriting, this is also a must hear. For those people who like hook-laden and vocal-centric metal, there is nothing at all here for you. Little to no vocals or obvious hooks can be found on Monolith. When you put this album on, be sure that you have set aside time to listen to it in its entirety, both to do it justice, and because you won’t be able to stop listening until the album is over.
Track picks: “Apparition” and “Veritas”
For fans of: Kris Norris, Dååth, and good quality guitar work
Overall Score: 8 out of 10 devil horns
If this review has piqued your interests, you can buy the album from the band’s MySpace page for only $7.
Posted in CD reviews, Prog Metal
Tagged atlanta, cynic, daath, emil werstler, eyal levi, from exile, kris norris, metal, monolith, traced in air
Thirteen bands that don’t suck.
To no surprise, there are metal bands that I don’t know, some of which I probably should know (yeah, I can admit it). I am positive you are the same way. While I cannot take some valued one-on-one time to run down a list of metal essentials (you can actually find these all over the ‘net), I can provide you a list with some pretty rad bands you should check out if you do not know them already. If you have heard a band before, but formed an opinion about them already, please feel free to share your thoughts. Think I should have included another band (or two, or three)? Let me know! Anyway, here’s a list, in no particular order, of thirteen metal bands you should know:
The Black Dahlia Murder are a perfect example of dudes who just get it. Their music is pure metal, and the guys in the band clearly love to do what they are doing, but still have a very good sense of getting done what needs doing. I first heard these guys when Miasma came out, and was not too impressed. I listened to Unhallowed, which is quite a good album. Nocturnal, which came out in 2007, really sealed the deal for me. From start to finish, Nocturnal is pure, unadulterated, metal. Since I first heard that album it has been in constant circulation in my listening habits. It also doesn’t hurt that their most recent DVD, Majesty, might be the best metal DVD I have ever seen. Yet, some people still discount them, and lump them in with all the -core genres out there. Clean your ears out, folks.
I first heard Textures a few weeks back on Last.fm Radio iPhone Application. The first song I heard was “Circular” from their 2006 release Drawing Circles. There are only a small handful of bands out there today that I can say truly do their own thing, and Textures is for sure one of these bands. Combining all things heavy and brutal about metal and combining it with all things catchy in extreme music – flawlessly. Naturally, once I heard one song I like, I felt compelled to check out the rest of their stuff. I don’t really care for their first full-length all that much (Polars in 2003), but Drawing Circles and Silhouettes are both amazing albums suitable for the metal fan of all tastes – especially fans of the more progressive stuff. Wish I would have heard them sooner, Silhouettes would have made my top ten of 2008 for sure.
Originally lumped into the “Metalcore” crowd when the scene was emerging, Himsa really did foot that bill with their first full-length, Ground Breaking Ceremony, this was really their last Metalcore album. From there on out, starting with Courting Tragedy and Disaster, the band was full-on Melodic Death Metal (or something awfully close to it). Better with each record, Himsa was one of the best bands on the scene with their 2007 release Summon In Thunder. Unfortunately, that was their last album, as the band officially broke up in mid 2008. With great solos, and great videos, Himsa really were well-equipped to be one of the best metal band of the last couple decades.
Razormaze
A new and awesome band from Boston (as you can find out from my review of their album I recently did). Amazing live show, played with Revocation before Relapse signed them. This is what metal is supposed to be: awesome, badass, fun, thrashing, etc. I would tell you more, but I covered most everything there is in my review of The True Speed of Steel. One thing to mention, though: at their last live show, the rhythm guitarist/vocalists’ guitar broke, so they continued the set, playing 1-guitar covers of Metallica’s “Seek and Destroy” and Motörhead’s “Ace of Spades” – BAD ASS. The crowd was absolutely insane. Never experienced anything like it in my life. I still don’t really know if this band has some footing and is gaining popularity or not, but I can’t see them staying unknown for much longer (if they are). With a new album on the way, who knows where they’ll go.
Songs about destroying Orcs and mythical beasts from the year 4055, you might not exactly expect to hear what you do from this band. A mixture of all things heavy and thrashing in metal, vocalist Cam Pipes (yes, Cam fucking Pipes is the vocalist’s name), sounds similar to Rob Halford at times, but does so much more on the mic. Every song is big, loud, furious, and balls-to-the-wall. Their most recent album (but not for long) is called Advance and Vanquish, which it most definitely makes its listener want to do.
I am pretty sure this band fits into the “technical death metal” umbrella, but I feel like that doesn’t at all describe their sound. If I had to name their sound, I would say “blackened technical thrash death” if such a thing exists. If it didn’t before, it sure does now, thanks to Arsis. They are certainly technical (James Malone is an expert in the field of shred), and every song is completely unrelenting. Somehow, amidst all of the shred and brutality, this band manages to be catchy (e.g. the chorus of “Maddening Disdain” from 2004’s A Celebration of Guilt). If you have been checking my blog for a while now, you may recall that this band made the top five for my albums of 2008 list with We Are The Nightmare, which is quite a feat considering most Arsis fans thought it was their weakest effort to date (somewhat true). Any fan of the heavier thrash bands, death metal, or extreme metal in general are almost guaranteed to like this band.
The second Canadian band on this list with an absolute monster of a vocalist (Stu Block in this case). Before 2005, Tim Roth was on lead vocal duties. Both dudes absolutely wail. Need proof? Check this outrageous number. For added effect, he executes it FLAWLESSLY live, which is pretty amazing – always makes me love a band more when they are awesome live. Not really a fan of their latest album The Incurable Tragedy but it has a couple great cuts on it. All five of this band’s albums are at least above par, and all uniquely theirs. Definitely a band for fans of melodic death with a hint of Geddy Lee/Rob Halford.
All you really need to understand this are this and this. For those not not in a situation bone-crushing videos at the moment (and for the sake of consistency), I’ll fill you in. TDTDE are a bunch of hick kids from backwoods Tennessee. Because of this, they have become obscenely proficient at their instruments. With lots of hilarious jokes at the expense of hicks, as well as a whole lot of musical chaos, this band is clearly head and shoulders above the rest of their “grindcore” and “deathcore” brethren. Danza II: The Electric Boogaloo does two things: brutalizes you with music, and gives you a second to breathe with hilarious skits of a pissed off alcoholic midget who knows too much about pool. If that doesn’t sound like a good time, you have a poor taste in life. New album soon, I can only hope for record levels of depravity and chaos, as well as hick-ery.
The Faceless
Upon a first listen, The Faceless might seem like your average, friendly neighborhood technical death metal band – and you might be right to an extent. Through the band’s two albums there are a lot of parts that scream “we’re more than boring tech-death!” – which is spot-on. Especially apparent on Akeldama, The Faceless are both machine-like in terms of skill, and visionaries in terms of technical death metal. Writing catchy and evocative riffs and song structures, this band is clearly aware enough to avoid the “SHRED SHRED SHRED BLAST BEAT” mantra of most technical death metal bands today, bringing new hope to a genre being held together by the likes of Necrophagist. Well, eat it, Necrophagist! The new sheriff is in town, and there isn’t room for the both of you! (just kidding, guys, I love you – bring your friends along if you like)
Yet another awesome progressive Canadian band I have already covered. Yawn. BUT NOT REALLY! For those of you out there who like Strapping Young Lad, Derelict will be right up your ally. (I mean, honestly, who does not like Devin Townsend? Losers. That’s who.) Somehow this band is completely unknown in the US, but have some pretty strong hometown followers throughout Canadialand. Boy do those people like their metal (and breed some amazing bands, too!). Now, I’m not all that up on trendiness, but I really think these Canucks are onto something here. I think Derelict should most definitely be the next big act to come out of Canada. Unspoken Words might be in the top ten greatest metal debuts I have ever heard, it is that good. Now if they can only get working Visas to tour the US so people might actually find them.
Being that I was only five years old when Cynic released their first album, Focus, in 1993, I can’t say for sure how popular Cynic were then. I can say that they are less-than-well-known now, which is a horrible. Focus is a great album, and Cynic’s second album, Traced In Air (2008, long story on the delay) is even better. It took my top spot for albums in 2008, and is an album I strongly believe all the praise it gets and more. Progressive metal at its finest, the album’s only flaw is that it runs too short (only about 34 minutes in total). If you are completely against vocoders and auto-tune, you have to give this album a listen. If you love them, you still have to listen. In no way can anyone ever regret hearing Traced In Air it is so mammoth, albeit a very densely-packed mammoth. Every note on the album is planned out and perfect. Every drum strike even, every nuance just enough.
Ever wonder what Matt Pike has been up to since his stonerific days in Sleep? Well, he joined another stonerific band called High On Fire. This time, he is making music with a bit more gusto. Think of High on Fire as Sleep, but with a need for anger management classes or some sedatives. Lots of cool tribal drumming and signature Matt Pike riffing and vocals, this band disappoints at no point on any of their three albums. With a very vintage sound, Pike is clearly trying to help with the revolution to bring back good ol’ drinkin’ metal and succeeding. The most amazing part about High On Fire is the incredibly thick sound they have for only being a three man outfit. If you were not living under a rock in 2007, you probably at least heard of all the commotion Death is this Communion got, and rightfully so. If you never listened to them then, you now have no excuse.
Yeah, yeah, I know. Another Canadian Prog Metal band. So sue me. Regardless, this band is way more talented than even the band themselves can handle, causing them to create frenetic hook-ridden, shred-laden, everything-metal that leaves everything in its wake. Coming up with a way to describe Protest the Hero is not hard, but nothing I can say would give these boys the credit they deserve. Sadly, I did not find out about these guys until after I made my Top of ’08 list, of these guys would have rivaled Cynic’s Traced in Air for the top spot with Fortress. An album more memorable than any album I have heard that came from the last decade. PERIOD.
Well, that is that, folks. Thirteen bands to get your metal on with. Did you already know them? Let me know your thoughts! Weigh in on the high praise I give to these bands. I encourage “heated debate” – it is the easiest way to find out what you love and hate.
Also, any great bands you could add to the list would be rad, since I’m always on the hunt for new and great metal.
Horns to the heavens and beers to the mouth, kiddies! \m/
[Note: I commend you if you actually made it through this post. That was a lot of shit.]
Tagged 3 inches of blood, arsis, badass, cynic, derelict, high on fire, himsa, into eternity, jordan munson, metal, protest the hero, razormaze, TDTDE, textures, the black dahlia murder, the faceless, the tony danza tapdance extravaganza
The Heaviest Matter of the Universe Awards 2008
So, I thought it might be cool if I came up with a bunch of superlatives for metal albums in ’08 to showcase more than just my top ten. So, for those who don’t know what a superlative is, you most likely had nothing to do with a high school yearbook. They’re like awards that you give to people in your class, like “class clown” or “best smile”, etc. These will be music/band related ones. I hope you enjoy!
Bests:
Vocals: Iconoclast – Heaven Shall Burn
Drumming: Planetary Duality – The Faceless
Shredding: Awaken the Dreamers – All Shall Perish
Newcomer: Relentless – Brother Von Doom
Production: Awaken the Dreamers – All Shall Perish
Lyrics: The Way of All Flesh – Gojira
Comeback: Traced in Air – Cynic
Style Change: Scream Aim Fire – Bullet for my Valentine
Name (album): Lost in the Sound of Separation – Underoath
Name (band): This is Exile – Whitechapel
Album Art: Twilight of the Thunder God – Amon Amarth
Album opener: “My Will Be Done” from The March – Unearth
Worsts
Production: Death Magnetic – Metallica
Style change: Midheaven – The Human Abstract
Lyrics: Scream Aim Fire – Bullet for my Valentine
Name (album): Love and Other Disasters – Sonic Syndicate
Name (band): Scream Aim Fire – Bullet for my Valentine
Album Art: The Incurable Tragedy – Into Eternity
Mosts
Overachieving (bad): Midheaven – The Human Abstract
Overachieving (good): We Are The Nightmare – Arsis
Controversial: All Hope is Gone – Slipknot
Brutal: This is Exile – Whitechapel
Shredding: Zero Order Phase – Jeff Loomis
Overrated: The Incurable Tragedy – Into Eternity
Disappointing: Overcome – All That Remains
Erratic: We Are The Nightmare – Arsis
Technical: obZen – Meshuggah
Surprising (bad): Overcome – All That Remains
Surprising (good): Dreamer – Haste the Day
Progressive: Traced in Air – Cyinc
Complete: Holographic Universe – Scar Symmetry
Leasts
Surprising (bad): A Sense of Purpose – In Flames
Surprising (good): Motörizer – Motörhead
Technical: Torn – Evergrey
Shredding: This is Exile – Whitechapel
Controversial: Watershed – Opeth
Progressive: Motörizer – Motörhead
Complete: Torn – Evergrey
Album of the year: Traced in Air – Cyinc
Single of the year: “Vacuity” from The Way of All Flesh – Gojira
Riff of the year: at about 1:10 of “Servants to the Night” from We Are the Nightmare – Arsis
Guitar solo of the year: at about 1:23 of “Awaken the Dreamers” from Awaken the Dreamers – All Shall Perish
Interlude of the year: “Memories of a Glass Sanctuary” from Awaken the Dreamers – All Shall Perish
Fastest: Ultra Beatdown – DragonForce
Biggest wannabe: Shogun – Trivium
So, yeah, that’s what I have come up with. Let me know how you feel! Got some you think I should add or change? I’d love to hear the criticism.
Tagged a sense of purpose, all hope is gone, all shall perish, all that remains, amon amarth, arsis, awaken the dreamers, awesome, badass, brother von doom, brutal, bullet for my valentine, cynic, death, death magnetic, devil horns, DragonForce, dreamer, epic, gojira, haste the day, heaven shall burn, holographic universe, iconoclast, in flames, into eternity, jeff loomis, jordan munson, lost in the sound of separation, love and other disasters, melodic, meshuggah, metal, metalcore, metallica, Midheaven, Motörhead, Motörizer, nuclear blast, obzen, opeth, overcome, planetary duality, power metal, progressive, prosthetic, relentless, scar symmetry, scream aim fire, shogun, slipknot, sonic syndicate, the faceless, the human abstract, the way of all flesh, this is exile, torn, traced in air, trivium, twilight of the thunder god, ultra beatdown, underøath, underoath, vacuity, watershed, we are the nightmare, whitechapel, zero order phase
The Heaviest Matter of 2008
So, before I list them, I just want to say that this is my personal list of what I liked them most in 2008 for metal. Sure, there will be things on here that you think shouldn’t be, and some missing. Give me a break. I can’t listen to everything, and this is my list. If you don’t like it, go make your own damn list.
So, here’s how it will work. I’ll count down from ten to one, giving a few words about each selection, and my favorite track from the album. Then I’ll give the release date and label of the band.
10. Relentless by Brother Von Doom released September 23, 2008 (Deathcote)
These guys are easily my favorite newcomers onto the scene this year. This album rips from start to finish, blow after blow, filled with blistering and brutal guitar work abound. Track pick: “Eater of Days”
9. Zero Order Phase by Jeff Loomis released September 30, 2008 (Century Media)
One of the only pure instrumental albums I can listen to for hours on end, and the only one that is metal. Though this album quite prominently showcases Mr. Loomis’s guitar prowess, it’s never overwhelming – quite a feat in my book. Track pick: “Race Against Disaster”
8. Twilight of the Thunder God by Amon Amarth released September 30, 2008 (US) (Metal Blade)
This album is quite easily the pinnacle of Amon Amarth’s work for me. It exudes the very essence of metal and vikings from start to finish, and has what I consider to be the best album artwork of the year. Track pick: “Tattered Banners and Bloody Flags”
7. Watershed by Opeth released June 30, 2008 (US) (Roadrunner)
I don’t think I really need to say more than this: It’s Opeth. For those who don’t know, listen to them. You’ll get it. This isn’t their best work, in my opinion, but it’s close. Track pick: “Heir Apparent”
6. Awaken the Dreamers by All Shall Perish released September 5, 2008 (Nuclear Blast)
This is the third release from ASP, and their least brutal. Technically, I think it is their most complete album to date, and edges out The Price of Existence by a very small margin. Chris Storey shreds many a face on this album, and is quite worth checking out if you like deathcore with a TON of crazy guitar work. Track pick: “Awaken the Dreamers”
5. obZen by Meshuggah released March 7, 2008 (Nuclear Blast)
Best metal drummer out there: Thomas Haake. It’s quite apparent what he can do on this album. A culmination of older and newer Meshuggah. This is by far the most rhythmically complex album of the year, and has been pulled off nearly flawlessly. Track pick: “Bleed”
4. We Are The Nightmare by Arsis released April 15, 2008 (Nuclear Blast)
This is the epitome of what technical death metal should be. They rip through all sorts of styles on this album; flawlessly, might I add. This band keeps getting better and better it seems. Track pick: “Servants to the Night”
3. Iconoclast: Pt. 1 (The Final Resistance) by Heaven Shall Burn released February 5, 2008 (Century Media)
This album is pure intensity. The vocals are demonic and spine-chilling. Could be a contender for best production in metal for 2008. Track pick: “Endzeit”
2. The Way of All Flesh by Gojira released October 14, 2008 (Listenable/Prosthetic)
Breaking onto the scene this year, the fourth album by Gojira is a MONSTER. They have a pretty unique sound and style, one that drags you in and stomps onto your head until the album’s over. Then you come back for more. Track pick: “Toxic Garbage Island”
1. Traced in Air by Cynic released November 25, 2008 (Season of Mist)
Now, I’m sure a ton of people will agree with my decision to drop this beast at #1, but this album is incredible. It is less brutal and intense as the rest of the albums on the list, but is ground-breaking. Unique vocals, wonderful instrumental work. This album reminds me a lot of Rush and Pink Floyd, but with a few extra dashes of metal blended into the mix. Track pick: “Integral Birth”
So there it is. My list of top metal in 2008. Let me know what you think!
Tagged 2008, all shall perish, amon amarth, arsis, awaken the dreamers, awesome, badass, best of 2008, bleed, brother von doom, century media, cynic, deathcote, eater of days, endzeit, heaven shall burn, heir apparent, iconoclast, integral birth, jeff loomis, jordan munson, listenable, meshuggah, metal, metal blade, nuclear blast, obzen, opeth, prosthetic, race against disaster, relentless, roadruner, season of mist, servants to the night, tattered banners and bloody flags, top, top metal, toxic garbage island, traced in air, twilight of the thunder god, watershed, we are the nightmare, zero order phase
This blog is all about chronicling my very heavy journey through the world of music. Yes, that is incredibly vague, but so are my musical experiences.
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Archive for the ‘CBS: NCIS’ Category
NCIS 11×01 – 1 Minute Promo – Whiskey Tango Foxtrot
Categories: CBS: NCIS
NCIS Season 11 Promo #2 “What makes NCIS the #1 show” (HD)
Michael Weatherly on Ziva’s Exit: NCIS Has a ‘Remarkable Core DNA’ That Withstands Change
When Cote de Pablo wraps her eight-year run as Ziva David, it will by no means be the first, but rather the latest, of several major shifts that CBS’ NCIS has sustained since debuting almost 10 years ago.
As original cast member Michael Weatherly prepared to film his final scenes with scene partner de Pablo, he shared with TVLine his reflections on all that NCIS and Gibbs’ team have been through.
“I remember being with Cote at the end of Season 5, walking through the Mojave desert and into a diner and seeing Lauren Holly’s wax dummy in a pool of blood,” after Jenny Shepard had been killed by Russian hitmen. “I thought, ‘This is crazy!’” he recalls. “I didn’t see this coming at all. I mean, she’s the director of NCIS!
“And Mike Franks [killed by the Port-to-Port Killer in Season 8]…. Those were major changes,” the actor continues. “[Series creator] Don Bellisario leaving [after Season 4]? A major change. Again and again.”
And yet despite every shake-up NCIS has served up or survived, it stands as the most watched scripted program on TV today.
“We have great writers and a remarkable core DNA that Bellisario created,” Weatherly observes, “and somehow it’s so sturdy that it withstands all of these changes.”
As for how exactly NCIS will write out Ziva soon after its Sept. 24 opener, Weatherly is mum — “I can’t give away all the pinpoints,” he hedges with a smile — “but I found the first two episodes immensely satisfying. I was very surprised by the things I read in those scripts,” he shares.
Might those surprising elements involve some degree of payoff, if not closure, for the forever percolating Tony/Ziva romance? All signs point to yes.
“I think that for DiNozzo and for me as an actor, that ‘holding pattern’ has been incredibly fun to play — I love working with Cote, she’s awesome — but also it’s been eight years, and we haven’t dealt with it. It will be dealt with.” And with a resulting storyline for Tony that his portrayer has hailed as “the most exciting thing I’ve heard in a long time.” Says Weatherly, “I’m looking forward to seeing what the far greater geniuses have in store.”
NCIS Season 11 Promo (HD)
NCIS: Ziva’s Successor
NCIS has officially begun planning for life after Ziva.
TVLine has learned that the search for a full-time cast member to fill the void left by departing leading lady Cote de Pablo is currently underway at the CBS hit.
According to just-released casting intel, the new twentysomething female character — named Bishop — “is bright, educated, athletic, attractive, fresh-faced, focused and somewhat socially awkward. She has a mysterious mixture of analytic brilliance, fierce determination and idealism. She’s traveled extensively, but only feels comfortable at home.”
The start date is listed as mid-October, which puts the newbie’s arrival around January or February.
Prior to that, the show will “rotate some fun people” through the agency’s doors. “The first two episodes are all about Ziva’s departure,” EP Gary Glasberg recently told TVLine. “And then in the third episode we introduce, for instance, a woman in her 50s who is a few days away from retirement and just needs to fill the desk time. She, in theory, knew Gibbs all the way back to the days of Mike Franks. So we’re going to bring in people like that and have some fun with different characters. And then, hopefully, when people are comfortable enough, one will walk in and be The One.”
NCIS’ Season 11 bows on Tuesday, Sept. 24.
NCIS Boss: Why We’re Not Killing Off Ziva
NCIS fans dreading the looming departure of leading lady Cote de Pablo, we present you with some blow-cushioning good news: The show isn’t shipping Ziva off in a body bag.
Executive producer Gary Glasberg confirms to TVLine that the actress’ two-episode swan song (kicking off in the Sept. 24 season premiere) will not culminate with her alter ego’s death.
“It’s not what this character deserves,” Glasberg shares. “Also, [we killed off] Sasha Alexander’s Kate character [back in Season 2] and I like the idea of doing this one a little different and respecting who [Ziva] is.”
To that end, Glasberg promises viewers will get a rare peek at “what makes Ziva tick” in the two-part swan song, adding, “In the second episode we learn why she’s going to make the decision she’s going to make… We put a lot into that storyline, so I hope it works for people.”
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CdTe strip detector characterization for high resolution small animal PET
Gregory Mitchell, Shrabani Sinha, Jennifer R. Stickel, Spencer L. Bowen, Leonard J. Cirignano, Purushottam Dokhale, Hadong Kim, Kanai S. Shah, Simon R Cherry
Excellent spatial resolution is a requirement for preclinical PET imaging. In order to achieve spatial resolution of significantly better than one millimeter, an appealing possibility is to employ direct detector materials, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe). Prototype thin orthogonal strip detectors have been developed for testing. They have dimensions of 20 mm by 20 mm and are 0.5 mm thick, and have strips of 0.5 mm pitch on one side and 2.5 mm pitch on the other. Results are presented for the energy resolution (3% at 511 keV), intrinsic position resolution (equal to the 0.5 mm strip pitch), and timing resolution (3 ns FWHM in coincidence with an LSO detector, 8 ns FWHM for coincidence of two CdTe detectors) of the detectors. A PET scanner design is proposed using blocks made of the CdTe strip detectors, oriented in the blocks with their thin edges toward the center of the scanner. Simulation results suggest that this scanner, using a threshold of 250 keV, would have a sensitivity of 3.4% for a point source at its center.
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2008.922800
Cadmium telluride
cadmium tellurides
Full width at half maximum
time measurement
Cadmium telluride (CdTe)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Small animal imaging
Mitchell, G., Sinha, S., Stickel, J. R., Bowen, S. L., Cirignano, L. J., Dokhale, P., ... Cherry, S. R. (2008). CdTe strip detector characterization for high resolution small animal PET. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 55(3), 870-876. [4545167]. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2008.922800
CdTe strip detector characterization for high resolution small animal PET. / Mitchell, Gregory; Sinha, Shrabani; Stickel, Jennifer R.; Bowen, Spencer L.; Cirignano, Leonard J.; Dokhale, Purushottam; Kim, Hadong; Shah, Kanai S.; Cherry, Simon R.
In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 55, No. 3, 4545167, 06.2008, p. 870-876.
Mitchell, G, Sinha, S, Stickel, JR, Bowen, SL, Cirignano, LJ, Dokhale, P, Kim, H, Shah, KS & Cherry, SR 2008, 'CdTe strip detector characterization for high resolution small animal PET', IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 55, no. 3, 4545167, pp. 870-876. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2008.922800
Mitchell G, Sinha S, Stickel JR, Bowen SL, Cirignano LJ, Dokhale P et al. CdTe strip detector characterization for high resolution small animal PET. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2008 Jun;55(3):870-876. 4545167. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2008.922800
Mitchell, Gregory ; Sinha, Shrabani ; Stickel, Jennifer R. ; Bowen, Spencer L. ; Cirignano, Leonard J. ; Dokhale, Purushottam ; Kim, Hadong ; Shah, Kanai S. ; Cherry, Simon R. / CdTe strip detector characterization for high resolution small animal PET. In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2008 ; Vol. 55, No. 3. pp. 870-876.
@article{4992e04d465a404fb4604c8695af6dd7,
title = "CdTe strip detector characterization for high resolution small animal PET",
abstract = "Excellent spatial resolution is a requirement for preclinical PET imaging. In order to achieve spatial resolution of significantly better than one millimeter, an appealing possibility is to employ direct detector materials, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe). Prototype thin orthogonal strip detectors have been developed for testing. They have dimensions of 20 mm by 20 mm and are 0.5 mm thick, and have strips of 0.5 mm pitch on one side and 2.5 mm pitch on the other. Results are presented for the energy resolution (3{\%} at 511 keV), intrinsic position resolution (equal to the 0.5 mm strip pitch), and timing resolution (3 ns FWHM in coincidence with an LSO detector, 8 ns FWHM for coincidence of two CdTe detectors) of the detectors. A PET scanner design is proposed using blocks made of the CdTe strip detectors, oriented in the blocks with their thin edges toward the center of the scanner. Simulation results suggest that this scanner, using a threshold of 250 keV, would have a sensitivity of 3.4{\%} for a point source at its center.",
keywords = "Cadmium telluride (CdTe), Positron emission tomography (PET), Small animal imaging",
author = "Gregory Mitchell and Shrabani Sinha and Stickel, {Jennifer R.} and Bowen, {Spencer L.} and Cirignano, {Leonard J.} and Purushottam Dokhale and Hadong Kim and Shah, {Kanai S.} and Cherry, {Simon R}",
doi = "10.1109/TNS.2008.922800",
journal = "IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science",
T1 - CdTe strip detector characterization for high resolution small animal PET
AU - Mitchell, Gregory
AU - Sinha, Shrabani
AU - Stickel, Jennifer R.
AU - Bowen, Spencer L.
AU - Cirignano, Leonard J.
AU - Dokhale, Purushottam
AU - Kim, Hadong
AU - Shah, Kanai S.
AU - Cherry, Simon R
N2 - Excellent spatial resolution is a requirement for preclinical PET imaging. In order to achieve spatial resolution of significantly better than one millimeter, an appealing possibility is to employ direct detector materials, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe). Prototype thin orthogonal strip detectors have been developed for testing. They have dimensions of 20 mm by 20 mm and are 0.5 mm thick, and have strips of 0.5 mm pitch on one side and 2.5 mm pitch on the other. Results are presented for the energy resolution (3% at 511 keV), intrinsic position resolution (equal to the 0.5 mm strip pitch), and timing resolution (3 ns FWHM in coincidence with an LSO detector, 8 ns FWHM for coincidence of two CdTe detectors) of the detectors. A PET scanner design is proposed using blocks made of the CdTe strip detectors, oriented in the blocks with their thin edges toward the center of the scanner. Simulation results suggest that this scanner, using a threshold of 250 keV, would have a sensitivity of 3.4% for a point source at its center.
AB - Excellent spatial resolution is a requirement for preclinical PET imaging. In order to achieve spatial resolution of significantly better than one millimeter, an appealing possibility is to employ direct detector materials, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe). Prototype thin orthogonal strip detectors have been developed for testing. They have dimensions of 20 mm by 20 mm and are 0.5 mm thick, and have strips of 0.5 mm pitch on one side and 2.5 mm pitch on the other. Results are presented for the energy resolution (3% at 511 keV), intrinsic position resolution (equal to the 0.5 mm strip pitch), and timing resolution (3 ns FWHM in coincidence with an LSO detector, 8 ns FWHM for coincidence of two CdTe detectors) of the detectors. A PET scanner design is proposed using blocks made of the CdTe strip detectors, oriented in the blocks with their thin edges toward the center of the scanner. Simulation results suggest that this scanner, using a threshold of 250 keV, would have a sensitivity of 3.4% for a point source at its center.
KW - Cadmium telluride (CdTe)
KW - Positron emission tomography (PET)
KW - Small animal imaging
U2 - 10.1109/TNS.2008.922800
DO - 10.1109/TNS.2008.922800
JO - IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
JF - IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
10.1109/TNS.2008.922800
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‘The Mecca Tales’ Steals the Show at The Sheen Center in NoHo
New York Theater Nov 6, 2017 by Matthew D'Silva 270Views
Finding Mecca in New York City
There is something glorious about discovering a new performance space in New York City. It’s like finding out a little secret, especially when the production leaves you thinking for days. The Sheen Center for Thought and Culture on Bleeker Street is such a space – and a pleasant surprise.
A project of the Archdiocese of New York, The Sheen Center’s mission is to act as a forum for highlighting the true, the good, and the beautiful, as they have been expressed throughout the ages.
Recently playing at The Sheen Center was The Mecca Tales.
The Mecca Tales tells the story of five Muslim women. While on a pilgrimage, their bus is stopped in a traffic jam while headed to Mecca. Miles short of their destination, tempers flare and the women are tested in unexpected ways. They share their personal stories in an attempt to move forward in their lives. They find meaning in a spiritual journey seemingly gone awry.
Directed by Kareem Fahmy, this is a production about the dynamics of individuals and how through sharing their own stories about faith and life, they can overcome any grievance. Written by Rohina Malik, this story will undoubtedly make you ponder upon life and your own purpose.
Entering the production without any expectations, it was refreshing to see five strong female characters represented on stage. The stand-out performance was Grace, played by Kimberly S. Fairbanks. The character of Grace is that of the tour guide who has returned on multiple pilgrimages but never completed the ritual. After seeing this performance, I couldn’t think of anyone else to play the role. Kimberly delivers this character in such a way that you cannot help but take notice of her when she is on stage.
The Mecca Tales is an enjoyable stage play that raises many questions about faith and its effects on humans as individuals.
Although The Mecca Tales has completed its run at this venue, stay tuned for more productions playing at The Sheen Center this season.
All Images Courtesy of Beowulf Sheehan
Tags: bleeker streetNew Yorknew york theaterOff Broadwayplaystageplaythe mecca talesthe sheen centertheater
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Postcards from Popular Power in Venezuela
“Socialism still stands as a strategic horizon” – this was one of the conclusions of a recent conference on popular power and economic policy held in Caracas.
panal_textil.jpg
Ivan Tamariz showcases the textile production from El Panal 2021 Commune in Caracas (@OrlenysOV)
By Ricardo Vaz – Venezuelanalysis.com
Nov 20th 2018 at 12.08pm
CommunesPopular Power
The barrio of San Agustín in Caracas hosted a day-long conference titled “Popular Power and Economic Policy: Proposals for a Socialist Transformation of the Economic War/Crisis.” Below we take a look at some of the interventions from the event, as different expressions of popular power in Venezuela step forward to defend the legacy of Hugo Chávez and propose paths to overcome the current crisis.
[For more information on the different communes/organisations/speakers, follow the hyperlinks or the related articles at the bottom. Full length videos [in Spanish] have been uploaded by Unidos San Agustín Convive to their YouTube channel.]
Official discourse and economic policy
Alongside the of testimonies spokespeople from popular power organisations, on which we will focus most of our attention, there was a rich debate on economic policy and the problems that Venezuela is facing. Of course, these two issues, popular power and economic policy, are not independent.
Luis Salas, from the Venezuelan outlet 15 y Último, examined some of the historical imbalances of the Venezuelan economy, especially during chavismo. He argued that towards the end of his life, Chávez put more emphasis on making changes irreversible, and that the current moment is one ridden with ambiguities.
Salas argued that while the “economic war” is ever present in the official discourse, there is a gap between this diagnosis and the policies that have been put in place. He later added that any economic policy needs to deal with the tensions it generates.
Salas also warned about a problematic diagnosis that is becoming more and more prevalent, namely that the main problem in Venezuela is rentier capitalism (“rentismo”), with the implication that Venezuela needs capitalism of the good, productive variety. The inevitable corollary then is that someone needs to build this proper capitalism. That someone is the mythical “revolutionary bourgeoisie” that Agriculture Minister Wilmar Castro Soteldo called for on his show and which generated an intense but healthy debate inside chavismo. (1)
It is hard to disagree with Salas’ assessment. While Maduro has often threatened action against the agents that sabotage economic recovery, the government has gone out of its way to offer better and better conditions to businessmen in the vain hope of getting them to produce, import and respect fixed prices. But with the dissuasive presence of sanctions, the natural hostility of the bourgeoisie (discarding those that have emerged or aligned themselves close to powerful figures), and the existence of more lucrative speculative activities, this has not worked.
The lack of a plan B has meant that the only course has been to offer ever more favourable conditions: joint oil ventures, tax exemptions on imports, access to credit, incentives for exporters, and a privatising tendency that concerns many chavistas. By contrast, different manifestations of popular power, including the ones described below, have proven to be much more creative and effective in finding solutions to the crisis on a local level.
“Strike at the Helm”: political beacon and awkward memory
Gerardo Rojas from the Ataroa Commune in Barquisimeto is one of the go-to references when it comes to a political analysis of communes in Venezuela. In his most recent writings he has sought to contrast the government’s economic policies with Chávez’s blueprint for the construction of socialism.
Rojas’ presentation was centred in “Golpe de Timón” (Strike at the Helm), Chávez’s final speech and political testament (October 20, 2012).
“Looking back at Golpe de Timón, today more than ever, Chávez remains tremendously subversive. To the point of frightening the government itself! […] October 20 has become an awkward date, because how do you deal with Golpe de Timón? So now the approach is to talk about ‘self-criticism,’ but in abstract, general terms. This actually contradicts Chávez’s reflection of self-criticism in the speech, as something meant to change and correct course.”
Golpe de Timón was the first and only occasion where Chávez declared “¡Comuna o Nada!” (Commune or Nothing!). There are no two ways about it: the commune is the Venezuelan path to socialism in Chávez’s proposal. Nevertheless, contradictions in this process, or what Dario Azzellini calls “relation of conflict and cooperation.” remain latent. Rojas explained this in detail.
For one, there is a tendency, deliberate or not, by institutions and some in the leadership, to paint the communes as just another sector. There are workers, campesinos, businessmen, etc., and then there are the communes. Or gloss over them as something folkloric and destined to remain at the smallest of scales. Rojas lamented that lots of debates surrounding social property or the tensions that emerge between popular power and the state, are “frozen” now. Thus, the main challenge inside chavismo now is to reformulate the construction of hegemony.
Rojas also warned against the danger of a nostalgic memory of Chávez taking hold, one that simply recalls “better times” under Chávez and that is the end of it. Rather, he insists Chávez should be an instrument, and one with tremendous revolutionary potential at that, for popular struggles to influence official policies.
To this we could add a twin danger of a Chávez figure “neutralised” by oficialismo, either by self-proclaimed hereditary rights or by a careful manipulation of Chávez’s figure for particular purposes. This is not to say that Chávez’s thought and his political project were set in stone from the start. They evolved, but they evolved in one direction. The course, borrowing Rojas’ expression, from the “Blue Book” (2) to Golpe de Timón, is one that radicalises (3), and an essential tool in the struggle for hegemony inside chavismo.
Class struggle in the Venezuelan countryside
Despite the conference taking place in a barrio in the capital, there was plenty of input from Venezuelan campesinos as well.
Arbonio Ortega, one of the spokespeople from the Admirable Campesino March, took stock of the current situation in the Venezuelan countryside. He argued that there had been severe setbacks to the advances made under Chávez’s 2001 Land Law, and did not absolve the campesino leadership from responsibility in the matter. He also called for unity in the campesino movement and for greater articulation with movements in the city, so as to counter the economic war mechanisms.
Ortega reiterated the urgent demands that the campesinos brought before Maduro after their Admirable March, as well as their main complaint. While they recognise an ally in Maduro, he lamented that Maduro’s orders are not followed downstream.
Eduardo Viloria, communications coordinator from the Bolívar and Zamora Revolutionary Current (CRBZ), a nationwide organisation rooted in the Venezuelan countryside, went one step further in his analysis. He pointed the finger at the “supremacy” of the ruling PSUV (United Socialist Party of Venezuela) over politics and institutions as a serious issue in the current conjuncture.
Viloria emphasised that Chávez’s agrarian legacy was being derailed, and that there is no policy towards democratising the land and means of production nowadays. Nevertheless, he urged popular movements to “echar p’alante” (“move forward”), particularly through the CRBZ’s proposed National Productive Alliance.
It is interesting that the CRBZ has time and again stressed that this alliance should also include “other actors,” midsize producers, that do not necessarily embrace popular power or socialism. Viloria concluded by claiming that an agrarian revolution is essential for a transformation of the economic structures.
Finally, participants heard from El Maizal Commune’s spokesman Ángel Prado. This is one of the most interesting experiences of popular power in Venezuela, and one which has received a well deserved spotlight. Located between Lara and Portuguesa States, this commune has advanced relentlessly both in political and productive terms, and come to an increasingly tense relationship with the state and its institutions.
Prado did not focus so much on the productive activities of El Maizal as on their impact. He stressed the importance of communes engaging in politics and not depending on a given figure or institution. This, he stressed, must be accomplished by striving to be self-sustainable and not dependent on state funding. One clear conclusion that we can draw from all the experiences of popular power that took part in this meeting is that their survival in this crisis has hinged on their ability to address people’s needs.
In the case of El Maizal, their priority has been food production. The next step, Prado explained, is to start installing industrial capacities in their territory, so that primary production can be processed on location, and then engage in exchange with urban communities. On the political front, El Maizal is moving to build a communal city alongside neighbouring communes, a construction that, in Prado’s words, is based on the struggle against latifundio and food production.
El Maizal is one of the most politically advanced experiences in Venezuela, with a clear view of the road ahead and a practice to back it up. In fact, campesino organisations, particularly the Admirable March, have managed to shake chavismo out of its slumber and expose some of the glaring contradictions in the Venezuelan countryside. There is a rough class struggle taking place in rural territories, both inside and outside (or against) the government.
From the countryside to the barrio and back
Another speaker at the event was Ivan Tamariz from the Alexis Vive Patriotic Front and El Panal 2021 Commune, in the 23 de Enero in Caracas. The 23 de Enero barrio holds a special place in Venezuelan politics. The barrio dwellers burst onto the scene with Chávez, determined to shred their invisibility once and for all. And 23 de Enero, fairly or not, is the prototypical barrio in the Venezuelan imaginary.
El Panal 2021 Commune is not the only commune in 23 de Enero, just like Alexis Vive is not the only political force, but it is not too controversial to argue that they are the more politically advanced ones. This means that they are the driving force for a higher level organisation, a communal city in 23 de Enero. This level of political commitment has also made for an increasingly uneasy relation with the state.
Tamariz reported on the plethora of activities that Alexis Vive is carrying out, both in the barrio and beyond. Despite the emphasis on the economic front, all these experiences are political, he added.
El Panal develops several productive activities in its territory, among them a sugar-packaging plant, a textile factory, and several bakeries. Tamariz stressed that it is important that the barrios industrialise, so that they are not just the final link of the production chain. The commune also made headlines recently when it launched a communal currency, called Panal, to be used in food distribution fairs and neighbourhood businesses as a way of countering Venezuela’s cash shortages.
While El Panal has created food distribution networks, it has also expanded its productive footprint beyond the barrio. It has the so-called Panalitos, small productive units that receive support from El Panal and have access to credit from the communal bank. But Alexis Vive has also made an effort to go back and produce in the countryside, either on their own or jointly with local campesinos.
The urban barrios were borne out of migrations from the Venezuelan countryside. Poor landless peasants were rooted in misery after two wars (Independence and Federal) that did not deliver them justice and dignity. A latifundista model of agriculture that offered little prospects to campesinos, coupled with the oil boom, drove these massive migrations to urban centres. It is only fitting that the construction of popular power in the urban barrios also involves going back to the countryside.
Socialism as the strategic horizon
Finally, the local hosts of the Unidos San Agustín Convive cooperative, represented by Yhonammi Rico and Martha Lía Grajales, had their say. They reported on the cooperative’s activities and their political implications.
Rico recalled how the cooperative was born in the most difficult of times, in 2016, to try and organise this popular sector of Caracas in the face of the terrible crisis befalling the country. She insisted that this was a matter of following Chávez’s lead in order to organise and transform the crisis.
The cooperative has succeeded on multiple fronts, bringing together organisers, addressing security concerns, setting up activities for the neighbourhood children, and embarking on a series of projects. Chief among these is the articulation with the Pueblo a Pueblo network, while the cooperative is also advancing in its textile and food production.
Pueblo a Pueblo is a program that connects the organised pueblo in the city with the organised pueblo in the countryside to supply food at fair prices. This process, Rico stresses, contains all the elements we look for when we talk about popular power: self-management, planning, horizontal assemblies, equality, openness and accountability.
Martha Lía Grajales’ intervention captured the political implications of experiences such as these quite beautifully. In her words,
“They would have us believe that what has failed is the socialist model. […] Each of the experiences shared here today demonstrate that socialism still stands as a strategic horizon. It has tremendous potential to build an alternative economic system. Not just something cute and cuddly, but really as a system to transform capitalism.”
Grajales also stressed the importance of having production in urban centres as well as in the countryside, of production being guided by human needs, and of exerting control over the entire production chain. To paraphrase Chávez, implanting the socialist spirit along the whole chain, articulating popular sectors under an alternative logic.
Equally crucial, she stressed, is that popular power organisations be involved in production and not simply in political-administrative structures, lest they become mere conveyor belts for the assignment of resources.
We do not mean to exaggerate the size or reach of the expressions of popular power represented in this meeting, but they, and several others, are the true legacy of Hugo Chávez. There is a critical mass in Venezuela that has embraced socialism as the historic horizon, and multiple expressions throughout the country continue this monumental task in the most difficult circumstances, not just in discourse but in collective practice.
The survival of the Bolivarian Revolution, and in what shape it survives, hinges on them.
(1) This is an unnecessary detour, but Castro Soteldo’s conclusion that the construction of the “revolutionary bourgeoisie” is the way to go, on his TV show, is based on a biased reading of Orlando Araujo’s “Violent Venezuela.” Araujo’s conclusion is precisely that this sector has failed to emerge in Venezuela, and that it will not given the country’s conditions and history.
(2) The so-called “Blue Book” was written by Chávez when we was in the Yare prison following the failed insurrection of February 4th, 1992. It is considered to have some of the main roots of the Bolivarian project.
(3) Tatuy TV’s Chávez Radical series is an absolute must-see on this aspect. Not only does it trace the (radicalising) evolution of Chávez’s political thought and project, it also offers a timely critique of the current political course of the Bolivarian Revolution.
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Survival estimates and outcome predictors in dogs with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus treated in a veterinary teaching hospital
Antonio Maria Tardo,
Francesca Del Baldo,
Francesco Dondi,
Marco Pietra,
Roberto Chiocchetti and
Federico Fracassi
Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
Correspondence to Professor Federico Fracassi; federico.fracassi{at}unibo.it
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in dogs, but prognostic factors are still largely unknown. The aim of this retrospective, single-centre, case series study was to determine overall survival time and identify the prognostic value of several clinical and clinicopathological variables in dogs with newly diagnosed DM.
Methods Cases of DM were identified within the electronic medical records of one referral centre. Sixty-eight dogs with DM were included. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyse variables associated with survival.
Results The median survival time was 964 days (range 22–3140). In multivariable model analysis, length of survival was significantly shorter for dogs with higher haematocrit value (hazard ratio (HR) 1.06, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 1.00 to 1.13) and higher serum phosphate concentrations (HR 1.83, 95 per cent CI 1.13 to 2.97). Serum phosphate concentrations were above the reference interval in 24 of 65 (37 per cent) dogs.
Conclusion Diabetic dogs have a good life expectancy. Hyperphosphataemia is a relatively common finding in dogs with newly diagnosed DM and represents a negative prognostic factor. The presence of pancreatitis might not be associated with an unfavourable outcome.
survival time
The term diabetes mellitus (DM) describes a group of metabolic diseases characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin production, action or both.1 DM is one of the most frequent endocrinopathies in dogs. The prevalence of canine DM has been estimated, from first-opinion practices and insurance database populations, at about 0.3 per cent.2 3
The most common form of DM in dogs resembles the human type 1 condition, characterised by permanent hypoinsulinaemia that requires exogenous insulin to maintain control of glycaemia, avoid ketoacidosis and survive.4 Transient or reversible DM is a rare event in dogs.5 The aetiology of type 1 DM has not been completely elucidated in dogs but is undoubtedly multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors.6 DM generally occurs in middle-aged and older dogs2 7 8; some studies indicate that females are at greater risk,7 8 and breed predispositions have been suggested.7–10 Moreover, different risk factors, related to lifestyle11 and the presence of concurrent diseases,12–14 are believed to play a potential role in the development of DM in dogs.15
Although the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical aspects, diagnostic methods, treatment and monitoring options for dogs with DM have been investigated in a number of studies, only a few3 8 have mentioned life expectancy and prognostic factors of the disease. Furthermore, the predictive value of clinicopathological variables at the time of diagnosis has never been analysed in any study. This might be explained by the fact that the diagnosis of DM is often carried out in first-opinion veterinary practices, whereas referral centres see the case when insulin treatment has already started; therefore, it is difficult to obtain laboratory data at the time of diagnosis, before treatment, for a large number of dogs from a single referral institution that uses a single internal laboratory.
Detailed data about the outcome and prognostic factors of DM in dogs would help to characterise the disease better and, conceivably, make the owners more inclined to accept lifetime treatment for their dogs and maintain excellent compliance. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to assess the survival time and the prognostic significance of different clinical and clinicopathological variables evaluated in dogs newly diagnosed with DM.
The medical records of all diabetic dogs admitted to the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy, between January 2005 and December 2017 were reviewed. Dogs were included in the study if they had newly diagnosed DM, had not been treated for diabetes, and had follow-up examinations at the same institution until death or until the last re-evaluation for which records were available. Dogs were excluded if, at diagnosis, a thorough diagnostic evaluation (ie, complete blood count (CBC), chemistry profile and urinalysis) was not available or if the dogs had previously been treated by referring veterinarians.
DM was diagnosed on the basis of appropriate clinical signs (ie, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss), persistent fasting hyperglycaemia and concomitant glycosuria. The concurrent presence of ketonuria established the diagnosis of diabetic ketosis (DK), while ketonuria with an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis (venous blood pH <7.35 and bicarbonate concentrations <17.5 mmol/l) established the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). CBC, chemistry profile (which included measurement of serum fructosamine and/or blood glycated haemoglobin (Gly Hb) concentrations) and complete urinalysis were performed to identify clinicopathological abnormalities consistent with DM or concurrent disorders. Additional diagnostic procedures were carried out when clinically indicated.
CBC (CELL-DYN 3500R, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA (from year 2005 to year 2009, 15 dogs); Advia 2120 Hematology System, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Erlangen, Germany (from year 2010 until the end of the study, 53 dogs)), chemistry profiles (AU400 and AU480, Beckman Coulter/Olympus, Brea, California, USA) and urinalyses were performed by standard laboratory methods at the medical laboratory of the referral institution. Serum fructosamine analysis was performed using a colorimetric nitroblue tetrazolium reduction method (17350H, Sentinel Diagnostics, Milano, Italy). Gly Hb was assessed by an immunoturbidimetric method, while total haemoglobin was measured using a colorimetric method (HbA1c, B00389, Beckman Coulter); the Gly Hb/total haemoglobin ratio was expressed as a percentage. The methods for measuring glycated proteins were subjected to internal validation.
Treatment protocol and monitoring
Dogs were managed using the therapeutic and monitoring protocol implemented at the authors’ institution. Insulin therapy was started at an initial dose of approximately 0.1–0.25 U/kg bodyweight twice daily, according to the insulin preparation administered. Dietary therapy was initiated simultaneously. As a standard procedure at the authors’ clinic, all diabetic dogs were reassessed at one, two to three, six to eight, and 10–12 weeks after diagnosis, and every four months thereafter, or as needed. Each re-evaluation included an assessment of history, physical examination and bodyweight. Furthermore, glycated proteins (ie, serum fructosamine and/or Gly Hb) were measured and a blood glucose curve (BGC) was performed. The decision on additional diagnostics (ie, routine laboratory evaluation, tests for concurrent diseases) was the responsibility of the clinician managing the case. Adjustments of insulin dosage, in the range of 10–25 per cent, were made on the basis of the owner’s perception of clinical signs in response to treatment, BGC and glycated protein concentrations.
Medical records review
Data obtained at the time of diagnosis from medical records included signalment, history (including administration of glucocorticoids and progestogens in the previous six months), physical examination findings, and laboratory test results that comprised CBC, serum chemistry profile and urinalysis. DK, DKA and any concurrent disease diagnosed at initial evaluation were recorded. Information concerning insulin therapy, including type of insulin, starting dosage and regimen of administration, was retrieved. The occurrence of diabetic remission (ie, insulin treatment was no longer required to maintain normal blood glucose level) was recorded. Date of death or survival of all cases was recorded and entered into the database, which was closed on December 31, 2017 before analysis. When necessary, owners were contacted.
Descriptive statistics were generated to characterise the study population. Continuous variables were presented as mean±sd or median and range (minimum and maximum value), depending on whether the data were normally or not normally distributed, respectively. Categorical variables were described with frequencies, proportions or percentages.
The median survival time was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method. The survival time was defined as the time between the diagnosis and the date on which the dog was last known to be alive or the date of its death due to any cause. Dogs had censored survival time if alive at the end of the study or lost to follow-up.
The following variables were investigated to determine their association with overall survival time: age, sex (male or female), reproductive status (entire or neutered), breed (crossbred or purebred), bodyweight, diet (petfood, home-made food or mixed), previous administration of corticosteroids and progestogens, clinical signs (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, cataracts, weakness, anorexia, vomiting), haematocrit (Hct) value, red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell distribution width and white blood cell count; neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and platelet count; concentrations of glucose, fructosamine, Gly Hb, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, total calcium, phosphate, sodium, potassium and chloride; serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT); and urinary specific gravity, urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPC), urinary glucose and urinary ketone concentrations. The presence of ketosis/ketoacidosis, pancreatitis, Cushing’s syndrome, mitral and/or tricuspid valve disease, and any other concurrent disorders was considered. The type and the starting dose of insulin were also included in the analysis.
Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to screen potential predictors for subsequent inclusion in a multivariate model. Variables with a value less than 0.05 via univariate analysis were included in the final model-building process. Variables were then gradually removed until the model with the best fit was identified. In the model-building process, the selection of variables that were strongly collinear (ie, creatinine and urea concentrations) was also considered. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.
Continuous variables associated with survival in the multivariate analysis were assessed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to select the optimum cut-off value, with the highest sensitivity and specificity, for prediction of the outcome. Survival of diagnostic groups was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analyses and compared by log-rank test. All statistical analyses were performed using a commercially available software program (MedCalc). The significance level was set at P<0.05.
Of the 202 cases of canine DM that were retrieved from the records, 68 dogs met the inclusion criteria and were used in the analysis. One hundred and two dogs were excluded because the diagnosis had been made previously and they had been treated by private practitioners, 25 dogs were excluded because they had no follow-up examinations after the diagnosis, and seven dogs were excluded because the owners denied permission for a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation.
The characteristics of the study population are summarised in table 1. The median age at diagnosis was 10 years (range 5–14 years). There were 21 (31 per cent) entire females, 21 (31 per cent) spayed females, 11 (16 per cent) entire males and 15 (22 per cent) neutered males. All entire females (21 dogs) were spayed within four weeks after the diagnosis of DM. The median bodyweight was 11.5 kg (range 2.8–50.0 kg). Twenty different breeds were counted. The most commonly represented breeds were mixed breed (22), English setter (16) and Yorkshire terrier (6). At the time of diagnosis, 38.5 per cent of the dogs were fed with petfood, 23 per cent with home-made diet and 38.5 per cent with a mixed diet. Seven (10 per cent) dogs had been treated with corticosteroids or progestogens up to six months before admission.
Descriptive statistics of continuous variables in 68 dogs with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus
The clinical signs reported at diagnosis by the owners or observed at the physical examination were—in order of frequency—polydipsia (93 per cent), polyuria (91 per cent), weakness (73 per cent), weight loss (48 per cent), vomiting (41 per cent), anorexia (35 per cent), polyphagia (28 per cent) and cataracts (25 per cent).
At the time of admission to the clinic, the median glucose concentration was 24.5 mmol/l (range 11.5–65.5), the mean fructosamine concentration was 537 μmol/l (sd ±149) and the mean blood Gly Hb concentration was 6.9 per cent (sd ±1.2). In comparison with the laboratory reference interval, other common alterations (present in more than 60 per cent of cases) in the chemistry profile were increased concentrations of serum ALP, ALT, AST, GGT and triglycerides, and decreased concentrations of sodium and chloride. Frequent abnormalities in urinalysis included increased UPC in 29 of 35 (83 per cent) dogs, and the presence of glucose and ketones in urine. Ketosis and ketoacidosis were diagnosed in two (3 per cent) and 26 (38 per cent) dogs, respectively. One or more concurrent diseases were documented in 34 (50 per cent) dogs, including 13 (19 per cent) with pancreatitis; eight (12 per cent) with mitral and/or tricuspid valve disease; seven (10 per cent) with Cushing’s syndrome; four with mammary neoplasia; three with hepatic disease; two each with hypothyroidism, urolithiasis or disseminated intravascular coagulation; and one each with inflammatory bowel disease, acute kidney injury or cutaneous mastocytoma.
With regard to treatment, 36 (53 per cent) dogs received lente insulin (Caninsulin, MSD, Boxmeer, The Netherlands), 12 (17.5 per cent) received neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin (Humulin I, Eli Lilly Italia SpA, Sesto Fiorentino - Firenze, Italy), 12 (17.5 per cent) received insulin glargine (Lantus, Sanofi SpA, Anagni - Frosinone, Italy), and insulin detemir (Levemir, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark) was administered to eight (12 per cent) dogs. The median starting dose of insulin was 0.3 U/kg (range 0.02–1 U/kg) twice daily.
Of the 68 diabetic dogs, at the time of censorship, 39 were dead, 24 alive and five had been lost to follow-up. In the former group, 15 dogs had undergone euthanasia and 24 had died spontaneously. Of the 39 dogs that had died by the end of the study, the cause of death or reason for euthanasia was recorded when possible (table 2). However, the cause of death was not supported by postmortem examination in any of the cases.
Reason for euthanasia/death in 39 of 68 dogs with diabetes mellitus at the time of censorship
The median survival time of the 68 dogs was 964 days (range 22–3140 days). Fifty-four of the 68 (79 per cent) dogs lived more than six months, 43 of 68 (63 per cent) more than one year, 26 of 68 (38 per cent) more than two years, and 15 of 68 (22 per cent) more than three years (figure 1). Eleven of the 26 (42 per cent) dogs with DKA survived more than two years, and 12 (46 per cent) dogs with DKA were still alive by the end of the study.
Kaplan-Meier survival curve for 68 dogs with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. The solid line represents median survival time and the dashed lines 95 per cent confidence interval.
Different variables were potentially associated with a poor outcome in the univariate analysis, including age, breed, RBC, Hct, glucose, ALP, urea, creatinine, phosphate and sodium concentrations, concurrent diseases, and Cushing’s syndrome (table 3). In the multivariate analysis, only two variables were retained in the model; in particular, higher Hct (HR 1.06, 95 per cent CI 1.00 to 1.13) and higher serum phosphate concentrations (HR 1.83, 95 per cent CI 1.13 to 2.97) at diagnosis were significantly associated with decreased survival time. Of the 65 dogs with available laboratory data concerning serum phosphate at diagnosis, concentrations of serum phosphate were above the reference interval in 24 of 65 (37 per cent) cases. Moreover, four of the seven (57 per cent) dogs with concurrent Cushing’s syndrome had hyperphosphataemia at the time of diagnosis. The ROC curve analysis showed that a serum phosphate concentration of 1.35 mmol/l and an Hct of 46 per cent were the optimal cut-offs to discriminate dogs with short-term survival from dogs with long-term survival. The median survival time was 1748 days (range 22–3140 days) in dogs with serum phosphate concentrations less than 1.35 mmol/l and 770 days (range 24–2905 days) in dogs with serum phosphate concentrations of at least 1.35 mmol/l (figure 2); however, the difference was not significant (P=0.10, log-rank test). A significant difference was reached in the Kaplan-Meier analysis of the Hct (P=0.04, log-rank test); the median survival time was 1089 days (range 96–3140 days) in dogs with Hct less than 46 per cent and 708 days (range 22–2242 days) in dogs with Hct of at least 46 per cent. The categorical variables that yielded a significant value in the Kaplan-Meier analysis (P<0.05, log-rank test) are reported in table 3. Factors such as serum fructosamine, blood Gly Hb, ketoacidosis and pancreatitis were not associated with survival time.
Overall survival in Kaplan-Meier survival curves differentiating two groups of dogs with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus according to initial serum phosphate (P) concentrations (mmol/l). Survival time has been truncated at four years.
Results of univariate and multivariate analyses: factors potentially associated with survival time (P<0.05) in dogs with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus
The dogs in the current study had a median survival time of 964 days (32 months). This is longer than the median survival time of two months and 17.3 months reported for a population of insured diabetic dogs in Sweden8 and for a population of diabetic dogs attending first-opinion practice in England,3 respectively. This discrepancy may be attributable to the fact that survival times vary between countries and between socioeconomic regions within a country. Furthermore, dogs in the present study were handled in a referral clinic, which implies optimal case management and, possibly, attracts owners with greater motivation than first-opinion practices. In the two studies mentioned above, the fact that most of the deaths occurred shortly after DM diagnosis probably reflects a greater rate of elective euthanasia than in the current study. Mattin et al 3 showed that insured diabetic dogs had an increased survival time. This may indicate that DM is a low-cost disease to diagnose, but its long-term management requires an important emotional and financial commitment, and therefore not all owners are willing to accept the lifetime treatment option. The results of the present study indicate that diabetic dogs, if well controlled, have a median survival time that can be over two years. The cause of death in diabetic dogs can often be related to diseases other than DM. Nevertheless, in the current study, considering the 31 dogs for which the cause of death/euthanasia was recorded, in at least 10 dogs the cause was diabetes-related.
The Hct value and serum phosphate concentrations were significantly associated with survival; therefore, at the time of diagnosis, dogs with higher Hct or serum phosphate concentrations had an increased risk of death. High Hct in diabetic dogs may be caused by dehydration/haemoconcentration resulting from osmotic diuresis; the latter is caused by the presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine that results in polyuria. Likewise, the presence of concomitant disorders that induce vomiting (eg, pancreatitis) or that exacerbate polyuria (eg, hypercortisolism) may result in a further deficiency of body fluids. Therefore, the finding of severe dehydration and secondary relative erythrocytosis, at the time of diagnosis, may indicate a severe and prolonged diabetic condition, or may suggest the presence of concomitant disorders. Unfortunately, the hydration status of the dogs included in the study was not precisely documented in the medical records, and thus it was not included in the analysis. Furthermore, it is possible that the effect of Hct on survival is minimal, as indicated by the results of the statistical analysis; for this reason, future investigations can be useful to confirm the prognostic potential of this variable.
An interesting finding of the current study was that a higher serum phosphate concentration at diagnosis was significantly associated with reduced survival time. The prognostic value of inorganic phosphorus has already been highlighted in other diseases. Fracassi e t al 16 found that increased serum phosphate concentrations were associated with a shorter life expectancy in a population of dogs with newly diagnosed pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism. Although it was not possible to figure out the cause of hyperphosphataemia in dogs of the aforementioned study, the authors argued that it might be a consequence of reduced renal excretion of phosphate, increased intestinal absorption of phosphate and mobilisation of phosphate from bone tissue. In the present study, Cushing’s syndrome was detected in seven dogs (10 per cent), among which four (57 per cent) had serum phosphate values above the reference range. In addition, hypercortisolism was found to be associated with a shorter survival time; therefore, it may represent a plausible explanation of the prognostic value of serum phosphate.
King et al 17 reported that higher serum phosphate concentrations were associated with a poor outcome in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hyperphosphataemia during CKD is caused by a progressive reduction in renal function and the development of secondary renal hyperparathyroidism. In the current study some findings led to the supposition that the occurrence of CKD may be related to increased phosphate concentrations and reduced life expectancy; in fact, the majority of the study population consists of middle-aged and older dogs (median age 10 years), and UPC showed values above the reference interval in 83 per cent of cases with available laboratory data. These results suggest the need for more investigations on diabetic nephropathy, which is a common chronic complication in diabetic human beings and has occasionally been reported in diabetic dogs. Indeed, diabetic nephropathy is initially manifested as proteinuria, primarily albuminuria, and only when the changes in the glomerulus progress does it result in the development of azotaemia and clinical signs.18 However, in the present study, CKD was not reported as a cause of death. This may have been partly due to the fact that in many cases it was not possible to ascertain the cause of death, and in none of the cases was a postmortem examination performed.
Finally, an intriguing clue to the possible cause of hyperphosphataemia comes from research in human medicine, in which DM has been associated with a condition of ‘functional hypoparathyroidism’, which seems to be one of the factors leading to decreased bone mineral density in diabetic patients.19 Some studies19–22 have shown altered secretion of parathormone (PTH) in diabetic subjects; however, in none of these has it been possible to determine the specific cause. It has been assumed that hyperglycaemia may directly suppress PTH secretion and/or that insulin may be required for the maintenance of parathyroid secreting cells.23 Some authors also suggested that magnesium depletion, caused by osmotic diuresis, may be an explanation for the reduced secretion and action of PTH.21 24 Several studies19 20 22 observed increased renal calcium excretion, according to a lower PTH level, in diabetic subjects; moreover, one study22 reported a higher serum phosphate concentration and reduced renal phosphate excretion in diabetic human beings with decreased PTH levels. In the present study, the median serum phosphate concentration (1.4 mmol/l) and the mean total serum calcium concentration (2.4 mmol/l) were within the reference ranges; however, there was a tendency of the two values towards the upper and lower limits of the reference intervals, respectively. In addition, hyperphosphataemia and hypocalcaemia were detected in 37 per cent and 25 per cent of dogs, respectively. Similarly, in a large study involving 221 diabetic dogs,25 20 per cent of subjects showed hyperphosphataemia and 47 per cent had hypocalcaemia at the time of initial examination. These interesting results show that there is an apparent basis for a connection between impaired calcium/phosphate homeostasis and DM in dogs. The data of the current study support the proposal that serum phosphate, at the time of diagnosis, may be a good indicator of long-term outcome. However, further prospective investigations are necessary to determine the exact aetiopathogenesis of the detected clinical-pathological abnormalities, to determine the clinical importance of these findings and to confirm the prognostic value of serum phosphate.
In the current study, the cut-off values of serum phosphate concentrations and Hct, which were used in the Kaplan-Meier analysis, were selected to have the highest sensitivity and specificity in order to discriminate the length of survival between diagnostic groups. However, their clinical usefulness appears limited. This is due to the fact that the cut-off values used are within the reference interval of the respective variables.
The presence of concomitant diseases and Cushing’s syndrome was associated with decreased survival time in univariate and Kaplan-Meier analyses, but not in multivariate analysis. This correlation might be explained by the insulin resistance induced by the presence of concomitant disorders, including hypercortisolism as one of the most common causes, which leads to the difficult management of DM; in turn, this results in a diminished propensity of the owners to pursue treatment and an unfavourable outcome. With regard to Cushing’s syndrome, this result supports a recent study26 showing that the occurrence of DM in dogs with hypercortisolism shortens life expectancy. However, univariate analysis does not take into account confounders; for this reason the association between the presence of Cushing’s syndrome, or concurrent diseases, and survival should be interpreted cautiously. Diagnosis of pancreatitis was not associated with survival, a finding that contrasts with a study performed in the UK, in which diabetic dogs with pancreatitis had an increased risk of death.3 These discrepancies may have resulted from differences in the veterinary facilities (first-opinion v referral clinic) and geographical locations between the studies.
DKA was diagnosed in 38 per cent of dogs, although it was not associated with length of survival. Hume et al 27 reported that, in a population of dogs with naturally occurring DKA, 30 per cent of cases died or were euthanased during hospitalisation. However, because these studies had different study populations, methodologies and geographical locations, they are not directly comparable. In the current study, it is also worth mentioning that 42 per cent of dogs with DKA at diagnosis survived more than two years, and 46 per cent of DKA cases were still alive at the time of censorship. These results indicate that ketoacidosis, considered by practitioners as a life-threatening condition, is not necessarily associated with a negative prognosis. Therefore, treatment of DKA should always be pursued, consistent with the severity of underlying medical disorders.
Serum glucose was associated with survival in the univariate analysis, but there was no association between glycated proteins and life expectancy. In human medicine, Gly Hb has a strong predictive value for the complications of DM.28 In addition, higher Gly Hb values have been associated with an increased mortality risk.29 In the current study, the lack of association between glycated proteins and survival could be accounted for by the fact that laboratory data on serum fructosamine and Gly Hb concentrations were available in 47 per cent and 16 per cent of dogs, respectively. This deficiency of data is partially due to the fact that many dogs were admitted by the emergency service and endocrinologists saw the case at a later time, when the diagnostic tests had already been performed. The results might have been significant if more laboratory data had been included. Hence, in light of the prognostic importance of Gly Hb in human medicine, additional studies aimed at investigating the prognostic potential of glycated proteins are recommended.
The main limitation of the present study is the small number of cases included, which influenced the power of statistics. This derives from the very restrictive inclusion criteria. It is likely that some associations with survival were not detected because of this bias. Other limitations are largely related to the retrospective nature of the study and the incompleteness of some of the records. For instance, in some cases it was not possible to ascertain the cause of death, and the latter was not supported by postmortem examination in any of the cases. Furthermore, important data such as the body condition score were not recorded. Thus, the absence of some data may have partially biased the analysis. One limitation is that the laboratory reference intervals were not gathered from an age-matched control population but were those provided by the laboratory for routine use. This could have influenced the number of dogs with abnormal laboratory findings reported in this study. However, the fact that clinicopathological data were obtained from a single medical laboratory represents a strength of the present study. Further strengths of the study are related to the management of the cases; indeed, all dogs were diagnosed, treated and monitored using standard protocols implemented at a single referral institution.
In conclusion, dogs with newly diagnosed DM had a good prognosis. The survival time was shorter in dogs with higher Hct value and higher serum phosphate concentrations. At diagnosis, the presence of pancreatitis might not represent a negative prognostic factor.
Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
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Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
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Akbar's forces pursue the defeated Gujaratis at Sarnal, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl
Akbar's forces ride out to defeat Muhammad Husayn Mirza in 1573, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl
Akbar's forces shooting up at Hajipur fortress from boats on the Ganges, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl
Akbar's forces take Sarangpur Fort in Malwa, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl
Akbar's general informs him of the conquest of Bengal in 1576, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl
Akbar's hunting party ride in search of reported brigands, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl
Akbar's rebellious cousin Mirza Sulayman advances on Kabul in 1556, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl
Anxious courtiers watching Akbar fight Man Singh at a drinking party, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl
Arrival of the ambassadors from Badakhshan in 1561, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl
Asaf Khan defeats Rama Chand of Pannah in battle, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl
Bahadur Khan attempts to seize Qandahar, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl
Begum Samru and her army
Begum Samru and her household
Celebrations for the birth of Akbar's son Salim in August 1569, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl
Construction at Akbar's new capital Fatehpur Sikri, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl
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An ad disruption by Poster Boy. Photo by Poster Boy.
But it is impossible to talk about contemporary ad takeovers without mentioning Poster Boy. Poster Boy is an anonymous collective of artists/vandals/activists who disrupt advertising. Their most famous works involve using a razor blade to cut up and recombine advertisements on New York City subway station platforms until they have new and twisted messages. For example, there was the ad for the television show Children’s Hospital with a scary looking clown wearing a doctor’s scrubs to which Poster Boy added a small McDonald’s logo. Because their work does not last long, documentation and online distribution is essential to its effectiveness, something Poster Boy readily acknowledges. I can say quite confidently that I would not have heard of Poster Boy or seen their work without the internet, and many blogs have become enamored with their work, launching it into the public spotlight. There are certainly many street artists and graffiti writers who are more prolific, but few have caught the Bored at Work Network’s imagination like Poster Boy.
I emailed with a Poster Boy for an interview:
RJ: How do you think Flickr, other photo sites and blogs have affected graffiti and street art?
Poster Boy: Social media has opened new doors for graf and street art, but accessibility is a two-way street because Big Brother also reads the blogs.
RJ: Why do you have a Flickr, and how do you use it?
Poster Boy: Flickr is the new writer’s bench. We use it to communicate our ideas with people who might not have the chance to experience it otherwise. The social media sites have become just as important as the work itself.
RJ: How do you generate publicity for your projects and why do you use the strategy you do?
Poster Boy: We’ve always maintained that Poster Boy is about manipulation of media. Generating publicity IS the project. Sometimes the physical work is secondary.
RJ: Have you found the internet to be helpful, harmful or neither when it comes to promoting your projects?
Poster Boy: The internet is an unpredictable beast, but if you’re quick you can tame it.
RJ: When did Poster Boy begin?
Poster Boy: When the blogs started writing about it.
RJ: How do most people see your work? Online or in person? If they see it online, how do they come across it?
Poster Boy: I’d say 20% of it is experienced in person, because the physical work never lasts long. However, the opposite happens online. All you need is one piece to ignite a wildfire. Sorta gives new meaning to the word tagging.
RJ: Can you imagine making work with the intention that it would be primarily for a digital audience?
Poster Boy: We kinda already do.
RJ: Why do you cover billboards?
Poster Boy: Because deep down inside everyone wants to do it.
RJ: How long do your pieces usually last on the street?
Poster Boy: Depends on how clean the piece is. Usually not very long at all.
RJ: Why do you photograph your work and post it online?
Poster Boy: Even though we come off as very anti-everything the urge to communicate is too great. Poster Boy always has ulterior motives which are hinted at with the political undertones of the work.
RJ: How much of your work ends up documented, and how much of that documentation ends up online?
Poster Boy: It’s too difficult to determine because some of us document the before and after, while others leave documentation to commuters.
RJ: Do you think it is particularly important for people who take over billboards to document their work?
Poster Boy: Yes, because billboard pieces are specifically political which means they’ll get buffed quicker. It’s important that we not feel alone in our struggle with consumerism.
RJ: Do you prefer to look at street art in person or through photographs?
Poster Boy: Even Martha Cooper‘s photos don’t smell like paint.
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Virtual Prime Location
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Grow Here
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Visit Mount Vernon-Lisbon
Close to you, far from ordinary
Event Forms and Applications
Chili Cookoff to take place Oct. 13
The Mount Vernon-Lisbon Community Development Group (CDG), a Main Street Iowa organization, today announced that the 12th Annual Mount Vernon-Lisbon Chili Cook-off will take place Saturday, Oct. 13, from 4 to 7 p.m., in Uptown Mount Vernon.
The chili cook-off contest is open to the public. The event features 25 four-person teams vying for a total of $400 in cash prizes. The cooking will take place from noon to 4 p.m., with the public invited to the tasting portion of the event from 4 to 7 p.m. Biodegradable sample chili cups are available for $1 each, or a 25-sample punch card for $20. Beer, soda and other beverages are available for purchase. Admission to the event is free.
Also scheduled is a Bags Tournament starting at 3 p.m. Those interested in signing up for the bags tournament are asked to contact Aaron Truitt at atruitt@mountvernon.k12.ia.us or sign up at the event.
“Mount Vernon and Lisbon loves their chili and has been making this event an October staple for 12 years now,” said event chair Lori Winder. “This is a great way to try chili, support a local non-profit and socialize with friends and family. After 12 years, this committee has learned how to throw a great Chili Cook-off!”
Chili team applications are still being taken. More information, including a Chili Cookoff team registration form, is available at www.visitmvl.com
About the Mount Vernon-Lisbon Community Development Group
The Mount Vernon-Lisbon Community Development Group exists to improve the social and economic well-being of Mount Vernon and Lisbon by capitalizing on their unique identity, assets and character. Mount Vernon was selected as a Main Street community in 2008, and practices economic development within the context of historic preservation.
About Main Street
The Main Street Approach is a copyrighted process of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The Program has been used in Iowa since 1986 with a total of 56 communities having participated. Mount Vernon was selected as a Main Street community on March 4, 2008 by the State of Iowa, after submitting a comprehensive application and presenting to a select board of reviewers.
« 13th Annual MV-L Chili Cook-off Oct. 5
Phil Ebert and “The Business of Bees” October 29 »
Mount Vernon Winter Farmers’ Market
First Street Community Center Gymnasium – Mount Vernon, Iowa (319) 895-8060
LilFest Concert Series 2019-2020
Auditions for “These Shining Lives”
First Street Community Center Uptown Theatre – Mount Vernon, Iowa (319) 895-8060
After School Cafe
Southeast Linn Community Center – Lisbon, Iowa (319) 455-2844
Community of Readers Adult Book Discussion Group
Mount Vernon Public Library / Cole Library – Mount Vernon, Iowa (319) 895-4271
Contribute to the MVL-CCDG
Contributions to the MVL-CCDG are used for scholarships, festivals and events and quality of life projects, and much more. Thank you!!
Use your skills and talent, meet new friends and have fun! Use this easy online form to Sign Up to Volunteer!
If you need to track your volunteer time, Report Volunteer Hours Here...
Photos from Shop Small Every Day Campaign
MV-L to give away $100s to shoppers in December
Bauman project receives $25,000
CDG announces 2019-2020 Community Leaders Breakfasts
First Street Community Center Gymnasium – Mount Vernon, Iowa
First Street Community Center Uptown Theatre – Mount Vernon, Iowa
Southeast Linn Community Center – Lisbon, Iowa
Visitor Center Location
311 First Street NW
Mount Vernon, Iowa 52314
Bypass Info
The MVL CDG
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Feature 84 – The Tick: “Pilot” (2016)
Posted on August 30, 2016 by thetombofanubis Standard Reply
or “Return of the Return to the Blue Galoot”
Featuring: Peter “Shaun of the Dead” Serafinowicz , Griffin “Vinyl” Newman , Jackie Earle “Watchmen” Haley
Director: Wally “Transcendence” Pfister
Writer: Ben “The Tick (1994 & 2001)” Edlund
“An epic tale ripe with destiny, adventure, and blood loss!”
Did everyone hear about Ford’s announcement that they’ll have self-driving cars in mass production by 2021? Some people are excited for these mechanical miracles, others feel they’re bound to be the biggest techno turd since Google Glass. The only difference being that this time the asshats won’t be walking blindly into traffic, the traffic will be coming after them. Speaking of, am I the only one who hears a story about fleets of self-propelled vehicles being introducing to America’s highways and wonders, “Does no one remember MAXIMUM OVERDRIVE?!”. Then I remember that no, no one remembers Maximum Overdrive. And I weep.
Anyway, afraid I may have been showing the early signs of Stockholm Syndrome with my last review (Damn you, Asylum!), I'm cutting their brand of imitation cheese out of my digital diet for a while. In search of something new, I came across the news that Amazon's 8th Pilot Season was underway. For those who don't know what that is, Pilot Season is where Amazon releases a number of preview episodes (the eponymous pilots) for potential shows that they may turn into full serieses dependent upon varying factors, including (but not contingent to) viewer feedback. Such successes include “Transparent” and “The Man in the High Tower”, while a reboot of the Krofft brothers’ “Sigmund and the Sea Monster” and the proposed “Zombieland” show count among its dead. While this season’s standouts for many seem to be the JCVD starring “Jean-Claude Van Johnson” and the awkwardly titled Kevin Bacon showcase “I Love Dick” (yes, Mr. Bacon, we all know that you love dick), the only pilot I care to watch is the adaptation of Ben Edlund’s lovable comic book galoot, The Tick.
Sitting at an impressive 4.5 star rating as of this review, “The Tick” is the third attempt at bringing the hero to television. He’s now the Spider-Man of the small screen! Movie Spider-Man, not TV Spider-Man. That webhead’s had more cartoons than I can keep count of. The Tickster’s network origins started with 3 seasons of Fox’s Saturday morning animated series (featuring former Monkee Mickey Dolenz as the original voice of Arthur!) from ’94 – ’96 and petering out with the all-too-short lived 2001 live-action series (starring Patrick Warburton) that Fox canceled after only 8 of its 9 episodes were aired. A lot of people were saddened by the treatment of this “Seinfeld” for superheroes, but I never really got into it. I was more heartbroken by the demise of the cartoon, myself, and saw it as a high mark that a sitcom (especially one where the always masked face of the titular blue vigilante was no longer masked!) probably wouldn’t have lived up to anyway. BUT (I like big buts and I cannot lie), with Edlund making this effort more true to its illustrated roots, let’s see if his pilot can sever the Grey Poupon.
Oh, and as a side note, this episode is directed by Wally Pfister – a guy whose last name simultaneously makes me think of boner pills (Pfizer) and severe rectal trauma (fister). Just thought I’d point that out.
Our tale begins in 1908, the “dawn of the age of superheroes”. An alien structure descended into our atmosphere and EXPLODED, setting fire to many an innocent flora and fauna while bringing forth yet another dollar store knock-off of the Son of Krypton. This spandex clad, cape wearing, just-another-Übermensch from the stars calls himself Superian (Brendan Hines), pronounced “Soup-ear-e-uhn” and not “Super Ian”… a nom de vigilantism that now has me distracted by thoughts of Scott Ian dressed red and blue long underwear with the familiar ‘S’ shield on his chest… which would probably piss him off, because he’d rather be Judge Dredd…
With such a pillar of justice and super punchery in their midst, you can't blame the people of the world for wanting to become superheroes (and super-villains) in their own right, and such is the axis upon which our story turns. One of these wanna be do-gooders is Arthur Everest (Griffin Newman), who has a bit of an unhealthy obsession with Superian's nemesis The Terror (Jackie Earle Haley). Despite the Big S' assurance that the fiend is deader than Mel Gibson's career post “Jews, niggers, and Sugar Tits, oh my!”, Arthur's not convinced, and has been Hardy Boy-ing around in his spare time to uncover the truth. It's during one of these amateur gumshoe outings that Art meets a large, gibberish spewing weirdo in a blue costume who sees the familiar spirit of heroism in the young man's eyes. What brought on such a haunting? I'll save that for you to discover, because it's a story too good to spoil.
The sharer of said justice-centric possession is, as you probably presumed, The Tick (Peter Serafinowicz). He’s bulletproof, bomb proof, surgical 2×4 proof, super strong (like, “crowded bus stop full of men” strong), plenty agile, and driven. Like a living bulldozer. So, like Killdozer. But a good Killdozer. A good Killdozer that spouts nonsensical lines about serving destiny and punching evil. Right in its immoral codpiece.
I was sad to see that the pilot only runs 30 minutes. Just as I was getting into it it was over, ended on a cliffhanger. Sure, that’s a good way to end a season finale, but a pilot? No. Now, if the rest of the show doesn’t make it to a full order, those of us whose eyes it caught are now fucked. Hard. Painfully so. Sans lube. If I had to compare it to a sexual encounter, I’d say it’s paramount to a one-night stand going down on you, then stopping before climax and saying “My jaw hurts. My turn now!”. Yeah, that’s a metaphor we can all endure.
With that said, based on its merits beyond the teasery and disappointing length (an issue I’ve yet to hear a complaint about), it’s got the girthy makings of a not bad show. I’m a big fan of Arthur’s new backstory. It’s dark, but in the comedy way more so than the gritty. He’s not the Punisher, so you can laugh at his tragedy without laying awake in bed later on wondering if you’re a horrible person deserving of a place in humanity or not. There are also hints at a possible split-personality disorder going on too, but that’s just my FCP (Fight Club Paranoia) acting up. Other elements discredit these so-called hints as just red herrings to mess with us. Although, it does bring up an interesting hypothesis that I’m going to keep in my utility belt for now, just in case “The Tick” goes full series. My favorite fantasy tales are the ones anchored in a reality similar to ours. Feels more relatable. As such, I enjoy Endlund’s take on what kind of mental instability it would take for every day schlubs to want to put on a costume and stop/commit atrocities.
Speaking of costumes (SEGWAY!) I’m also okay with the duo’s new crime fighting duds, which take a cue from modern comic book movie culture by detouring the spandex clad elephant in the room and embracing something that looks more like a combination of leather and/or body armor. Tick’s getup includes his mask (one of my sticking points with Patrick Warburton’s incarnation), but the shade of blue is… odd. Rather than go with a darker section of the color wheel, we get something more in line with the cartoon version. See the screenshots below.
Superian looks like you’d expect a Superman simulacrum to look like, while The Terror’s got a great new design that makes him look like a sinister cult leader, complete with oddly cut hood that brings to mind Magneto’s helmet more than a little. There are some computer effects that could use a little more polish, but for a low budget kinda thing, they do the job. The design of The Terror’s ship is also great, but for those hoping it would be the giant mechanical spider he originally piloted, know now that it’s not that, so adjust your expectations appropriately.
In closing, “The Tick” is more faithful to the tone of the original comics, much like Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: the Movie skewed more in tune with its own original source material. That’s a good thing! Sadly, this may hurt its chances for a full series order in the long run, as a lot of the complaints I’ve seen about it so far have been that it’s not the goofy sitcom its predecessor program was previously. That’s a bad thing. I suggest clicking the link below, giving it a view (as my dad always says, “If it’s free, it’s for me!”), and rating it yourself. And if you can’t be true to yourself or spend half an hour watching it, give it a blind 5 stars so I can hopefully see what the fuck happens in the next episode!
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01J77QPPU/?autoplay=1
Now, if you'll pardon my departure (or even if you won't), I have a viewing to go to. Not the movie type, but the corpse type. Don't worry, you didn't know him. Hell, I barely knew him. But it’s gonna be a lot of standing around in polyester mourning finery, hard boiling my man juevos, so I need to stop at Big Mike’s Food ‘n Fuel on the way for a few bottles of Crystal Pepsi to keep in my pockets and refrigerate my pudding pop.
Don’t get mad ’cause I’m beguilin’. I’m off the hook so don’t bother dialin’.
Moral of the Story: Sometimes, getting inside of warm bread with a stranger is the right thing to do.
Once Nanook discovered how to harness the power of the atom, his place as leader of all the local tribes was all but guaranteed.
So, this world’s version of Superman looks like Matt Besser as a cape wearing date rapist? Gotcha.
If you’re going to just reach down your pants to check and see if you’ve started your period, two things – (1) Don’t do it at work. (2) Don’t wipe it on your uniform. Especially if it’s white. Seriously.
“By learning all of the new Magic: The Gathering expansion’s secrets before its release, I’ll be able to perfect by deck ahead of time and pwn newbs on release day!”
The Tick just discovered that The Cleveland Steamer, Rusty Trombone, and Blumpkin are not the names of fellow superheroes… Also, did you know that a Lemon Party isn’t a political association?
If Justin Timberlake and Johnny Galecki had a kid, and their kid fell into a Brundle Pod™ with Pat from It’s Pat, this guy would come out of the other end.
“No! I don’t wanna support the high school band by paying you $2 each for your stupid off-brand chocolate bars! Now fuck off before I throw you into my particle accelerator!”
See, stuff like this is why I stopped drinking tequila in public.
Looks like somebody got a Red Ryder Carbine Action 200-shot Range Model air rifle for Christmas!
There’s nothing quite like that first morning piss off of the side of your apartment building to start your day. I miss living in the city. I have to settle for pissing off of our balcony these days. It’s just not the same.
“Would You Offer Your Throat to the Vampire with the Camera?”
Feature 83 – Sinister Squad (2016)
or “#SquadHoles”
Featuring: Johnny “’Palisades Justice‘” Diaz , Christina “The Treehouse” Licciardi , Nick “Laid to Rest” Principe
Director & Writer: Jeremy “Avengers Grimm” Inman
Sequel to: Avengers Grimm
“Sense is a rather senseless sentiment with so much senselessness afoot.”
The summer trudge through the bodily secretion trail of tears has still not let up, but I’ll spare you the trial of enduring a third diatribe where I bitch about the heat. I will say this though – you could bottle my underarm perspiration and weaponize it as an environmentally friendly alternative to mustard gas. That, or sell it as a Designer Impostors for Burger King onion rings. Speaking of heat, I’m convinced that my microwave is haunted by popcorn hating ghosts. Whether it’s Colonel’s Kernels, The Buck-an-Ear Buccaneer, or Maze of Maize, every time I try to nuke a bag of black lung inducing goodness the damn things come out scorched worse than Freddy Krueger at a Pyromaniacs For Snuffing Out Child Abuse fundraiser! Speaking of things that hate other things, I clearly hate myself more than Michael Bay hates ’80s pop culture, because here I am once again (by choice!) back within the padded walls of The Asylum. Those dickardly dingleberries who frequently infect the world with the worst knockbusters (knock-offs of blockbusters) this side of E.T. Eddie Torres the Extra-Testicle.
I could just be like everybody and their second cousin reviewing the first season of “Stranger Things” right now (It’s great, but I’m still disappointed that my theory on the Demogorgon becoming Slenderman at the end was wrong), but here I am bitching about The Asylum again like it’s the fucking running joke of my amateur movie griping career. Fuck it. What doesn’t kill us makes us stronger… or just saddles us with PTSD until we drive all of our friends away and eventually David Carradine ourselves in the closet of a La Quinta Inn suite. I’ll never forgive you La Quinta motherfuckers for turning my old site address into a redirect for your homepage! May you all die of fatal rectal trauma via forced bowling ball insertion.
Not to be confused with Monster Squad, SuperHero Squad, Gangster Squad, “Mod Squad”, “Odd Squad”, “God Squad”, the other God Squad (there’s an obscure one for you Marvel readers!), Squadron Sinister, nor a group of willennials who get together every Saturday night to live-tweet viewings of the Sinister movies and do so under the hashtag “SinisterSquad”, what today’s movie is is The Asylum’s answer to the summer super-villain team-up blockbuster release, Suicide Squad. The Asy’ crew screws the Poochie on this one, and rather than combining a patchwork posse of the pantheon of half-assed knock-off villains they’ve populated their stupid little cinematic universe with, go for the easy way out and just toss together a group of public property fairytale fuckers instead. If Suicide Squad and The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen pulled a bareback train on a Wiki of fairy tales and fables, this would be the bastard end product. Well, it works for “Grimm”, “Once Upon a Time” and “Sleepy Hollow” on TV, and it worked for 150 issues of DC’s “Fables” series (plus all of the spin-off stuff I’m sure as shit NOT counting out for the sake of completion in a review that nobody’s going to read anyway!), so why not?
‘Less Than Zero’ isn’t just a Bret Easton Ellis book I couldn’t bring myself to read more than the first 30 pages of, it’s also the amount of introductory exposition we’re given before being dropped face first into the fray that is our feature. Fortunately, this isn’t just a lazy round of Figure It Out for Yourself™ (by Parker Brothers!) and we’re filled in on the backstory as the frontstory progresses, but for the sake of simplicity I’ll give you a spoiler-free(ish) chimpan-A to chimpan-Z adaptation. RE-RE-RE-REMIIIIIIIX!
It all began in the magical dimension from which all fairy tales and fables originated. Call it Neverland, call it Grimm World, call it Dimension F (for “Fables”), call it whatever puts plums in your Christmas pie, Horner. Known by his peers as one of those guys who can get anything for the right price, infamous imp Rumpelstiltskin was hired by Death (yes, that Death) to acquire “the magic mirror” (presumably the one belonging to Snow White’s murderously jealous stepmom, Queen Grimhilde), which would allow the Reaper the ability to instant transmission his bony backside from The Underworld (a third realm all its own) to Earth and fulfill his despotic ambition to overtake our dimension. Death is sold to us as a Faustian figure (with Kung-Fu GRIP!), offering up earthly delights to his marks in exchange for their immortal souls being added to the Underworld census, so we can make an “ass” out of “u” and “me” that his realm is basically Hell… though we’re never given a Heaven-like counter-dimension to provide context, so I guess Underworld is where everybody goes when they die, whatever their moral alignment… so why would Death need to barter for souls if everybody winds up there sooner or later anyway?! Come on, Inman. You couldn’t take 5 minutes to slip in a reference to some manner of Nirvana to make more sense of this? Blart.
For no real reason beyond being a major asshole (like, “prolapsed colon” major), Rumpledforeskin broke the arcane artifact so Death couldn’t have it, shattering the barrier between their world and ours in the process. Now an undetermined population of these imaginary heroes and villains and ancillary personas exist in the world that gave us atomic weapons, Johnny Mnemonic, and The Baconator Triple. Turns out Rumpels is the type of guy who will huff or drink anything if there’s the possibility of it getting him a buzz, because that’s the only reason I can come up with for why he would’ve discovered that consuming ground up pieces of the mirror gives him the ability to control others with his voice… I guess if you’re gonna build a bad guy around Jared Leto’s “trailer park meth head Joker”, he’s gotta snort/smoke/shoot up something weird, right? Sure. Rumpy’s doing the half-baked Joker thing, but even if he had the chops to be the tops, the cartoon sound effects that accompany him are obnoxious. To be honest, I’m biased, as there will only ever be one true Rumpy for this jackal god. And as much as I man crush for Robert Carlyle, he’s not it…
On the topic of people who have experience with transdimensional reflective surfaces, Wonderland's Alice (last name withheld unless you consider Tim Burton's version canon, in which case it's Kingsleigh) also ended up on Earth, and has cobbled together a small organization of fellow refugees under the intention of wrangling up trouble makers and shipping them back home before they fuck anything else up. On her payroll are Goldilocks (that home invading hussy), Piper (the vermin charming, mass abductor of children), Hatter (a harmless weirdo celebrating eternal tea time), and the Tweedle twins Dum and Dummer Dee (goodhearted scaredy ‘tards). In this version, Goldie is a bad-ass bombshell with twin handguns (and pigtails so she’ll resemble cinematic Harley Quinn), Piper is “generic good looking, wise-cracking hero guy”, Hatter is a psychotropic dropping rave DJ, and the Tweedles are half-wits dressed in some type of off-brand steampunk Super Mario Bros outfits (battery operated mustaches not included). Not exactly the Avengers, it’s no wonder our knock-off Nick Fury turns knock-off Amanda Waller, deciding it would be a good idea to bolster her skeleton crew of do-gooders with a supplemental add-on of ne’er-do-wells.
Rumpy’s captured and enlisted under the threat of an exploding wristwatch Alice binds him with. That and he can only outsmart Death so long, so he’s better off making some allies. In turn, he’s tasked with convincing his ex-girlfriend Gelda (Wonderland’s Queen of Hearts, now a sexy black lady decked out like a speakeasy flapper girl) to also join the gang, and her job is to use her apparent power of man control to pacify the murderous Bluebeard (who likes feeding women to his magical knives) into helping out too. The Big Bad Wolf is also there, playing the “monster with a heart of gold” role, going along because he’s got a gnarly knot over Goldie. Yeah, he’s basically just Marv from Sin City with bad dental work, right down to the same-name romantic interest. If they weren’t just ripping off Bigbie from “Fable”, I’d say they should’ve made this character the Beast, as in “Beauty and the”. There isn’t enough money in the effects budget to go full beast mode when it comes time for his inevitable lupine fiasco, so just call him a man-beast and leave it, Butt Fuchs.
Last on Alice's enlistment checklist is Carabosse, a savage, cannibalistic witch. Now, this one I had to do a little research on. Who I first thought was meant to be the child-eating witch with the gingerbread house who was burned alive by a little German kid, instead turns out to be the pissed off fairy-godmother from a 1600s “Sleeping Beauty” knock-off called “The Princess Mayblossom”! Very cheeky of you, Mr. Inman, putting a knock-off character into your knock-off movie! I appreciate the wink wink AND you forced me to learn something new today. Bravo, sir.
However, Carrie turns out to be a really bad draft pick on Alice's part when it's revealed that the razor-toothed wicked witch has a waterslide between her thighs when it comes to the only guarantee in life that doesn't include filling out forms and paying protection money to the government. Yep, more than a mere admirer, the sorceress is a straight up acolyte for The Pale Rider and probably bones herself with a femur while watching Faces of Death before bed. The best part about Witchy-Poo’s infatuation? Every time she wants a word with her would-be squeeze, she kills one of his messengers so he’ll inhabit their body. This diminishing of the Dead One’s numbers doesn’t piss him off so much as it just really irritates him.
It comes as no surprise that Carabosse’s loyalty to the antagonist escalates the plot past the “gather the group” stage, as Grim’s goons (dressed in generic “urban ninja militants” motif) infiltrate Alice’s base, where we spend the rest of the flick watching the good guys and good-bad guys try to figure out the Reaper’s endgame and put a stop to it before he kills them all and takes over Earth. As with any quorum of villains and monsters though, the real enemy is themselves, so it’s not a question of WILL everything go to shit, but how long will it take. Betrayal is inevitable. Such is life.
Being saddled with the typical bargain basement budget of an Asylum showing, it’s no “Shocker” (a movie I love, by the way) that the entirety of Squad takes place in and around an abandoned factory/warehouse/hobo hotel. At least it’s better than crap like Rise of the Zombies, where we’re shown a shot of a famous landmark (like the Golden Gate Bridge) and are hoodwinked with sound stage green screen sewage that makes The Room‘s rooftop scenes look like Hollywood magic. Also lacking any surprise factor for our flick is the previously expounded upon uniformity of Death’s goons’ attire. The fact that their faces are covered with hoods and face scarves makes it really easy for the same 5 or 6 extras to be killed without having to cut any additional checks. Hell, I’d bet dollars to dental appliances (of which this movie has several) that some members of the main cast earned an extra $20 and/or free sandwich coupon for Subway by pulling double duty. Speaking of, let’s discuss who earned their five dollar footlong, and who should go back to Tinsel Town Terry’s Back Alley Acting Academy.
Christina Licciardi was probably my favorite on this one. She plays Alice with just enough strength mixed with panic mixed with insecurity mixed with determination to make the whole thing work. Alice does what she has to to get the job done, and shows she’s not averse to getting some red on her . Her time on the other side of the looking glass has brought her a long way from where she was when she first fell down that rabbit hole, but hasn’t lost herself completely, and Licciardi pulls that off. A surprisingly good get for an Asylum picture, and I commend whomever cast her. Here’s to hoping she doesn’t get swallowed up by the obscurity beast and spend the rest of her career in Monstro’s guts, roasting kelp with an old man and his creepy wooden sex homunculus.
Don’t gimme that “He was just a little wooden boy you disgusting pervert!” crap either. His fucking dick-shaped nose grew like a telescoping sex toy, so blame the Blue Fairy if you’re gonna get so offended about your beloved childhood figures being reduced to innuendos. Or just get out your Ouija and blame Corey Allen’s ghost.
Johnny Rey Diaz isn't horrible as Rumpy, but his dollar store rendition of Jared Leto’s juggalo Joker is less over-the-top fun and more off-of-a-cliff irritating, in that that’s where you want to push him when he spends too much time over-revving his annoyance engine directly in your face. This could be less Diaz’s fault and more Inman’s, a la Chris Nolan being to blame for Christian Bale’s “choked on a rock salt dildo” Batman voice, so I won’t point fingers. I will point a thumb though, straight up, as JRD’s act grew on me when he turned down the kooky capering and it came time to take the trickster into more serious territory. Rump Roast was downright enjoyable by the end! And I’m a bitter old man who openly wishes death upon children at the mall!
In the interest of time, let’s make the rest of these quick. Lindsay Sawyer plays tough girl Goldilocks well enough without degenerating into a one-dimensional “bad-ass grrrl power!” caricature, and she looks great while doing it. Talia Davis (Gelda) is good as the selfish, spoiled Queen of Hearts, and doesn’t go Hawn & Russell (little Overboard joke for ya) with it. The flapper girl look works wonder(land)s for her too and turns me into a fapper boy. In the words of Inspector Gadget, “Yowzers”! Trae Ireland (Bluebeard) makes good enough “sinister sex criminal, literal ladykiller” faces to get his rapey-stabby persona across, but really doesn’t have much to do beyond that. I actually wouldn’t mind seeing him play Bluebeard in a full-length feature, but unless Warner Bros gives Suicide Squad member Slipknot (the role Bluey’s filling in for here) his own movie, I don’t see The Asylum bothering. Onto Isaac Reyes, he’s nothing special. Maybe’s it’s a case of being shafted with a barely interesting role (loser never even breaks out his magic flute), but pretty boy Piper was the plain oatmeal packet in this Quaker Oats variety box.
Fiona Rene was great as Carabosse, getting crazy and evil enough without vomiting ham everywhere. Visually she’s obviously a bite off of Suicide Squad villainess Enchantress, while her romantic obsession with Death takes directly from Harley’s abusive relationship with Mr. J, and I’m not mad about either. I mean in the angry way, not the “Mad About You” way, a show which makes me angry in a whole other way. I appreciate Rene’s physical and verbal evocation of the gutter witch for the most part, more so given the mondo oral obstruction she had to deal with while doing it! Speaking of dental nightmares that could put an Orthodontist’s kids through college, Joseph Harris is built well enough for his rip-off of Bigbie Wolf, but I’ll be damned if I gleamed even an ounce of the dude’s acting prowess. He spends the whole flick mumbling and growling from behind a bulldog level of artificial under bite. Sure, Karloff could convey a butt ton of emotion from behind full Frankenstein regalia, but it’s hardly fair to compare. As such, I’ll give The Big Bad Wolf a pass.
Nick Principe has a couple of decent comedy line deliveries as Death, but playing up the Reaper as a poor man’s Andrew Dice Clay doesn’t do anyone any favors, whether that’s Principe’s fault or Inman’s. Two talons down and a “Blart” for good measure. Finally, Aaron Moses gets in a decent moment or two of sympathy for the “big on heart but short on brains” twins (of which he plays both), while Randall Yarbrough (Hatter) just has to stand around being oblivious for half his screen time and sit around being ‘shroomed off his ass for the other half. So, Beavis bless his little glitter beard, but without the accompanying “madness” that we all associate with the tea swilling weirdo, his involvement is a lost cause at best and a waste of time at worst. Please collect your $300 headphones and see yourself out. Auf Wiedersehen.
With that done, let’s talk about sex, baby. By which I mean, let’s talk about writer-director Jeremy Inman. Saying that anything associated with The Asylum “shines” feels wrong, unless you’re dropping the always endearing proverb about the difficulties of putting a sheen on shit. As such, rather than saying Inman shines with Sinister Squad, allow me instead to praise him for vaulting well above the lowered bar I set for him and earning himself a gold medal! Unfortunately, in the ToA Olympics a gold medal is only the equivalent of a 3-out-of-5 (in order, both platinum and molybdenum rank higher), but for a movie that I was scooping up a pile of Ammut’s excrement for in preparation of condemnation, it’s still high praise! As of this episode, I’ve reviewed six other Asylum mistakes, and this model of mediocrity stands well above the majority of them! Most casual movie viewers will downright dislike it, for which I don’t blame them, but I may just end up liking Sinister Squad better than Suicide Squad if the bad news reviews I’ve heard are any indication!
Though the movie gives us a peek or two too many at its endgame, and the finale wraps things up a little too loosely, I actually found myself entertained. Maybe the heat’s finally scrambled my noggin like a dozen sidewalk eggs, but yes, I enjoyed the ending to an Asylum movie! A masterpiece by no stretch of a Tie Dang Gong student’s pecker, but it’s still a fun little movie that’s miles ahead of most Asylum brand caboose juice. By Charles Manson’s forehead swastika, will wonders never cease!? What I didn’t appreciate was the needless name drop at the end, as the group is literally referred to as Alice’s own little “Sinister Squad” (not to be confused with The Sinister Six, Mister Sinister, or The Sinister Minister), but that’s a jab at Will Smith’s equally bad selling of the title to his own team-up movie, so it’s understandable despite being aural barb wire dragged across my ear drums.
Before bringing this episode to its happy ending, for those wondering, the majority of the soundtrack is as bad as you’d fear it to be (but not bad enough to be good, like Ankle Biters‘ “3 Feet Tall”). It’s made up mostly of nothing special hip-hop and EDM generica, with some oddly appropriate old-timey ’50s teeny bopper soda jerk stuff thrown in for charm.
And with that, we tap out on another installment of The Tomb. It wasn’t until the majority of the work had already been done that I’d made the connection between this and Jeremy Inman’s prior work, Avengers Grimm. It seems to have a similar premise (only, as you’d presume, ripping-off Marvel’s The Avengers instead) and includes the tale of how Rumps (played then by Casper Van Dien) got his hands on the mirror and wrecked it in the first place, despite not being listed on IMDB as having a canonical connection between the pair. I intend on reviewing it for a future feature (I’ve got the next dozen or so reviews already laid out ahead of me), so with any luck Mr. Inman will continue to keep his spot on my good side and give me more praise to belt on about like Julie Andrews in the Austrian Alps after skiing with Scarface.
Peace be with you, my peoples. See ya next time!
Moral of the Story: You can’t always judge a book by its production company. Even broken clocks are right twice a day. You can’t polish a turd, but sometimes, just sometimes, a turd comes along that shines on its own.
In movie geekinese, that translates to “Enter at Your Own Rick”. Who’s Rick? You don’t wanna know.
That face you make when a crackhead offers to suck your dick for a fiver and you consider it… you know, because $5 is a really good price and you could probably just close your eyes and imagine Selena Gomez or something…
Keifer Sutherland takes a hard look at his life choices after another Christmas party ends with tequila on his breath and an innocent conifer’s sap on his hands
This scene is from the director’s “blue” period.
*mumble*mumble*mumble*mumble* (“Anybody wanna see me do a magic trick? I’ll make a pencil disappear! You know, like that scene… in that movie… with… that gay cowboy guy… Anyone?”)
Her father was the Flukeman and her mother was a piranha. Her conception was enough to give Dagon nightmares! The ironic part? She can chew through even the toughest of steaks, but she can’t digest meat, so she’s a vegetarian. True story.
“How bad ass are these, right?! I’m an insomniac, so I purchase all of my home décor from those late night knife sale shows. These puppies were calling my Diner’s Club card like a sailor to the sirens!”
She’s modeling the keystone outfit of the Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen spring collection.
“Please forgive me, tt was a one-night mistake! I was drunk and alone and confused! Those CHUDs meant nothing to me! I love YOU!”
“Is this really worth risking our necks over, Goldie?”
“Have you ever eaten bear porridge, Piper? Have you?! If you had, you wouldn’t be asking that question.”
“You think you’ve hit rock bottom? Come see me when you wake up from your latest blackout with your face covered in dried faerie jizz, then you can tell me about ‘rock bottom’, Jack.”
Special guest star Cesar Romero as The White Rabbit… bobblehead
“Return of the Return to the Blue Galoot”
Feature 82 – Batman: the Killing Joke (2016)
Posted on August 8, 2016 by thetombofanubis Standard Reply
or “The Terrible, No Good, Very Bad Day”
Featuring the voices of: Kevin “’Batman: The Animated Series‘” Conroy , Mark “the Star Wars movies” Hamill , Tara “’The New Batman Adventures‘” Strong
Director: Justin “Planet Hulk” Liu
Writer: Brian “Batman: Gotham Knight” Azzarello
“It doesn’t have to be good to be a classic!”
Uggh, the summer heat continues to drain my waning lifeforce straight out of my sweat holes on a daily basis. Call me Carbon monoxide, cuz I’m exhausted. Much like Simon Le Bon in “Hungry Like the Wolf”, I smell like I sound… if I sound like the embodiment of misery trapped in Sam Raimi’s Skinner flesh suit, saturated with the contents of the New York Giants’ training camp sweat bucket. Fucking festering bloody HELL! Those Faux News knob ends love to make their tired old “Where’s all this global warming liberal nonsense now?!” jokes every winter when the quicksilver dips into single digits (because they’re thumb sitting finger sniffers who don’t know how climate change works), but where are the same snide comments when every street reporter and their sweet Aunt Petunia is cooking Hot Pockets and fried eggs on the sidewalks? Exactly. Twats.
Speaking of twats, as good as a comic writer as Alan Moore is, he's got an unfortunate obsession with putting rape scenes into a lot of his work. I know it makes his stuff more “adult” and “gritty”, but there is an unnerving preoccupation with sexual assault going on in that man's head, and possibly even scarier things going on in that man's beard. These moments are always done in nauseating ways that make sure to remind the reader that rape is not an arousing act, but a hideous crime committed by monsters in human costumes, so I'm not accusing him of including them for his own titillation nor to attract sales from miserable worms who do get off on that shit. For you SAT lovers out there, sexual assaults are to Alan Moore’s work as The Classic is to Sam Raimi’s movies! Despite my prior diatribe (“priotribe”?) though, today’s review is for the recently animated adaptation of one of the man’s most prolific DC Comics projects of the ’80s, and one of the least rape prevalent works on the man’s resume. Whether it’s because even a “mature readers only” Batman story was only allowed to go so far under the watchful eye of Big Brother DC or Moore just wanted to leave it up to the readers’ brains to fill in the blanks with their own Mad Libs-ian answers, there was no graphic intercourse (forced or otherwise) to be had in this tale, considered by many to be the definitive story of the Batman’s oldest and darkest nemesis – the Joker.
Warning: If you’ve never read the 29 year-old comic book this movie is based on and are allergic to so-called cinematic spoilers, continue not but at your own risk! I have much to muse on this venture and not the emotional balance to tip-toe around all the broken glass. If you choose not to heed Crazy Ralph’s warning, your severed head will have no one but yourself to blame!
Originally conceived as an alternate universe one off (a gimmick DC would later dub “Elseworlds” stories), “The Killing Joke” laid out the Joker’s till-then-untold origin, making Batman and his cackling nemesis much more alike that anyone would have thought before. Although it drew these parallels between the pair it also made clear that three people, who each suffered the worse single days of their individual lives, all took very different paths amid their own personal mental fallout. As much as we’re all the same, we’re all still very very different… and yes, I ate the cookie after reading that.
The Clown Prince of Crime had escaped from Arkham Asylum yet again to cause his signature brand of maniacal mayhem. Rather than attack Batman directly this time, Grinnin’ Jo’ targeted the number one accomplice to the vigilante’s acts: GCPD Commissioner James Gordon. Jimmie’s night of terror began with his daughter Barbara being shot in the abdomen, leaving the lovely ginger paralyzed from the waist down and clawing at her unwanted second navel as she bled out on the carpet of her dad’s apartment. After getting throttled by the Laughing Man’s hired goons (Homer Simpson: “Hired goons?!”), Gordon would wake up later in the remnants of a rundown amusement park, the likes of which you’d expect to be owned by Dick Van Dyke and “haunted” by a guy pretending to be the ghost of a sideshow strongman in an episode of “The New Scooby Doo Movies”. Upon regaining said consciousness, the Commish (not to be confused with Michael Chiklis and his radioactive orange rubble dick) was stripped naked and harnessed by creepy bug-eyed midgets in S&M dungeon cupid get-ups, then dragged through a Tunnel of Love Torment where Mr. J tried to drive him to utter madness (not to be confused with the script-in-progress for my mad cow disease scare movie Udder Madness) with a bombardment of images showing the crippled and bloody Barbara in a disturbing state of undress.
Whether Jokes actually violated Babs with his unfunny bone in the process has been a state of contention between readers in the nigh-thirty calendars passed since its publication. Moore himself declared that Barbara was NOT raped in the story, but in a world where so-called Christian politicians are frequently disregarding their own fucking POPE every time the old man tells them to stop stealing from the poor and shoving golden butt plugs up their asses, fanboys and fangirls continue to debate exactly how many fluids stained that carpet off-panel and from whom they came.
That wasn’t intended as a rape joke, but it feels like it came out a lot skeezier than my usual sense of perverse humor normally would, given the context. If it made your guts feels greasier than a bag of McDonald’s double cheeseburgers (I’m convinced they straight up dip those nasty sammies into a bucket of old grease next to the grill before they wrap ’em up), my apologies.
Remember the part where I said “Killing Joke” was intended as an alt uni story? Well, it was so popular and well received that DC opted to make it canonical and crippled Batgirl in the base continuity. Babs would inspirationally overcome the limitations of her handicap and continue on as the superhero information broker Oracle, hacking the bad guys’ Ashley Madison accounts from the comfort of her wheelchair and forever battling the scourge of bedsores on her backside. Don’t laugh. Bedsores killed Superman, after all! Anyway, DC later rebooted their entire existence and recreated it as “The New 52”, a world where Miss Gordon would still be shot in the spine by the murderous jester of ill-repute, but would fully recover from the physical trauma and retake her place as the be-breasted member of the Batman’s brood, ultimately becoming a hipster heroine residing with the trust fund trash in Gotham’s version of Williamsburg. Blart.
If any of the trigger material I’ve run down up to this point has bothered you at all (especially for those with a fear of thick rimmed glasses and pork pie hats from that last bit), then I suggest you end your experience here and return the unused portion for a full refund… of your zero dollar investment. Fair warning – as much as everyone was anticipating this cartoon conversion of the beautifully rendered battle between two disturbed paragons of good and evil (if you haven’t seen Brian Bolland’s original art, get thee to a funnybook dispensary and partake, post haste!), it’s so much sleazier than the material that inspired it.
Killing Joke was released by Warner Bros (owners of DC Comics) one convenient week before their summer blockbuster-to-be, Suicide Squad. Despite being a team movie, the only real focus of the live-action SS has been on team member Harley Quinn and the controversial remodeling of their white trash version of The Joker, which does a disservice to the rest of the potentially entertaining cast. No diggity, a better suited title would’ve been Joker & Harley: Send in the Clowns! (featuring Batfleck and Big Willy Style). Hoping for something more than a marketing tie-in, fans moistened their Underoos when it was revealed that the characters’ voice actors from the now classic “Batman: the Animated Series” would be reprising the roles they helped make larger than life for kids of the ’90s. Kevin Conroy as Batman! Luke Skywalker as Joker! What’s-her-name as Batgirl! Woohoo! But, was it actually worth the anticipatory pants shittings that came about from the announcement?
To kick things off, if you were wondering how a 64 page one-shot graphic novel was going to be stretched into a 90 minute feature, that answer comes in the form of an original Batgirl tale, written by renowned comic scribe Brian Azzarello. Regarding the Bat, the Bazz has some experience already, including the acclaimed “Joker” one-shot with the dynamic Lee Bermejo on art, and the much less lauded “Broken City” storyline in the main “Batman” series with illustrator Eduardo Risso. In all fairness, “Broken City” was coming off of the heels of the massively successful all-star pairing of Jim Lee & Jeph Loeb’s “Hush” event, so despite not revolutionizing the character, it wasn’t a bad story so much as it was overshadowed… and I’ve probably lost most of you after that last paragraph, meant for comic geeks over Hollywood hangers-on. MOVING ON!
Presumably taking place in the period between the murder of Robin 2 and the arrival of Robin 3, Batgirl (Tara Strong) is pulling sidekick shifts for Batman (Kevin Conroy), helping keep the peace in Gotham City. And doing it in high heels no less! As with any female in a position of prominence, Barbara’s garnered the unwanted attentions of a fan-gone-too-far in the form of a criminal who calls himself Paris Franz (Maury Sterling)… really, Bazz? That’s what you call him? Sweet Christmas, man, if you didn’t want the job you could’ve just turned it down! Uggh.
This small time sleazeball has a hard-on for the ginger vigilante and though his efforts to get cozy with her go unrequited, they’re still enough to throw the high-heeled hero off her game and allow him to continuously get away. This doesn’t sit well with her spandex clad father figure, who reprimands her several times about staying away from Paris the Tongue Bandit. Pretty hypocritical of the old man, given his long term on(her)-again, (get)off-again humpin’ buddies relationship with Catwoman, not to mention (though I’m mentioning it) his belfry bang sessions with Talia fucking al Ghul, which resulted in the birth of THEIR SON! For Fastback’s sake, Bats, you ran out of orphans to be your leotarded right hands, so why not knock up the daughter of one of your most dangerous enemies for Robin #5! Left your Bat condoms back at the cave and figured Talia couldn’t get pregnant if she just jumped up and down after?! Sounds like Alfred was a pretty piss poor home educator when it came time to have “the talk”.
Where was I? Oh yeah, Batgirl. She rebels like a teenager, throwing hissy fits in her private life and rebuking Die Fledermaus’ orders, shouting about how she can handle the job and how her hormones won’t get in the way… then she completely contradicts herself and throws herself all over Bruce’s batpole. And so signals the moment when Brian Azzarello shat away his legitimacy with a large section of the fanbase.
Sorry kids, but it’s true. Batgirl is reduced to being a hormonal chick with authority issues who just can’t keep her tongue to herself. And Batman? He’s equally incapable of controlling his animal urges (despite how his whole deal is being in control of everything) for the sake of trying to give geeks something to wank about. Bats swaps spit with his young protege, gropes her ass, and gives his will over to Lil’ Brucie as his nubile daughter figure straddles him and undresses herself faster than Clark Kent in a phone booth as a creepy concrete gargoyle creep-eyes the joining of junk from above.
For the kids out there – a phone booth was basically a Tardis without all the space-time manipulation stuff. They just had, well, a phone inside. Shut up. I’m not old, you’re just stupid! BAH!
I thought the numerous shots of Batgirl’s/Barbara’s backside were the gratuitous work of a 14yo boy before this, and had concerns when one scene featured a redheaded hooker alluding to Paris’ penchant for mask play, but for the filthy love of Bob fucking Kane (or Bill fucking Finger, depending on whose side you’re on), Bazz! No, you know what, forget my prior pet name. After reducing this to a PG-13 fanboy fantasy, your new moniker is now “Brazz”, as in short for “Brazzers”.
And for the dickards out there wanking themselves to this with one hand (Seriously? Google “Batgirl hentai” or just search “Batgirl” on PornHub, YouPorn, PayNadaPornanza, or whatever your free fuck movie service of choice) and using the other to type out disparaging YouTube comments for those of us against the needless character assassination going on here or anywhere else by calling us “social justice warriors” because we're not misogynists like you, feel free to choke on your own mincing members, you putrid, seething, self-loathing, subhumanoid cum squats.
What nut fart coined phrases like “social justice warrior” and “white knight” to begin with, anyway? Clearly some CHUD who thought that the reason women weren’t throwing themselves face first at his dick had nothing to do with his being a sack of rancid garbage and everything to do with weak little pussy boys who pretend they’re better than him by treating women like they’re not just prettied up breeding stock put on this planet to make casseroles and babies. Just the type of scrotal flea who thinks words like “social justice” and “white knight” are bad things, because they go against the “alpha male” rapist personality that they were told they had to be their entire lives if they wanted to be a success, but upon whom the total irony of using those terms as insults is lost when they’re looking up to heroes like Batman as their fucking idol. Grow up, you simpering shit sniffers. Learn some gods damned empathy and figure out how people want to be treated instead of just treating them like crap for starters! Chances are you can’t afford to import a slave wife of your own, so straighten the hell up or you’re only going to have yourself to blame when you die alone having never known real love.
And not that mandatory love given by someone who was legally responsible for your well being. That doesn’t count!
And the fuckery doesn't end there, either. Oh no no no. After giving Batgirl the best sex of her life (as we're forced to overhear during one of Babs' workplace girltalk sessions with her gay co-worker, who might wanna call the fire department, cuz he's a straight up flaming stereotype), post-hookup Batman turns into Craftsman (i.e. a complete tool) and altogether AVOIDS Batgirl. For WEEKS. So, the same guy who’s trained his mind and his body for decades to the point of being one of the most dangerous men on Earth becomes a whimpering little bitch-boy just like that?! Holy chastity cages! Matching wits with Riddler? Going toe-to-claw with Killer Croc? Holding the mangled corpse of his murdered ward in his arms? Nothing, compared to the nerve crushing intimidation of having to talk to Batgirl after a one-nighter. Did she slip a digit in his dumper without asking and he’s ashamed that he liked it? Did he blurp out a Brodie Bruce while she was going down on him? Did he call her “Robin” when he came? You’re Batman, for fuck’s sake! BATMAN! DAMN IT, BRAZZ! WAS THIS SUPPOSED TO BE EDGY?! YOU ACTUALLY GOT PAID FOR THIS!? BUCKETS OF BLOOD! ARGH!
That's it. Forgive me if this sounds like fanboy rage, but if I linger on this amateur fanfic shit storm story any longer, I'm gonna have a fucking stroke and risk losing my spot in the tontine I signed into with the boys and girls from up North for the keys to the Kraken. From this point on, the movie basically follows the “Killing Joke” story to the letter anyway, minus a bonus scene here and there for further running time enhancement. Unfortunately, this includes one of Bats hitting up some hookers for info on Jokeman that just tries to lead more credence to the “Joker raped crippled Barbara” theory THAT ALAN MOORE ALREADY SQUASHED. Yep, more of that edgy “pander to the maturity retarded” bullshit to try and justify the R rating. Guy Gardner help me…
Okay, so the story’s a lead balloon filled with farts in a church… so much for mixing metaphors. The entire first half, which was created to not just pad time (mmmm, pad thai) but show non-fans why Batgirl’s part in the story is important (which it never really was, and now just smells like so much exploitational stink!), is just needless and irritating and tonally wrong wrong WRONG!
That said, let's pretend we're a Grindr user with blue balls and see how the rest measures up! The animation is solid. It's standard DC stuff a la previous Batman Merrie Melodies, such as Under the Red Hood and Son of Batman. That’s not a bad thing if you’re looking for a more realistic art style. It fits the other DC movies just fine, but not so much in this instance. Brian Bolland’s art (I repeat, funnybook dispensary, post haste, get thee!) in the book is a high standard to live up to. Its heavier shadowing and richer colors are poorly represented by the paint-by-numbers job we end up watching. And in a story that hinges on Joker’s personal flashbacks and special demented brand of insanity, there’s so much room for creative license that just gets ignored! To paraphrase the late Heath Ledger’s jolly sociopath, “Why so lazy?” Maybe WB could’ve taken a cue from Beavis and Butthead Do America‘s Rob Zombie hallucination sequence and brought in industry folks like Sam Keith (remember the MTV adaptation of his psychedelic “Maxx” comic book?) or Simon Bisley to add their own stylized touch, punching the visuals up a bit. Hel, go outside of the proverbial comic box and hire a freak like Ralph Steadman to really kick the shit out of those bastard visuals! You just know those visuals did something to deserve it, so if the cops come around asking if you witnessed anything, you didn’t see NOTHIN’. Got it? Good.
By the way, if you hate rambling reviews where the writer just pisses on and on about how they would've done the thing they're reviewing differently, my apologies. I try not to be that person, but comic books are one of the few things I’ve had a boner for longer than movies. Sometimes my metaphorical urine stream just doesn’t stop and we get an “Ogre takes the world’s longest leak in Revenge of the Nerds 2” position like the one I’m currently locked into. I once again throw myself to your tender mercies in repentance, but I don’t feel right when bitching isn’t backed up with reasons and alternatives aren’t offered by the offended. It’s too “Conservative politician” for me.
As mentioned, the announcement of Kevin Conroy AND Mark Hamill returning to lend their voices to the pop culture icons that they helped redefine during the dark days that were the Schumacher movies left the internet losing control of its collective bladder. I mean, sure, the duo had just finished voicing the very same pairing last year in the Batman: Arkham Knight video game (as they had also done for the Arkham Asylum and Arkham City installments before), but what self-respecting geek plays video games these days, right?! Ignoring the massive sarchasm with which I just split the Earth apart wider than Michelle Duggar’s birthing void, the reason this was a big deal was due to Hamill’s vow that he would never again do his signature Joker voice (because of the wear and tear is does to his vocal chords), unless there was to be an adaptation of “The Killing Joke”. So, banking on Hamill’s renewed popularity following his part in the highest grossing movie of all time (which I still haven’t watched), DC and WB fast tracked the production with a Wally West quickness, cracked out on the possibility of a “Big money, no Whammies!” payout. Too bad they also managed to bury the lead when it was announced before the movie’s release that this wouldn’t be Marky Mark Skywalker’s final portrayal of the clown-faced killer, as he and Conroy are both coming back AGAIN to voice their respective alter egos for the not-out-as-of-this-writing cartoon series “Justice League Action”…
Were this not disappointing enough, not only is the Hamill “get” not nearly as special as we were first told, but the damage the Joker role has done to the old man is pretty damn prevalent listening to the hoarse delivery, with several instances of bordering-on-cracking. You can just picture his voice box exploding like an IED the next time a convention hall full of fanfolk goads him into doing it “just one more time!”. Even if Cock-Knocker's gullet wasn’t resembling that of a deep throat porn star’s post-retirement, Killing Joke‘s dialogue is just too moody and philosophical for his brand of Mr. J mania. Alan Moore’s words are some of Joker’s most prolific, but they’re square pegs in Hamill’s round mouth hole. HOWEVER, I gotta give props where they’re owed – Hamill’s rendition of the movie’s big song and dance number is perfectly suited for him and he pulled it off brilliantly. Kudos!
Speaking of said scene, here’s something else I can’t let slip through my grip without a gripe – Joker’s gaggle of sideshow goons. Yes, with every day of age I get a little more cantankerous and bitching about small things is cheaper than therapy. Now, despite what the posters of Old Man Withers’ haunted amusement park would suggest, I’m presuming that Joker’s gang was not included with the deed and are an actual team of thugs he had on retainer for whenever he made his latest escape from Arkham. They’re all trained in various disciplines of combat (including the two-headed lady’s knife-throwing ability, which is sometimes accurate enough to take Batman’s smoke bombs out in mid-air, but other times inaccurate enough to stab her own associates in the back) to further pad the action a tad, but they’re also fairly well trained as a troupe of back-up dancers for Joker’s big musical scene… The fuck?
As much as some of my opposition to the movie during my first viewing cooled off by the second viewing, it’s still far from great. What should’ve been a milestone in DC appealing to their mature audiences with an adaptation of one of the Dark Knight’s most infamous tales instead turned out to be a clunky, uneven, off-putting clusterfuck that tries too hard to humanize its heroes and only tarnishes them when all is said and done. In the end, The Killing Joke lands in the camp of crappy attempts at making Alan Moore comics into movies, right alongside The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen and From Hell. Much like post-bang “bitchy broad” Barbara, who hurls a civilian onto the back of his head for no reason beyond telling his girlfriend he needs space (IT HAPPENS!), I’m tossing The Killing Joke into some bushes and walking away like nothing happened.
As Warner Bros spokesbacon Porky Pig always says, “F-f-f-f-f-f-fuck off, folks!”
Moral of the Story: As per his own words, The Joker is a connoisseur of piss… Now all I can think of is Batman’s deadliest villain, dressed like a purple hipster, partaking in a frothy yellow wine tasting. Damn it.
“Wanna see me do a trick? But first, did you ever see Night of the Demons III? I don’t want to spoil the surprise!”
So the villain of this story is Guy Smiley?
Ever since the mall perfume stands switched to a commission only pay structure, employees have gotten WAY too aggressive.
“Can you hurry up and catch the damn Vulpix already?! We’ve got crime to fight!”
Wow, even underwater that guy’s hair retains its full body! He must use Mary Matthews’ All Natural Protein Hair Gel™.
I wonder if Peter knows that Mary Jane’s been posing for sexy mobster paintings… really shitty paintings at that. Why’s her torso so short?!
“Sorry Manuel. As much as I’d like to strike out under my own persona, I just don’t think ‘Pigeon Princess’ strikes fear into the heart of the criminal element.”
“Oh my god! Mad Hatter’s running naked through the street!”
“Meh. I’ve seen bigger. And scarier. Ever seen Killer Croc naked? Trust me, you don’t want to.”
“BatPhone jack… BatPhone jack… DAMN IT! Why do I always have to put so much bullshit in my car that I can’t even find the Grodd damn BatPhone jack without a GPS?!”
Get it? Cuz it says “GOTHAMS RAGE” and Batman is Gotham’s outlet of revenge? You know, like in Batman Returns, when Catwoman wrecks her big neon “Hello There” sign and it says “Hell Here”? Uggh.
Despite tragic results with early test audiences, Sony went through with the release of Paul Blart 2 as planned. Though the long-term damage to society as a whole has yet to be measured, experts agree that we, as a species, may never recover…
That’s not so much an advertisement for the Fat Lady as it is a matter-of-fact poster made for skeptics. “See… the Fat Lady. I told you she was real. Pay up.”
The Joker’s secret origin? He used to be Kramer!
(And why the fuck is that doorway twice the size of the actual door?!)
I’ve had fantasies that looked exactly like this… uhm, I mean, “nightmares”! I’ve had nightmares that looked exactly like this!
“The fax machine at work broke down, so the company’s sent me out door-to-door to inform people that they may be eligible for our free cruise giveaway!”
Many wars and feuds did Joker fight. Honor and fear were heaped upon his name and, in time, he became a king by his own hand… But that is another story.
“Yeah, we can do all that! But you’re gonna have to pay us the premium rate, you give us the money up front, and if you put this up online, our pimp is gonna scalp you! Now, you got a room already, or you wanna use ours?”
“Damn it. EVERY time I start making brownies, these assholes need something!”
(How the Hel is he even able to see the signal from that position!?)
Alright, which one of you assholes got Bat Mite hooked on meth?!
“No… hey… come on, Bats… you gotta stop… DAMN IT! I HAVEN’T EVEN TOLD YOU THE JOKE YET! STOP LAUGHING!”
“#SquadHoles”
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/ Tullamore D.E.W. Drops Some New Irish Whiskies Into The U.S.
Tullamore D.E.W. Drops Some New Irish Whiskies Into The U.S.
By Nino Marchetti / September 15, 2016
Tullamore D.E.W. is the second largest Irish whiskey in the world, so it is a brand many American fans of this category are already familiar with. Popular expressions from this lineup owned by William Grant & Sons include 10- and 12-year-olds, and joining them now are the new Tullamore D.E.W. 14-Year -Old and Tullamore D.E.W. 18-Year-Old bottlings as limited edition releases starting this month.
The Tullamore D.E.W. 14-Year -Old and Tullamore D.E.W. 18-Year-Old offerings, according to those behind them, are typical to the Tullamore formula in that they are triple distilled and triple blended from all three types of Irish whiskeys: pot still, malt, and grain whiskeys. They are also finished in a mix of bourbon, Oloroso sherry, port and Madeira casks.
image via William Grant & Sons
As a result of the above approach, both age statement whiskies have in common a “long-lasting sweet finish and notes of ripe apples, sweet citrus and hints of tropical fruit, all enveloped in vanilla oak.” Should you choose to track down one, expect to pay around $70 for the 14-year-old and at least $110 for the 18-year-old.
“We have a treasure chest of outstanding aged single malt at Tullamore D.E.W.,” said John Quinn, Tullamore D.E.W.’s longtime global brand ambassador, in a prepared statement. “While much of this gets used for our core triple-blended range, the opportunity to release a limited amount for the enjoyment of single malt enthusiasts was too exciting to pass up. The four cask finish adds a rich depth of flavor and perfect balance, while allowing the spirit’s true character to shine through.”
Now, if for some reason you are one of the few Irish whiskey fans unfamiliar with the brand, here’s a tidbit of information from them to educate you. The brand was created in 1829 in “Tullamore, a town in the heart of Ireland, and was fostered by the vision of an early founder Daniel E. Williams, whose initials live on the bottle to this day. In 2014, Tullamore D.E.W. was brought back to its roots with the opening of a new distillery in the town of Tullamore, which returned whiskey production to the town 60 years after the original distillery closed its doors.”
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Record Numbers Attend Malton and Norton Branch Meeting
November 7, 2018 by Bryan Barrett, posted in News
The venue was packed for our November Branch Meeting as Malton and Norton Branch met to discuss plans to oppose, the increasing impact that Tory driven austerity is having on our community.
Despite Tory promises that austerity is over, it is evident in our community that austerity is very much alive and well.
There being so much to discuss, we had to call time on the meeting at 10 pm whilst it was still in full flow. We will be continuing to discuss our plans on our Branch page on Yammer, so please come and join us.
Please contact us if you are experiencing difficulty setting this up!
October 25, 2018 October 26, 2018 by Bryan Barrett, posted in Bryan Barrett, News
Remembrance Day brings a range of emotions for me. I look back at my military service with a great deal of pride and remember with fondness the bonds of friendship that were forged in adversity during my operational tours of Northern Ireland and Bosnia.
I also feel sadness when I think of good friends who have been cut down in the prime of their lives. I think of their wives that have to endure life without a husband and of course the children growing up without their father.
I recently had a major disagreement with my MP over a tweet he had posted regarding the Unilateral Nuclear Disarmament which would take place under a Labour Government.
How would nuclear annihilation and the indiscriminate killing of millions of people solve any of the world’s problems?
His argument is made more ridiculous by his insistence that the Nuclear Weapons we have are a deterrent to Russia. Really? Our entire British Force currently stands at 150K. Now compare that to Russia’s 3.5 million! We have 160 nuclear warheads compared to Russia’s 1,500. How is bringing a pea shooter to a machine gun fight a deterrent?
What he should be doing is giving a firm commitment to reverse the cuts that his Conservative Government have imposed on our National defence. In 2010 we had 103,000 Army Soldiers, 35,500 Navy Sailors and 40,000 RAF Aircrew. That figure now stands at 82,000 soldiers, 30,000 sailors and 35,000 RAF Aircrew. When these figures are combined with the callous change of Pensionable age of our force’s personnel do the actions of this Conservative Government really live up to its Red, White, and Blue rhetoric?? I think not!
Perhaps the money spent on nuclear weapons would be better served housing the many Ex Service Men who sleep rough on our streets today?
This leads me onto my next point. At the time of writing, 64 army veterans have committed suicide this year alone as a direct result of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. PTSD sometimes known as shell shock or combat stress occurs when the nervous system is unable to return to its normal state after the fight or flight experienced during severe trauma or a life-threatening situation. The recovery entails the journey back from a mental war zone to a healthier state of mind. By the Governments own figures (quoted in the House of Commons Defence Committee Report) it is estimated that one in ten of our Forces personnel could have mental health problems. I wonder; are we failing our combat veterans?
I had the opportunity to discuss with an old friend of mine, his experiences of serving in Afghanistan. It was with tears in my eyes that I listened to his story unfold. The responsibility that he felt towards his men, the immediate realisation that his preparation was wholly inadequate and ultimately the despair he felt when he was injured. I could not be prouder of how that man has battled through such a traumatic experience aided by his truly amazing wife. I was truly humbled in their presence.
This story and many more like them have ultimately strengthened my resolve that the Blair led invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan was a truly awful error.
Nothing unites soldiers more than their resolute courage in the face of conflict and danger. I remember vividly the fear I felt on foot patrol on the streets of Belfast during the early 90’s. I was well aware that my life could have been taken from me at any moment, like so many others before me. I remember too, the scenes of utter devastation in Bosnia. The revulsion that I felt at crimes that mankind had committed. Villages and Towns destroyed, atrocities carried out by one neighbour to another, entire generations of families utterly erased from existence.
The memories I have convince me to conclude that war is far from glorious. Harry Patch who fought in the Great War and was actually the last remaining soldier alive, described the conflict as nothing more than organised murder. US President Franklin Roosevelt simply said, “I have seen war, I hate war. Yet war it seems is inevitable”. Albert Einstein said “as long as there are sovereign nations possessing great power, war is inevitable”. President Trumps decision to withdraw from a Nuclear Weapon disarmament programme seems to be consistent with this! This is precisely why I can follow a man who is a pacifist and makes conflict a last resort. After all it is easy to send others to war.
What is beyond any doubt is that the freedom that we enjoy today came at a price. Indeed, the famous words of John Maxwell Edmunds ring true which state “when you go Home, tell them of us and say, for your Tomorrow we gave our Today”. Therefore, I shall have no hesitation in raising a glass on Remembrance Day and toasting those that gave everything, and the memory of my friends in their prime!
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9610801/Armed-Forces-to-wait-longer-for-a-pension.html
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6195491/An-army-cut-ribbons-Navy-struggling-stay-afloat.html
https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/russia/nuclear/
New Fracking Commissioner: ex-INEOS employee.
October 22, 2018 October 23, 2018 by Website Admin, posted in Fracking, News
Fracking was in the news this weekend with Jeremy Corbyn visiting Derbyshire and voicing his opposition to Shale Gas Fracking…..
Jeremy Corbyn deplores Fracking.
Meanwhile it has been announced that Natascha Engel a former MP has been appointed as Shale Gas Commissioner by the conservative government. As Ms Engel is also a former employee of the fracking company INEOS, questions have been raised about her impartiality.. Jeremy Corbyn has criticised the appointment.
Natascha Engel relaxes in the Speakers Chair
Conservative MP Kevin Hollinrake stated that he “didn’t think that Natascha is an independent person in this debate, clearly she has been appointed by the government and the government’s strategy is to push ahead with shale gas” …… going on to say she is “definitely there to try and help the government to roll out its policies on shale gas exploration which I support”
Tory MP Supporting Fracking and Natascha Engel’s appointment
You can watch the Look North broadcast on BBC iPlayer until 10:30 tonight…. BBC Look North
If you’ve missed the BBC clip, you can cheer yourself with this song from David Rovics 🎵 I agree with Jeremy 🎵
The Jo Cox Women in Leadership Programme 2018/19
October 18, 2018 by Website Admin, posted in Bulletins, News
This programme is about empowering women to take on leadership positions in the Labour Party, developtheir skills and join a growing network of talented women across the country. Labour will create a generation of women who can continue Jo’s fight in parliament, local government and in their communities.
The scheme has already produced two fantastic and hard-working Members of Parliament and encouraged numerous women to put themselves forward to take leading roles in the Labour movement and in the wider community. So if you’re a passionate member who wants to lead in the Party and continue the fight for Labour values in parliament, local government or your community – apply now. Applications are open until mid-night Monday 12 November. For the best chance of success, you are advised to make your application as detailed as possible. Please let me know if you do apply.
Best wishes, Mick Johnston, Secretary of Thirsk & Malton Constituency Labour Party
Tagged Jo CoxLeave a comment
Norton Town Council Meeting Update
October 17, 2018 October 17, 2018 by Website Admin, posted in Bryan Barrett, Housing, News
During Mondays Norton Town Council Meeting, Bryan Barrett asked the developers to ensure that local people are given priority in the allocation of the affordable homes which will make up 35% of this development! 550 new homes and school plan for Norton
Bryan notes that it’s not realistic just continue to build more and more houses, and not invest in other infrastructure. Planners need to ensure that the developers will contribute to providing Schools, Doctors Surgeries, Hospital faciliies, and Public Transport in Norton, to cope with the growth in population the development will bring.
URL to Gazette Herald article
Tagged Bryan BarrettLeave a comment
Fracking Update from Bryan Barrett
October 16, 2018 October 16, 2018 by Website Admin, posted in Bryan Barrett, Fracking, News
I can’t have been alone at being alarmed at the release of the IPCC report last week.
The very sobering report can be summarised in just one sentence. The burning of fossil fuels is destroying our planet.
Is it not obscene then that in the very same week in which this report was released, the High Court ruled that Fracking could go ahead? Is it also not obscene that this government “pulled the plug” on making environmentally cleaner cars more affordable?
In comparison the Norwegian parliament has set 2025 as the goal for ALL new cars to have zero emissions, compared with the UK’s 2040, they are on target, the UK isn’t.
Fracking is an emotive subject and one that many people close their ears and eyes to. There is a lot of evidence available, much of which can seem to be contradictory. I have considered both sides of the argument and deduced that we should be investing in renewable energy.
Surely, we cannot surge ahead with a controversial method of gas extraction with a history of environmental disasters in other countries when we have just admitted that our planet is dying!
The argument that we need a bridge to renewable energy is also defunct after a Petro-chemical giant, admitted in an article published in the Sunday Times newspaper on 30th December 2017, that all of the gas extracted as a result of fracking would be used as a feedstock to power its power plants. These same power plants, make the plastic that pollutes our seas and oceans. This is quite simply grotesque!
I have had an off the record discussion with a senior employee of an energy company, who own the PEDL License for an area very close to where I live. They state that our country should be heavily investing in renewable energy and that Fracking will not end well.
Think about it, an expert in the field, employed in the oil and gas industry has informed me of the detrimental impact that fracking will have on our communities. This is a warning that I cannot ignore. Put simply; fracking will destroy our community for corporate profit!
Given the controversy surrounding fracking you could be forgiven for thinking that there would be a concerted effort to ensure that everything would be conducted transparently in an effort to combat any claims of underhand dealings or unfair play.
The sentencing of 3 protestors for 18 months by a judge with, according to the Daily Mirror, links to the oil and gas industry suggests to me that there is an unseen power at play here.
Surely the time is now for every politician to come together, irrespective of their political allegiance and work collaboratively for the good of our humanity? The future of our world depends on it!
Bryan Barrett
@BryBarrett999
Bryan’s Blog
October 11, 2018 October 16, 2018 by Website Admin, posted in Bryan Barrett, News
Do you know your local councillors?
A Labour Party Candidate honest enough to admit he used to be a Tory voter
My name is Bryan Barrett and I am a serving Fire Fighter. I live in Norton (near Malton), North Yorkshire with my wife and two children, not far from where I was brought up on the Tang Hall Council Estate in York. When I left school, I joined The Green Howards Infantry Regiment based in Catterick Garrison and Osnabruck Germany. I took part in a number of operational tours of Northern Ireland and Bosnia.
I left the Army in 2000 and moved to Malton to join the Fire Service. My early years as a fire fighter saw me at odds with the Blair Government. Strikes over fair pay and my disagreement over the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan made me a natural Conservative voter. My disagreement with the Labour Party became altogether more hostile as a number of my friends, who were still serving, lost their lives in Afghanistan. The lives of these young men, who knew little about politics, were cut short by a war that they were ill prepared for. That experience had a profound effect on me. But old allegiances run deep, and it wasn’t until after the 2015 general election that I began to realise that it was the policies of the coalition government that had led to austerity and the increasing poverty around me. Public service workers like me had been taken for granted. The cost of living was increasing, yet our wages had totally stagnated and my annual salary was virtually the same in 2015 as it was in 2010.
Bitterly disappointed with politics in general, I was intrigued when Jeremy Corbyn became leader. He stated his intention to stand on an anti-austerity platform and seemed to be able to relate to fellow human beings in a way that other politicians simply couldn’t. Labour Party membership doubled in his first 6 months as leader. However, I remained deeply suspicious of politicians in general and it wasn’t until I read the manifesto in 2017 that I nailed my colours firmly to the mast and became a Labour Party member myself.
Now in 2018 I am appalled at our divided country where the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. Homelessness is rising sharply, health inequalities are widening and a record number of people are having to rely on foodbanks. We face the unprecedented situation of this generation being worse off than the last, with the worst wage growth for 200 years.
We all need to do something about this, and as an elected Labour representative, I want to lead the local fight for a fair society where everyone has opportunities, and no one needs to visit a food bank.
Bryan Barrett, October 11th, 2018
Tagged Bryan Barrett1 Comment
Result of Poll 4th October 2018
October 6, 2018 October 9, 2018 by Website Admin, posted in News, Trish Beadle
The members worked hard to campain on behalf of Trish Beadle, but this time we were not successful coming in 2nd place. The Tory candidate won with merely 12.5% of the 5367 electorate voting for him, we can and must do better next time.
DECLARATION OF RESULT OF POLL
Election of a District Councillor for
on Thursday 4 October 2018
I, Dr Justin Ives, being the Returning Officer at the above election, do hereby give notice that the number of votes recorded for each Candidate at the said election is as follows:
Name of Candidate
Description (if any)
Number of Votes*
BARBER, Stewart Anthony,
The Yorkshire Party
BEADLE, Patricia Elizabeth,
ELDERS, David Bernard,
The Conservative Party Candidate
679 Elected
* If elected the word ‘Elected’ appears against the number of votes.
The number of ballot papers rejected was as follows:
Number of ballot papers
A want of an official mark
B voting for more Candidates than voter was entitled to
C writing or mark by which voter could be identified
D being unmarked or wholly void for uncertainty
E rejected in part
Vacant Seats: 1 Electorate: 5367 Ballot Papers Issued: 1042
And I do hereby declare that, David Bernard Elders is duly elected.
Thirsk By-election, 4th October 2018
August 26, 2018 October 6, 2018 by Website Admin, posted in Hambleton Council, News, Trish Beadle
Hambleton District Council announced that there will be a by-election in Thirsk on October 4th due to the resignation of one of the Tory councillors. Trish Beadle will be standing as our Labour Party candidate in the election (in the 2015 election she received 778 votes standing as an Independent) and we are now on an election footing. As you will be aware, it is one of the key objectives of the Vale of York branch to elect at least one Labour councillor to the District Council and now we have our first opportunity. We have been campaigning in Thirsk for two months now so this happens to be the best ward for us to contest. We will soon draw up a campaign plan and manifesto but we already know that the campaign will be four weeks at most so we will need all the help that we can get.
Please attend the next branch meeting on Monday September 3rd at 7pm at theto become involved in the campaign.
We will be leafletting and door knocking so it is a good opportunity to practice door knocking before the main District Council elections in 2019; we will provide training and support before your first session. I estimate that we will need to run at least two, possibly three campaigning sessions each week of the four week campaign so every volunteer will make a big difference.
Look forward to seeing you,
Mark White, Vale of York Branch Chair.
All replies to mark.white@simpson-associates.co.uk
Tagged Mark White, Thirsk, Trish BeadleLeave a comment
Final Say: Tony Blair backs Independent’s campaign for a referendum on final Brexit deal
August 24, 2018 October 9, 2018 by Website Admin, posted in News
Tony Blair has thrown his weight behind The Independent’s Final Say campaign for a referendum on the terms of Brexit.
The ex-prime minister said no-one who voted in the 2016 referendum wanted a poorer country that is forced to stockpile food and medicines, as the UK is now doing.
The Independent kicked off its campaign for a Final Say on whatever Brexit terms emerge next year along with a petition earlier this week.
Within 24 hours almost 200,000 had signed the petition showing the strength of feeling in the wider country for people to have an opportunity to express themselves again.
Mr Blair took to Twitter to say: “33m+ people voted in the EU referendum wanting a better country, not to be poorer, not to put further pressure on our already stretched health service, not for job losses or to stockpile food and medicines. It should be your #Finalsay.
Theresa May has urged voters not to worry about Brexit, despite her government setting out plans to stockpile food, blood and medicine in case it goes badly.
She said people should take “reassurance and comfort” from news of the plans, to be implemented if the UK crashes out of the EU without an agreement in March next year.
It came after health secretary Matt Hancock admitted he had already met with industry leaders to discuss building up NHS reserves of vaccinations, medical devices, clinical consumables and blood products if Britain crashes out of the EU without a deal.
Dominic Raab, the new Brexit secretary, also recently confirmed preparations were being made to stockpile food, as ministers ramp up planning in case the negotiations fail.
Tagged Brexit, Final Say, Tony BlairLeave a comment
Top Mentions:
AGM Alan Avery Andy Hart Andy McDonald Brexit Bryan Barrett Campaigning Carwyn James Chris Williamson Cllimate Change Conference Deanna Pearce Debbie Abrahams Door Knocking Europe Final Say Foodbank Frack Free Fracking Fund Raiser Hambleton Housing Janet Guy Jeremy Corbyn Jill Knight Kier Starmer Kirby Misperton Labour Party Linda McAvan Local Elections Marcus Missen Mark White Matt Wrack Mick Johnston North Ryedale Norton Palestine Philip Smith Rachael Maskell Regional Richard Corbett Richard Shepherd Richard Walter Ryedale Sally Hughes Thirsk Transport Trish Beadle Yammer York
Contents Menu Select Category Bulletins (14) Campaigns (31) Bryan Barrett (4) Europe (4) Foodbanks (1) Fracking (8) General Election (3) Hambleton Council (2) Housing (1) Trish Beadle (12) Conference (8) Forthcoming Events (2) News (21) Press Releases (5)
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What approach do you favor when faced with postoperative dysphagia?
N Soper Nathaniel Soper, MD, FACS
Epublication WebSurg.com, Dec 2008;08(12). URL: http://websurg.com/doi/vd02en2454soper7e
Stomach and duodenum
Hiatal hernia, reflux
Fourth antireflux procedure in a patient with a BMI of 35: esophagogastric disconnection and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy
We present an esophagogastric disconnection and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy as the fourth antireflux procedure in an obese patient with recurrent severe GERD despite high-dose PPI therapy. After previous Nissen fundoplications and a redo procedure with a partial posterior fundoplication, the patient now presented with an intrathoracic migration of the posterior fundoplication. In these complex redo scenarios in conjunction with a high BMI, the strategy of esophagogastric disconnection and Roux-en-Y reconstruction similarly to obesity surgery is increasingly being used.
B Dallemagne, S Perretta, B Seeliger, D Mutter, J Marescaux
HOW TO: Collis lengthening procedure for shortened esophagus
We present a Collis lengthening procedure followed by a Nissen fundoplication for a patient with severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and sliding hiatal hernia with shortened esophagus. Intraoperative endoscopy shows the Z line at the level of the mediastinum, giving the indication for an esophageal lengthening procedure. The hiatal repair is reinforced by means of an absorbable mesh placement.
Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy for severe GERD and recurrent intrathoracic herniation after mesh reinforced reoperation
We present the case of a recurrent intrathoracic herniation after Nissen fundoplication for GERD and redo procedure with Crurasoft® mesh crural reinforcement for recurrent GERD and intrathoracic migration. The patient had a BMI of 36 and presented with recurrent GERD and regurgitations. Intraoperatively, considering the patient’s BMI and extensive tissue scarring due to the previous mesh repair, a Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy is privileged over a redo Nissen fundoplication.
S Perretta, B Dallemagne, B Seeliger, D Mutter, J Marescaux
Giant hiatal hernia: pleural incision helping defect closure without tension
Incidence of hiatal hernias (HH) increases with age. Approximately 60% of persons aged over 50 have a HH. Most of them are asymptomatic patients and may be discovered incidentally; others may be symptomatic and their presentation differs depending on hernia type.
We present the case of a 65-year-old woman, complaining of abdominal pain and vomiting. CT-scan showed a giant hiatal sliding hernia with almost the whole stomach in an intrathoracic position. Surgery was put forward to the patient for HH correction and Nissen procedure and she accepted it.
Although a uniform definition does not exist, a giant HH is considered a hernia which includes at least 30% of the stomach in the chest. Usually, a giant HH is a type III hernia with a sliding and paraesophageal component, and consequently patients may complain of pain, heartburn, dysphagia, and vomiting. Surgery ordinarily includes four steps: hernia sac dissection and resection, esophageal mobilization, crural repair, and fundoplication. To prevent tension due to a large hiatus, relaxation of the diaphragmatic crura can be associated with the use of a mesh. However, mesh use is still a matter of debate because of severe associated complications, such as erosions requiring gastric resection. In this case, we decided to deliberately make a pleural incision, in order to reduce tension preventing the use of a mesh with all of its potential complications. This procedure, already described by some authors, is not associated with respiratory complications because of the difference in abdominal and respiratory pressures observed in laparoscopic surgery. The patient progressed favorably and was discharged asymptomatically on postoperative day 2.
C Viana, M Lozano, D Poletto, T Moreno, C Varela, A Toscano
Robotic Nissen fundoplication with the da Vinci Xi robotic surgical system
For a long time, laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication has been used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The main challenges of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication involve the 2-dimensional visualization, exposure of complex gastroesophageal anatomy, and suturing of the wrap fundoplication. In 1999, robotic Nissen fundoplication, a completely new technique, was introduced, demonstrating advantages over conventional laparoscopic surgery due to improved manual dexterity, ergonomics, and 3-dimensional visualization. However, time spent on robotic platform docking and arm clashing during the procedure are factors that surgeons often find cumbersome and time-consuming. The newest surgical platform, the da Vinci Xi surgical robotic system, can help to overcome such problems. This video shows a stepwise approach of the da Vinci Xi docking process and surgical technique demonstrating fundoplication according to the Nissen technique.
L Marano, A Spaziani, G Castagnoli
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Nigeria Is Getting Ready To Try Out 5G Services Despite Continued Struggles With 4G Adoption
By Nzekwe Henry August 29, 2019
Even though figures from the GSMA put 4G adoption in Nigeria at a paltry 6 percent and coverage at just 51 percent as of June 2019, it is not stopping Nigeria’s telecom regulatory body, the Nigerian Telecommunications Communication (NCC), from taking things to the next level.
Fourth Generation (4G) has been around for quite some time but millions of Nigerian mobile subscribers are yet to get a decent feel of it. Not minding that, the NCC has now approved a dedicated spectrum for trial deployment of Fifth Generation (5G) services in the country.
This was revealed by Prof. Umar Garba Danbatta, Executive Vice Chairman of the NCC, during the inaugural edition of Digital African which got off to a start in Abuja on Tuesday.
NCC has approved spectrum for 5G deployment trial, says Danbatta
As ITU’s 1st Digital African Week kicks off in Abuja
Also Read:“We Had Nothing To Do With It!” – Nigerian Banks Deny Asking MTN To Charge For USSD
Link: https://t.co/o9hddfUZkx#ITU @ITU pic.twitter.com/OYYnc281uG
— ncc.gov.ng (@NgComCommission) August 27, 2019
While speaking to stakeholders at the event, Danbatta talked up the evolving trends in the ICT space which are serving up a fertile ground for technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) applications and Smart Cities and Communities (SC&C) to thrive. He also stated that the Commission is ready to take a swing as the deployment of Fith Generation (5G) services in Nigeria.
“In this regard, we have approved spectrum for the trial of 5G services in the country,” he said, while also reiterating that the licensing of seven infrastructure companies (Infracos) to deploy metro and intercity fibre and broadband Point of Access with a minimum capacity of 10Gbps across the 774 Local Government Areas of Nigeria, is in line with the 8-point agenda of the Commission for the provision of ubiquitous broadband infrastructure across the country as part of the developmental policies of the current administration.
The NCC’s Executive Vice Chairman also expressed certainty that giving the all-clear for the implementation of 5G will put Nigeria on track to achieve its Vision 20:2020 which takes note of the relevance of ICT in socio-economic development.
The event, Digital Week, is a four-day conference put together by the NCC in collaboration with the Management of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-T) Study Group 20 and Study Group 5 Regional Group for Africa Meeting, and this its first edition. The conference is aimed at bringing all stakeholders in the emerging digital space together to chart the course for future technologies in Africa.
The 5G network can be expected to come with such perks as high-speed, reliable internet and a robust network, further boosting Nigeria’s emergent economy. But it does seem like time will have to tell when and how this will happen as the country was similarly pumped when 4G came around only to see things grow tepid as per adoption.
Source: GSMA
GSMA recently estimated Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa to boast as many as 28 million 5G connections (3 percent of total mobile connections) in the next five years. In that case, with Nigeria sanctioning its trial deployment, telecom operators in Nigeria may soon need to further upgrade their networks to multi-standard 5G-ready infrastructure.
Featured Image Courtesy: mobileecosystemforum.com
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Home > Arthur > Episode
Arthur - Prunella's Tent of Portent/Mutiny on the Pitch
At the Elwood City Picnic, Prunella pretends she can see the future at her fortune telling booth. But her best friend, Marina, doubts her mystical powers. The Lakewood Elementary soccer team has had enough of Francine's bossy behavior. To show the team how much they need her, Francine gives up...
STEREO | HD | DVI
Monday Jan 13th 6:30am WGBY 57/HD
ARTHUR is based on the best-selling children's books by Marc Brown. The series revolves around an eight year-old aardvark, his four year-old sister DW, and their family and friends. ARTHUR is a show about being a kid, exploring the world, and finding your place in it. It's about kids finding inner strengths, learning to make choices for themselves, taking responsibility for them and of course, having fun. In each episode, Arthur and his gang guide us through stories that deal with real "kid issues" -- timeless difficulties and joys that all kids experience. The series also models the joys and rewards of literacy by presenting the many ways kids and adults incorporate reading and writing into their lives. Above all, ARTHUR is a comedy that tells its stories from a kids' point of view, never moralizing or talking down to them.
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Susanna Daniel
Susanna Daniel was born and raised in Miami, Florida, where she spent much of her childhood at her family’s stilt house in Biscayne Bay.
Her debut novel, Stiltsville, was awarded the PEN/Bingham prize for best debut work published in 2010. Stiltsville was also named a 2011 Summer Reading List pick by Oprah.com, a Best Debut of 2010 by Amazon.com, a Best Book of 2010 by the Huffington Post, and a Discover Great New Writers pick by Barnes & Noble. Daniel’s second novel, Sea Creatures, about a woman who ultimately must face the unthinkable choice between her husband and young son, is now available from HarperCollins. Abraham Verghese called Sea Creatures a “captivating, haunting novel.”
A couple of weeks ago I asked the author about what she was reading. Daniel's reply:
I’ve just finished Dale M. Kushner’s broad and impressive debut novel, The Conditions of Love, and I’m stunned – stunned – that I’m not hearing about it every time I pick up a newspaper or open a browser. It’s a classic, sweeping story of a girl’s life and the relationships that define her, from birth to old age – exquisitely detailed, finely paced, deliciously ambitious.
Before that, I read Lionel Shriver’s newest, Big Brother, and though I count myself a great fan of Shriver’s career, I can’t say I admired the prose or the story (this was true of We Need to Talk About Kevin, too, which I regretted reading even as I couldn’t put it down – that’s her particular and peculiar talent, I think. (Incidentally, I like to intentionally misname that book What We Talk About When We Talk About Kevin. For some reason, this rolls off the tongue more easily). What I consistently admire, though, is Shriver’s moxy. This is a word she would surely despise. I think there’s a lot about me she’d despise, actually – she seems like a person under whose gaze I would wither. But I remain persistently in awe of her.
(My admiration for the career more than each novel in particular extends also to Ian McEwan, who writes novels on a spectrum of readable-but-middling to unbelievably terrific – and who can do anything but respect the hell out of that? Ditto Meg Wolitzer. If I could, I’d choose to be a prolific but uneven novelist rather than an impeccable but parsimonious novelist any day of the week.)
Arcadia by Lauren Groff was the most satisfying – really, the most perfect -- novel I’ve read recently, and After Visiting Friends, the journalistic memoir by Michael Hainey, was the most inspiring. Because of that book, I started embarked on a large-scale project about my sister’s fatal accident in 1976.
Visit Susanna Daniel's website and blog.
The Page 69 Test: Stiltsville.
Candy Gunther Brown
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Todd Ritter
Dennis Bock
David Handler
Susan Beth Pfeffer
Douglas Corleone
Michael Fullilove
Dayna Lorentz
Amy Gail Hansen
Paul D. Miller
Stewart Lewis
George Bishop
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117 user 9 critic
TV-G | 30min | Comedy, Family, Fantasy | TV Series (2003–2007)
5 VIDEOS | 211 IMAGES
A teenage girl periodically receives brief psychic visions of the near future. Trying to make these visions come true results in trouble, and hilarious situations, for the girl and her friends.
Michael Poryes, Susan Sherman
Raven-Symoné, Orlando Brown, Anneliese van der Pol | See full cast & crew »
Watch on Prime Video buy from $8.99
117 user | 9 critic
843 ( 67)
Victor and Tanya really wants Cory to understand African-American History. Concurrently Raven was not hired at a clothing store only because she is African-American and is set to expose the recruiter.
The Road to Audition
Raven and Friends are determined to impress an undercover janitor whom Raven recognize from her vision. She also gets bugged by a new adolescent hall monitor. Concurrently Cory is committed to find a...
Cake Fear
Raven and Cory gets revenge from their old babysitter Ms. Patterson "aka" "Pushover" Patterson. After, Raven and Cory ate their mom and dads anniversary cake years ago and blamed Ms. Patterson for ...
10 Forgotten Disney Channel Original Series You Should Stream on Disney+
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TV Shows I've Seen
The best Disney Channel live-action shows (to me).
Comedies - Watched (TV Series)
tv watchedlist
fav shows.
How many episodes of That's So Raven have you seen?
Search for "That's So Raven" on Amazon.com
Title: That's So Raven (2003–2007)
Favorite Disney Channel Teen Sitcom
Nominated for 2 Primetime Emmys. Another 14 wins & 29 nominations. See more awards »
Lizzie McGuire (2001–2004)
Comedy | Drama | Family
The daily adventures of an adolescent girl whose real thoughts and emotions are expressed by her sarcastic animated alter ego. New episodes starting November 12th 2020 on Disney+.
Stars: Hilary Duff, Adam Lamberg, Robert Carradine
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (2005–2008)
Comedy | Family
Comedy about identical twins living at the Tipton Hotel with their single mother who is a lounge singer at the hotel.
Stars: Cole Sprouse, Dylan Sprouse, Brenda Song
Phil of the Future (2004–2006)
Adventure | Comedy | Family
A family from 2121 is stuck in 2004, trying desperately to fit in.
Stars: Raviv Ullman, Amy Bruckner, Craig Anton
Wizards of Waverly Place (2007–2012)
Adventure | Comedy | Drama
The Russo family may be an ordinary family with an average restaurant, but behind close doors, all three children must compete to be the next family wizard.
Stars: Selena Gomez, David Henrie, Jake T. Austin
Hannah Montana (2006–2011)
Comedy | Family | Music
Adventures of a teenage pop star who keeps her identity secret from even her closest friends by using a disguise on-stage.
Stars: Miley Cyrus, Emily Osment, Jason Earles
Raven's Home (TV Series 2017)
Though Raven Baxter is psychic, she would've never guess she'd be a single mother living in an apartment with her twins Nia and Booker Baxter and her best friend Chelsea and son Levi.
Stars: Jason Maybaum, Sky Katz, Anneliese van der Pol
The Suite Life on Deck (2008–2011)
Spin-off of the hit Disney Channel series "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody," in which twin brothers Zack and Cody Martin and hotel heiress London Tipton enroll in a semester-at-sea program aboard a ship called the SS Tipton.
Stars: Dylan Sprouse, Cole Sprouse, Brenda Song
The Proud Family (2001–2005)
Animation | Comedy | Family
Animated adventures of Penny Proud (Kyla Pratt), a girl growing up with the help of her friends.
Stars: Kyla Pratt, Tommy Davidson, Jo Marie Payton
The misadventures of the Stevens family of five in Sacramento, California.
Stars: Shia LaBeouf, Christy Carlson Romano, A.J. Trauth
Good Luck Charlie (2010–2014)
The Duncan family are adjusting to the surprise birth of their fourth child, Charlie. When parents Amy and Bob return to work they put their latest addition in the care of her three older siblings.
Stars: Bridgit Mendler, Leigh-Allyn Baker, Bradley Steven Perry
iCarly (2007–2012)
Comedy | Family | Romance
Carly hosts her own home-grown web show, iCarly, Carly and sidekick Sam's regular Web casts ultimately feature everything from comedy sketches and talent contests to interviews, recipes, and problem-solving.
Stars: Miranda Cosgrove, Jerry Trainor, Jennette McCurdy
Drake & Josh (2004–2007)
Two teens become step brothers. One is an awkward geek and the other is a popular musician.
Stars: Drake Bell, Josh Peck, Miranda Cosgrove
Raven-Symoné ... Raven Baxter / ... 100 episodes, 2003-2007
Orlando Brown ... Eddie Thomas / ... 100 episodes, 2003-2007
Kyle Massey ... Cory Baxter / ... 100 episodes, 2003-2007
Anneliese van der Pol ... Chelsea Daniels 100 episodes, 2003-2007
Rondell Sheridan ... Victor Baxter / ... 100 episodes, 2003-2007
T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh ... Tanya Baxter / ... 78 episodes, 2003-2006
Raven Baxter is a teenager. She can see glimpses of the future. A lot of time her visions cause problems, because she doesnt see everything that will happen, only about 5 seconds of the future. She her friends, brother, and parents always get into trouble because of her visions. Written by Anonymous
2000s | supernatural power | psychotronic series | friend | teenage girl | See All (31) »
She can see the future. But she can't quite see what's coming next.
Comedy | Family | Fantasy
TV-G | See all certifications »
Disney [United States]
17 January 2003 (USA) See more »
That's So Raven! See more »
Columbia/Sunset Gower Studios - 1438 N. Gower Street, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA See more »
Brookwell-McNamara Entertainment, Disney Channel, That's So Productions See more »
Stereo | Dolby Digital
In an interview with the African American Literature Book Club, Raven-Symone was asked if she ever sensed her "phsycic abilities" she portrays in the show in real life. Raven replied , "Yes, I have. I don't really like to talk about it too much, because it's a little personal for me. But I'm a very spiritual person, and I believe that there are amazing special gifts that people are blessed with. It just depends on whether you want to listen or not." See more »
When the exterior of the Baxter house is shown from the porch, the walkway goes to the right. But when the house is shown from the street, the porch has a stairway that goes to the left. See more »
Raven: There is nothing that you can say that's gonna get to me.
Muffy: Umm hmm, my shoes are better than yours.
Raven: Thats a lie!
In episodes from Season 4, Raven is heard saying "Oh Snap! Yep, that's me!" at the end, instead of just "Yep, that's me!" See more »
Referenced in The Emperor's New School: Kuzcogarten/Evil and Eviler (2006) See more »
Performed by Raven-Symoné, Anneliese van der Pol, and Orlando Brown
Q: Where does Tanya Baxter "disappear" to?
Q: What is the last episode and how come That's So Raven broke the 65 episode limit?
My prediction, its a good show.
11 July 2005 | by pumpkinmedia – See all my reviews
Thats So Raven. Kids will love to watch this show, but its entertaining for adults too. 'Raven Baxter' (Raven Symone) is a bubbly teenager who loves to make her own clothes, have fun with her friends Chelsea (Anneliese van der Pol) and Eddie (Orlando Brown). Raven also has the power of 'Phsycic Visions'.... Although most people would find these easy to handle, Raven will always find some way to get into a 'bad or embarrassing situation' when she misinterprets the meaning of her visions. This show is very funny. It has an interesting storyline and great actors to play the characters. Its an easy show to watch and I would anytime!
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Toomey selected to lead Maine Farmland Trust
Bill Toomey
Bill Toomey, a longtime leader in regional environmental conservation, has been chosen to serve as president and CEO of Maine Farmland Trust.
Toomey has worked in nonprofit conservation since 1998, most recently as the Trust for Public Land’s New England area director, and he brings extensive experience in land protection, leadership, management, and fundraising, according to a press release today from Maine Farmland Trust.
Previously he was director of forest health, working as part of the Nature Conservancy’s North American Forest Priority and North American and Global Cities initiatives. Toomey led the Conservancy’s Healthy Trees, Healthy Cities initiative in 15 cities in the U.S., and co-led the Conservancy’s Plant a Billion Trees campaign in the U.S., China and Brazil.
Toomey currently lives in Cape Elizabeth.
Taylor Mudge, chairman of the MFT board, said Toomey's "years of experience in land protection, as well his knowledge of regional and national land issues, will be important attributes for the trust going forward. Bill has demonstrated incredible skill working with diverse stakeholders in his past positions, at both regional and national organizations.”
Citing the trust's accomplishments over the last 20 years in helping to protect nearly 300 farms and keep over 60,000 acres of farmland in farming while supporting over 800 farm families, Toomey said, "I am excited to join the talented and dedicated team to build on the strong foundation of existing work and expand our impact to protect more farmland, create opportunities to connect new farmers to the land, strengthen and diversify farm business while also strengthening local communities and improving the health of our environment.”
Toomey holds a bachelor’s degree in biology from Fairfield University and a master’s degree in soil science from North Carolina State University. His background in soil science and experience in serving on the team that created The Nature Conservancy’s national Soil Health program will help inform MFT’s work looking at how healthy soils practices can support farm viability while mitigating the impacts of climate change.
“His experience managing collaborative work regionally, nationally, and internationally, will translate well to MFT’s work in partnership with farmers, agricultural service providers, land trusts, policymakers and others in Maine and throughout the region,” said Erica Buswell, vice president of programs and interim co-president at MFT.
“As we celebrate our 20th year and are in the midst of strategic planning, we think Bill’s unique set of skills will bolster MFT as we work to implement our vision of a thriving agricultural landscape where farms feed our economy, steward our natural resources and nourish our communities.”
Toomey will begin work as president and CEO of MFT in early June.
Maine Farmland Trust is a statewide, member-powered nonprofit working to protect farmland, support farmers, and advance farming. Since 1999, the Trust has helped to protect nearly 300 farms and keep over 60,000 acres of farmland in farming while supporting nearly 800 farm families. For more information, visit mainfarmlandtrust.org.
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FILE - This March 29, 2018 file photo, shows the logo for social media giant Facebook at the Nasdaq MarketSite in New York's Times Square. Facebook said Monday Jan. 6, 2020 that it is banning “deepfake” videos, the false but realistic clips created with artificial intelligence and sophisticated tools, as it steps up efforts to fight online manipulation. (AP Photo/Richard Drew, File)
Facebook bans deepfakes in fight against online manipulation
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ROME (AP) — Facebook shut down phony Italian accounts and pages spreading fake news ahead of European Union parliamentary elections, prompting opposition lawmakers to call Monday for tougher laws to curb online misinformation. "We have removed a number of fake and duplicate accounts that were...
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AwayPoint
Between An Island of Certainties and the Unknown Shore
Deas and Other Imaginings
Trusting Doubt
Video, Audio
← Does Romney’s Religious Devotion Make Him More or Less Trustworthy?
Why I hope Conservative Christians Will Fight Gay Marriage Tooth and Nail →
Test Your Knowledge of Wild, Weird, and Outright Wacky American Religious Beliefs
Posted on October 20, 2012 by Valerie Tarico
En Español.
Americans in past generations lived in a sea of religion inherited largely from the Middle East by way of Europe, with home grown refinements. Most still do. When Americans venture off the continent, one of the things many find fascinating is the religious beliefs they encounter. Some people worship flying monkeys, or magical big breasted dancers, or Prince Phillip.
From the outside, beliefs like these seem fantastical and unlikely. They played a key role in evoking such ethnocentric ideas as noblesse oblige and manifest destiny and white man’s burden. But if we could see our own culture from an outside vantage point, as if we were travelers, the world might look a little different. Even one of the Bible writers pointed out that self-examination is the first order of business. Why are you looking at the speck in your brother’s eye, he asked (to paraphrase), when you have a plank in your own?
So, how well do you know what your neighbors believe? How about the church to which your parents are quietly tithing away your inheritance? For that matter, how about the actual details of the creed to which you yourself give a nod?
All of the following beliefs can be found in your own back yard, still today. They have been long taught by religions that either are considered part of the Abrahamic mainstream or are home grown, made in the U.S.A., produced here and exported. Some of these beliefs are ensconced in sacred texts. Others are simply traditional. All, at one time or another, have had the sanction of the highest church authorities, and most still do.
How many of them can you match up with a familiar religious tradition? (The answers are at the bottom.)
The foreskin of [a holy one] may lie safeguarded in reliquaries made of gold and crystal and inlayed with gems–or it may have ascended into the heavens all by itself. (2)
A race of giants once roamed the earth, the result of women and demi-gods interbreeding. (1). They lived at the same time as fire breathing dragons. (1)
Evil spirits can take control of pigs. (1)
A talking donkey scolded a prophet. (1, 3)
A righteous man can control his wife’s access to eternal paradise. (6)
Brown skin is a punishment for disobeying God. (6)
A prophet once traveled between two cities on a miniature flying horse with the face of a woman and the tail of a peacock. (4)
[The Holy One] forbids a cat or dog receiving a blood transfusion and forbids blood meal being used as garden fertilizer. (7)
Sacred underwear protects believers from spiritual contamination and, according to some adherents, from fire and speeding bullets (6)
When certain rites are performed beforehand, bread turns into human flesh after it is swallowed. (2)
Invisible supernatural beings reveal themselves in mundane objects like oozing paint or cooking food. (2)
In the end times, [the Holy One’s] chosen people will be gathered together in Jackson County, Missouri. (6)
Believers can drink poison or get bit by snakes without being harmed. (1)
Sprinkling water on a newborn, if done correctly, can keep the baby from eons of suffering should he or she die prematurely. (2)
Waving a chicken over your head can take away your sins. (3)
[A holy one] climbed a mountain and could see the whole earth from the mountain peak. (1, 2)
Putting a dirty milk glass and a plate from a roast beef sandwich in the same dishwasher can contaminate your soul. (3)
There will be an afterlife in which exactly 144,000 people get to live eternally in Paradise. (8)
Each human being contains many alien spirits that were trapped in volcanos by hydrogen bombs. (5)
[A supernatural being] cares tremendously what you do with your penis or vagina. 1,2,3,4,6,7,8.
Key: 1-Evangelical or “Bible Believing” Christianity, 2-Catholic Christianity, 3-Judaism, 4-Islam, 5-Scientology, 6-Mormonism 7-Christian Science 8-Jehovah’s Witness
Each of these beliefs is remarkable in its own way. But the composite goes beyond remarkable to revealing. We humans are astoundingly susceptible to handed down nonsense. Human children are dependent on their parents for a decade or even two, which is why nature made children credulous. When parents say, eat your peas, they’re good for you, kids may argue about the eat your peas part but they don’t usually question the factual assertion about nutrition. When parents say Noah put all of the animals into the ark, it is the rare child who asks, Why didn’t the lion eat the guinea pigs?
Even as adults, we simply can’t afford to research everything we hear and read, and so, unless something isn’t working for us, we tend to accept what we are told by trusted authority figures. We go with the flow. Religion exploits this tendency by, among other things, establishing hierarchy and by ensuring that believers are in a certain mindset when they encounter religious ideas. A friend once gave me a button that said, Don’t pray in my school and I won’t think in your church. I didn’t really want to wear a button that said “I’m an arrogant jerk,” but the reality is that even the best of churches aren’t optimized for critical thinking. Quite the opposite. The pacing, the music, the lighting—all are designed for assent and emotion, for a right brain aesthetic experience, for the dominance of what Nobel prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman has called System 1 thinking, meaning intuition and gut feel rather than rational, slow, linear analysis.
Some of our ancestors were doing the best they could to understand the world around them but had a very limited set of tools at their disposal. It would appear that others were simply making stuff up. Mormonism and Scientology appear to fall in the latter camp. But when it comes to religious credulity, the difference matters surprisingly little. For example, Mormonism is more easily debunked than many other religions, because it makes so many historically wild claims, and yet it is also one of the fastest growing religions in the world proportional to its membership. Wild claims matter less than whether a religion has viral characteristics like promises, threats, funding structures, and copy-me commands and a certain kind of cognitive structure.
But apart from those viral characteristics, the thing that makes fantastical claims believable is plain old familiarity. We find it easy to dismiss the wild beliefs of people in other times and places and even startling claims made by our neighbors, but those that we’ve been exposed to since childhood seem not so far out. Virgin birth? Water turning into wine? A fig tree shriveling on the spot? Dead people getting up out of their graves and walking around? Beware of the plank in your own eye.
An earlier version of this article appeared at Alternet under the title, The 20 Wierdest Religious Beliefs, October 15, 2012.
Valerie Tarico is a psychologist and writer in Seattle, Washington. She is the author of Trusting Doubt: A Former Evangelical Looks at Old Beliefs in a New Light and Deas and Other Imaginings, and the founder of www.WisdomCommons.org. Her articles can be found at Awaypoint.Wordpress.com.
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About Valerie Tarico
Seattle psychologist and writer. Author - Trusting Doubt and Deas and Other Imaginings. Founder - www.WisdomCommons.org.
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55 Responses to Test Your Knowledge of Wild, Weird, and Outright Wacky American Religious Beliefs
Thank you. All that’s missing are New Age pseudo-scientific assertions!
Valerie Tarico says:
Thanks! I probably should have swapped that in for the one from Islam. Of course when you’re creating a list of wild and wacky mainstream American beliefs you can insult people by including them (wild and wacky) or leaving them out (not mainstream). :)
Perry Bulwer says:
You have focused on beliefs considered part of the American mainstream and sanctioned by church authorities. Imagine if you had also included the beliefs of sects within those religions you mention. You would have hundreds of more bizarre beliefs.
Here’s a couple examples, from two sects in your #1 category, evangelical bible-believing Christianity, the Seventh-day Adventists founded by Ellen White, and the Children of God/Family International, founded by former Methodist and Christian & Missionary Alliance pastor, David Berg, both of whom were obsessed with sexual matters, but from opposite points of view.
White and Berg’s religious delusions did not stop at sexual matters. White claimed to have had a vision of visiting Jupiter and seeing inhabitants who were free from sin. Berg, on the other hand, not only claimed he had been to heaven ‘in the spirit’, but that heaven is inside the Moon! In a series of letters to his followers he claimed that the heavenly city described in the final chapters of the book of Revelation was a giant “space city” that was both on its way to our Moon from outer space, and was already inside it. Never mind that the dimensions of the city given in Revelation mean that it is physically impossible for it to fit inside the Moon, the current leader of The Family International, Karen Zerby, still believes it is true, based on an account in a Russian Christian newspaper:
“You don’t have to believe that NASA scientists got a glimpse of the Heavenly City [by photographing it with the Hubble Space Telescope], nor that it’s located in the moon, if you don’t want to–it’s not one of our fundamental beliefs—but I believe it, because the Lord said it, and I have faith in that!”
After stating that, Zerby continues on in that publication to claim that she received a prophecy from Jesus confirming the newspaper article and that heaven is indeed in the moon.
For more insanity see: http://chainthedogma.blogspot.ca/2011/05/folie-deux-insane-prophets-of-seventh.html and http://www.ellenwhiteexposed.com/criticb.htm
It is remarkable to me that beliefs like these can claim adherents even when they spring up in modern times.
Colleen Werner says:
How is it that Scientology has the fewest crazy beliefs?! Listed here, at least. I mean, WOW.
I’m Canadian and our Prime Minister belongs to the Christian & Missionary Alliance. They’re Dominionists who believe we are in the “end times.” As such they believe Jesus will return soon and clean up all the mess. This helps explain some the Conservative policies especially our dismal record on climate change. They’re in deep denial. I’m a Trudeau Liberal and never thought in my wildest dreams this would ever happen in my country. What a legacy we’re passing on to my grandkids.
So frustrating.
The Truth Seeker says:
There is no end apparently to people’s gullibility. Remember those who thought the first landing on the moon was done in a stage set here in the states? Remember the space alien that the US government found and hid in New Mexico? Remember all the people here in this world who have been picked up by space aliens and returned or not. And there are many, many more events that are not even religious that people believe. But when it comes to religion it appears the sky (or heaven) is the limit. I wonder sometimes what possesses people to have such weird beliefs? Are there that many nut jobs all around us? The strange thing is that many of these people who believe these things are pretty intelligent. Maybe you know the answer Valerie, but it beats me.
I have a little sticky on my desk that says, simply: patternicity, agenticity, confirmation bias, childhood credulity. I think that broad brush these distortions in human information processing account for a lot.
rickray1 says:
George Carlin once said that half the people you know are not very smart and the other half are dumber than you think. George has a really good you tube video about religion. Everyone should check it out if you haven’t already seen it.
Munroe Scott says:
Valerie, I follow your blog with a great deal of interest. I almost said “enjoyment” but that calls for definition. The link below might be of some interest to anyone interested in my view from within Canada where the largest Protestant denomination has been so-called progressive.
Sorry. Missed the link address.
http://munroescott.wordpress.com/2012/08/19/united-church-challenge/
Would I be Wild, Weird, and Outright Wacky if I believe that either party (Or both together) are going to balance the national budget? How come when some hard believer try to sell me his/her beliefs, and I answer that I can’t believe what they tell me, they call me atheist? I’m not an atheist, I just don’t believe in any kind of gods or religion, otherwise, I’m full of faith.
veraersilia says:
oooppsss… I agree with you, except for one thing ( which might have changed since I was brought up Catholic so long ago in Italy…! ) the bread of communion is NOT to be chewed – ever – but allowed to melt and then carefully swallowed: it’s the actual body of Christ for goodness sake, a little respect! even as a child I did not understand this affair, but a loving and otherwise dependable grandmother had told me so. I remember trying to chew a little to see if anything would happen. Naught! … I was already courageous at 8 years old.
I also agree with John Smith, I am full of faith too but I do not believe in god or religion – why equate them with faith anyway, it’s myopic. And why is ‘atheist’ used as an insult but ‘vegetarian’ is not ?? ….
PS: the faith that some people band about reminds of P.T. Barnum.
thank you. I will correct that.
Nice of you to see my comment. Thank you. Yesterday I spoke with a friend in France, who also remembers her fears as a child when first taking communion. HOWEVER, she told me that now (at least in France) it is permitted to chew the host! I do not know what there really is to chew because the host is such a slight thin wafer, but it goes to show that even the grand art-house in Rome feels the frisson of modernity running thru its mummified potentates.
PS: I have many religion-inspired memories of what we now call superstition which my grandmother (1878-1960) firmly believed all her life. If you ever do a collection of church inspired superstitions in the western world please let me know! Regards, Vera
przxqgl says:
your picture of an “exotic god” is actually a picture of Nṛsimha who is an incarnation of Viṣṇu.
regardless, it looks quite “exotic” to me…. and the idea itself is “exotic” too… it all depends on the point of view.
i j swamy says:
Psychology does not call anything weird . Psychology does not explain worship .. Psychologyis not American /British/Animal /Bird .
A fallacious refutation, almost ad hominem, or rather in fact ad doctrinam…
A couple of years ago I had a friend who was an elder at the local Apostolic “Bible is literal claptrap” church
At the time there was a spate of headlice going through the schools and her 8 yo daughter caught them. While having her hair treated she was reading up on the parasites & discovered headlice can only survive on a human host.
So she asked her mother (my friend) if this was right
“Yes. That’s right. Head lice can only feed on human blood” her mum answered as she put more nit lotion into her daughter’s hair..
“So…” the bright 8 yo asked. “Does that mean Adam & Eve had headlice in the Garden of Eden.”
My friend was suddenly faced with a paradox.
Almost dropped the bottle of nitshit.
Adam & Eve were perfect beings in the Garden of Eden.
If she answered her daughter “Yes.” then they weren’t perfect,
but the Bible-is-literal belief says they were.
If she answered “No.” then headlice evolved after the Expulsion
and Charles Darwin was right!
And the Bible isn’t so literal after all.
My friend spent weeks trying to find “Right” answer to her daughter’s innocent question.
She asked of the church hierarchy,
read dozens of fundie books
went to great lengths,
and never did find the “Right” answer.
I don’t think I helped resolve her dilemma by pointing out that Adam & Eve must have also had Smallpox,
as that too could only survive in human hosts
(this was the key to its elimination)
and dozen of other illnesses and parasites as well.
Eventually she shelved the question with a “When we get to heaven then we’ll have all our questions answered”. And salvaged her crisis of faith.
Her daughter, though, now in her early 20’s, is less convinced of the literalness of the Bible, and is more inclined to think for herself.
Ed Suominen says:
What a great story! Out of the mouths of babes, as the Bible says.
It’s interesting now kids, in their wide-eyed honest innocence, can so readily pull aside the bullshit curtain in which adults wrap their pious myths.
Nelson Petrie says:
Why only American religious beliefs? The Hindus believe in milk-giving stones, multiple-headed giants (Ravan or the Evil One), a huge monkey who fought in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) with its enemies for Rama and saved his wife Sita, Durga (now is the season) who has many hands and rides on a lion and vanquishes her enemies, the Buddhists too have many beliefs, the Chinese and the Japaneses…
Good point. There are practitioners of dharmic traditions here in the U.S. here who have been here for generations and are proudly American. Some of them have very abstract beliefs focused primarily on ethics and mindfulness and some have beliefs that are as quirky as these. But I try to keep focused on the religions that I know best and those that are causing the most trouble–and, especially, on familiar hypocrisies.
Robster says:
Yeh, these are a strange selection of nuttiness. The whole religion/faith/fantasy show is just all so nonsensical, the hardest part is deciding just which nonsense deserves to be on the list.
Yes. It was surprisingly hard to draw a boundary around this list and this article. When the editor at Alternet suggested that I write it, I thought it would be easy, and then I found myself floundering for precisely the reason you mention.
God created man with absolute freedom of faith . Sex is right as long as you don`t harm others . Bible is not an authority on sex .
M.E. In The 21st Century says:
that’s a relief. lol
Moses said there was no sin in the marriage bed.
i think it was earlier he said that every coupling is a marriage. it is the sex act itself…the more you screw around the more mothers-in-laws you end up with
Plumbers & electricians have male and femal plugs/pipe couplings and when they join them together they call it married.
If an invisible supreme being doesn’t like sex then she has a funny way of showing it…what with all those fornicating mice n ants n flies n sparrows cows sheep apes every other living organsim…they’re all at it! all the time!
Poor God must be in totally mental melt-down…
cherishtheday says:
God created man with absolute freedom of free will. The practice of sex is specifically for a husband and wife. The Holy Bible instructs us on godly principles on sexual matters. God is the author of the bible. The simple truth is – man has a free will to believe in the word of God or not. But there is a day coming when the lies and deceptions posted on this site, and posted in the heart and mind of man shall end.
Oh no, another end of the world coming. It must be tiring for those of you who believe that nonsense to find that it never comes. For 2000 years we have had predictions of the end, but nary a one was right.
It would be interesting to know what lies and deceptions you are talking about. Perhaps you can enlighten us rather than make vague statements.
maroz2020 says:
It sounds to me like people who talk about me going to hell for not BELIEVING (with no interest in my actions) can hardly wait for it to happen. Aquinas suggested that part of the joy of being in heaven is watching relatives and others writhe in the flames of hell. That being the case, and since I do not wish to see believers in eternal pain, I hereby declare my own ethics to be superior. Far superior.
if we exercise our “free will” to not believe poorly translated claptrap, then by your godly logica we are quite free to do so…FREE… not paying 30 pieces of silver.
and there’s no hang-ups in my bedroom.
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Erik Harris says:
Great post. As has been said many times before, if you truly want to objectively exercise skepticism, you need to exert the most effort on applying it to your own beliefs. It’s the hardest area to apply it, but it’s also the area where extra scrutiny is most needed.
One small part of your post really jumped out at me and stuck with me, though. “How about the church to which your parents are quietly tithing away your inheritance?”
I fully agree that if my parents were tithing, they’d be squandering their retirement, and I’m all for being upset about my own parents being taken advantage of, but my inheritance? You probably don’t actually feel this way, but that wording reads as, “Mom, Dad, don’t spend your money on things you enjoy, because I want to profit as much as possible from your deaths.” Again, I don’t think that was your intended implication, but that’s the inference I get when reading it.
We all have our areas of irrational belief. For some, it’s about holy foreskins and waving chickens around to cure the ailment of sin… For others, it’s the belief that they’re entitled to whatever their still-living parents own, and that their parents owe it to them to be as miserly as possible to build up an inheritance.
Petia says:
I think Jesus himself said that one should not worry about the spec in another person’s eye before removing the plank in his own eye. And Matthew, one of his disciples, wrote this down.
Good post for the questions which it raises! It’s something I’ve been wondering a lot about lately. I agree that some claims sound pretty strange, to say the least. But I have to admit I am surprised that some passages in sacred texts sound pretty reasonable and even wise (as the one quoted about the spec and the plank), while others seem outright ridiculous. Should we accept, and even take to heart, only that which makes sense to us, and yet discard another thing standing right next to it which may sound nothing short of implausible? I used to have an easy answer to this which went something along the lines of, well this is why I have a head on my shoulders, I’m an intelligent human being and I am able to tell right from wrong, and believable from not-so-believable.
In Christianity, if one sees truth in what Jesus says in Scripture, what are we to think about the fact that he “endorsed” the Old Testament to a pretty extreme degree? That is, if this man whose insight we admire (and I am guessing this can be said about Mohammed, Buddha, etc.) believes in some pretty “wacky” ideas, then what are we to think about the man himself? Why do we accept as wise the words of a person who in some ways may seem laughable?
If we are to look at a sacred text, should we extract from it only that which seems logical, easy, and practical to believe, and only that which fits a puzzle constructed based on our current understanding of the world? Again, I would have had an easy answer not long ago: Yes, I AM wise enough – my contemporaries and I are at the cusp of human understanding of nature, people, the Universe, technology, medicine, etc! But if we move to science and look at Albert Einstein and Charles Darwin, for example, their discoveries teach us something unexpected – they changed our understanding precisely because they looked at the world in a way that was totally unfathomable at the time. People who we consider prophets, spiritual teachers, and revolutionaries often believed in ideas which seemed radical, difficult to believe and impractical. We are celebrating one of these people today (MLK).
These questions are partly why I am looking forward to an event this week in Seattle in which Valerie will be one of the panelists – it is called “The Bible is NOT the word of God” as a part of the Common Good Cafe series.
So I am personally not sure what to think of all this. But one thing I do know – present-day scientists have no problem admitting that we don’t have the answers to everything that *could* possible take place. It’d be foolish to deny this. Scientists usually say, “If I don’t see it, I can’t believe it”, which is totally necessary to assume because otherwise we’d be constantly walking with our hands outstretched so as not to bump into invisible walls. And I DON’T mean to get metaphysical and quantum-mechanically confusical here at all. But sometimes a “wall” that we thought was there turns into something totally unexpected. I am not trying to say that spirituality can be explained through science either. No. I just would like to note that in my experience things are not always as black and white as they may seem on the surface. And this is why they may be worth looking into a little more deeply. (No, I don’t think I’ll go look for sacred underwear).
Having said all this, it is hard to not acknowledge that a lot of the beliefs you’ve compiled do sound pretty crazy! It’s entertaining to read them. But this is why your post is so great – it raises, at least in me, these totally contradictory feelings at the beginning of my comments!
JC didn’t endorse the Old Testement. If he existed at all …he was a Jew raised on Torah & Talmud … not at all the same as your OT…
he also didn’t say not to worry about the speck…he said first fix your own eyesight then offer to fix someone else’s better sight
M.E. – if you believe in the Bible, then Jesus DID endorse the Old Testament and say that every commandment, no matter how minor, from the Old Testament is binding forever (Matthew 5:17-19).
If you don’t believe the Bible to be an accurate reflection of what Jesus said, or don’t believe Jesus existed, then arguing over whether he endorsed the Old Testament or not becomes pretty much meaningless. Since the Bible is pretty much the only source we have for his existence and his ideas, all we can say is that according to The Bible, Jesus Christ endorsed even the Old Testament’s “least commandments.”
Erik. I think your Matt 15:17-19 may be the wrong reference. Also to isolate one or two verses from an entire paragraph (Matt15: 1-20) is a device propagandists use to mislead.
In this case I recommend you read the entire paragraph (better to read the entire chapter & preceeding chapters). I direct your attention to 15:7-9
‘Hypocrites, well did Isaiah prophesy of you, “This people honours me with the lips, but their hearts are remote from me; and they adore me vainly, inculcating teachings that are commands of men.”‘ then JC goes on to tell the crowd it is what comes out of the mouth that defiles, not commands such as hand washing.
So your hero demonstrates he was selective about which of the 613 mitzvot to obey.
This heresy is repeated several times in the gospels. Also in ä couple of the translations from which the present day NT was cobbled together Jesus commits a BIG heresy. Luke 6: 5 (or variations place it after verse 10) but certainly too inconvenient for NIV editors.
‘…the same day he viewed someone working on the sabbath, & said to him “Man, if you know what you are doing happy are you,…’
Yet keeping the sabbath is up there at the top of the list of must-do laws, even more important than “Do not murder”. In other words JC didn’t see the 613 mitzvot as hard and fast binding forever Laws but as guidelines only.
I do not believe in the Bible…nor any of the various versions (which of them is the RIGHT one? any of them?) The OT in the Christian Bible is not the same as the Jewish Bible. Mis-translations, words added in, other words taken out, misplace emphasis…these abound in the Christian versions. Plus the idea of literal word of God is an anathema to the Jewish traditon of teaching stories…more akin to Aesop’s Fables than actual literal history.
My take is…if your relationship with your Creator depends on what is written on a piece of paper then it is no relationship at all.
There are at least four different myths/legends surrounding JC with your Bible only relating one. These tell that he survived the cross or didn’t get crucified at all. They claim he lived to a ripe old age…in Europe, Japan or in northern India (where his grave still). What also comes across in these stories is JC (and later Mohommet) were actually Buddhist teachers/missionaries. His teachings certainly reflect the Buddhist philosophy of that time. Nor a god figure but a mortal human fallible sage.
Can you tell me why I should believe the known tampered with Christian versions over all other centuries old traditional stories? Or why I should not believe any of them…christian or non?
M.E. – I pointed to Matthew 5, not 15. I’d also point out that selective verse reading is exactly how Christians demonstrate the “goodness” of the Bible as a source of morality (and also to explain away inconsistencies so extreme that they have mutually exclusive messages). If you read it as a book (or multi-book series) from beginning to end in its own context (whether taken as historical or allegorical), the story of morality told by the entire work is not a kind of morality that any but the most extreme Christian or Jew would endorse. Nor is it an internally consistent system of morality. It’s only through very selective reading that you arrive at modern mainstream Christian or Jewish values. By your definition, Christians are misleading propagandists, but I choose a more charitable view that they want to hold on to their traditions without having to embrace bronze-age morality.
I’m not telling you what to believe or not to believe – I’m only pointing out that the Bible is the only (almost-)contemporary source we have for what Jesus said (or even to support the claim that he existed as a single person – the Gospels may be four sources, but there’s good reason to believe that they’re based on each other, and are not independent accounts despite their significant points of disagreement), and that it says he endorsed the Old Testament, contrary to your comment. It also says he cast aside the Old Testament laws, but that considerable inconsistency only says that, if he existed, he didn’t consistently endorse them.
I rather like fire-breathing dragons :)
Michael Hickenbotham says:
I can only judge what you have written by your summary of Mormon beliefs. I believe none of the things you assigned to the Mormons with the exception of number 12. (In the end times, [the Holy One’s] chosen people will be gathered together in Jackson County, Missouri.) That’s a pretty wacky belief alright. The other beliefs represent charactures and misunderstanding by our critics. I’ll use the forst two as examples: 5.A righteous man can control his wife’s access to eternal paradise. Not true. We believe all men and women will be judged individually by Jesus Christ. Men have no say. 6. Brown skin is a punishment for disobeying God. Not true. A darker skin was apparently used by God to minimize intermixing of his followers with those that were not. By the way, I grew up in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and am still an active member. I also am a retired engineer and find Mormon beliefs to be the most reasonable of all religions I know. Anti-Mormon critics fear losing their own members and thus justify spreading lies like the ones Valerie is repeating here.
A darker skin was used by God to minimize intermixing of his followers with those that were not.
er….so people with higher melatonin levels are NOT followers of God??? brown skinned people are expendable by-blows … not proper humans at all?
What of people with freckles?…logically they must be intermittent followers; those with lots of freckles being closer to eternal damnation while those with just a few freckles closer to being proper followers. How much melatonin is required to be classified as non child of god?
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M.E. In The 21st Century said:
The darker skin coloring was most likely the result of intermixing with the existing populations in the Western Hemisphere and not a change in melatonin. The darker skinned people in the Book of Mormon (called Lamanites) later became followers of God for several hundred years after Jesus Christ appeared to them after his resurrection. The Lamanites ultimately survived as our modern American Indians whereas the light-skinned people (called Nephites) ultimately stopped following God and were exterminated in later wars. It’s not a simple black and white (no pun intended) story as many assume. I personnally wish I had higher melatonin levels. Getting skin cancer is no blessing. I see a dermatologist regularly.
The rest of your comments were not serious so I’ll ignore them.
Theodore Unrein says:
Recent research coming out of the National Anemia Action Council (NAAC) has found that the common practice of administering blood transfusion to traumatic brain injury patients may actually be increasing the risk of mortality as well as “composite complication including multi-organ failure.”The study, which lasted over a seven-year period, found that of the 1,150 TBI patients, approximately 76 percent were found to be anemic at some time period during their first week after administration to the hospital because of their TBI incident. The anemic group was said to have increased complications compared to non-anemic patients and of the “anemic group, 76 percent received blood transfusions during their first week and the transfusion in this group was associated with more complications and a higher mortality rate than patients who were not transfused.”‘
My favorite internet page
<http://www.healthmedicinecentral.com/are-ear-infections-contagious/
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stina says:
As someone who was raised JW, just a correction: the 144,000 will go to heaven, it’s the rest of the faithful (including the resurrected dead) who get to live in Paradise Earth.
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R. Green says:
I recognize that this is an old post, but it was recently reprinted over on Raw Story… https://www.rawstory.com/2018/08/test-knowledge-wild-weird-outright-wacky-american-religious-beliefs/
The comment made above by ‘stina’ on 3/6/2014 at 5:25 pm corrects a factual error. Jehovah’s Witnesses do not believe “exactly 144,000 people get to live eternally in Paradise.” The reprint on rawstory.com also contains the error.
In Revelation chapter 7, the Bible says – and Jehovah’s Witnesses believe – that 144,000 individuals are ‘marked’ (sealed) for a special purpose. Other places in the Revelation explain that purpose – they are taken to heaven to rule as kings and to serve as priests over the ‘New Earth’. Right after the verses delineating the ‘sealing’ of the holy ones, in that same chapter, a ‘great crowd’ “WHICH NO MAN CAN NUMBER” is described. These ‘owe their salvation’ to God, and to the Lamb’ (Jesus Christ.)
The 144,000 are the saints, or… holy ones. As mentioned, the Bible says that these are resurrected to Heaven. The great crowd (again… “which no man can count…” Rev. 7: 9 NIV,) on the other hand, are resurrected to live on Earth and given the task to complete God’s original purpose for the Earth that Adam and Eve were supposed to undertake… expanding the Garden of Eden and fulfilling God’s initial intention for humans – living forever in paradise and having stewardship over the Earth (including the animals.)
I understand that many doubt the Bible, but for the record, that is what Jehovah’s Witnesses believe.
If you would like the scriptural references for any of these beliefs please feel free to reply.
Thank you, RG
Whoops… I made an error and don’t see an edit option for my comment.
Not all of the ‘great crowd’ mentioned in Rev. chapter 7 need be resurrected. Rev. 7: 14 says: “These are they who have come out of the great tribulation…” While other scriptures explain that both the ‘righteous and unrighteous’ who are resurrected will join the great crowd in a paradise Earth, the scripture there in Rev. 7 is fairly specific. Sorry about the mistake, and thank you in advance.
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Trusting Doubt: Individual Chapters
bibliolatry
Church state separation
Paragard
psychology of belief
psychology of Christianity
recovery from religion
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Marshawn mania grips Seahawks fans ahead of rivalry game with 49ers
The game was always going to be big, but the return of Beast Mode set the internet and local fans ablaze with excitement
Seattle Seahawks running back Marshawn Lynch stretches during warmups at the NFL football team's practice facility on Tuesday in Renton, Wash. Elaine Thompson / AP Photo
With a divisional title on the line in a battle between two longtime NFL rivals, Sunday’s clash between the San Francisco 49ers and the Seattle Seahawks had seemingly reached the height of anticipation and excitement.
But then 33-year-old running back Marshawn Lynch signed a one-year deal with his longtime Seahawks after many thought he was done with the sport, in the process setting the internet ablaze as fans rejoiced at his return.
One of just 31 players to rush for 10,000 yards in his career, Lynch became a fan favourite during his time with the Seahawks, earning the nickname “Beast Mode” for his unstoppable on-field performances and vibrant persona.
His return to Seattle after signing a one-year deal with the team on Monday to patch up its injury-rattled squad has dominated headlines and stolen some of the spotlight away from an otherwise critical fight for NFC West supremacy.
Running back Marshawn Lynch went into retirement after an injury-plagued stint with his hometown Oakland Raiders, but is back for a crucial Week 17 game in Seattle. Wesley Hitt / Getty Images
“Super excited just to have Marshawn back; Beast Mode, he’s been great,” said quarterback Russell Wilson, who praised his teammate’s physical preparedness despite not playing all season.
“He’s got some special things he can do,” Wilson added.
“He’s a living legend, an icon here in the city and across the NFL,” linebacker KJ Wright told reporters.
The five-time Pro Bowler returns to Seattle after leaving in 2016, then signing on for a two-season pit stop with his hometown Oakland Raiders.
Lynch made clear he plans to make an impact during Sunday’s grudge match, selling on his website apparel emblazoned with the motto “Unfinished Business” in the team’s classic blue and green — although the veteran remained notoriously tight-lipped about his plans.
Lynch told reporters “Happy holidays, merry New Year” at a re-signing news conference on Tuesday before walking away, years after famously attending the Super Bowl XLIX media day, only to tell reporters “I’m here so I won’t get fined.”
Head coach Pete Carroll told a news conference on Tuesday that Lynch had taken a “very serious” approach to his return.
“He brings a lot to the table,” said Carroll. “When you get to add somebody like that to your team, it only helps and enhances the mentality we cherish already.”
Bulls & Bears: More eyes glued on NFL playoffs as TV... Bulls & Bears: Thirst down for fans as NFL kicks off...
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How To Make The Right Choices For Your Novel
By K.M. Weiland
How do you know which choices are right for your novel?
When you first start typing words onto the blank computer screen, you won’t always have a clear vision of the story you’re about to write.
Your story could end up playing out in any number of ways, much like life itself.
The decisions you make when beginning your novel could easily turn out to be the wrong decisions.
The great thing about writing a book is that after finishing the first draft, you can always go back and correct all the mistakes. You’re at liberty to change your mind about almost any decision you might have made.
The not-so-great thing about writing a book is that when it turns out you’ve made a few wrong decisions in the beginning, the work required to correct those mistakes can be overwhelming.
That’s why it’s so important to identify the choices that will shape your stories—and to make the right decisions before you put words on the page.
Consider five decisions that will dramatically affect the course of your first draft. Some of them will be specific to your story. But others apply to every novel.
#1. Which Point of View Should You Use?
Point of view (POV) is the perspective through which the narrative is filtered. You can tell your story in one of three different POVs:
First-Person: “I was a curious child: quick with questions and eager to learn. With acrobats and actors as my teachers, it is little wonder that I never grew to dread lessons as most children do.” – The Name of the Wind by Patrick Rothfuss
Third-Person: In London, Nadine Waveney, startled from dull pre-dawn somnolence at the night desk, heard the distance-shrouded crumps and thought, for a stark, confused moment, Is it here? Zeppelins? — My Dear, I Wanted to Tell You by Louisa Young
Second-Person: You are at the wheel of your car, waiting at a traffic light. You take the book out of the bag, rip off the transparent wrapping, start reading the first lines. A storm of honking breaks over you; the light is green, you’re blocking traffic. — If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler by Italo Calvino
Each POV will create an entirely different feel for your story. The intimacy of first-person, the practicality of third, and the eccentricity of second lend themselves to three very different types of story.
Which is right for your story?
Consider the pros and cons of each. Do you want to tell the story from the perspective of just one person? Does that person have a strong and interesting voice? If so, first-person may be the right choice.
But if you want to use more than one narrator or to allow a little more distance between your protagonist and your readers, you’re probably better off with third-person.
Second-person, an always tricky and usually unpopular choice, should be generally avoided.
#2. Whose POV(s) Will Your Novel Present?
Most stories will be confined to the specific perspectives of certain characters. Which POVs should your story include?
The protagonist’s: as in Susanne Collins’ The Hunger Games.
The protagonist’s and the antagonist’s: as in The Winner by David Baldacci.
The love interest’s: as in Perdido Street Station by China Miéville.
The sidekick’s: as in The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society by Mary Ann Shaffer and Annie Barrows.
The antagonist’s sidekick’s: as in Brent Weeks’ The Way of Shadows.
How many are too many?
A general rule of thumb when choosing POVs is: less is more.
The fewer POVs you have, the tighter your narrative will be.
Consider your story:
What important moments in the plot will your protagonist not be present for?
Do you need to dramatize these scenes?
If so, is there another character who could be a narrator?
Is this character important to the story?
Can you sow his POV throughout the book, so that his perspective matters to the story as a whole, and isn’t just a choice made for your convenience, at the risk of jarring readers?
Which characters have the strongest character arcs?
#3. Which Tense Should You Write In?
For centuries, past tense has been the standard for written fiction, but present tense has gained a certain trendiness in recent years.
Past Tense: They filed clumsily into the battleroom, like children in a swimming pool for the first time, clinging to the handholds along the side. Null gravity was frightening, disorienting; they soon found that things went better if they didn’t use their feet at all. —Ender’s Game by Orson Scott Card
Present Tense: I turn to look at Clare and just for a moment I forget that she is young, and that this is long ago; I see Clare, my wife, superimposed on the face of this young girl, and I don’t know what to say to this Clare who is old and young and different from other girls, who knows that different might be hard. — The Time Traveler’s Wife by Audrey Niffenegger
Your choice of tense will affect every sentence of your story.
Past tense brings both flexibility and solidity – most readers don’t even think about tense when reading it.
Present tense has the ability to create both intimacy and distance, depending on how it’s used, while also lending speed, immediacy, and lyricism.
Try writing a few paragraphs in both tenses.
Which tense comes more naturally to you? Which feels more appropriate for your story?
Some readers dislike reading the present tense. Are you willing to risk their dislike solely on account of the tense you use? What would present tense bring to your book that past tense can’t?
#4. How Long Should Your Book Be?
Here’s another decision that may be difficult to make beforehand, but which is absolutely worth thinking about.
Although it’s often best to allow the story itself to determine its length, authors can’t afford to overlook genre guidelines for word count.
If you can determine upfront how long you’d like your book to be, you can use a knowledge of story structure to approximate how long each section of your story needs to be — and to then keep track of your progress as you’re writing the first draft.
What genre are you writing?
If you’re writing middle grade or young adult fiction, you’ll want to keep your book under 80,000 words.
Romance novels usually range from 55,000 to 100,000 words, depending on sub-genre.
Mysteries and thrillers should try to stay under 100,000 words.
Science fiction and fantasy novels usually range between 90,000 and 120,000 words.
#5. How Long Should Your Scenes and Chapters Be?
Unlike previous decisions, this one is more flexible, since changing scene and chapter lengths can sometimes be as easy as moving the chapter headings and scene break markers.
But it’s still an important decision to keep in mind in the early stages, since scene and chapter length dramatically affect tone and pacing.
Longer scenes and chapters will create a sense of leisure and gravitas, as in Patrick O’Brian’s Aubrey-Maturin series.
Shorter scenes and chapters lend urgency and are often more effective at keeping readers turning the pages into the wee hours, as in Ruth Downie’s Gaius Petreius Ruso series.
What type of story are you writing—a quiet, generational exploration of human nature, or an adrenaline-laced race against the clock?
What’s your protagonist’s personality—introspective and mellow, or fast-talking and action-oriented?
Match your story’s pacing to its tone by controlling the length of your scenes and chapters.
Before you turn yourself loose on the page, take a few moments to consider the ramifications of these five choices.
Once you know how to make the right choices for your novel, your first draft will be an enormous improvement over earlier first drafts. Making the right call now can save you hundreds of hours of work later.
What decisions do you try to make before starting your book? Have you ever made the wrong decision and realized it too late? Let me know in the comments below!
Historical and speculative novelist K.M. Weiland is the author of Amazon bestsellers Outlining Your Novel and Structuring Your Novel. She mentors authors on her award-winning website Helping Writers Become Authors.
paket bulanmadu says:
Hey I was wondering if anyone could tell me which universities are the best (anywhere) for creative writing? I’m not interested in any universities in ontario because they dont offer the type of courses I want. I was also wondering if maybe there are schools specifically for creative writing? Please help me out, I have to apply in Dec, and I have no idea where I’m going, I just know that I want to write, because writing is my life, and I cant see myself doing anything else. Thanks..
A great article. I would say ‘person’ and ‘tense’ are the key decisions that affect the whole story and are difficult to reverse at a later point in time without a major re-write. They need to be determined upfront.
The POV for each scene also needs to be planned in advance, but it is not disastrous to rewrite the POV for an individual scene if you have to. Sometimes I will re-write the POV for a scene to balance out the POV’s elsewhere where I have more than one main character. I’ve also used minor characters POV at times to show a different perspective of the main character or antagonist.
I don’t think a great deal about the length of chapters or scenes. I tend to write first in scenes and then decide on the chapter breaks when looking at the completed first draft. The length of the book I don’t think about until I’m finished. It’s only if it’s too long or too short that I am concerned at all.
K.M. Weiland says:
Story length is probably the least important of all these considerations. It’s greatest value comes into play when an author is able to identify whether he’s more inclined to be long-winded or short-winded (if that’s a term!). When we recognize our own tendencies, monitoring word count during the first draft can help us curb bad habits and create a first draft that is all that much closer to the final draft.
I have never written a book before and I just started to write a poem. The poem changed into a short story and the short story into a longer one. I believe I have an idea for a book. I am going to continue to write and see where it takes me. I read this and I have three out of the five questions answered. The fourth and fifth questions have stumped me but I think I can answered them in a few more pages. This was a lot of help. Thanks.
Three out of five isn’t bad! The thing about all these questions is that the answers can absolutely change as we’re writing. We may think we’ve made the right decisions for our books, only realize we weren’t seeing the entire picture.
Glynis Jolly says:
I can’t thank you enough for this post. Yes, it took me a while to get to it but I’m so glad I didn’t skim through it. I’m on my 1st draft of my first novel/novelette/short story. At this point, it looks more like going for a full-blown novel.
I’ll be bookmarking this post in my folder for resources.
I’m actually using two characters in my narratives plus another character for a second story within the main one. This means I have three main characters. In your opinion, do you think this is too much?
Not necessarily. That’s the approach I took in my last WIP. I used two POVs, but the story featured one other character who was just as major as either of the POV characters. It worked out well.
Barry Knister says:
K.M. What you say is valuable to any writer sitting down to compose a narrative. But I would add that the other great take-away from your post is how it can aid writers as readers. Every novel we read is, or should be a teaching moment, a whole bunch of them. By absorbing your five questions-to-self, writers can greatly expand the value in their reading. How has the novel on my Kindle or in my hands approached the five issues? What would happen to the story, had the writer made other choices?
Couldn’t agree more! As writers, we have to be students the craft, and the absolute best place to study that craft is in the midst of the books we ourselves enjoy – or don’t enjoy, as the case may be.
This is a helpful for me especially that you talked about POVs. I’m afraid I may have committed a mistake by including too much narrators. The good news is, I’m still writing the first draft so I think it’s not a lot of work to edit those parts.
Thanks for writing this! 🙂
When in doubt, fewer narrators are almost always the better choice. But it’s also true that some stories require more POVs than others.
John Soares says:
I think these are all crucial questions that must be answered.
I think it’s also very important to have a detailed outline of the book. A good outline helps all writers, whether it’s for a magazine article, a nonfiction book, or a novel.
And K.M., I know you wrote the book on the subject of outlining a novel!
Yes, you’ll get no arguments from me on the worth of outlining!
Michael W. Perry says:
My normal style is to write in the past tense but unconsciously slip into the present when I want more intensity. On one hand I feel bad being inconsistent. On the other, I’d rather my readers sometimes feel they were watching it happen. In practice, I typically turn every sentence I notice into the past tense and call it artistic license for those I don’t catch.
–Michael W. Perry, My Nights with Leukemia: Caring for Children with Cancer (Mostly first-person past tense for the story itself, with third person for objective medical facts.)
Inconsistency in a novel is rarely a good thing, but this approach is actually something I’ve seen work before. The idea, of course, is to create a transition between tenses so subtle that readers never notice it. We’re just wanting to use that brief lapse into present tense to create a more urgent feel for certain passages. It’s a technique to be used only with caution, but if beta readers seem to like it, you’re probably pulling it off.
David Erickson says:
When I’ve sat down to write a novel I haven’t spent much time weighing these choices. Each project has its own flow and what hits the page is what feels right.
A writer’s instincts should never be discounted. Particularly if we’ve managed to keep the infernal internal editor from making us doubt ourselves, our instincts are usually wiser than our conscious brains.
Excellent post! I think these elements are so simple yet often overlooked as important. I think people jump into these decisions without giving them much thought (if any at all). Thanks for reminding us that they require thought, too.
Writers largely operate on instinct, and there’s nothing wrong with that. But it’s good to try to balance our instincts with a little conscious forethought as well.
Robyn LaRue says:
I agree! I usually have to stop at the 20k mark and ask if instinct was right or if I need to change things.
I do the same thing, as a matter of fact. I call it a “fifty-page edit,” and I’ll stop and do it after each of the three major plot points. It does wonders for keeping me oriented in the actual flow of the story.
Carol J. Garvin says:
On my last novel I changed both the POV *and* tense, *twice* before it felt right. The amount of time required by revisions convinced me to pre-think more carefully on the next one. But it was difficult to know which would be the most effective until the story was well underway.
I had to change tense on a recent WIP. Once you’ve done that once, you definitely have incentive to make better decisions upfront next time.
Thanks so much for having me today, Mary and Vinita!
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Advertising, Public Relations & Marketing News
11 Years After The Miracle, Survivor Helps Charlotte Grow
Just two weeks after Michael Leonard (seat 12C) will join in a Celebration of Life with his fellow survivors from Flight 1549, Miracle on the Hudson, he is strengthening his roots in the Charlotte business community.
(1888PressRelease) January 16, 2020 - Just two weeks after Michael Leonard (seat 12C) will join in a Celebration of Life with his fellow survivors from Flight 1549, Miracle on the Hudson, he is strengthening his roots in the Charlotte business community. In 2006, Michael transplanted his family to Charlotte for Belk. After ten years at Belk, he took an out of town position, first in NYC and then South Florida, flying back-and-forth to CLT each week. Michael stated “after a couple years of commuting, I realized I wanted to be home, not just a weekend attendee. I wanted to reconnect with my community and be part of its growth” QC Signs & Graphics was born.
Michael, a new Officer in the Rotary Club of Ballantyne, an active member in the Pineville Chamber of Commerce and BNI, is now a small business owner here in Charlotte.
QC Signs and Graphics is excited to be holding its official Grand Opening on Thursday, January 30th from 5pm – 7:30pm, open to the public. Located at 13331 York Center Drive, Suite B, Charlotte, NC 28273. Refreshments, a car wrapping demonstration, and a live DJ will get the evening started to officially introduce the business to the Charlotte community.
QC Signs & Graphics is a full-service Sign Company that handles anything from banners and window graphics to permitting and installation of large-scale signing as well as a provider of promotional products. “What I love most is that our early jobs have been new businesses opening offices and branches in Charlotte. From a new children’s gym opening in Pineville to the opening of a Charlotte office of an international company that builds machines to sort recyclables, QC Signs & Graphics is helping the Queen City grow, get branded and evolve as a business community.
“Charlotte is my home and I’m excited to be a part of its expansion. What I learned in 20+ years of corporate America I am taking with me to QC Signs & Graphics. I look forward to the official Ribbon Cutting and opening my doors to all of the Queen City” said Michael.
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11 Years After The Miracle, Survivor Helps Charlotte Grow by Qc Signs
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Michael Leonard
Qc Signs
13331 York Center Drive, Suite B
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Home › stock offering
Interpace Biosciences to Sell $20M in Preferred Stock, Plans Reverse Stock Split
The company recently changed its name from Interpace Diagnostics as it expands its focus to include drug discovery and development services.
OncoCyte Enters Deal to Offer $7.6M in Stock
The company will use the proceeds to strengthen its balance sheet and support the commercial launch of new products and development activities over the coming year.
Biocept Prices $10M Public Offering of Stocks, Warrants
The firm is offering 24.6 million shares of its common stock and warrants to purchase 24.6 million shares of stocks to financially support and expand its business.
Sienna Cancer Diagnostics Raises $1.1M in Private Placement
The Australian company also plans to offer 72 million new shares to eligible existing shareholders to raise additional funds.
HTG Molecular Diagnostics Files for $20M Stock Offering
The Tucson, Arizona-based company previously raised $20 million through a public offering of its shares and a purchase deal with certain investors.
Fulgent Genetics Prices $26.2M Public Stock Offering
The genetic testing firm is offering approximately 2.3 million shares at $11.25 per share and plans to use the funds for general corporate purposes.
Quotient Prices $78.4M Public Offering of Shares
The company said it intends to use the proceeds of the offering to advance its MosaiQ high-throughput automated testing products, among other things.
Biocept Files for $13.8M Sale of Stock, Warrants
The company said it will use the net proceeds for general corporate purposes and to fund ongoing operations and expansion of its business.
Opko Declines Sharply, Castle Bio, NeoGenomics Jump as 360Dx Index Stays Flat in October
Of the 29 companies in the index, 18 companies' share prices declined while the share values of 11 increased month over month.
Opko Prices $75M Common Stock Offering
The company priced the offering at $1.50 per share and said it will use some of the proceeds to fund research, development, and commercialization of its portfolio.
In stock offering
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Home Hemp Industrial Hemp News Can Hemp Clean Up The Earth
Can Hemp Clean Up The Earth
Andrew Leonard
In 2017, Gavin Stonehouse, a graduate student in plant biology at Colorado State University, started cultivating hemp plants in a special soil mixture dosed with varying levels of selenium. A mineral that occurs naturally in most of the western United States, selenium is also a nasty environmental pollutant when produced in excess by industrial and agricultural activities.
Stonehouse wanted to find out if hemp could handle the selenium. If the plants thrived, it would be an important first step towards proving claims that industrial hemp naturally cleans soils contaminated with a multitude of toxic substances – a process known as “bioremediation” or “phytoremediation.” The next step will be to discover just how much of the selenium the plants extract, and where the mineral ends up – in the plants’ roots, stems, seeds or flowers.
Stonehouse and his advisor, CSU professor Elizabeth Pilon-Smits, plan to publish their results this summer. But the early indications are promising. The hemp was “super tolerant” of the selenium, says Stonehouse. Not a single plant died, and only a few, exposed to the highest doses, showed signs of stress.
The implications of the experiment go beyond just the potential for healthier soil. As humans have known for thousands of years, hemp is a plant that boasts abundant industrial, nutritive and medicinal properties. You can eat its seeds, treat pain and inflammation with its oils and make clothing, rope and paper from its fibers. And now, in the 21st century, we’re discovering that it can perform like a kind of a toxic-substance vacuum cleaner too?
“If you can clean up the environment and still get a commercial product,” says Stonehouse, “you are killing two birds with one stone.”
The term “phytoremediation,” was coined by the scientist Ilya Raskin, a member of a team that tested hemp’s ability to accumulate heavy metals from soil in contaminated fields near Chernobyl in the 1990s. According to another team member, Vyacheslav Dushenkov, the experiment was a success. “For the specific contaminants that we tested, hemp demonstrated very good phytoremediation properties,” says Dushenkov,
In 2001, a team of German researchers confirmed the Chernobyl results by showing that hemp was able to extract lead, cadmium and nickel from a plot of land contaminated with sewage sludge. In 2011, hundreds of farmers in Puglia, Italy, started testing the theory, planting hemp in a long-term effort to clean up fields disastrously polluted by a massive steel plant. (Conclusive data on how well the Italian bioremediation project is working doesn’t appear to be available yet, but the farmers have been cleared to sell harvested hemp fiber for industrial use.)
Pilon-Smits, the CSU professor, has been studying phytoremediation for more than a decade. She had long been aware of the international research suggesting hemp was a prime candidate for environmental cleanup. But until very recently, her hands were tied. For nearly a century, commercial cultivation of hemp was forbidden in the United States, fallout from the widespread panic over marijuana that swept the Western world in the 1930s. (Hemp and marijuana are strains of the same species, cannabis sativa; the primary difference is that marijuana gets you high, and hemp does not.)
Even after Colorado legalized recreational marijuana in 2012 and passed a bill encouraging research into hemp’s phytoremediative qualities in 2014. That same year, Congress added a provision to the farm bill that legalized the cultivation of hemp for research purposes, but Pilon-Smits still found it difficult to get academic funding for research. (Although numerous states have passed legislation encouraging industrial hemp cultivation and normalizing marijuana laws, both substances are still federally restricted. Even in forward-looking Colorado, suggests Pilon-Smits, a university that gave the go-ahead to research on hemp might run the risk of losing federal funding.)
But in the last couple of years, the political climate has changed drastically. In April, ultra-conservative Republican Mitch McConnell, the Senate Majority Leader, introduced the Hemp Farming Act of 2018 which would specifically remove hemp from the Controlled Substances Act. McConnell is currently maneuvering to get his stand-alone hemp bill incorporated into the 2018 Farm Bill.
In 2017, when Colorado Cultivars, a company that operates several industrial hemp farms, approached Pilon-Smits to ask if she was interested in analyzing hemp’s potential for cleaning up soil, she jumped at the chance. She quickly brought on Stonehouse for the hands-on work, and started, as far as she knows, one of the first comprehensive research efforts in the United States aimed at establishing hemp’s qualifications as an environmental savior.
If that sounds like a hippie dream, that’s because it is. For decades activists fighting for the normalization of marijuana laws have touted the manifold beneficial uses of hemp as a kind of stalking horse for pot legalization. The somewhat fuzzy logic seemed to be that if laws against hemp were loosened, the case for marijuana’s legalization would be strengthened. But in a sequence of events unimaginable a decade ago, the opposite happened: pressure to ease restrictions on marijuana ended up paving the way for hemp’s redemption. The groundswell that emerged from the spread of medical marijuana led directly to what Doug Fine, author of 2014’s Hemp Bound: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Next Agricultural Revolution, calls the “hemp renaissance.”
For Fine, hemp is nothing less than a savoir of humanity, a miracle plant that will revivify depleted soils, mitigate the threat of climate change, and re-establish harmonic balance between humans and the environment.
“It is the most important plant for the future of humanity,” says Fine, speaking to Rolling Stone from Hawaii, where he is working as a hemp-seed oil researcher for the University of Hawaii. For Fine, the vision of a hemp lifecycle in which the plant is used to remediate soil and then converted into environmentally friendly products is an example of “regenerative values” that are currently leaking out of the crunchy hippie communities and spreading “into the basics of our economy and society.”
And at first glance, there are any number of reasons, according to Pilon-Smits and Stonehouse, why hemp has superstar phytoremediative potential. Hemp is a hardy plant that grows like, well, a weed, just about anywhere. It produces a relative abundance of bushy biomass in a short period of time, which means it is highly effective at extracting nutrients from the soil and converting them into potentially useful products. Its relatively deep and extensive root structure, unusual for an annual plant, allows it to probe widely through contaminated soil. It is also naturally resistant to insect predators, thus obviating the need for pesticides.
The full environmental picture, however, is not quite so balmy. As with most commercial crops, industrial cultivation of hemp depletes the soil of key fertilizing compounds such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. Producing all that biomass requires significant inputs of water and runs the same risks of soil erosion as other industrial plants. A hemp-based economy, in other words, doesn’t automatically usher in a green future.
There is also still a great deal to learn about what can be done with hemp plants that have been deployed to clean up especially dangerous contaminants. There is unlikely to be a market, any time soon, for edible hemp seeds or CBD oil from plants that have been used to extract cadmium or lead from Superfund sites. And at present, we simply don’t yet have enough data to understand exactly how hemp stores the contaminants it extracts and what that might mean for possible health implications.
Still, it’s possible to visualize some sweet spots where everything comes together. One of the reasons why Pilon-Smits and Stonehouse are excited about their selenium research is that even though excess selenium is an environmental pollutant, it is also, in small doses, a necessary nutrient for human life. Over a billion people in the world are selenium deficient, says Pilot-Smits. If industrial hemp removed selenium from the earth and concentrated it in edible hemp seeds, it would be possible to simultaneously clean up the environment and improve human nutrition.
“If hemp grows well,” says Pilon-Smits, “the phytoremediation will pay for itself. There are many degraded or marginal soils that are taken out of production and polluted soils awaiting cleanup because there are not enough funds available to pay for it. Hemp can really be a solution.”
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“A herb growers course designed for those serious about entering the herb growing industry – covers all types of herbs from culinary through to ornamental and medicinal. This course will give you the confidence to succeed in this interesting field.“
Gavin Cole B.Sc., Psych.Cert., Cert.Garden Design, MACA ACS Tutor
This course has been operating for decades and is designed for people who are involved, or wanting to become involved in the business of herbs. It covers less horticulture and focused more strongly on herbs than the Certificate in Horticulture -Herbs. This course is more appropriate for the small business operator who not only grows herbs but also harvests and value adds (e.g. perhaps producing herb products).
Select a payment plan: Plan A: 1 payment of £1,220.00
Plan C: 4 payments of £360.00
Extend Your Knowledge and Passion for Herbs
Hundreds of people have studied this course over the years. Many have gone on to work in or establish herb farms or nurseries. Others have moved into businesses that deal with culinary or medicinal herbs or some other facet of this extremely diverse industry.
For others, the course has been more about indulging a long standing passion, than building a career.
Whatever your reason for being interested in herbs; this course offers an opportunity to learn from a team of professionals who have worked with, grown, used and written about herbs for decades. Our principal wrote his first book on herbs (Starting a Nursery or Herb Farm) in 1982 and has grown hundreds of species over the years. Our UK based tutor, Maggi Brown worked for Garden Organic near Coventry for 20 years, growing, using and writing about herbs. Other members of our team have worked with herbs across the UK, and from the south to north of Australia.
Tutor Comment
Gavin Cole B.Sc., Psych.Cert., Cert.Garden Design, MACA, ACS Tutor
Start Date: Start at any time.
Course Structure: There are thirty lessons including a special project in this course, each requiring about 16 hours work.
Course Duration: 600 nominal hours.
Overview of Herb Varieties
Soils & Nutrition
Herb Culture
Propagation Techniques
Pests & Disease Control
Processing Herbs
Using Herbs: Herb Crafts
Using Herbs: Herbs for Cooking
Using Herbs: Medicinal Herbs
Herb Farming
Herb Garden Design
Constructing a Herb Garden
Managing a Herb Nursery
Lavenders
Lamiaceae Herbs
The Asteraceae (Compositae) Herbs
The Apiaceae Family
Other Herbs
Topiary & Hedges
Producing Herb Products A
Producing Herb Products B
Producing Herb Products C
Marketing in the Herb Industry
Budgeting & Business Planning
Workforce Design & Management
Major Research Project
EXAMS: Two exams must be sat and passed; one for the first 15 lessons and the other for the last 15.
Enrolment Fees do not include exam fees.
Grow Herbs Anywhere (Just about)
You don’t need to have an allocated herb garden to grow and enjoy a range of herbs.
Different types of herbs can be grown together, but herbs can just as easily be grown alone or alongside or between other plants. They can be used as edging plants, as under-planting, as bed fillers or in those difficult spots, where little else will grow.
Herbs are fantastic when interspersed throughout the garden – for example, thymes are great edging plants for garden borders or rose beds, golden marjoram looks lovely in a perennial border, and garlic or onion chives make good edging and accent plants. They can also be used under roses to help deter pests. Others such as artichokes can play an important architectural role in your garden, adding height, interest and drama to an otherwise ordinary planting scheme. Herbs such as curry plant, rosemary, sage and lavenders can be trimmed as hedges to edge garden beds or to delineate one area from another.
Some herbs like mint will do well along shady fence lines, but you should use a root barrier (dug into the ground) to prevent it spreading too far, otherwise it may take over your garden! There are species which grow well in between pavers like low-growing thymes which bear flowers in white, pink, mauve or magenta in spring and summer - these tough, sun and heat loving species will thrive in these conditions. Winter and summer savory also do well in very hot and dry spots – just trim these back at the end of winter to encourage new spring and summer growth.
Almost all herbs make exceptional pot plants – you could group several smaller growing types (e.g. thyme, parsley, chives and oregano) in a single large pot, or plant just one large species such as a bay tree, rosemary, or sage plant in the centre of the pot. Herbs can also be utilised against your front fence (a spot where weeds usually love to take hold) or as an alternative to grass on your nature strip or verge, that way the entire neighbourhood can enjoy them too.
If you have a damp, poorly-drained spot in the garden then the mints (Mentha spp.) will thrive there (again, a root barrier would be advisable). Alternatively, try Vietnamese mint (Polygonum odoratum). Like common mint, this species also likes lots of water and will thrive in shady or semi-shaded spots.
Using Herbs to fill Gaps in the Summer Garden
Summer can be both a joy and curse for your garden: a joy, because things can grow faster, but a curse because pests and diseases also develop faster. And when they do, it’s not uncommon for plants to die unexpectedly, leaving a big gap in the garden. It might be a bare spot in a bed of shrubs or a vegetable patch; or perhaps an empty pot amongst a cluster of very attractive potted plants.
Things to know about gaps:
A bare space can be a magnet for weeds.
Bare soil can be vulnerable to wind or water erosion.
If plants died in this spot there can be remnants of the disease left in the soil (if you replant the same type of plant, it may be immediately attacked).
A micro-climate has been changed - the bigger the plant that died, the bigger the change. Consider a large shrub or small tree: it may have been protecting surrounding plants, and its departure may leave those plants exposed to the elements.
Most herbs are fast-growing and relatively hardy plants, and that makes them ideal for filling in gaps that open up in the garden. I plant chives to edge veggie beds and plant herbs such as parsley, thyme and oregano to fill in empty spaces. Parsley, for example, will grow quite well under smaller fruit trees - as will chives. Thyme and oregano will do well in dry spots or under roses.
Where the Course Might Take You?
Even though generalisations might be able to be made about growing herbs, every type of plant is a different type of plant. Every species has it's own cultural requirements. It must be treated in a certain individual way and, depending on the climate and location in which it is grown, it will respond differently to different types of treatments.
Herbs come in all shapes and sizes, from trees to ground covers; and their cultural needs are as variable as the shape an size. Some herbs are very tolerant of adverse conditions; while others are not.
This course will show you how to grow herbs; develop your awareness of hundreds of different types of plants that have herbal properties; and help you to explore career and business opportunities that might present in the herb industries.
People who work with herbs include: nurserymen, herb farmers, perfume makers, soap makers, food processors, herb farmers, pharmaceutical companies, natural therapists, and others.
Operating a herb farm, for example; is not just a matter of being able to produce a good product. You have to produce a product which is saleable, and then sell it. You can know all about herbs, and still be an unsuccessful herb farmer, if you are unable to show some degree of business sense.
Learning to identify, grow and use lots of different herbs is a first step, toward what can potentially become a lifelong passion and career. Beyond the course; you may go in any one of many different directions with the learning you develop.
Register to Study Today - Go to “It’s Easy to Enrol” box at the top of the page and you can enrol right now.
Get Advice – use our FREE COURSE COUNSELLING SERVICE to contact a tutor.
Accredited global partner in the ACS Affiliates Network
Member of the Institute of Training and Occupational Learning
Member of the International Approval and Registration Centre (since 1999)
UK Register of Learning Providers, UK PRN10000112
College Member of Complementary Medicine Association assessed to teach a range of areas including Counselling, Nutrition, Natural Therapies.
Member of the International Herb Association
AIH is listed as a Preferred Member Training Provider; the Principal, John Mason, is a fellow of AIH.
Our principal John Mason, is a fellow of the Chartered Institute of Horticulture (UK).
John Mason (Horticulturist)Horticulturist, Nurseryman, Landscaper, Garden Writer, Parks Manager and Consultant. Over 45 years experience; working in Australia and the UK. He is one of the most widely published garden writers in the world; author of more than 100 books and editor for 4 different gardening magazines. John has been recognised by his peers being made a fellow of the Institute of Horticulture in the UK, as well as by the Australian Institute of Horticulture.
Gavin ColeOver 25 years experience in Publishing, Psychology, Landscaping, Writing and Education. Worked and lived across both the UK and Australia. Gavin has a B.Sc., Psych.Cert., M. Psych. Cert.Garden Design, MACA.
Diana Cole (Horticulturist)Horticulturist, Permaculturist, Landscaper, Environmentalist. Holds a Diploma in Horticulture, degree in geography, permaculture certificate and various other qualifications. Between 1985 and 94, Diana was a task leader with the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers. Since 2001 she has been chairperson of the Friends of Mellor Park (with Stockport MDC). From 2005 she has worked exclusively in horticulture as proprietor of her own garden design and consultancy business in and around Derbyshire; and at the same time as part time manager of a small garden centre. Diana has been an enthusiastic and very knowledgeable tutor with ACS since 2008.
Yvonne Sharpe (Horticulturist)Started gardening in 1966, studied a series of horticulture qualifications throughout the 1980's and 90's, culminating in an RHS Master of Horticulture. Between 89 and 1994, she worked teaching in horticultural therapy. Founded the West Herts Garden Association in 1990 and exhibited at Chelsea Flower Show in 1991. In 1994, Yvonne joined the staff at Oaklands College, and between 1996 and 2000 was coordinator for all Amenity Horticulture courses at that college. Since leaving Oakland she has been active as a horticultural consultant, retail garden centre proprietor and sessional lecturer (across many colleges in southern England). In 2000, she also completed a Diploma in Management.
Starting a Nursery or Herb Farm It's often amazing how much can be produced, and the profit that can be made from a few hundred square meters of land. To work efficiently and profitably, a nursery or herb farm must be both well organised and properly managed. As with any business, it is essential to be confident enough to make firm decisions as and when needed. This e-book is your ticket to a fragrant future.
Herbs Learn to identify and grow dozens of commonly grown herbs. Explore how to use them. Herbs have a rich history dating back centuries. Used by monks, apothecaries and ‘witches’ in the past, herbs are undergoing a revival in interest. They are easy to grow, scented, culinary and medicinal plants. In a formal herb garden or peppered throughout the garden, herbs rarely fail! Find out how they are used as medicines, for cooking, perfumes and more.
Weeds This book helps you understand different types of weeds, and how to control them. Many of the more commonly occurring weeds around the world are both illustrated and described.
Fruit, Vegetables and Herbs The Fruit, Vegetables and Herbs ebook is ideal for students, professionals and home gardening enthusiasts alike. Fruit, Vegetable and Herbs provides an overview in techniques to produce food in the garden. Topics covered within this course include 1/ Food from the garden, 2/ Deciding what to grow, 3/ Successful growing, 4/ Fruits, 4-1/ Deciduous fruit trees, 4-2/ Citrus fruits, 4-3/ Tropical fruits, 4-4/ Berries, 4-5/ Nuts, 4-6/ Vine crops, 4-7/ Using produce, 5/ Vegetables, 6/ Mushrooms, 7/ Special growing techniques
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Aviation pushes governments to set emission …
in Air Transport
Aviation pushes governments to set emission target timeframe
The aviation industry, alongside environmental groups, will request governments to set a timeframe for agreement on a long-term target to reduce CO2 emissions from air transport at a meeting of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) starting this week in Montreal.
PICTURED LEFT: Michael Gill - recognising growth comes with responsibilities (c) IATA
The aviation sector – including the world’s airlines, airports, air traffic management providers and the makers of aircraft and engines – was one of the first to set long-term climate goals a decade ago. The industry says that it would like to see agreement reached on a comprehensive 2050 goal for aviation CO2 by the next ICAO Assembly in 2022 to leverage support for its climate action.
Speaking on the sidelines of the UN Climate Action Summit, Michael Gill, Executive Director of the cross-industry Air Transport Action Group said: “Aviation helps power the global economy and provides connectivity to families, business and society whilst also supporting 65.5 million jobs. It is growing to meet the needs particularly of developing economies, but we also recognize that with growth comes responsibility.”
“The industry is committed to further reducing its climate impact – already a flight taken by a passenger today will produce half the CO2 that the same flight would have in 1990 – and our existing industry long-term goal to halve net total CO2 emissions by 2050 remains a robust and ambitious focus for industry action in line with the Paris Agreement. We urge governments also to adopt a pathway towards a UN-backed long-term goal for aviation and set in place the right policy environments to meet the needs of that goal. Importantly, those policies must be implemented by governments in the short-term to help build a foundation for meaningful long-term reductions in CO2: we can’t wait until 2049 to take action.”
Aviation is one of the sectors of the global economy where emissions reductions are recognised as a significant challenge. The relatively easy solutions available to other sectors (such as electrification) are not immediately deployable for air transport. However, the sector has been making significant progress in improving efficiency through the deployment of new technology, improvements in operations, infrastructure changes and has begun its journey on an energy transition away from fossil fuels.
Earlier this year, airlines and started the process to monitor, report and verify emissions from their international flights in preparation for the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), an ICAO-backed project which will offset 80% of the post-2020 growth in international aviation CO2.
Michael Gill says: “The aviation industry backs the CORSIA process and is working hard to prepare for implementation. We are encouraged to see 81 States already on board with the voluntary phase and strongly urge all other countries to consider being part of this historic venture. Already, over $40bn in climate finance is expected to be generated through CORSIA as the air transport sector plays its role in pursuing climate action.”
This is the first such market mechanism to be rolled out for a single global sector and is seen as a measure that will help mitigate the growth in air transport emissions while longer-term solutions for CO2 are being ramped-up.
Director General of Airports Council International, Angela Gittens, said: “Along with its commitment to CORSIA, the aviation industry has invested billions in measures and practices which have made significant progress in reducing its environmental impact. This is a global challenge that requires a coordinated global response. Collaboration across the whole industry is needed to reduce emissions and airports remain committed to the active steps needed to address the environmental impact of operations.”
Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation Director General Simon Hocquard said: “The ATM industry is working with our partners and States to improve the environmental performance of aviation. From implementing new operational procedures to adopting the latest technologies, our members are playing an important role in developing sustainable air transport. We welcome the collaborative steps being taken to realise this".
Alexandre de Juniac, Director General and CEO of the International Air Transport Association, said: “The most promising means to achieving a sustainable future is with sustainable aviation fuels (SAF). Airline investments in SAF have powered hundreds of thousands of commercial flights. But the potential of SAF is far from being realised because costs are too high. Governments must play their role and set a comprehensive policy framework to support the commercialisation of this critical key to sustainability.”
The Director General of the International Business Aviation Council, Kurt Edwards, added: “Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) already powers a small percentage of flights, demonstrating aviation’s commitment to reducing its carbon footprint. However, its wide availability at competitive prices remains a key hurdle. Industry urges governments to implement policies to incentivise the production and up-take of SAF to meet long-term CO2 reduction goals.”
Chair of the International Coordinating Council of Aerospace Industries Associations, Eric Fanning, said: “Environmental performance is key for manufacturers. We’re spending billions on research and development to both make the next generation of aircraft and engines more fuel efficient and explore the potential of new technologies – like electrification, lighter materials, and new designs – for reducing aviation’s impact in the longer term.”
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Chilliwack RCMP estimate the Agassiz grow operation produced $750
RCMP bust another large grow-op in Agassiz
Another marijuana grow-op busted by RCMP in Agassiz Friday.
More than 1,100 marijuana plants and 10 pounds of dried marijuana was found as Agassiz RCMP officers and Emergency Response Team executed a search warrant at a property in the 6200-block Golf Road.
Police estimated the street value of the seized marijuana at $25,000, and believe the grow operation could produce $750,000 worth of marijuana each year.
“This is our second larg e grow-op bust in less than a month,” said Sgt. Stu Falebrinze, the new officer in charge of the Agassiz RCMP.
“It has been, and will continue to be, a priority for us to work to eliminate this vice in our community.”
Four men were taken into custody during the bust, and Crown will be assessing possible charges of production of a controlled substance, and possession for trafficking purposes.
All four men were released on a promise to appear in court at a later date.
Anyone with information about grow-ops in their area are asked to call the Agassiz RCMP at 604-796-2211 or Crime Stoppers at 1-800-222-TIPS.
TransLink improves accessibility
U.S. lawyer heads B.C. police oversight
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San Antonio Stars
Utah Starzz
Las Vegas Aces
AT&T Center
San Antonio, Texas
Silver, black[1][2]
Spurs Sports & Entertainment
The San Antonio Stars was a professional basketball team based in San Antonio, Texas, playing in the Western Conference in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). The team was founded in Salt Lake City, Utah, as the Utah Starzz before the league's inaugural 1997 season began; then moved to San Antonio before the 2003 season and became the San Antonio Silver Stars, then simply the San Antonio Stars in 2014.[3] The team was owned by Spurs Sports & Entertainment, which also owned the San Antonio Spurs of the NBA. The team was sold to MGM Resorts International in 2017 and became the Las Vegas Aces for the 2018 season.
The Stars qualified for the WNBA Playoffs in seven of their fourteen years in San Antonio. The franchise has been home to many high-quality players such as all-star point guard Becky Hammon, solid power-forward Sophia Young, former first-overall draft pick Ann Wauters, and seven-foot-two-inch center Margo Dydek. In 2008, the Silver Stars went to the WNBA Finals but they were swept by Detroit.
The Stars played their games at AT&T Center.
✪ San Antonio Stars-Los Angeles Sparks. WNBA. 28-07-2017.
✪ San Antonio Stars vs. Seattle Storm highlights 6.18.17
✪ San Antonio Stars Top 5 Plays From The 2017 Season
✪ Inside the San Antonio Silver Stars
✪ San Antonio Stars vs. Los Angeles Sparks Game Recap
1 Franchise history
1.1 The Utah Starzz years (1997–2002)
1.2 Relocation to San Antonio
1.3 The Stars fall short (2003–2006)
1.4 Picking things up (2007–2008)
1.5 Struggling stars (2009–2010)
1.6 Stars align in San Antonio (2011–2017)
1.7 Relocation to Las Vegas
1.8 Uniforms
2 Season-by-season records
3 Players
3.1 Former players
3.2 Retired numbers
3.3 FIBA Hall of Fame
4 Coaches and staff
4.1 Owners
4.2 Head coaches
4.3 General managers
4.4 Assistant coaches
5 Statistics
6 Media coverage
7 All-time notes
7.1 Regular season attendance
7.2 Draft picks
7.3 Trades
7.4 All-Stars
7.5 Olympians
7.6 Honors and awards
The Utah Starzz years (1997–2002)
Main article: Utah Starzz
One of the eight original WNBA teams, the Utah Starzz (partially named after the old ABA team, the Utah Stars, but with the zz at the end like the Utah Jazz) never met the same success as their (former) counterpart in the NBA, the Utah Jazz. They held the distinction of having the worst record in the WNBA in 1997 and were the first team to select in the 1998 WNBA Draft. With their selection, they picked 7 ft. 2 in. center Margo Dydek, who easily became the tallest player in WNBA history. The pickup of Dydek did little to help their cause and they again finished near the bottom of the league in the 1998 & 1999 seasons. The Starzz finally posted a winning record in 2000, but did not make the playoffs. In 2001, the Utah Starzz made it to the playoffs for the first time, but they were quickly swept in the first round by the Sacramento Monarchs. In 2002, the Starzz made it to the playoffs again, and this time beat the Houston Comets in the Western Conference Semifinals 2 games to 1. Their playoff run ended in the Western Finals, however, as they were swept aside by the eventual champs, the Los Angeles Sparks.
Relocation to San Antonio
When the NBA divested itself of all of its WNBA franchises at the end of the 2002 season, the Utah Jazz ownership did not wish to retain ownership of the Starzz. The Starzz then looked for local Utah potential buyers, but none were found, leaving the franchise with the choices of either being sold to out-of-town investor(s) or folding.
The Starzz avoided being folded when the franchise was sold to Peter Holt (the owner of the NBA's San Antonio Spurs) and relocated to San Antonio, Texas. The team's name was changed to the San Antonio Silver Stars and would change its team colors to the silver and black motif used by the Spurs.
The Stars fall short (2003–2006)
Immediately after moving, the new Silver Stars made major roster moves, as they traded star Natalie Williams along with Coretta Brown to the Indiana Fever in exchange for Sylvia Crawley and Gwen Jackson. After losing seasons in 2003 and 2004, the team then traded away star Margo Dydek.
For the first four seasons (2003–2006) after moving to San Antonio, the franchise was unable to change its old losing trend and did not make the playoffs, in sharp contrast to their current NBA counterpart, the San Antonio Spurs. From 1997–2002, the Utah Starzz had a record of 87–99. From 2003–2006, the San Antonio Silver Stars record was 41–88.
Picking things up (2007–2008)
The 2007 season brought a lot of change for the Silver Stars. They acquired stars Becky Hammon, Ruth Riley, and Sandora Irvin in trades, selected Helen Darling in Charlotte Sting's dispersal draft, drafted Camille Little in the second round, signed Erin Buescher during the off-season, and retained key players, such as Marie Ferdinand-Harris, Vickie Johnson, Shanna Crossley, Kendra Wecker, and Sophia Young. The new-look Silver Stars became an instant contender in the Western Conference. On August 4, 2007 the Silver Stars clinched their first playoff berth since the franchise relocated to San Antonio in 2003. In the first round, the Silver Stars were matched up against the Sacramento Monarchs. After losing game 1 in Sacramento, the Silver Stars would win games 2 and 3 to advance to the Western Finals. The Silver Stars faced off against a strong Phoenix Mercury team, which had the number 1 seed in the Western Conference. The Silver Stars would lose Game 1 at home 102–100 on a controversial call by ref Lisa Mattingly. Mattingly called a foul on Shanna Crossley with 2.1 seconds left in the game and the score tied at 100. Replay showed that Crossley made no contact with Phoenix's Cappie Pondexter. However, Pondexter was sent to the line and made both free throws and Crossley's half-court shot to win the game nearly went in. On September 1, 2007 the Silver Stars' season came to an end after the Stars lost Game 2 98–92 in Phoenix.
Heading into 2008, the Silver Stars were regarded as a premiere contender and did not disappoint. After an average start, the Stars seized control of the Western Conference and rode to the best record in the West, and the #1 seed in the playoffs. In the first round, the Silver Stars once again faced off against the Sacramento Monarchs. Unlike 2007, the Stars won Game 1 on the road, 85–78. But the Monarchs would prove pesky, spoiling a potential clinch in Game 2 crushing the Silver Stars at home 84–67. Now the Silver Stars had to win game 3 or face an offseason of disappointment. In the Game, the Silver Stars would secure a 14-point lead and it seemed over. But a late rally by the Monarchs, including the last seven points in regulation, sent the game into overtime. In overtime, the Silver Stars clamped down and proved they were the better team, defeating the Monarchs 86–81, advancing to the Western Conference Finals for the second season in a row. In the West Finals, the Stars faced the resurgent Los Angeles Sparks team. In Game 1 in LA, the Stars took an early lead, but an 11–0 run by the Sparks into the half changed the tempo of the game and the Sparks took Game 1 85–70. In Game 2, the Silver Stars blew a 14-point lead in the final quarter, as the Sparks took a one-point lead with 1.3 seconds left. The Stars season was over unless there would be a miracle. However, Sophia Young delivered with a 14-foot turnaround shot to lift the Silver Stars to a 67–66 win. It came down to Game 3, with a trip to the WNBA Finals on the line. The two teams battled down the stretch, but the stellar play of Becky Hammon, who had 35 points and 4 crucial free throws, would lift the Silver Stars to their first WNBA Finals, defeating the Sparks 76–72. In the WNBA Finals, the Silver Stars faced the Detroit Shock, who were making their third WNBA Finals appearance in a row. In Game 1 at home, the Silver Stars fell behind early, but would tie the game at 69 with 2:15 left in the 4th quarter. But from there the Shock took control once again and won the game 77–69.
Struggling stars (2009–2010)
By the time the 2009 season opened, San Antonio were already on a struggling basis, being stuck in fourth place in the West throughout the year. However, the Silver Stars eventually started to rise a bit and later clinched a playoff berth, despite a sub-500 record of 15–19. After winning the first game against the Phoenix Mercury, the Silver Stars were unable to recover and lost the remaining two games to lose the series 2–1.
The 2010 season was not much different for the Stars. They finished with an unimpressive 14–20 record but sneaked into the third seed of the playoffs in a below-average Western Conference. The Silver Stars were swept in the first round of the playoffs by Phoenix and it was clear that some changes were needed.
Stars align in San Antonio (2011–2017)
In early 2011, it was announced that the Silver Stars would host the 2011 WNBA All-Star Game.
The Silver Stars started the 2011 season with a 7–3 record, led by the return of former head coach Dan Hughes. Along with the quality play from Becky Hammon and Sophia Young, three rookies made the Silver Stars' roster in 2011. Danielle Robinson, Danielle Adams, and Porsha Phillips were all drafted in 2011. Adams' play was so good that she was named Rookie of the Month for June, beating out top draft picks Maya Moore and Liz Cambage.
In the 2012 playoffs, the Silver Stars lost in the first round to the Los Angeles Sparks. The team would miss the playoffs in 2013. In the 2014 playoffs, the Stars would lose in the first round to the Minnesota Lynx. Hammon retired from the WNBA after 16 seasons (including spending the last eight with the Stars) afterwards.
Due to renovations at AT&T Center, the Stars played at Freeman Coliseum for the 2015 season.[4] For the 2016 season, the Stars moved back to the AT&T Center after the renovations to the arena were completed.
Relocation to Las Vegas
The NBA and WNBA approved the sale of the Stars to MGM Resorts International on October 17, 2017, with the intention of relocating the team to Las Vegas and playing at the Mandalay Bay Events Center starting in the 2018 season.[5]
2003–2006: At home, silver with black trim. Stars logo text is on the chest in black. Away from home, black with silver trim. Stars logo text is on the chest in white.
2007–2010: At home, silver with black stars down the side. Stars logo text is on the chest in black. Away from home, black with silver stars down the side. San Antonio text is on the chest in white. Player's names are beneath their numbers on the back of the uniform.
2011–2013: As part of the move to Adidas's Revolution 30 technology, the Silver Stars made subtle changes such as rounded numbers and team nickname on both uniforms. In the 2013 season, the numbers were slightly modified.
2014–2017: Uniform sponsor H-E-B was added, and the 'Stars' script was updated.
Season-by-season records
Playoff Results
Head coach
2003 West 6th 12 22 .353 Did not qualify C. Harvey (6–16)
S. Dailey (6–6)
2004 West 7th 9 25 .265 Did not qualify D. Brown (6–18)
2005 West 7th 7 27 .206 Did not qualify Dan Hughes
2006 West 6th 13 21 .382 Did not qualify Dan Hughes
2007 West 2nd 20 14 .588 Won Conference Semifinals (Sacramento, 2–1)
Lost Conference Finals (Phoenix, 0–2) Dan Hughes
2008 West 1st 24 10 .706 Won Conference Semifinals (Sacramento, 2–1)
Won Conference Finals (Los Angeles, 2–1)
Lost WNBA Finals (Detroit, 0–3) Dan Hughes
2009 West 4th 15 19 .441 Lost Conference Semifinals (Phoenix, 1–2) Dan Hughes
2010 West 3rd 14 20 .412 Lost Conference Semifinals (Phoenix, 0–2) Sandy Brondello
2011 West 4th 18 16 .529 Lost Conference Semifinals (Minnesota, 1–2) Dan Hughes
2012 West 3rd 21 13 .618 Lost Conference Semifinals (Los Angeles, 0–2) Dan Hughes
2014 West 3rd 16 18 .471 Lost Conference Semifinals (Minnesota, 0–2) Dan Hughes
2017 West 6th 8 26 .235 Did not qualify Vickie Johnson
291 405 .418 1 Conference Championship
10 23 .303 0 WNBA Championships
Danielle Adams (2011–2015)
Chantelle Anderson (2005–2007)
Jayne Appel (2010–2016)
Jennifer Azzi (2000–2003)
Helen Darling (2007–2010)
Margo Dydek (1998–2004)
Shyra Ely (2005–2006)
Marie Ferdinand-Harris (2001–2007)
Adrienne Goodson (1999–2004)
The AT&T Center, home of the Stars since 2003, except for the 2015 season due to summer renovations.
Becky Hammon (2007–2014), now an assistant coach of the San Antonio Spurs
Chamique Holdsclaw (2010)
Shannon "Pee Wee" Johnson (2004–2006)
Vickie Johnson (2006–2009), now the head coach for the Stars
DeLisha Milton-Jones (2013)
Wendy Palmer-Daniel (1997–1999, 2005)
Jia Perkins (2011–2015), now a member of the Minnesota Lynx
Erin Buescher Perperoglou (2007–2009)
Semeka Randall (2002–2004)
Ruth Riley (2007–2011), now the general manager for the Stars
Danielle Robinson (2011–2016), now a member of the Phoenix Mercury
Michelle Snow (2010)
LaToya Thomas (2004–2006)
Ann Wauters (2008–2009)
Sophia Young (2006–2015)
Shanna Zolman (2006–2007, 2009)
Tausha Mills (2003)
Shenise Johnson
San Antonio Stars retired numbers
25 Becky Hammon G 2007–14 [6]
FIBA Hall of Fame
San Antonio Stars Hall of Famers
Inducted
12 Margo Dydek C 2003–04 2019
Coaches and staff
Peter Holt, owner of the San Antonio Spurs (2003–2017)
San Antonio Stars head coaches
Candi Harvey July 6, 2001 July 26, 2003 3 40 33 .548 73 2 5 .286 7
Shell Dailey July 26, 2003 October 30, 2003 1 6 6 .500 12 0 0 .000 0
Dee Brown October 30, 2003 July 30, 2004 1 6 18 .250 24 0 0 .000 0
Shell Dailey August 10, 2004 end of 2004 1 3 7 .300 10 0 0 .000 0
Shell Dailey Total 2 9 13 .409 22 0 0 .000 0
Dan Hughes January 4, 2005 February 25, 2010 5 79 91 .465 170 7 10 .412 17
Sandy Brondello February 25, 2010 September 27, 2010 1 14 20 .412 34 0 2 .000 2
Dan Hughes January 28, 2011 end of 2016 6 82 122 .402 204 1 6 .143 7
Dan Hughes Total 11 161 213 .430 374 8 16 .333 24
Vickie Johnson December 22, 2016 October 17, 2017 1 8 26 .235 34 0 0 .000 0
Jay Francis (1997–2004)
Dan Hughes (2005–2015)
Ruth Riley (2016–2017)
Tammi Reiss (2001–2003)
Shell Dailey (2003–2004)
Vonn Read (2004)
Brian Agler (2005–2007)
Sandy Brondello (2005–2009)
Vanessa Nygaard (2008)
Olaf Lange (2008–2010)
Vickie Johnson (2011–2016)
Steve Shuman (2011–2012)
James Wade (2013–2016)
Joi Williams (2017)
Latricia Trammell (2017)
San Antonio Stars statistics
Team vs Opponents
2003 M. Ferdinand (13.8) M. Dydek (7.4) J. Azzi (3.3) 65.1 vs 71.4 33.7 vs 34.5 .383 vs .398
2004 L. Thomas (14.2) A. Goodson (6.9) S. Johnson (4.4) 64.4 vs 69.5 29.5 vs 30.4 .419 vs .443
2005 M. Ferdinand (12.5) W. Palmer (5.7) S. Johnson (4.6) 63.0 vs 70.6 27.8 vs 31.0 .417 vs .436
2006 S. Young (12.0) S. Young (7.6) S. Johnson (3.7) 74.2 vs 76.6 34.4 vs 36.4 .406 vs .431
2007 B. Hammon (18.8) E. Buescher (6.1) B. Hammon (5.0) 74.0 vs 73.1 32.0 vs 33.4 .424 vs .423
2008 B. Hammon (17.6) A. Wauters (7.5) B. Hammon (4.9) 74.9 vs 71.1 32.1 vs 35.5 .433 vs .398
2009 B. Hammon (19.5) S. Young (6.5) B. Hammon (5.0) 76.9 vs 78.3 30.9 vs 34.9 .427 vs .439
2010 S. Young (15.3) M. Snow (6.2) B. Hammon (5.4) 76.8 vs 80.1 30.1 vs 33.1 .461 vs .467
2012 S. Young (16.3) S. Young (7.2) B. Hammon (5.3) 82.1 vs 76.9 33.2 vs 34.9 .445 vs .432
2013 D. Adams (14.4) J. Appel (8.9) D. Robinson (6.7) 72.1 vs 77.9 32.1 vs 36.5 .400 vs .455
2014 K. McBride (13.0) J. Appel (7.9) D. Robinson (5.3) 77.8 vs 79.6 31.7 vs 34.1 .430 vs .474
2016 M. Jefferson (13.9) J. Appel (5.4) M. Jefferson (4.2) 72.0 vs 80.2 31.9 vs 35.7 .405 vs .438
Broadcasters for the Stars games were Andrew Monaco and Bob Weiss. While in San Antonio, some Stars games were broadcast on Fox Sports Southwest (FS-SW), which is a local television station for the state of Texas.
All-time notes
Regular season attendance
A sellout for a basketball game at AT&T Center (San Antonio) (2003–2014, 2016–2017) is 18,418.
A sellout for a basketball game at Freeman Coliseum (San Antonio) (2015) is 9,800.
Regular season all-time attendance
Sellouts
Total for year
WNBA game average
2003 10,384 (3rd) 15,593 7,692 0 176,526 8,826
2004 8,320 (6th) 10,506 5,764 0 141,444 8,589
2005 7,944 (8th) 9,772 5,508 0 135,054 8,172
2006 7,386 (10th) 10,634 5,998 0 125,564 7,476
2015 4,751 (12th) 9,080 1,738 0 80,766 7,184
2016 6,385 (9th) 108,551 7,655
2017 6,386 (10th) 9,621 3,210 0 108,562 7,716
2003 Miami/Portland Dispersal Draft: LaQuanda Barksdale (12)
2003: Coretta Brown (11), Ke-Ke Tardy (25), Brooke Armistead (40)
2004 Cleveland Dispersal Draft: LaToya Thomas (3)
2004: Cindy Dallas (21), Toccara Williams (34)
2005: Kendra Wecker (4), Shyra Ely (14), Catherine Kraayeveld (27)
2006: Sophia Young (4), Shanna Crossley (16), Khara Smith (30)
2007 Charlotte Dispersal Draft: Helen Darling (4)
2007: Camille Little (17), Nare Diawara (30)
2008: Chioma Nnamaka (21), Alex Anderson (39)
2009 Houston Dispersal Draft: selection waived
2009: Megan Frazee (14), Sonja Petrovic (26), Candyce Bingham (39)
2010 Sacramento Dispersal Draft: Laura Harper (5)
2010: Jayne Appel (5), Alysha Clark (17), Alexis Rack (29)
2011: Danielle Robinson (6), Danielle Adams (20), Porsha Phillips (30)
2012: Shenise Johnson (5)
2013: Kayla Alexander (8), Davellyn Whyte (16), Diandra Tchatchouang (20), Whitney Hand (32)
2014: Kayla McBride (3), Astou Ndour (16), Bri Kulas (28)
2015: Dearica Hamby (6), Dragana Stanković (30), Nikki Moody (33)
2016: Moriah Jefferson (2), Brittney Martin (25)
2017: Kelsey Plum (1), Nia Coffey (5), Schaquilla Nunn (25)
January 28, 2004: The Silver Stars traded the fourth, 16th, and 29th picks in the 2004 Draft to the Connecticut Sun in exchange for Shannon Johnson, the 21st and the 34th picks in the 2004 Draft.
July 19, 2004: The Silver Stars traded Gwen Jackson to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Adrian Williams.
April 16, 2005: The Silver Stars traded Margo Dydek to the Connecticut Sun in exchange for Katie Feenstra and a first-round pick in the 2006 Draft.
May 18, 2005: The Silver Stars traded Connecticut's first-round pick in the 2006 Draft to the Sacramento Monarchs in exchange for Chantelle Anderson.
February 21, 2007: The Silver Stars traded a second-round pick in the 2007 Draft to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Sandora Irvin.
February 22, 2007: The Silver Stars traded Katie Feenstra and the right to swap first-round picks in the 2008 Draft to the Detroit Shock in exchange for Ruth Riley.
April 4, 2007: The Silver Stars traded Jessica Davenport and a first-round pick in the 2008 Draft to the New York Liberty in exchange for Becky Hammon and a second-round pick in the 2008 Draft.
April 9, 2008: The Silver Stars traded Camille Little, Chioma Nnamaka, and a first-round pick in the 2009 Draft to the Atlanta Dream in exchange for Ann Wauters, Morenike Atunrase, and a second-round pick in the 2009 Draft.
February 19, 2010: The Silver Stars acquired Roneeka Hodges from the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for the right to swap second-round picks in the 2011 Draft.
March 11, 2010: The Silver Stars acquired Michelle Snow from the Atlanta Dream in exchange for Dalma Ivanyi and the right to swap second-round picks in the 2011 Draft.
April 14, 2010: The Silver Stars traded Shanna Crossley to the Tulsa Shock in exchange for Crystal Kelly.
April 20, 2011: The Silver Stars traded Michelle Snow to the Chicago Sky in exchange for Jia Perkins.
May 2, 2011: The Silver Stars traded second- and third-round picks in the 2012 Draft to the Tulsa Shock in exchange for Scholanda Robinson.
March 1, 2012: The Silver Stars traded Roneeka Hodges to the Indiana Fever in exchange for Tangela Smith.
March 14, 2012: The Silver Stars traded Sonja Petrovic to the Chicago Sky in exchange for a third-round pick in the 2013 Draft.
March 12, 2015: The Stars traded Shenise Johnson and a second-round pick in the 2015 Draft to the Indiana Fever in exchange for a first- and third-round picks in the 2015 Draft.
April 16, 2015: The Stars traded the 9th overall pick in the 2015 Draft to the New York Liberty in exchange for Alex Montgomery.
July 5, 2015: The Stars traded a second-round pick in the 2016 Draft to the Atlanta Dream in exchange for Samantha Logic.
April 14, 2016: The Stars traded Jia Perkins to the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for Jazmon Gwathmey.
May 9, 2016: The Stars traded a second-round pick in the 2017 Draft to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Monique Currie.
January 31, 2017: The Stars traded Danielle Robinson to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Isabelle Harrison and the 5th pick in the 2017 Draft.[7]
February 27, 2017: The Stars traded Astou Ndour to the Chicago Sky in exchange for Clarissa Dos Santos.[8]
May 9, 2017: The Stars traded Jazmon Gwathmey to the Indiana Fever in exchange for the Fever's 2018 3rd round pick.[9]
June 28, 2017: The Stars traded Monique Currie to Phoenix Mercury for Shay Murphy, Sophie Brunner and Mercury's 2018 3rd Round Draft Pick.[10]
2003: Margo Dydek, Marie Ferdinand-Harris
2004: Shannon Johnson
2005: Marie Ferdinand-Harris
2006: Sophia Young
2007: Becky Hammon, Sophia Young
2008: No All-Star Game
2010: Jayne Appel, Becky Hammon, Michelle Snow, Sophia Young
2011: Danielle Adams, Becky Hammon
2013: Danielle Robinson
2015: Kayla McBride, Danielle Robinson
2008: Becky Hammon (RUS)
2016: Astou Ndour (ESP)
2005 All-Rookie Team: Katie Feenstra
2006 All-Rookie Team: Sophia Young
2007 All-WNBA First Team: Becky Hammon
2007 All-WNBA Second Team: Sophia Young
2007 All-Rookie Team: Camille Little
2007 Coach of the Year: Dan Hughes
2007 Peak Performer (Assists): Becky Hammon
2008 All-WNBA First Team: Sophia Young
2008 All-WNBA Second Team: Becky Hammon
2008 All-Defensive First Team: Sophia Young
2008 Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award: Vickie Johnson
2011 Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award: Ruth Riley
2011 All-Rookie Team: Danielle Adams
2011 All-Rookie Team: Danielle Robinson
2012 All-Defensive Second Team: Danielle Robinson
2012 All-Defensive Second Team: Sophia Young
2013 Peak Performer (Assists): Danielle Robinson
2013 All-Defensive Second Team: Jia Perkins
2014 Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award: Becky Hammon
2014 All-WNBA Second Team: Danielle Robinson
2014 All-Rookie Team: Kayla McBride
2016 All-Rookie Team: Moriah Jefferson
^ "General Information" (PDF). 2017 San Antonio Stars Media Guide. WNBA Properties, Inc. May 19, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
^ "San Antonio Stars Reproduction Guideline Sheet". WNBA Enterprises, LLC. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ Morton, Neal (January 15, 2014). "San Antonio Stars drop the silver". mySanAntonio.com. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
^ San Antonio Stars to play 2015 Home Games at Freeman Coliseum Archived January 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
^ http://www.foxsports.com/wnba/story/san-antonio-stars-moving-to-las-vegas-bought-by-mgm-resorts-101717
^ "Stars Retire Becky Hammon's Jersey". WNBA. June 27, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
^ "San Antonio Stars Acquire No. 5 Draft Pick & Isabelle Harrison from Phoenix - San Antonio Stars". San Antonio Stars. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
^ "Stars Acquire Clarissa Dos Santos - San Antonio Stars". San Antonio Stars. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
^ "San Antonio Stars Trades Jazmon Gwathmey - San Antonio Stars". Excelle Sports. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ "Stars Acquire Shay Murphy and Sophie Brunner". San Antonio Stars. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
Texas portal
Sporting positions
Phoenix Mercury WNBA Western Conference Champions
2008 (First title) Succeeded by
Phoenix Mercury
Formerly the Utah Starzz, the San Antonio Silver Stars, and the San Antonio Stars
Based in Las Vegas, Nevada
San Antonio Stars
Most recent season
Delta Center
Freeman Coliseum
Mandalay Bay Events Center
Denise Taylor
Frank Layden
Fred Williams
Candi Harvey
Shell Dailey
Dee Brown
Sandy Brondello
Dan Hughes
Vickie Johnson
Bill Laimbeer
Larry H. Miller
Peter Holt
MGM Resorts International
Jay Francis
Ruth Riley
Danielle Adams
Jayne Appel
Adrienne Goodson
Marie Ferdinand-Harris
Becky Hammon
Shannon Johnson
Kayla McBride
Danielle Robinson
Michelle Snow
Sophia Young-Macolm
Natalie Williams
A'ja Wilson
Playoff appearances
WNBA Championships
Houston Comets
Los Angeles Sparks
AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain
Tai Dillard
Andrew Monaco
Brenda VanLengen
Defunct teams of the Women's National Basketball Association
Eastern Conference
Charlotte Sting
Cleveland Rockers
Detroit Shock
Miami Sol
Orlando Miracle
Western Conference
Portland Fire
Sacramento Monarchs
Tulsa Shock
In 2003, the Orlando Miracle became the Connecticut Sun and the Utah Starzz became the San Antonio Stars and later the Las Vegas Aces in 2018.
In 2010, the Detroit Shock became the Tulsa Shock and later became the Dallas Wings in 2016.
Women's National Basketball Association (2019)
Atlanta Dream
Chicago Sky
Connecticut Sun
Indiana Fever
New York Liberty
Washington Mystics
Dallas Wings
Minnesota Lynx
Seattle Storm
All-Star Game
Career scoring
Career rebounding
Career assists
Career steals
Career blocks
Career turnovers
Career free throws
Career 3-points
Scoring leaders
Rebounding leaders
Assists leaders
Steals leaders
Blocks leaders
Turnovers leaders
Defunct teams
Expansion draft history
LiveAccess
Media (NBA TV, WNBA on ESPN, CBSSN, Twitter, Current broadcasters, Finals broadcasters)
Players (Current rosters, Foreign players)
Rookie of the Year
Teams (All-Decade Team, Top 15 Team, Top 20 Team)
San Antonio Spurs (NBA) (1967–present)
San Antonio FC (USL) (2016–present)
San Antonio Rampage (AHL) (2002–present)
Austin Spurs (G League) (2001–present)
Toyota Field (operator)
AT&T Center (operator)
Julianna Hawn Holt
Rick Pych
R.C. Buford
Gregg Popovich
San Antonio Stars (WNBA) (2003–2017)
This page was last edited on 11 October 2019, at 05:24
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Rescued Rhinos at HESC
Elephant Orphanage
1000 Hearts Campaign
Anti Poaching at HESC
Animal Hospital at HESC
Cheetah Releases at HESC
Local Schools Upliftment
Tshokolo-primary-school
Paulos Ngobeni School
Lumukisa Primary School
Hlokomela Clinic
Rabies Campaign
Vet Books for Africa
Rhino Art Project
Paulos Ngobeni School2019-06-19T06:28:47+02:00
Paulos Ngobeni Primary School, named after the first person who stayed in this area, was established in 1983. With its 782 learners, 24 educators and four supporting staff, they need the support of others to achieve their mission: “To provide a sustainable life-long quality education for our learners by quality teaching & learning, quality governance strategies, providing our educators with development opportunities and developing our school premises fully through education.”
Dephney Hlekani Makubele was appointed the deputy principal at Paulos Ngobeni in 2002 and was promoted to principal in 2004. Makubele and staff believe in their motto: “Education is the mother of success.”
The school is continuously challenged by the lack of classrooms, learners’ furniture, computers, parent involvement, a school hall, and proper sports field, making it challenging to offer extracurricular activities to learners (such as soccer, netball, volleyball, basketball, traditional dances and choir practice).
The Hoedspruit Endangered Species Centre’s Wildlife Conservation Programme first adopted the Paulos Ngobeni Primary School in 2008, “as a means of uplifting the lives of our younger generations, especially with the knowledge that these are the individuals that will help preserve and rescue our wildlife for the future.”
During holidays, HESC arranged for a local qualified computer educator to provide the necessary media training to teachers. This educator is also available for after hour assistance and student support throughout the year.
Grade 4 learners from the school visit the Centre to learn more about endangered wildlife, and the cheetah in particular. They work closely with the ‘Wildlife Conservation Experience’ participants as they go about their daily duties. Participants are also able to assist the Primary School with much-needed equipment. Visitors may also raise funds for the school through projects of their own.
Over the years, various projects have contributed greatly to the school grounds, and offer the learners the opportunity to participate in a fun-filled learning environment. Projects such as the planting of fruit trees, growing a vegetable garden, looking after chickens, participating in the ‘Noah’s Art through Rhino Art’ and other art projects, completion of the library and computer class are but a few of the projects initiated.
info@wildlifeconservationtrust.co.za
Waterkloof Forum, Unit 1
374 Milner Street, Waterkloof
Monument Park,
Anti Poaching Unit at HESC
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The Williams Family Tree
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1939 Register: Household for Owen L. Williams (1)
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Initially, the Williams family from Aberdovey was the main target of research. Being a very busy port, Aberdyfi produced sea-faring families with many of the men reaching the pinnacle of their trade as Master Mariners. My grandfather, John Davies Williams, served as a 'Boy' aboard the schooner Sarah Davies at the age of 13.
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Thickos
The world's most-read Scottish politics website
The good, the bad and the other one
Posted on October 13, 2018 by Chris Cairns
(We apologise for the late arrival of this week’s toon, due to MI5 on the line, probably.)
Tags: cartoons, Chris Cairns
Category comment, europe, uk politics
Trackback: trackback from your own site.
672 to “The good, the bad and the other one”
yesindyref2 says:
@CBB 6.52
I see what you mean there too. Might look at a Brexit poll tables … mmm, no sigificant difference when don’t knows are removed, but 3.9% male don’t knows compared to 12.7% female, that is very significant.
https://survation.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/GMB-Final-Tables.pdf
Anyway, tea time 🙂
mr thms says:
It won’t just be ‘trade’ negotiations being discussed after the UK leaves all of its EU treaties (and other treaties).
UK and devolved governments have spent two years drafting legislation to incorporate EU law into UK (and English), Scots (pending a Supreme Court decision, and Welsh law (Yes, Wales has its own EU Continuity Act).
It would need a change to the constitution of the UK, or another vote on independence, but this scenario makes it easier for Scotland to apply to rejoin the EU under Article 50, part 5.
call me dave says:
@Meg merrilees
Aye I’ve heard that one too…Anyhoo! 🙂
As long as Nicola is one of them I’m OK with that.
Googled mine since posting: King James V death bed thing?
@CBB
You keep posting your stuff, there’s plenty of folk who read them but I tend, sometimes, to glaze over a bit when it gets too deep.
Now Rock’s are easier to digest… 🙂
Bob Mack says:
Did anyone catch Theresa May saying the vote would be held on 27th Nov? That is the date the EU Court of justice was due to hear the case on article 50 and the possibility of revoking it.
Dan Huil says:
@Bob Mack 7:17pm
Here’s Joanna Cherry asking:
This is what we can look forward to ……. fracking ……. if we don’t get out of this so-called Union.
https://thoughtcontrolscotland.com/2018/10/15/fracking-begins-near-our-ancestral-holiday-resort-blackpool-and-far-too-close-to-the-scottish-border/
The National: ‘New study reveals surge in independence support among young women’.
http://www.thenational.scot/news/16981601.new-study-reveals-surge-in-independence-support-among-young-women/
@Bob Mack
Today I asked @theresa_may if she wants the #meaningfulvote on 27 Nov, the same date as #ECJ hears Scottish case on whether Article 50 can be unilaterally revoked, because she’s afraid of MPs knowing the answer to that question before they vote.
https://twitter.com/joannaccherry/status/1051870497460359179
Tackety Beets says:
Ken500 @ 10.31.
My Great gandfathers & both grandfathers attended 1358 giving me some limited knowledge.
Firstly Free Masons are NOT a secret society, there are plenty books to read on the subject.
They are a Society Of Secrets.
Catholics are banned by the Pope from attending see Wiki.
A persons religion takes no part in selection/aceeptance.
My understanding is that the main criteria is to be of a nature that would not bring the “craft into disrepute”
Google Grand Lodge, home page & scroll down to Freemasonry and Religion it clearly states their position is neutral, likewise on Politics. Both are clearly for the individual. They do not discriminate between any of the things you mention.
I have no knowledge on the female side except that they have the equivalent & Eastern Star etc
Its not for me to defend them, but I feel your post DOES NOT reflect reality.
My understanding is that they do a lot of other charitable stuff too.
Sandy @ 3.07
I agree Sandy and I bet there will be Masons who are Wingers and deserve to be represented in the true light. As far as I’m concerned they are welcome here, as they are in communities around Scotland.
jfngw says:
Reporting Scotland shoe in question about indyref from the FM speech ,no other questions mentioned. This was merely a mechanism so they could then have a Conservative on air talking about an indyref. Last word given to the Conservative about indyref from a speech that at no point mentioned an indyref as far as I’m aware.
Boudicca says:
Yes Bob Mack, I heard that too. TM waffled over that as usual.
When the SNP guy was speaking, all the MPs talked over him so you couldn’t hear. The speaker eventually told them to can it at the behest of gestures from the other SNP mps, but they soon started again and drowned him out. Silent of course to lister. To Bono and the rest. Disgraceful. I am so angry.
Oooops that should read Bojo not Bono, damn predictive text. Although…….
Bobp says:
Boudicca , disgraceful? No. But expected yes. These scum have no respect for Scotland, its people, or its politicians. To them we are second class. Time now overdue to get rid of these fcuking vampires sucking our nations and our peoples lifeblood away.
CameronB Brodie says:
call me dave
“Now Rock’s are easier to digest… ?”
That takes some gall. 🙂
And I thought we lived in a democracy. How wrong I was.
https://caltonjock.com/2018/10/14/the-murky-world-of-westminster-politics-big-business-protection-and-the-abuse-of-the-electorate-spies-lies-and-naked-thighs/
galamcennalath says:
“[May] she faulted the EU for insisting on a “backstop to the backstop — effectively an insurance policy for the insurance policy” that would keep Northern Ireland but not the rest of the UK in the bloc’s custom union. “
THE backstop IS to enable NI to stay in CU only IF the UK leaves. That is it’s sole purpose. That is why Ireland and the EU want it.
So what is May on about?
If she sees THE backstop as a 2nd one, what does she see as the 1st backstop?
This is just an unsophisticated attempt at smoke and broken mirrors IMO.
http://archive.is/40L2G
Gfaetheblock says:
Mr Peffers @2.54
You are incorrect on atributing of Scottish exports via English ports, see link and extract from Scot gov below. GERS is quite clear in how these are attributed.
https://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Economy/Exports/ESSFAQ#_Are_Scottish_goods
Are Scottish goods which are exported via ports from the rest of the UK counted as international Scottish exports?
Yes. The ESS publication measures the destination of goods exported from Scotland regardless of the port from which they leave the UK.
Iain mhor says:
I just knew bad news was being buried under the Royal Wean.
Ochone Ochone for the barley bree! Is it no bad eneuch it cams maistly fae the sassenach the noo!
http://bit.ly/2QV8BmD
Jings.
https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-scotland/scottish-independence-fundraiser-gets-fast-start-amid-brexit-nerves-idUKKCN1MP2CL?rpc=401&
@gfaetheblock 8:17pm
Estimated, best guess, kinda, probabably, should be under normal circumstances etc. is also what the relevant documentation says.
“Scotch Whisky exports to the rest of the UK are estimated based on GCS responses, as HMRC do not collect information on trade within the UK”
“While undoubtedly some exports to the rest of the UK will be re-exported, including as part of other products, it is not possible to say exactly what this proportion is”
Continues ad- infinitum
Blah de blah de blah.
Tinto Chiel says:
O/T but a long, old thread so bear with me.
Seems England are 0-3 up at H/T in Spain. Cue premature ejaculations on-line ablaw the dyke re “Football’s coming home” (I shit you not).
However, I humbly submit:
http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12190762.the-birth-of-football-in-a-perthshire-field/
Ya bass…..
If ye wint:
https://thisisit.scot/?product=thisisit
No one at Westminster gives a damn about what Nicola says, except the imponent SNP MPs who have achieved ZERO for Scotland.
Mark my words – Nicola is not going to call an independence referendum before Brexit has been completed and Scotland is at the mercy of Westminster.
Challenge to the clueless pompous armchair pundits posting here:
With the honourable exception of Hamish100, does a single one of you have the guts to go on the record and state that there will definitely be an independence referendum before Brexit has been completed?
Robert Peffers?
Liz g?
sassenach?
Dave McEwan Hill?
Cubby?
Petra?
Brian Doonthetoon?
Thought not.
Cowards.
Socrates MacSporran says:
Gfaetheblock @ 8.17pm
To quote from the official Scottish Government website:
“The aim of GERS is to enhance public understanding of fiscal issues in Scotland. The primary objective is to estimate a set of public sector accounts for Scotland through detailed analysis of official UK and Scottish Government finance statistics
“GERS estimates the contribution of revenue raised in Scotland toward the goods and services provided for the benefit of the people of Scotland. The report is designed to allow users to understand and analyse Scotland’s fiscal position under different scenarios.
You may notice, I have twice highlighted, GERS is based on ESTIMATES, and, as we all know – estimates are not actual certified figures.
Ahundredthidiot says:
Oh Rock
You are terrible Muriel!
Sandy/Tackett beets
Regarding the Masons, they pop up in some unlikely places.
Was in Havana, Cuba about 10 plus years ago where I met a Swiss professor from Zurich who was a Grand Master and was visiting Cuba to meet with the Castros who were all masons.
If you look at the fantastic buildings in Havana, albeit in a ruinous condition, you will see lots of Masonic signs on the walls, namely compasses etc.
On the home front, when my father died, my mother was visited by an almoner who offered to assist in putting me through university if we were short of cash.
I hold the organisation in the highest esteem.
They are unfairly vilified.
Iain moor ar 8.34
Mr Peffers was referring to exports external to the uk, rather than internal to the uk. The treatment of external to the uk exports is quite clear in the Scot gov doc.
OK, I’ve gone the full critical dialogical feminist perspective on this one.
Weaponising feminism in the Brexit debate: women’s organisations and the need for nuance
Brexit will not necessarily dismantle women’s rights, says Alice Chilcott. It does represent a threat to women’s groups that get funding and shared expertise from the EU. Unfortunately, a lack of nuance – on both sides of the Brexit debate – makes it hard to move beyond the ‘low politics’ of emotional appeals.
Just before the referendum, the Mirror and the International Business Times both ran a piece by Suzanne Evans of the UK Independence Party blaming immigrant mothers for depriving British women of ‘a safe place to give birth’. In the IBT version, Evans stated that ‘half of all maternity units in the UK turned away women in labour’ in ‘just one of the horrific downsides for women of Britain of being a member of the EU’. In fact, this represents just one example of many rather cynical attempts to weaponise women’s rights in the Brexit discussions….
http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2018/05/17/weaponising-feminism-in-the-brexit-debate-womens-organisations-and-the-need-for-nuance/
Women, equality and the UK’s EU referendum: locating the gender politics of Brexit in relation to the neoliberalising state
This paper uses a feminist state-theoretical approach to explore the development of Brexit and argues that the UK’s EU referendum and its aftermath reflect a gendered politics embedded within the ongoing neoliberal restructuring of the state. Directing attention to the struggle to protect women’s interests, maintain equality strategies, and more generally infuse a gender dimension in political discussions, the paper emphasizes the risks of Brexit for women and gender equality. It concludes by asking how at the current conjecture – when European regulation on gender equality is being framed as ‘stifling’ economic growth – we can build up a fairer and more equal United Kingdom.
KEYWORDS: Austerity, Brexit, Feminism, Gender Equality, State Theory, Women’s Rights
Brexit as a scandal: gender and global trumpism
‘Brexit’ was a watershed moment. It has made visible the major faultlines and fissures that underlie the so-called ‘United Kingdom’ (UK) and our increasingly globalized world. But the precise nature of those faultlines and fissures requires multiple strands of critical analysis and interpretation. To date, most analyses have highlighted the socio-economic class and immigration or rather race/empire reasons for the Brexit vote neglecting their gendered dimensions. Building on the framework developed in Scandalous Economics we show how gendered analysis both illuminates and complicates dominant explanations of the Brexit vote.
We interrogate the agents of Brexit – highlighting the paradox of men’s dominance of the Brexit campaign and women’s rise in the political crisis that ensued after the referendum vote. We also examine the intersectional inequalities that have made Brexit conceivable from a gender perspective, and its likely impact given the austerity policies and global chains of migrant labour upon which the UK economy depends. We conclude that critical feminist political economy broadens as well as globalizes our analysis of international political economy. Moreover, this analysis of Brexit is a lens which can be used to interrogate the spread of populism aka ‘Trumpism’ elsewhere.
KEYWORDS: White male elite (Bullington Club), social reproduction, scandal and scandalous, intersectional inequality, glass cliff, women’s leadership
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09692290.2017.1302491?src=recsys
cirsium says:
@Petra, 15 October 7.23pm
It’s not just the geology. It is also the disposal of the toxic water. The US has a big problem
https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2018/09/fracking-industrys-water-nightmare.html
Eminent professor just making the valid point that as soon as the UK signs any trade deal with any partner outside the EU then border controls will become immediately effective in Ireland to control and preserve regulations.
In effect no matter which way it goes a hard border is inevitable
@self 8.36: forgot to archive.
Have applied bastinado to feet.
*Grovels*
@Rock,
Only an idiot answers his own questions then congratulates himself on being right.
@Gfaetheblock,
Then GERS should show the total of exports for oil and gas which is almost exclusively a product from Scotland. No ? Funny that.
Reluctant Nationalalist says:
@ RJS
Brodie Boy’s prolific postings are hardly ever to the point, even when tenuously grasping to be related to the subject at hand (‘Re:’ smh), and are never, ever readable in any good way. A jumped-up, socially impotent mature student who smugly cyber-swims in the synonym sea of quasi-intellectual psychologese, and who utterly fails to understand reality; or: a total prick who should stick solely to off topic.
Reluctant Nationalalis
We know where you’re coming from though, eh?
@Reluctant Nationalist,
Depends I suppose on your ability to understand human behaviour. Everything he posts is actually text book stuff from which you could learn if you had the inclination or patience. I like it.
Reluctant Nationalalist
How would you approach protecting the interests of women and gender minorities from the likely harmful impacts of Brexit? Or is that too much of a wanky, intellectual, question for you. Are you sure this blog is your natural habitat?
We know where you are coming from bud.
Anti-feminism and anti-gender far right politics in Europe and beyond
The rise, over the last two decades, of the neo-nationalist, populist right is now a well-established fact across the political landscape. But the precise permutations taken and modes of organisation and affiliations on specific issues such as anti-LGBTQ rights, which many of these groups have pursued, is often less well-known. Two recent books, one by Bruno Perreau titled Queer Theory: The French Response (2016 Stanford) and the other edited by David Paternotte and Roman Kuhar titled Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe, (Rowman and Littlefield 2017) make significant inroads in filling this gap, each of them focusing on Europe, and in particular on questions of sexuality and gender.
https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/angela-mcrobbie/anti-feminism-and-anti-gender-far-right-politics-in-europe-and-be
Imagine posting” who smugly swims in the synonym sea of quasi intellectual Psychologese” and calling somebody else jumped up. Ha ha ha
Bob Mack
I’d sussed the prick months ago. 😉
Nagger says:
Bob, I’m a fairly thick cunt, but I still managed to get into a decent uni at 17 y/o and ended up getting an MA in Psychology, so fuck off with the ‘inclination’ comment you wee hack. I’m fairly confident this…politically correct slug who merely regurgitates theory that happens to arouse his loins (for you can bet that there’s stuff out there that doesn’t), can’t teach me anything meaningful. Glad you like it, though.
He stinks the comment section up, but I don’t suppose that matters as Stuart clearly gave up on it a long time ago.
Reluctant Nationalist says:
Ken500 says:
@ Always appeciate your posts
Thanks CameronB Brodie. Alway informational
Hope your health is stable. The daily struggles. Take care.
Some Psychologist. Studied human behaviour but can’t allow yourself to skip over what you don’t like? Remedial classes for you buddy.
Ignore the ignorant low life
Thepnr says:
Reading a few articles on the Herald there, not mcuh of interest really in the articles themselves but the comments below.
They are now as bad as the Scotsman, it only takes a handful of uber-yoons to get a grip and the end result is a disaster zone. That’s a pity, pre Indyref there was some fairly decent discourse could be had there between both groups of supporters but certainly not now despite the valiant efforts of a few who try to keep things reasonable.
The likely result is just like the Scotsman and all pro-independence arguments will disappear, and those people become even less likely to read the paper online. Can’t help but suspect that it’s all the work of the green ink brigade from SIU.
The crazy thing about though is that they are adding to the woes of both papers falling readership and engagement by those not really caught up in either side and ultimately the rabid ultra-yoons will destroy the papers that support them.
Reluctant Nationalist
Your David Torrance and I claim my £5 book token. Fuck off you complete fannybawz.
Ken500
Cheers Ken500, I can’t complain. Always try to. 😉
Bob Mack @9.07
Whataboutery much?
I was correcting mr peffers on spirits.
@RN: I tuned out long ago after the “Reluctant” bit in your handle.
Your willy-waggling bad language suggests you have no argument to lose.
I rarely understand Cameron B but I can be taught 😛
Heinz Kohut is a good read for those obsessed with self.
UK economy heading for worst year since crash, say economists.
Forecasting body blames growing risks of no-deal Brexit as it downgrades estimate
https://archive.is/1qS2U
Bob, Fruity choice of words was intentional, I’ll leave you to struggle to find out why
Brodie, you’re a piece of shite, and I don’t know how you can look yourself in the eye.
stu mac says:
@Thepnr says:
They are now as bad as the Scotsman, it only takes a handful of uber-yoons to get a grip and the end result is a disaster zone.
There was a time a good while back when regardless of the article, some good discourse was possible in the Herald. That was because the comments were properly moderated. It didn’t mean there was lots of pro-Indy, although there was some, but a variety of opinions were there and there were few outrageous ones. Even handed and fair, well relatively.
Then that stopped. Cut backs perhaps? Moderation now seems non existent in papers like the Scotsman and Herald and really vile stuff gets posted. Gave up on both and sounds from what you say that they aren’t attempting to fix it.
Tinto Chiel
I’m aware that ‘some’ of the stuff I post is ‘taxing’ but I can’t think of a better way to communicate complex concepts relevant to the debate. I do find it rather revealing that an MA in Psychology is hostile to post-modern critical social theory and shit. Perhaps I’m just reading too much into things? 😉
Liz g says:
He could sure as shit could teach you some manners!
But mibbi you should just stick to the Revs writing.. especially the bit about playing the ball and not the man.
I’d be happy to explain what that means and I’ll use wee words if You’re struggling?
Fuckin scum.
@gfaetheblock
A brave try.
“ESS is designated as a National Statistics product”
Statistics Product, statistically, based on data, which is an estimate
“ESS is the only official source of Scottish exports which includes ESTIMATES for both goods and services.
ONS also recently produced EXPERIMENTAL statistics ESTIMATING international exports of services from Scotland, based on the existing UK ITIS publication. Their figures for Scotland were different from those produced in ESS due to differences in methodology and data sources”
IE: DIFFERENT GUESSES
“For some companies operating in Scotland, their products are feeding into a global supply chain. For example, they may sell a good to a company in England who subsequently incorporate it into a product which is exported internationally. In such a situation, only the sale from the Scottish company to their customer in England would be counted as a Scottish export. It would be recorded as a Scottish export to the rest of the UK”
I think we already covered tje following however:
Statistically, estimated, best guess, probably, under normal circumstamces, within the parameters we have arbitarily assigned based on things it is not possible to say…
zzzzzz rinse and repeat.
@ CBB: quite.
I blame my mother for not eating enough herring.
Keep on trucking, mon vieux.
Trans ? Or personality disorder? Who knows or cares?
No more replies. You have become what you hate.
Oh, there goes the dumy. Ha ha ha ha ha.
@stu mac
I reckon it’s beyond fixing and the comments would be as well to be shut down. Maybe in the not too distant future all newspapers will close comments. The Guardian already heading that way and as for the BBC. Well you know there view on allowing comments on Scottish stories, they don’t.
Maybe that’s the aim of the uber-yoons, to get comments shut down so as pro-indy voices don’t get heard. Who knows, but if it is then they’re too late. Our voices are being heard alright and in more important places than newspaper btl comments.
ElGordo says:
” Reluctant Nationalist says:
Interesting choice of words and phrasing.. Which particular type of nationalism are you reluctant on?
Masons are in a secret society. They meet is secret. Anyone can’t join. People are invited to join. They can Black ball who they like for any reason. Membership is not free and open to all. It is unequal. Women can’t join on equal status. They are racist, sexist, and bigoted,
They should not be allowed to stand as candidates. Candidates have to declare a declaration they are fit people to be representative, Honourable people who do not lie. They lie. They are not representational of the population because of their status of membership. They lie. They are part of a secret society,, unequal. People are not allowed to join. They black ball people without reason, Women don’t have equal status. They are racist and bigoted, Blsckballing people with no reason.
They support the British State to whom they give allegiance. The Royals. They are the Head. The order of the Garter.
If they want to support Independence. They are members in an Organisation that does not. An Organisation which is against Independence in any way, shape or form. People who support Independence are out of place in the Lodge. They are acting against own best interest and remaining in an association, which is actively totally against Independence.
Iain mhor,
This getting a bit odd. The original post was about whisky and gin exports from Scotland, not products that are part of supply chain, unless there is a market in English blends that I am not aware off. It was Scottish wisky, going via an English port, not being classed as a Scottish export. It is a lie.
Therefore the amount of whisky and the money paid for the infrastructure i.e. docking, transport admin ,to enable it’s export all gets attributed to Scotland? Amazing, English ports giving Scotland credit for their export business. What was I thinking?
Robert Peffers says:
@Gfaetheblock says: 15 October, 2018 at 8:17 pm:
” … Are Scottish goods which are exported via ports from the rest of the UK counted as international Scottish exports?”
Well if that is the case they have changed their methods. However that extract and answer you quote doesn’t make sense.
This bit – “Are Scottish goods which are exported via ports from the rest of the UK counted as international Scottish exports?
In the first place to make any sense it should use either, “vie”, or, “from”, but not use both. In the second place why use the term, “International”? All exports are international that’s why they call them exports.
If indeed that is an official answer it still doesn’t excuse the Westminster thieves and here is why.
Lets just consider oil and gas. Oil and gas are taxed at the wellhead by the Barrel and by equivalents for gas. Thus every unit is taxed directly and fed into Her Majesty’s Treasury. It doesn’t come to Scotland. Then they tax each litre of refined fuel as it leaves the refinery and for every litre of fuel sold by UK filling stations they Charge Road Fuel Duty & VAT.
Same goes for Whisky, Gin and other spirits all have alcohol duty and VAT added. That is after they have already been taxed when leaving the bonds.
I’m still not convinced that Scottish Exports, for example the Scotch exported by those companies registered with head offices in London and exported from Heathrow and through the Chunnel go onwards as Scottish Exports especially if bottled in England.
Likewise, farm & Fishing produce landed in Scotland but processed and packaged in England. Once again, the tax and duty goes to Westminster.
None of it accrues to a Scots Treasury because there is no Scots treasury. It’s a fiddle and it always has been.
Then Westminster has the hard neck to claim it subsidises Scots with English taxpayer’s money. First of all it is UK taxpayer’s money. Yet the Scottish per capita GDP is normally higher than that of England and some are bent enough to think that comparing the whole kingdom of Scotland per capita GDP to the per capita GDP of one English region is a reasonable comparison. As you did when kicking off this argument.
So even if I am wrong on that one count the overall picture is robbery by Westminster. The fact remains that even without the oil & gas revenues the average Scot pays more per capita into the Westminster Treasury than the average Anglo, or indeed the average UK taxpayer.
This because the average per capita of Scots is higher than the average per capita of the rest of the UK. So don’t even dream of claiming it is unfair to compare the Kingdom of Scotland to the Kingdom of England, (three countries). When we are regularly regaled with the comparison of the whole of Scotland to just London as you did when kicking of this particular argument.
The point being you selected probably the most densely populated area of Britain, (and I do not mean the United Kingdom part of Britain), to compare to by far the least populated country & Kingdom in The United Kingdom.
Comparisons are only valid if you compare like with like – and you did not do so. Hence the present argument.
You do remember that is why I replied to your comment don’t you?
Kangaroo says:
NI/RoI Border
As I understand it, the EU offered NI the ability to stay in the CU and SM in exchange for customs checks in the Irish Sea and the DUP said NO.
Remember the DUP did not back the GFA either, so presumably they are not too fussed about a return to the troubles.
Is TM merely using this to get UK wide concessions from the EU?
I would think a move to offer a border poll would cause the DUP to fold and accept the EU’s offer.
If I were the EU I would publicly state that a Border poll may be required to move the negotiations along, then do nothing and agree to nothing and let the clock keep ticking. The pressure on the DUP and the Tories would keep ramping up.
Phronesis says:
We are fortunate to be exempt from this in Scotland. One more reason on a growing list for an autonomous Scotland. The planet is heating up, ecosystems are being destroyed and eventually populations will literally fall into the sea.The time for leadership on alternative energy plans is now.
‘Fracking releases large amounts of natural gas – which consists of both CO2 and methane – directly into the atmosphere. In fact, fracking wells leak 40 to 60 per cent more methane than conventional natural gas wells. This happens when water is forced down into a fracking well in order to fracture the rock formations…Fracking is not a clean or green form of energy… Many communities are taking action against fracking in order to protect their water and mitigate climate change impacts’
https://canadians.org/sites/default/files/publications/fracking-climate-change.pdf
‘We found evidence for negative health effects of in utero exposure to fracking sites within 3 km of a mother’s residence, with the largest health impacts seen for in utero exposure within 1 km of fracking sites. Negative health impacts include a greater incidence of low–birth weight babies as well as significant declines in average birth weight and in several other measures of infant health’
Currie J, Greenstone M, Meckel K. Hydraulic fracturing and infant health: New evidence from Pennsylvania. Science Advances. 2017;3(12)
‘The evidence suggests that presently utilized setbacks may leave the public vulnerable to explosions, radiant heat, toxic gas clouds, and air pollution from hydraulic fracturing activities…Our results suggest that setbacks may not be sufficient to reduce potential threats to human health in areas where hydraulic fracturing occurs’
Haley M, McCawley M, Epstein AC, Arrington B, Bjerke EF. 2016. Adequacy of current state setbacks for directional high-volume hydraulic fracturing in the Marcellus, Barnett, and Niobrara Shale Plays. Environ Health Perspect 124:1323-1333
The EU should take a stronger regulatory line & follow Scotland’s lead in putting public and environmental health first. The enthusiasts and profiteers of fracking won’t be living within a 3km radius of a fracking site;
‘Member states are cherry picking what they want to apply on the recommendations and not using it as a basis of making their strong regulation for fracking. Some member states made it clear that they cannot afford or are ill-equipped to deal with certain fracking challenges. There is lack of monitoring capacity among MS for different reason including conflicts of interest and corrupt practices.
The public concerned with fracking activities are consulted only as a formality and not with the expectation of a constructive feedback that can be used in a decision making process of which they are either given short period to review complicated documents. Some states are just transposing the Recommendations in their regulatory framework just to convince the EU Commission that they are complying with the EU law and not taking seriously the impacts of the fracking’
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0044-5#Sec58
He “shall” be fucking scum. . . .
You can rely on the education, to remember punctuation.
Collie says:
Royal weddings, Royal babies.
Brexit must be worse than we thought.
All good news for Indy of course but for fuck sake, don’t let the English know that.
It’s oor wee secret.
Glasgow District Council and the poisoned legacy left by the in place long time, long self serving Labour party
https://caltonjock.com/2018/10/15/glasgow-council-female-staff-to-take-their-equal-pay-battle-to-the-streets-causing-disruption-and-despair-it-is-important-to-be-aware-any-blame-must-be-placed-at-the-labour-party-front-door/
Ports are businesses. They provide a service, which they are paid for. That does not change the attributation of the products that go through them. A German supermarket selling the whisky also has infrastructure, but they are also taking a profit on the transaction, as they are a service provider, not a manufacturer. That whisky is not now German.
This website is a bit bonkers tonight.
Just ’cause I like to niggle, in a post-colonial, feminist standpoint, sort of way. 😉
Strands of Feminist Theory
In the 1970s, many feminists were concerned with developing theory which could help explain women’s oppression and which could indicate how that oppression could be challenged.
By the second half of the 1980s, many theorists had turned away from the search for over-arching explanations of women’s subordination and were analysing particular issues and problems.
Sometimes this analysis was aimed at policy-makers and/or activists but sometimes it was mainly intended for an academic audience.
Feminist research and publication expanded considerably, not least because of the development of Women’s Studies programmes.
Radical feminism has developed in a number of different directions in the UK since the 1970s. Within this broad strand, there has been more emphasis on differences between men and women and on celebrating the positive aspects of the values and characteristics traditionally associated with women. Some radical feminists have taken Black feminist criticism seriously and incorporated issues of racism, class oppresssion and imperialism into their analysis of patriarchy.
http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~le1810/femin.htm
Contrasting Debates and Perspectives from Second and Third Wave Feminists in Britain: Class, Work and Activism
https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2299/16331/09246764%20-%20German%20Lindsey%20-%20Final%20submission.pdf;sequence=1
The Study of Populist Radical Right Parties: Towards a Fourth Wave
Since the start of the third wave of populist radical right politics in postwar Europe in the early 1980s, more articles and books have been written on far right parties than on all other party families combined. What are the main insights about the populist radical right that these hundreds of articles and books have provided us and what should future studies of the populist radical right parties focus on? This article critically assesses the progress made in recent research by focusing on four key aspects: scope, data and method, causes, and consequences.
The main argument is that, although the scope of scholarship has finally moved beyond the usual suspects, meaning that more issues and parties are studied today, theoretical innovation, particularly with regard to explanations of the
electoral success of populist radical right parties, has been marginal since early 1990s. Moreover, studies of party effects remain limited in number and scope, focusing mainly on immigration policies. Today, we need research which more explicitly acknowledges and theorizes the diversity within the far right party family, and goes beyond the paradigm of the outsider-challenger party.
Keywords: far right, populism, parties, Europe, new research agenda
https://www.sv.uio.no/c-rex/english/publications/c-rex-working-paper-series/Cas%20Mudde:%20The%20Study%20of%20Populist%20Radical%20Right%20Parties.pdf
Robert peffer.
Yes, you are wrong. If you do not think it makes sence, you should pick up with the Scottish government.
to be fair tho cam, it is spoiling my lurking, it’s a couple of page downs and then scroll backup and readjusting, much happier just scrolling through and absorbing, as normal
I’m a wee bit wannert’ the noo. 24 hr int. travelling and nae sleep, I canny mind whit ah’ve posted today, so if anything was bollox apologies. Except anything relating to GERS haha that can be rammed up the hole.
Oh and I also have qualifications weeping oot ma ringpiece, but I’ll be fucked if ah kin fit a carpet. Though I can weld like a motherfucker. I tend towards Socratic rather than Hegelian dialectic and Spinoza can suck me. I wouldn’t invite Nietzsche to a party, but I bet I could have convinced Albert Camus to stick on a party hat and play twister.
I tend to like most comments here. Passes the time when “Fallt aus” is on every other bastard board.
Carry on Mr CBB. & Mr RN do elucidate.
See that’s just pretentious now eh? I”ve had a wee dram admittedly, jist the wan + nae sleep.
Actually, now I’m no wanting tae start a rammy but –
See @Cactus (hello) gauny tell me how ye can text and format sae perfectly when yer intimating yer pished?
Stoned mibbe. But I’ve had wan drink and nae sleep and this has taen me hauf an hour!
Ye must be blessed wi powr’s we hae nane o’
I think you miss the point. Scottish businesses are paying directly or indirectly,English ports to export our goods because Scottish ports have been run down to the extent that they cannot do so.
Imagine that revenue was accrued here in Scotland instead of Hull or whatever. Even better, imagine how the hinterland around Scottish ports would develop, and all bringing economic benefits. Is that so strange?
@Gfae / @Bob Mack
https://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/media/12744/scotchwhiskyregguidance2009.pdf
“5. Export of Scotch Whisky in bulk
As it is illegal to mature Scotch Whisky outside Scotland, Regulation 7 also makes it illegal with immediate effect (as from 23 November 2009) to export any type of Scotch Whisky in an oak or other wooden cask. It is permitted to continue to export Scotch Whisky in bulk using inert containers such as appropriate plastic drums or steel containers.
5.2 However, Regulation 7 makes it illegal as from 23 November 2012 for Single Malt Scotch Whisky to be exported from Scotland other than in a bottle labelled for retail sale”
So while all single malt whisky has to be bottled in Scotland and hence sales attributed as exports including to the rUK, as far as I can see blendeds can be exported in bulk, therefore with greatly reduced value, to for instance England, further blended and / or bottled there and exported as an export from England at the higher bottled price, and counted as an export from England. Which can then export them abroad.
I gave up on this years ago, too much work tracking it all down and the trail is perhaps deliberately fudged, but there’s little doubt for me that at least some of the “export to the rUK” is indeed re-exported, hence fudging the figures.
ElGordo
I’m sorry mate, I just feel the quickening. 🙂
As far as I can see basically, whisky could be blended in Glasgow as in Teachers, sent down in a tanker to England and bottled there, for the full value to be attributed to England even. I’ve no idea though WHERE the dreaded Teachers is bottled 🙂
Iain mhor 😉
Ken500. @ 10.20pm.
Had a quick reluctant glance. Utter PISH. (Other posters, excuse language usage)
Hope your not a member of any committee, Ken.
OOps, I’ve replied breaking my vow.
The actual alcohol duty would in all cases be attributed to Scotland when it was taken out of bond.
Except for one wee very small minor tiny insignificant problem.
Whisky can be moved from bonded warehouse to bonded warehouse. THAT I could find no detail on whatsoever. I gave up, more fun watching spiders crawling up the wall and placing bets.
Oh, and then there’s gin of course almost as big as whisky now in Scotland. There ARE no similar regulations protecting the brand of Scottish or Scotch Gin.
Unionists hide behind this trail “Scotch Whisky has to be matured in Scotland”. “It has to be bottled in Scotland”. First part true, second part only partly true. They also call it all a myth, even export duty. Not so I think, export duty exists, but it’s 0%.
We’ll never know the true extent of this until Independent, maybe not even then – spirit can be exported in bulk all over the world, though of course an Independent Scottish Government would be perfectly within its rights to bring un different regulations covering all whisky, and gin if it wanted to. Scotland could get a GI for alll whisky and gin, something the UK might not be interested in doing on our behlaf, even if there was a demand for it (there might not be).
Which does mean, however, there may not be any reduction in figures at all at the moment. It’s one of life’s mysteries.
Mmm, that was pretty boring.
O/T What is an alternative to using Facebook? Someone btl on here mentioned the system they now use instead of Facebook and cited all the advantages of the alternative.
Would someone be kind enough to remind me of the name?
@Yesindyref2,
Correct. Over the past few years there are many companies around England developing their own whiskeys ( as they spell it). On websites like Whiskey Exchange they advertise among their products “blended” whiskey which is made from whiskey from around the UK. Undoubtedly Scotch as there are only seven distilleries able to produce whisky in England.
This would fit in with what you say.
Bob mack,
Thanks, I did miss your point. Development of a Scottish port suitable for the used of modern super tankers, would be good for income but not actually sure I would want to live near one, nor how economically viable it would be. Can that not happen now though?
Just in case folk think I’m overly confident just because I’ve been posting here for some time, that wouldn’t give the full picture. The thing is, RN is apparently repulsed by educational material recommended by a Planning School approved by the Royal Town Planning Association. A School that was ranked top in the UK, the year I graduated.
I might be rusty but I like to think I used to have a good nose for the way folk swing.
@gfaetheblock 10:41pm
It’s not that odd.
The presumption is that ESS figures are what is.
The ESS and others play sweet melodies upon a blue guitar and lull the senses ”
They said, “You have a blue guitar,
You do not play things as they are.”
The man replied, “Things as they are
Are changed upon the blue guitar.”
Forsooth!
“My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,
Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains
One minute past hath the GERS figures been released…
Was it a vision, or a waking dream?”
I spent probably a couple of weeks worth of effort over a month or two trying to track it all down during indy Ref 1, and a couple more full days when the “Export duty is a myth” was being pushed “look the ScotGov say so themselves”. All I did this time was look up the definition, the rest is memory.
But I doubt a team of 100 researchers over 6 months solid could track it down just using the interent, it would need real world questions which would likely just get the answer “That’s commercially sensitive information”.
ho hum!
Sarah @ 11.24
I assume you mean MeWe ?
I have not quite got used to it yet, but intend to keep at it.
Indy Car Gordon Ross is using it too.
Supertanker perhaps,but container and freight shipping as well as airport development (Prestwick) most definitely.
Supertankers already load up at sea and go directly abroad in any event, Creating the infrastructure as in all commerce would be costly but would undoubtedly pay it’s way in job creation and higher capacity in the longer term.
Nicola has talked about the need to develop our infrastructure in past speeches.
There are many suitable historic sites which can be redeveloped.
Robert J. Sutherland says:
CameronB Brodie,
O/T Well, I seem to have set off some kind of hornets’ nest with my previous comment, even though it was not my intention to offend but rather to assist, for the mutual benefit of us all.
Surely one crucial lodestone for posting anything on the main thread here is: does it reach out to the casual uncommitted visitor and hopefully bring them a little closer to independence, and conversely does it say nothing that might deter the same?
I also have my favourite topics about which I could readily discourse at considerable length – maybe we all do – but I am humble enough to understand that they would convince no-one and would merely clog up each thread with isolated non-sequiturs that engender no useful discussion whatever. So I desist. I merely ask you to consider the same.
Given the small number of degrees of separation between any two topics, one can of course indulge in sophistry to justify any discourse whatever under the sun, but when you get around to “experiential womenhood” (whatever the h*ll that is) and all suchlike exotica, how many casual readers do you think are going to be converted to indy because of it? And how many are instead going to think they have stumbled into pseuds’ corner and depart in haste, never to return?
Of course, it’s easy enough to skim on by, and I suspect that in fact with such voluminous arcana the vast majority of readers do exactly that, but why should it be necessary to break up interesting and timely discourses in such a disjointed manner? I ask you earnestly, is there not just a little self-indulgence in it?
I don’t say don’t write this stuff, I merely encourage you to place it in the O/T section, which is precisely and specifically intended for such matters.
As I already said, when you post comments like the rest of we mere mortals, I typically find them interesting, pertinent and accessible. And long may it be so!
Horses for courses, my friend.
ElGordo, I laughed, but only because I think you know exactly what an ‘expletive attributive’ is.
Iain Mhor, I think that powr of his is maybe a powdr. Christ I wish I was stoned, then I could nod along to Brodieboi’s posts.
Hamish100 says:
I think people with MA’s in whatever should express themselves better. It is maybe tiredness mixed in with a babysham or two but it does make WoS less interesting. Any new person looking in probably leave even quicker never to return
Effen B’s are only funny when Matt McGinn tells the story. Anyone else is just boring and promotes independence not one jot.
Just my view
” CameronB Brodie says:
I’m sorry mate, I just feel the quickening. ?”
We all do, there can be only one! was just experiencing it a wee bit too much on my page down the last wee while, I get it, the point, but, for the lurkers it could spoil the experience of the debate, the discussion, referencing o/t can be a bit preachy, wings viewed massively, and its a link into the forum, and most will go there once, from whatever side, i like the forum, its real, the reference stuff makes it look a bit loon, i’m just a lurcher, not a contributor, you guys make it, don’t break it
Legerwood says:
All the posts about whisky, where it is bottled, labelled etc may be academic after Brexit when the brand protection it gets from the EU as do many other identifiably Scottish products.
I don’t see the UK going to bat to protect it. To the Brexiteers it is a bargaining chip to put into the pot to secure a trade deal…any trade deal.
https://thisisit.scot/
SIC now up to over £24,000 – 80% of the way to its first target to get it started and branded.
A lot of people have reservations about SIC because it could try to impose a far left agenda on the whole movement which would lose the Ref before it’s even called. I think give it a chance to prove it won’t.
Hamish 100 @ 1.50
Babbysham oan a Monday?
Tell us … whits life like oan the edge there Hamish?
And who is Effin Bee?
Should we friend them on Facebook ?
Beware far left agendas and their state actors.
Now is not the time 🙂
@RN 11:50PM
Hehehe! Now that made me laugh at least 😉
Robert J. Sutherland
I just thought a gendered and culturally aware insight into the forces that shape Britain’s political economy, might be useful to some.
Dr Jim says:
Don’t know where Teachers whisky has gone to now but it used to be bottled in Springburn Glasgow just next to Petershill Jrs Football park
You could smell it from half a mile away when I was a kid
Lenny Hartley says:
Robert Peffers, oil and gas has not been charged at the wellhead for some considerable time (Petroleum Revenue Tax) PRT was zero rated on 01 Jan 2016 , it only applied to fields that were approved prior to 16th March 1993 . What they are now doing to hide tax revenue from Oil and Gas as well as the Ex Reggio scam is charge Oil And Gas Production Companies 30% Corporation tax instead of standard 20% , of course companies like Shell move their profits to lower tax regimes so their exposure to UK Corporation tax is very low which helps to explain along with ex regio why the UK is reporting tax revenues for oil and gas in the low hundreds of millions whilst The figures for Norway adjusted for same production are in tens of Billions of pounds.
They are allowing Multinationals to pay little or no tax on Oil and Gas in order to put out Propaganda that the Oil is a declining asset.
@Cameron Brodie,
They are politely saying “shut up” Some not so politely
Goodnight Cameron, time for my bed. I enjoy your stuff.
Nice to know your welcome eh? Newbies will just love that. Everybody welcome on Wings . Oh my aching ribs.
@Dr Jim,
Bottled in Italy I believe.
SIC are far-left? Like totalitarian collectivism, that sort of thing?
Or is it just the smaller RIC under that umbrella, who seem to want a more equitable distribution of spending and wealth, nationalisation of energy and industry, and stricter rules on banking and corporate practice. Y’know, the kind of thing most people want. I would’ve thought that was a vote-winner.
Robert J. Sutherland @ 11.49pm.
What annoys me is that although opinions are welcomed & can make for lively & sensible discussion, there are those who ‘opinionate’ then continue to “ram it down your throat”. In other words, that is the only opinion that matters. Extreme bigotry in my book. Rather undemocratic, don’t you think.
These people know who they are yet they wonder why they are treated with disdain.
I imagined you doing backward rolls as your were saying that
I thought of you doing backward rolls as your were saying that
“I pleasured you, while you squeaked it”
Cubby says:
No one on Wings gives a dam about what Rock says. Rock = boring boring boring British Nationalist troll who just cuts and pastes the same old crap.
Peter Bell with questions on Scottish Independence Convention
https://peterabell.blog/2018/10/15/being-cynical/
Could easily be a 5th column with its own political agenda.
Yes, follow the whisky trail from Teachers to Allied Distillers to Diageo to Italy. Or maybe not, and how much. I think Teachers may have been a bad example 🙂
Famous15 says:
Hi Wingers or as some of the trolls sound…whingers,can I tell you that even if Nicola was Saint Theresa’s love child or Alex really was guilty of whatever,I would still support Independence because I was of that obvious opinion before they were born.
No , I wish Stu would leave Trans and sevco alone but buckeroo (cf) asallgood academicso say
thatis san ferry anne.
I always find it amusing when lying Britnats then quote or link to other lying Britnats to prove their lies. Especially all the GERS crap. Yes you know who you are.
Why should we believe anything the UK gov says. Perfidious Albion.
That’s the Royal Town Planning Institute, obvs.
I’m not trying to show off, I copy and paste because folk tend not to click links. I do try to edit down to the essentials.
The Political Economy of Brexit
The UK’s vote to leave the European Union is a pivotal moment in British history. Over the past forty years, the UK’s economy has become increasingly intertwined and dependent on its relationship with the other EU member states with both the EU and the UK’s economic landscape irrevocably fashioned by its membership. Brexit takes both parties into uncharted territory. At such a time of uncertainty, what can we say for certain about the UK’s economic relationship with the EU and what might be the likely flashpoints for negotiations and the unintended consequences of Brexit?
https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-political-economy-of-brexit/9781911116646
Enemies of Brexit?
It is becoming increasingly clear that Brexit is serving as the trigger for a culture war involving universities. As with virtually everything that surrounds Brexit, the manifest causes and symptoms of this may have nothing to do with the European Union, and may not even have very much to do with universities as they actually exist. But Brexit is all about political theatre, in which symbols and mythical creatures are invoked and slayed, and higher education is becoming one of the imagined demons that supposedly stands in the hero’s path.
For those who have little knowledge of higher education – how it works, how it succeeds, the strains and risks it currently faces – this is a fabulous opportunity to unleash resentment on what appear from a distance like citadels of privilege and arrogance. That resentment must have been brewing for some time to have reached these proportions, but is now being fed daily by right-wing newspapers (both broadsheet and tabloid) with the help of the more outrageous Brexiteers, such as Chris Heaton-Harris MP.
http://www.perc.org.uk/project_posts/enemiesofbrexit/
Liberalism after Brexit
A fantasy of ‘Liberalism in One Country’[i]
Given that Brexit was an event imagined and delivered from within the Conservative Party, one of the most important analyses of it is Matthew d’Ancona’s examination of how the idea shifted from the party’s margins to its mainstream over the post-Thatcher era. Two things in particular stand out in his account.
Firstly, the political plausibility of Brexit rose as a direct response to Tony Blair’s dogmatic assumption that European integration was a historical destiny, which encompassed the UK. No doubt a figure such as Blair would have discovered a messianic agenda under any historical circumstances. But given he gained power specifically in the mid-90s, he was one palpable victim of the fin de siècle ideology (stereotyped by Francis Fukuyama’s ‘end of history’ thesis, but also present in Anthony Giddens’ ‘Third Way’) that the world was programmed to converge around a single political system.
Neo-conservative faith in violent ‘democratisation’ was Blair’s worst indulgence on this front, but a view of European unification (and expansion) as inevitable was responsible for inciting the Tory reaction within Westminster. Europe could have been viewed as a particular historical path, adopted in view of the particular awfulness of the European 20th century. Instead, in a Hegelian fashion, the idea of Europe became entangled with the idea of ‘globalisation’, and the conservative reaction was to refuse both.
Secondly, Tory Brexiteers view the EU as an anti-market project, which blocks economic freedom. This is also weirdly ahistorical. Firstly, the EU was established specifically to entrench the market as the organising principle of European coordination, as a way of preventing further war between France and Germany. When the Left complains that the EU is a ‘neoliberal’ institution that elevates the market above national democracy (see Wolfgang Streeck’s piece on this), this is correct. The Left should recognise that, in terms of its foundational goal, it’s been remarkably successful.
Of course it achieves the single market through a high level of bureaucratic and technocratic planning (such as anti-trust, standardisation, consumer protection), allowing it to be represented as ‘socialist’ by those who cling to a Victorian or anarchic idea of what the market should look like. But there is no contradiction between technocracy and market competition, indeed the latter has depended on the former ever since the rise of business corporations and market regulation in the final decades of the 19th century. David Graeber’s Utopia of Rules explores how this confluence of markets and bureaucracy works…..
http://www.perc.org.uk/project_posts/liberalism-after-brexit/
Thought I’d share. I’ve downloaded the pdf file, and looking through it is fascinating. Lots of info put together by Scottish Enterprise, so high level figures in here, and recent.
Also mentions Brexit. Worth a look, I didn’t realise just how many jobs it supported just now, 14,800 direct, which in turn supports 48,000 in wider maritime industry.
Scottish Ports: Gateways for Growth
https://www.britishports.org.uk/system/files/documents/scottish… · PDF file
As the Scottish Government’s economic and community development agency for north and west Scotland, … Scotland’s ports are vital enablers of the wider maritime
I believe Ireland is heading in the direction of a hard border and a border poll will also take place before or after the hard border is introduced.
If the Irish vote for a United Ireland then best wishes to them in taking on the responsibility for all the Britnat nutters in the North.
Seen as it’s a wee bit late and anent the Whisky industry:
Worked in it.
When ye’ve sat at a H&S briefing at Port Dundas and the phrase “Epicentre” crops up, ye tend tae listen.
A big ring encompassing Queen St.Station tends to twitch the nethers.
The “Industry” dizny need its hand held.
It has, shall I say, its own global enforcement against counterfeit goods. It’s a wee bit more international than HMRC is what I’m inferring…
It has a more than adequate analysis of the global demographic of potential whisky markets.
Does Facebook /Google/ Apple have everything on you down to the keks you buy?
Guid.
Scotch Whisky can tell whit day ye cacked them.
I’m posting far too much probably to take my mind of an unweldable corroded subframe in wife’s car ho hum, new one’s cheaper than it looked like this morning all the same, and old one maybe even still under long warranty apparently. Wish me luck I could do with it. Anyways get a load of this:
https://twitter.com/RogueCoder250/status/1051920638204628993
YAYAYAYAY!
Oh, it’s plain YES, not YES We Can. I’ll have to change back my avatar.
If you had read any of the material I have posted, you might appreciate I’m attempting to broaden minds. I’m not punting any ideology, far from it.
@ ElGordo
Are you sure it’s ‘I pleasured you’, not ‘you received pleasure’?
Here’s a wee snipet I didn’t post. This from The Political Economy Research Centre (PERC), a centre for the cultural and political analysis of economic life, at Goldsmiths, University of London.
The key question is what happens when these various ideals collide with the reality of British capitalist society in the 21st century. The immediate fall-out has been ugly: a 500% rise in reported racial hate-crime, British researchers being dumped from European research projects and early signs of economic decline. But how might ‘Liberalism in One Nation’ work in real sociological terms? I think we can envisage it playing out differently in three strata of economic activity and social class….
Capella says:
@CameronB Brodie – keep on posting Cameron. I don’t manage to read every post but it’s good to have the choice. People who aren’t interested can just scroll by.
Same to Ken500, repetition is necessary sometimes. As with Robert Peffers posts on constitutional matters, it doesn’t always sink in at first glance. And I agree – the psychobastards should be in jail, not swanning around the planet on private jets sowing death and destruction on perfectly innocent people.
@Yesindyref2 12:59
I weld like f**k
A rotted unweldable subframe?
What in the name of the auld gods type of motor is that?
Although, to be fair, this country will destroy anything.
All that “We took our vehicle to the most inhospitable…”
It’s usually the Andes or the Arctic and a dry climate.
Cold is f**k all.
Park yer heap o’ shite at Troon for a year and come back wi a skip I say!
Anyway, good luck wi the warranty…
Went to the Scottish Convention last year. There were loads of topics covered including a future currency, an interesting talk by Pensioners for Yes, Wee Ginger Dug etc.
From what I remember it was exactly the opposite from what Peter Bell is saying.
The Scottish Independence Convention didn’t want a top down approach and was encouraging everyone to work in their own groups and join up with others etc although following a discussion from the floor, it was made clear a lot of people felt some kind of central point was required and definitely other speakers rather than just politicians would be helpful.
I’ve also attended a talk by Peter Bell and (perhaps mistakenly), my impression was he was very much in favour of the SNP doing the talking.
Personally I think it would be more difficult for the Gordon Brewers to treat other speakers from different backgrounds with the same contempt than the politicians but that’s just my view.
At the end of the day the way I see it the more the merrier
I’m not re-reading everything either, I wouldn’t be able to keep up. 😉
Feminist standpoint isn’t an ideology and I’m not showboating, though I am a vile sep.
Feminist Standpoint Theory
Feminist standpoint theorists make three principal claims: (1) Knowledge is socially situated. (2) Marginalized groups are socially situated in ways that make it more possible for them to be aware of things and ask questions than it is for the non-marginalized. (3) Research, particularly that focused on power relations, should begin with the lives of the marginalized. Feminist standpoint theory, then, makes a contribution to epistemology, to methodological debates in the social and natural sciences, to philosophy of science, and to political activism….
@Molly
It’s all a load of personalities, and the idea is it’s my way or the highway.
Walking’s good too 🙂
I need tae sleep, please don’t any wingers sleep for abuse.
In the name o the wee man! Speak yer mind!
Attended the Scottish Indy Convention last year.
It was the exact opposite of Peter Bells scepticism
It was questions from the floor if I remember right which raised the issue of a central contact if you like and the speakers/ organisers were very much keep doing what you’re doing as groups,forums, street stalls etc .
I might be wrong because I’ve attended a few ‘gatherings’.
Funny enough I’ve also attended a talk by Peter Bell.
Again might be wrong but got the impression he was very much for the SNP doing the talking.
Personally I think it would be harder for the Gordon Brewers to treat non politicians with the same contempt as he treats ‘some’ politicians and not every Yes or potential Yes voter is an SNP voter so it widens the conversation.
The more the merrier I would think?
Molly @1:39am
I was just posting the link as some people may like to read it before they decide to make a donation. Better to be forewarned and considered. Others may have different views or have a deeper insight.
Cameron B;
Your not one of these. You research things &, indeed, help broaden the mind.
It’s the self-opinionated, single-minded, myth-believing know-alls who get on my goat.
My mistake. 😉
Capilla.
Mr Peffers reminds us of incidents based on well researched facts as I have previously posted.
@Iain mhor says: 15 October, 2018 at 8:34 pm:
” … Estimated, best guess, kinda, probabably, should be under normal circumstances etc. is also what the relevant documentation says.”
Yes, Iain mhor, you have the right of it. The Yoonatics wear very restrictive blinkers 24/7/365. These are not worn on the eyes but on the intellect. They thus only see, hear and understand what they are told to understand and even then they don’t understand anything but the propaganda fed to them even in the womb.
This one is a typical example and he/she/it has form. BTW: have you noticed they almost all use genderless nom de guerre while commenting on Wings.
I came across this typical example of such brainless parroting very early this very morning:-
A Tory peeress who spouted this, “Tory peer says Scots must remember south-east England ‘pays their bills”:-
http://www.thenational.scot/news/16973680.tory-peer-says-scots-must-remember-south-east-england-pays-their-bills/?ref=nuo
It is significant that this particular example here on Wings reads are refers us to documentation that if we actually reference it doesn’t say what he/she/it claims it does yet has the temerity to claim it is we who are reading it incorrectly.
This particular set of fantasy claims has been getting drummed into the people by the Westminster Establishment far longer than the length of the average lifespan of living people. Unfortunately there are still a far too large proportion of the people of Scotland too intellectually challenged to read and understand the truth that stares them in the face.
This Tory peer is simply parroting a myth that cannot stand up to even quite simple thought.
The mentality is that everything belongs to Westminster and that includes the tax paid throughout the entire United Kingdom, though they carry that untruth even further by imagining that Westminster governs all of Britain.
It flies right over their little pointy heads that the tax is gathered from the entire populations of both Kingdoms of the United Kingdom. A bipartite United Kingdom they envision as a single country composed of four distinct countries but over which England, (a country without a legally elected parliament(, has full sovereignty.
This particular brainless wonder carries this idiocy to even greater depths of ignorance and idiocy by imagining that the entire tax revenue of the British Isles belongs only to London. Yet in normal years the Scottish per capita GDP is higher than that of England. the current defender of these ideas here on Wings even had the hard neck to attempt to compare that high density London populations per capita GDP to that of the entire low density populated kingdom of Scotland.
@ Molly says at 1:26 am …. ”Kangaroo – Went to the Scottish Convention last year. There were loads of topics covered including a future currency, an interesting talk by Pensioners for Yes, Wee Ginger Dug etc. From what I remember it was exactly the opposite from what Peter Bell is saying. The Scottish Independence Convention didn’t want a top down approach and was encouraging everyone to work in their own groups and join up with others etc although following a discussion from the floor, it was made clear a lot of people felt some kind of central point was required and definitely other speakers rather than just politicians would be helpful” … At the end of the day the way I see it the more the merrier.”
I was at the SIC Convention in Edinburgh last year too Molly and yes ”it was exactly the opposite from what Peter Bell is saying.” In fact a large number of influential independence supporters don’t seem to agree with him either.
Imo, we REALLY need this. A ”umbrella” group that’ll pull it all together.
‘Fundraiser led by Elaine C Smith launched for indy campaign aiming to keep Yes support above 50%.’
”The National columnist Paul Kavanagh (Wee Ginger Dug) said: “I’m proud to be a part of this campaign. It’s time. Time to work. Time to build. Time to make our better Scotland real. We can only do it by pulling together, by collaboration and cooperation, because the way we campaign for our better Scotland will define that Scotland once we win it.”
”In the SIC’s fundraising video, MP Philippa Whitford said the organisation “will give you the strategic tools you need … to reach undecided voters and give them the information they need to back independence”.
http://www.thenational.scot/news/16982487.fundraiser-led-by-elaine-c-smith-launched-for-indy-campaign-aiming-to-keep-yes-support-above-50/
‘What is the Scottish Independence Convention and who is involved?’
‘THE Scottish Independence Convention is a stakeholder organisation for all who wish to see Scotland become independent.
It is made up of national level pro-independence supporting groups, pro-independence parties and representatives from regional Yes groups as follows: Women for Independence; NHS for Yes; Common Weal; Christians for Independence; Scottish CND; Scottish Green Party; Scottish National Party; Scottish Socialist Party; Labour for Independence; Young Scots for Independence; SNP Students; Radical Independence Campaign; Pensioners for Independence; Business for Scotland; Scots English for Independence; Hubs for Scottish Independence (HUSCI); Yes Highlands; Aberdeen Independence Movement; Scottish Independence Foundation.”
http://www.thenational.scot/news/16982501.what-is-the-scottish-independence-convention-and-who-is-involved/
Support the Scottish Independence Convention, folks. We really need it to get us over the line.
‘Alex Salmond LIVE@Scottish Independence Convention (SIC) Edinburgh 2017.’
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8ZpQlMmSVI
‘Tommy Sheppard MP – Build SIC (Scottish Independence Convention) 2017.’
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOtnfzRxwik
The Scottish Whisky Industry employs around 10,000 people in Scotland and 30,000 in England. Why’s that?
”More than 10,000 are directly employed in the Scotch Whisky industry.
Over 40,000 jobs across the UK are supported by the industry..”
And then to add insult to injury many workers in Scotland, such as at Chivas Brothers / Pernod Ricard, are on zero-hour contracts … with all that entails … such being bullied and being laid off.
That’ll bl**dy well change with Independence.
http://www.scotch-whisky.org.uk/what-we-do/facts-figures/
” … Bob Mack @9.07
Well, Gfaetheblock, no you were not. You were attempting to mislead as has been shown, (and not just by me), You are selectively quoting from a document that when read in full does not support what you claim it does.
I pointed out several of your claims that most certainly are wrong. Someone, not me, also pointed out that the GERS Figures are all estimates – now tell us who is it who makes those estimates? Factually all figures are from the Office Of National Statistics, (ONS).
Have you ever made the effort to attempt to make head or tail of their figures? Here’s another fact I’ve pointed out several times. True Scottish history is actively suppressed. I pointed out just the other day that few Scots have even heard of what is severally known as, “The Battle of Old Bylands”, “The Battle of Bylands Abbey” or, “The Battle Of Bylands Ridge”.
Even fewer could tell you of its significance. Now I just quoted something that if you now attempt to Google, or any other search engine, for it will give you a headache trying to find out anything about this significant fact. Now why do you imagine there has been a concerted effort to suppress such facts?
Here’s a wee flavour of what I’m commenting about:-
https://erenow.com/ww/the-wars-of-the-bruces-scotland-england-and-ireland-1306-1328/6.html
Try reading that and wonder why most Scots never have heard of the other battles of the Scottish wars of independence.
Bannockburn was by no means a solitary victory. However, at Byland’s Abbey The Scots captured the Grand Seal of the Kingdom of England and under the Rule of law that prevailed throughout Christendom, (but not the Kingdom of Scotland after 1320).
The holder of that Great Seal of England was the sovereign Lord of the Kingdom of England. The significance being that if Robert Bruce had so willed he could have legally claimed to be the sovereign monarch of the entire Kingdom of England and the international court of that time would have no choice but to uphold his claims.
Thing is that Scotland has never attempted to take over other kingdoms by force. Even the Northern Isles were not gained by military force but as a dowry. Furthermore, the Scottish/English border was at one time down on Teeside.
Scotland, even today, has no wish to colonise anyone else’s countries yet it was Scots Bay Boys who were the first non-native Americans to live, (and die), in Canada.
They did not attempt to kill of the natives but lived among them, converted them to Christianity and married native Americans. They were looked down upon by the later following Englanders and tabbed as, “Squawmen”.
A fairly recent survey in the Northern Isles surprisingly revealed traces of Native North American genes within the islanders. Further investigations showed that The Hudson Bay Company used to send the wives and families of deceased Bay Boys, “Home”, to a Scottish Island they had never set foot in.
” Britain’s magical thinking won’t make the EU accept the impossible …. At every step of the Brexit process, there has been a reliable way to predict what the European Union will do. …. The trick is to listen to what they actually say “
” the Brexit process has followed an EU timetable on terms defined by EU treaties. … European leaders have repeated the golden rule … privileges of membership are unavailable to non-members. Britain must decide what it likes about its current arrangements and then negotiate a price for retaining them. The latest terms and conditions have been regularly updated on the European commission’s website. “
Certainly agrees with my view of reality!
http://archive.li/W5l7l
Breaking news from 35 minutes ago:-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O_mkTkZyGY
This one is highly explosive if true.
@ cirsium says at 9:00 pm …. Petra, It’s not just the geology. It is also the disposal of the toxic water. The US has a big problem.”
..”Fracking is based on the “hydraulic” process of using pressurized liquid to shatter shale rock to let the oil and gas inside escape. And while that liquid is a mixture of many hazardous chemicals, it is mostly water. And acquiring that water and then properly disposing of the toxic wastewater produced by fracking is becoming a big and expensive problem for the industry…”
http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2018/09/fracking-industrys-water-nightmare.html
Thanks for the excellent link cirsium. Water is crucial to the process, from beginning to end (dumping), and that’s why Westminster is determined to get control over fracking in Scotland. Scotland with around 5 million of a population, and with at least 31,460 freshwater lochs alone. Then there’s our sea lochs and rivers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sea_lochs_of_Scotland
There’s around 387 lakes in England however most of them are in fact reservoirs and can’t be touched. Between one thing and another England, with 53 million of a population, doesn’t seem to have too much going for it.
http://www.britain-visitor.com/britain-travel-guide/lakes
Macart says:
@Robert Peffers
Good catch Robert. Wednesday is looking to be quite the day, though it’d be interesting to be a fly on the wall at that cabinet meeting today.
Scottish Prism Peter.A.Bell & More – 14th Oct 2018
http://www.barrheadboy.com/?p=1748
Quite a few new posts on this site, take a look
http://www.businessforscotland.com/threat-to-scottish-importers-as-brexit-deadline-looms/
https://macalbasite.wordpress.com/2018/10/15/ross-thompsons-drug-deaths-tweet-of-lies/
http://independenceconvention.scot/key-lessons-for-winning-over-voters
https://weegingerdug.wordpress.com/2018/10/15/no-laughing-matter-maybe/
https://theferret.scot/police-chief-spycops-woman-sex/
https://www.thecanary.co/uk/2018/10/15/nicola-sturgeon-tears-into-the-senior-tories-who-threatened-to-resign-over-brexit/
https://spice-spotlight.scot/2018/10/15/what-is-a-tourist-tax-and-why-is-everyone-talking-about-it/
https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/blog/northern-ireland-dominates-brexit-stage
https://grumpyscottishman.wordpress.com/2018/10/15/why-is-this-not-the-news-it-bloody-should-be/
https://www.lbc.co.uk/radio/presenters/eddie-mair/brexit-is-turning-the-tories-into-english-national/
https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/foreign-office-brexit-failure-steve-bloomfield
https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/racing/horse-racing-ireland-preparing-for-the-worst-as-brexit-looms-1.3663121
This damning report on Westminster’s ‘corrosive’ culture should leave John Bercow questioning his future
http://archive.is/gM52H
Jury selected for Tory MP’s election spending trial
http://archive.is/xSL4P
https://sluggerotoole.com/2018/10/14/ruth-davidsons-threat-to-quit-changes-the-odds-for-the-dup/
https://voxpoliticalonline.com/2018/10/15/theresa-mays-brexit-is-collapsing-around-her-but-she-may-have-one-small-hope/
AstraZeneca halts UK investments due to Brexit uncertainties – Le Monde http://archive.is/BSvuZ
gus1940 says:
There is an excellent article on The Scotsman on the Guardian Scotland web site.
The really interesting thing is the 333 comments which are worth reading as regards the culprits responsible for the paper’s descent into a right wing rag.
If only it was possible to Tar & Feather Andrew Neil, stick him in the Stocks and pelt him with rotten fruit and excrement.
Alongside him we could place Massie, Peterkin, Wilson, Monteith, McColm, Stephenson and the rest of the resident uncle Toms.
I hate to think what the sadly recently departed Albert Morris must have thought of the state of the propaganda rag which used to glory in his pearls of wisdom and wonderful humour.
http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2018/10/15/the-disunited-kingdom/
http://chrisgreybrexitblog.blogspot.com/2018/10/britains-incompatible-red-lines-are.html
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/10/15/invitation-letter-by-president-donald-tusk-to-the-members-of-the-european-council-ahead-of-their-meetings-on-17-and-18-october-2018/
https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/coveney-calls-on-uk-government-to-follow-through-on-brexit-commitments-1.3664198
Brexit: we are where we are
http://eureferendum.com/blogview.aspx?blogno=87025
https://welfareweekly.com/disability-hate-crimes-up-by-a-third-since-last-year-shocking-figures-reveal/
Yemen on brink of ‘world’s worst famine in 100 years’ if war continues
http://archive.is/5t7Fr
https://www.rt.com/uk/441293-mod-spy-secrets-breach/
Did anyone listen to the Indycar Gordon Ross video that Robert (P) posted yesterday? If not could you do so and tell me (us) what you make of it?
”The Scottish Continuity Bill … If it goes to the European Court and we win we would be recognised as being a newly founded state before any referendum .. before we leave the UK .. re-establishing the sovereignty of the people. 11.00 mins in.
‘Indycar Gordon Ross 15 10 18 Blaming the Irish for Brexit.’
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfFPhmtwl5k
Robert Peffers @7:32
Deal on Gib is nearly done and seems to have been a lot less contovertial than Northern Ireland
http://chronicle.gi/2018/10/brexit-deal-on-gibraltar-is-almost-complete-no-6-says/
@Petra 8:22
Re indycar
Yes I saw that video but what he is suggesting doesn’t make sense to me. I would need to read the submissions to the court, but have not seen any reference to it other than Rob Peffers comments. I watched the entire Continuity Bill case on line but have not seen any link to a reference to the ECJ or other International Court. If you have a ref and I can read the submissions I may be able to provide a reasonable comment. It is obviously of vital importance so we need to be up-to-date with it.
Some whisky companies tax evade and do not pay any tax. Diageo etc. £1/2Millon. Other multinationals? Chivers? The ones Scottish based are required to pay taxes, but they can tax evade. The foreign multinationals do not pay tax. That is why some want to be UK based. HQ London. So they can evade tax under UK Law. Opposing Independence for Scotland. If the Whisky is not produced in Scotland. It can’t be labelled Scottish whisky protected by the EU. In an Independent Scotland the tax Laws could be enforced. A better taxation system.
The tax is pay into the U.K. Treasury. Does any come back?
Whisky Association blocked MUP for five years. It cost Scotland £Billions (5+) and early deaths. MUP does not affect the Whisky industry at all but cheap low cost cider etc which was being sold for less than water.Blighting people’s lives. The Scottish Gov/EU give grants and enterprise funding to protect and expand the whisky Industry. The EU is the nearest bigger market for Whisky, although it is sold all over the world, EU menbership protects Scottish Whisky status. It protects it as a Scottish brand. It would be difficult to do without the clout of EU menbership. Other countries could start faking it. Under EU regulations Scottish whisky must be produced in Scotland,
India and China would try and fake it. They already do but are prevented from claiming It as
Scottish. Scotland has the trademark on it. EU membership supports the brand. The same applies for other (Scottish) products.
Many saltires are now being displayed in Markies and Lidls. They seem to have got the message for those who like displays of flags,
Under EU trade regulations. The minimum pricing decision set a precedent. In relationship to other health issues, Scotland can’t set some taxes (most of them). Can’t lower and higher taxes for health reasons. The precedent was set which could encourage other businesses to healthier practices. Rather than fight or block healthy measures implemented or encourage by the Scottish Gov with EU support.
Westminster Tories have ruined and badly affected the Oil & Gss sector with too high Tory taxes. Taxed at 40% since Jan 2016, more before. It has cost Scotland £Billions of lost revenues and thousands of jobs.
Scotland has little control over it’s own (major) industry because it does not have the powers. The Westminster unionist totally mismanage the Scottish economy and it leads to stagnation.
Oil & Gas are still imported when Scotland could be selling it rather than importing it.
If Scotland gets better off so would the rest of Britain. The Tory -unionists politicians and Parties are bad for business.
Vote SNP/SNP. Vote for Independence.
@Nana
Thanks Nana. 🙂
I’ll be keeping an eye on Wednesday’s summit and then the progress of the Continuity Bill case in the SC.
FM hit just the right note yesterday with consistency of message. Next bit should be quite the page turner. 😉
Morning Macart
It’s all coming to a head Sam. Going by the amount of negative tweets during and after FM’s speech, I’d say it was a good one.
The yoons seemed particularly rattled, telling all the old BT lies.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/here-there-and-everywhere/201701/11-warning-signs-gaslighting
https://publiclawforeveryone.com/2018/10/15/parliamentary-control-over-brexit-related-delegated-legislation-an-important-government-climbdown/
Fintan O’Toole: Brexit: Ireland and the English Question
As Britain prepares to leave the European Union, it has become ever clearer, not just that Brexit has profound consequences for Ireland, but that Irish issues have profound consequences for Brexit. Ireland is strongly committed to remaining in the EU, and is thus set to become its only English-speaking member state.
Scottish Indyref 2014 gets a brief mention
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvDAW5SjdaE
James Barr Gardner says:
Where is the skill in debate these days ?
If you go back 100 years most tradesmen were masons so what does that prove? It was a hangup from the medieval guild societies nowadays jobs, universities, colleges, apprenticeships are all gained by merit.
Strangely in days long past major Scottish projects like Glasgow Royal Infirmary, the Wallace Monument, the Bannockburn Flagpole and many others were erected through the auspices of the Masonic Order with great pomp and fanfare as Masons then were proud to fly the Saltire. Nowadays nobody hears much or anything about their charity activities, still not a lot of people buy newspapers these days.
Nowadays with Lodge it’s oh we’re APOLITICAL funnily enough exactly what HES said just recently, that brought 100000 plus into Holyrood Park. Well I have said it before and I’ll say it again when are the Masons going to March with a Yes Banner, frankly I personally don’t think it will ever happen. Still you can easily prove me wrong organize A Masons for Indy and then I shall be convinced till then as they say the jury is out !
… no DUP makes all the difference 😉
Breeks says:
I think the Gibraltar situation is different because having a Border there is simplicity itself, and nowhere near as provocative and inflammatory as it is in Northern Ireland.
There is also no formal Peace Treaty like the Good Friday Agreement which is contingent on there being no Border whatsoever.
Good luck to Gibraltar, although time will tell whether Spain will bend to a Brexit Deal which doesn’t suit its interests, or veto any deal even supposing Westminster can ever secure one.
galamcennalath Any mention of Cyprus ? Rather complex more complex there! Two sovereign base areas, plus The Troodos radar and listening base in the mountains.
Bill McLean says:
Lenny – the Troodos site is a “reserved site”, not a Sovereign Base, which is where the difficulties will lie!
Lenny Hartley @10:23
Cyprus is mentioned in the gib article.
“They have spent months negotiating gib. There will be similar protocols for NI and Cyprus” unfortunately nothing more specific.
Great links Nana. Thanks.
@ Kangaroo says at 8:34 am – ”Petra, Re indycar ….”Yes I saw that video but what he is suggesting doesn’t make sense to me. I would need to read the submissions to the court, but have not seen any reference to it other than Rob Peffers comments. I watched the entire Continuity Bill case on line but have not seen any link to a reference to the ECJ or other International Court. If you have a ref and I can read the submissions I may be able to provide a reasonable comment. It is obviously of vital importance so we need to be up-to-date with it.”
‘Indycar Gordon Ross 15 10 18 Blaming the Irish for Brexit.’ 11.00 mins in.
”If you have a ref.” Sorry I can’t help you out there Kangaroo, as I’m in the dark in relation to this too. I haven’t heard anything at all about the Continuity Bill dispute going on to the ECJ. Then again is that something that Nicola is planning to do if she loses at the Supreme Court (always supreme, great or whatever!)? Is it something that she can do? Maybe Gordon Ross himself could clarify what’s going on?
The following link clearly sets out the case and why Westminster is determined to win it:
…”This could also impact on the UK’s trade relations, not only with the EU but with other countries. The UK could find itself in the same position as Belgium in relation to trade and some other international treaties, namely that it would need the consent of the devolved administrations to enter into treaties involving environmental measures (including climate change) or trade treaties (including those dealing with agricultural products), notwithstanding that foreign policy is reserved to Westminster. This could undermine the UK’s efforts to enter as quickly as possible into a large number of trade agreements, by causing delay and opening up division through the consent process…”
http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=d08f4a34-aa77-48f4-acce-d76668985765
Elmac says:
Re Robert Peffers @ 7.36
Your link was a real eye opener and a fascinating read. Never knew any of this, no doubt because our history has been suppressed. I look forward to the day when our true history is taught in our schools and 1066, Magna Carta, Henry VIII et al are given their appropriate place – on the far margins of our culture.
Many thanks Robert.
Petra @10:52am
Thats why the Continuity Bill is so important. Our Sovereignty is a major issue, as is Westminsters claim of being Sovereign. I am with Mr Peffers on this and believe Westminster does not in fact have Sovereignty as it has not been delegated by the monarch after the UK parliament was created in 1707.
The outcome of the court case is crucial.
Just doing what they like now! Democracy my backside. We’re living under the rule of a horrendous kakistocracy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakistocracy
@ Nana
It’s not on the (Unionist) news grumpyscottishman, but it is being reported in the National.
‘MP Marion Fellows in call for answers over impact of anonymous benefit claim ‘audits’.
..”Figures from the Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) service Independent Audit show that from June 2016, there were 10,289 audits of PIP assessments; 17,285 in 2017; and 11,705 from January to August this year. For people who underwent a Work Capability Assessment under ESA, from March 2015, 7185 were audited; 8590 in 2016; 8647 in 2017; and 5423 from January to August 2018.”
http://www.thenational.scot/news/16982423.mp-marion-fellows-in-call-for-answers-over-impact-of-anonymous-benefit-claim-audits/
George Kerevan: ‘Good Friday Agreement can only be saved by staying in the EU.’
….”Start with a truth rarely admitted: the UK was created by force, deceit and bribery – it was never a voluntary affair. And non-voluntary associations always break up eventually…”
…”Far from the UK achieving universal adult suffrage in 1918, arguably it only did so in 1998 with the signing of the Good Friday Agreement and the institution of genuine democracy in Northern Ireland. But now it hangs by a thread…”
http://www.thenational.scot/news/16982437.good-friday-agreement-can-only-be-saved-by-staying-in-the-eu/
@Tackety Beets 11.45 p.m. That’s the one! Many thanks.
I for one am and have been for a long long time sick of hearing about GERS. It is the biggest pile of Britnat propaganda ever invented by the Britnats. I heard Piers (Trump and Gordon Browns pal) Morgan on GMB ITV asking Nicola Sturgeon about Scotlands fictitious annual £13.4B deficit.
Well what he didn’t say is the figure for Scotlands national debt. Of course if there is such an annual deficit then logically there should be a Scotland national debt of say 100s of billions of pounds. The amount that would have been built up if you had an annual deficit of that amount. There is of course no Scotland national debt. If there is where is it hiding? Where and when does Scotland raise money from the markets to cover this national debt.
There is only UK national debt ( and a massive debt mountain it is) because the UK control all the revenues and expenditure. GERS is not even economics for dummies it is pure and simple propaganda for the likes of Morgan and the Daily Express to say Scotland cannot afford to be independent when the opposite is true.
As Wings quite superbly debunked GERS in a recent post please note if I see any posts giving credence to this nonsense then expect critical comment.
Bill Mclean I learned to Ski at Troodos in the Mid seventies and was also detached there for a couple of weeks in 1976 when I was based at Episkopi. It was shortly after leaving the RAF in 1977 that I saw the light and started supporting Scottish Independence. Might have had something to do with the institutionalised racism I experienced 🙂
@Cubby
There are two ways of doing that. The first is to attack anyone debating the finer points of GERS, whether on Wings or on some MSM forum, the second is just to make a posting which points out the debunking, points out that Ian Lang started it as a propaganda tool to show that Scotland was a load of scroungers and would be a dustbowl in the case of Independence, and pointing out whatever else you want about it.
The first gets in the way if for instance a pro-Indy poster is talking to an undecided or a soft NO, going in depth and showing whatever it is, like for instance the economic benefit of some of the spending is in London not Scotland, and that can be disruptive, the second is supportive and you may well be getting a secret smile from the pro-indy debater, as it’s a point they, we or I, are not able to make as we’re tackling it head on.
I’ve had that in the MSM, two of us tackling it from those two very different points of view, me tackling it head on, the other making the points about it being a propaganda tool and not to be trusted. That works fine.
Lenny – I also skied at Troodos but in the 80s. Do you remember Smokey Joe’s café at the top? Loved Cyprus and go most years for holiday in fact back just last week. When I worked there I was also a believer in GB but in conversation with a Greek Cypriot learned much about our behaviour there which made me feel very uncomfortable. Did some research and by 1990 decided that we have been mightily deceived about Britain and it’s role in the world. Finally made the decision on Scottish independence about 2005 – wish i’d known earlier what I know now!
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Rev. Stuart CampbellFollow
Rev. Stuart Campbell@RevStu·
OH FOR FUCK’S SAKE JUST FUCKING FUCK OFF AND GET A FUCKING HOBBY LIKE A NORMAL FUCKING PENSIONER
Retweet on TwitterRev. Stuart Campbell Retweeted
James Melville@JamesMelville·
Scotland is denied an independence referendum by a Tory Government who:
▪️only won 25% of the vote in Scotland at the general election
▪️haven’t won a national election in Scotland in 64 years
▪️will deliver a Brexit that 62% of Scotland’s voters rejected
How is that democracy?
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Tagged: Distributed Social Networks Toggle Comment Threads | Keyboard Shortcuts
Gerrit Eicker 08:52 on 18. September 2011 Permalink
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Diaspora’s First Year
Diaspora: from 4 to >100K users, from 0 to >7K commits, from alpha to beta soon? http://eicker.at/DiasporasFirstYear
Diaspora « Strange Realms' Blog and Gerrit Eicker are discussing. Toggle Comments
Gerrit Eicker 08:53 on 18. September 2011 Permalink | Reply
Diasporial: “[September 15th] is a very special day for the Diaspora project. It has been exactly one year since the guys released the Diaspora source code! For a year now, people have been able to contribute to this project and set up pods. And so they did! Till date, 7371 commits have been made by the contributors and the four founders. In only a years time, the amount of Diaspora users has grown from 4 to over 100.000, spread over lots of pods! … It is rumoured that Diaspora will hit beta in November, on its Alpha release anniversary.”
Diaspora: “We know that if you’re not a contributor and don’t follow us on Github, it’s hard to see Diaspora grow and evolve. Now that Diaspora is moving into its second year and a new phase of development, here are some numbers on the progress we’ve made. … Our developer community is growing. Diaspora has had over 100 unique code contributors and countless others have edited our wiki and updated Diaspora’s translations in over 51 languages. We have over 4,600 followers and over 840 forks, which means that tons of developers are checking out our code. That makes us the sixth most popular project on GitHub, right behind great open source projects like JQuery, Ruby On Rails, and Node, just to name a few.”
Diaspora: “There’s been big news in the social networking world recently, and we can’t help but be pleased with the impact our work has had on two of the biggest developments. We’re proud that Google+ imitated one of our core features, aspects, with their circles. And now Facebook is at last moving in the right direction with user control over privacy, a move spurred not just by Google+, but more fundamentally by you and tens of thousands of community members, as well as hundreds of thousands of people who’ve lined up to try Diaspora* – that is, by all of us who’ve stood up to say ‘there has to be a better way.’ We’re making a difference already.”
RWW: “There are things about Diaspora that still are unique among its competitors. Not only is it open-source, it’s decentralized and distributed. Users are encouraged to set up their own servers. But these are not features for normal human users. In that category, the social networking superpowers seem to have Diaspora cornered. … Diaspora has been called the anti-Facebook for its strong privacy stance, and it had ‘aspects’ before anyone knew about Google Plus and its circles. … If Google Plus has taught us anything, it’s that normal people don’t feel like leaving the social networks where they already feel settled. … Is there anything Diaspora can do? I think so, but it’s a departure from it’s current incarnation, which is an awful lot like Google Plus (or vice versa, or whatever). It’s unrealistic to expect a mass exodus from one social network that works to another of which no one has ever heard. Diaspora’s potential is in its ability to syndicate to our other services (currently Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr) while still allowing us to own our data. … If Diaspora is built as a publishing platform that lets us own our content and direct it to our existing networks – and especially if we can read from them, too – it would be an awesome, welcome tool that even Dave Winer could love. But if the launch of Google Plus wasn’t splashy enough to start a mass Facebook exodus, a later launch of a service that looks the same is not going to do it.”
TNW: “Diaspora has never pitched itself as direct competitor to the likes of Facebook – more an alternative model for how social networks could be designed. However, it’s gained a reputation from observers as ‘that quirky Facebook alternative that never quite made it.’ Whether there’s a need or desire for its product or not, it seems there’s life in the Diaspora team yet.”
Some ‘historical’ Diaspora posts here on Wir sprechen Online:
Diaspora rockets on Kickstarter, 15.05.2010
Diaspora gets funded with $200K, 03.06.2010
Diaspora’s first month and first progress, 04.07.2010
Diaspora works! 27.08.2010
Diaspora Alpha, the developer release, 16.09.2010
Joindiaspora.com opens its doors in private alpha, 24.11.2010
Diaspora summary, 20.07.2011
Gerrit Eicker 09:06 on 20. July 2011 Permalink
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Diaspora Summary
IEEE: The making of Diaspora. Four young coders are planting the seeds for the post-Facebook future; http://eicker.at/DiasporaSummary
Diaspora* « Wir sprechen Online. and Gerrit Eicker are discussing. Toggle Comments
Gerrit Eicker 09:06 on 20. July 2011 Permalink | Reply
Wikipedia: “Diaspora (stylized DIASPORA*) is a free personal web server that implements a distributed social networking service, providing a decentralized alternative to social network services like Facebook. The project is currently under development by Dan Grippi, Maxwell Salzberg, Raphael Sofaer, and Ilya Zhitomirskiy, students at New York University’s Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. The group received donations in excess of $200,000 via Kickstarter. A consumer alpha version was released on November 23, 2010. … Diaspora works by letting users set up their own server (or ‘pod’) to host content; pods can then interact to share status updates, photographs, and other social data. It allows its users to host their data with a traditional web host, a cloud based host, an ISP, or a friend. The framework, which is being built on Ruby on Rails, is free software and can be experimented with by external developers.”
IEEE: “Journalists and bloggers have called Diaspora ‘the Facebook killer,’ ‘the Facebook rival,’ ‘the anti-Facebook,’ ‘Facebook’s challenger,’ and ‘another Facebook wannabe.’ … The guys, however, don’t see themselves as competition. … They’re taking a stab at reengineering the way online socializing works by building an entire network of networks from the ground up. They hope that in the process they will help promote standards that other social sites … will use to bridge their services. … Choice, interoperability, and the chance to invent your own networking experience are what federated networks such the Diaspora pods are all about. … They don’t like that Facebook owns the data they share through the site and can mine or sell it to advertisers at will. … Above all, they don’t like that most ordinary people and many Web engineers have come to believe that seven-year-old Facebook represents the be-all and end-all of everything online socializing will ever be. … ‘The problem with Diaspora right now is it’s not designed to work with other providers out of the box,’ says Ben Zhao, a network security expert at the University of California, Santa Barbara [listen to an interview with Zhao].”
Diaspora Wiki: “Diaspora needs you! – Diaspora is an open source project, which means all our code and documentation is available for free to anyone online. It also means that, while there is a core team working on the project full time, it only thrives because we have a wonderful set of volunteer collaborators who help out in their free time. – Some of these volunteers are developers and help with the code, which is the ‘traditional’ way to help out an open source project, and is awesome. But many are not developers, and their contributions are awesome too. … Come talk to us. The best ways to get in touch in realtime are our Convore group, or IRC. Tell us what you’re interested in working on – code, tutorials, feature ideas, mockups, running a pod, helping with the wiki, other – and we can help you figure out how to get going.”
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You are here: American University Finance Transportation Electric Vehicle Charging
Parking Portal
Campus TDM Report
Good Neighbor Policy
WMATA
parking@american.edu
Mon.-Thurs., 8 am - 5:30 pm, Fri. 8 am - 5pm
Don Myers Building, 3501 Nebraska Ave NW Washington, DC 20016-8033 Terrace Level
Parking and Commuter Services Washington, DC 20016-8033 United States
Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Stations
American University is committed to providing sustainable transportation options as part of its dedication to carbon neutrality. As a demonstration of this commitment, the University has installed eighteen (18) new electric vehicle charging stations across the University and the Washington College of Law. These new stations are capable of Level 2 Charging, allowing drivers to add 25 miles of Range Per Hour (RPH). The stations are reserved exclusively for the American University community and all privately-owned electric vehicles are prohibited from charging at standard electrical outlets.
Charging Locations
Katzen Arts Center Garage, Level P1
School of International Service Garage, Level P1
East Campus Garage, Level PT
Washington College of Law Garage, Level P1
Standard Charging Rate
Effective Tuesday, September 4th 2018, charging station customers will be assessed a cost recovery fee of $0.25 per kilowatt hour through their ChargePoint accounts. The fee directly recovers the cost of electricity, the charging infrastructure, and future system repairs/upgrades.
Obtaining Access
Drivers must first register their vehicle with ChargePoint and obtain a free ChargePoint access card (or enable the feature on their mobile device). After registering with ChargePoint, you will receive a free card within 7-10 business days.
Drivers must also request access from the Office of Parking & Commuter Services here. Requests for access will be processed in two (2) business days.
How do I know if a charging station is available for use?
Download the ChargePoint mobile app, available on the Apple or Google Play Store. The app provides users notifications for:
When your car is fully charged.
When charging is interrupted.
When the power to your car is reduced.
For charging station reservation status and reminders.
More information about the app is available at: www.chargepoint.com/drivers/mobile
Do I have to relocate my vehicle after the charging session completes?
Yes. Charging station customers are required to move their vehicle to a general parking space within 60 minutes of the completion of the charging cycle. Customers will receive a text message and/or e-mail automatically from ChargePoint when the session is completed. If the vehicle is not moved within 60 minutes, an additional fee of $2.00 per hour will accrue and the vehicle will be subject to citation.
Customers must configure their settings through their ChargePoint Portal to receive notifications.
Do I need an AU parking permit to use the charging stations?
Yes. Charging station customers are required have a valid AU parking permit or paid parking via a PayAsYouGo station or the PayByPhone app.
Who do I contact about charging station support, repairs or other program questions?
Contact the Office of Parking & Commuter Services by calling 202-885-3111 or by e-mailing: parking@american.edu
EV Station Charging Access Request Form
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Editorial: Privacy is paramount, but enough with the inquisitions already
Phil Nickinson 7 years ago 31
Oy vey! According to a report from Reuters (via Phonescoop), U.S. Sen. Charles Schumer, D-N.Y., has called for the Federal Trade Commission to investigate "reports that applications on the Apple Inc and Google Inc mobile systems steal private photos and contacts and post them online without consent." OK, folks. Let's see if we can't explain this again. There was a report in the New York...
Google mobile site adds section for recent place searches
Alex Dobie 7 years ago 4
Google is continuing to build on its mobile search experience with the launch of a new section for recently-searched places on its mobile homepage. If you've got Web History enabled in your Google Account, you'll now see an additional option -- "Recent" -- when you visit Google.com on your Android or iOS device. This gives you a scrollable list of places you've searched for on Google...
Android allows apps to see your photos, like every computer does [FUD]
Jerry Hildenbrand 7 years ago 36
Let's file this under "anything for a story about Android". The New York Times has decided that Android is also "vulnerable" to apps being able to see your pictures, just like it was designed to do. It all stems from some press recently where iOS had a loophole that allowed apps without permissions to access photos stored on a user's mobile device. There is a big difference here though...
Google's new privacy policy starts today, here's what you should know
Google's controversial new privacy policy goes into effect today, and depending on which part of the Internet you're in, it's either a blessing or an act of war against our personal information. There's a lot of confusion out there, and chances are anyone who says they understand it all are probably not being very truthful. We're going to try and go over what's changed, and discuss what...
Carrier IQ unveils tool operators can use to open up about data collected from your phone
Phil Nickinson 7 years ago 6
Carrier IQ cares. Or, rather, for Carrier IQ, it's all about care. The much-maligned California analytics company has weathered the Great Privacy Scandal of 2011 and today at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona announced a new product for its customers -- the operators -- to give greater transparency to consumers -- that's you and me -- regarding data being collected from your...
Android app permissions - How Google gets it right ...
And how we, the users, still need to take responsibility There's been a lot of news lately about a lapse in either security or judgment -- both, really -- at Apple that allows iOS applications to borrow your contact data and send it off to parts unknown without your consent. Apple has addressed the issue to members of the U.S. Congress, and will take steps to hold tighter control in a...
#block
Block all the things!
Jared DiPane 7 years ago 30
In this day and age carrying a cell phone can become somewhat of a burden. You can receive countless phone calls from people you don't want to talk to, unsolicited text messages and those oh so fun sales pitches that everyone just loves. Unfortunately there is no real easy way to identify these numbers and block them, aside from the use of a service like Google Voice. MetroPCS...
Google disables prepaid cards in wake of Google Wallet exploit
Google late Friday night disabled the ability to provision new Google Preaid Cards, fallout from the discovery of a flaw in the Google Wallet app. The gist is that if someone were to find your phone, they could reset the Google Wallet PIN and gain access to your Google Prepaid Card. In a separate incident, rooted phones were found to be vulnerable to a brute-force crack. And so, Google...
Erase your Android device before getting rid of it [Android 101]
With the news today that Motorola accidentally shipped out 100 refurbished Xoom tablets without properly wiping the previous owners' information, it's worth a reminder of what you need to do when selling, returning or otherwise disposing of an Android device. With any electronic device -- computer, tablet, smartphone or whatever -- it's important to keep your personal data secure. That...
Motorola warns that some refurbished Xoom tablets might have old users' info
Ready Cory H just dropped word that he's received an e-mail from https://www.androidcentral.com/e?link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqzyfj.com%2Fclick-7293382-13112209%3Fsid%3DUUacUdUnU21579%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.woot.com%252F&token=4J9ihayM with some slightly troubling news, but also with a very cool resolution. Cory purchased a refurbished Motorola Xoom tablet from Woot last year....
Late night poll: Have you read Google's new privacy policy?
You might have heard that Google has a new consolidated privacy policy coming in March. All the cool kids are talking about it, and even Microsoft has had a little to say to help you decide how you feel about it. On one side, you have folks who aren't concerned or say it's a good thing, and on the other you have those who say Google's new policy is horrible for us, the users. (We're...
Full-page ads attack Google's privacy policy; el Goog responds
Google, having already explained to the boys and girls inside the Beltway that they don't need to go all Chicken Little over its upcoming new consolidated privacy policy, today took aim at Redmond, Wash., for (if you can believe it) acting even more childish. More specifically, Google responded to claims from Microsoft (among others) that it's evil, it's only out to sell your...
Japanese carrier to stop sending push notification ads
Japanese mobile network KDDI says it'll stop using push notification ads on its Android handsets, following some recent online controversy. Late last month it emerged that KDDI was using an updated version of its "AU One Market" application to send ads via push notification to some of its customers. We're not the biggest fans of push notification ads, and we're even less impressed when...
Google responds to Congress about its updated privacy policy
Congress wanted answers regarding Google's updated and consolidated privacy policy that goes into effect March 1, and el Goog has responded with a blog post as well as a 13-page letter to eight U.S. representatives. The long and the short of it is this: Google's not using the updated privacy policy to collect new information. The new privacy policy doesn't let Google sell your...
Latest Android Malware scare might be premature
The folks at Symantec have tipped everyone off about a new piece of Android Malware, calling Android.Counterclank "a bot-like threat that can receive commands to carry out certain actions, as well as steal information from the device." They note that starting one of the apps "infected" with the apperhand SDK package will show a second service running, and often places a search icon on...
HTC confirms it's pulling Carrier IQ from Sprint ROMs in future updates
When Sprint first told Android Central that it has ceased using the Carrier IQ analytics software on its Android smartphones, throwing a switch on the server side while leaving the app itself dormant, we kind of figured that would be that. Sure, future smartphones likely wouldn't have the maligned software embedded, but current phones would remain as-is. But it looks like stripping...
Sprint says it's no longer collecting analytics via Carrier IQ
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AT&T's use of Carrier IQ extends to its own analytics app, not just embedded on phone
AT&T's responses to questions posed by U.S. Sen. Al Franken, D-Minn., over the use of Carrier IQ analytics software are probably the most interesting we've seen thus far. AT&T has been using Carrier IQ only since March 2011, with the Motorola Bravo the first device to have it integrated. However, AT&T has had its own analytics tool in use since 2009. Called Mark the Spot,...
Sen. Al Franken gets answers from Carrier IQ, carriers -- 'still very troubled by what's going on'
U.S. Sen. Al Franken, D-Minn., didn't like what he'd heard about the whole Carrier IQ saga. And after receiving answers from the analytics company, he still doesn't like what he hears. On Thursday, Franken, chairman of the Senate Subcommitte on Privacy, Technology and the Law, issued a statement on the reponses he received. More analysis AT&T's user of Carrier IQ extends to...
Sprint: 26 million devices with Carrier IQ, but we only ping a fraction at one time
Update: Sprint says it's no longer using Carrier IQ Sprint, in its reponse to U.S. Sen. Al Franken over its use of the Carrier IQ software, goes into great detail about how and why it needs and uses such analytic data, reiterating that "The Carrier IQ diagnostic tool can help Sprint engineers understand the functionality (or not) of handset appliations when connecting with the network...
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< Blog home
Workspace – the final frontier on the quest for a happy crew
When it comes to the look and feel of your workplace environment, would you boldly go where no-one’s ever gone before? Charting a course past the boring and mundane and into a different reality, for the good of your crew members?
“I’m giving it all she’s got Captain!”
The way your office space looks and importantly feels can have a big impact on employees who are seeing the same walls day in, day out. It can also help them feel welcomed, inspired and energised, and even boost their productivity.
But there’s even greater potential hiding amongst those paint tins and wall decals….
Your workspace could be a tool in an even bigger picture, helping to change perspectives, building positive engagement and generating a powerful feeling of connection.
Here we take a closer look at how a creative workspace environment could become a force for good and some of the organisations whose designs are out of this world!
What makes a great workplace environment?
The days of neglected, scruffy noticeboards; stained and squeaky swivel chairs; and battleship grey walls are gladly numbered. Not to mention the token pots plants often found sitting miserably in the corner.
With a little thought and creativity, there’s plenty that can be done to make a workspace an inspiring place, where all elements beautifully combine to create somewhere that’s positive, inspiring and productive.
Firstly, a great workplace needs to provide an environment that enables staff to do their job – that’s why they’re there after all! It must work for the people using it.
It should reinforce the organisation’s values and culture and encourage positive working practices. It should also reflect the brand look and feel.
Importantly, it needs to be somewhere people like to be!
Connection is the key here. Generating a connection to each other, a connection to the brand, and a connection to the essence of the organisation.
Workspaces that are out of this world
Google – captain of personality
Google is well known for having created some of the coolest office spaces in the world. Importantly, the design elements are an exact reflection of the company’s personality and ethos – being young, vibrant and playful.
Ok, so we can’t all have a space like Google – and most of us don’t have the budget to do so either – but we can take a leaf out of their book and learn from the way they’ve been bold in using colour, furniture and wall graphics.
Sky – commander of connections
The team from Alive were lucky enough to visit the Sky Campus in London, where we were blown away with what we saw.
On entering the building, your eye is drawn to a 100m-long ‘high street’ and upwards to a glazed box on the first floor that overhangs the atrium. That’s where Sky News is broadcast from 6am-9pm every weekday.
What this does is form a very visual connection between the ‘end product’ and why everyone is doing what they’re doing – so cementing a sense of shared purpose.
Sky has achieved a clear connection for employees between their day job, whatever that may be, and the programmes that are being produced. And that’s powerful.
Take a look for yourself
The designers have made great use of the space, treating each area differently, but ensuring there’s a natural connection and flow throughout the whole building.
Dammit, Jim!
And then, there’s how not to do it…
Just stick a logo up, it’ll be fine!
One of the most common traps organisations can fall into is treating the design of their workplace environment in the same way as they might a corporate brochure.
For example, covering all the walls in the brand colours, sticking the company logo all over the place and adding the values and mission statement wherever there may be space.
But overloading on branding – even when combined with chucking in a token ping-pong table or X-box – is unlikely to achieve much. A successful workplace environment has genuine depth. Everything happens for a reason.
You need to start by considering the values and culture that underpins your organisation. How might the physical environment be designed to reflect these?
5 steps to putting your mark on a workspace
Do some reconnaissance missions
Think about other workplace environments you’ve been in – what worked and why? What stood out for you? Encourage employees to share things they have seen too.
Ask your employees
Find out what they want and need. Spend time observing their behaviour and gathering feedback about what stands in the way. Identify which areas may be blocking the creative process and what would help to make the office more inspiring. That way, you’ll also be getting buy-in from the start, as employees help to shape and develop their own working environment.
Get in the zone
Creating dedicated zones for different types of activities can be really effective. Think about spaces to work solo, collaborate, brainstorm or have more formal meetings. Include areas for colleagues to share thoughts on projects they’re working on while interacting in a natural, relaxed environment. Remember, simply having an open-plan office is not the answer to getting team members to interact and collaborate.
Space identity
Differentiate your different zones using creative design to facilitate and reflect the various activities your employees will be using them for. For example, brainstorming areas could have comfy chairs and scatter cushions, inspiring wall graphics and clever lighting. For the zone you are in, think about how you might enhance the experience for its particular purpose.
Get colour smart
Colour can play a key part in creating a productive environment. This doesn’t mean you have to paint the walls in your brand colours and plaster them in your mission statement. Get creative and don’t forget your secondary palette Think about wall graphics and clever features that truly reflect your organisation’s culture and personality.
Making a connection
If you’re serious about turning your workplace into a great place, then we dare you to be brave! Get your workplace environment working as hard for you as your team members already do.
If you’re asking your people to buy into and live and breathe your company values, then developing a workplace environment that physically and visually embodies those messages, is key. Anything else would simply be highly illogical.
So…second star to the right — and straight on ’til morning!
By Amy Archer, Creative Leopard for Alive!
< Previous blog post
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How to overcome a brand identity crisis
Meet the team that brings us Alive – Stan
Why Internal Comms Floats Our Boat
The good, the bad and the ugly of visual content
It’s nearly Christmas jumper day!
It’s a Wonderful Comms Life
Our Christmas crackers
Infographic: How to create a storyboard
Will the real internal communicator please stand up?
Meet the team that brings us Alive – Andy
Up for the challenge?
How to Share Performance Updates
Branded workplace environment
Ideas, inspiration & creativity
Intranet and ESN
Line managers
“The guys at Alive understand the complexities of our business which means we don’t need to explain the detail of every project or design piece – they’re already on it, which keeps things moving and delivers the results we need.”
Emily Stoten — Head of Marketing, Selecta
“I feel like they own and care for the project as much as we do! I would not use anyone else for my creative work and think Alive is ahead of the game.”
Jo Hobbs — Communications Manager
“Thanks for all your help. We are delighted with the campaign, both in terms of the creativity and messaging but also the thought taken over the rollout of the materials. All looks absolutely fabulous!”
Sarah Crowdy — Campaign and Media Officer Communications, South East Water
“We went to ‘Alive’ for ideas on how to run a specific employee program in Europe. Alan and his team were brilliant in coming up with fresh, creative and practical approaches. The team took charge and executed brilliantly. We are pleased with the progress made so far and hope to have the same level of partnership and commitment going forward.”
Sobha — Tata Consultancy Services
“So glad that we chose Alive to create our new website. As well as taking the time to get the visual side of our requirement right, they worked with us to understand us, our business and our clients and reflect this across the site. We loved their flexible approach, which, coupled with the right level of challenge has replaced our old, clunky site with one we can be proud of. ”
Victoria Ford — Perago
“We got 'Alive' involved to help us shift mindsets across our organisation and they delivered! Using simple, clear and creative ideas the team have delivered us a campaign which has seen a dramatic increase in idea sharing and development. They’ve also played a significant role in creating a culture of shared success. I wouldn’t hesitate to work with again, in fact, we already are!”
Gavin Buckle — B&Q
We're Alive. And we're not your average comms agency.
Our entire ethos is built on making work a better place; for us, for you and for the people around you. All through smashing communication. It's as simple as that.
hello@alivewithideas.com
© Alive With Ideas 2020 | 8 Chequers Rd, Basingstoke, RG21 7PU
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AirMed&Rescue
AirMed upgrades its international fleet
Publishing Details
HEMS/SAR
AirMed's Challenger 601 aircraft
The AirMed International team – which provides air medical transportation services to patients in Hawaii, Guam and the Asia-Pacific region – has, this week, announced the addition of new aircraft to its fleet – a Challenger 601 and a Hawker 800A
To date, the Challenger 601 is the largest aircraft in the AirMed fleet and will also be the first Challenger 601 to be permanently dedicated to fixed-wing patient transports in the US.
Based in Sacramento, California, the Challenger 601 will allow AirMed to provide non-stop flights across the country, and minimal stops for international patient transportation. This long-range aircraft is ideal for medically complex patients, including neonatal and bariatric patients.
AirMed’s new Hawker, equipped with the latest avionic technology and able to transport two patients alongside four medical personnel (and up to three passengers), will be based out of Birmingham, Alabama. It will complement the two existing Hawker 800 aircraft in the AirMed fleet and fall under the company’s worldwide ops specs, allowing it to move patients from any location on the globe.
AirMed commented: “The team at AirMed is extremely excited to be welcoming these two new aircraft into our fleet and can’t wait to see them up and flying for your patients in their time of need.”
Team Cormorant to upgrade Canada’s search and rescue fleet
Canada’s Minister of National Defence, the Honourable Harjit S. Sajjan, has made a continued commitment to modernise and expand the country’s primary rotary search and rescue helicopter fleet through Team…
AirMed's Hawker 800A aircraft
Reaccreditation for AirMed International
A new aircraft for CHI St Joseph Health
Canada opts to continue with CH-149 Cormorant
Mandy Langfield
© Voyageur Publishing & Events 2019
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Home » Israel » Middle East
Proportionality in Gaza
Aug 2, 2014 | by Dore Gold
The accusation that Israel is acting disproportionally has no merit. Here’s why.
The images of destruction after the battle between the Israel Defense Forces and Hamas that began July 20 in the Shajaiya neighborhood in the Gaza Strip have caused many to declare, in a now-frequent refrain, that the IDF is behaving “disproportionately.” Some commentators are simply dressing up in sophisticated language their belief that Israel is using excessive force, but others clearly mean to accuse Israel of violating the laws of war — specifically, of violating the doctrine of proportionality. These accusations have no merit.
Shajaiya was not just another neighborhood in Gaza, but rather a crown jewel of Hamas' effort to intertwine civilians and terrorists to complicate Israel's ability to defend itself. Shajaiya was crisscrossed with an elaborate network of underground bunkers and tunnels containing equipment for the manufacture of rockets, storage facilities for rockets and other weapons, and launching sites from which the rockets were fired at Israeli towns. It was a civilian area where Hamas embedded its most important military capabilities, precisely to encourage condemnation of Israel should the IDF be forced to fight there.
Moreover, multiple attack tunnels whose exit points are in Israel had entrance points in Shajaiya. These tunnels allow Hamas to cross under the border fence and penetrate Israeli territory to carry out attacks on civilians. Mothers in Israeli villages near the Gaza border feared that terrorists would emerge from the tunnels, kidnap their children and drag them back as hostages to the Gaza Strip, a concern that became more terrifying when handcuffs and tranquilizers were found in the tunnel system.
Shajaiya encapsulates the challenge Israel faces in the Gaza conflict: How can Israel defend itself without being accused of violating the principle of proportionality?
Mothers in Israeli villages near the Gaza border feared that terrorists would emerge from the tunnels, kidnap their children and drag them back as hostages to the Gaza Strip.
Israel had three choices in how to deal with Shajaiya. First, it could have decided that it had every right to use overwhelming force to neutralize the neighborhood with air power, ignoring the question of collateral damage to civilians, much like the Allied bombing campaigns of World War II, or NATO's three-month campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, in which 40,000 homes were destroyed. This option was not even a consideration for the IDF.
Second, looking at how Hamas had embedded its military capabilities within civilian neighborhoods, Israel could have decided there was nothing it could do, thus allowing Hamas to strike at Israeli population centers with impunity. Such a decision would have granted Hamas a license to kill Israelis, something no Israeli government — or, indeed, any accountable democracy — could do.
Finally, there was the decision that Israel ultimately made: Separate, as much as possible, the civilian population from the Hamas fighters and arms in their midst. This required getting the Palestinian population to evacuate potential target areas by multiple means: dropping leaflets with evacuation routes, breaking into Hamas radio broadcasts with warnings about specific areas, Arabic-language telephone calls to homes and text messages to cellphones. While the notification process was underway, an Israeli drone would hover over the area that was to be cleared to ensure that residents had left.
Against this Israeli effort, Hamas employed a counter-strategy of trying to prevent civilians from heeding Israeli warnings. On July 8, Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri appeared on local television and called on Gazans to serve as human shields against Israeli air attacks. Hamas enforcers sought to dissuade civilians from fleeing. And, anticipating a ground incursion into neighborhoods like Shajaiya, Hamas booby-trapped whole rows of homes, hoping to collapse them on Israeli soldiers. This only magnified the scale of the destruction.
It should be recalled that proportionality in international law has a very specific meaning: It is the calculation a military commander must make as to whether the military advantage to be gained by the use of force is greater than the probable harm that may be inflicted on the surrounding civilian population. Anyone who complains about “disproportionality” must explain exactly what the IDF should have done to neutralize the terrorist threat from Shajaiya while causing less destruction than what occurred.
War between an embattled democracy, like Israel, and a terrorist organization, like Hamas, inevitably produces certain asymmetries. Israel heavily invested in the defense of its population, including air raid shelters as well as a missile defense system, known as Iron Dome. Where did Hamas put the billions of dollars it obtained from supporters like Qatar? It built the system of attack tunnels and an arsenal of missiles. Yet there are those who wrongly infer Israeli intent to cause civilian casualties from the greater damage suffered by Hamas, which resulted from a war Hamas imposed, and from its readiness to sacrifice the lives of its people to advance its extremist goals.
This op-ed originally appeared in the LA Times
The writer, a former Israeli ambassador to the UN, is president of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs and serves as an external advisor to the office of the Prime Minister of Israel. He is the author of the best-selling books: The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City (Regnery, 2007), and The Rise of Nuclear Iran: How Tehran Defies the West (Regnery, 2009).
Jordan’s “Disproportionate Response”
Exploiting a Tragedy to Accuse Israel
The Phony War Crimes Accusation
Israel's Disengagement from Gaza
Defending Israel's Operations in Gaza
Who is Guilty of War Crimes in the Gaza War?
(9) Albert Hache, August 24, 2014 4:04 AM
A word especially coined for Israel
It is criminal to hold the IDF to such a high moral standard when Israel is surrended by enemies that are committed to its destruction and that of its people.
By responding to unjustified aggressions with strict proportionality, is the Israeli soldier expected to sacrifice his life for the sake of his rutheless enemy?
Nobody has ever heard of the word "disproportionality" in the context of war before, it has been especially coined by the so-called "liberal leftists" to apply to the self-defending actions of the most moral army in the history of warfare.
(8) Micha, August 7, 2014 2:37 AM
Proportionality?!
KILLING HAMAS MEMBERS IS NOT ABOUT REVENGE! The purpose is to get rid of as many killers as possible, so they don't kill so many innocent people. Therefore, Israel has all the rights in the world to kill hundreds of Hamas members even when only 63 soldiers have been killed. They're not going to wait for Hamas to kill more people and then kill Hamas members. That's just stupid!
The western world has a major misconception that when Israel kills terrorists that it is doing it as revenge. NO ISRAEL KILLS TERRORISTS SO THAT THE TERRORISTS DON'T KILL ISRAELIS... Revenge is too commonly accepted in modern society!
(7) Yehudith Shraga, August 5, 2014 10:37 AM
Are the critics of Israel sure they wish for Proportionality in Gaza?
If so, then Next our Defense System should be the Boomerang System - each rocket from Gaza should be answered by the sent back rocket, each terrorist attack should be answered by Air Force attack, till they learn that the world is built on the combination of Mercy and Justice and if the merciful response of Israel to their terrorist behavior in the Land of Israel doesn't suit them, there is a possibility for the Justice - using overwhelming force to neutralize the terrorists nests with air power, ignoring the question of collateral damage to civilians.
The G-d always gives us a choice: if we choose to serve our ego, we get the Just response from Him, if we choose bestowing correction we get the Mercy and Help form Him.
The G-d Loves people in Gaza no less than He Loves the People of Israel, but the spiritual rules are eternal and by not be changed for those who do not believe in G-d and prefer to worship their ego and getting instincts.
(6) Betty, August 5, 2014 5:06 AM
proportionality-
What Is proportionality? How about what seems like the whole world against Israel and them having to stand up and do what's the only possible solution that any country would do! How about the majority of the news media doing everything in it's power to turn the public against Israel and sympathy towards the Palestinians?
I just learned from the American Center for Justice and Liberty that Kerry just promised 47 million dollars to Gaza to help them rebuild! I'm outraged, as every person who cares about Israel should be! Not only is that my tax dollars, I had no say in this decision! He didn't say anything about helping Israel and has hurt them if anything!
So they really want to talk about proportionality? Give me a break!!
Stop listening to the news media and our liberal government! I can promise you there are just as many people for you as there are against! I learned a long time ago that we don't need to please people! God is the only one we will answer to in the end!
God Bless Israel and God Bless the Jews!!!!!!!!!!!
Anonymous, August 6, 2014 12:27 AM
Many if not most of us in the Jewish Community stand by Israel.
I stand by your thoughts, and many, many people here are of the same opinion. Your friends here are not happy with Kerry.
b'shalom
(5) Tirtza, August 4, 2014 6:40 PM
Tell it to Oron Shaul's mother
The author states,"it could have decided that it had every right to use overwhelming force to neutralize the neighborhood with air power, ignoring the question of collateral damage to civilians…. This option was not even a consideration for the IDF."
Oron Shaul was the Golani soldier, who was blown up on the 1st day of the ground op in an APC. Hamas claimed to have kidnapped him. His body parts were not recovered for burial after the massive attack, which killed all the occupants of that APC. The IDF/Security Cabinet opted for sparing "collateral damage", and this young man is dead.
We trust in H' to protect us, but "one may not rely on miracles."
With the Security Cabinet, seemingly "relying on miracles", I guess the best we can do is just pray that our merciful Father will overlook our aveirot and grant us great miracles while sending our young men to battle.
(4) Daveed, August 4, 2014 11:28 AM
"Proportionality" in News Coverage
As a U.S. citizen, yet also as one who has trod Israeli soil on several occasions, and that within very unusual circumstances; I am firstly, thoroughly embarrassed by our closet-Muslim/anti-Semitic president.
What most do not know, is that just a few weeks ago Obama authorized an $11B dollar arms deal with Qatar--the "sugar daddy" of Middle Eastern terrorism. The deal included a vast network of missile systems. Where do you suppose those missile systems will be deployed? One need not think too hard on this one.
My point: the moment our Socialist-in-Chief utters any mindless quip about Israel, his vast network of equally mindless media puppets jump on board and further brainwash our nation. It is truly shocking, the number of "educators" I interact with, who have been wholly duped by our perverted media. To my knowledge there are only (2) media groups here in the States that fairly report the Middle Eastern conflict: Fox News and The Blaze.
With the above in view, the concept of "Proportional Force," as celebrated in mainstream western media is wholly erroneous, and that founded upon a spirit of anti-Semitism; it has no rationale at its core, but is rather perpetuated as simply another means by which to malign Israel.
The U.N. (United Nitwits) has also secured their place on the anti-Israel bandwagon. They are a pathetic body at this stage in history. What a terrible waste of tax payer dollars.
My advice: ignore western and international media, as they have become largely mindless, devoid of G-dly discernment and are doing the bidding of the forces of evil.
Obama has shown his colors; the U.N. has shown its colors; why then continue to argue with either of them?
A very discerning body of Jews and Christians in the west see right through this anti-Semitic charade. And we support Israel, and the IDF, completely.
Am Yisrael Chai,
Daveed
YOU ARE SO RIGHT ON THIS
(3) Eliyahu, August 3, 2014 6:33 PM
Palestinians decided proportionality long ago
When the Palestinians held an IDF soldier for ransom, they decided one Israeli soldier was worth a thousand Palestinians and negotiated a swap on that basis. Using their standards, let's assume that a hundred Israelis are killed in the fighting. That means that unless their own casualty count exceeds 100,000, there's nothing disproportionate about it.
As a soldier, I learned that if you want to win a battle, you don't go into combat trying to match your enemy man for man. You go in with massive force so you can soundly trounce them.
In World War 2, the US had about 12,000 civilian deaths. Germany suffered over a million. Should we feel guilty that the deaths weren't proportionate for each country? I think not. When someone attacks a much stronger party, they can't pretend shock when the response overwhelms them.
(2) Chavi, August 3, 2014 5:42 PM
Proportionality? In war? War is not a game where you might want to level the playing field. War is about life and death! Proportionality in war is insane!!!
Mort Friedman, August 3, 2014 9:19 PM
How many japanese 'civilians' died in the raids on Tokyo, Hiroshima and Nagasaki? An estimate would be greater than 250,000. How many American 'civilianns' died in raids on American citiies? ZERO!! So much for 'proportionality' in war.
Anna, August 4, 2014 1:01 AM
Hamas takes on Israel...what do they expect ? What does the world expect ? That Israel will politely stand back and allow Hamas to do whatever it likes ? Yes, I think I see it.
(1) Anonymous, August 3, 2014 4:59 PM
This is excellent! Saved and sent on!
Civilian Deaths in Gaza
Haiti and Gaza
The Truth about Gaza
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News - from the past & the present
Why are we fighting each other again over something made of stone? Is it worth it?
August 18, 2017 August 18, 2017 by Donna R Causey
As a Southern, I’ve always enjoyed reading stories about the old South. Some of my great-aunts and uncles remembered family members who bravely fought in the Confederacy, and I recall sitting by the fireplace, listening to exciting stories of my ancestor’s experiences in the Civil War. I continued my love for historical research throughout my life and initiated the Alabama Pioneers website in order to share my research.
My gr-gr-grandfather served in the Civil War, but like many other men in the South, he fought reluctantly because he did not believe that American citizens should fight each other.
When the discussion about taking down Confederate monuments and statues developed recently, I couldn’t bear the thought of them disappearing. I felt the statues were a part of history and should remain where they were.
Confederate Reunion – last known reunion in the State of Alabama
How the erection of Confederate monuments started
After the Civil War in 1866, scouts from the North were sent by the Federal Government to the South to retrieve Union soldiers’ bodies for burial in the United States National Cemetery. Confederate soldiers were left behind and to Southern women, this seemed like a lack of respect for their husbands and sons lying all over the battlefields and in mass graves far away from home. The neglect of Confederate dead fueled the fire of outrage among ex-Confederates, but most Alabamians were destitute and money was needed to bring their dead soldiers home.
The ladies seized on the plan of the erection of monuments to fallen leaders of the Confederacy as an incentive to raise money.
Did you know that Robert E. Lee did not want monuments erected?
Robert E. Lee did not want monuments erected. An excerpt of a letter from Robert E. Lee to Gen. Thos. L. Rosser December 13, 1866, reflects his feelings on monuments:
As regards the erection of such a monument as is contemplated; my conviction is, that however grateful it would be to the feelings of the South, the attempt in the present condition of the Country, would have the effect of retarding, instead of accelerating its accomplishment; & of continuing, if not adding to, the difficulties under which the Southern people labour. All I think that can now be done, is to aid our noble & generous women in their efforts to protect the graves & mark the last resting places of those who have fallen, & wait for better times.
However, funds were raised and monuments and statues were constructed, and many bodies of Confederate veterans were brought home to be buried. I’m sure at the time these ladies never realized the controversy their effort to merely bury their dead would create.
Times have changed
It has been 151 years since the Southern ladies and first met to erect these monuments and statues to the Southern fallen soldiers. Today, these monuments and statues have taken on new meaning and have become a source of pain, propaganda, and disagreement for many Americans.
On August 12, 2017, a young girl, and two policemen died and 19 people were injured in Charlottesville, Virginia in a protest to removed the monument of Robert E. Lee.
As I watched in horror as American citizens fought each other in Charlottesville, I asked myself, ” Are these statues and monuments worth innocent people dying over?”
Additionally, the extremist’s groups such as neo-Nazi etc., have taken advantage of our disagreement over the memorials and accommodated this as a cause in their own propaganda. We must not let our memorials be desecrated by them and become part of a race war in this country.
This is not honoring our Confederate ancestors. Our ancestors would be sickened to see what is happening today over these simple hunks of rock and saddened to know that they resulted in additional bloodshed in our great country today. After four long years of war which devasted the South, our veterans longed to unite the country.
(Watch the film below to see their feelings toward each other when they had a reunion at the 50th anniversary of Gettysburg in 1913.)
Where do the statues belong?
How many times have you walked past and not even noticed the statues at public buildings? If the statues and monuments were in museums, and cemeteries, we would probably notice them more, and we could honor, study, learn as well as share the history of the Civil War with the younger generations from our own personal perspectives, both good and bad.
Perhaps it is time to remember our dead in their actual last resting places and museums and through videos, books or stories. The statues could be better protected in cemeteries and museums instead of being destroyed and defaced. Ask yourself, would our Confederate soldiers want us to fight for such a simple reason as to where the statues should be placed?
Our Civil War veterans showed us how to stop hating each other. We must not let anything divide our country again. The lives of all of our veterans who sacrificed their lives for us deserve much more.
The Last Confederate Reunion held in 1944 in Alabama – all the men were in their 90s [see story & photographs]
April 16, 1866, a committee was formed to retrieve the Confederate dead after the Civil War
Ribbon of Love: A Novel of Colonial America (Tapestry of Love) (Volume 1) Ribbon of Love was a wonderful love story of Henry and Mary living and struggling to succeed as one of the first families in the colony of Virginia in the 1600s. In addition to the love story, the descriptions of the clothing, home furnishings, personalities, family life, church and community are most intriguing. The exhilarating action and subplots keep the reader in constant anticipation. It is almost impossible to put the book down until completion. – Dr. Don P. Brandon, Retired Professor, Anderson University
About Donna R Causey
Donna R. Causey, resident of Alabama, was a teacher in the public school system for twenty years. When she retired, Donna found time to focus on her lifetime passion for historical writing. She developed the websites www.alabamapioneers and www.daysgoneby.me All her books can be purchased at Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble. She has authored numerous genealogy books. RIBBON OF LOVE: A Novel Of Colonial America (TAPESTRY OF LOVE) is her first novel in the Tapestry of Love about her family where she uses actual characters, facts, dates and places to create a story about life as it might have happened in colonial Virginia. Faith and Courage: Tapestry of Love (Volume 2) is the second book and the third FreeHearts: A Novel of Colonial America (Book 3 in the Tapestry of Love Series) Discordance: The Cottinghams (Volume 1) is the continuation of the story. . For a complete list of books, visit Donna R Causey
Liked it? Take a second to support Alabama Pioneers on Patreon!
April 16, 1866, a committee was formed to retrieve the dead after the Civil War
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Time is running out to participate in the Ebook giveaway and autographed book drawing!
Roger Brothers August 18, 2017
The problem with compromising with leftists savages as the author advocates here, is that when you do you simply whet their barbaric appetites for MORE compromise. They ARE ALREADY attacking museums and cemeteries and you think moving those monuments to museums and cemeteries will stop them??
You are sadly naive.
They will NEVER stop until they bury every vestige of not only Southern history but western civilization including Christianity and then you, your children and grandchildren along with it.
Susan Cormany Angelo August 18, 2017
I agree with you Roger. I don’t negotiate with terrorists . These are communists. We cannot capitulate to appease them . Their argument is lame . It’s political only . No and No. Our history must be preserved .
Janice Stewart Rush August 18, 2017
Susan Cormany Angelo I agree with you and Roger Brothers on every single thing you said here.
Aaron Hanlin August 18, 2017
Who is attacking museums? When you describe a whole lot of different folks as savages, it really reinforces that you have no respect for many of your fellow citizens. Many people who don’t like the statues are southern. Can anyone tell me how taking down a statue of Robert E Lee would alter history?
Ken August 21, 2017
Yes, savages they are. Antifa and BAMN are savage. You are missing the big picture and are forgetting your history, and you won’t have to go back past the 20th century with your history review to see what comes from book burning, dehumanization, and government sanctioned prejudice against any segment of society.
If you don’t believe that blm and antifa are savages then you either haven’t been paying attention or you simply agree with their violent savagery!
Roger Gardner August 19, 2017
Robert E. Lee was a very moral and upright man with more class than billions of these racist, communist thugs that everybody is caving in to.
George Peters August 19, 2017
My Great-great Grandfather volunteered in the Southern Army at the age of 16. Our family had no slaves noted on any census report. Family lore is that he believed in the rights of the states to govern themselves as they saw fit. I would rather fight than let leftist socialist pigs try to revise the history of our country to suit their political narrative. What is being allowed to occur by a bunch of mollycoddles is a travesty and our forefathers call from the grave for justice.
Susan Mucha August 19, 2017
Sadly, I agree with you. Remember Colin Kapernick and his refusal to stand for the National Anthem because it or the flag (can’t remember which) oppressed him? Yes, he is unemployable today, but if this movement succeeds I suspect we’ll see the founding fathers, the flag and the anthem become the next target. Identity politics create cults of victimhood and a dialogue that drives a need for continuous apologies. It will never be enough.
Jesse Williams August 21, 2017
Roger Gardner Robert E. Lee once stated that slavery hurt whites more than blacks. And blacks needed to be enslaved longer because they weren’t “ready” to be free. Yep, that man deserves a statue.
Karl Burkhalter October 4, 2019
Your comment is taking Lee’s statements totally out of context. The July 16 1862 US Joint Congressional Sub-committee declared the “Continent was meant for Anglo Scandinavian and Celtic Races only” and looked to remove all Blacks or confine them to Reservations, prompting Lee to state “unless a humane solution is provided you do them a disservice to free them.” At that time the Richest Blacks in America lived in the South and severity of Northern Black Codes kept most free Blacks in the South. The value of the Slaves was used for Northern Bank loans to maintain the health of the very valuable Slaves. Immediate uncompensated emancipation meant bankruptcy for most of the Plantations Starvation for the Slaves and seizure of the cotton lands by Northern textile Industry. 1/3 of Freedmen starved to death while Robber Baron Oligarchy funded the Transcontinental RR while stealing much of the contract money in the Credit Mobiler Scandal before Ex-CSA Leaders were allowed to vote. B T Washington honored Lee because he knew that Fredrick Douglass predicted South would free Blacks before surrender and saw how the Union Army set up Death Camps for Blacks at places like Devil’s Punchbowl. If the Northern Banks had offered to forgive loans to facilitate Emancipation, the North would have the moral high ground but they didn’t and they don’t. North invaded for cotton and tariffs not to do Blacks any favors. The North’s #1 revenue source was textile Manufacture and that was priority one for Lincoln.
Jean Guice August 30, 2017
You are absolutely correct. These protests have nothing to do with statues! The War has been over for 150 plus years. If it was so important to take down these statues, why not do it when they would have had the help of Obama. No, this is much more serious and frightening than statues. If you have seen videos of these protesters, you will hear that they are yelling “Down with the USA.” These people, with the backing of people like George Soros, WANT to bring down this country. Now it is not just Confederate statues they want to tear down, but also those of Washington, Jefferson, Columbus, and even those on Stone Mt., Ga. We cannot allow our history to be obliterated.
Actually this all started over eight years ago with the election of a President who bowed down to foreign leaders, who would not salute the flag, who said this is not a Christian nation, who stated in his book that he “would always stand with the Muslims,” and who always took the side of the killers in a protest.
It is extremely frustrating to see that there are people who want to compromise with these protesters. Evidently these people don’t know what is going on in our country. They are more than a little naive. Maybe it makes them feel good to say, “Oh, these poor people.” However, WE are going to be the poor people when our country falls.
Creel November 14, 2017
You all seem to perpetuate a mindset that is grossly outdated and egocentric at best. Do what’s right for all…
Jo August 18, 2017
I agree! What a well said article. I just said to my husband tonight that the people that these monuments meant something to are gone, and we, generations later, are just walking by them as if they are invisible. Now, a hornets nest has been kicked open and we’re fighting over their existence. I hope sensible people can voice their opinions on how to preserve and place these monuments where they are best honored.
You should hope that someday no one feels the same about you such that they would seek to remove you from society as your implication that those who disagree with you are not sensible is an offensive aggression and should not be allowed in my safe space.
Leigh Ann Bradley August 18, 2017
My ancestors were plantation owners and slave owners. They fought in Civil War and died. I agree with General Lee that the South does not need to be fighting over this again. We are a united nation and we need to stay that way. I’m perfectly comfortable with the statues being put in the cemetery or museums. There are too many folks whose heart are sore and disheartened by their presents. I suspect they will be much more honored at Decoration Day by being there.
There is more afoot here than just statues. Open your eyes.
Robert Rainey Morris August 18, 2017
I completely agree with the author of this article Donna Causey.
Joanne Hargett August 18, 2017
Apparently, to some idiots, any excuse will do.
Jonathan Baggs August 18, 2017
There will be no more compromises with these Marxists. None. Period.
Where are y’all getting this language about Marxists?
Aaron, you are either complicit with these “disruptors” as they call themselves, or “protesters” as you like to color them or woefully uninformed. It is easy for anyone with clear sight and an open mind to see by their aktion (no, that is not a misprint) who they are.
THAT IS WHAT THEY ARE! Many if them even openly admit it and even wave the hammer and sickle
Roger Brothers you mean the groups that are out in the street protesting and fighting neo Nazi’s? If you think everyone who wants the statues to come down is some kind of extremist Marxist radicals, you are naive and watch too much tv
Patrick Elliott August 21, 2017
How about some statues of Hitler in your city parks?
Equivacating the South and monuments put up by little old ladies collecting pennies from schoochildren to remember their soldiers with the National Socialists shows just how far removed from reality you people really are. I know most of you slept through those two days of civil war “history” your coach taught in high school but now you’re experts on it.
Robert N Byrne August 18, 2017
It wasn’t a sweet good old time for blacks it was terror at times. God are you people this inept or stupid you only think of what was good for you my God.
If you don’t understand why the statues are offensive to your black neighbors and fellow citizens, ask em. If you don’t understand that the statues were put up to try to keep black folks “in their place” and to present a ridiculously naive version of the confederacy and the ante-bellum south, do your research
Too late . It’s history.
Susan Cormany Angelo how does removing a symbol which is markedly offensive to many of our fellow citizens change or alter history?
If you don’t really care how black folks feel about the statues, say it. Because that is really the issue. I don’t know anyone who wants to change history. But there are a lot of folks who don’t want us to celebrate leaders of a movement that was willing to die and kill for their rights to own people. The civil war was much more complex than this, but fundamentally the states suceeded to preserve the peculiar institution
Jackie Milton August 19, 2017
It doesn’t take statues to keep blacks in “their place” as you put it. Look at the morals, values, culture and content of character most display in the life they lead. Of course they blame the above mentioned traits on the oppressive white man but they need look no further than the closest mirror.
Your revisionist opinion that the statues were “put up to… keep black people in their place” shows that if you read the article at all, you did not comprehend as it clearly mentioned why these statues were erected and it was not for the reason you opined.
Louis Martin Montgomery August 18, 2017
Got actual evidence of that or is that something you heard? I’ve seen those same statues from the same time in towns in Ohio and Pennsylvania. I suspect as the veterans were dying off in the 20s, and public coffers throughout the nation were flush with cash so there was an impetuous to honor the war veterans before they were all gone. There were also plenty of statue salesmen with mid-19th kept clad soldiers in their inventory traveling from town to town selling their wares.
Oh yeah, and in the 1920s there was little need to keep black people in their place down South. They knew their place and few strayed from it.
Alabama Pioneers August 18, 2017
See this story with its sources at the end for evidence. http://www.alabamapioneers.com/april-16-1866-a-committee-was-formed-to-retrieve-the-dead/ and the story links to Robert E. Lee’s papers.
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/politics/why-those-confederate-soldier-statues-look-a-lot-like-their-union-counterparts/2017/08/18/cefcc1bc-8394-11e7-ab27-1a21a8e006ab_story.html
It is only this week that I have seen anyone claim that the Rebel statues – but obviously not the contemporaneous and almost identical Yankee statues – were erected for intimidation purposes. Got any evidence other than convenient conjecture for that? A letter? City council meeting minutes? Sure this isn’t some “journalistic” wishful thinking?
Excuse me for viewing anything I read, hear or see in media these days with a jaundiced eye. It’s been many decades since our news organizations have justified my trust.
The Ladies Memorial Association in Montgomery is still in existence. Here is their website and history. http://www.theladiesmemorialassociationofmontgomery.yolasite.com/history-ladies-memorial-association.php
Alabama Pioneers Are you saying there that the Ladies Memorial Association says in there somewhere, “Ladies, we have to erect these moments to our fallen heroes so that the coloreds will know their place”? How far do I have to read to find it. Or was it said in code?
I did research a list of Confederate memorials in Alabama and say that they were erected from the late 1890s to the 1920s. With many in the first decade of the 20th Century. To me that speaks of local financing as the impetuous.
No, nothing like that was ever said as far as my research goes. It appears the statues were erected as incentives to raise money to retrieve the bodies of Southern soldiers, husbands, sons etc. on battlefields so they could be brought home to be buried. Southerners were very poor after the war.
Mr. Montgomery, I do not have evidence that they were constructed for intimidation purposes. I will admit that I have somewhat bought in to that narrative because it falls in line with my perceptions of that time, and i need to do more research in that regard. But we aren’t just talking about statues of fallen soldiers, many of the statues are of the leaders of the confederacy, who few can argue were victims of circumstance. If there was no need to keep black folks in check, why so many lynchings? Why the violent enforcement of Jim Crow laws? Why the massive increase in the membership of groups like the Klan? It was in reaction to an increasing desire for equality from black folks all over the nation, not just in the south. The south certainly had no monopoly on cruelty. Even in that article you posted from the WP, it is stated several times that at least part of the reason many statues were constructed was to celebrate white supremacy, albeit without citations. In my opinion, we have very little to lose from taking the statues (particularly those of confederate leaders) down. It isn’t changing history, and it won’t change what people learn in school about the civil war. It wont fix race relations or the complex racial issues we have down here. But if a group of people raise a concern, and it is wholly ignored and minimized, it is unrealistic to assume that group of people will feel like they are being taken seriously. Or feel like their concerns matter to the larger community.
Your straw men which you interjected since your original prejudicial opinion about the intentions of others serve only to further illustrate the depravity of your argument. Then quoting an anonymous source from a biased news source did little to help. You also say that “we have little to lose by taking these statues down” yet we’ve already lost a life. When you “ignore or minimize”, to use your own words, a persons life, you further erode your credibility as you argue your assumed and projected biased assumptions onto others. While your empathy for certain oppressed parties is admirable, your arguments as you’ve presented them here, are weak. You can continue here if you wish, but unless you come up with something better, you are only defeating yourself.
Aaron Hanlin have not made it through all of that not because it’s not well written but because it’s late and I can’t give it the attention it needs. Tomorrow I will.
I do offer this thought, however; I knew people growing up who knew people who fought in The War. Some of the people I knew growing up remembered the privations that still lingered decades after the War. In the 1960s theses people were still angry and bitter about the perceived injustice perpetrated on them. But this anger was towards Yankees, not towards Southern Black people. In their minds Southern blacks were just as victimized by the Yankees as they had been. (And, yes, it was a paternalistic mindset, but that’s how it was).
In our minds growing up we saw Lee, Jackson, Hood, Johnson, Longstreet and Forrest (probably the finest cavalry tactician to ever mount a saddle) as American military heroes on par with Washington, Andrew Jackson, Teddy Roosevelt, Black Jack Pershing and George S Patton. The fact that they fought for the Confederacy did not make them antithetical to being Americans. I know it is tempting to shoehorn past thoughts and actions into our modern thinking and experience, but it is generally a bad fit.
Alabama Pioneers thank you for clarifying. I was not asking (just) to troll but because this very subject came up in a conversation earlier this evening. As I was just telling my friend Aaron, it is tempting to shoehorn our present day values and prejudices into an explanation of the motivations and actions of generations far removed but it is almost never a good fit.
Tom August 19, 2017
This article is flawed. In the article it tries to make the case that General Lee was not for erecting monuments for the Southern cause. What Lee said (reread the article)was that due to the economic condition of the South at the time, money was better spent rebuilding. Due to the extreme poverty of the South caused by the War, you can see today that most monuments weren’t erected until 40-50 years after the war was over. The Confederate monument in my home town was not paid for by public funds by paid for by private citizens (my ancestors helped to raise the money for it). Even the upper class blacks (Booker T Washington among them) helped. To remove monuments to the deeds and bravery of my people and my ancestors, paid for with private funds, which have stood for over 100 years without any controversy until now by a few people is lunacy. At a minimum, put it up to a public vote before removing them!
No one today is advocating slavery for blacks or anyone else. To try to make the case that these monuments are advocating slavery is trying to look for something to be upset about. We are a diverse society and all it’s members need to embrace the diversity we have amongst the black, white, hispanic heritages we have. I may not be happy about MLK (an adulterer and hypocrite) being the only American to have a holiday set aside just to honor one person, but I’ll accept it in the spirit of racial conciliation. Those against Confederate monuments should be equally magnanimous. To remove monuments because a vocal and violent minority wants them removed is to reward anarchy.
Judie Kennedy Hooks August 19, 2017
how can that be when most (over 300) were erected after 1900?
Thank you, Judie. Exactly my point. I apologize for not making it clearer. Southerners generally followed Lee’s request and built the majority of monuments when the South was sufficiently recovered economically to do so. Lee’s opinion wasn’t that the monuments shouldn’t be built, but that they should be built after the South’s economy recovered. While quoting General Lee, perhaps it is also fitting to include that he said that had he known what the South would endure after the war (during so called reconstruction), he never would have surrendered at Appomattox; instead he’d have fought to the last man.
Tom Capps August 19, 2017
Google Confederate memorials erected during Jim Crow,,, they peaked during this years, and again during the Civil Rights Movement. Or don’t,,,y’all won’t like what you read!
Tom Capps Jim Crow was from 1876 +/- (when the Yankees gave up on reconstruction) to 1967 (a year I picked because that’s when my schools were integrated). That’s a long time period.
Tom Capps I found a web site with the date of Confederate memorials in each state giving the dates they were erected. I have not found one for similar memorials in northern states but the Washington Post says the same company in Massachusetts was selling similar statues to Southern and northern towns. People can get their knickers in a twist if they want but all I’ve got to say is, honi soit qui mal y pense.
Louis Martin Montgomery Does anyone have any evidence of the contrary?
Bobby Miller August 18, 2017
next targets will be our history and literature….. books….. paper
Exactly..
The statues themselves are an abomination to history. Monuments put up to honor men who were fighting to rip away the cloak of which you now live under.
No negotiation with cultural Marxist communists .
Where are y’all getting these terms, cultural Marxists. I know you didn’t come up with it yourself
I prefer the term Marxist. Karl had a part in its meaning.
Robert Barrier October 3, 2019
Hanlin what a disappointing, mean-spirited comment. As if those who disagree with you cannot think for themselves.
Cultural Marxism : The gradual process of destroying all traditions, languages, religions, individuality, government, family, law and order in order to re-assemble society in the future as a communist utopia. This utopia will have no notion of gender, traditions, morality, god or even family or the state.
When it walks like a duck….. ! Besides that, many of them openly proclaim their Marxism and even run around the streets waving the hammer and sickle.
Marsha Barnes August 18, 2017
NPR did a poll this week – only 27% have a problem with the monuments – 67% say leave them alone.
Sandra Day August 18, 2017
Both my great grandfathers fought in the civil war; neither owned slaves but one thing they taught their children and their grandchildren and they in turn passed it on to my generation was the War Between The States (they called it that because both said there was nothing civil about it) was started not because of slavery but states rights as far as their imports and exports of goods. The democrats in congress decided to make it about slavery. At the time there were more slaves in the northern states than in the southern states. I see the statues and I talk to my children about them and it brings history alive to them; we see monuments with names of soldiers who fought for the confederacy, we have also seen monuments to those who fought on the United States side and read the names of those soldiers. We talk about what happened after the war; unfair taxes, carpetbaggers, sent from the north to punish an already suffering south. If there was hatred created out of that war, it was the actions after the war more than the actions during the war. I firmly believe that had Abraham Lincoln not been assassinated, he would have never allowed the atrocities heaped on those in the south; there would have been no need for a KKK which was formed not to lynch blacks, but to protect families because when the families were attacked, women raped, children beaten, men drug through the streets or robbed at gunpoint after the war, the law enforcement in place (usually union soldiers) would do nothing. The KKK of the 50s and 60s was nothing like the KKK formed immediately after the war. The modern day KKK is nothing but a horrible hate group which has become worse with the neo-nazis joining in. Black Lives Matter is a hate group and Antifa is a fascist group that hates us all. The statues and monuments tell a story if folks just took the time to study them and read the words on them and do a little research. I’m glad I am an American citizen and I’m also very honored to be a Southerner with ancestors who fought in the Revolutionary war, the War Between the States and World War II and Vietnam War.
The KKK was formed as a reaction to union and carpet bagger activities during reconstruction, particularly the attempt to give black folks political power. Electing black representatives during that time being an example. If you don’t think the KKK were terrorizing black folks during reconstruction, you should read more about that time. The states succeeded after Lincoln was elected before anything had been done about slavery or economic issues because they believed slavery was on the chopping block. What exactly had been implemented economically that caused the states to succeed? I too have relatives that fought in the civil war, on both sides, and I recognize that many of the regular soldiers had no skin in the game when it came to slavery. That doesn’t change the motivations of the leaders
Karen Grace August 18, 2017
I have studied a lot about my family in the south during this time.
Everyone if the soldiers enlisted after the conscription law of 1862. Had they not signed up, the CSA COULD KILL THEM. People don’t understand that ten farmers and little people were forced to fight or die in your own yard. Rich people and those with slaves were allowed to pass or find a mercenary.
It’s disturbing that these monuments in parks and other types of remembrances could be looked at as a positive reminder that our country went to war for them, fought and died died for them.
Beverly Etheredge Oyarzun August 18, 2017
Aaron Hanlin I’m just reading the arguments here and don’t want to minimize your opinion but…the word is “secede” or “seceded”, meaning to formally withdraw membership in an organization.
Jeff Smith August 18, 2017
No, it’s not worth it. It doesn’t even require it. Leave it alone.
Diane Jennings August 18, 2017
why are we doing this to each other Aberham Lilcon this country would distroy it self from inside and that is what is going on what is wrong withnyou people was all the deaths not worth it God help us
Roy Keith Trawick August 19, 2017
you missed the point. bye
Damon Moats August 19, 2017
When you stir an old pile of shit, it brings the stink back. No one had issue with these for 5 generations until now. The real question is why now? 100 years later. 50 years since the civil rights movement. This is Marxism. The burning and looting of cities and killing of police officers by the same hate groups that want them gone is far more terrifying than 100 year old statues.
Denette King August 19, 2017
EPIC RESPONSE
Robin Currey Hall August 19, 2017
Because if we dont fight for out heritage, it will be GONE!
The stone is the catalyst not the underlying cause. The pending war has been long overdue.
Nancy Sims Tosh August 19, 2017
What the violent extremists on BOTH sides can’t seem to comprehend is that those monuments were put up to honor those that risked and in many cases gave the ultimate sacrifice for their country and their people. These were men of ALL races and creeds too. Fact is most blacks both slave and free supported the South in her effort to become an independant nation. If they hadn’t the Confederacy could not have lasted 6 months.
If those men of whatever race had thought for a second that they were going to war so that a few rich men could keep their slaves the vast majority would have stayed at home and there would have been no war. By the same token had yankees believed for a second that they were going to risk their lives to free a people they had never laid eyes on they would have stayed home too!
If you read newspaper articles and look at the photos of the dedication ceremonies for these monuments when they were erected, you will recognise pretty quickly that it was the BLACK veterans that were given the place of honor.
Neither patriotism nor love of home nor devotion to duty have a race and neither does granite.
Next time some savage barbarian advocates destroying or hiding these monuments, put up to the honored dead at great sacrifice by the still impoverished widows and orphans of patriots let us remember this.
Those statues were put up to give the rebels a place of honor. Of which they don’t deserve.
Phillip Vandiver August 19, 2017
This is a good read, also watch the video
Barbara Thomas August 19, 2017
THE CRAZIES COULD CARE LESS ABOUT THE STATUES IT ONLY ABOUT DISRUPTION AND THE MUSLIM C I A R IS THE TROUBLE MAKERS,, THINK ABOUT ARAB SPRING IN EGYPT THESE IDIOTS DESTROYED ALL THE HISTORY OF EGYPT EXPECTING TO TAKE OVER THE COUNTRY BUT THE MILITARY SHUT THEM DOWN………OUR SECRET WEAPON IS PRAYER
SO GET BUSY PRAYING FOR THEIR REMOVAL FROM AMERICA…..NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE WITH GOD ……HE WILL SHOW UP AND SHOW OUT……
My secret weapon is the cap lock key.
Glenda Wakefield August 19, 2017
The people did nothing while Obama was president! Many protestors are paid. Anti Americans want more than statues. It is about much more. Americans should unite together! Our enemies are getting what they want!
David Reaves August 19, 2017
You could move all the statues and memorials to museums and cemeteries and the hate groups still wouldn’t be satisfied.If we let this small minority of racists and bigots tell us what we can and can’t do where will it end?Are we going to burn every book that references the Civil War?
Peggy Crum August 19, 2017
My concern-Where does it stop?
My concern was, why did it start.
Donna Welch August 19, 2017
This was written by Rose Samply. I concur:
“You want to talk about statues? Let’s talk about statues.
I am a proud Southern woman. I drink sweet tea like nobody’s business, know the difference between a Western and English saddle, and can make a pecan pie from scratch. Believe me when I say I love my heritage and my culture.
I grew up one block down from the Chickamauga battlefield in Georgia. I had picnics in that park, went hiking on those trails with my girl scout troop. Confederate statues are all too familiar to me.
In fourth grade I took a field trip to Stone Mountain to see the faces of Jefferson Davis, Robert E Lee and Stonewall Jackson up close and personal. This is a very fond memory for me of my childhood. I remember salt water taffy and blown glass figurines in the park. I remember riding the Summit Skyride and just looking out for miles and miles.
But you know what I don’t remember? Anyone telling me, “These men carved into this mountain are the men that lost the Civil War. These are the men who fought to be a separate America and lost. These are the men that fought to keep slaves.” No one took the time to educate me on the real history of these men. Instead, I was filled with fun, happy thoughts. How could these guys be bad people? I mean, they’re riding horses, come on! Every ten year old thinks someone riding a horse is cool. Now, there’s a chance I just wasn’t listening, or I didn’t read enough wall plaques because I was an easily distracted kid who didn’t care too much for history. This is entirely possible. But I guaran-damn-tee no one ever said the word slavery to me while I was there. Not my parents, not my teachers, not the park employees.
The same goes for the Chickamauga Battlefield, less than half a mile from my front door. No one ever stopped to say, “this is important history because they fought to keep slaves and lost.” All that time I spent staring at sculptures of these men, I never knew they were fighting on the wrong side of history. Now you bet I heard phrases like “state rights” and “war of northern aggression”. But it was always in passing and vague. What state rights? Aggression about what? No one ever told me, and I didn’t know I was supposed to ask because it was all so normal to me.
That’s the thing about these memorials. Do they offend me? No, not particularly. Because they’ve been NORMALIZED my whole life. This is where it is our job to listen to marginalized people that are offended and hurt by these. If they say these are bad and we should take them down, they’re probably right! Just because we’ve been taught our whole lives that they’re okay, does not make them okay. The fact that they don’t make me uncomfortable IS THE WHOLE PROBLEM. These statues aren’t there to teach us history. They’re there to rewrite history and feed us false perceptions of the Civil War. They make us comfortable with a very bad cause.
Do you think these white supremacists were radicalized overnight? They are a direct product of DECADES of misinformation and misdirection. Of normalization and an overwhelming acceptance of “how it’s always been”. The South can no longer fall behind the ideology of how it’s always been. Times are changing, and we should too.
I love being a Southerner. I love my heritage. But I can be proud of where I come from without embracing a history that never really was. I can acknowledge my ancestors’ mistakes and appreciate the past without glorifying them on pedestals.
We don’t need a single Confederate statue. Not a single one. Not until they’re all accompanied with real teachings and historical lessons, which can happen in a museum. Not until we have our picnics beside Robert E Lee and describe him to our children as he REALLY was.
Please share this so all centrists and sympathizers can know that yes, you can be a proud Southerner and NOT defend these terrible things. It’s not our fault that we’ve been misled our whole lives. But we’re adults now, and we no longer have an excuse for not educating ourselves.
I am a proud citizen of the United States of America, not the Confederate States of America.”
Ward Oliver August 19, 2017
I am one of a very few left whose grandfather fought for the South. Starke H. Oliver was wounded at Atlanta. I’m sorry if honoring my ancestors might offend someone, but on the other hand, apparently there are many who find no problem with offending me. God bless the USA – we need His blessing!
GET OVER IT THE SOUTH HAS AND IT ROSE FROM THE ASHES AND BECAME THE GREAT SOUTH IT IS TODAY .
Simeon Pace August 19, 2017
A good read, but I have no belief that the removal of eve,y statue raised to the Confederate dead would result in one minutes pause in the destruction of this country’s history and culture. This is not a struggle about the interpretation of the Civil War and it’s impact on modern Civil rights, it is a struggle to remake America in a socailist template.
Brandon Ivey August 19, 2017
I urge all supporters of historical monuments in Alabama to contact the Governor and others politicians to pass a stronger bill that increases fines and penalties for destruction or removal of all monuments 40 years or older. http://216.226.177.218/forms/contact.aspx
I urge people to contact the Governor of Alabama and ask him why the state is at the bottom of most categories from poverty to healthcare.
Jesse Williams the mayor is a she not a he.
Dian Renfroe Centers August 19, 2017
Exactly. It is part of the fabric of our country.
Samuel T Richardson, Sr August 19, 2017
No Confederate monument belongs on public spaces or government property. Those who cherish the soldiers and others who fought for the Confederacy have the right to honor those who fought for the continued slavery of Africanamericans on their private property. As it is, we are still fighting the mentality of the Confederacy. The myth of the genteel south is belied by its history of savagery and violence. Keep your honoring among yourselves. The poison it represents dishonors even the myth of “…with freedom and justice for all”.
Susan Davis August 19, 2017
Our great 1st Great Grandfather, to come to America on Nanny’s side, fought in American Revolution and owned slaves. His children or grandchildren fought fought in Civil War and Mexican American war to free our great State of Texas. Youre most likely aware of these facts, if not suggest you ask your Mom, my Aunt Mary Lou.
Roger Alan Parker August 19, 2017
Actually they are fighting over something made of bronze…
Alan Raymond Yates August 19, 2017
YES, it is absolutely “worth it”. First books, then flags, then MEMORIALS….
what will come next?
Mandatory apologies and reparations for being born white? I note the irony in the first line. “As a southern, I’ve always enjoyed reading stories about the old South…”
As an American who was born, raised nurtured in the south, I stopped reading a long time ago, in 1966, and went into the military service and did my share to ensure that our freedom to live as we wished was preserved. Many who went with me did not return to their homes to take up their life where they paused it. Many were memorialized in metal or stone. Many were covered by the flag that liberal twits now denigrate and destroy. All of us have been respected on some monument or another.
You see you aren’t fighting each other over something made of stone, at all. We are fighting because those who despise the history that kept them free wil now destroy anything and everything without control if they are allowed their petulance. We are fighting for our heritage against a people who demand that their heritage be placed on a pedestal.
Your position is shamed by your own reference to Robert Lee and his position of not “wanting monuments”. He would then be respected for his adherance to their ideology, wouldn’t he? But his monument was torn down by Duke University yesterday.
As for the statement that we are “fighting over stones”, last week in Memphis the rioters “symbolically broke the ground” on the grave of Nathan Bedford Forrest in their demand that his body and that of his wife be dug up and moved.
In further evidence of their hysteria, Brigadier Nathan Bedford Forrest III, USAAC, who was a literal hero who died to save the lives of a bomber crew in WWII has a memorial plaque next to his great-grandfather’s grave and the rioters demand that HIS plaque be uprooted and removed.
And, again with General Lee, his grave has been defaced and harassed at W&L University.
If we do not stand and stop the hysterical and ludicrous hate of all things “southern” and white we will be unable to do so in the near future.
I have always demanded true equality for all people. I worked all my adult life in public service in support of equality for everyone and I will not see my heritage destroyed by a vitriolic mob.
Barbara Pinkston Barker August 20, 2017
The author is a distant cousin of mine who has spent many years researching life in early Alabama to the present time. What caught my attention was the comment about her great grandfather who did not want to fight in the Civil War because he did not think that Americans should be fighting against each other. But like my great grandfather and his brothers, they had no choice. They were just poor farmers. My family was forced to leave Arkansas after the war because everything they had owned had been destroyed. They were not slave owners, but were forced to fight for a cause that they really did not support. You can compare this to the Vietnam War. Many young men were drafted and forced to fight a war that they did not support. Many died, suffered injuries both physical and mental, and when they came home they were disrespected by a majority of the American people. I see the destruction of historical monuments as disrespecting the history of our country and of the men who served whether they chose to fight or were conscripted.
A conversation in the future after history was erased:
Child: “Mommy, what was the civil war?”
Mother: “This today”
J. Hayes September 5, 2017
Two of my gr-gr-grandfathers fought in the Civil War. One grandfather, Braxton Dunlavy of Winston County, was vehemently against seceding from the Union and in fact sued the United States (and won) for reparations to his farm by Union soldiers since he always considered himself a citizen of the United States and not a Confederate. I very much agree with Ms. Causey’s opinions in this article. The events of Charlottesville made me reflect on my heritage and to acknowledge that my family who fought for the Confederacy were on the wrong side of history. I do not want to forget or demonize them. The Civil War should be studied and there should be museums to share and learn from the history. However, we should not put Confederate leaders on pedestals in public places. They lost the war 78 years before I was born, and the memorials bring out the worst of some of us in the 21st century.
Brenda Wilson Benavente October 3, 2019
Shannon Fontaine October 4, 2019
No one is more pro police than me no one…the two officers died in an aviation accident I respect their service however the only connection of their deaths to the protest was that they were flying over it to observe it
Kay Doyle White October 4, 2019
It is clear that the author does not deem these “hunks of rocks” worthy of reverence. And she must not fully understand the monuments in themselves aren’t what is important. They are merely representative of heroes, their sacrifices made, and yes, their very lives laid down. Does the author also conclude that our beloved flag–Old Glory, is just a “hunk” of cloth? Surely she can’t believe that simply moving the monuments to museums and cemeteries will be less offensive to those who are offended with every opportunity. At whose expense (monetarily and emotionally) does she suggest these massive relocations should me made?
Janice Stewart October 4, 2019
Kay Doyle White Well said! I agree with everything you said. Leave the statues and memorials where they are. There are people out there that just about everything offends them and nothing will change that, and to suggest the rest of us cave in to their antics and what they want is ridiculous and offends me.
Lori Adams As a descendant of a great-grandfather, 4 gr-gr grandfathers and some of their siblings and others in my family that fought for the Confederacy, it saddens me and also makes me downright angry to see our statues and memorials being desecrated and removed. These men were real human beings with souls, families they left behind, endured diseases, suffered incredible pain and death. They deserve to be honored just like any other veterans. They paved the way for the rest of us today… I suspect my/our comments may be taken down since they don’t fit the politically correct nonsense going on in this country right now.
Joshua Stover October 4, 2019
Poorly written article that is agenda driven.
Richard Jesse October 4, 2019
In case you haven’t noticed other era monuments are being targeted . Religious as well. The left is trying erase our history and other agenda they have . Even cemetery are vandalized. Civil War monuments are not only being targeted.
Nancy Hutchinson October 4, 2019
Richard what is YOUR thoughts about this article..?How should this situation be addressed?
Nancy Hutchinson the left is trying to erase all history and religious symbols. It is under the guise of political correctness.
Richard Jesse I thought you were changing your mind ……thanks
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CEO Blog: R3 Symposium
Matt Kormann, president and CEO of the ATA gives an R3 status update and how the ATA is here to help.
Photo Credit: ATA
Author: Matt Kormann
It’s no secret the archery and bowhunting industry is evolving. It’s incredible what the broader outdoor recreation community is doing to get ahead of the curve. The ATA has been central to those efforts.
The Council to Advance Hunting and the Shooting Sports met in May at Lincoln, Nebraska, for the inaugural National R3 Symposium. ATA proudly sponsored the event along with many other corporations, trade associations and conservation organizations. The event drew literally standing-room-only crowds. Manufacturers and retailers from many industries worked with conservation groups, R3 coordinators, state wildlife directors and U.S. Fish and Wildlife representatives to begin charting a path to Recruit, Retain and Reactivate hunters.
I was most interested to hear whether this powerhouse team would willingly work to enact meaningful change. We all agree that bowhunting is in trouble if we do nothing. I left the symposium feeling optimistic. The challenges ahead might seem insurmountable, but we’re a team of brilliant organizations that are passionate about conservation. I wouldn’t bet against us when we stand together.
What were the big takeaways, and what comes next?
The symposium’s timing was perfect for the ATA. As we wrap up the first month of our 90-day strategic planning process, there’s no better time for us to evolve, try new things, and work more effectively for our members. And the meetings weren’t just about light-bulb moments – even though there were some of those. I was glad to hear things that reinforced the ATA’s past actions and future plans.
Several organizations have realized big wins with their creative mentoring programs. Therefore, instead of starting from scratch with our own bowhunting mentor program, we intend to leverage those successes and partnerships to take our ideas even higher. Photo Credit: ATA.
I was blown away by the depth of discussions on mentoring. Those talks reinforced something I’ve written about from a personal perspective, but they went so much deeper. Several organizations have realized big wins with their creative mentoring programs. Therefore, instead of starting from scratch with our own bowhunting mentor program, we intend to leverage those successes and partnerships to take our ideas even higher.
As with everything we do, it’ll be critical to measure our mentoring success. But such measurements were another hot topic at the symposium. How will we know if we moved the needle? How much return on investment will we achieve? Many organizations struggle to identify those returns, and the R3 community recognizes that big hurdle. As we identify new ways to engage bowhunters, we must identify new ways to ensure we’re achieving our commitment to support our members by making it easier for you to do business.
Finally, I was impressed by the marketing concepts I saw and learned. While “millennials” is a term often spoken like a curse word, we must not fear or sneer at this generation. This year millennials will wield the most spending power of any generation. They’re also more likely to share personal information with brands they trust. Experts have also learned that millennials don’t value celebrity endorsements as much as other generations do. Reaching them means sharing experiences they’ll enjoy when bowhunting or shooting archery, using our members’ products, and shopping in our members’ stores. This next generation is smart, they pay attention, and they’re our industry’s future in every way.
All those experiences sent me home confident that we have a positive future. It won’t look like it has the past 30 years – or even the previous five – but if we collaborate and break from our comfort zones, we’ll have much to celebrate down the road.
What do you think about when you think of R3? We’d love to hear from you.
CEO Blog: Balance Work and Life By Getting Into The Woods.
Matt Kormann|May 10
CEO Blog: Strategic Planning
Matt Kormann|March 30
CEO Blog: Why Your Vote Matters
Matt Kormann|January 19
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Supporting museums Art we've helped buy Dining table
© No. 1 Royal Crescent
Avon Antiques
Chippendale period dining table.
'D' ended mahogany with 5 leaves from the same tree.
Avon Antiques.
No. 1 Royal Crescent
1 Royal Crescent, Bath, Somerset, BA1 2LR
Feb 20 – 3 Jan 21 Daily, 10am - 5pm except Christmas, Boxing and New Year's Days Last admission 4.00pm
Art we’ve helped buy at No. 1 Royal Crescent
View of Bath in the 18th Century
Set of six George III dining chairs
Self-Portrait of the Artist
Portrait of William Ffolkes & Portrait of an unknown lady
Bracket Clock
While they weren't painted as a pair, the two portraits by William Hoare use the same medium, have uniform sizes and frames, and treat their subjects similarly. The male portrait is of William Ffolkes, while the female sitter in the second portrait is unidentified. Hoare developed his style during nine years in Rome during which he met celebrated portrait painter Pompeo Batoni; on his return to Bath, he established himself as a portraitist who specialised in the use of pastels.
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ETFs Menu
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Mutual Funds that have matched or made a new [[ timeFramesList[rawTimeFrame].title ]] Low . When more than 1000 symbols match the criteria, use the Funds Screener to view all results. [[ basedOn ]]
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About the Barker Adoption Foundation
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Practicing Ethical Adoption
A Rich History of Tradition and Growth
Barker, a nonprofit adoption agency licensed in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., is built on the fundamental belief that all children deserve safe, loving, and permanent families.
Ruth and Richard Barker founded the agency in 1945 in response to a request from the U.S. Navy to address the needs of pregnant WAVES ("Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service"). Since then, Barker has evolved from a traditional domestic infant-placing adoption agency into a highly regarded, comprehensive adoption center offering the following adoption-related programs and services:
No-cost crisis pregnancy and adoption counseling services
Pre-adoption education and training services
Older child adoption from U.S. foster care
International adoption, with partners in China, Colombia, India, and South Korea
Lifelong post-adoption education, training, and counseling services for all members of the adoption circle: birth parents, adoptive parents, and adoptees
Community education, including customized adoption-related workshops and training sessions at schools, hospitals, and community organizations
To date Barker has placed more than 7,500 children into the welcoming arms of adoptive parents and provided counseling and related support services to more than 30,000 women and their families who are considering placing a child for adoption.
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A lifelong commitment to the
women, families, and children we serve.
Each year, The Barker Adoption Foundation receives referrals from teens and women who are experiencing a crisis or unplanned pregnancy.
Barker social workers personally counsel women, expectant fathers, and families and guide them through decision-making without judgment or pressure and at absolutely no cost.
In addition to its treatment of birth parents, a hallmark of an ethical adoption agency is its lifelong commitment to the women, families, and children it serves. Unfortunately, some adoption providers walk away from their relationship with the birth mother and the baby as soon as the adoption is finalized. Barker’s post-adoption services include everything from support for birth mothers who may just need some compassionate comfort or support around holidays or the child’s birthday to continued indepth counseling during the months after placement. If adoptive parents are grappling with issues related to adoption, they can come in (with or without the adoptee) for one-on-one counseling. Barker hosts regular support groups, which are open to the general public, and an annual nationally renowned adoption-education conference that attracts more than 400 people.
My daughter placed her son with an adoptive family through The Barker Adoption Foundation. I am very impressed with this organization... My daughter's social worker was professional, kind, and allowed my daughter and her boyfriend to take their time in making their decision. My daughter placed more than a year ago, and her social worker still checks in with her every so often to see how she is doing. My daughter picked a wonderful family through Barker and we love receiving our updates from them!
A Barker Birth Grandmother
Our Barker Mission and Values
Barker provides lifelong services for all in the adoption constellation and advocates for ethical, respectful, and child-centered adoption practices.
Our mission is accomplished by practicing according to our core values, of which the following are key:
Child-centered focus: While we serve all members in the constellation of adoption relationships, our primary client is the child, who has no voice and often no advocate. We understand that the child’s needs lie at the intersection of birth parent and adoptive parent needs. The litmus test for all we do is whether we are acting in the child’s best interest.
Integrity: Barker strives to uphold the highest ethical standards of practice, acting with honesty and understanding and respecting the rights of all parties.
Inclusiveness: Barker values diversity of perspective, culture, race, ethnicity, religion, economic circumstances, age, sexual orientation, gender expression, and marital status. We strive to remove barriers for clients who seek our programs and services, and we value and seek diversity in our board governance structure and staff composition.
Compassion: Our expression of concern for clients extends beyond empathy to true compassion. Compassion moves us to actions that put resources in place that make a difference in the lives of our clients.
Innovation: Although Barker is one of the oldest adoption agencies in the country, we value innovation that expands opportunities for our clients. We endeavor to anticipate challenges and be creative and proactive in our solutions. We initiate new programs where the need is compelling, and we use the latest social service research and new technologies to guide our practice.
One of Barker’s most distinguishing assets is our well-trained and experienced professional and administrative staff. Our staff includes persons who, in addition to their professional credentials, are also themselves birth parents, adoptive parents, and adoptees.
Continuing in the tradition begun by Ruth and Richard Barker, our staff also provides consultation services and in-service training for teachers, physicians, nurses, social workers, and parent groups in the community.
Meet the Barker Team
The Barker Adoption Foundation
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You are currently on: Robert Menzies Prize
Robert Menzies Prize
A Prize to reward and recognise the full-time student who achieved the best overall grades in Stage III Politics and International Relations courses.
Application status: No application required
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The Prize was established in the year 2002 through an endowment.
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Post Tags austropalaeodinosaurdinosaursfossilspalaeontologyscience
Latest in AustroPalaeo
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Home Blogs AustroPalaeo Huge new dinosaur hints at when sauropods arrived Down Under
Huge new dinosaur hints at when sauropods arrived Down Under
Twenty-tonne Savannasaurus from western Queensland brings the number of named Australian sauropods to five.
John Pickrell
John Pickrell is the editor of Australian Geographic. He is a science writer, author, nature lover and self-confessed geek. Blog posts range over Southern Hemisphere palaeontology, dinosaurs, megafauna, archaeology, palaeoanthropology and a smattering of other topics.
By John Pickrell • October 20, 2016 • Reading Time: 4 Minutes
Savannasaurus was a relatively rotund sauropod that weighed up to 20 tonnes and was 12-15m in length. Image credit: Travis Tischler
A TEAM OF palaeontologists in Queensland today describe a completely new species of titanosaur sauropod, a specimen they first excavated in 2005.
From the same region near Winton, in the arid west of the state, they also report the first-known sauropod skull fragments from Australia, which they believe belonged to an already known species, Diamantinasaurus.
The scientists, led by Dr Stephen Poropat of the Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum (AAOD), studied the relationship of both Diamantinasaurus and the new species Savannasaurus to similar dinosaurs from South America, and have made the first estimate of when titanosaurs migrated across the supercontinent of Gondwana to Australia.
David Elliot, grazier and co-founder of the AAOD, stumbled across the first bone fragments of Savannasaurus elliotorum a decade ago while mustering sheep.
“I was nearly home with the mob —only about a kilometre from the yards — when I spotted a small pile of fossil bone fragments on the ground,” he says. “I was particularly excited at the time as there were two pieces of a relatively small limb bone and I was hoping it might be a meat-eating theropod dinosaur.”
Fortuitous fossil discovery
Later that day David and his wife Judy were looking over the fossils at home and found that two pieces fitted together, revealing a complete toe bone from a herbivorous sauropod. A dig later that year, involving the AAOD and scientists from the Queensland Museum in Brisbane, resulted in the collection of 17 pallets’ worth of bones that were encased in hard siltstone concretions.
A decade of careful preparation work and study finally revealed a new species of dinosaur, one represented by one of the most complete sauropod skeletons yet found in Australia. The scientists report their find today in the journal Scientific Reports.
The fossil which includes parts of the backbone, legs, pelvis and tail reveals an unusually rotund, medium-sized sauropod that would have weighed up to 20 tonnes and been 12-15m long – about half the length of a basketball court.
“Unfortunately, we do not have teeth or complete skulls for either Diamantinasaurus or Savannasaurus. However, because they were living in the same place at the same time, we suspect that they preferred different foods or slightly different habitats,” Stephen told Australian Geographic. “The bigger belly of Savannasaurus might have accommodated a larger gut, allowing it to process tougher or less nutritious vegetation.”
A reconstruction of the body shape of Savannasaurus showing the various fossil bones that were recovered. (Credit: AAOD/Nature)
Dinosaur skull fragments
As they report in the same paper, the scientists did discover a new fossil including the braincase (partial skull) of a Diamantinasaurus, which they believe was a close relative of the new species. Both animals lived on the Australian part of Gondwana around 95 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. Diamantinasaurus would have been more slender than Savannasaurus, but slightly larger, at an estimated 23 tonnes in weight and 15-16m in length.
“This new Diamantinasaurus specimen has helped to fill several gaps in our knowledge of this dinosaur’s skeletal anatomy,” Stephen says. “The braincase in particular has allowed us to refine Diamantinasaurus‘ position on the sauropod family tree.”
Working alongside British sauropod experts Dr Philip Mannion and Professor Paul Upchurch, Stephen was able to study how these Australian dinosaurs were related to sauropods from other parts of the world.
“Both…belong to a group of sauropods called titanosaurs. This group of sauropods includes the largest land-living animals of all time,” says Phillip, who is based at Imperial College in London. “Savannasaurus and the new Diamantinasaurus specimen have helped us to demonstrate that titanosaurs were living worldwide by 100 million years ago.”
The palaeontologists noted that the Australian dinosaurs were similar to kinds of titanosaur common in South America 125 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous. They hypothesise that titanosaurs evolved in South America, but were unable to cross cold, high-latitude parts of the supercontinent until a warm spell around 105 million years ago.
Winton farmer and local dinosaur champion David Elliot talks about his discovery of Savannasaurus. (Credit: John Elliot/Winton Shire Counci)
Cool customers of the Cretaceous
“Australia and South America were connected to Antarctica throughout much of the Cretaceous,” says Paul. “We suspect that the ancestor of Savannasaurus was from South America, but that it could not and did not enter Australia until approximately 105 million years ago. At this time global average temperatures increased allowing sauropods to traverse landmasses at polar latitudes.”
These more primitive sauropods then persisted in an isolated Australia while other kinds of titanosaur came to dominate the environments of South America in the Late Cretaceous.
Dr Phil Bell, a palaeontologist at the University of New England in Armidale, NSW, agrees that there’s little doubt that Australian and South American dinosaurs share close ties. “A warm spell during the Albian [105 million years ago] would have permitted warm-weather loving titanosaurs into Australia via Antarctica during this time,” he says.
“Australia has long been a black hole in dinosaur palaeontology – it doesn’t willingly let go of its secrets,” adds Phil, who was not involved in the new study.
“Every new specimen is potentially important. The description of these two specimens is really exciting. Where Australia’s dinosaurs came from and when they arrived has long been a point of contention, but the signals are becoming clearer thanks in part to Poropat and his team.”
Many new Australian dinosaurs
Savannasaurus is one of a number of new Australian dinosaurs announced in recent years. These include the ankylosaur Kunbarrasaurus and megaraptorid Lightning Claw, both revealed in 2015; and the species from Winton – Diamantinasaurus, Wintonotitan and carnivore Australovenator – all described in 2009.
There are yet other fossil treasures in the AAOD collection that are being prepared and await description. Stephen admits there are somewhere between two and five new dinosaurs which will be described in coming years.
“The backlog of fossils at Australian Age of Dinosaurs largely comprises more sauropods, the most exciting being the first definitive sub-adult sauropod from Australia,” he says. “As with Savannasaurus, however, they may well be a long time coming.”
John Pickrell is the author of Flying Dinosaurs and Weird Dinosaurs. Follow him on Twitter @john_pickrell.
Want to come to the Sydney launch event for Weird Dinosaurs in November? Book tickets.
Dr Stephen Poropat provides a useful point of reference to illustrate the scale of the fossil bones of new species Savannasaurus (Credit: Judy Elliot)
Scans of thylacine brains from museum collections hint at areas of cortex involved in complex predatory behaviour.
The NT’s Palm Valley was long thought to have been a surviving relict of Australia’s prehistoric rainforests, but we now know its trees arrived much more recently with Aboriginal horticulturalists.
The discovery in Burma of the fluffy tail of a little dinosaur perfectly preserved in amber has stunned scientists.
More in AustroPalaeo
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Fossil Factfile: Kronosaurus
Kunbarrasaurus is Australia’s new armoured dinosaur
Fossil Factfile: Procoptodon
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Home › Sport › Football › Premier League › Liverpool
Jurgen Klopp lauds battling Liverpool after they're edged out on final day
Cruel end: James Milner consoles his team-mate Georginio Wijnaldum
Hit men: Liverpool's Mo Salah and Sadio Mane collect the Golden Boot trophy
By Andy Hampson
Liverpool boss Jurgen Klopp congratulated Manchester City but hailed his side's own brilliant season after finishing second in a thrilling Premier League title race.
https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/liverpool/jurgen-klopp-lauds-battling-liverpool-after-theyre-edged-out-on-final-day-38104135.html
https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/liverpool/212c8/38104134.ece/AUTOCROP/h342/2019-05-13_spo_50310503_I3.JPG
Klopp's Reds wrapped up their campaign with a ninth successive win - a comfortable 2-0 home defeat of Wolves - but it was still not enough to supplant City at the top of the table.
By winning their final fixture at Brighton, Pep Guardiola's imperious City climbed to 98 points and rendered the Liverpool result academic.
Klopp said: "Congratulations to Manchester City. They had an incredible season. We did as well but they won it.
"We had an unbelievable season. I can read all the numbers. It would be nice to get an award for the biggest development I can remember - we made a big step.
"Everybody knows we will go again but if you really want something, you feel the disappointment as well. That is what we feel.
"But I am not worried that this is as good as it can be. As long as Manchester City are around with their financial power, no team will pass them easily.
"We need to be very close to perfection to win the Premier League as long as this is the case. There is more to come from us. If we are ready to make the next step, we will. That is the plan."
For 21 minutes Liverpool actually went top on the live league table after Sadio Mane opened the scoring in the 17th minute. Celebrations then broke out around Anfield when it emerged that Brighton had scored against City, and there were another couple of false alarms as fake rumours of further goals spread.
All that was quelled as City roared back to win 4-1 at the Amex Stadium and Klopp admitted the atmosphere had been strange.
Brighton sack manager Chris Hughton
Football rumours from the media
Retaining title was toughest of my league triumphs, says Pep Guardiola
He said: "It is difficult to prepare a team for a situation like that - we score and Brighton score, stay calm. It was a boost to a very good atmosphere, going nuts.
"One-nil Brighton opened the door for them. Then it calmed down. It was clear when the atmosphere was not ecstatic any more something had happened we didn't like at Brighton.
"Very difficult circumstances but we won 2-0 against a very strong Wolves side. That is impressive. Really good."
Mane wrapped up the victory with his second goal after 81 minutes, which drew him level with Mo Salah in the race for the Golden Boot.
Liverpool's season is not yet over, as they can still finish on a high by winning the Champions League.
Klopp said: "We have qualified for the Champions League final. That is special. This team is one of the best that ever played for Liverpool - 100%.
"But we play in a league with other very good teams. We accept that, no problem. We will go again but give me a few hours to get over that."
Wolves boss Nuno Espirito Santo, whose post-match press conference began with just one reporter seated as Liverpool held their lap of honour, paid tribute to the Reds and City.
He said: "This title race between City and Liverpool was amazing for the competition and everyone who loves the game. The jobs of both managers and both clubs was amazing."
Espirito Santo also praised his own side, who have finished seventh in their first season back in the top flight.
He said: "We are very proud of what we achieved and especially proud because of how we did it
"What we have achieved is thanks to hard work and commitment of the boys but we want to go again. Let's enjoy it and appreciate it but work on it to improve and get stronger."
Emery eager for Mkhitaryan to be available for Baku finale
The 10 Northern Ireland players who could transfer in January as Liverpool eye up...
By Gareth Hanna The January transfer window can be a funny old time, with deals difficult and big names at a premium.
Northern Ireland international signs for Liverpool and targets immediate league lift
By Josh Bunting Liverpool Women have completed the signing of Northern Ireland International Rachel Furness on a permanent transfer from Reading.
Critics can't take away from our achievement: Robertson
By Carl Markham Liverpool defender Andy Robertson insists any negative attitudes to their Club World Cup win will not have any effect on the sense of achievement the players feel.
Minamino can't wait to live the dream at Reds
By Carl Markham New Liverpool signing Takumi Minamino admitted he has realised a dream to join the club but said he wants the fairytale to continue by winning the Premier League and Champions League.
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Got a story? 510.336.1047 [email protected]
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Before the Bay Bridge was built in 1936, Golden Gate Ferry Service provided auto ferry service from the 3.5 mi. Berkeley Pier (from original shoreline) to San Francisco for ten years. Though still standing, the pier is now closed to pedestrians and but do note there are pilings hidden under water out and around the pier and could be a hazard to sailors. Give them a call at the marina office for more information on docks and berthing. (510) 981-6740.
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Get inspiration for your advertising campaign at the Berlin airports Schönefeld and Tegel.
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The project developer ECE, together with the Steigenberger Group, has implemented a four-star superior hotel with 322 rooms and a connected conference and congress centre. The hotel will go into operation with the opening of the airport.
Upon opening of the new airport, a total of around 10,000 parking spaces will be available to arriving and departing passengers, offering high comfort through short distances.
The parking space is spread over a total of four parking lots, each with around 2,200 parking spaces. The portfolio is complemented by ground-level parking spaces.
A modern car rental centre is located to the south-east of the terminal. The centre features very good accessibility and short distances for passengers and car rental customers between the terminal and the rental centre, as well as concentration of all requirements and facilities (vehicle return, preparation and provision) in one location.
Service Area North
Service Area North is home to airfreight and logistics. The 24-hectare area is strategically located within the apron. Two access control points allow quick access to the air security zone. An airfreight centre has already been erected on an area of 33,000 m² and begun operations.
Service Area South
Service Area South is home to airport affinities. The area offers a variety of development opportunities over 39 hectares, on both the land and air sides. Numerous facilities near the airport, such as ground transportation services, security services and energy suppliers, are already on-site.
The maintenance area, the quarter for high-quality technical services, will be located to the west of Berlin Brandenburg Airport. Imposing maintenance hangars as well as architecturally sophisticated technical buildings characterize the district. The areas on the air side have their own access control point, which allows the companies located here quick and uncomplicated access.
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Melted Blooms
Mint Glow
Onyx Bliss
Divine Harvest
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Federal Administration
FDFA: Federal Department of Foreign Affairs
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Federal Statistical Office
Attitudes towards Black people
Look for statistics
Basics and Surveys
The FSO
Look for statisticscurrent page
Migration and integration
Diversity and coexistence
Back Back to Migration and integration
Racism and integration
Sense of discomfort
Sense of threat
Attitudes towards foreigners
Attitudes towards target groups
Experience of discrimination
Attitudes towards Black people selected
Unlike other minorities who do not stand out due to certain physical characteristics, Black people are subject to visibility. The figures presented below provide information on the attitudes of Switzerland’s population towards them. Indirectly, they highlight the potential obstacles that Black people may encounter in Switzerland.
Prejudices against Black people among Switzerland's population can be considered low. Positive stereotypes are more prevalent (9%) than negative ones (6%). Mirroring those results, negative characteristics tend to be rejected more (7%) than positive characteristics (5%). 4% of the population refuses to generalise about this group or to categorise them by means of stereotypes.
To view certain features on this website, JavaScript must be enabled in your browser.
Methodological aspects
Proportion of the population consistently rejecting or agreeing with the characteristics attributed to Black people. The results shown were influenced by the stereotypes presented to respondents during the survey.
Reference to questionnaire
Here is a series of characteristics sometimes attributed to Black people. To what extent do you think these characteristics apply? Please answer using a scale where 1 means "not at all applicable" and 6 means "totally applicable". You can also reject the proposed characteristics.
Positive characterisstics
Negative characteristics
open-minded, warm-hearted
lazy workers
helping others impulsive
resilient (ability to cope with hardships) difficulty following rules
athletic scroungers (social benefits)
outgoing violent
1. the characteristic does not apply at all - 6. the characteristic totally applies, 7. rejection of characteristic, 9. no answer
Consistent agreement
Consistent rejection
n * characteristics = 4 or 5 or 6 n * characteristics = 7
Despite the fact that Switzerland did not have colonies, the population's attitudes towards Switzerland's role in colonialism and slavery can be analysed.
Almost 70% of Switzerland's population reject the idea that Black people complain too often about the suffering they endured under colonialism. 51% of the population disagree with the statement that there is less racism towards Black people in Switzerland due to the fact that the country did not have colonies. A third of the population would be in favour of Black people receiving reparation for having been subjected to slavery.
Proportion of the population that strongly agrees, agrees, disagrees or strongly disagrees with the statements about colonialism and slavery.
To what extent do you agree with the following statements about Black people?
a. Black people should seek reparations for what they suffered under slavery.
b. Black people constantly complain of the suffering endured under colonialism.
c. Since Switzerland did not have colonies, there is less racism against Black people in this country.
1. strongly agree, 2. rather agree, 3. rather disagree, 4. strongly disagree, 9. no answer.
Statement a. Answers 1-2 grouped together
Statement b. Answers 1-2 grouped together
Statement c. Answers 3-4 grouped together
On one hand, Switzerland's population tends to confirm the occurrence of discrimination towards Black people in the country and, on the other hand, to reject the idea of the existence of racism towards them.
Altogether, 76% of the population agree that Black people have more difficulty than others finding housing in this country. 72% agree that discrimination exists in the labour market and that this has negative consequences on the working environment. Despite this, 43% disagree that racism towards Black people is a secondary problem in Switzerland and 45% are against the statement that the group complains too often about being discriminated against.
Proportion of the population that strongly agrees, agrees, disagrees or strongly disagrees with the statements on discrimination and racism.
a. Black people have more difficulty finding housing in Switzerland than white people.
b. Discrimination against black people in the workplace has negative effects on the working climate.
c. Black people too often complain of discrimination.
d. Racism against black people is a secondary problem in Switzerland.
Statement d. Answers 3-4 grouped together
Everyday life situations and racist behaviour
By means of sketches from daily life, the figures below show whether people perceive certain behaviours to be racist and measure the extent to which the definitions of racism are shared by the population.
Hover the mouse pointer over the dots in the interactive graph below to display the labels for the situations.
The everyday situations reflecting so-called "old" or "traditional" forms of racism towards Black people are identified more often by the population than so-called "new" forms. If all of the old racism situations are grouped together, 45% of the population perceive them consistently as such. Although less identified overall than the old forms of racism, the new ones are nevertheless recognised by the majority. 17% of the population perceive racist behaviour in the whole set of new situations analysed.
The interactive graph below provides detailed information on the awareness of racism towards Black people by means of everyday situations.
To the interactive graph
Isolated situations: proportion of the population that considers the behaviours presented in the situation as racist.
Indicator of partial awareness: proportion of the population perceiving at least three behaviours out of five as being racist.
Indicator of systematic awareness: proportion of the population perceiving five out of five behaviours as being racist.
Here is an everyday situation that could take place in Switzerland. In your opinion is this behaviour racist? Please answer on a scale of 1 (not at all racist) to 6 (completely racist).
Old forms: on the bus, a young man sees a black man and shouts 'Go home!'; a patient in a nursing home refuses to be looked after by a black nurse; a black woman goes into a bakery to buy some bread - the shop assistant first serves another person who arrived after the black woman; the police stop and ask a young black man with two white friends for his ID; talking about another colleague, two work colleagues make the following remark 'she is very intelligent for a black person'.
New forms: in a smart restaurant, the waiter talks down to a black customer; a black engineer is refused a managerial position because his employer is afraid he won’t be accepted by the team; a teacher advises a young black person not to go to college despite having good marks; a black soldier wearing Swiss army uniform always has to explain why he is doing military service; a qualified black nurse, born and educated in Switzerland, is always asked where she comes from by her patients.
1. not at all racist - 6. completely racist, 9. no answer. Awareness: answers 4, 5 or 6 are taken into account.
Partial awareness
Systematic awareness
3 of 5 situations = 4 or 5 or 6 5 of 5 situations = 4 ou 5 ou 6
Blacks, Black people
Persons perceived as or considering themselves to be black, in principle mainly people of African descent. According to the UN, people of African descent can be defined as comprising African victims of the slave trade, Africans and their descendants who after the independence of their country emigrated to or left for work in Europe, Canada or the Middle East.
Racism towards Black people refers directly to a visible characteristic, namely skin colour. In this form of racism, negative attitudes or personality traits are attributed to a person based on their physical appearance. Racism towards Black people is decisively supported by the images and values that were shaped by slavery and colonialism. At the interindividual level, it is understood as a situation, act or event by which individuals who are perceived or consider themselves black feel, because of their skin colour or other phenotypic traits, denigrated, ridiculed, excluded or otherwise discriminated against.
Old forms of racism or "traditional racism"
Pseudo-scientific racism based on the biological and genetic principles of different human races.
New forms of racism
Cultural racism, without race, or neo-racism: valorisation of cultural or ethnic differences, without biological reference, tending to make these differences appear natural and inherent.
Insidious, subtle racism: more indirect forms of racism which sometimes go as far as presenting cultural differences in a (pseudo) positive form.
Everyday racism: repeated questions or gestures that can be insidiously racist but sometimes motivated by ignorance, stupidity or simple curiosity.
Institutional, contextual racism: the result - intentional or otherwise - of public policy or certain institutions, which are not able to guarantee equal opportunities and which may even favour the stigmatisation or exclusion of certain groups.
Source: Survey "Diversity": Discrimination of Black people in Switzerland
Ad-hoc module: VeS
Statistical universe: Permanent resident population aged 15 to 88
Non-weighted numbers: n (total) = 2899
Federal Statistical Office Section Demography and Migration
Our English pages offer only a limited range of information on our statistical production. For our full range please consult our pages in French and German (top right hand screen).
https://www.bfs.admin.ch/content/bfs/en/home/statistics/population/migration-integration/diversity-coexistence-switzerland/black-people-switzerland.html
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Search for pair production of excited top quarks in the lepton+jets final state
Search for pair production of excited top quarks in the lepton+jets final state // Journal of High Energy Physics, 1406 (2014), 125-1 doi:10.1007/JHEP06(2014)125 (međunarodna recenzija, članak, znanstveni)
Journal of High Energy Physics (1029-8479) 1406 (2014); 125-1
Hadron-Hadron Scattering; Top physics
A search is performed for pair-produced spin-3/2 excited top quarks (t∗¯t ∗ ), each decaying to a top quark and a gluon. The search uses data collected with the CMS detector from pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of √ s = 8 TeV, selecting events that have a single isolated muon or electron, an imbalance in transverse momentum, and at least six jets, of which one must be compatible with originating from the fragmentation of a b quark. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.5 fb−1 , show no significant excess over standard model predictions, and provide a lower limit of 803 GeV at 95% confidence on the mass of the spin-3/2 t∗ quark in an extension of the RandallSundrum model, assuming a 100% branching fraction of its decay into a top quark and a gluon. This is the first search for a spin-3/2 excited top quark performed at the LHC.
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Marcus Rutherford
While some actors spend years working in small roles to still be considered newcomers on their first major outing, Marcus Rutherford was a newcomer in every sense of the word when he starred as Leon in the film Obey in 2018. Set around the 2011 London riots, director Jamie Jones managed to channel Marcus’s raw skill and emotion into a powerful performance of a young man surrounded by degradation and violence. Indeed, the performance earned Marcus a BIFA nomination in the (fitting) category of Most Promising Newcomer. We expect big things from the young star from here on.
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PC Games > Card & Board Games > Dreamland Solitaire: Dragon's Fury
Dreamland Solitaire: Dragon's Fury
When a dragon's fire lights up the night sky and burns a lowly village to the ground, only one fairy can set things right. You must take on the role of this enchanting creature as she completes quests in her search for why this tragedy occurred.
To complete your journey, clear the screen of various cards layouts by uncovering and playing cards that are one higher or lower than the card at the top of the deck. This seemingly simple game contains clever depth, especially when combined with tricky obstacles, the tools that can remove them and your nefarious enemy – a spider who will spin her web around your most desired cards!
With its beautiful artwork, gorgeous settings and magical gameplay, Dreamland Solitaire: Dragon's Fury will cast a spell of delight over you!
Enjoy a mesmerizing story of adventure
Complete dozens of captivating levels
Use Wild Cards and Jokers to win
Restore a fairy's home, a village and more
Dreamland Solitiare
Solitaire Dragon Light
Gold of the Incas Solitaire
Hiddenverse: Kingdom Fall
Dreamland Solitaire: Dragon's Fury is rated 4.1 out of 5 by 18.
Rated 5 out of 5 by navajoeyes2 from slighty different solitaire & fun The game is great except, nice & cute story line really nice scenery. The very beginning is annoying. You Have to do exactly as the instructions say, no matter what you want to do, for the first few card games. Even if it isn't a good call by the game instructions, they aren't correct but you have to do it or you can not go on. Once you get past this infraction it gets good. Most solitaire games if you keep clicking on the screen you can by past the instructions that they are trying to tell you to do. If you have played "Many" solitaire games & know what you are doing, nothing works & it gets annoying but go on, it improves.
Rated 5 out of 5 by deddu from Enchanting Solitaire game This is a fun game for the entire family. You are helping the fairy save a village and find out why the dragon is so mad. The game starts out fairly easy but it becomes harder as you go along as you get fewer cards. However, you can buy joker cards and other powers to help you.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Kiandi from Spiders, Shields and Crystal Walls Oh My! I had sooo much fun playing this card game. I downloaded the demo and got so immersed that, POOF, the trial ended! Hard to believe 60 minutes can go by so quickly. Anyways, what a fun, colorful game this is. It starts out real easy and boy does it get harder as it goes on! It has so many different obstacles to get through too! The visuals are colorful, the sound is pleasant and the mechanics are smooth. If you are looking for a wonderfully fun solitaire, this may be it!
Rated 5 out of 5 by kathiebee from Best Yet This has to be the best solitaire game yet. Everything excels! Visually excellent, game play excellent. Love the upgrades. Nothing but the best in this game. Should be more like it.
Rated 5 out of 5 by joybelle_1 from Just so pleasant to play There are just so many solitaire games out there choosing which ones are best is difficult. So I judge on the ones I go back to or leave on my screen. The previous dreamland is one of those. Was very pleased to see another installment The gameplay is extremely smooth, and the graphics just delightful. You can choose your playing deck out of six depending on how busy or bland you want them. There are a couple of key features that make me smile in this series, one being having to get a both a torch card and a fire card and combine to burn the spider who has your cards hostage. There is also a key to the chains obstacle. There are the usual suspects too... wood that needs the axe card or double ice play that we find in other games. Another thing I really like is that as you buy your bonuses they fill up according to the suits you play. There is a shield that actually takes you to play particular suits to remove it, You can play in timed, casual (no timer) or easy (two decks of cards) But really its an easy game anyway if you are just sensible. If you are a hard core player you in fact may find this a bit easy, but I play for late night relaxation and don't want to repeat and repeat, levels just because the cards didn't give forth. (why I like the last few cards strike down ability bonuses.) There are even achievements to earn. This one is perhaps a little more 'cutesy' than the last one, but there are lots of levels and lands to move through and scenes to restore.A light beautifully made game in the feel good mode. Its a keeper for me.
Rated 5 out of 5 by dancingflowers from dancing flowers I love the Dreamland series of games(even though there are only 2)Fun to play! Enjoyable and stress reducing. NIce games to unwind with.I hope the developer will make more and not so far between the releases.
Rated 5 out of 5 by MissMaddie from Buy it!! What can I say.." this solitaire game has it all!!"
Rated 5 out of 5 by andrewhow213 from Dreamland Solitaire: Dragon's Fury I have enjoyed playing all the games in this series including this game
Rated 5 out of 5 by ColoradoGold from Return to Dreamland a treat This second installment of Dreamland Solitaire: Dragon's Fury is similar to the first in type of play. It's such a relaxing game, with pleasant and unobtrusive background music, great card play and challenges, and in length. You get plenty of levels and play time out of this one, just as with the first Dreamland. The challenges to overcome include many that were found in the original, plus some new and interesting ones. I too found the 'decorate/renovate/build' scenes a bit 'thicker' and cartoonish, without the delicacy of the original, but the card play and the enjoyment level more than makes up for it. With roughly 50 rounds completed, I have not yet seen the dragon but look forward to it. The difficulty in completing each round isn't overwhelming, though you may have to play several rounds to complete each level. Personally, I challenge myself to complete all three gold stars on each level before I move on and some of the levels are more difficult than others. Won't go into a lot of detail regarding specific game play or coins, purchases, and so forth as it's already been done, but one thing is certain: you get your money's worth in length of game play with this one. All around, another great installment of Dreamland that will keep you busy for hours.
Rated 4 out of 5 by a41249 from A big shock I don't like solitaire games, but a friend told me this one was so much fun .I tried it and got hooked. I like the concept that you earn the flasks to help rebuild the village. Totally different concept of solitaire than I'm used to.This is a fun game to play.
Dreamland Solitaire: Dragon's Fury Reviews - page 2
Help a fairy save a village in this enchanting solitaire adventure game!
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Sample records for surface buoyancy conditions
Importance of initial buoyancy field on evolution of mantle thermal structure: Implications of surface boundary conditions
Petar Glišović
Full Text Available Although there has been significant progress in the seismic imaging of mantle heterogeneity, the outstanding issue that remains to be resolved is the unknown distribution of mantle temperature anomalies in the distant geological past that give rise to the present-day anomalies inferred by global tomography models. To address this question, we present 3-D convection models in compressible and self-gravitating mantle initialised by different hypothetical temperature patterns. A notable feature of our forward convection modelling is the use of self-consistent coupling of the motion of surface tectonic plates to the underlying mantle flow, without imposing prescribed surface velocities (i.e., plate-like boundary condition. As an approximation for the surface mechanical conditions before plate tectonics began to operate we employ the no-slip (rigid boundary condition. A rigid boundary condition demonstrates that the initial thermally-dominated structure is preserved, and its geographical location is fixed during the evolution of mantle flow. Considering the impact of different assumed surface boundary conditions (rigid and plate-like on the evolution of thermal heterogeneity in the mantle we suggest that the intrinsic buoyancy of seven superplumes is most-likely resolved in the tomographic images of present-day mantle thermal structure. Our convection simulations with a plate-like boundary condition reveal that the evolution of an initial cold anomaly beneath the Java-Indonesian trench system yields a long-term, stable pattern of thermal heterogeneity in the lowermost mantle that resembles the present-day Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs, especially below the Pacific. The evolution of subduction zones may be, however, influenced by the mantle-wide flow driven by deeply-rooted and long-lived superplumes since Archean times. These convection models also detect the intrinsic buoyancy of the Perm Anomaly that has been identified as a unique
Surface Buoyancy Fluxes and the Strength of the Subpolar Gyre
Hogg, A. M.; Gayen, B.
Midlatitude ocean gyres have long been considered to be driven by the mechanical wind stress on the ocean's surface (strictly speaking, the potential vorticity input from wind stress curl). However, surface buoyancy forcing (i.e. heating/cooling or freshening/salinification) also modifies the potential vorticity at the surface. Here, we present a simple argument to demonstrate that ocean gyres may (in principle) be driven by surface buoyancy forcing. This argument is derived in two ways: A Direct Numerical Simulation, driven purely by buoyancy forcing, which generates strong nonlinear gyers in the absence of wind stress; and A series of idealised eddy-resolving numerical ocean model simulations, in which wind stress and buoyancy flux are varied independently and together, are used to understand the relative importance of these two types of forcing. In these simulations, basin-scale gyres and western boundary currents with realistic magnitudes, remain even in the absence of mechanical forcing by surface wind stress. These results support the notion that surface buoyancy forcing can reorganise the potential vorticity in the ocean in such a way as to drive basin-scale gyres. The role of buoyancy is stronger in the subpolar gyre than in the subtropical gyre. We infer that surface buoyancy fluxes are likely to play a contributing role in governing the strength, variability and predictability of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre.
Influences of buoyancy and thermal boundary conditions on heat transfer with naturally-induced flow
Jackson, J.D.; Li, J.
A fundamental study is reported of heat transfer from a vertical heated tube to air which is induced naturally upwards through it by the action of buoyancy. Measurements of local heat transfer coefficient were made using a specially designed computer-controlled power supply and measurement system for conditions of uniform wall temperature and uniform wall heat flux. The effectiveness of heat transfer proved to be much lower than for conditions of forced convection. It was found that the results could be correlated satisfactorily when presented in terms of dimensionless parameters similar to those used for free convection heat transfer from vertical surfaces provided that the heat transfer coefficients were evaluated using local fluid bulk temperature calculated utilising the measured values of flow rate induced through the system. Additional experiments were performed' with pumped flow. These covered the entire mixed convection region. It was found that the data for naturally-induced flow mapped onto the pumped flow data when presented in terms of Nusselt number ratio (mixed to forced) and buoyancy parameter. Computational simulations of the experiments were performed using an advanced computer code which incorporated a buoyancy-influenced, variable property, developing wall shear flow formulation and a low Reynolds number k-ε turbulence model. These reproduced observed behaviour quite well. (author)
Buoyancy-driven mean flow in a long channel with a hydraulically constrained exit condition
Grimm, Th.; Maxworthy, T.
Convection plays a major role in a variety of natural hydrodynamic systems. Those in which convection drives exchange flows through a lateral contraction and/or over a sill form a special class with typical examples being the Red and Mediterranean Seas, the Persian Gulf, and the fjords that indent many coastlines. The present work focuses on the spatial distribution and scaling of the density difference between the inflowing and outflowing fluid layers. Using a long water-filled channel, fitted with buoyancy sources at its upper surface, experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of the geometry of the strait and the channel as well as the magnitude of the buoyancy flux. Two different scaling laws, one by Phillips (1966), and one by Maxworthy (1994, 1997) were compared with the experimental results. It has been shown that a scaling law for which g[prime prime or minute] = kB02/3x/h4/3 best describes the distribution of the observed density difference along the channel, where B0 is the buoyancy flux, x the distance from the closed end of the channel, h its height at the open end (sill) and k a constant that depends on the details of the channel geometry and flow conditions. This result holds for the experimental results and appears to be valid for a number of natural systems as well.
Coupled thermo-capillary and buoyancy convection in a liquid layer locally heated on its free surface
Favre, E.
Coupled buoyancy and thermo-capillary convection lead to a convective motion of the interface liquid/gas, which changes drastically the heat and mass transfer across the liquid layer. Two experiments are considered, depending on the fluid: oil or mercury. The liquid is set in a cooled cylindrical vessel, and heated by a heat flux across the center of the free surface. The basic flow, in the case of oil, is a torus. When the heat parameter increases, a stationary flow looking like petals or rays appears when the aspect ratio length/depth is small, and like concentric rings in the case of large values of the aspect ratio. The lateral confinement selects the azimuthal length wave. In the case of petals-like flow, a sub-critical Hopf bifurcation is underlined. The turbulence is found to be 'weak', even for the largest values of the Marangoni number (Ma ≅ 1.3 * 10 5 ). In the case of mercury, the thermo-capillary effect is reduced to zero, due to impurities at the surface, which have special trajectories we describe and compare to a simpler experiment. The only buoyancy forces induces an un-stationary, weakly turbulent flow as soon as the heating power exceeds 4 W (≅ 4.5 * 10 3 , calculated with h = 1 mm). The last part concerns the analysis of the effect on the flow of the boundary conditions, the geometry, the Prandtl number, the buoyancy force, with the help of the literature. Results concerning heat transfer, especially the exponent of the law Nusselt number vs. heating power, are compared with available data. (author) [fr
Thermo capillary and buoyancy convection in a fluid locally heated on its free surface; Convection thermocapillaire et thermogravitaire dans un fluide chauffe localement sur sa surface libre
coupled buoyancy and thermo-capillary convection lead to a convective motion of the interface liquid/gas which drastically changes the heat and mass transfer across the liquid layer. Two experiments were considered, depending on the fluid: oil or mercury. The liquid is set in a cooled cylindrical vessel, and heated by a heat flux across the center of the free surface. The basic flow, in the case of oil, is a torus. When the heat parameter increases, a stationary flow appears as petals or rays when the aspect ratio. The lateral confinement selects the azimuthal wavelength. In the case of petals-like flow, a sub-critical Hopf bifurcation is underlined. The turbulence is found to be `weak`, even for the largest values of the Marangoni number (Ma = 1.3 10{sup 5}). In the case of mercury, the thermo-capillary effect is reduced to zero to impurities at the surface which have special trajectories we describe and compare to a simpler experiment. Only the buoyancy forces induce a unstationary, weakly turbulent flow as soon as the heating power exceeds 4W (Ra = 4.5 10{sup 3}, calculated with h = 1 mm). The past part concerns the analysis of the effect on the flow of the boundary conditions, the geometry, the Prandtl number and the buoyancy force with the help of the literature. Results concerning heat transfer, in particular the exponent of the law Nusselt number vs. heating power, were compared with available data. (author) 115 refs.
Analysis of the strength of sea gas pipelines of positive buoyancy conditioned by glaciation
Malkov, Venyamin; Kurbatova, Galina; Ermolaeva, Nadezhda; Malkova, Yulia; Petrukhin, Ruslan
A technique for estimating the stress state of a gas pipeline laid along the seabed in northern latitudes in the presence of glaciation is proposed. It is assumed that the pipeline lies on the bottom of the seabed, but under certain conditions on the some part of the pipeline a glaciation is formed and the gas pipeline section in the place of glaciation can come off the ground due to the positive buoyancy of the ice. Calculation of additional stresses caused by bending of the pipeline is of practical interest for strength evaluation. The gas pipeline is a two-layer cylindrical shell of circular cross section. The inner layer is made of high-strength steel, the outer layer is made of reinforced ferroconcrete. The proposed methodology for calculating the gas pipeline for strength is based on the equations of the theory of shells. The procedure takes into account the effect of internal gas pressure, external pressure of sea water, the weight of two-layer gas pipeline and the weight of the ice layer. The lifting force created by the displaced fluid and the positive buoyancy of the ice is also taken into account. It is significant that the listed loads cause only two types of deformation of the gas pipeline: axisymmetric and antisymmetric. The interaction of the pipeline with the ground as an elastic foundation is not considered. The main objective of the research is to establish the fact of separation of part of the pipeline from the ground. The method of calculations of stresses and deformations occurring in a model sea gas pipeline is presented.
Influence of thermal buoyancy on vertical tube bundle thermal density head predictions under transient conditions
Lin, H.C.; Kasza, K.E.
The thermal-hydraulic behavior of an LMFBR system under various types of plant transients is usually studied using one-dimensional (1-D) flow and energy transport models of the system components. Many of the transient events involve the change from a high to a low flow with an accompanying change in temperature of the fluid passing through the components which can be conductive to significant thermal bouyancy forces. Thermal bouyancy can exert its influence on system dynamic energy transport predictions through alterations of flow and thermal distributions which in turn can influence decay heat removal, system-response time constants, heat transport between primary and secondary systems, and thermal energy rejection at the reactor heat sink, i.e., the steam generator. In this paper the results from a comparison of a 1-D model prediction and experimental data for vertical tube bundle overall thermal density head and outlet temperature under transient conditions causing varying degrees of thermal bouyancy are presented. These comparisons are being used to generate insight into how, when, and to what degree thermal buoyancy can cause departures from 1-D model predictions
Characteristics of buoyancy force on stagnation point flow with magneto-nanoparticles and zero mass flux condition
Iftikhar Uddin
Full Text Available This attempt dedicated to the solution of buoyancy effect over a stretching sheet in existence of MHD stagnation point flow with convective boundary conditions. Thermophoresis and Brownian motion aspects are included. Incompressible fluid is electrically conducted in the presence of varying magnetic field. Boundary layer analysis is used to develop the mathematical formulation. Zero mass flux condition is considered at the boundary. Non-linear ordinary differential system of equations is constructed by means of proper transformations. Interval of convergence via numerical data and plots are developed. Characteristics of involved variables on the velocity, temperature and concentration distributions are sketched and discussed. Features of correlated parameters on Cf and Nu are examined by means of tables. It is found that buoyancy ratio and magnetic parameters increase and reduce the velocity field. Further opposite feature is noticed for higher values of thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters on concentration distribution. Keywords: Stagnation point, MHD, Nanoparticles, Zero mass flux condition
Investigation of buoyancy effects on turbulent nonpremixed jet flames by using normal and low-gravity conditions
Idicheria, Cherian Alex
An experimental study was performed with the aim of investigating the structure of transitional and turbulent nonpremixed jet flames under different gravity conditions. In particular, the focus was to determine the effect of buoyancy on the mean and fluctuating characteristics of the jet flames. Experiments were conducted under three gravity levels, viz. 1 g, 20 mg and 100 mug. The milligravity and microgravity conditions were achieved by dropping a jet-flame rig in the UT-Austin 1.25-second and the NASA-Glenn Research Center 2.2-second drop towers, respectively. The principal diagnostics employed were time-resolved, cinematographic imaging of the visible soot luminosity and planar laser Mie scattering (PLMS). For the cinematographic flame luminosity imaging experiments, the flames studied were piloted nonpremixed propane, ethylene and methane jet flames at source Reynolds numbers ranging from 2000 to 10500. From the soot luminosity images, mean and root-mean square (RMS) images were computed, and volume rendering of the image sequences was used to investigate the large-scale structure evolution and flame tip dynamics. The relative importance of buoyancy was quantified with the parameter, xL , as defined by Becker and Yamazaki [1978]. The results show, in contrast to previous microgravity studies, that the high Reynolds number flames have the same flame length irrespective of the gravity level. The RMS fluctuations and volume renderings indicate that the large-scale structure and flame tip dynamics are essentially identical to those of purely momentum driven flames provided xL is approximately less than 2. The volume-renderings show that the luminous structure celerities (normalized by jet exit velocity) are approximately constant for xL 8. The celerity values for xL > 8 are seen to follow a x3/2L scaling, which can be predicted with a simplified momentum equation analysis for the buoyancy-dominated regime. The underlying turbulent structure and mean mixture
Buoyancy effects laminar slot jet impinging on a surface with constant heat flux
Shokouhmand, H.; Esfahanian, V.; Masoodi, R.
The two-dimensional laminar air jet issuing from a nozzle of half which terminates at height above a flat plate normal to the jet is numerically on the flow and thermal structure of the region near impingement. The impinging surface is maintained at a constant heat flux condition. The full Navier-Stocks and energy equations are solved by a finite difference method to evaluate the velocity profiles and temperature distribution. The governing parameters and their ranges are: Reynolds number Re, 10-50, Grashof number Gr, 0-50, Richardson number Ri=Gr/ Re 2 , Non dimensional nozzle height H,2-3. Results of the free streamline, local friction factor and heat transfer coefficient are graphically presented. It is found that enhancement of the heat transfer rate is substantial for high Richardson number conditions. Although the laminar jet impingement for isothermal condition has been already studied, however the constant heat flux has not been studied enough. the present paper will analyze a low velocity air jet, Which can be used for cooling of a simulated electronics package
The influence of different salinity conditions on egg buoyancy and development and yolk sac larval survival and morphometric traits of Baltic Sea sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus Schneider
Christoph Petereit
Full Text Available The small pelagic sprat (Sprattus sprattus is a key ecologic player in the Baltic Sea. However, there is long-term variability in recruitment which is thought to be influenced by fluctuations in abiotic and biotic conditions experienced during the early life stages. This study concentrates on the influence of different ambient salinities on sprat egg development, egg buoyancy and survival as well as early yolk sac larval morphometric traits. Egg buoyancy significantly decreased with increasing salinity experienced during fertilization and/or incubation experiments. Field egg buoyancy measurements in 2007 and 2008 exhibited annual and seasonal differences in specific gravity, potentially associated with changes in adult sprat vertical distribution. Neither egg development time nor the duration of the yolk sac phase differed among salinity treatments. At eye pigmentation, larval standard length exhibited high variance among individuals but did not differ among treatments. The largest ecological impact of salinity experienced during spawning was the modification the buoyancy of eggs and yolk sac larvae, which determines their vertical habitat in the Baltic Sea. There are strong thermo- and oxyclines in the Baltic Sea, and thus salinity can indirectly impact the survival of these early life stages by modifying the ambient temperatures and oxygen conditions experienced.
Experimental Study of a natural ventilation strategy in a Full-Scale Enclosure Under Meteorological Conditions: A Buoyancy-Driven Approach
Austin, Miguel Chen; Bruneau, Denis; Sempey, Alain; Mora, Laurent; Sommier, Alain
The performance of a natural ventilation strategy, in a full-scale enclosure under meteorological conditions is studied through an experimental study, a buoyancy-driven approach, by means of the estimation of the air exchange rate per hour and ventilation power. A theoretical and an empirical model are proposed based on the airflow theory in buildings and blower-door tests. A preliminary validation, by comparing our results with standards in air leakage rate determination, is made. The experi...
Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL)
Federal Laboratory Consortium — The Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) is an astronaut training facility and neutral buoyancy pool operated by NASA and located at the Sonny Carter Training Facility,...
Numerical investigations of buoyancy-driven natural ventilation in a simple atrium building and its effect on the thermal comfort conditions
Hussain, Shafqat; Oosthuizen, Patrick H.
In the present study use of solar-assisted buoyancy-driven natural ventilation in a simple atrium building is explored numerically with particular emphasis on the thermal comfort conditions in the building. Initially various geometric configurations of the atrium space were considered in order to investigate airflows and temperature distributions in the building using a validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) modelling approach with the SST-k–ω turbulence model and the Discrete Transfer Radiation Model (DTRM) was used for the investigations. The steady-state governing equations were solved using a commercial CFD solver FLUENT © . From the numerical results obtained, it was noted that an atrium space integrated with a solar chimney would be a relatively better option to be used in an atrium building. In the geometry selected, the performance of the building in response to various changes in design parameters was investigated. The produced airflows and temperature distributions were then used to evaluate indoor thermal comfort conditions in terms of the thermal comfort indices, i.e. the well-known predicted mean vote (PMV) index, its modifications especially for natural ventilation, predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) index and Percent dissatisfied (PD) factor due to draft. It was found that the thermal conditions in the occupied areas of the building developed as a result of the use of solar-assisted buoyancy-driven ventilation for the particular values of the design parameters selected are mostly in the comfortable zone. Finally, it is demonstrated that the proposed methodology leads to reliable thermal comfort predictions, while the effect of various design variables on the performance of the building is easily recognized. - Highlights: ► Numerical investigations were carried for the use of buoyancy-driven displacement ventilation in a simple atrium building. ► Effect of various atrium
Center of buoyancy definition
Sandberg, V.
The center of buoyancy of an arbitrary shaped body is defined in analogy to the center of gravity. The definitions of the buoyant force and center of buoyancy in terms of integrals over the area of the body are converted to volume integrals and shown to have simple intuitive interpretations
The influence of Southern Ocean surface buoyancy forcing on glacial-interglacial changes in the global deep ocean stratification
Sun, S; Eisenman, I; Stewart, AL
©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Previous studies have suggested that the global ocean density stratification below ∼3000 m is approximately set by its direct connection to the Southern Ocean surface density, which in turn is constrained by the atmosphere. Here the role of Southern Ocean surface forcing in glacial-interglacial stratification changes is investigated using a comprehensive climate model and an idealized conceptual model. Southern Ocean surface forcing is f...
Exercise Equipment: Neutral Buoyancy
Shackelford, Linda; Valle, Paul
Load Bearing Equipment for Neutral Buoyancy (LBE-NB) is an exercise frame that holds two exercising subjects in position as they apply counter forces to each other for lower extremity and spine loading resistance exercises. Resistance exercise prevents bone loss on ISS, but the ISS equipment is too massive for use in exploration craft. Integrating the human into the load directing, load generating, and motion control functions of the exercise equipment generates safe exercise loads with less equipment mass and volume.
Numerical exploration of a non-Newtonian Carreau fluid flow driven by catalytic surface reactions on an upper horizontal surface of a paraboloid of revolution, buoyancy and stretching at the free stream
I.L. Animasaun
Full Text Available Geometrically, the upper pointed surface of an aircraft and bonnet of a car are examples of upper horizontal surfaces of a paraboloid of revolution (uhspr. The motion of these objects strongly depends on the boundary layer that is formed within the immediate space on it. However, each of these surfaces is neither a horizontal/vertical nor cone/wedge and neither a cone nor a wedge. This article presents the motion of 2-dimensional Blasius flow of Carreau fluid on the surface of such object. The case in which the reaction between the Carreau fluid and catalyst at the surface produces significant temperature differences which consequently set up buoyancy-driven flows within the boundary layer is investigated. Single first-order Arrhenius kinetics is adopted to model the reaction on the surface of the catalyst situated on uhspr which initiates the free convection. Suitable similarity variables are applied to non-dimensionalized, parameterized and reduce the governing partial differential equations to a coupled ordinary differential equations (BVP. The BVP is solved numerically using the shooting technique. Temperature distribution in the flow of viscoelastic Carreau fluid is greater than that of a Newtonian fluid. Local heat transfer rate decreases faster when the Carreau fluid is characterized as shear-thinning. Maximum concentration is guaranteed at a small value of power-law index n and large value of thickness parameter. Keywords: Viscoelastic-Carreau fluid, Catalitic surface, Paraboloid of revolution, Numerical method, Uhspr, Boundary layer analysis
Heat and mass transfer boundary conditions at the surface of a heated sessile droplet
Ljung, Anna-Lena; Lundström, T. Staffan
This work numerically investigates how the boundary conditions of a heated sessile water droplet should be defined in order to include effects of both ambient and internal flow. Significance of water vapor, Marangoni convection, separate simulations of the external and internal flow, and influence of contact angle throughout drying is studied. The quasi-steady simulations are carried out with Computational Fluid Dynamics and conduction, natural convection and Marangoni convection are accounted for inside the droplet. For the studied conditions, a noticeable effect of buoyancy due to evaporation is observed. Hence, the inclusion of moisture increases the maximum velocities in the external flow. Marangoni convection will, in its turn, increase the velocity within the droplet with up to three orders of magnitude. Results furthermore show that the internal and ambient flow can be simulated separately for the conditions studied, and the accuracy is improved if the internal temperature gradient is low, e.g. if Marangoni convection is present. Simultaneous simulations of the domains are however preferred at high plate temperatures if both internal and external flows are dominated by buoyancy and natural convection. The importance of a spatially resolved heat and mass transfer boundary condition is, in its turn, increased if the internal velocity is small or if there is a large variation of the transfer coefficients at the surface. Finally, the results indicate that when the internal convective heat transport is small, a rather constant evaporation rate may be obtained throughout the drying at certain conditions.
Wave Dragon Buoyancy Regulation Study
Jakobsen, Jens; Kofoed, Jens Peter
Wave Dragon is a wave energy converter, which was deployed offshore at Nissum Bredning in Denmark in 2003. The experience gained from operating Wave Dragon during 2003 and 2004 has shown that the buoyancy regulation system can be improved in a number of ways. This study describes the current...
Well Conditioned Formulations for Open Surface Scattering
Ottusch, John J; Visher, John L
.... This report describes an analytical preconditioner method for the EFIE on open surface PEC targets that converts the EFIE to a well conditioned, second-kind integral equation. We present theory and the results from a numerical implementation. We also discuss a 2d extension of the Poincare-Bertrand identity could be used to develop an explicitly second-kind integral equation for open surface scattering problems.
Mixed and mixing layer depths in the ocean surface boundary layer under conditions of diurnal stratification
Sutherland, G.; Reverdin, G.; Marié, L.; Ward, B.
A comparison between mixed (MLD) and mixing (XLD) layer depths is presented from the SubTRopical Atlantic Surface Salinity Experiment (STRASSE) cruise in the subtropical Atlantic. This study consists of 400 microstructure profiles during fairly calm and moderate conditions (2 background level. Two different thresholds for the background dissipation level are tested, 10-8 and 10-9 m2 s-3, and these are compared with the MLD as calculated using a density threshold. The larger background threshold agrees with the MLD during restratification but only extends to half the MLD during nighttime convection, while the lesser threshold agrees well during convection but is deeper by a factor of 2 during restratification. Observations suggest the use of a larger density threshold to determine the MLD in a buoyancy driven regime.
Research and development at the Marshall Space Flight Center Neutral Buoyancy Simulator
Kulpa, Vygantas P.
The Neutral Buoyancy Simulator (NBS), a facility designed to imitate zero-gravity conditions, was used to test the Experimental Assembly of Structures in Extravehicular Activity (EASE) and the Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures (ACCESS). Neutral Buoyancy Simulator applications and operations; early space structure research; development of the EASE/ACCESS experiments; and improvement of NBS simulation are summarized.
Analysis of Buoyancy Module Auxiliary Installation Technology Based on Numerical Simulation
Xu, Songsen; Jiao, Chunshuo; Ning, Meng; Dong, Sheng
To reduce the requirement for lifting capacity and decrease the hoist cable force during the descending and laying process of a subsea production system (SPS), a buoyancy module auxiliary installation technology was proposed by loading buoyancy modules on the SPS to reduce the lifting weight. Two models are established, namely, the SPS lowering-down model and the buoyancy module floating-up model. The main study results are the following: 1) When the buoyancy module enters the water under wave condition, the amplitude of tension fluctuation is twice that when SPS enters water; 2) Under current condition, the displacement of SPS becomes three times larger because of the existence of the buoyancy module; 3) After being released, the velocity of the buoyancy module increases to a large speed rapidly and then reaches a balancing speed gradually. The buoyancy module floats up at a balancing speed and rushes out from the water at a pop-up distance; 4) In deep water, the floating-up velocity of the buoyancy module is related to its mass density and shape, and it is not related to water depth; 5) A drag parachute can reduce floating-up velocity and pop-up distance effectively. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experiment results.
Neutral buoyancy is optimal to minimize the cost of transport in horizontally swimming seals.
Sato, Katsufumi; Aoki, Kagari; Watanabe, Yuuki Y; Miller, Patrick J O
Flying and terrestrial animals should spend energy to move while supporting their weight against gravity. On the other hand, supported by buoyancy, aquatic animals can minimize the energy cost for supporting their body weight and neutral buoyancy has been considered advantageous for aquatic animals. However, some studies suggested that aquatic animals might use non-neutral buoyancy for gliding and thereby save energy cost for locomotion. We manipulated the body density of seals using detachable weights and floats, and compared stroke efforts of horizontally swimming seals under natural conditions using animal-borne recorders. The results indicated that seals had smaller stroke efforts to swim a given speed when they were closer to neutral buoyancy. We conclude that neutral buoyancy is likely the best body density to minimize the cost of transport in horizontal swimming by seals.
14 CFR 29.755 - Hull buoyancy.
... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Hull buoyancy. 29.755 Section 29.755... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Design and Construction Floats and Hulls § 29.755 Hull buoyancy. Water-based and amphibian rotorcraft. The hull and auxiliary floats, if used, must have enough...
Buoyancy increase and drag-reduction through a simple superhydrophobic coating
Hwang, G. B.; Patir, A.; Page, K.; Lu, Y.; Allan, E.; Parkin, I. P.
A superhydrophobic paint was fabricated using 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (PFOTES), TiO2 nanoparticles and ethanol. The paint has potential for aquatic application of a superhydrophobic coating as it induces increased buoyancy and drag reduction. Buoyance testing showed that the reduction of surface energy by superhydrophobic coating made it feasible that glass, a high density material, was supported by the surface tension of water. In a miniature boat sailing test, it was shown...
Buoyancy disorders in pet axolotls Ambystoma mexicanum: three cases.
Takami, Yoshinori; Une, Yumi
As far as we are aware, there are no previous reports on the pathologic conditions of buoyancy disorders in Ambystoma mexicanum. Herein, we describe various clinical test results, clinical outcomes, and the pathological findings of an experimental pneumonectomy procedure in 3 A. mexicanum exhibiting abnormal buoyancy. The 3 pet A. mexicanum were adults, and their respective ages and body weights were 1, 5, and 6 yr and 48, 55, and 56 g. Two of these cases were confirmed via radiographic examination to have free air within the body cavity, and all 3 cases were found via ultrasonography to have an acoustic shadow within the body cavity and were diagnosed with pneumocoelom. Lung perforations were detected macroscopically in 2 of the cases, and all 3 cases had fibrosis in the caudal ends of the lungs. Removal of the lung lesions eliminated the abnormal buoyancy in all 3 cases. We concluded that air had leaked into the body cavity from the lungs, and we propose that lung lesions are an important cause of buoyancy disorders in A. mexicanum.
Buoyed by geophysics : geophysics, just-in-time procurement help save millions on Ekwan pipeline buoyancy control
Roche, P.
Large-diameter natural gas pipelines buried in wet muskeg have the potential to rise to the surface due to buoyancy. Until recently, the most reliable method to prevent this was to attach specially manufactured bolt-on concrete weights at closely spaced intervals. However, these weights significantly increase capital budgets by millions of dollars because each weight weighs 2,540 kg and costs $1,000. A less costly alternative for buoyancy control in shallow muskeg is for the contractor to simply dig a deeper ditch. Another option is to hold down the pipeline by polyester straps attached to screw anchors. The challenge of applying these less costly options is that heavy equipment cannot be brought to the site to determine ground conditions until after all procurement, assessment and design is completed. Engineers must therefore select a buoyancy control measure based only on air photos and possibly a few drill holes. However, air photos do not indicate the depth of muskeg. Although some muskeg areas may turn out to be thick enough to avoid buoyancy control altogether, once construction is underway, it is too late to opt for cheaper alternatives. EnCana Corporation's 24-inch Ekwan pipeline was recently constructed through a remote area of British Columbia to connect the Greater Sierra natural gas discovery to a tie-in point on Nova Gas Transmission's northwest mainline. Air photos indicated that half of the route was through muskeg. AMEC E and C Services Inc. was responsible for the engineering and management of the project. The company used a combination of geophysical techniques to learn about the ground conditions. Toboggan mounted portable equipment was hauled by snowmobiles along trails made earlier by the survey crews. Ground penetrating radar assessed the muskeg thickness. Fixed frequency electromagnetic surveys also enhanced the results of the ground penetrating radar. The number of bolt-on weights was reduced from 9,000 to 3,700, a savings of $3
Assessment of RANS and LES Turbulence Modeling for Buoyancy-Aided/Opposed Forced and Mixed Convection
Clifford, Corey; Kimber, Mark
Over the last 30 years, an industry-wide shift within the nuclear community has led to increased utilization of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to supplement nuclear reactor safety analyses. One such area that is of particular interest to the nuclear community, specifically to those performing loss-of-flow accident (LOFA) analyses for next-generation very-high temperature reactors (VHTR), is the capacity of current computational models to predict heat transfer across a wide range of buoyancy conditions. In the present investigation, a critical evaluation of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) turbulence modeling techniques is conducted based on CFD validation data collected from the Rotatable Buoyancy Tunnel (RoBuT) at Utah State University. Four different experimental flow conditions are investigated: (1) buoyancy-aided forced convection; (2) buoyancy-opposed forced convection; (3) buoyancy-aided mixed convection; (4) buoyancy-opposed mixed convection. Overall, good agreement is found for both forced convection-dominated scenarios, but an overly-diffusive prediction of the normal Reynolds stress is observed for the RANS-based turbulence models. Low-Reynolds number RANS models perform adequately for mixed convection, while higher-order RANS approaches underestimate the influence of buoyancy on the production of turbulence.
Electron Conditioning of Technical Aluminium Surfaces
Le Pimpec, F
The effect of electron conditioning on commercially aluminium alloys 1100 and 6063 were investigated. Contrary to the assumption that electron conditioning, if performed long enough, can reduce and stabilize the SEY to low values (= 1.3, value of many pure elements [1]), the SEY of aluminium did not go lower than 1.8. In fact, it reincreases with continued electron exposure dose.
Free surface flows under compensated gravity conditions
Dreyer, Miachel E
This book considers the behavior of fluids in a low-gravity environment with special emphasis on application in PMD (propellant management device) systems . In the compensated gravity environment of a spacecraft, the hydrostatic pressure decreases to very low values depending on the residual acceleration, and surface tension forces become dominant. Consequently, surface tension can be used to transport and position liquids if the residual acceleration and the resulting hydrostatic pressure are small compared to the capillary pressure. One prominent application is the use of PMDs in surface-tension satellite tanks. PMDs must ensure that the tank outlet is covered with liquid whenever outflow is demanded. Furthermore, PMDs are used to ensure expulsion and refilling of tanks for liquids and gases for life support, reactants, and experiment supplies. Since most of the PMD designs are not testable on ground and thus rely on analytical or numerical concepts, this book treats three different flow problems with analy...
Photoelectron spectroscopy of surfaces under humid conditions
Bluhm, Hendrik
The interaction of water with surfaces plays a major role in many processes in the environment, atmosphere and technology. Weathering of rocks, adhesion between surfaces, and ionic conductance along surfaces are among many phenomena that are governed by the adsorption of molecularly thin water layers under ambient humidities. The properties of these thin water films, in particular their thickness, structure and hydrogen-bonding to the substrate as well as within the water film are up to now not very well understood. Ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) is a promising technique for the investigation of the properties of thin water films. In this article we will discuss the basics of APXPS as well as the particular challenges that are posed by investigations in water vapor at Torr pressures. We will also show examples of the application of APXPS to the study of water films on metals and oxides.
Buoyancy increase and drag-reduction through a simple superhydrophobic coating.
Hwang, Gi Byoung; Patir, Adnan; Page, Kristopher; Lu, Yao; Allan, Elaine; Parkin, Ivan P
A superhydrophobic paint was fabricated using 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (PFOTES), TiO 2 nanoparticles and ethanol. The paint has potential for aquatic application of a superhydrophobic coating as it induces increased buoyancy and drag reduction. Buoyance testing showed that the reduction of surface energy by superhydrophobic coating made it feasible that glass, a high density material, was supported by the surface tension of water. In a miniature boat sailing test, it was shown that the low energy surface treatment decreased the adhesion of water molecules to the surface of the boat resulting in a reduction of the drag force. Additionally, a robust superhydrophobic surface was fabricated through layer-by-layer coating using adhesive double side tape and the paint, and after a 100 cm abrasion test with sand paper, the surface still retained its water repellency, enhanced buoyancy and drag reduction.
Ground Boundary Conditions for Thermal Convection Over Horizontal Surfaces at High Rayleigh Numbers
Hanjalić, K.; Hrebtov, M.
We present "wall functions" for treating the ground boundary conditions in the computation of thermal convection over horizontal surfaces at high Rayleigh numbers using coarse numerical grids. The functions are formulated for an algebraic-flux model closed by transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy, its dissipation rate and scalar variance, but could also be applied to other turbulence models. The three-equation algebraic-flux model, solved in a T-RANS mode ("Transient" Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes, based on triple decomposition), was shown earlier to reproduce well a number of generic buoyancy-driven flows over heated surfaces, albeit by integrating equations up to the wall. Here we show that by using a set of wall functions satisfactory results are found for the ensemble-averaged properties even on a very coarse computational grid. This is illustrated by the computations of the time evolution of a penetrative mixed layer and Rayleigh-Bénard (open-ended, 4:4:1 domain) convection, using 10 × 10 × 100 and 10 × 10 × 20 grids, compared also with finer grids (e.g. 60 × 60 × 100), as well as with one-dimensional treatment using 1 × 1 × 100 and 1 × 1 × 20 nodes. The approach is deemed functional for simulations of a convective boundary layer and mesoscale atmospheric flows, and pollutant transport over realistic complex hilly terrain with heat islands, urban and natural canopies, for diurnal cycles, or subjected to other time and space variations in ground conditions and stratification.
Surface free energy for systems with integrable boundary conditions
Goehmann, Frank; Bortz, Michael; Frahm, Holger
The surface free energy is the difference between the free energies for a system with open boundary conditions and the same system with periodic boundary conditions. We use the quantum transfer matrix formalism to express the surface free energy in the thermodynamic limit of systems with integrable boundary conditions as a matrix element of certain projection operators. Specializing to the XXZ spin-1/2 chain we introduce a novel 'finite temperature boundary operator' which characterizes the thermodynamical properties of surfaces related to integrable boundary conditions
Effect of surface conditions on blast wave propagation
Song, Seung Ho; Li, Yi Bao; Lee, Chang Hoon; Choi, Jung Il
We performed numerical simulations of blast wave propagations on surfaces by solving axisymmetric two-dimensional Euler equations. Assuming the initial stage of fireball at the breakaway point after an explosion, we investigated the effect of surface conditions considering surface convex or concave elements and thermal conditions on blast wave propagations near the ground surface. Parametric studies were performed by varying the geometrical factors of the surface element as well as thermal layer characteristics. We found that the peak overpressure near the ground zero was increased due to the surface elements, while modulations of the blast wave propagations were limited within a region for the surface elements. Because of the thermal layer, the precursor was formed in the propagations, which led to the attenuation of the peak overpressure on the ground surface
A continuous and prognostic convection scheme based on buoyancy, PCMT
Guérémy, Jean-François; Piriou, Jean-Marcel
A new and consistent convection scheme (PCMT: Prognostic Condensates Microphysics and Transport), providing a continuous and prognostic treatment of this atmospheric process, is described. The main concept ensuring the consistency of the whole system is the buoyancy, key element of any vertical motion. The buoyancy constitutes the forcing term of the convective vertical velocity, which is then used to define the triggering condition, the mass flux, and the rates of entrainment-detrainment. The buoyancy is also used in its vertically integrated form (CAPE) to determine the closure condition. The continuous treatment of convection, from dry thermals to deep precipitating convection, is achieved with the help of a continuous formulation of the entrainment-detrainment rates (depending on the convective vertical velocity) and of the CAPE relaxation time (depending on the convective over-turning time). The convective tendencies are directly expressed in terms of condensation and transport. Finally, the convective vertical velocity and condensates are fully prognostic, the latter being treated using the same microphysics scheme as for the resolved condensates but considering the convective environment. A Single Column Model (SCM) validation of this scheme is shown, allowing detailed comparisons with observed and explicitly simulated data. Four cases covering the convective spectrum are considered: over ocean, sensitivity to environmental moisture (S. Derbyshire) non precipitating shallow convection to deep precipitating convection, trade wind shallow convection (BOMEX) and strato-cumulus (FIRE), together with an entire continental diurnal cycle of convection (ARM). The emphasis is put on the characteristics of the scheme which enable a continuous treatment of convection. Then, a 3D LAM validation is presented considering an AMMA case with both observations and a CRM simulation using the same initial and lateral conditions as for the parameterized one. Finally, global
Testing of newly developed functional surfaces under pure sliding conditions
Godi, Alessandro; Mohaghegh, Kamran; Grønbæk, J.
the surfaces in an industrial context. In this paper, a number of experimental tests were performed using a novel test rig, called axial sliding test, simulating the contact of surfaces under pure sliding conditions. The aim of the experiments is to evaluate the frictional behavior of a new typology...... of textured surfaces, the so-called multifunctional surfaces, characterized by a plateau area able to bear loads and a deterministic pattern of lubricant pockets. Six surface typologies, namely three multifunctional and three machined using classical processes, were chosen to slide against a mirror....... The results comparison showed clearly how employing multifunctional surfaces can reduce friction forces up to 50 % at high normal loads compared to regularly ground or turned surfaces. Friction coefficients approximately equal to 0.12 were found for classically machined surfaces, whereas the values were 0...
Statistical optimization of cultural conditions by response surface ...
STORAGESEVER
Aug 4, 2009 ... Full Length Research Paper. Statistical optimization of cultural conditions by response surface methodology for phenol degradation by a novel ... Phenol is a hydrocarbon compound that is highly toxic, ... Microorganism.
Regularity conditions of the field on a toroidal magnetic surface
Bouligand, M.
We show that a field B vector which is derived from an analytic canonical potential on an ordinary toroidal surface is regular on this surface when the potential satisfies an elliptic equation (owing to the conservative field) subject to certain conditions of regularity of its coefficients [fr
Studies of heat transfer having relevance to nuclear reactor containment cooling by buoyancy-driven air flow
Jackson, J. D.; Li, J.; Wang, J. [The Univ., of Manchester, Manchester (United Kingdom)
Two separate effects experiments concerned with buoyancy-influenced convective heat transfer in vertical passages which have relevance to the problem of nuclear reactor containment cooling by means of buoyancy-driven airflow are described. A feature of each is that local values of heat transfer coefficient are determined on surfaces maintained at uniform temperature. Experimental results are presented which highlight the need for buoyancy-induced impairment of turbulent convective heat transfer to be accounted for in the design of such passive cooling systems. A strategy is presented for predicting the heat removal by combined convective and radiative heat transfer from a full scale nuclear reactor containment shell using such experimental results.
Effect of multipactor conditioning on technical electrode surfaces
Graves, T. P.; Spektor, R.; Stout, P.
Historically, multipactor conditioning has been utilized to remove surface contaminants from rf electrodes by electron-stimulated gas desorption, and such conditioning has been shown to reduce multipactor susceptibility. Multipactor threshold improvements are due to increasing E 1 , the minimum energy for the secondary electron coefficient, δ>1, such that resonant electrons are incapable of producing discharge-sustaining secondary emission. Using an rf amplitude sweep technique, the evolution of the multipactor threshold is measured as a function of multipactor conditioning time for a series of technical electrode surfaces. Results show over +3 dB of threshold improvement in copper and gold electrodes, while the aluminum threshold actually decreases with conditioning exposure. Additionally, these conditioning results indicate the possible voltage region for transient-mode multipaction (TMM), which can cause significant risk to rf systems such as space satellite components for which in-situ conditioning is generally not possible. Experimental results and supporting Monte Carlo particle tracking simulation results are presented.
Characteristics of modified martensitic stainless steel surfaces under tribocorrosion conditions
Rozing, Goran; Marusic, Vlatko; Alar, Vesna
Stainless steel samples were tested in the laboratory and under real conditions of tribocorrosion wear. Electrochemical tests were also carried out to verify the corrosion resistance of modified steel surfaces. Metallographic analysis and hardness testing were conducted on stainless steel samples X20Cr13 and X17CrNi16 2. The possibilities of applications of modified surfaces of the selected steels were investigated by testing the samples under real wear conditions. The results have shown that the induction hardened and subsequently nitrided martensitic steels achieved an average wear resistance of up to three orders of magnitude higher as compared to the delivered condition.
Rozing, Goran [Osijek Univ. (Croatia). Chair of Mechanical Engineering; Marusic, Vlatko [Osijek Univ. (Croatia). Dept. of Engineering Materials; Alar, Vesna [Zagreb Univ. (Croatia). Dept. Materials
An Analysis of Tax Buoyancy Rates
Farooq Rasheed
Full Text Available By using econometric techniques for estimating tax elasticities, this paper findssignificant but low tax buoyancy rates for GDP, M0 and volume of trade. Surprisingly,the theoretically important factor of tax evasion (SFTR was found to be ineffective. Thisindicates that SFTR is not an adequate measure of tax evasion. There is no significantassociation between tax revenue growth and investment, credit, public debt and inflation.This illustrates the weakness of the tax regime in Pakistan.
Energy spectrum of buoyancy-driven turbulence
Kumar, Abhishek
Using high-resolution direct numerical simulation and arguments based on the kinetic energy flux Πu, we demonstrate that, for stably stratified flows, the kinetic energy spectrum Eu(k)∼k-11/5, the potential energy spectrum Eθ(k)∼k-7/5, and Πu(k)∼k-4/5 are consistent with the Bolgiano-Obukhov scaling. This scaling arises due to the conversion of kinetic energy to the potential energy by buoyancy. For weaker buoyancy, this conversion is weak, hence Eu(k) follows Kolmogorov\\'s spectrum with a constant energy flux. For Rayleigh-Bénard convection, we show that the energy supply rate by buoyancy is positive, which leads to an increasing Πu(k) with k, thus ruling out Bolgiano-Obukhov scaling for the convective turbulence. Our numerical results show that convective turbulence for unit Prandt number exhibits a constant Πu(k) and Eu(k)∼k-5/3 for a narrow band of wave numbers. © 2014 American Physical Society.
Interactions of hydroxyapatite surfaces: conditioning films of human whole saliva.
Cárdenas, Marité; Valle-Delgado, Juan José; Hamit, Jildiz; Rutland, Mark W; Arnebrant, Thomas
Hydroxyapatite is a very interesting material given that it is the main component in tooth enamel and because of its uses in bone implant applications. Therefore, not only the characterization of its surface is of high relevance but also designing reliable methods to study the interfacial properties of films adsorbed onto it. In this paper we apply the colloidal probe atomic force microscopy method to investigate the surface properties of commercially available hydroxyapatite surfaces (both microscopic particles and macroscopic discs) in terms of interfacial and frictional forces. In this way, we find that hydroxyapatite surfaces at physiological relevant conditions are slightly negatively charged. The surfaces were then exposed to human whole saliva, and the surface properties were re-evaluated. A thick film was formed that was very resistant to mechanical stress. The frictional measurements demonstrated that the film was indeed highly lubricating, supporting the argument that this system may prove to be a relevant model for evaluating dental and implant systems.
Release of radon contaminants from Yucca Mountain: The role of buoyancy driven flow
Sullivan, T.M.; Pescatore, C.
The potential for the repository heat source to promote buoyancy driven flow and thereby cause release of radon gas out of Yucca Mountain has been examined through a critical review of the theoretical and experimental studies of this process. The review indicates that steady-state buoyancy enhanced release of natural radon and other contaminant gases should not be a major concern at Yucca Mountain. Barometric pumping and wind pumping are identified as two processes that will have a potentially greater effect on surface releases of gases
Osteogenic potential of laser modified and conditioned titanium zirconium surfaces
P David Charles
Full Text Available Statement of Problem: The osseointegration of dental implant is related to their composition and surface treatment. Titanium zirconium (TiZr has been introduced as an alternative to the commercially pure titanium and its alloys as dental implant material, which is attributed to its superior mechanical and biological properties. Surface treatments of TiZr have been introduced to enhance their osseointegration ability; however, reliable, easy to use surface modification technique has not been established. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd-YAG laser surface treatment of TiZr implant alloy on their osteogenic potential. Materials and Methods: Twenty disc-shaped samples of 5 mm diameter and 2 mm height were milled from the TiZr alloy ingot. The polished discs were ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water. Ten samples each were randomly selected as Group A control samples and Group B consisted of Nd-YAG laser surface etched and conditioned test samples. These were evaluated for cellular response. Cellular adhesion and proliferation were quantified, and the results were statistically analyzed using nonparametric analysis. Cellular morphology was observed using electron and epiflurosence microscopy. Results: Nd-YAG laser surface modified and conditioned TiZr samples increased the osteogenic potential. Conclusion: Nd-YAG laser surface modification of TiZr, improves the cellular activity, surface roughness, and wettability, thereby increasing the osteogenic potential.
Annual and seasonal mean buoyancy fluxes for the tropical Indian Ocean
Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India)
Prasad, T.G.
. The fluxes of heat and freshwater across the air-sea interface, and hence the surface buoyancy flux, show strong spatial and temporal variability. The Bay of Bengal and eastern equatorial Indian Ocean are characterized by a net freshwater gain due to heavy...
Feedback mechanisms of shallow convective clouds in a warmer climate as demonstrated by changes in buoyancy
Dagan, G.; Koren, I.; Altaratz, O.; Feingold, G.
Cloud feedbacks could influence significantly the overall response of the climate system to global warming. Here we study the response of warm convective clouds to a uniform temperature change under constant relative humidity (RH) conditions. We show that an increase in temperature drives competing effects at the cloud scale: a reduction in the thermal buoyancy term and an increase in the humidity buoyancy term. Both effects are driven by the increased contrast in the water vapor content between the cloud and its environment, under warming with constant RH. The increase in the moisture content contrast between the cloud and its environment enhances the evaporation at the cloud margins, increases the entrainment, and acts to cool the cloud. Hence, there is a reduction in the thermal buoyancy term, despite the fact that theoretically this term should increase.
Effects of Buoyancy on Laminar and Turbulent Premixed V-Flame
Cheng, Robert K.; Bedat, Benoit
Turbulent combustion occurs naturally in almost all combustion systems and involves complex dynamic coupling of chemical and fluid mechanical processes. It is considered as one of the most challenging combustion research problems today. Though buoyancy has little effect on power generating systems operating under high pressures (e.g., IC engines and turbines), flames in atmospheric burners and the operation of small to medium furnaces and boilers are profoundly affected by buoyancy. Changes in burner orientation impacts on their blow-off, flash-back and extinction limits, and their range of operation, burning rate, heat transfer, and emissions. Theoretically, buoyancy is often neglected in turbulent combustion models. Yet the modeling results are routinely compared with experiments of open laboratory flames that are obviously affected by buoyancy. This inconsistency is an obstacle to reconciling experiments and theories. Consequently, a fundamental understanding of the coupling between turbulent flames and buoyancy is significant to both turbulent combustion science and applications. The overall effect of buoyancy relates to the dynamic interaction between the flame and its surrounding, i.e., the so-called elliptical problem. The overall flame shape, its flowfield, stability, and mean and local burning rates are dictated by both upstream and downstream boundary conditions. In steady propagating premixed flames, buoyancy affects the products region downstream of the flame zone. These effects are manifested upstream through the mean and fluctuating pressure fields to influence flame stretch and flame wrinkling. Intuitively, the effects buoyancy should diminish with increasing flow momentum. This is the justification for excluding buoyancy in turbulent combustion models that treats high Reynolds number flows. The objectives of our experimental research program is to elucidate flame-buoyancy coupling processes in laminar and turbulent premixed flames, and to
Boundary conditions for free surface inlet and outlet problems
Taroni, M.; Breward, C. J. W.; Howell, P. D.; Oliver, J. M.
We investigate and compare the boundary conditions that are to be applied to free-surface problems involving inlet and outlets of Newtonian fluid, typically found in coating processes. The flux of fluid is a priori known at an inlet, but unknown
Buoyancy Driven Natural Ventilation through Horizontal Openings
Heiselberg, Per
An experimental study of the phenomenon of buoyancy driven natural ventilation through single-sided horizontal openings was performed in a full-scale laboratory test rig. The measurements were made for opening ratios L/D ranging from 0.027 to 4.455, where L and D are the length of the opening and the diameter of the opening, respectively. The basic nature of airflow through single-sided openings, including airflow rate, air velocity, temperature difference between the rooms and the dimensions...
How Does the Gibbs Inequality Condition Affect the Stability and Detachment of Floating Spheres from the Free Surface of Water?
Feng, Dong-xia; Nguyen, Anh V
Floating objects on the air-water interfaces are central to a number of everyday activities, from walking on water by insects to flotation separation of valuable minerals using air bubbles. The available theories show that a fine sphere can float if the force of surface tension and buoyancies can support the sphere at the interface with an apical angle subtended by the circle of contact being larger than the contact angle. Here we show that the pinning of the contact line at the sharp edge, known as the Gibbs inequality condition, also plays a significant role in controlling the stability and detachment of floating spheres. Specifically, we truncated the spheres with different angles and used a force sensor device to measure the force of pushing the truncated spheres from the interface into water. We also developed a theoretical modeling to calculate the pushing force that in combination with experimental results shows different effects of the Gibbs inequality condition on the stability and detachment of the spheres from the water surface. For small angles of truncation, the Gibbs inequality condition does not affect the sphere detachment, and hence the classical theories on the floatability of spheres are valid. For large truncated angles, the Gibbs inequality condition determines the tenacity of the particle-meniscus contact and the stability and detachment of floating spheres. In this case, the classical theories on the floatability of spheres are no longer valid. A critical truncated angle for the transition from the classical to the Gibbs inequality regimes of detachment was also established. The outcomes of this research advance our understanding of the behavior of floating objects, in particular, the flotation separation of valuable minerals, which often contain various sharp edges of their crystal faces.
Long-term changes in the surface conditions of PLT
Cohen, S.A.; Dylla, H.F.; Rossnagel, S.M.; Picraux, S.T.; Borders, J.A.; Magee, C.W.
Long-term changes in the surface conditions of the PLT vacuum vessel wall have been monitored by the periodic analysis of a variety of sample substrates (stainless steel, alumina, silicon), exposed to PLT discharges for periods of up to several months and subsequently removed for analysis by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), photoelectron spectroscopy, ion backscattering, nuclear reaction analysis, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy
Effect of surface wettability caused by radiation induced surface activation on leidenfrost condition
Takamasa, T.; Hazuku, T.; Tamura, N.; Okamoto, K.; Mishima, K.; Furuya, M.
Improving the limit of boiling heat transfer or critical heat flux requires that the cooling liquid can contact the heating surface, or a high-wettability, highly hydrophilic heating surface, even if a vapor bubble layer is generated on the surface. From this basis, we investigated surface wettability and Leidenfrost condition using metal oxides irradiated by γ-rays. In our previous study, contact angle, an indicator of macroscopic wettability, of a water droplet on metal oxide at room temperature was measured by image processing of the images obtained by a CCD video camera. The results showed that the surface wettability on metal oxide pieces of titanium, Zircaloy No. 4, SUS-304, and copper was improved significantly by the Radiation Induced Surface Activation (RISA) phenomenon. To delineate the effect of Radiation Induced Surface Activation (RISA) on heat transferring phenomena, the Leidenfrost condition and quenching of metal oxides irradiated by γ-rays were investigated. In the Leidenfrost experiment, when the temperature of the heating surface reached the wetting limit temperature, water-solid contact vanished because a stable vapor film existed between the droplet and the metal surface; i.e., a Leidenfrost condition obtained. The wetting limit temperature increased with integrated irradiation dose. After irradiation, the wet length and the duration of contact increased, and the contact angle decreased. In the quenching test, high surface wettability, or a highly hydrophilic condition, of a simulated fuel rod made of SUS was achieved, and the quenching velocities were increased up to 20-30% after 300 kGy 60Co γ-ray irradiation
Takamasa, T.; Hazuku, T.; Tamura, N.; Okamoto, K. [Tokyo Univ., Tokyo (Japan); Mishima, K. [Kyoto Univ., Kyoto (Japan); Furuya, M. [Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo (Japan)
Improving the limit of boiling heat transfer or critical heat flux requires that the cooling liquid can contact the heating surface, or a high-wettability, highly hydrophilic heating surface, even if a vapor bubble layer is generated on the surface. From this basis, we investigated surface wettability and Leidenfrost condition using metal oxides irradiated by {gamma}-rays. In our previous study, contact angle, an indicator of macroscopic wettability, of a water droplet on metal oxide at room temperature was measured by image processing of the images obtained by a CCD video camera. The results showed that the surface wettability on metal oxide pieces of titanium, Zircaloy No. 4, SUS-304, and copper was improved significantly by the Radiation Induced Surface Activation (RISA) phenomenon. To delineate the effect of Radiation Induced Surface Activation (RISA) on heat transferring phenomena, the Leidenfrost condition and quenching of metal oxides irradiated by {gamma}-rays were investigated. In the Leidenfrost experiment, when the temperature of the heating surface reached the wetting limit temperature, water-solid contact vanished because a stable vapor film existed between the droplet and the metal surface; i.e., a Leidenfrost condition obtained. The wetting limit temperature increased with integrated irradiation dose. After irradiation, the wet length and the duration of contact increased, and the contact angle decreased. In the quenching test, high surface wettability, or a highly hydrophilic condition, of a simulated fuel rod made of SUS was achieved, and the quenching velocities were increased up to 20-30% after 300 kGy 60Co {gamma}-ray irradiation.
Skating on thin ice: surface chemistry under interstellar conditions
Fraser, H.; van Dishoeck, E.; Tielens, X.
Solid CO2 has been observed towards both active star forming regions and quiescent clouds (Gerakines et. al. (1999)). The high abundance of CO2 in the solid phase, and its low abundance in the gas phase, support the idea that CO2 is almost exclusively formed in the solid state. Several possible formation mechanisms have been postulated (Ruffle &Herbst (2001): Charnley &Kaufman (2000)), and the detection of CO2 towards quiescent sources such as Elias 16 (Whittet et. al. (1998)) clearly suggests that CO2 can be produced in the absence of UV or electron mediated processes. The most likely route is via the surface reactions between O atoms, or OH radicals, and CO. The tools of modern surface- science offer us the potential to determine many of the physical and chemical attributes of icy interstellar grain mantles under highly controlled conditions, that closely mimic interstellar environments. The Leiden Surface Reaction Simulation Device ( urfreside) combines UHV (UltraS High Vacuum) surface science techniques with an atomic beam to study chemical reactions occurring on the SURFACE and in the BULK of interstellar ice grain mimics. By simultaneously combining two or more surface analysis techniques, the chemical kinetics, reaction mechanisms and activation energies can be determined directly. The experiment is aimed at identifying the key barrierless reactions and desorption pathways on and in H2 O and CO ices under interstellar conditions. The results from traditional HV (high vacuum) and UHV studies of the CO + O and CO + OH reactions will be presented in this paper. Charnley, S.B., & Kaufman, M.J., 2000, ApJ, 529, L111 Gerakines, P.A., 1999, ApJ, 522, 357 Ruffle, D.P., & Herbst, E., 2001, MNRAS, 324, 1054 Whittet, D.C.B., et.al., 1998, ApJ, 498, L159
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW Resonators for Monitoring Conditioning Film Formation
Siegfried Hohmann
Full Text Available We propose surface acoustic wave (SAW resonators as a complementary tool for conditioning film monitoring. Conditioning films are formed by adsorption of inorganic and organic substances on a substrate the moment this substrate comes into contact with a liquid phase. In the case of implant insertion, for instance, initial protein adsorption is required to start wound healing, but it will also trigger immune reactions leading to inflammatory responses. The control of the initial protein adsorption would allow to promote the healing process and to suppress adverse immune reactions. Methods to investigate these adsorption processes are available, but it remains difficult to translate measurement results into actual protein binding events. Biosensor transducers allow user-friendly investigation of protein adsorption on different surfaces. The combination of several transduction principles leads to complementary results, allowing a more comprehensive characterization of the adsorbing layer. We introduce SAW resonators as a novel complementary tool for time-resolved conditioning film monitoring. SAW resonators were coated with polymers. The adsorption of the plasma proteins human serum albumin (HSA and fibrinogen onto the polymer-coated surfaces were monitored. Frequency results were compared with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM sensor measurements, which confirmed the suitability of the SAW resonators for this application.
Modified hot-conditioning of PHT system surfaces of PHWRs
Venkateswaran, G [Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Bombay (India)
The increased awareness on the importance of controlling activity transport and radiation buildup on out-of-core surfaces of water cooled nuclear reactors is leading to a host of measures both from chemistry as well as engineering sides being undertaken. Passivation of the surfaces of structural materials is one such. Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors of CANDU design use large surface area of carbon steel alloy in the Primary Heat Transport System. Hot-conditioning of the PHT system with deoxygenated light water at temperatures {approx_equal} 473 - 523 K during commissioning stage is done to form a protective magnetite film on the surfaces of carbon steel essentially to guard this material from corrosion during the intervening period between initial commissioning and first fuel loading and achieving nuclear heat. However, a need is felt to improve the quality of this magnetite film and control the crud release so that the twin objectives of controlling the corrosion of carbon steel and reducing a possible deposition of corrosion products on surfaces of fuel clad could be achieved. Laboratory static autoclave investigations have been carried out on the formation of protective magnetite film on carbon steel at 473 K, pH 10 (pH at 298 K) deoxygenated aqueous solutions of chelants like HEDTA, DTPA, NTA apart from EDTA. Additionally, influence of AVT chemicals like hydrazine, cyclohexylamine, morpholine and additives like glucose, boric acid has been studied. The data have been compared with the standard procedure of hot-conditioning namely with simple LiOH. It is found that chelants increase the base metal loss but the oxide formed is more protective than the one formed under simple LiOH treatment. The efficiency of passivation is greatly enhanced by hydrazine and boric acid while it is adversely affected by glucose. AVT chemicals acts as effective corrosion inhibitors. (author). 14 refs, 2 figs, 4 tabs.
Venkateswaran, G.
The increased awareness on the importance of controlling activity transport and radiation buildup on out-of-core surfaces of water cooled nuclear reactors is leading to a host of measures both from chemistry as well as engineering sides being undertaken. Passivation of the surfaces of structural materials is one such. Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors of CANDU design use large surface area of carbon steel alloy in the Primary Heat Transport System. Hot-conditioning of the PHT system with deoxygenated light water at temperatures ≅ 473 - 523 K during commissioning stage is done to form a protective magnetite film on the surfaces of carbon steel essentially to guard this material from corrosion during the intervening period between initial commissioning and first fuel loading and achieving nuclear heat. However, a need is felt to improve the quality of this magnetite film and control the crud release so that the twin objectives of controlling the corrosion of carbon steel and reducing a possible deposition of corrosion products on surfaces of fuel clad could be achieved. Laboratory static autoclave investigations have been carried out on the formation of protective magnetite film on carbon steel at 473 K, pH 10 (pH at 298 K) deoxygenated aqueous solutions of chelants like HEDTA, DTPA, NTA apart from EDTA. Additionally, influence of AVT chemicals like hydrazine, cyclohexylamine, morpholine and additives like glucose, boric acid has been studied. The data have been compared with the standard procedure of hot-conditioning namely with simple LiOH. It is found that chelants increase the base metal loss but the oxide formed is more protective than the one formed under simple LiOH treatment. The efficiency of passivation is greatly enhanced by hydrazine and boric acid while it is adversely affected by glucose. AVT chemicals acts as effective corrosion inhibitors. (author). 14 refs, 2 figs, 4 tabs
An experimental study of the phenomenon of buoyancy driven natural ventilation through single-sided horizontal openings was performed in a full-scale laboratory test rig. The measurements were made for opening ratios L/D ranging from 0.027 to 4.455, where L and D are the length of the opening...... and the diameter of the opening, respectively. The basic nature of airflow through single-sided openings, including airflow rate, air velocity, temperature difference between the rooms and the dimensions of the horizontal openings, were measured. A bi-directional airflow rate was measured using the constant...... quite well with the Epstein's formula ratio are presented. In some cases the measured airflow rates fit quite well with the Epstein's formula but in other cases the measured data show clear deviations from the Epstein's formula. Thus, revised formulas for natural ventilation are proposed....
Heiselberg, Per; Li, Zhigang
An experimental study of the phenomenon of buoyancy driven natural ventilation through single-sided horizontal openings was performed in a full-scale laboratory test rig. The measurements were made for opening ratios L/D ranging from 0.027 to 4.455, where L and D are the length of the opening...... and the diameter of the opening, respectively. The basic nature of airflow through single-sided openings, including airflow rate, air velocity, temperature difference between the rooms and the dimensions of the horizontal openings, were measured. A bi-directional airflow rate was measured using the constant...... quite well with the Epstein's formula but in other cases the measured data show clear deviations from the Epstein's formula. Thus, revised formulas for natural ventilation are proposed....
Astronaut Training in the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator
This photograph shows an STS-61 astronaut training for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing mission (STS-61) in the Marshall Space Flight Center's (MSFC's) Neutral Buoyancy Simulator (NBS). Two months after its deployment in space, scientists detected a 2-micron spherical aberration in the primary mirror of the HST that affected the telescope's ability to focus faint light sources into a precise point. This imperfection was very slight, one-fiftieth of the width of a human hair. A scheduled Space Service servicing mission (STS-61) in 1993 permitted scientists to correct the problem. The MSFC NBS provided an excellent environment for testing hardware to examine how it would operate in space and for evaluating techniques for space construction and spacecraft servicing.
Experimental aspects of buoyancy correction in measuring reliable highpressure excess adsorption isotherms using the gravimetric method.
Nguyen, Huong Giang T; Horn, Jarod C; Thommes, Matthias; van Zee, Roger D; Espinal, Laura
Addressing reproducibility issues in adsorption measurements is critical to accelerating the path to discovery of new industrial adsorbents and to understanding adsorption processes. A National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference Material, RM 8852 (ammonium ZSM-5 zeolite), and two gravimetric instruments with asymmetric two-beam balances were used to measure high-pressure adsorption isotherms. This work demonstrates how common approaches to buoyancy correction, a key factor in obtaining the mass change due to surface excess gas uptake from the apparent mass change, can impact the adsorption isotherm data. Three different approaches to buoyancy correction were investigated and applied to the subcritical CO 2 and supercritical N 2 adsorption isotherms at 293 K. It was observed that measuring a collective volume for all balance components for the buoyancy correction (helium method) introduces an inherent bias in temperature partition when there is a temperature gradient (i.e. analysis temperature is not equal to instrument air bath temperature). We demonstrate that a blank subtraction is effective in mitigating the biases associated with temperature partitioning, instrument calibration, and the determined volumes of the balance components. In general, the manual and subtraction methods allow for better treatment of the temperature gradient during buoyancy correction. From the study, best practices specific to asymmetric two-beam balances and more general recommendations for measuring isotherms far from critical temperatures using gravimetric instruments are offered.
Repairability of Compomers with Different Methods of Surface Conditioning
P.Samimi
Full Text Available Statement of Problem: Considering the cost and amount of time and also the quantity of tooth loss in the process of cavity preparation, repair of the restoration instead of itsreplacement would be much more efficient.Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different methods of surface conditioning on the shear bond strength of repaired compomers.Materials and Methods: Sixty blocks of compomer were prepared in acrylic molds and then they were randomly divided into five groups of 12. Group I (control groupreceived no treatment. The remaining samples were immersed in 37 ºC distilled water for one week, then the surfaces were roughened with a coarse diamond bur. Samples ineach group were prepared by different surface treatment and conditioning: In group II specimens were conditioned with 35% phosphoric acid for 20s. Specimens in group III were etched with 10% polyacrylic acid for 20s. In group IV 1.23% acidulated phosphatefluoride was applied for 30s, and compomer surfaces were sandblasted with 50μm Al2O3 powder in group V. After the initial preparations, all groups were treated with silane and resin before bonding of the second mix of compomer. Shear forces were applied with a universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 5mm/min. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests.Results: The mean shear bond strengths and standard deviations (in parentheses for groups I to V were 31.56(10.86, 20.02(5.49, 17.74(7.34, 19.31(4.31 and 27.7(6.33MPa, respectively. The mean bond strengths for Groups I and V were significantly higher than that of the other groups (P<0.05.Conclusion: The results showed that among the surface treatments used in this study,sandblasting with alumina could be the best surface preparation method for repairing compomer restorations.
Conditions affecting the release of phosphorus from surface lake sediments.
Christophoridis, Christophoros; Fytianos, Konstantinos
Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of pH and redox conditions, as well as the effect of Fe, Mn, Ca, Al, and organic matter, on the release of ortho-phosphates in lake sediments taken from Lakes Koronia and Volvi (Northern Greece). Results were evaluated in combination with experiments to determine P fractionation in the sediment. The study revealed the major effect of redox potential and pH on the release of P from lake sediments. Both lakes showed increased release rates under reductive conditions and high pH values. The fractionation experiments revealed increased mobility of the reductive P fraction as well as of the NaOH-P fraction, indicating participation of both fractions in the overall release of sediment-bound P, depending on the prevailing environmental conditions. The results were assessed in combination with the release patterns of Fe, Mn, Ca, Al, and organic matter, enabling the identification of more specific processes of P release for each lake. The basic release patterns included the redox induced reductive dissolution of P-bearing metal oxides and the competitive exchange of phosphate anions with OH- at high pH values. The formation of an oxidized surface microlayer under oxic conditions acted as a protective film, preventing further P release from the sediments of Lake Volvi, while sediments from Lake Koronia exhibited a continuous and increased tendency to release P under various physicochemical conditions, acting as a constant source of internal P loading.
An AES Study of the Room Temperature Surface Conditioning of Technological Metal Surfaces by Electron Irradiation
Scheuerlein, C; Hilleret, Noël; Taborelli, M; Brown, A; Baker, M A
The modifications to technological copper and niobium surfaces induced by 2.5 keV electron irradiation have been investigated in the context of the conditioning process occurring in particle accelerator ultra high vacuum systems. Changes in the elemental surface composition have been found using Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM) by monitoring the carbon, oxygen and metal Auger peak intensities as a function of electron irradiation in the dose range 10-6 to 10-2 C mm-2. The surface analysis resu...
Cooling the vertical surface by conditionally single pulses
Karpov Pavel
Full Text Available You Sprays with periodic supply of the droplet phase have great opportunities to control the heat exchange processes. Varying pulse duration and frequency of their repetition, we can achieve the optimal conditions of evaporative cooling with minimization of the liquid flow rate. The paper presents experimental data on studying local heat transfer on a large subcooled surface, obtained on the original setup with multinozzle controlled system of impact irrigation by the gas-droplet flow. A contribution to intensification of the spray parameters (flow rate, pulse duration, repetition frequency per a growth of integral heat transfer was studied. Data on instantaneous distribution of the heat flux value helped us to describe the processes occurring on the studied surface. These data could describe the regime of “island� film cooling.
Taroni, M.
We investigate and compare the boundary conditions that are to be applied to free-surface problems involving inlet and outlets of Newtonian fluid, typically found in coating processes. The flux of fluid is a priori known at an inlet, but unknown at an outlet, where it is governed by the local behaviour near the film-forming meniscus. In the limit of vanishing capillary number Ca it is well known that the flux scales with Ca 2/3, but this classical result is non-uniform as the contact angle approaches π. By examining this limit we find a solution that is uniformly valid for all contact angles. Furthermore, by considering the far-field behaviour of the free surface we show that there exists a critical capillary number above which the problem at an inlet becomes over-determined. The implications of this result for the modelling of coating flows are discussed. © 2012 Cambridge University Press.
Karpov, Pavel; Nazarov, Alexander; Serov, Anatoly; Terekhov, Victor
You Sprays with periodic supply of the droplet phase have great opportunities to control the heat exchange processes. Varying pulse duration and frequency of their repetition, we can achieve the optimal conditions of evaporative cooling with minimization of the liquid flow rate. The paper presents experimental data on studying local heat transfer on a large subcooled surface, obtained on the original setup with multinozzle controlled system of impact irrigation by the gas-droplet flow. A contribution to intensification of the spray parameters (flow rate, pulse duration, repetition frequency) per a growth of integral heat transfer was studied. Data on instantaneous distribution of the heat flux value helped us to describe the processes occurring on the studied surface. These data could describe the regime of "island" film cooling.
Convective environment in pre-monsoon and monsoon conditions over the Indian subcontinent: the impact of surface forcing
L. Thomas
Full Text Available Thermodynamic soundings for pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons from the Indian subcontinent are analysed to document differences between convective environments. The pre-monsoon environment features more variability for both near-surface moisture and free-tropospheric temperature and moisture profiles. As a result, the level of neutral buoyancy (LNB and pseudo-adiabatic convective available potential energy (CAPE vary more for the pre-monsoon environment. Pre-monsoon soundings also feature higher lifting condensation levels (LCLs. LCL heights are shown to depend on the availability of surface moisture, with low LCLs corresponding to high surface humidity, arguably because of the availability of soil moisture. A simple theoretical argument is developed and showed to mimic the observed relationship between LCLs and surface moisture. We argue that the key element is the partitioning of surface energy flux into its sensible and latent components, that is, the surface Bowen ratio, and the way the Bowen ratio affects surface buoyancy flux. We support our argument with observations of changes in the Bowen ratio and LCL height around the monsoon onset, and with idealized simulations of cloud fields driven by surface heat fluxes with different Bowen ratios.
Conditions for mould growth on typical interior surfaces
Møller, Eva B.; Andersen, Birgitte; Rode, Carsten
Prediction of the risk for mould growth is an important parameter for the analysis and design of the hygrothermal performance of building constructions. However, in practice the mould growth does not always follow the predicted behavior described by the mould growth models. This is often explained...... by uncertainty in the real conditions of exposure. In this study, laboratory experiments were designed to determine mould growth at controlled transient climate compared to growth at constant climate. The experiment included three building materials with four different surface treatments. The samples were...
Buoyancy effects in vertical rectangular duct with coplanar magnetic field and single sided heat load
Kostichev, P. I.; Poddubnyi, I. I.; Razuvanov, N. G.
In some DEMO blanket designs liquid metal flows in vertical ducts of rectangular cross-section between ceramic breeder units providing their cooling. Heat exchange in these conditions is governed by the influence of magnetic field (coplanar) and by buoyancy effects that depend on the flow orientation to the gravity vector (downward and upward flow). Magnetohydrodynamic and heat transfer of liquid metal in vertical rectangular ducts is not well researched. Experimental study of buoyancy effects in rectangular duct with coplanar magnetic field for one-sided heat load and downward and upward flowsis presented in this paper. The detail research with has been done on mercury MHD close loop with using of the probe technique allow to discover several advantageous and disadvantageous effects. The intensive impact of buoyancy force has been observed in a few regime of downward flow which has been laminarized by magnetic field. Due to the development in the flow of the secondary large-scale vortices heat transfer improved and the temperature fluctuations of the abnormally high intensity have been fixed. On the contrary, in the upward flow the buoyancy force stabilized the flow which lead to decreasing of the turbulence heat transfer ratio and, consequently, deterioration of heat transfer.
Effect of buoyancy on fuel containment in an open-cycle gas-core nuclear rocket engine.
Putre, H. A.
Analysis aimed at determining the scaling laws for the buoyancy effect on fuel containment in an open-cycle gas-core nuclear rocket engine, so conducted that experimental conditions can be related to engine conditions. The fuel volume fraction in a short coaxial flow cavity is calculated with a programmed numerical solution of the steady Navier-Stokes equations for isothermal, variable density fluid mixing. A dimensionless parameter B, called the Buoyancy number, was found to correlate the fuel volume fraction for large accelerations and various density ratios. This parameter has the value B = 0 for zero acceleration, and B = 350 for typical engine conditions.
Surface and subsurface conditions in permafrost areas - a literature review
Vidstrand, Patrik
This report contains a summary of some of the information within existing technical and scientific literature on permafrost. Permafrost is viewed as one of the future climate driven process domains that may exist in Scandinavia, and that may give rise to significantly different surface and subsurface conditions than the present. Except for changes in the biosphere, permafrost may impact hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical subsurface processes and conditions. Permafrost and its influences on the subsurface conditions are thus of interest for the performance and safety assessments of deep geological waste repositories. The definition of permafrost is 'ground that stays at or below 0 deg C for at least two consecutive years'. Permafrost will effect the geological subsurface to some depth. How deep the permafrost may grow is a function of the heat balance, thermal conditions at the surface and within the ground, and the geothermal heat flux from the Earth's inner parts. The main chapters of the report summaries the knowledge on permafrost evolution, occurrence and distribution, and extracts information concerning hydrology and mechanical and chemical impacts due to permafrost related conditions. The results of a literature review are always dependent on the available literature. Concerning permafrost there is some literature available from investigations in the field of long-term repositories and some from mining industries. However, reports of these investigations are few and the bulk of permafrost literature comes from the science departments concerned with surficial processes (e.g. geomorphology, hydrology, agriculture, etc) and from engineering concerns, such as foundation of constructions and pipeline design. This focus within the permafrost research inevitably yields a biased but also an abundant amount of information on localised surficial processes and a limited amount on regional and deep permafrost characteristics. Possible conclusions are that there is
Vidstrand, Patrik [Bergab, Goeteborg (Sweden)
This report contains a summary of some of the information within existing technical and scientific literature on permafrost. Permafrost is viewed as one of the future climate driven process domains that may exist in Scandinavia, and that may give rise to significantly different surface and subsurface conditions than the present. Except for changes in the biosphere, permafrost may impact hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical subsurface processes and conditions. Permafrost and its influences on the subsurface conditions are thus of interest for the performance and safety assessments of deep geological waste repositories. The definition of permafrost is 'ground that stays at or below 0 deg C for at least two consecutive years'. Permafrost will effect the geological subsurface to some depth. How deep the permafrost may grow is a function of the heat balance, thermal conditions at the surface and within the ground, and the geothermal heat flux from the Earth's inner parts. The main chapters of the report summaries the knowledge on permafrost evolution, occurrence and distribution, and extracts information concerning hydrology and mechanical and chemical impacts due to permafrost related conditions. The results of a literature review are always dependent on the available literature. Concerning permafrost there is some literature available from investigations in the field of long-term repositories and some from mining industries. However, reports of these investigations are few and the bulk of permafrost literature comes from the science departments concerned with surficial processes (e.g. geomorphology, hydrology, agriculture, etc) and from engineering concerns, such as foundation of constructions and pipeline design. This focus within the permafrost research inevitably yields a biased but also an abundant amount of information on localised surficial processes and a limited amount on regional and deep permafrost characteristics. Possible conclusions are that
Reductive precipitation of neptunium on iron surfaces under anaerobic conditions
Yang, H.; Cui, D.; Grolimund, D.; Rondinella, V. V.; Brütsch, R.; Amme, M.; Kutahyali, C.; Wiss, A. T.; Puranen, A.; Spahiu, K.
Reductive precipitation of the radiotoxic nuclide 237Np from nuclear waste on the surface of iron canister material at simulated deep repository conditions was investigated. Pristine polished as well as pre-corroded iron specimens were interacted in a deoxygenated solution containing 10-100 μM Np(V), with 10 mM NaCl and 2 mM NaHCO3 as background electrolytes. The reactivity of each of the two different systems was investigated by analyzing the temporal evolution of the Np concentration in the reservoir. It was observed that pre-oxidized iron specimen with a 40 μm Fe3O4 corrosion layer are considerably more reactive regarding the reduction and immobilization of aqueous Np(V) as compared to pristine polished Fe(0) surfaces. 237Np immobilized by the reactive iron surfaces was characterized by scanning electron microscopy as well as synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. At the end of experiments, a 5-8 μm thick Np-rich layer was observed to be formed ontop of the Fe3O4 corrosion layer on the iron specimen. The findings from this work are significant in the context of performance assessments of deep geologic repositories using iron as high level radioactive waste (HLW) canister material and are of relevance regarding removing pollutants from contaminated soil or groundwater aquifer systems.
Scheuerlein, C; Taborelli, M; Brown, A; Baker, M A
The modifications to technological copper and niobium surfaces induced by 2.5 keV electron irradiation have been investigated in the context of the conditioning process occurring in particle accelerator ultra high vacuum systems. Changes in the elemental surface composition have been found using Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM) by monitoring the carbon, oxygen and metal Auger peak intensities as a function of electron irradiation in the dose range 10-6 to 10-2 C mm-2. The surface analysis results are compared with electron dose dependent secondary electron and electron stimulated desorption yield measurements. Initially the electron irradiation causes a surface cleaning through electron stimulated desorption, in particular of hydrogen. During this period both the electron stimulated desorption and secondary electron yield decrease as a function of electron dose. When the electron dose exceeds 10-4 C mm-2 electron stimulated desorption yields are reduced by several orders of magnitude and the electron beam indu...
Tail thrust of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix at different buoyancies, speeds, and swimming angles.
Ogilvy, C S; DuBois, A B
1. The tail thrust of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix was measured using a body accelerometer at different water speeds, buoyancies, and angles of water flow to determine the contribution of tail thrust in overcoming parasitic drag, induced drag, and weight directed along the track. The lengths and weights of the fish averaged 0.52 m and 1.50 kg respectively. 2. The tail thrust overcoming parasitic drag in Newtons, as measured during neutral buoyancy, was: 0.51 x speed + 0.15, with a standard error of estimate of 0.09 N. 3. When buoyancy was altered by the introduction or removal of air from a balloon implanted in the swim bladder, the tail thrust was altered by an amount of the same order as the value calculated for the induced drag of the pectoral fins. 4. The component of weight directed backward along the track was the weight in water multiplied by the sine of the angle of the swimming tunnel relative to horizontal. When this force was added to the calculated induced drag and tail thrust measured at neutral buoyancy, the rearward force equal to the tail thrust, at 45 ml negative buoyancy, 0.5 m s-1, and 15 degrees head up, was 0.12 N due to weight + 0.05 N due to induced drag + 0.40 N due to parasitic drag = 0.57 N total rearward force. 5. The conditions required for gliding were not achieved in our bluefish because the drag exceeded the component of the weight in water directed forward along the track at speeds above the stalling speed of the pectoral fins.
Buoyancy flow in fractures intersecting a nuclear waste repository
Wang, J.S.Y.; Tsang, C.F.
The thermally induced buoyancy flow in fractured rocks around a nuclear waste repository is of major concern in the evaluation of the regional, long-term impact of nuclear waste disposal in geological formation. In this study, buoyancy flow and the development of convective cells are calculated in vertical fractures passing through or positioned near a repository. Interaction between buoyancy flow and regional hydraulic gradient is studied as a function of time, and the interference of intersecting fractures with each other is also discussed
Homogeneous purely buoyancy driven turbulent flow
Arakeri, Jaywant; Cholemari, Murali; Pawar, Shashikant
An unstable density difference across a long vertical tube open at both ends leads to convection that is axially homogeneous with a linear density gradient. We report results from such tube convection experiments, with driving density caused by salt concentration difference or temperature difference. At high enough Rayleigh numbers (Ra) the convection is turbulent with zero mean flow and zero mean Reynolds shear stresses; thus turbulent production is purely by buoyancy. We observe different regimes of turbulent convection. At very high Ra the Nusselt number scales as the square root of the Rayleigh number, giving the so-called "ultimate regime" of convection predicted for Rayleigh-Benard convection in limit of infinite Ra. Turbulent convection at intermediate Ra, the Nusselt number scales as Ra^0.3. In both regimes, the flux and the Taylor scale Reynolds number are more than order of magnitude larger than those obtained in Rayleigh-Benard convection. Absence of a mean flow makes this an ideal flow to study shear free turbulence near a wall.
Surface layer conditions of the atmosphere over western Bay of Bengal during Monex
Anto, A.F.; Rao, L.V.G.; Somayajulu, Y.K.
Based on surface meteorological data and wave data collected from 2 stations in the western Bay of Bengal in July 1979, surface layer (SL) conditions of the atmosphere for different situations of surface circulations and the associated sea surface...
The Principles of Buoyancy in Marine Fish Eggs and Their Vertical Distributions across the World Oceans.
Sundby, Svein; Kristiansen, Trond
Buoyancy acting on plankton, i.e. the difference in specific gravity between plankton and the ambient water, is a function of salinity and temperature. From specific gravity measurements of marine fish eggs salinity appears to be the only determinant of the buoyancy indicating that the thermal expansions of the fish egg and the ambient seawater are equal. We analyze the mechanisms behind thermal expansion in fish eggs in order to determine to what extent it can be justified to neglect the effects of temperature on buoyancy. Our results confirm the earlier assumptions that salinity is the basic determinant on buoyancy in marine fish eggs that, in turn, influence the vertical distributions and, consequently, the dispersal of fish eggs from the spawning areas. Fish populations have adapted accordingly by producing egg specific gravities that tune the egg buoyancy to create specific vertical distributions for each local population. A wide variety of buoyancy adaptations are found among fish populations. The ambient physical conditions at the spawning sites form a basic constraint for adaptation. In coastal regions where salinity increases with depth, and where the major fraction of the fish stocks spawns, pelagic and mesopelagic egg distributions dominate. However, in the larger part of worlds' oceans salinity decreases with depth resulting in different egg distributions. Here, the principles of vertical distributions of fish eggs in the world oceans are presented in an overarching framework presenting the basic differences between regions, mainly coastal, where salinity increases with depth and the major part of the world oceans where salinity decreases with depth. We show that under these latter conditions, steady-state vertical distribution of mesopelagic fish eggs cannot exist as it does in most coastal regions. In fact, a critical spawning depth must exist where spawning below this depth threshold results in eggs sinking out of the water column and become lost for
The Principles of Buoyancy in Marine Fish Eggs and Their Vertical Distributions across the World Oceans
Buoyancy acting on plankton, i.e. the difference in specific gravity between plankton and the ambient water, is a function of salinity and temperature. From specific gravity measurements of marine fish eggs salinity appears to be the only determinant of the buoyancy indicating that the thermal expansions of the fish egg and the ambient seawater are equal. We analyze the mechanisms behind thermal expansion in fish eggs in order to determine to what extent it can be justified to neglect the effects of temperature on buoyancy. Our results confirm the earlier assumptions that salinity is the basic determinant on buoyancy in marine fish eggs that, in turn, influence the vertical distributions and, consequently, the dispersal of fish eggs from the spawning areas. Fish populations have adapted accordingly by producing egg specific gravities that tune the egg buoyancy to create specific vertical distributions for each local population. A wide variety of buoyancy adaptations are found among fish populations. The ambient physical conditions at the spawning sites form a basic constraint for adaptation. In coastal regions where salinity increases with depth, and where the major fraction of the fish stocks spawns, pelagic and mesopelagic egg distributions dominate. However, in the larger part of worlds’ oceans salinity decreases with depth resulting in different egg distributions. Here, the principles of vertical distributions of fish eggs in the world oceans are presented in an overarching framework presenting the basic differences between regions, mainly coastal, where salinity increases with depth and the major part of the world oceans where salinity decreases with depth. We show that under these latter conditions, steady-state vertical distribution of mesopelagic fish eggs cannot exist as it does in most coastal regions. In fact, a critical spawning depth must exist where spawning below this depth threshold results in eggs sinking out of the water column and become lost
Surface chemistry of tribochemical reactions explored in ultrahigh vacuum conditions
Lara-Romero, Javier; Maya-Yescas, Rafael; Rico-Cerda, Jose Luis; Rivera-Rojas, Jose Luis; Castillo, Fernando Chinas; Kaltchev, Matey; Tysoe, Wilfred T.
The thermal decomposition of model extreme-pressure lubricant additives on clean iron was studied in ultrahigh vacuum conditions using molecular beam strategies. Methylene chloride and chloroform react to deposit a solid film consisting of FeCl 2 and carbon, and evolve only hydrogen into the gas phase. No gas-phase products and less carbon on the surface are detected in the case of carbon tetrachloride. Dimethyl and diethyl disulfide react on clean iron to deposit a saturated sulfur plus carbon layer at low temperatures (∼600 K) and an iron sulfide film onto a Fe + C underlayer at higher temperatures (∼950 K). Methane is the only gas-phase product when dimethyl disulfide reacts with iron. Ethylene and hydrogen are detected when diethyl disulfide is used
Buoyancy Limitation of Filamentous Cyanobacteria under Prolonged Pressure due to the Gas Vesicles Collapse.
Abeynayaka, Helayaye Damitha Lakmali; Asaeda, Takashi; Kaneko, Yasuko
Freshwater cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena galeata were cultured in chambers under artificially generated pressures, which correspond to the hydrostatic pressures at deep water. Variations occurred in gas vesicles volume, and buoyancy state of cells under those conditions were analyzed at different time intervals (5 min, 1 day, and 5 days). Variations in gas vesicles morphology of cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy images. Settling velocity (Vs) of cells which governs the buoyancy was observed with the aid of a modified optical microscope. Moreover, effects of the prolonged pressure on cell ballast composition (protein and polysaccharides) were examined. Elevated pressure conditions reduced the cell ballast and caused a complete disappearance of gas vesicles in Pseudanabaena galeata cells. Hence cyanobacteria cells were not able to float within the study period. Observations and findings of the study indicate the potential application of hydrostatic pressure, which naturally occurred in hypolimnion of lakes, to inhibit the re-suspension of cyanobacteria cells.
Radiative effects on turbulent buoyancy-driven air flow in open square cavities
Zamora, B.; Kaiser, A.S.
The effects of the radiative effects and the air variable properties (density, viscosity and thermal conductivity) on the buoyancy-driven flows established in open square cavities are investigated. Two-dimensional, laminar, transitional and turbulent simulations are obtained, considering both uniform wall temperature and uniform heat flux heating conditions. In transitional and turbulent cases, the low- Reynolds k-ω turbulence model is employed. The average Nusselt number and the dimensionless mass-flow rate have been obtained for a wide range of the Rayleigh number varying from 10 3 to 10 16 . The results obtained taking into account the variable thermophysical properties of air are compared to those calculated assuming constant properties and the Boussinesq approximation. In addition, the influence of considering surface radiative effects on the differences reached for the Nusselt number and the mass flow rate obtained with several intensities of heating is studied; specifically, the effects of thermal radiation on the appearance of the burnout phenomenon is analyzed. The changes produced in the flow patterns into the cavity when the radiative heat transfer and the effects of variation of properties are relevant, are also shown. (authors)
Experimental Study of Wind-Opposed Buoyancy-Driven Natural Ventilation
Andersen, A.; Bjerre, M.; Chen, Z. D.; Heiselberg, Per; Li, Y.
Natural ventilation driven by natural forces, i.e. wind and thermal buoyancy, is an environmentally friendly system for buildings and has been increasingly used around the world in recent years to mitigate the impact on the global environment due to the significant energy consumption by heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HV AC). There is a need for the understanding and development of theories and tools related to the design, operation and control of natural ventilation systems.
Andersen, A.; Bjerre, M.; Chen, Z. D.
Natural ventilation driven by natural forces, i.e. wind and thermal buoyancy, is an environmentally friendly system for buildings and has been increasingly used around the world in recent years to mitigate the impact on the global environment due to the significant energy consumption by heating......, ventilation and air-conditioning (HV AC). There is a need for the understanding and development of theories and tools related to the design, operation and control of natural ventilation systems....
The effect of buoyancy on flow and heat transfer in curved pipes
Mochizuki, Munekazu; Ishigaki, Hiroshi; 望月 宗和; 石垣 �
Fully developed laminar flow in a heated horizontal curved pipe is studied numerically. The thermal boundary conditions at the wall are uniform wall heat flux axially and uniform wall temperature peripherally. Flow and heat transfer are governed by Dean number, Prandtl number and buoyancy number. Detailed prediction of the friction factor, average heat transfer rate, velocity profile, temperature profile and secondary-flow streamlines are given.
Semi-Empirical Models for Buoyancy-Driven Ventilation
Terpager Andersen, Karl
A literature study is presented on the theories and models dealing with buoyancy-driven ventilation in rooms. The models are categorised into four types according to how the physical process is conceived: column model, fan model, neutral plane model and pressure model. These models are analysed...... and compared with a reference model. Discrepancies and differences are shown, and the deviations are discussed. It is concluded that a reliable buoyancy model based solely on the fundamental flow equations is desirable....
Is academic buoyancy anything more than adaptive coping?
Putwain, David W; Connors, Liz; Symes, Wendy; Douglas-Osborn, Erica
Academic buoyancy refers to a positive, constructive, and adaptive response to the types of challenges and setbacks experienced in a typical and everyday academic setting. In this project we examined whether academic buoyancy explained any additional variance in test anxiety over and above that explained by coping. Two hundred and ninety-eight students in their final two years of compulsory schooling completed self-report measures of academic buoyancy, coping, and test anxiety. Results suggested that buoyancy was inversely related to test anxiety and unrelated to coping. With the exception of test-irrelevant thoughts, test anxiety was positively related to avoidance coping and social support. Test-irrelevant thoughts were inversely related to task focus, unrelated to social support, and positively related to avoidance. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that academic buoyancy explained a significant additional proportion of variance in test anxiety when the variance for coping had already been accounted for. These findings suggest that academic buoyancy can be considered as a distinct construct from that of adaptive coping.
Surface-Water Conditions in Georgia, Water Year 2005
Painter, Jaime A.; Landers, Mark N.
INTRODUCTION The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Georgia Water Science Center-in cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies-collected surface-water streamflow, water-quality, and ecological data during the 2005 Water Year (October 1, 2004-September 30, 2005). These data were compiled into layers of an interactive ArcReaderTM published map document (pmf). ArcReaderTM is a product of Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc (ESRI?). Datasets represented on the interactive map are * continuous daily mean streamflow * continuous daily mean water levels * continuous daily total precipitation * continuous daily water quality (water temperature, specific conductance dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity) * noncontinuous peak streamflow * miscellaneous streamflow measurements * lake or reservoir elevation * periodic surface-water quality * periodic ecological data * historical continuous daily mean streamflow discontinued prior to the 2005 water year The map interface provides the ability to identify a station in spatial reference to the political boundaries of the State of Georgia and other features-such as major streams, major roads, and other collection stations. Each station is hyperlinked to a station summary showing seasonal and annual stream characteristics for the current year and for the period of record. For continuous discharge stations, the station summary includes a one page graphical summary page containing five graphs, a station map, and a photograph of the station. The graphs provide a quick overview of the current and period-of-record hydrologic conditions of the station by providing a daily mean discharge graph for the water year, monthly statistics graph for the water year and period of record, an annual mean streamflow graph for the period of record, an annual minimum 7-day average streamflow graph for the period of record, and an annual peak streamflow graph for the period of record. Additionally, data can be accessed through the layer's link
Highly variable Pliocene sea surface conditions in the Norwegian Sea
P. E. Bachem
Full Text Available The Pliocene was a time of global warmth with small sporadic glaciations, which transitioned towards the larger-scale Pleistocene glacial–interglacial variability. Here, we present high-resolution records of sea surface temperature (SST and ice-rafted debris (IRD in the Norwegian Sea from 5.32 to 3.14 Ma, providing evidence that the Pliocene surface conditions of the Norwegian Sea underwent a series of transitions in response to orbital forcing and gateway changes. Average SSTs are 2 °C above the regional Holocene mean, with notable variability on millennial to orbital timescales. Both gradual changes and threshold effects are proposed for the progression of regional climate towards the Late Pliocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Cooling from 4.5 to 4.3 Ma may be linked to the onset of poleward flow through the Bering Strait. This cooling was further intensified by a period of cool summers due to weak obliquity forcing. A 7 °C warming of the Norwegian Sea at 4.0 Ma suggests a major increase in northward heat transport from the North Atlantic, leading to an enhanced zonal SST gradient in the Nordic Seas, which may be linked to the expansion of sea ice in the Arctic and Nordic Seas. A warm Norwegian Sea and enhanced zonal temperature gradient between 4.0 and 3.6 Ma may have been a priming factor for increased glaciation around the Nordic Seas due to enhanced evaporation and precipitation at high northern latitudes.
Preliminary experimentally-validated forced and mixed convection computational simulations of the Rotatable Buoyancy Tunnel
Clifford, Corey E.; Kimber, Mark L.
Although computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has not been directly utilized to perform safety analyses of nuclear reactors in the United States, several vendors are considering adopting commercial numerical packages for current and future projects. To ensure the accuracy of these computational models, it is imperative to validate the assumptions and approximations built into commercial CFD codes against physical data from flows analogous to those in modern nuclear reactors. To this end, researchers at Utah State University (USU) have constructed the Rotatable Buoyancy Tunnel (RoBuT) test facility, which is designed to provide flow and thermal validation data for CFD simulations of forced and mixed convection scenarios. In order to evaluate the ability of current CFD codes to capture the complex physics associated with these types of flows, a computational model of the RoBuT test facility is created using the ANSYS Fluent commercial CFD code. The numerical RoBuT model is analyzed at identical conditions to several experimental trials undertaken at USU. Each experiment is reconstructed numerically and evaluated with the second-order Reynolds stress model (RSM). Two different thermal boundary conditions at the heated surface of the RoBuT test section are investigated: constant temperature (isothermal) and constant surface heat flux (isoflux). Additionally, the fluid velocity at the inlet of the test section is varied in an effort to modify the relative importance of natural convection heat transfer from the heated wall of the RoBuT. Mean velocity, both in the streamwise and transverse directions, as well as components of the Reynolds stress tensor at three points downstream of the RoBuT test section inlet are compared to results obtained from experimental trials. Early computational results obtained from this research initiative are in good agreement with experimental data obtained from the RoBuT facility and both the experimental data and numerical method can be used
HF Surface Wave Radar Operation in Adverse Conditions
Ponsford, Anthony M; Dizaji, Reza M; McKerracher, Richard
...) system based on HF Surface Wave Radar (HFSWR). the primary objective behind the programme was to demonstrate the capability of HFSWR to continuously detect and track surface targets (ships and icebergs...
Two-phase turbulent mixing and buoyancy drift in rod bundles
Carlucci, L.N.; Hammouda, N.; Rowe, D.S.
This paper describes the development of generalized relationships for single- and two-phase inter subchannel turbulent mixing in vertical and horizontal flows, and lateral buoyancy drift in horizontal flows. The relationships for turbulent mixing, together with a recommended one for void drift, have been implemented in a subchannel thermal hydraulics code, and assessed using a range of data on enthalpy migration in vertical steam-water lows under BWR and PWR diabatic conditions. The intent of this assessment as to optimize these relationships to give the best agreement with the enthalpy migration data for vertical flows. The optimized turbulent mixing relationships were then used as a basis to benchmark a proposed buoyancy rift model to give the best predictions of void and enthalpy migration data n horizontal flows typical of PHWR CANDU reactor operation under normal and off-normal conditions. Overall, the optimized turbulent mixing and buoyancy drift relationships have been found to predict the available data quite well, nd generally better and more consistently than currently used models. This is expected to result in more accurate calculations of subchannel distributions of phasic flows, and hence, in improved predictions of critical heat flux (CHF)
Natural ventilation of buildings: opposing wind and buoyancy
Linden, Paul; Hunt, Gary
The use of natural ventilation in buildings is an attractive way to reduce energy usage thereby reducing costs and CO2 emissions. Generally, it is necessary to remove excess heat from a building and the designer can use the buoyancy forces associated with the above ambient temperatures within the building to drive a flow - 'stack' ventilation. The most efficient mode is displacement ventilation where warm air accumulates near the top of the building and flows out through upper level vents and cooler air flows in at lower levels. Ventilation will also be driven between these lower and upper openings by the wind. We report on laboratory modeling and theory which investigates the effects of an opposing wind on stack ventilation driven by a constant source of heat within a space under displacement ventilation. We show that there is a critical wind speed, expressed in dimensionless terms as a critical Froude number, above which displacement ventilation is replaced by (less efficient) mixing ventilation with reversed flow. Below this critical speed, displacement ventilation, in which the interior has a two-layer stratification, is maintained. The criterion for the change in ventilation mode is derived from general considerations of mixing efficiencies in stratified flows. We conclude that even when wind effects might appear to be dominant, the inhibition of mixing by the stable stratification within the space ensures that stack ventilation can operate over a wide range of apparently adverse conditions.
The Competition Between a Localised and Distributed Source of Buoyancy
Partridge, Jamie; Linden, Paul
We propose a new mathematical model to study the competition between localised and distributed sources of buoyancy within a naturally ventilated filling box. The main controlling parameters in this configuration are the buoyancy fluxes of the distributed and local source, specifically their ratio Ψ. The steady state dynamics of the flow are heavily dependent on this parameter. For large Ψ, where the distributed source dominates, we find the space becomes well mixed as expected if driven by an distributed source alone. Conversely, for small Ψ we find the space reaches a stable two layer stratification. This is analogous to the classical case of a purely local source but here the lower layer is buoyant compared to the ambient, due to the constant flux of buoyancy emanating from the distributed source. The ventilation flow rate, buoyancy of the layers and also the location of the interface height, which separates the two layer stratification, are obtainable from the model. To validate the theoretical model, small scale laboratory experiments were carried out. Water was used as the working medium with buoyancy being driven directly by temperature differences. Theoretical results were compared with experimental data and overall good agreement was found. A CASE award project with Arup.
Impact of environmental conditions on sub-surface storage tanks ...
Cast iron made storage tanks with gasoline fluid were buried under the soil at a depth of 4 m under various environment conditions. The simulated conditions include natural rain fail, temperature and acidic, alkaline and neutral soils. A control condition of neutral sea sand as base and filling materials were also investigated.
Mixing driven by transient buoyancy flows. I. Kinematics
Duval, W. M. B.; Zhong, H.; Batur, C.
Mixing of two miscible liquids juxtaposed inside a cavity initially separated by a divider, whose buoyancy-driven motion is initiated via impulsive perturbation of divider motion that can generate the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability, is investigated experimentally. The measured Lagrangian history of interface motion that contains the continuum mechanics of mixing shows self-similar nearly Gaussian length stretch distribution for a wide range of control parameters encompassing an approximate Hele-Shaw cell to a three-dimensional cavity. Because of the initial configuration of the interface which is parallel to the gravitational field, we show that at critical initial potential energy mixing occurs through the stretching of the interface, which shows frontogenesis, and folding, owing to an overturning motion that results in unstable density stratification and produces an ideal condition for the growth of the single wavelength Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The initial perturbation of the interface and flow field generates the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and causes kinks at the interface, which grow into deep fingers during overturning motion and unfold into local whorl structures that merge and self-organize into the Rayleigh-Taylor morphology (RTM) structure. For a range of parametric space that yields two-dimensional flows, the unfolding of the instability through a supercritical bifurcation yields an asymmetric pairwise structure exhibiting smooth RTM that transitions to RTM fronts with fractal structures that contain small length scales for increasing Peclet numbers. The late stage of the RTM structure unfolds into an internal breakwave that breaks down through wall and internal collision and sets up the condition for self-induced sloshing that decays exponentially as the two fluids become stably stratified with a diffusive region indicating local molecular diffusion.
An experimental study on decontamination by surface condition
Lee, Young Hae
Surface decontamination is one of the very important problem to be completely solved in the isotope laboratory where there is always the possibility of radioactive contamination, i.e., on the floors, walls, working tables and benches etc., Isotope laboratories require surface covering of material which can be easily and effectively decontaminated. These experiment were done to find an effective decontamination procedure for kind of surfaces which usually are found in radioisotope laboratories and the best type of surface material, that is, one which is easily decontaminated from the point of view of radiation health and safely. This study is presented to guide radioisotope laboratories in Korea which may need to renovate existing unsafe facilities. In some contaminated facilities entirely new installations may be required. Twelve types of surface material are used for study in this experiment. These include 10 cm square of stainless steel, aluminum, ceramic and mosaic tiles, glass, acrylic, formica board, asphalt tile and coated wood with 4 kinds of paints. Stepwise decontamination was performed with various decontamination procedures following a spill of I 1 31 on the center of the surface material being tested. Twelve different decontamination procedures were tested. These included wet wiping with water and detergent, or dry wiping, or removing with gummed paper. Additional chemical procedures used 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, or surface acid, or ammonium citrate, or potassium iodide, or acetone or carbon tetrachloride. The final testing method was abrasion of the test surfaces. Brief analysis of experimental results on the decontaminability on the tested surface showed: 1. Metallic surfaces such as stainless steel or aluminum, or glass, or a piece of ceramic tile or acrylic are recommended as the surface materials for isotope laboratories because these are easily decontaminated by wet wiping only. 2. Formica board, asphalt tile and wood are not easily
Lithium Wall Conditioning And Surface Dust Detection On NSTX
Skinner, C.H.; Allain, J.P.; Bell, M.G.; Friesen, F.Q.L.; Heim, B.; Jaworski, M.A.; Kugel, H.; Maingi, R.; Rais, B.; Taylor, C.N.
Lithium evaporation onto NSTX plasma facing components (PFC) has resulted in improved energy confinement, and reductions in the number and amplitude of edge-localized modes (ELMs) up to the point of complete ELM suppression. The associated PFC surface chemistry has been investigated with a novel plasma material interface probe connected to an in-vacuo surface analysis station. Analysis has demonstrated that binding of D atoms to the polycrystalline graphite material of the PFCs is fundamentally changed by lithium - in particular deuterium atoms become weakly bonded near lithium atoms themselves bound to either oxygen or the carbon from the underlying material. Surface dust inside NSTX has been detected in real-time using a highly sensitive electrostatic dust detector. In a separate experiment, electrostatic removal of dust via three concentric spiral-shaped electrodes covered by a dielectric and driven by a high voltage 3-phase waveform was evaluated for potential application to fusion reactors
Influence of various aspects of low Reynolds number k-ε turbulence models on predicting in-tube buoyancy affected heat transfer to supercritical pressure fluids
Zhao, Chen-Ru; Zhang, Zhen [Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology of Tsinghua University, Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology Cooperation Innovation Centre, Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Engineering and Safety, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084 (China); Jiang, Pei-Xue, E-mail: jiangpx@tsinghua.edu.cn [Beijing Key Laboratory of CO_2 Utilization and Reduction Technology/Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (China); Bo, Han-Liang [Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology of Tsinghua University, Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology Cooperation Innovation Centre, Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Engineering and Safety, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084 (China)
Highlights: • Understanding of the mechanism of buoyancy effect on supercritical heat transfer. • Turbulence related parameters in upward and downward flows were compared. • Turbulent Prandtl number affected the prediction insignificantly. • Buoyancy production was insignificant compared with shear production. • Damping function had the greatest effect and is a priority for further modification. - Abstract: Heat transfer to supercritical pressure fluids was modeled for normal and buoyancy affected conditions using several low Reynolds number k-ε models, including the Launder and Sharma, Myong and Kasagi, and Abe, Kondoh and Nagano, with the predictions compared with experimental data. All three turbulence models accurately predicted the cases without heat transfer deterioration, but failed to accurately predict the cases with heat transfer deterioration although the general trends were captured, indicating that further improvements and modifications are needed for the low Reynolds number k-ε turbulence models to better predict buoyancy deteriorated heat transfer. Further investigations studied the influence of various aspects of the low Reynolds number k-ε turbulence models, including the turbulent Prandtl number, the buoyancy production of turbulent kinetic energy, and the damping function to provide guidelines for model development to more precisely predict buoyancy affected heat transfer. The results show that the turbulent Prandtl number and the buoyancy production of turbulent kinetic energy have little influence on the predictions for cases in this study, while new damping functions with carefully selected control parameters are needed in the low Reynolds number k-ε turbulence models to correctly predict the buoyancy effect for heat transfer simulations in various applications such as supercritical pressure steam generators (SPSGs) in the high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTR) and the supercritical pressure water reactor (SCWR).
Zhao, Chen-Ru; Zhang, Zhen; Jiang, Pei-Xue; Bo, Han-Liang
Spectroscopic study of cystine adsorption on pyrite surface: From vacuum to solution conditions
Sanchez-Arenillas, M.; Mateo-Marti, E., E-mail: mateome@cab.inta-csic.es
Highlights: • Successful adsorption of cystine on pyrite surface under several conditions. • Detailed XPS spectroscopic characterization of cystine adsorption on pyrite surface. • Spectroscopy evidence, oxidation and anoxic conditions adjust molecular adsorption. • Molecular chemistry on pyrite is driven depending on the surrounding conditions. • The cystine/pyrite(100) model is in good agreement with Wächtershäuser’s theory. - Abstract: We characterized the adsorption of cystine molecules on pyrite surface via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Anoxic conditions were simulated under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. In contrast, to simulate oxidation conditions, the molecules were adsorbed on pyrite surface from solution. A novel comparative analysis revealed remarkable differences with respect to molecular adsorption and surface chemistry induced by environmental conditions. Molecular adsorption under anoxic conditions was observed to be more favorable, concentrating a large number of molecules on the surface and two different chemical species. In contrast, the presence of oxygen induced an autocatalytic oxidation process on the pyrite surface, which facilitated water binding on pyrite surface and partially blocked molecular adsorption. Pyrite is a highly reactive surface and contains two crucial types of surface functional groups that drive molecular chemistry on the surface depending on the surrounding conditions. Therefore, the system explored in this study holds interesting implications for supporting catalyzed prebiotic chemistry reactions.
Sanchez-Arenillas, M.; Mateo-Marti, E.
Highlights: • Successful adsorption of cystine on pyrite surface under several conditions. • Detailed XPS spectroscopic characterization of cystine adsorption on pyrite surface. • Spectroscopy evidence, oxidation and anoxic conditions adjust molecular adsorption. • Molecular chemistry on pyrite is driven depending on the surrounding conditions. • The cystine/pyrite(100) model is in good agreement with Wächtershäuser’s theory. - Abstract: We characterized the adsorption of cystine molecules on pyrite surface via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Anoxic conditions were simulated under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. In contrast, to simulate oxidation conditions, the molecules were adsorbed on pyrite surface from solution. A novel comparative analysis revealed remarkable differences with respect to molecular adsorption and surface chemistry induced by environmental conditions. Molecular adsorption under anoxic conditions was observed to be more favorable, concentrating a large number of molecules on the surface and two different chemical species. In contrast, the presence of oxygen induced an autocatalytic oxidation process on the pyrite surface, which facilitated water binding on pyrite surface and partially blocked molecular adsorption. Pyrite is a highly reactive surface and contains two crucial types of surface functional groups that drive molecular chemistry on the surface depending on the surrounding conditions. Therefore, the system explored in this study holds interesting implications for supporting catalyzed prebiotic chemistry reactions
Effect of road surfacing condition on tyre life
CSIR Research Space (South Africa)
Steyn, WJvdM
Full Text Available simple patching of potholes and sealing of cracks to a reseal of the road or even recycling and rehabilitation of the failed sections of the road. These maintenance actions affect the surfacing of the road and therefore the experience of the tyre...
How Informative are the Vertical Buoyancy and the Prone Gliding Tests to Assess Young Swimmers’ Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Profiles?
Barbosa, Tiago M.; Costa, Mário J.; Morais, Jorge E; Moreira, Marc; Silva, António J.; Marinho, Daniel A.
The aim of this research was to develop a path-flow analysis model to highlight the relationships between buoyancy and prone gliding tests and some selected anthropometrical and biomechanical variables. Thirty-eight young male swimmers (12.97 ± 1.05 years old) with several competitive levels were evaluated. It were assessed the body mass, height, fat mass, body surface area, vertical buoyancy, prone gliding after wall push-off, stroke length, stroke frequency and velocity after a maximal 25 [m] swim. The confirmatory model included the body mass, height, fat mass, prone gliding test, stroke length, stroke frequency and velocity. All theoretical paths were verified except for the vertical buoyancy test that did not present any relationship with anthropometrical and biomechanical variables nor with the prone gliding test. The good-of-fit from the confirmatory path-flow model, assessed with the standardized root mean square residuals (SRMR), is considered as being close to the cut-off value, but even so not suitable of the theory (SRMR = 0.11). As a conclusion, vertical buoyancy and prone gliding tests are not the best techniques to assess the swimmer’s hydrostatic and hydrodynamic profile, respectively. PMID:23486528
Experimental aspects of buoyancy correction in measuring reliable high-pressure excess adsorption isotherms using the gravimetric method
Nguyen, Huong Giang T.; Horn, Jarod C.; Thommes, Matthias; van Zee, Roger D.; Espinal, Laura
Addressing reproducibility issues in adsorption measurements is critical to accelerating the path to discovery of new industrial adsorbents and to understanding adsorption processes. A National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference Material, RM 8852 (ammonium ZSM-5 zeolite), and two gravimetric instruments with asymmetric two-beam balances were used to measure high-pressure adsorption isotherms. This work demonstrates how common approaches to buoyancy correction, a key factor in obtaining the mass change due to surface excess gas uptake from the apparent mass change, can impact the adsorption isotherm data. Three different approaches to buoyancy correction were investigated and applied to the subcritical CO2 and supercritical N2 adsorption isotherms at 293 K. It was observed that measuring a collective volume for all balance components for the buoyancy correction (helium method) introduces an inherent bias in temperature partition when there is a temperature gradient (i.e. analysis temperature is not equal to instrument air bath temperature). We demonstrate that a blank subtraction is effective in mitigating the biases associated with temperature partitioning, instrument calibration, and the determined volumes of the balance components. In general, the manual and subtraction methods allow for better treatment of the temperature gradient during buoyancy correction. From the study, best practices specific to asymmetric two-beam balances and more general recommendations for measuring isotherms far from critical temperatures using gravimetric instruments are offered.
A Review of Some Recent Studies on Buoyancy Driven Flows in an Urban Environment
Bodhisatta Hajra
This paper reviews some recent studies (after 2000) pertaining to buoyancy driven flows in nature and thier use in reducing air pollution levels in a city (city ventilation). Natural convection flows occur due to the heating and cooling of various urban surfaces (e.g., mountain slopes), leading to upslope and downslope flows. Such flows can have a significant effect on city ventilation which has been the subject of study in the recent times due to increased pollution levels in a city. A major...
Target surface condition during reactive glow discharge sputtering of copper
Depla, D; Haemers, J; Gryse, R De
During reactive glow discharge sputtering of copper in an argon/nitrogen plasma, we noticed an abrupt change of the target voltage and the deposition rate when the nitrogen concentration in the plasma exceeds a critical value. To explain this behaviour, the target surface after reactive glow discharge sputtering was examined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). An experimental arrangement was constructed that allows direct transfer of the glow discharge cathode to the XPS analysis chamber without air exposure. These XPS measurements revealed that several different chemical states of nitrogen are present in the layer that forms on the target surface. The relative concentration of these different states changes when the critical nitrogen concentration in the plasma is exceeded
Optimal design and control of buoyancy-driven ventilation
Relationships between airflow rates and opening areas of importance for design and control are analysed for buoyancy-driven ventilation in a room with two openings and uniform temperature. The optimal ratio between the inlet and outlet areas is found. The consequences of deviations from the optimum...
Use of an Arduino to Study Buoyancy Force
Espindola, P. R.; Cena, C. R.; Alves, D. C. B.; Bozano, D. F.; Goncalves, A. M. B.
The study of buoyancy becomes very interesting when we measure the apparent weight of the body and the liquid vessel weight. In this paper, we propose an experimental apparatus that measures both the forces mentioned before as a function of the depth that a cylinder is sunk into the water. It is done using two load cells connected to an Arduino.…
EVA Development and Verification Testing at NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory
Jairala, Juniper C.; Durkin, Robert; Marak, Ralph J.; Sipila, Stepahnie A.; Ney, Zane A.; Parazynski, Scott E.; Thomason, Arthur H.
As an early step in the preparation for future Extravehicular Activities (EVAs), astronauts perform neutral buoyancy testing to develop and verify EVA hardware and operations. Neutral buoyancy demonstrations at NASA Johnson Space Center's Sonny Carter Training Facility to date have primarily evaluated assembly and maintenance tasks associated with several elements of the International Space Station (ISS). With the retirement of the Shuttle, completion of ISS assembly, and introduction of commercial players for human transportation to space, evaluations at the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) will take on a new focus. Test objectives are selected for their criticality, lack of previous testing, or design changes that justify retesting. Assembly tasks investigated are performed using procedures developed by the flight hardware providers and the Mission Operations Directorate (MOD). Orbital Replacement Unit (ORU) maintenance tasks are performed using a more systematic set of procedures, EVA Concept of Operations for the International Space Station (JSC-33408), also developed by the MOD. This paper describes the requirements and process for performing a neutral buoyancy test, including typical hardware and support equipment requirements, personnel and administrative resource requirements, examples of ISS systems and operations that are evaluated, and typical operational objectives that are evaluated.
Evaluation of Haney-Type Surface Thermal Boundary Conditions Using a Coupled Atmosphere and Ocean Model
Chu, Peter C; Chen, Yuchun; Lu, Shihua
... (Russell et al,, 1995) was used to verify the validity of Haney-type surface thermal boundary condition, which linearly connects net downward surface heat flux Q to air / sea temperature difference DeltaT by a relaxation coefficient K...
Mars analog minerals' spectral reflectance characteristics under Martian surface conditions
Poitras, J. T.; Cloutis, E. A.; Salvatore, M. R.; Mertzman, S. A.; Applin, D. M.; Mann, P.
We investigated the spectral reflectance properties of minerals under a simulated Martian environment. Twenty-eight different hydrated or hydroxylated phases of carbonates, sulfates, and silica minerals were selected based on past detection on Mars through spectral remote sensing data. Samples were ground and dry sieved to <45 μm grain size and characterized by XRD before and after 133 days inside a simulated Martian surface environment (pressure 5 Torr and CO2 fed). Reflectance spectra from 0.35 to 4 μm were taken periodically through a sapphire (0.35-2.5 μm) and zinc selenide (2.5-4 μm) window over a 133-day period. Mineral stability on the Martian surface was assessed through changes in spectral characteristics. Results indicate that the hydrated carbonates studied would be stable on the surface of Mars, only losing adsorbed H2O while maintaining their diagnostic spectral features. Sulfates were less stable, often with shifts in the band position of the SO, Fe, and OH absorption features. Silicas displayed spectral shifts related to SiOH and hydration state of the mineral surface, while diagnostic bands for quartz were stable. Previous detection of carbonate minerals based on 2.3-2.5 μm and 3.4-3.9 μm features appears to be consistent with our results. Sulfate mineral detection is more questionable since there can be shifts in band position related to SO4. The loss of the 0.43 μm Fe3+ band in many of the sulfates indicate that there are fewer potential candidates for Fe3+ sulfates to permanently exist on the Martian surface based on this band. The gypsum sample changed phase to basanite during desiccation as demonstrated by both reflectance and XRD. Silica on Mars has been detected using band depth ratio at 1.91 and 1.96 μm and band minimum position of the 1.4 μm feature, and the properties are also used to determine their age. This technique continues to be useful for positive silica identifications, however, silica age appears to be less consistent
Microclimatic conditions at the external surface of building envelopes
Kragh, M.K.
The project is described, the motivation for the research and the microclimate is defined in relation to both building physics research and applications. Air temperatur, air humidity, solar radiation and air velocity are briefly considered, whilst driving rain and long-wave radiation are described in more detail. Convective heat transfer and surface coefficients are discussed, although they are not microclimatic factors, merely resulting from combinations of such factors. They are included as they are important in relation to transfer of heat and moisture at the surface of the building envelope. Driving rain measurement is the main area of interest, including development of measurement equipment. Long-wave irradiation is measured and compared with empirical formulae from the literature. Window convection heat transfer is another main area of interest. Nocturnal convective heat transfer from a double pane glazing is studied and measurement principles are discussed. Finally, a compilation of meteorological data for hygrothermal simulations, including estimation of driving rain, is described. System error estimation in relation to the window convection measurements, design notes on an apparatus for external convection measurement, formulae for conversion of relative humitity and dry-bulb temperature into dew point temperature. (EG) 66 refs.
Kragh, M K
Wall conditioning and plasma surface interactions in DIII-D
Jackson, G.L.; Petersen, P.I.; Schaffer, M.S.; Taylor, P.L.; Taylor, T.S.; Doyle, B.L.; Walsh, D.S.; Hill, D.N.; Hsu, W.L.; Winter, J.
Wall conditioning is used in DIII-D for both reduction of impurity influxes and particle control. The methods used include: baking, pulsed discharge cleaning, hydrogen glow cleaning, helium and neon glow conditioning, and carbonization. Helium glow wall conditioning applied before every tokamak discharge has been effective in impurity removal and particle control and has significantly expanded the parameter space in which DIII-D operates to include limiter and ohmic H-mode discharges and higher β T at low q. The highest values of divertor plasma current (3.0 MA) and stored energy (3.6 MJ) and peaked density profiles in H-mode discharges have been observed after carbonization. Divertor physics studies in DIII-D include sweeping the X-point to reduce peak heat loads, measurement of particle and heat fluxes in the divertor region, and erosion studies. The DIII-D Advanced Divertor has been installed and bias and baffle experiments will begin in the fall of 1991. 15 refs., 4 figs
Environmental conditioning on uranium surface distribution in the tropical region
Silva, Heitor Evangelista da; Licinio, Marcus V.S.; Miranda, Marcio R.
Based on a high resolution aerogammaspectrometer survey over the State of Rio de Janeiro, it is presented an associative study of equivalent uranium concentration and environmental parameters. The aspects considered in this study included geological domains like Sandys, Gnaisses, Granites, Xists; soils domains like Organic and Alluvial ones, Litolic, Glei, Podzolic, Red-yellow, Latossolo, Planossolo, Red bruizem, Cambissolo, Hidromorphic Podzol, Yellow latossolo; geomorphology (Coast Plains and River Accumulation Land, Coast Tabulators, Pomba-Muriae Rivers Spread Depression, Northern Mantiqueira, main Hills and Coastal Rock Massifs, Steep slopes and Reverses of Serra do Mar Mountain Range ,Serra dos Orgaos Mountain Range and Bocaina Tablelands), Paraiba do Sul Crests Alignment, Medium Paraiba do Sul Depression); influence of mean annual rain intensity and hydrographical categories were also evaluated. Geoprocessing of each environmental data base at the same cartographical base of uranium surface distribution was the basic methodology employed. (author)
Condition Assessment for Wastewater Pipes: Method for Assessing Cracking and Surface Damage of Concrete Pipes
Hauge, Petter
The objective of the Master Thesis has been to provide an improved method for condition assessment, which will give a better correlation between Condition class and actual Condition of concrete pipes with cracking and/or surface damages. Additionally improvement of the characterization of cracking (SR) and surface (KO) damages was a sub goal.Based on the findings described in my Thesis and my Specialization Project (Hauge 2012), I recommend that the Norwegian condition assessment method based...
Assimilation and High Resolution Forecasts of Surface and Near Surface Conditions for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games
Bernier, Natacha B.; Bélair, Stéphane; Bilodeau, Bernard; Tong, Linying
A dynamical model was experimentally implemented to provide high resolution forecasts at points of interests in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics and Paralympics Region. In a first experiment, GEM-Surf, the near surface and land surface modeling system, is driven by operational atmospheric forecasts and used to refine the surface forecasts according to local surface conditions such as elevation and vegetation type. In this simple form, temperature and snow depth forecasts are improved mainly as a result of the better representation of real elevation. In a second experiment, screen level observations and operational atmospheric forecasts are blended to drive a continuous cycle of near surface and land surface hindcasts. Hindcasts of the previous day conditions are then regarded as today's optimized initial conditions. Hence, in this experiment, given observations are available, observation driven hindcasts continuously ensure that daily forecasts are issued from improved initial conditions. GEM-Surf forecasts obtained from improved short-range hindcasts produced using these better conditions result in improved snow depth forecasts. In a third experiment, assimilation of snow depth data is applied to further optimize GEM-Surf's initial conditions, in addition to the use of blended observations and forecasts for forcing. Results show that snow depth and summer temperature forecasts are further improved by the addition of snow depth data assimilation.
46 CFR 160.010-5 - Buoyant apparatus with plastic foam buoyancy.
... 46 Shipping 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Buoyant apparatus with plastic foam buoyancy. 160.010-5... Vessels § 160.010-5 Buoyant apparatus with plastic foam buoyancy. (a) Buoyant apparatus with plastic foam buoyancy must have a plastic foam body with an external protective covering. The body may be reinforced as...
Ions, metabolites, and cells: Water as a reporter of surface conditions during bacterial growth
Jarisz, Tasha A.; Lane, Sarah; Gozdzialski, Lea; Hore, Dennis K.
Surface-specific nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy, combined with bulk solution measurements and imaging, is used to study the surface conditions during the growth of E. coli. As a result of the silica high surface charge density, the water structure at the silica-aqueous interface is known to be especially sensitive to pH and ionic strength, and surface concentration profiles develop that can be appreciably different from the bulk solution conditions. We illustrate that, in the presence of growing cells, a unique surface micro-environment is established as a result of metabolites accumulating on the silica surface. Even in the subsequent absence of the cells, this surface layer works to reduce the interfacial ionic strength as revealed by the enhanced signal from surface water molecules. In the presence of growing cells, an additional boost in surface water signal is attributed to a local pH that is higher than that of the bulk solution.
Effect of alloy type and surface conditioning on roughness and bond strength of metal brackets
Nergiz, I.; Schmage, P.; Herrmann, W.; Ozcan, M.; Nergiz, [No Value
The effect of 5 different surface conditioning methods on bonding of metal brackets to cast dental alloys was examined. The surface conditioning methods were fine (30-µm) or rough (125-µm) diamond bur, sandblasting (50-µm or 110-µm aluminum oxide [Al2O3]), and silica coating (30-µm silica). Fifty
Manipulating Microrobots Using Balanced Magnetic and Buoyancy Forces
Lin Feng
Full Text Available We present a novel method for the three-dimensional (3D control of microrobots within a microfluidic chip. The microrobot body contains a hollow space, producing buoyancy that allows it to float in a microfluidic environment. The robot moves in the z direction by balancing magnetic and buoyancy forces. In coordination with the motion of stages in the xy plane, we achieved 3D microrobot control. A microgripper designed to grasp micron-scale objects was attached to the front of the robot, allowing it to hold and deliver micro-objects in three dimensions. The microrobot had four degrees of freedom and generated micronewton-order forces. We demonstrate the microrobot’s utility in an experiment in which it grips a 200 μm particle and delivers it in a 3D space.
Adherence of platelets to in situ albumin-binding surfaces under flow conditions: role of surface-adsorbed albumin
Guha Thakurta, Sanjukta; Miller, Robert; Subramanian, Anuradha
Surfaces that preferentially bind human serum albumin (HSA) were generated by grafting albumin-binding linear peptide (LP1) onto silicon surfaces. The research aim was to evaluate the adsorption pattern of proteins and the adhesion of platelets from platelet-poor plasma and platelet-rich plasma, respectively, by albumin-binding surfaces under physiological shear rate (96 and 319 s −1 ) conditions. Bound proteins were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A ratio of ∼1000:100:1 of adsorbed HSA, human immunoglobulin (HIgG) and human fibrinogen (HFib) was noted, respectively, on LP1-functionalized surfaces, and a ratio of ∼5:2:1 of the same was noted on control surfaces, as confirmed by ELISAs. The surface-adsorbed von Willebrand factor was undetectable by sensitive ELISAs. The amount of adhered platelets correlated with the ratio of adsorbed HSA/HFib. Platelet morphology was more rounded on LP1-functionalized surfaces when compared to control surfaces. The platelet adhesion response on albumin-binding surfaces can be explained by the reduction in the co-adsorption of other plasma proteins in a surface environment where there is an excess of albumin molecules, coupled with restrictions in the conformational transitions of other surface-adsorbed proteins into hemostatically active forms. (paper)
SuperLig Ion Exchange Resin Swelling and Buoyancy Study
Hassan, N.M.
The objective of this study was to achieve a fundamental understanding of SuperLig resin swelling and shrinking characteristics, which lead to channeling and early breakthrough during loading cycles. The density of salt solution that causes resin floating was also determined to establish a limit for operation. Specific tests performed include (a) pH dependence, (b) ionic strength dependence and (c) buoyancy effect vs. simulant composition
Enhanced Boiling on Micro-Configured Composite Surfaces Under Microgravity Conditions
Zhang, Nengli; Chai, An-Ti
In order to accommodate the growing thermal management needs of future space platforms, several two-phase active thermal control systems (ATCSs) have evolved and were included in the designs of space stations. Compared to the pumped single-phase liquid loops used in the conventional Space Transportation System and Spacelab, ATCSs offer significant benefits that may be realized by adopting a two-phase fluid-loop system. Alternately, dynamic power systems (DPSs), based on the Rankine cycle, seem inevitably to be required to supply the electrical power requirements of expanding space activities. Boiling heat transfer is one of the key technologies for both ATCSs and DPSs. Nucleate boiling near critical heat flux (CHF) can transport very large thermal loads with much smaller device size and much lower pumping power. However, boiling performance deteriorates in a reduced gravity environment and operation in the CHF regime is precarious because any slight overload will cause the heat transfer to suddenly move to the film boiling regime, which in turn, will result in burnout of the heat transfer surfaces. New materials, such as micro-configured metal-graphite composites, can provide a solution for boiling enhancement. It has been shown experimentally that this type of material manifests outstanding boiling heat transfer performance and their CHF is also extended to higher values. Due to the high thermal conductivity of graphite fiber (up to 1,200 W/m-K in the fiber direction), the composite surfaces are non-isothermal during the boiling process. The composite surfaces are believed to have a much wider safe operating region (a more uniform boiling curve in the CHF regime) because non-isothermal surfaces have been found to be less sensitive to variations of wall superheat in the CHF regime. The thermocapillary forces formed by the temperature difference between the fiber tips and the metal matrix play a more important role than the buoyancy in the bubble detachment, for the
Buoyancy Effects in Turbulent Jet Flames in Crossflow
Boxx, Isaac; Idicheria, Cherian; Clemens, Noel
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of buoyancy on the structure of turbulent, non-premixed hydrocarbon jet-flames in crossflow (JFICF). This was accomplished using a small jet-in-crossflow facility which can be oriented at a variety of angles with respect to the gravity vector. This facility enables us to alter the relative influence of buoyancy on the JFICF without altering the jet-exit Reynolds number, momentum flux ratio or the geometry of the system. Results are compared to similar, but non-buoyant, JFICF studied in microgravity. Departures of jet-centerline trajectory from the well-known power-law scaling of turbulent JFICF were used to explore the transition from a buoyancy-influenced regime to a momentum dominated one. The primary diagnostic was CCD imaging of soot-luminosity. We present results on ethylene jet flames with jet-exit Reynolds numbers of 1770 to 8000 and momentum flux ratios of 5 to 13.
Simulation of buoyancy-induced turbulent flow from a hot horizontal jet
El-Amin, Mohamed
Experimental visualizations and numerical simulations of a horizontal hot water jet entering cold water into a rectangular storage tank are described. Three different temperature differences and their corresponding Reynolds numbers are considered. Both experimental visualization and numerical computations are carried out for the same flow and thermal conditions. The realizable k - ε model is used for modeling the turbulent flow while the buoyancy is modeled using the Boussinesq approximation. Polynomial approximations of the water properties are used to compare with the Boussinesq approximation. Numerical solutions are obtained for unsteady flow while pressure, velocity, temperature and turbulence distributions inside the water tank as well as the Froude number are analyzed. The experimental visualizations are performed at intervals of five seconds for all different cases. The simulated results are compared with the visualized results, and both of them show the stratification phenomena and buoyancy force effects due to temperature difference and density variation. After certain times, depending on the case condition, the flow tends to reach a steady state. © 2014 Publishing House for Journal of Hydrodynamics.
The effects of buoyancy on shear-induced melt bands in a compacting porous medium
Butler, S. L.
It has recently been shown [Holtzman, B., Groebner, N., Zimmerman, M., Ginsberg, S., Kohlstedt, D., 2003. Stress-driven melt segregation in partially molten rocks. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 4, Art. No. 8607; Holtzman, B.K., Kohlstedt, D.L., 2007. Stress-driven melt segregation and strain partitioning in partially molten rocks: effects of stress and strain. J. Petrol. 48, 2379-2406] that when partially molten rock is subjected to simple shear, bands of high and low porosity are formed at a particular angle to the direction of instantaneous maximum extension. These have been modeled numerically and it has been speculated that high porosity bands may form an interconnected network with a bulk, effective permeability that is enhanced in a direction parallel to the bands. As a result, the bands may act to focus mantle melt towards the axis of mid-ocean ridges [Katz, R.F., Spiegelman, M., Holtzman, B., 2006. The dynamics of melt and shear localization in partially molten aggregates. Nature 442, 676-679]. In this contribution, we examine the combined effects of buoyancy and matrix shear on a deforming porous layer. The linear theory of Spiegelman [Spiegelman, M., 1993. Flow in deformable porous media. Part 1. Simple analysis. J. Fluid Mech. 247, 17-38; Spiegelman, M., 2003. Linear analysis of melt band formation by simple shear. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 4, doi:10.1029/2002GC000499, Article 8615] and Katz et al. [Katz, R.F., Spiegelman, M., Holtzman, B., 2006. The dynamics of melt and shear localization in partially molten aggregates. Nature 442, 676-679] is generalized to include both the effects of buoyancy and matrix shear on a deformable porous layer with strain-rate dependent rheology. The predictions of linear theory are compared with the early time evolution of our 2D numerical model and they are found to be in excellent agreement. For conditions similar to the upper mantle, buoyancy forces can be similar to or much greater than matrix shear-induced forces. The
Wear Behavior of Medium Carbon Steel with Biomimetic Surface Under Starved Lubricated Conditions
Zhang, Zhihui; Shao, Feixian; Liang, Yunhong; Lin, Pengyu; Tong, Xin; Ren, Luquan
Friction and wear under starved lubrication condition are both key life-related factors for mechanical performance of many structural parts. In this paper, different surface morphologies on medium carbon steel were fabricated using laser, inspired by the surface coupling effect of biological system. The friction and sliding wear behaviors of biomimetic specimens (characterized by convex and concave units on the specimen surface) were studied under starved lubrication condition. The stress distribution on different sliding surfaces under sliding friction was studied using finite element method. The results showed that the tribological performance of studied surfaces under starved lubrication condition depended not only on the surface morphology but also on the structure of biomimetic units below surface (subsurface structure). The friction coefficient of biomimetic surface was effectively reduced by the concave unit depth, while the refined microstructure with higher hardness led to the much better wear resistance. In addition to lubricant reserving and wear debris trapping effect derived from the surface concave morphology, it was believed that the well-formed subsurface structure of biomimetic units could carry much heavy loads against tribopair, which enhanced the function of surface topography and resulted in complementary lubrication in the wear contact area. The uniform stress distribution on the entire biomimetic surface also played an important role in stabilizing the friction coefficient and reducing the wear cracks.
Two new techniques for the remote evaluation of reactor steel condition - microscopic removal and surface examination
Clayton, R.
Much reactor inspection work involves an assessment of the condition of structural steel. This paper reviews two different techniques which provide information for such an assessment. The first - micro-sample removal (for the measurement of surface oxide thickness and chemical composition) - requires contact with the steel surface, whereas the second - a 'teach and learn' photographic technique (in which a special photogrammatic camera is used to obtain high-quality close-up photographs, to assess surface condition and corrosion growth) can obtain surface information on inaccessible components. (author)
Numerical investigations of buoyancy-driven natural ventilation in a simple three-storey atrium building and thermal comfort evaluation
The numerical investigations of buoyancy-driven natural ventilation and thermal comfort evaluation in a simple three-storey atrium building as a part of the passive ventilation strategy was undertaken using a validated Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model. The Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) modeling approach with the SST-k–ω turbulence model and the discrete transfer radiation model (DTRM) was used for the numerical investigations. The steady-state governing equations were solved using a commercial solver FLUENT©. Various flow situations of the buoyancy-driven natural ventilation in the building during day and night time were examined. The numerical results obtained for the airflow rates, airflow patterns and temperature distributions inside the building are presented in this paper. Using the numerical results, the well-known thermal comfort indices PMV (predicted mean vote) and PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfied) were calculated for the evaluation of the thermal comfort conditions in the occupied regions of the building. It was noticed that thermal conditions prevailing in the occupied areas of the building as a result of using the buoyancy-driven ventilation were mostly in comfort zone. From the study of the night time ventilation, it was found that hot water (80 °C) circulation (heated by solar collectors during daytime) along the chimney walls during night time and heat sources present in the building can be useful in inducing night ventilation airflows in the building as a part of the passive ventilation strategy. -- Highlights: • A simple three-storey atrium building. • Numerical modeling of buoyancy-driven ventilation flow in the building. • Effect of solar intensity and geographical location on ventilation. • CFD predictions were used to calculate thermal comfort indices. • Evaluation of thermal comfort conditions for the occupants
Influence of surface condition on the corrosion resistance of copper alloy condenser tubes in sea water
Sato, S; Nagata, K; Yamauchi, S
Investigation was made on the influence of various surface conditions of aluminum brass tube. The corrosion behavior of aluminum brass tube, with nine kinds of surface conditions, was studied in stagnant 0.1N NaHCo/sub 3/ solution and flowing sea water (natural, Fe/sup + +/ containing and S/sup - -/ containing water). Surface treatments investigated contained bright annealing, special annealing to form carbon film, hot oxidizing and pickling. Anodic polarization measurements in 0.1N NaHCO/sub 3/ solution showed that the oxidized surface was superior and that the pickled surface was inferior. However, relation between these characteristics and corrosion resistance in sea water has not been established. Electrochemical characteristics in flowing sea water were dependent on the surface conditions in the very beginning of immersion time; nobler corrosion potential for the surface with carbon film, higher polarization resistance for the bright annealed and the oxidized surface, and faster decrease of polarization resistance in S/sup - -/ containing sea water for the pickled surface. However, these differences disappeared in the immersion time of only 2 to 7 days. It was revealed, by the statistical analysis on the corrosion depth in corrosion test in flowing sea water and in jet impingement test, that the corrosion behavior was not influenced by surface conditions, but was significantly influenced by quality of sea water and sponge ball cleaning. Sulfide ion of 0.05 ppm caused severe pitting corrosion, and sponge ball cleaning of 5 chances a week caused erosion corrosion. From above results, it was concluded that surface conditions of aluminum brass were not important to sea water corrosion, and that quality of sea water and operating condition such as sponge ball cleaning were more significant.
Using semi-variogram analysis for providing spatially distributed information on soil surface condition for land surface modeling
Croft, Holly; Anderson, Karen; Kuhn, Nikolaus J.
The ability to quantitatively and spatially assess soil surface roughness is important in geomorphology and land degradation studies. Soils can experience rapid structural degradation in response to land cover changes, resulting in increased susceptibility to erosion and a loss of Soil Organic Matter (SOM). Changes in soil surface condition can also alter sediment detachment, transport and deposition processes, infiltration rates and surface runoff characteristics. Deriving spatially distributed quantitative information on soil surface condition for inclusion in hydrological and soil erosion models is therefore paramount. However, due to the time and resources involved in using traditional field sampling techniques, there is a lack of spatially distributed information on soil surface condition. Laser techniques can provide data for a rapid three dimensional representation of the soil surface at a fine spatial resolution. This provides the ability to capture changes at the soil surface associated with aggregate breakdown, flow routing, erosion and sediment re-distribution. Semi-variogram analysis of the laser data can be used to represent spatial dependence within the dataset; providing information about the spatial character of soil surface structure. This experiment details the ability of semi-variogram analysis to spatially describe changes in soil surface condition. Soil for three soil types (silt, silt loam and silty clay) was sieved to produce aggregates between 1 mm and 16 mm in size and placed evenly in sample trays (25 x 20 x 2 cm). Soil samples for each soil type were exposed to five different durations of artificial rainfall, to produce progressively structurally degraded soil states. A calibrated laser profiling instrument was used to measure surface roughness over a central 10 x 10 cm plot of each soil state, at 2 mm sample spacing. The laser data were analysed within a geostatistical framework, where semi-variogram analysis quantitatively represented
A Snow Density Dataset for Improving Surface Boundary Conditions in Greenland Ice Sheet Firn Modeling
S. Fausto, Robert; E. Box, Jason; Vandecrux, Baptiste Robert Marcel
The surface snow density of glaciers and ice sheets is of fundamental importance in converting volume to mass in both altimetry and surface mass balance studies, yet it is often poorly constrained. Site-specific surface snow densities are typically derived from empirical relations based...... on temperature and wind speed. These parameterizations commonly calculate the average density of the top meter of snow, thereby systematically overestimating snow density at the actual surface. Therefore, constraining surface snow density to the top 0.1 m can improve boundary conditions in high-resolution firn......-evolution modeling. We have compiled an extensive dataset of 200 point measurements of surface snow density from firn cores and snow pits on the Greenland ice sheet. We find that surface snow density within 0.1 m of the surface has an average value of 315 kg m−3 with a standard deviation of 44 kg m−3, and has...
The Effects of Buoyancy on Characteristics of Turbulent Nonpremixed Jet Flames
Idicheria, Cherian; Boxx, Isaac; Clemens, Noel
This work addresses the influence of buoyant forces on the underlying structure of turbulent nonpremixed jet flames. Buoyancy effects are investigated by studying transitional and turbulent propane and ethylene flames (Re_D=2500-10500) at normal, low and microgravity conditions. The reduced gravity experiments are conducted by dropping a combustion rig in the University of Texas 1.25-second drop tower and the NASA Glenn 2.2-second drop tower. The diagnostic employed is high-speed luminosity imaging using a CCD camera. The images obtained are used to compare flame length, mean, RMS and flame tip oscillation characteristics The results showed that, in contrast to previous studies, the high Reynolds number flames at all gravity levels were essentially identical. Furthermore, the parameter ξL (Becker and Yamazaki, 1978) is sufficient for quantifying the effects of buoyancy on the flame characteristics. The large-scale structure and flame tip dynamics are essentially identical to those of purely momentum driven flames provided ξL is less than approximately 3.
On the initial condition problem of the time domain PMCHWT surface integral equation
Uysal, Ismail Enes; Bagci, Hakan; Ergin, A. Arif; Ulku, H. Arda
Non-physical, linearly increasing and constant current components are induced in marching on-in-time solution of time domain surface integral equations when initial conditions on time derivatives of (unknown) equivalent currents are not enforced
Effect of operational conditions of electroerosion machining on the surface microgeometry parameters of steels and alloys
Foteev, N.K.
Studies the influence of pulse duration and a series of operating conditions of a ShGI-40-440 spark-machining generator on changes in the basic surface microgeometry characteristics of components of stainless steel 1Kh18N10T, steel St 45 and hard alloy T14K8. The microgeometry characteristics of spark-machined surfaces differ significantly from the corresponding characteristics of surfaces machined by cutting and vibro-rolling
Effects of Seasonal Land Surface Conditions on Hydrometeorological Dynamics in South-western North America
rain gauges to measure precipitation , and 1 internal mini-flume to measure runoff . 9 Fig. 8. Processed fluxes measured at the two eddy...SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: Arid and semiarid landscapes in regions with seasonal precipitation experience dramatic changes that alter land surface...semiarid landscapes in regions with seasonal precipitation experience dramatic changes that alter land surface conditions, including soil moisture
Colonization by Cladosporium spp. of painted metal surfaces associated with heating and air conditioning systems
Ahearn, D. G.; Simmons, R. B.; Switzer, K. F.; Ajello, L.; Pierson, D. L.
Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. hebarum colonized painted metal surfaces of covering panels and register vents of heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems. Hyphae penetrated the paint film and developed characteristic conidiophores and conidia. The colonies were tightly appressed to the metal surface and conidia were not readily detectable via standard air sampling procedures.
Adhesion of resin composites to biomaterials in dentistry : an evaluation of surface conditioning methods
Özcan, Mutlu
Since previous investigations revealed that most clinical failures in adhesively luted ceramic restorations initiate from the cementation or internal surfaces, the study presented in Chapter II evaluated the effect of three different surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of a Bis-GMA
Tensile bond strength of metal bracket bonding to glazed ceramic surfaces with different surface conditionings.
Akhoundi, Ms Ahmad; Kamel, M Rahmati; Hashemi, Sh Mahmood; Imani, M
The objective of this study was to compare the tensile bond strength of metal brackets bonding to glazed ceramic surfaces using three various surface treatments. Forty two glazed ceramic disks were assigned to three groups. In the first and second groups the specimens were etched with 9.5% hydrofluoric acid (HFA). Subsequently in first group, ceramic primer and adhesive were applied, but in second group a bonding agent alone was used. In third group, specimens were treated with 35% phosphoric acid followed by ceramic primer and adhesive application. Brackets were bonded with light cure composites. The specimens were stored in distilled water in the room temperature for 24 hours and thermocycled 500 times between 5°C and 55°C. The universal testing machine was used to test the tensile bond strength and the adhesive remenant index scores between three groups was evaluated. The data were subjected to one-way ANOVA, Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis tests respectively. The tensile bond strength was 3.69±0.52 MPa forfirst group, 2.69±0.91 MPa for second group and 3.60±0.41 MPa for third group. Group II specimens showed tensile strength values significantly different from other groups (Ptensile bond strength.
Experimental study of buoyancy driven natural ventilation through horizontal openings
An experimental study of buoyancy driven natural ventilation through single-sided horizontal openings was performed in a full-scale laboratory test rig. Measurements were made for opening ratios L/D range from 0.027 to 4.455, where L and D are the length and the diameter of the opening, respectively. The bidirectional air flow rate was measured using constant injection tracer gas technique. Smoke visualizations showed that the air flow patterns are highly transient, unstable and complex, and ...
The study of buoyancy becomes very interesting when we measure the apparent weight of the body and the liquid vessel weight. In this paper, we propose an experimental apparatus that measures both the forces mentioned before as a function of the depth that a cylinder is sunk into the water. It is done using two load cells connected to an Arduino. With this experiment, the student can verify Archimedes’ principle, Newton’s third law, and calculate the density of a liquid. This apparatus can be used in fluid physics laboratories as a substitute for very expensive sensor kits or even to improve too simple approaches, usually employed, but still at low cost.
Modeling the Buoyancy System of a Wave Energy Power Plant
Pedersen, Tom S.; Nielsen, Kirsten M.
A nonlinear dynamic model of the buoyancy system in a wave energy power plant is presented. The plant ("Wave Dragon") is a floating device using the potential energy in overtopping waves to produce power. A water reservoir is placed on top of the WD, and hydro turbines lead the water to the sea...... producing electrical power. Through air chambers it is possible to control the level of the WD. It is important to control the level in order to maximize the power production in proportion to the wave height, here the amount of overtopping water and the amount of potential energy is conflicting...
An experimental study of buoyancy driven natural ventilation through single-sided horizontal openings was performed in a full-scale laboratory test rig. Measurements were made for opening ratios L/D range from 0.027 to 4.455, where L and D are the length and the diameter of the opening......, respectively. The bidirectional air flow rate was measured using constant injection tracer gas technique. Smoke visualizations showed that the air flow patterns are highly transient, unstable and complex, and that air flow rates oscillate with time. Correlations between the Froude number Fr and the L/D ratio...
Characterizing Pavement Surface Distress Conditions with Hyper-Spatial Resolution Natural Color Aerial Photography
Su Zhang
Full Text Available Roadway pavement surface distress information is critical for effective pavement asset management, and subsequently, transportation management agencies at all levels (i.e., federal, state, and local dedicate a large amount of time and money to routinely evaluate pavement surface distress conditions as the core of their asset management programs. However, currently adopted ground-based evaluation methods for pavement surface conditions have many disadvantages, like being time-consuming and expensive. Aircraft-based evaluation methods, although getting more attention, have not been used for any operational evaluation programs yet because the acquired images lack the spatial resolution to resolve finer scale pavement surface distresses. Hyper-spatial resolution natural color aerial photography (HSR-AP provides a potential method for collecting pavement surface distress information that can supplement or substitute for currently adopted evaluation methods. Using roadway pavement sections located in the State of New Mexico as an example, this research explored the utility of aerial triangulation (AT technique and HSR-AP acquired from a low-altitude and low-cost small-unmanned aircraft system (S-UAS, in this case a tethered helium weather balloon, to permit characterization of detailed pavement surface distress conditions. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, Mann-Whitney U test, and visual comparison were used to compare detailed pavement surface distress rates measured from HSR-AP derived products (orthophotos and digital surface models generated from AT with reference distress rates manually collected on the ground using standard protocols. The results reveal that S-UAS based hyper-spatial resolution imaging and AT techniques can provide detailed and reliable primary observations suitable for characterizing detailed pavement surface distress conditions comparable to the ground-based manual measurement, which lays the foundation for the future application
Evaluation of Surface Characteristics and Shear Bond Strength of Metal Brackets Bonded to Two Different Porcelain Systems (Feldspathic/IPS-Empress-2 treated with Different Surface Conditioning Methods
Amal S Nair
Conclusion: Surface conditioning with Co-Jet sand which produced silicatization resulted in a favorable bond strength in both feldspathic and IPS-Empress-2 ceramic surfaces. It was shown that it produced the least surface roughness among all the other surface conditioning groups.
Tensile Bond Strength of Metal Bracket Bonding to Glazed Ceramic Surfaces With Different Surface Conditionings
M. Imani
Full Text Available Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the tensile bond strength of metal brackets bonding to glazed ceramic surfaces using three various surface treatments.Materials and Methods: Forty two glazed ceramic disks were assigned to three groups. In the first and second groups the specimens were etched with 9.5% hydrofluoric acid (HFA. Subsequently in first group, ceramic primer and adhesive were applied, but in second group a bonding agent alone was used. In third group, specimens were treated with 35% phosphoric acid followed by ceramic primerand adhesive application. Brackets were bonded with light cure composites. The specimens were stored in distilled water in the room temperature for 24 hours and thermocycled 500 times between 5°C and 55°C. The universal testing machine was used to test the tensile bond strength and the adhesive remenant index scores between three groups was evaluated. The data were subjected to one-way ANOVA, Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis tests respectively.Results: The tensile bond strength was 3.69±0.52 MPa forfirst group, 2.69±0.91 MPa for second group and 3.60±0.41 MPa for third group. Group II specimens showed tensile strength values significantly different from other groups (P<0.01.Conclusion: In spite of limitations in laboratory studies it may be concluded that in application of Scotch bond multipurpose plus adhesive, phosphoric acid can be used instead of HFA for bonding brackets to the glazed ceramic restorations with enough tensile bond strength.
Influence of surface conditions in nucleate boiling--the concept of bubble flux density
Shoukri, M.; Judd, R.L.
A study of the influence of surface conditions in nucleate pool boiling is presented. The surface conditions are represented by the number and distribution of the active nucleation sites as well as the size and size distribution of the cavities that constitute the nucleation sites. The heat transfer rate during nucleate boiling is shown to be influenced by the surface condition through its effect on the number and distribution of the active nucleation sites as well as the frequency of bubble departure from each of these different size cavities. The concept of bubble flux density, which is a function of both the active site density and frequency of bubble departure, is introduced. A method of evaluating the bubble flux density is proposed and a uniform correlation between the boiling heat flux and the bubble flux density is found to exist for a particular solid-liquid combination irrespective of the surface finish within the region of isolated bubbles
Effects of buoyancy and thermal radiation on MHD flow over a stretching porous sheet using homotopy analysis method
Yahaya Shagaiya Daniel
Full Text Available This paper investigates the theoretical influence of buoyancy and thermal radiation on MHD flow over a stretching porous sheet. The model which constituted highly nonlinear governing equations is transformed using similarity solution and then solved using homotopy analysis method (HAM. The analysis is carried out up to the 5th order of approximation and the influences of different physical parameters such as Prandtl number, Grashof number, suction/injection parameter, thermal radiation parameter and heat generation/absorption coefficient and also Hartman number on dimensionless velocity, temperature and the rate of heat transfer are investigated and discussed quantitatively with the aid of graphs. Numerical results obtained are compared with the previous results published in the literature and are found to be in good agreement. It was found that when the buoyancy parameter and the fluid velocity increase, the thermal boundary layer decreases. In case of the thermal radiation, increasing the thermal radiation parameter produces significant increases in the thermal conditions of the fluid temperature which cause more fluid in the boundary layer due to buoyancy effect, causing the velocity in the fluid to increase. The hydrodynamic boundary layer and thermal boundary layer thickness increase as a result of increase in radiation.
Buoyancy of gas-filled bladders at great depth
Priede, Imants G.
At high hydrostatic pressures exceeding 20 MPa or 200 bar, equivalent to depths exceeding ca.2000 m, the behaviour of gases deviates significantly from the predictions of standard equations such as Boyle's Law, the Ideal Gas Law and Van der Waals equation. The predictions of these equations are compared with experimental data for nitrogen, oxygen and air at 0 °C and 15 °C, at pressures up to 1100 bar (110 MPa) equivalent to full ocean depth of ca. 11000 m. Owing to reduced compressibility of gases at high pressures, gas-filled bladders at full ocean depth have a density of 847 kg m-3 for Oxygen, 622 kg m-3 for Nitrogen and 660 kg m-3 for air providing potentially useful buoyancy comparable with that available from man-made materials. This helps explain why some of the deepest-living fishes at ca. 7000 m depth (700 bar or 70 MPa) have gas-filled swim bladders. A table is provided of the density and buoyancy of oxygen, nitrogen and air at 0 °C and 15 °C from 100 to 1100 bar.
Response of mantle transition zone thickness to plume buoyancy flux
Das Sharma, S.; Ramesh, D. S.; Li, X.; Yuan, X.; Sreenivas, B.; Kind, R.
The debate concerning thermal plumes in the Earth's mantle, their geophysical detection and depth characterization remains contentious. Available geophysical, petrological and geochemical evidence is at variance regarding the very existence of mantle plumes. Utilizing P-to-S converted seismic waves (P receiver functions) from the 410 and 660 km discontinuities, we investigate disposition of these boundaries beneath a number of prominent hotspot regions. The thickness of the mantle transition zone (MTZ), measured as P660s-P410s differential times (tMTZ), is determined. Our analyses suggest that the MTZ thickness beneath some hotspots correlates with the plume strength. The relationship between tMTZ, in response to the thermal perturbation, and the strength of plumes, as buoyancy flux B, follows a power law. This B-tMTZ behavior provides unprecedented insights into the relation of buoyancy flux and excess temperature at 410-660 km depth below hotspots. We find that the strongest hotspots, which are located in the Pacific, are indeed plumes originating at the MTZ or deeper. According to the detected power law, even the strongest plumes may not shrink the transition zone by significantly more than ~40 km (corresponding to a maximum of 300-400° excess temperature).
Robert S. Fausto
Full Text Available The surface snow density of glaciers and ice sheets is of fundamental importance in converting volume to mass in both altimetry and surface mass balance studies, yet it is often poorly constrained. Site-specific surface snow densities are typically derived from empirical relations based on temperature and wind speed. These parameterizations commonly calculate the average density of the top meter of snow, thereby systematically overestimating snow density at the actual surface. Therefore, constraining surface snow density to the top 0.1 m can improve boundary conditions in high-resolution firn-evolution modeling. We have compiled an extensive dataset of 200 point measurements of surface snow density from firn cores and snow pits on the Greenland ice sheet. We find that surface snow density within 0.1 m of the surface has an average value of 315 kg m−3 with a standard deviation of 44 kg m−3, and has an insignificant annual air temperature dependency. We demonstrate that two widely-used surface snow density parameterizations dependent on temperature systematically overestimate surface snow density over the Greenland ice sheet by 17–19%, and that using a constant density of 315 kg m−3 may give superior results when applied in surface mass budget modeling.
Influence of Surface Properties and Impact Conditions on Adhesion of Insect Residues
Wohl, Christopher J.; Smith, Joseph G.; Connell, John W.; Siochi, Emilie J.; Doss, Jereme R.; Shanahan, Michelle H.; Penner, Ronald K.
Insect residues can cause premature transition to turbulent flow on laminar flow airfoils. Engineered surfaces that mitigate the adhesion of insect residues provide, therefore, a route to more efficient aerodynamics and reduced fuel burn rates. Areal coverage and heights of residues depend not only on surface properties, but also on impact conditions. We report high speed photography of fruit fly impacts at different angles of inclination on a rigid aluminum surface, optical microscopy and profilometry, and contact angle goniometry to support the design of engineered surfaces. For the polyurethane and epoxy coatings studied, some of which exhibited superhydrophobicity, it was determined that impact angle and surface compositions play critical roles in the efficacy of these surfaces to reduce insect residue adhesion.
Surface functionalization of SPR chip for specific molecular interaction analysis under flow condition
Tao Ma
Full Text Available Surface functionalization of sensor chip for probe immobilization is crucial for the biosensing applications of surface plasmon resonance (SPR sensors. In this paper, we report a method circulating the dopamine aqueous solution to coat polydopamine film on sensing surface for surface functionalization of SPR chip. The polydopamine film with available thickness can be easily prepared by controlling the circulation time and the biorecognition elements can be immobilized on the polydopamine film for specific molecular interaction analysis. These operations are all performed under flow condition in the fluidic system, and have the advantages of easy implementation, less time consuming, and low cost, because the reagents and devices used in the operations are routinely applied in most laboratories. In this study, the specific absorption between the protein A probe immobilized on the sensing surface and human immunoglobulin G in the buffer is monitored based on this surface functionalization strategy to demonstrated its feasibility for SPR biosensing applications.
Study on conditional probability of surface rupture: effect of fault dip and width of seismogenic layer
Inoue, N.
The conditional probability of surface ruptures is affected by various factors, such as shallow material properties, process of earthquakes, ground motions and so on. Toda (2013) pointed out difference of the conditional probability of strike and reverse fault by considering the fault dip and width of seismogenic layer. This study evaluated conditional probability of surface rupture based on following procedures. Fault geometry was determined from the randomly generated magnitude based on The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion (2017) method. If the defined fault plane was not saturated in the assumed width of the seismogenic layer, the fault plane depth was randomly provided within the seismogenic layer. The logistic analysis was performed to two data sets: surface displacement calculated by dislocation methods (Wang et al., 2003) from the defined source fault, the depth of top of the defined source fault. The estimated conditional probability from surface displacement indicated higher probability of reverse faults than that of strike faults, and this result coincides to previous similar studies (i.e. Kagawa et al., 2004; Kataoka and Kusakabe, 2005). On the contrary, the probability estimated from the depth of the source fault indicated higher probability of thrust faults than that of strike and reverse faults, and this trend is similar to the conditional probability of PFDHA results (Youngs et al., 2003; Moss and Ross, 2011). The probability of combined simulated results of thrust and reverse also shows low probability. The worldwide compiled reverse fault data include low fault dip angle earthquake. On the other hand, in the case of Japanese reverse fault, there is possibility that the conditional probability of reverse faults with less low dip angle earthquake shows low probability and indicates similar probability of strike fault (i.e. Takao et al., 2013). In the future, numerical simulation by considering failure condition of surface by the source
TBA biodegradation in surface-water sediments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Bradley, Paul M; Landmeyer, James E; Chapelle, Francis H
The potential for [U-14C] TBA biodegradation was examined in laboratory microcosms under a range of terminal electron accepting conditions. TBA mineralization to CO2 was substantial in surface-water sediments under oxic, denitrifying, or Mn(IV)-reducing conditions and statistically significant but low under SO4-reducing conditions. Thus, anaerobic TBA biodegradation may be a significant natural attenuation mechanism for TBA in the environment, and stimulation of in situ TBA bioremediation by addition of suitable terminal electron acceptors may be feasible. No degradation of [U-14C] TBA was observed under methanogenic or Fe(III)-reducing conditions.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Analysis of Interfacial Water at Selected Sulfide Mineral Surfaces under Anaerobic Conditions
Jin, Jiaqi; Miller, Jan D.; Dang, Liem X.
In this paper, we report on a molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) study of the behavior of interfacial water at selected sulfide mineral surfaces under anaerobic conditions. The study revealed the interfacial water structure and wetting characteristics of the pyrite (100) surface, galena (100) surface, chalcopyrite (012) surface, sphalerite (110) surface, and molybdenite surfaces (i.e., the face, armchair-edge, and zigzag-edge surfaces), including simulated contact angles, relative number density profiles, water dipole orientations, hydrogen-bonding, and residence times. For force fields of the metal and sulfur atoms in selected sulfide minerals used in the MDS, we used the universal force field (UFF) and another set of force fields optimized by quantum chemical calculations for interactions with interfacial water molecules at selected sulfide mineral surfaces. Simulation results for the structural and dynamic properties of interfacial water molecules indicate the natural hydrophobic character for the selected sulfide mineral surfaces under anaerobic conditions as well as the relatively weak hydrophobicity for the sphalerite (110) surface and two molybdenite edge surfaces. Part of the financial support for this study was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Basic Science Grant No. DE-FG-03-93ER14315. The Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES), of the DOE, funded work performed by Liem X. Dang. Battelle operates Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for DOE. The calculations were carried out using computer resources provided by BES. The authors are grateful to Professor Tsun-Mei Chang for valuable discussions.
Degradation of atrazine and isoproturon in surface and sub-surface soil materials undergoing different moisture and aeration conditions.
Issa, Salah; Wood, Martin
The influence of different moisture and aeration conditions on the degradation of atrazine and isoproturon was investigated in environmental samples aseptically collected from surface and sub-surface zones of agricultural land. The materials were maintained at two moisture contents corresponding to just above field capacity or 90% of field capacity. Another two groups of samples were adjusted with water to above field capacity, and, at zero time, exposed to drying-rewetting cycles. Atrazine was more persistent (t(1/2) = 22-35 days) than isoproturon (t(1/2) = 5-17 days) in samples maintained at constant moisture conditions. The rate of degradation for both herbicides was higher in samples maintained at a moisture content of 90% of field capacity than in samples with higher moisture contents. The reduction in moisture content in samples undergoing desiccation from above field capacity to much lower than field capacity enhanced the degradation of isoproturon (t(1/2) = 9-12 days) but reduced the rate of atrazine degradation (t(1/2) = 23-35 days). This demonstrates the variability between different micro-organisms in their susceptibility to desiccation. Under anaerobic conditions generated in anaerobic jars, atrazine degraded much more rapidly than isoproturon in materials taken from three soil profiles (0-250 cm depth). It is suggested that some specific micro-organisms are able to survive and degrade herbicide under severe conditions of desiccation. Copyright (c) 2005 Society of Chemical Industry.
Materials surface modification by plasma bombardment under simultaneous erosion and redeposition conditions
Hirooka, Y.; Goebel, D.M.; Conn, R.W.
The first in-depth investigation of surface modification of materials by continuous, high-flux argon plasma bombardment under simultaneous erosion and redeposition conditions have been carried out for copper and 304 stainless steel using the PISCES facility. The plasma bombardment conditions are: incident ion flux range from 10 17 to 10 19 ions sec -1 cm -2 , total ion fluence is controlled between 10 19 and 10 22 ions cm -2 , electron temperature range from 5 to 15 eV, and plasma density range from 10 11 to 10 13 cm -3 . The incident ion energy is 100 eV. The sample temperature is between 300 and 700K. Under redeposition dominated conditions, the material erosion rate due to the plasma bombardment is significantly smaller (by a factor up to 10) than that can be expected from the classical ion beam sputtering yield data. It is found that surface morphologies of redeposited materials strongly depend on the plasma bombardment condition. The effect of impurities on surface morphology is elucidated in detail. First-order modelings are implemented to interpret the reduced erosion rate and the surface evolution. Also, fusion related surface properties of redeposited materials such as hydrogen reemission and plasma driven permeation have been characterized
Groundwater infiltration, surface water inflow and sewerage exfiltration considering hydrodynamic conditions in sewer systems.
Karpf, Christian; Hoeft, Stefan; Scheffer, Claudia; Fuchs, Lothar; Krebs, Peter
Sewer systems are closely interlinked with groundwater and surface water. Due to leaks and regular openings in the sewer system (e.g. combined sewer overflow structures with sometimes reverse pressure conditions), groundwater infiltration and surface water inflow as well as exfiltration of sewage take place and cannot be avoided. In the paper a new hydrodynamic sewer network modelling approach will be presented, which includes--besides precipitation--hydrographs of groundwater and surface water as essential boundary conditions. The concept of the modelling approach and the models to describe the infiltration, inflow and exfiltration fluxes are described. The model application to the sewerage system of the City of Dresden during a flood event with complex conditions shows that the processes of infiltration, exfiltration and surface water inflows can be described with a higher reliability and accuracy, showing that surface water inflow causes a pronounced system reaction. Further, according to the simulation results, a high sensitivity of exfiltration rates on the in-sewer water levels and a relatively low influence of the dynamic conditions on the infiltration rates were found.
Control of first-wall surface conditions in the 2XIIB Magnetic Mirror Plasma Confinement experiment
Simonen, T.C.; Bulmer, R.H.; Coensgen, F.H.
The control of first-wall surface conditions in the 2XIIB Magnetic Mirror Plasma Confinement experiment is described. Before each plasma shot, the first wall is covered with a freshly gettered titanium surface. Up to 5 MW of neutral beam power has been injected into 2XIIB, resulting in first-wall bombardment fluxes of 10 17 atoms . cm -2 . s -1 of 13-keV mean energy deuterium atoms for several ms. The background gas flux is measured with a calibrated, 11-channel, fast-atom detector. Background gas levels are found to depend on surface conditions, injected beam current, and beam pulse duration. For our best operating conditions, an efective reflex coefficient of 0.3 can be inferred from the measurements. Experiments with long-duration and high-current beam injection are limited by charge exchange; however, experiments with shorter beam duration are not limited by first-wall surface conditions. It is concluded that surface effects will be reduced further with smoother walls. (Auth.)
Mesoscopic surface roughness of ice crystals pervasive across a wide range of ice crystal conditions
Magee, N. B.; Miller, A.; Amaral, M.; Cumiskey, A.
Here we show high-magnification images of hexagonal ice crystals acquired by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Most ice crystals were grown and sublimated in the water vapor environment of an FEI-Quanta-200 ESEM, but crystals grown in a laboratory diffusion chamber were also transferred intact and imaged via ESEM. All of these images display prominent mesoscopic topography including linear striations, ridges, islands, steps, peaks, pits, and crevasses; the roughness is not observed to be confined to prism facets. The observations represent the most highly magnified images of ice surfaces yet reported and expand the range of conditions in which rough surface features are known to be conspicuous. Microscale surface topography is seen to be ubiquitously present at temperatures ranging from -10 °C to -40 °C, in supersaturated and subsaturated conditions, on all crystal facets, and irrespective of substrate. Despite the constant presence of surface roughness, the patterns of roughness are observed to be dramatically different between growing and sublimating crystals, and transferred crystals also display qualitatively different patterns of roughness. Crystals are also demonstrated to sometimes exhibit inhibited growth in moderately supersaturated conditions following exposure to near-equilibrium conditions, a phenomenon interpreted as evidence of 2-D nucleation. New knowledge about the characteristics of these features could affect the fundamental understanding of ice surfaces and their physical parameterization in the context of satellite retrievals and cloud modeling. Links to supplemental videos of ice growth and sublimation are provided.
Modal analysis and cut-off conditions of multichannel surface-acoustic-waveguide structures.
Griffel, G; Golan, G; Ruschin, S; Seidman, A; Croitoru, N
Multichannel guides for surface acoustic waves can improve the efficiency of SAW (surface acoustic-wave) devices significantly. Focusing, steering, and modulating the propagating acoustical modes can be achieved similarly to optical waveguided devices. A general formulation is presented for the analysis of the lateral waveguiding properties of Rayleigh modes in surfaces loaded with deposited strips of different materials. General expressions are obtained for the number of modes and cutoff conditions in these structures. As examples of applications, a simple directional coupler and an electrically controlled coupler are proposed.
Water Contact Angle Dependence with Hydroxyl Functional Groups on Silica Surfaces under CO2 Sequestration Conditions.
Chen, Cong; Zhang, Ning; Li, Weizhong; Song, Yongchen
Functional groups on silica surfaces under CO2 sequestration conditions are complex due to reactions among supercritical CO2, brine and silica. Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the effects of hydroxyl functional groups on wettability. It has been found that wettability shows a strong dependence on functional groups on silica surfaces: silanol number density, space distribution, and deprotonation/protonation degree. For neutral silica surfaces with crystalline structure (Q(3), Q(3)/Q(4), Q(4)), as silanol number density decreases, contact angle increases from 33.5° to 146.7° at 10.5 MPa and 318 K. When Q(3) surface changes to an amorphous structure, water contact angle increases 20°. Water contact angle decreases about 12° when 9% of silanol groups on Q(3) surface are deprotonated. When the deprotonation degree increases to 50%, water contact angle decreases to 0. The dependence of wettability on silica surface functional groups was used to analyze contact angle measurement ambiguity in literature. The composition of silica surfaces is complicated under CO2 sequestration conditions, the results found in this study may help to better understand wettability of CO2/brine/silica system.
Influence of surface conditions on fatigue strength through the numerical simulation of microstructure
Le Pecheur, A.; Clavel, M.; Rey, C.; Bompard, P.; Le Pecheur, A.; Curtit, F.; Stephan, J.M.
A thermal fatigue test (INTHERPOL) was developed by EDF in order to study the initiation of cracks. These tests are carried out on tubular specimens under various thermal loadings and surface finish qualities in order to give an account of these parameters on crack initiation. The main topic of this study is to test the sensitivity of different fatigue criteria to surface conditions using a micro/macro modelling approach. Therefore a 304L polycrystalline aggregate, used for cyclic plasticity based FE modelling, have been considered as a Representative Volume Element located at the surface and subsurface of the test tube. This aggregate has been cyclically strained according to the results issued from FE simulation of INTHERPOL thermal fatigue experiment. Different surface parameters have been numerically simulated: effects of local microstructure and of grains orientation, effects of machining: metallurgical prehardening, residual stress gradient, and surface roughness. Three different fatigue criteria (Manson Coffin, Fatemi Socie and dissipated energy types), previously fitted at a macro-scale for thermal fatigue of 304L, have been computed at a meso scale, in order to show the surface 'hot spots' features and test the sensitivity of these three criteria to different surface conditions. Results show that grain orientation and neighbouring play an important role on the location of hot spots, and also that the positive effect of pre-straining and the negative effect of roughness on fatigue life are not all similarly predicted by these different fatigue criteria. (authors)
Surface studies of niobium chemically polished under conditions for superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavity production
Tian, Hui; Reece, Charles E.; Kelley, Michael J.; Wang, Shancai; Plucinski, Lukasz; Smith, Kevin E.; Nowell, Matthew M.
The performance of niobium superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) accelerator cavities is strongly impacted by the topmost several nanometers of the active (interior) surface, especially as influenced by the final surface conditioning treatments. We examined the effect of the most commonly employed treatment, buffered chemical polishing (BCP), on polycrystalline niobium sheet over a range of realistic solution flow rates using electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD), stylus profilometry, atomic force microscopy, laboratory XPS and synchrotron (variable photon energy) XPS, seeking to collect statistically significant datasets. We found that the predominant general surface orientation is (1 0 0), but others are also present and at the atomic-level details of surface plane orientation are more complex. The post-etch surface exhibits micron-scale roughness, whose extent does not change with treatment conditions. The outermost surface consists of a few-nm thick layer of niobium pentoxide, whose thickness increases with solution flow rate to a maximum of 1.3-1.4 times that resulting from static solution. The standard deviation of the roughness measurements is ±30% and that of the surface composition is ±5%.
Tian Hui [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility and College of William and Mary (United States); Reece, Charles E. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility and College of William and Mary (United States); Kelley, Michael J. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility and College of William and Mary (United States)]. E-mail: mkelley@jlab.org; Wang Shancai [Department of Physics, Boston University (United States); Plucinski, Lukasz [Department of Physics, Boston University (United States); Smith, Kevin E. [Department of Physics, Boston University (United States); Nowell, Matthew M. [EDAX TSL (United States)
The performance of niobium superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) accelerator cavities is strongly impacted by the topmost several nanometers of the active (interior) surface, especially as influenced by the final surface conditioning treatments. We examined the effect of the most commonly employed treatment, buffered chemical polishing (BCP), on polycrystalline niobium sheet over a range of realistic solution flow rates using electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD), stylus profilometry, atomic force microscopy, laboratory XPS and synchrotron (variable photon energy) XPS, seeking to collect statistically significant datasets. We found that the predominant general surface orientation is (1 0 0), but others are also present and at the atomic-level details of surface plane orientation are more complex. The post-etch surface exhibits micron-scale roughness, whose extent does not change with treatment conditions. The outermost surface consists of a few-nm thick layer of niobium pentoxide, whose thickness increases with solution flow rate to a maximum of 1.3-1.4 times that resulting from static solution. The standard deviation of the roughness measurements is {+-}30% and that of the surface composition is {+-}5%.
Tian,H.; Reece, C.; Kelley, M.; Wang, S.; Plucinski, L.; Smith, K.; Nowell, M.
Modeling Diffusion and Buoyancy-Driven Convection with Application to Geological CO2 Storage
Allen, Rebecca
ABSTRACT Modeling Diffusion and Buoyancy-Driven Convection with Application to Geological CO2 Storage Rebecca Allen Geological CO2 storage is an engineering feat that has been undertaken around the world for more than two decades, thus accurate modeling of flow and transport behavior is of practical importance. Diffusive and convective transport are relevant processes for buoyancy-driven convection of CO2 into underlying fluid, a scenario that has received the attention of numerous modeling studies. While most studies focus on Darcy-scale modeling of this scenario, relatively little work exists at the pore-scale. In this work, properties evaluated at the pore-scale are used to investigate the transport behavior modeled at the Darcy-scale. We compute permeability and two different forms of tortuosity, namely hydraulic and diffusive. By generating various pore ge- ometries, we find hydraulic and diffusive tortuosity can be quantitatively different in the same pore geometry by up to a factor of ten. As such, we emphasize that these tortuosities should not be used interchangeably. We find pore geometries that are characterized by anisotropic permeability can also exhibit anisotropic diffusive tortuosity. This finding has important implications for buoyancy-driven convection modeling; when representing the geological formation with an anisotropic permeabil- ity, it is more realistic to also account for an anisotropic diffusivity. By implementing a non-dimensional model that includes both a vertically and horizontally orientated 5 Rayleigh number, we interpret our findings according to the combined effect of the anisotropy from permeability and diffusive tortuosity. In particular, we observe the Rayleigh ratio may either dampen or enhance the diffusing front, and our simulation data is used to express the time of convective onset as a function of the Rayleigh ratio. Also, we implement a lattice Boltzmann model for thermal convective flows, which we treat as an analog for
Characteristics of Buoyancy Driven Natural Ventilation through Horizontal Openings
Li, Zhigang
through horizontal openings. Two cases of full-scale measurements of buoyancy driven natural ventilation through horizontal openings are performed: one horizontal opening and one horizontal opening combined with one vertical opening. For the case of one horizontal opening, the measurements are made....... Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are used to study these two air flow cases. The air flow rate and air flow pattern are predicted and compared with the full-scale measurements. The measurement data are used to compare two CFD models: standard k- ε model and large eddy simulation (LES) model. The cases...... transient, unstable and complex, and the air flow rates oscillate with time. Correlations between the Froude number Fr and the opening ratio L/D are obtained, which is reasonable agreement with Epstein's formula derived from brine-water measurements, but the obtained Fr values show considerable deviations...
Buoyancy-driven mixing of fluids in a confined geometry
Hallez, Y.
The present work based on Direct Numerical Simulations is devoted to the study of mixing between two miscible fluids of different densities. The movement of these fluids is induced by buoyancy. Three geometries are considered: a cylindrical tube, a square channel and a plane two-dimensional flow. For cylindrical tubes, the results of numerical simulations fully confirm previous experimental findings by Seon et al., especially regarding the existence of three different flow regimes, depending on the tilt angle. The comparison of the various geometries shows that tridimensional flows in tubes or channels are similar, whereas the two-dimensional model fails to give reliable information about real 3D flows, either from a quantitative point of view or for a phenomenological understanding. A peculiar attention is put on a joint analysis of the concentration and vorticity fields and allows us to explain several subtle aspects of the mixing dynamics. (author)
Buoyancy differences among two deepwater ciscoes from the Great Lakes and their putative ancestor
Krause, A.E.; Eshenroder, R.L.; Begnoche, L.J.
We analyzed buoyancy in two deepwater ciscoes, Coregonus hoyi and C. kiyi, and in C. artedi, their putative ancestor, and also analyzed how variations in fish weight, water content, and lipid content affected buoyancy. Buoyancy was significantly different among the three species (p < 0.0001). Estimates of percent buoyancy (neutral buoyancy = 0.0%) were: kiyi, 3.8%; hoyi, 4.7%; and artedi, 5.7%. Buoyancy did not change with fish weight alone (p = 0.38). Fish weight was negatively related to water content for all three species (p = 0.037). Lipid content was not significantly different between hoyi and kiyi, but artedi had significantly fewer lipids than hoyi and kiyi (p < 0.10). When artedi was removed from the analysis, fish weight and lipids accounted for 48% of the variation in buoyancy (p = 0.003), fatter hoyi were less dense than leaner hoyi, but fatter and leaner kiyi were no different in density. Our findings provide additional evidence that buoyancy regulation was a speciating mechanism in deepwater ciscoes and that kiyi is more specialized than hoyi for diel-vertical migration in deep water.
40 CFR 1065.690 - Buoyancy correction for PM sample media.
... mass, use a sample media density of 920 kg/m3. (3) For PTFE membrane (film) media with an integral... media. 1065.690 Section 1065.690 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... Buoyancy correction for PM sample media. (a) General. Correct PM sample media for their buoyancy in air if...
Magma buoyancy and volatile ascent driving autocyclic eruptivity at Hekla Volcano (Iceland)
Hautmann, Stefanie; Sacks, I. Selwyn; Linde, Alan T.; Roberts, Matthew J.
Volcanic eruptions are typically accompanied by ground deflation due to the withdrawal of magma from depth and its effusion at the surface. Here, based on continuous high-resolution borehole strain data, we show that ground deformation was absent during the major effusion phases of the 1991 and 2000 eruptions of Hekla Volcano, Iceland. This lack of surface deformation challenges the classic model of magma intrusion/withdrawal as source for volcanic ground uplift/subsidence. We incorporate geodetic and geochemical observables into theoretical models of magma chamber dynamics in order to constrain quantitatively alternative co- and intereruptive physical mechanisms that govern magma propagation and system pressurization. We find the lack of surface deformation during lava effusion to be linked to chamber replenishment from below whilst magma migrates as a buoyancy-driven flow from the magma chamber towards the surface. We further demonstrate that intereruptive pressure build-up is likely to be generated by volatile ascent within the chamber rather than magma injection. Our model explains the persistent periodic eruptivity at Hekla throughout historic times with self-initiating cycles and is conceptually relevant to other volcanic systems.
Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flows over superhydrophobic surfaces with gas pockets using linearized boundary conditions
Seo, Jongmin; Bose, Sanjeeb; Garcia-Mayoral, Ricardo; Mani, Ali
Superhydrophobic surfaces are shown to be effective for surface drag reduction under laminar regime by both experiments and simulations (see for example, Ou and Rothstein, Phys. Fluids 17:103606, 2005). However, such drag reduction for fully developed turbulent flow maintaining the Cassie-Baxter state remains an open problem due to high shear rates and flow unsteadiness of turbulent boundary layer. Our work aims to develop an understanding of mechanisms leading to interface breaking and loss of gas pockets due to interactions with turbulent boundary layers. We take advantage of direct numerical simulation of turbulence with slip and no-slip patterned boundary conditions mimicking the superhydrophobic surface. In addition, we capture the dynamics of gas-water interface, by deriving a proper linearized boundary condition taking into account the surface tension of the interface and kinematic matching of interface deformation and normal velocity conditions on the wall. We will show results from our simulations predicting the dynamical behavior of gas pocket interfaces over a wide range of dimensionless surface tensions. Supported by the Office of Naval Research and the Kwanjeong Educational Scholarship Foundation.
The influence of surface type on the absorbed radiation by a human under hot, dry conditions
Hardin, A. W.; Vanos, J. K.
Given the predominant use of heat-retaining materials in urban areas, numerous studies have addressed the urban heat island mitigation potential of various "cool" options, such as vegetation and high-albedo surfaces. The influence of altered radiational properties of such surfaces affects not only the air temperature within a microclimate, but more importantly the interactions of long- and short-wave radiation fluxes with the human body. Minimal studies have assessed how cool surfaces affect thermal comfort via changes in absorbed radiation by a human ( R abs) using real-world, rather than modeled, urban field data. The purpose of the current study is to assess the changes in the absorbed radiation by a human—a critical component of human energy budget models—based on surface type on hot summer days (air temperatures > 38.5∘C). Field tests were conducted using a high-end microclimate station under predominantly clear sky conditions over ten surfaces with higher sky view factors in Lubbock, Texas. Three methods were used to measure and estimate R abs: a cylindrical radiation thermometer (CRT), a net radiometer, and a theoretical estimation model. Results over dry surfaces suggest that the use of high-albedo surfaces to reduce overall urban heat gain may not improve acute human thermal comfort in clear conditions due to increased reflected radiation. Further, the use of low-cost instrumentation, such as the CRT, shows potential in quantifying radiative heat loads within urban areas at temporal scales of 5-10 min or greater, yet further research is needed. Fine-scale radiative information in urban areas can aid in the decision-making process for urban heat mitigation using non-vegetated urban surfaces, with surface type choice is dependent on the need for short-term thermal comfort, or reducing cumulative heat gain to the urban fabric.
Effects of surface finishing conditions on the biocompatibility of a nickel-chromium dental casting alloy.
McGinley, Emma Louise
To assess the effects of surface finishing condition (polished or alumina particle air abraded) on the biocompatibility of direct and indirect exposure to a nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) d.Sign®10 dental casting alloy on oral keratinocytes. Biocompatibility was performed by assessing cellular viability and morphology, metabolic activity, cellular toxicity and presence of inflammatory cytokine markers.
Micromorphology of leaf surface of Coelogyne Lindl. species (Orchidaceae Juss. in greenhouse conditions
Alexander G. Gyrenko
Full Text Available The micromorphological characteristics of both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of the plants of five Coelogyne Lindl. species (C. assamicaLinden & Rchb.f., C. brachyptera Rchb.f., C. cumingii Lindl., C. fimbriataLindl., C. lentiginosaLindl. under glasshouse conditions have been described.
Nanoparticle growth and surface chemistry changes in cell-conditioned culture medium.
Kendall, Michaela; Hodges, Nikolas J; Whitwell, Harry; Tyrrell, Jess; Cangul, Hakan
When biomolecules attach to engineered nanoparticle (ENP) surfaces, they confer the particles with a new biological identity. Physical format may also radically alter, changing ENP stability and agglomeration state within seconds. In order to measure which biomolecules are associated with early ENP growth, we studied ENPs in conditioned medium from A549 cell culture, using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and linear trap quadrupole electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry. Two types of 100 nm polystyrene particles (one uncoated and one with an amine functionalized surface) were used to measure the influence of surface type. In identically prepared conditioned medium, agglomeration was visible in all samples after 1 h, but was variable, indicating inter-sample variability in secretion rates and extracellular medium conditions. In samples conditioned for 1 h or more, ENP agglomeration rates varied significantly. Agglomerate size measured by DLS was well correlated with surface sequestered peptide number for uncoated but not for amine coated polystyrene ENPs. Amine-coated ENPs grew much faster and into larger agglomerates associated with fewer sequestered peptides, but including significant sequestered lactose dehydrogenase. We conclude that interference with extracellular peptide balance and oxidoreductase activity via sequestration is worthy of further study, as increased oxidative stress via this new mechanism may be important for cell toxicity. © 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.
Initial conditions of urban permeable surfaces in rainfall-runoff models using Horton’s infiltration
Davidsen, Steffen; Löwe, Roland; Høegh Ravn, Nanna
Infiltration is a key process controlling runoff, but varies depending on antecedent conditions. This study provides estimates on initial conditions for urban permeable surfaces via continuous simulation of the infiltration capacity using historical rain data. An analysis of historical rainfall...... records show that accumulated rainfall prior to large rain events does not depend on the return period of the event. Using an infiltration-runoff model we found that for a typical large rain storm, antecedent conditions in general lead to reduced infiltration capacity both for sandy and clayey soils...... and that there is substantial runoff for return periods above 1–10 years....
A New Rig for Testing Textured Surfaces in Pure Sliding Conditions
Godi, Alessandro; Grønbæk, J.; Mohaghegh, Kamran
machineries are necessary: a press to provide the normal pressure and a tensile machine to perform the axial movements. The test is calibrated so that the correspondence between the normal pressure and the container advancement is found. Preliminary tests are carried out involving a multifunctional and a fine......Throughout the years, it has become more and more important to find new methods for reducing friction and wear occurrence in machine elements. A possible solution is found in texturing the surfaces under tribological contact, as demonstrated by the development and spread of plateau-honed surface...... for cylinder liners. To prove the efficacy of a particular textured surface, it is paramount to perform experimental tests under controlled laboratory conditions. In this paper, a new test rig simulating pure sliding conditions is presented, dubbed axial sliding test. It presents four major components: a rod...
Effect of reactor finiteness on the boundary condition at the surface of a booster section
Wassef, W.A.
Effect of reactor finiteness on the boundary condition at the surface of an absorbing booster embedded in the reactor core is studied and formulated. The model used in these calculations depends on the Pl-Transport coupling technique. This method takes into consideration the rigorous neutron transport behavior inside the booster medium, while the Pl-approximation in the bulk of the scattering medium surrounding the booster which can be considered infinite in most practical applications. The neutron flux gradient parallel to the surface of the booster is considered. The geometrical configuration of the reactor core cross section is circular or rectangular. Finiteness of the reactor is introduced in the general formulation through its dimensions or buckling. Extensive numerical results are given to demonstrate the dependence of the boundary condition at the surface of the booster section on the reactor finiteness and the different physical parameters
First-principles study of low Miller index Ni3S2 surfaces in hydrotreating conditions.
Aray, Yosslen; Vega, David; Rodriguez, Jesus; Vidal, Alba B; Grillo, Maria Elena; Coll, Santiago
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with surface thermodynamic arguments and the Gibbs-Curie-Wulff equilibrium morphology formalism have been employed to explore the effect of the reaction conditions, temperature (T), and gas-phase partial pressures (PH2 and PH2S) on the stability of nickel sulfide (Ni3S2) surfaces. Furthermore, the strength and nature of chemical bonds for selected Ni3S2 surface cuts were investigated with the quantum theory of atoms in molecules methodology. A particular analysis of the electrostatic potential within this theoretical framework is performed to study the potential activity of nickel sulfide nanoparticles as hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts. The calculated thermodynamic surface stabilities and the resulting equilibrium morphology model suggest that unsupported Ni3S2 nanoparticles mainly expose (111) and (111) type surface faces in HDS conditions. Analysis of the electrostatic potential mapped onto a selected electron density isocontour (0.001 au) on those expose surface reveals a poor potential reactivity toward electron-donating reagents (i.e., low Lewis acidity). Consequently, a very low attraction between coordinatively unsaturated active sites (Lewis sites) exposed at the catalytic particles and the S atoms coming from reagent polluting molecules does inactive these kinds of particles for HDS.
Effect of surface stress state on dissolution property of Alloy 690 in simulated primary water condition
Kim, Kyung Mo; Shim, Hee-Sang; Lee, Eun Hee; Seo, Myung Ji; Han, Jung Ho; Hur, Do Haeng
The dissolution control of nickel is important to reduce the radioactive dose rate and deterioration of fuel performance in the operation of nuclear power plants (PWR). The corrosion properties are affected by the metal surface residual stress introduced in manufacture process such as work hardening. This work studied the effect of surface modification on the release rate of Alloy 690, nickel-base alloy for a steam generator tube, in the test condition of simulated primary water chemistry in PWRs. The surface stress modification was applied by the electro-polishing and shot peening method. Shot peening process was applied using ceramic beads with different intensities through the variation of air pressure. The corrosion release tests performed at 330degC with LiOH 2 ppm and H 3 BO 4 1200 ppm, DH(dissolved hydrogen) 35 cc/kg (STP) and about 20 ppb of DO(dissolved oxygen) condition. The corrosion release rate was evaluated by a gravimetric analysis method and the surface analysed by SEM and optical microscope. The surface residual stress was measured by an X-ray diffractometer, and the distribution of stress state was evaluated by a micro-hardness tester. The metal ion release rate of alloy 690 was evaluated from the influence of the stress state on the metal surface. The oxide property and structure was affected by the residual stress in the oxide layer. (author)
Corrosion and surface conditions of EUROFER 97 steel in Pb-17Li at 500 deg C
Zmitko, M.; Splichal, K.; Masarik, V.
In this work the corrosion behaviour of EUROFER 97 was examined in flowing Pb-17Li at the temperature 500 deg C up to 2500 hours. Surface morphology and chemical composition profiles and weight changes were investigated. Interaction of EUROFER 97 specimens with Pb-17Li melt results in a material dissolution, which is demonstrated by surface morphology and specimen weight changes. The specimen surfaces investigated after 500 and 1000 hours of exposure in Pb-17Li show similar surface appearance in both as-received and polished conditions. The corrosive damage occurs locally and a major part of surface areas is not affected. The exposure after 2500 hours evidences some visible decrease in the surface roughness for both surface conditions. The surface overlapping was observed and industrial tube productions have to avoid such types of defects. A small weight changes after 500 and 1000 hours and a higher weight decrease after 2500 hours were observed. The absolute values of the weight change after 500 and 1000 hours are about one order of magnitude lower than ones of weight changes after 2500 hours exposure. There were no significant differences of weight changes between as-received and polished surface conditions. The weight decrease of about 1 mg/cm 2 after 2500 hours is in a sufficient correlation with the value of about 4 mg/cm 2 evaluated from data of Fe-12Cr-1MoVW steel. The experiments have shown that the surface corrosive attack revealed only after a certain incubation period. During this period the surface layers are relatively stable to a direct attack of the surface by the melt. In the course of exposure time those layers are not further resistant and can influence the dissolutions of steel components. Concentration profiles of steel components near the steel surface were examined by EDX line-scan and point analyses. Under the experimental conditions no considerable profile of Cr and Fe in surface layers, as higher soluble steel components in Pb-17Li, was
Large eddy simulation of a buoyancy-aided flow in a non-uniform channel – Buoyancy effects on large flow structures
Duan, Y. [Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD (United Kingdom); School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL (United Kingdom); He, S., E-mail: s.he@sheffield.ac.uk [Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD (United Kingdom)
Highlights: • Buoyancy may greatly redistribute the flow in a non-uniform channel. • Flow structures in the narrow gap are greatly changed when buoyancy is strong. • Large flow structures exist in wider gap, which is enhanced when heat is strong. • Buoyancy reduces mixing factor caused by large flow structures in narrow gap. - Abstract: It has been a long time since the ‘abnormal’ turbulent intensity distribution and high inter-sub-channel mixing rates were observed in the vicinity of the narrow gaps formed by the fuel rods in nuclear reactors. The extraordinary flow behaviour was first described as periodic flow structures by Hooper and Rehme (1984). Since then, the existences of large flow structures were demonstrated by many researchers in various non-uniform flow channels. It has been proved by many authors that the Strouhal number of the flow structure in the isothermal flow is dependent on the size of the narrow gap, not the Reynolds number once it is sufficiently large. This paper reports a numerical investigation on the effect of buoyancy on the large flow structures. A buoyancy-aided flow in a tightly-packed rod-bundle-like channel is modelled using large eddy simulation (LES) together with the Boussinesq approximation. The behaviour of the large flow structures in the gaps of the flow passage are studied using instantaneous flow fields, spectrum analysis and correlation analysis. It is found that the non-uniform buoyancy force in the cross section of the flow channel may greatly redistribute the velocity field once the overall buoyancy force is sufficiently strong, and consequently modify the large flow structures. The temporal and axial spatial scales of the large flow structures are influenced by buoyancy in a way similar to that turbulence is influenced. These scales reduce when the flow is laminarised, but start increasing in the turbulence regeneration region. The spanwise scale of the flow structures in the narrow gap remains more or
The effect of buoyancy on flow and heat transfer for a gas passing down a vertical pipe at low turbulent reynolds numbers
Easby, J.P.
For the analysis of low-flow situations in the core of the High-Temperature Gas-Cooled reactor it is necessary to have a knowledge of the variation of pressure drop and heat transfer with flow and buoyancy influence. Nitrogen at 4 bar has been used to simulate the high pressure helium in the reactor and an experiment performed for downward flow in a heated vertical pipe. The measurements show that for the range of flow and buoyancy influence parameters investigated, (2000 6 ), friction factors are reduced by up to 20% compared with a correlation for isothermal flows and heat transfer is increased by up to 40% compared with a correlation for constant fluid properties. Agreement with the limit amount of previous data is quite satisfactory. The changes in heat transfer and friction factor with buoyancy influence can be attributed to distortion of the normally linear, radial shear stress profile. Simple equations have been determined to correlate the present results but extrapolation to conditions of high flow and buoyancy influence, where the interaction of forced and free convection may be different, is not advised. (author)
Method for Pre-Conditioning a Measured Surface Height Map for Model Validation
Sidick, Erkin
This software allows one to up-sample or down-sample a measured surface map for model validation, not only without introducing any re-sampling errors, but also eliminating the existing measurement noise and measurement errors. Because the re-sampling of a surface map is accomplished based on the analytical expressions of Zernike-polynomials and a power spectral density model, such re-sampling does not introduce any aliasing and interpolation errors as is done by the conventional interpolation and FFT-based (fast-Fourier-transform-based) spatial-filtering method. Also, this new method automatically eliminates the measurement noise and other measurement errors such as artificial discontinuity. The developmental cycle of an optical system, such as a space telescope, includes, but is not limited to, the following two steps: (1) deriving requirements or specs on the optical quality of individual optics before they are fabricated through optical modeling and simulations, and (2) validating the optical model using the measured surface height maps after all optics are fabricated. There are a number of computational issues related to model validation, one of which is the "pre-conditioning" or pre-processing of the measured surface maps before using them in a model validation software tool. This software addresses the following issues: (1) up- or down-sampling a measured surface map to match it with the gridded data format of a model validation tool, and (2) eliminating the surface measurement noise or measurement errors such that the resulted surface height map is continuous or smoothly-varying. So far, the preferred method used for re-sampling a surface map is two-dimensional interpolation. The main problem of this method is that the same pixel can take different values when the method of interpolation is changed among the different methods such as the "nearest," "linear," "cubic," and "spline" fitting in Matlab. The conventional, FFT-based spatial filtering method used to
Conditions of rib design for polycarbonate resin with high glossy surfaces
Jeong, Seong Won [Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul (Korea, Republic of)
Much attention has been being given to the importance of product surfaces in the field of plastic parts, as industrial design has become one of the key elements of product success. These plastic parts incorporate rib-like geometries on the non-appearance surfaces of plastic in order to increase the stiffness of rigidity of the section, but they often cause appearance problems of the product's surface overall by making a sink mark on that surface. The thickness, height and draft-angle of the rib are generally known as major parameters influencing the sink mark on the appearance surface. Therefore, designers of plastic parts must determine the variables of reinforcing ribs. The goal of this study is to find the optimum design variables in the mixing conditions of the thickness, the height and the draft angle of reinforcing ribs so that designers of plastic parts can easily determine the conditions of the reinforcing ribs as the part's section thickness varies within an objective limit in polycarbonate plastic resin and a high glossy surface that are widely applied in the creation of plastic products. We investigated the actual depths of sink marks on the surface of a specimen that was manufactured with an injection mold specifically for this study. Response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design was used to analyze the regression curve of real depths with combinations of the thickness, height and draft angle of the ribs. The result shows that the most influential factor to increase the shrinkage is the thickness of ribs and that the optimum value of the rib thickness is a range from multiple of 0.25 to 0.34 of the section thickness. Also, the rib height and rib draft angle are not major factors that can change the sink amount.
Jeong, Seong Won
Surface reactivity of colloidal corrosion product and alloys in PWR conditions
Lefevre, Gregory; Leclercq, Stephanie; Cabanas, Bruna-Martin; Delaunay, Sophie; Mansour, Carine; Berger, Gilles
The corrosion of metallic components of water circuits of Pressurized Water Reactors generates colloidal particles. These particles are transported in the circuits, they sorb dissolved species and they can deposit on alloys in given parts of the circuits. Sorption and deposition generate several technical drawbacks in both primary and secondary circuits. According to the DLVO theory, adhesion between two surfaces is controlled by electrostatic and Van der Waals forces. The latter are always attractive and does not depends on solution chemistry. On the contrary, electrostatic forces are connected to the surface charge and depend strongly on the chemical properties of the solids and on the chemistry of the solution. Depending on the relative charge of the surfaces, these forces are attractive or repulsive and can have a major effect on the deposition behavior of particles. According to the surface complexation theory, the surface charge of metallic oxides results from sorption or desorption of protons, leading to positive or negative surface sites, and thus, strongly depends on the solution pH. Dissolved species can sorb on the surface, depending on the ionic charge of these species and on the surface charge. Thus, the knowledge of the surface charge of corrosion particles and alloys, their affinity towards several ions as protons, nickel, cobalt, sulfate, or borate ions has been shown to be useful to predict the transport of the contamination in the primary circuit, or to understand the accumulation of impurities in the steam generator in the secondary circuit. At room temperature, these data can be easily measured, or found in literature. In PWR conditions (high temperature, high pressure), most of the usual protocols and commercial instruments cannot be used. For several years, collaboration between EDF R and D and CNRS has been developed to get information about the surface reactivity of iron oxides, ferrites, and alloys in such conditions. Some of the results
Environmental conditions to achieve low adhesion and low friction on diamond surfaces
Guo, Haibo; Qi, Yue
The adhesion and friction of both diamond and diamond-like carbon coatings can be dramatically changed by active gases in the environment, such as hydrogen, water vapor and humid air, due to tribochemical reactions. To understand the atmospheric effects and to predict the optimized environmental conditions (gas species, pressure and temperature), the tribochemical reactions on diamond surfaces are modeled from first principles thermodynamics. The results show that both H 2 and a mixture of H 2 O plus O 2 (such as humid air) can effectively achieve low adhesion and low friction with a fully –H or –OH passivated surface at very low partial pressures. Water vapor itself can passivate diamond (1 1 1) and (1 0 0) surfaces into half –H and half –OH terminated surfaces, but only at unrealistically high partial pressures. Even a trace amount of oxygen combined with water vapor can significantly reduce the water partial pressure for passivation. In all tribochemical reactions considered, the partial pressure required to reach low adhesion and low friction increases rapidly with temperature, and diamond (1 0 0) surface requires less partial pressures than (1 1 1) surface for surface passivation
Optimizing pentacene thin-film transistor performance: Temperature and surface condition induced layer growth modification.
Lassnig, R; Hollerer, M; Striedinger, B; Fian, A; Stadlober, B; Winkler, A
In this work we present in situ electrical and surface analytical, as well as ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies on temperature and surface condition induced pentacene layer growth modifications, leading to the selection of optimized deposition conditions and entailing performance improvements. We prepared p ++ -silicon/silicon dioxide bottom-gate, gold bottom-contact transistor samples and evaluated the pentacene layer growth for three different surface conditions (sputtered, sputtered + carbon and unsputtered + carbon) at sample temperatures during deposition of 200 K, 300 K and 350 K. The AFM investigations focused on the gold contacts, the silicon dioxide channel region and the highly critical transition area. Evaluations of coverage dependent saturation mobilities, threshold voltages and corresponding AFM analysis were able to confirm that the first 3-4 full monolayers contribute to the majority of charge transport within the channel region. At high temperatures and on sputtered surfaces uniform layer formation in the contact-channel transition area is limited by dewetting, leading to the formation of trenches and the partial development of double layer islands within the channel region instead of full wetting layers. By combining the advantages of an initial high temperature deposition (well-ordered islands in the channel) and a subsequent low temperature deposition (continuous film formation for low contact resistance) we were able to prepare very thin (8 ML) pentacene transistors of comparably high mobility.
Optimal condition for fabricating superhydrophobic Aluminum surfaces with controlled anodizing processes
Saffari, Hamid; Sohrabi, Beheshteh; Noori, Mohammad Reza; Bahrami, Hamid Reza Talesh
A single step anodizing process is used to produce micro-nano structures on Aluminum (1050) substrates with sulfuric acid as electrolyte. Therefore, surface energy of the anodized layer is reduced using stearic acid modification. Undoubtedly, effects of different parameters including anodizing time, electrical current, and type and concentration of electrolyte on the final contact angle are systemically studied and optimized. Results show that anodizing current of 0.41 A, electrolyte (sulfuric acid) concentration of 15 wt.% and anodizing time of 90 min are optimal conditions which give contact angle as high as 159.2° and sliding angle lower than 5°. Moreover, the study reveals that adding oxalic acid to the sulfuric acid cannot enhance superhydrophobicity of the samples. Also, scanning electron microscopy images of samples show that irregular (bird's nest) structures present on the surface instead of high-ordered honeycomb structures expecting from normal anodizing process. Additionally, X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples shows that only amorphous structures present on the surface. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area of the anodized layer is 2.55 m2 g-1 in optimal condition. Ultimately, the surface keeps its hydrophobicity in air and deionized water (DIW) after one week and 12 weeks, respectively.
Effect of the Machined Surfaces of AISI 4337 Steel to Cutting Conditions on Dry Machining Lathe
Rahim, Robbi; Napid, Suhardi; Hasibuan, Abdurrozzaq; Rahmah Sibuea, Siti; Yusmartato, Y.
The objective of the research is to obtain a cutting condition which has a good chance of realizing dry machining concept on AISI 4337 steel material by studying surface roughness, microstructure and hardness of machining surface. The data generated from the experiment were then processed and analyzed using the standard Taguchi method L9 (34) orthogonal array. Testing of dry and wet machining used surface test and micro hardness test for each of 27 test specimens. The machining results of the experiments showed that average surface roughness (Raavg) was obtained at optimum cutting conditions when VB 0.1 μm, 0.3 μm and 0.6 μm respectively 1.467 μm, 2.133 μm and 2,800 μm fo r dry machining while which was carried out by wet machining the results obtained were 1,833 μm, 2,667 μm and 3,000 μm. It can be concluded that dry machining provides better surface quality of machinery results than wet machining. Therefore, dry machining is a good choice that may be realized in the manufacturing and automotive industries.
City ventilation of Hong Kong at no-wind conditions
Yang, Lina; Li, Yuguo
We hypothesize that city ventilation due to both thermally-driven mountain slope flows and building surface flows is important in removing ambient airborne pollutants in the high-rise dense city Hong Kong at no-wind conditions. Both spatial and temporal urban surface temperature profiles are an important boundary condition for studying city ventilation by thermal buoyancy. Field measurements were carried out to investigate the diurnal thermal behavior of urban surfaces (mountain slopes, and building exterior walls and roofs) in Hong Kong by using the infrared thermography. The maximum urban surface temperature was measured in the early noon hours (14:00-15:00 h) and the minimum temperature was observed just before sunrise (5:00 h). The vertical surface temperature of the building exterior wall was found to increase with height at daytime and the opposite occurred at nighttime. The solar radiation and the physical properties of the various urban surfaces were found to be important factors affecting the surface thermal behaviors. The temperature difference between the measured maximum and minimum surface temperatures of the four selected exterior walls can be at the highest of 16.7 °C in the early afternoon hours (15:00 h). Based on the measured surface temperatures, the ventilation rate due to thermal buoyancy-induced wall surface flows of buildings and mountain slope winds were estimated through an integral analysis of the natural convection flow over a flat surface. At no-wind conditions, the total air change rate by the building wall flows (2-4 ACH) was found to be 2-4 times greater than that by the slope flows due to mountain surface (1 ACH) due to larger building exterior surface areas and temperature differences with surrounding air. The results provide useful insights into the ventilation of a high-rise dense city at no-wind conditions.
Surface conditioning with Escherichia coli cell wall components can reduce biofilm formation by decreasing initial adhesion
Luciana C. Gomes
Full Text Available Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on food processing surfaces pose major risks to human health. Non-efficient cleaning of equipment surfaces and piping can act as a conditioning layer that affects the development of a new biofilm post-disinfection. We have previously shown that surface conditioning with cell extracts could reduce biofilm formation. In the present work, we hypothesized that E. coli cell wall components could be implicated in this phenomena and therefore mannose, myristic acid and palmitic acid were tested as conditioning agents. To evaluate the effect of surface conditioning and flow topology on biofilm formation, assays were performed in agitated 96-well microtiter plates and in a parallel plate flow chamber (PPFC, both operated at the same average wall shear stress (0.07 Pa as determined by computational fluid dynamics (CFD. It was observed that when the 96-well microtiter plate and the PPFC were used to form biofilms at the same shear stress, similar results were obtained. This shows that the referred hydrodynamic feature may be a good scale-up parameter from high-throughput platforms to larger scale flow cell systems as the PPFC used in this study. Mannose did not have any effect on E. coli biofilm formation, but myristic and palmitic acid inhibited biofilm development by decreasing cell adhesion (in about 50%. These results support the idea that in food processing equipment where biofilm formation is not critical below a certain threshold, bacterial lysis and adsorption of cell components to the surface may reduce biofilm buildup and extend the operational time.
Four chemical methods of porcelain conditioning and their influence over bond strength and surface integrity
Stella, João Paulo Fragomeni; Oliveira, Andrea Becker; Nojima, Lincoln Issamu; Marquezan, Mariana
OBJECTIVE: To assess four different chemical surface conditioning methods for ceramic material before bracket bonding, and their impact on shear bond strength and surface integrity at debonding. METHODS: Four experimental groups (n = 13) were set up according to the ceramic conditioning method: G1 = 37% phosphoric acid etching followed by silane application; G2 = 37% liquid phosphoric acid etching, no rinsing, followed by silane application; G3 = 10% hydrofluoric acid etching alone; and G4 = 10% hydrofluoric acid etching followed by silane application. After surface conditioning, metal brackets were bonded to porcelain by means of the Transbond XP system (3M Unitek). Samples were submitted to shear bond strength tests in a universal testing machine and the surfaces were later assessed with a microscope under 8 X magnification. ANOVA/Tukey tests were performed to establish the difference between groups (α= 5%). RESULTS: The highest shear bond strength values were found in groups G3 and G4 (22.01 ± 2.15 MPa and 22.83 ± 3.32 Mpa, respectively), followed by G1 (16.42 ± 3.61 MPa) and G2 (9.29 ± 1.95 MPa). As regards surface evaluation after bracket debonding, the use of liquid phosphoric acid followed by silane application (G2) produced the least damage to porcelain. When hydrofluoric acid and silane were applied, the risk of ceramic fracture increased. CONCLUSIONS: Acceptable levels of bond strength for clinical use were reached by all methods tested; however, liquid phosphoric acid etching followed by silane application (G2) resulted in the least damage to the ceramic surface. PMID:26352845
Stepping towards new parameterizations for non-canonical atmospheric surface-layer conditions
Calaf, M.; Margairaz, F.; Pardyjak, E.
Representing land-atmosphere exchange processes as a lower boundary condition remains a challenge. This is partially a result of the fact that land-surface heterogeneity exists at all spatial scales and its variability does not "average" out with decreasing scales. Such variability need not rapidly blend away from the boundary thereby impacting the near-surface region of the atmosphere. Traditionally, momentum and energy fluxes linking the land surface to the flow in NWP models have been parameterized using atmospheric surface layer (ASL) similarity theory. There is ample evidence that such representation is acceptable for stationary and planar-homogeneous flows in the absence of subsidence. However, heterogeneity remains a ubiquitous feature eliciting appreciable deviations when using ASL similarity theory, especially in scalars such moisture and air temperature whose blending is less efficient when compared to momentum. The focus of this project is to quantify the effect of surface thermal heterogeneity with scales Ο(1/10) the height of the atmospheric boundary layer and characterized by uniform roughness. Such near-canonical cases describe inhomogeneous scalar transport in an otherwise planar homogeneous flow when thermal stratification is weak or absent. In this work we present a large-eddy simulation study that characterizes the effect of surface thermal heterogeneities on the atmospheric flow using the concept of dispersive fluxes. Results illustrate a regime in which the flow is mostly driven by the surface thermal heterogeneities, in which the contribution of the dispersive fluxes can account for up to 40% of the total sensible heat flux. Results also illustrate an alternative regime in which the effect of the surface thermal heterogeneities is quickly blended, and the dispersive fluxes provide instead a quantification of the flow spatial heterogeneities produced by coherent turbulent structures result of the surface shear stress. A threshold flow
Lunar and planetary surface conditions advances in space science and technology
Weil, Nicholas A
Lunar and Planetary Surface Conditions considers the inferential knowledge concerning the surfaces of the Moon and the planetary companions in the Solar System. The information presented in this four-chapter book is based on remote observations and measurements from the vantage point of Earth and on the results obtained from accelerated space program of the United States and U.S.S.R. Chapter 1 presents the prevalent hypotheses on the origin and age of the Solar System, followed by a brief description of the methods and feasibility of information acquisition concerning lunar and planetary data,
The effects of surface condition on abdominal muscle activity during single-legged hold exercise.
Ha, Sung-min; Oh, Jae-seop; Jeon, In-cheol; Kwon, Oh-yun
To treat low-back pain, various spinal stability exercises are commonly used to improve trunk muscle function and strength. Because human movement for normal daily activity occurs in multi-dimensions, the importance of exercise in multi-dimensions or on unstable surfaces has been emphasized. Recently, a motorized rotating platform (MRP) for facilitating multi-dimensions dynamic movement was introduced for clinical use. However, the abdominal muscle activity with this device has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to compare the abdominal muscle activity (rectus abdominis, external and internal oblique muscles) during an active single-leg-hold (SLH) exercise on a floor (stable surface), foam roll, and motorized rotating platform (MRP). Thirteen healthy male subjects participated in this study. Using electromyography, the abdominal muscle activity was measured while the subjects performed SLH exercises on floor (stable surface), foam roll, and MRP. There were significant differences in the abdominal muscle activities among conditions (P.05) (Fig. 2). After the Bonferroni correction, however, no significant differences among conditions remained, except for differences in both side IO muscle activity between the floor and foam roll conditions (padjexercises on a foam roll and MRP is more effective increased activities of both side of RA and IO, and Rt. EO compared to floor condition. However, there were no significant differences in abdominal muscles activity in the multiple comparison between conditions (mean difference were smaller than the standard deviation in the abdominal muscle activities) (padj>0.017), except for differences in both side IO muscle activity between the floor (stable surface) and foam roll (padj<0.017) (effect size: 0.79/0.62 (non-supporting/supporting leg) for foam-roll versus floor). Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effects of surface condition on aqueous corrosion and environmental embrittlement of iron aluminides
Perrin, R.L.; Buchanan, R.A. [Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
Effects of retained high-temperature surface oxides, produced during thermomechanical processing and/or heat treatment, on the aqueous-corrosion and environmental-embrittlement characteristics of Fe{sub 3}Al-based iron aluminides (FA-84, FA-129 and FAL-Mo), a FeAl-based iron aluminide (FA-385), and a disordered low-aluminum Fe-Al alloy (FAPY) were evaluated. All tests were conducted at room temperature in a mild acid-chloride solution. In cyclic-anodic-polarization testing for aqueous-corrosion behavior, the surface conditions examined were: as-received (i.e., with the retained high-temperature oxides), mechanically cleaned and chemically cleaned. For all materials, the polarization tests showed the critical pitting potentials to be significantly lower in the as-received condition than in the mechanically-cleaned and chemically-cleaned conditions. These results indicate detrimental effects of the retained high-temperature oxides in terms of increased susceptibilities to localized corrosion. In 200-hour U-bend stress-corrosion-cracking tests for environmental-embrittlement behavior, conducted at open-circuit corrosion potentials and at a hydrogen-charging potential of {minus}1500 mV (SHE), the above materials (except FA-385) were examined with retained oxides and with mechanically cleaned surfaces. At the open-circuit corrosion potentials, none of the materials in either surface condition underwent cracking. At the hydrogen-charging potential, none of the materials with retained oxides underwent cracking, but FA-84, FA-129 and FAL-Mo in the mechanically cleaned condition did undergo cracking. These results suggest beneficial effects of the retained high-temperature oxides in terms of increased resistance to environmental hydrogen embrittlement.
Drop deposition on surfaces with contact-angle hysteresis: Liquid-bridge stability and breakup
Akbari, Amir; Hill, Reghan J.
We study the stability and breakup of liquid bridges with a free contact line on a surface with contact-angle hysteresis under zero-gravity conditions. Theoretical predictions of the stability limits are validated by experimental measurements. Experiments are conducted in a water-methanol-silicon oil system where the gravity force is offset by buoyancy. We highlight cases where stability is lost during the transition from a pinned-pinned to pinned-free interface when the receding contact angl...
Influence of Pre-Sintered Zirconia Surface Conditioning on Shear Bond Strength to Resin Cement
Tomofumi Sawada
Full Text Available This study analyzed the shear bond strength (SBS of resin composite on zirconia surface to which a specific conditioner was applied before sintering. After sintering of either conditioner-coated or uncoated specimens, both groups were divided into three subgroups by their respective surface modifications (n = 10 per group: no further treatment; etched with hydrofluoric acid; and sandblasted with 50 µm Al2O3 particles. Surfaces were characterized by measuring different surface roughness parameters (e.g., Ra and Rmax and water contact angles. Half of the specimens underwent thermocycling (10,000 cycles, 5–55 °C after self-adhesive resin cement build-up. The SBSs were measured using a universal testing machine, and the failure modes were analyzed by microscopy. Data were analyzed by nonparametric and parametric tests followed by post-hoc comparisons (α = 0.05. Conditioner-coated specimens increased both surface roughness and hydrophilicity (p < 0.01. In the non-thermocycled condition, sandblasted surfaces showed higher SBSs than other modifications, irrespective of conditioner application (p < 0.05. Adhesive fractures were commonly observed in the specimens. Thermocycling favored debonding and decreased SBSs. However, conditioner-coated specimens upon sandblasting showed the highest SBS (p < 0.05 and mixed fractures were partially observed. The combination of conditioner application before sintering and sandblasting after sintering showed the highest shear bond strength and indicated improvements concerning the failure mode.
Tribological Properties of Surface-Textured and Plasma-Nitrided Pure Titanium Under Oil Lubrication Condition
Zhang, Baosen; Dong, Qiangsheng; Ba, Zhixin; Wang, Zhangzhong; Shi, Hancheng; Xue, Yanting
Plasma nitriding was conducted as post-treatment for surface texture on pure titanium to obtain a continuous nitriding layer. Supersonic fine particles bombarding (SFPB) was carried out to prepare surface texture. The surface morphologies and chemical composition were analyzed using scanning electron microscope and energy disperse spectroscopy. The microstructures of modified layers were characterized by transmission electron microscope. The tribological properties of surface-textured and duplex-treated pure titanium under oil lubrication condition were systematically investigated in the ball-on-plate reciprocating mode. The effects of applied load and sliding velocity on the tribological behavior were analyzed. The results show that after duplex treatments, the grains size in modified layer becomes slightly larger, and hardness is obviously improved. Wear resistance of duplex-treated pure titanium is significantly improved referenced to untreated and surface-textured pure titanium, which is 3.22 times as much as untreated pure titanium and 2.15 times of that for surface-textured pure titanium, respectively.
Inherent work suit buoyancy distribution: effects on lifejacket self-righting performance.
Barwood, Martin J; Long, Geoffrey M; Lunt, Heather; Tipton, Michael J
Accidental immersion in cold water is an occupational risk. Work suits and life jackets (LJ) should work effectively in combination to keep the airway clear of the water (freeboard) and enable self-righting. We hypothesized that inherent buoyancy, in the suit or LJ, would be beneficial for enabling freeboard, but its distribution may influence LJ self-righting. Six participants consented to complete nine immersions. Suits and LJ tested were: flotation suit (FLOAT; 85 N inherent buoyancy); oilskins 1 (OS-1) and 2 (OS-2), both with no inherent buoyancy; LJs (inherent buoyancy/buoyancy after inflation/total buoyancy), LJ-1 50/150/200 N, LJ-2 0/290/290 N, LJ-3 80/190/270 N. Once dressed, the subject entered an immersion pool where uninflated freeboard, self-righting performance, and inflated freeboard were measured. Data were compared using Friedman's test to the 0.05 alpha level. All suits and LJs enabled uninflated and inflated freeboard, but differences were seen between the suits and LJs. Self-righting was achieved on 43 of 54 occasions, irrespective of suit or LJ. On all occasions that self-righting was not achieved, this occurred in an LJ that included inherent buoyancy (11/54 occasions). Of these 11 failures, 8 occurred (73% of occasions) when the FLOAT suit was being worn. LJs that included inherent buoyancy, that are certified as effective on their own, worked less effectively from the perspective of self-righting in combination with a work suit that also included inherent buoyancy. Equipment that is approved for use in the workplace should be tested in combination to ensure adequate performance in an emergency scenario.
Optimization of Coolant Technique Conditions for Machining A319 Aluminium Alloy Using Response Surface Method (RSM)
Zainal Ariffin, S.; Razlan, A.; Ali, M. Mohd; Efendee, A. M.; Rahman, M. M.
Background/Objectives: The paper discusses about the optimum cutting parameters with coolant techniques condition (1.0 mm nozzle orifice, wet and dry) to optimize surface roughness, temperature and tool wear in the machining process based on the selected setting parameters. The selected cutting parameters for this study were the cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and coolant techniques condition. Methods/Statistical Analysis Experiments were conducted and investigated based on Design of Experiment (DOE) with Response Surface Method. The research of the aggressive machining process on aluminum alloy (A319) for automotive applications is an effort to understand the machining concept, which widely used in a variety of manufacturing industries especially in the automotive industry. Findings: The results show that the dominant failure mode is the surface roughness, temperature and tool wear when using 1.0 mm nozzle orifice, increases during machining and also can be alternative minimize built up edge of the A319. The exploration for surface roughness, productivity and the optimization of cutting speed in the technical and commercial aspects of the manufacturing processes of A319 are discussed in automotive components industries for further work Applications/Improvements: The research result also beneficial in minimizing the costs incurred and improving productivity of manufacturing firms. According to the mathematical model and equations, generated by CCD based RSM, experiments were performed and cutting coolant condition technique using size nozzle can reduces tool wear, surface roughness and temperature was obtained. Results have been analyzed and optimization has been carried out for selecting cutting parameters, shows that the effectiveness and efficiency of the system can be identified and helps to solve potential problems.
Can environmental conditions trigger cyanobacterial surfaces and following carbonate formation: implication for biomineralization and biotechnology
Paulo, C.; Dittrich, M.; Zhu, T.
In this presentation we will give an overview what kind of the factors may trigger carbonate formations at the cell surfaces under a variety of environmental conditions. As examples, we will present the results from our recent studies on formation of calcium carbonates, dolomites and bio-cements. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the Synechococcuscell envelope are recognized key players in the nucleation of carbonates in marine and freshwater environments. Yet, little is known about a nutrient contents control over the molecular composition of Synechococcus cell envelope, and consequently, biomineralization. In the first study, we investigated how a variation of the phosphorus (P) in the growth media can lead to changes in the surface reactivity of the cells and impact their ability to form carbonates. The objective of the second study is to gain insights into the spatial distribution of cyanobacterial EPS and dolomite from different sediment layers of Khor Al-Adaid sabkha (Qatar). Here, we characterized microbial mats on molecular level in respect of organic and inorganic components using in-situ 2D Raman spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used. Additionally, 2D chemical maps of sediment layers documented spectral characterizations of minerals and organic matter of microbial origins at high spatial resolution. Finally, we will show the results from the experiments with auto-phototrophic cyanobacteria Gloeocapsa PCC73106, which habitat on the monument surfaces, towards its application for bio-concrete, a product of microbial carbonate precipitation. We studied the biomineralization in biofilm forming Gloeocapsa PCC73106 on the concrete surface as a pre-requirement for microbial carbonate precipitation. Biomineralization on the concrete surface by live cells and killed cells were compared with that under the abiotic condition. Our experiments allow us to conclude that environmental conditions play a significant role in the control of
Surface deposition of iodine on some agricultural plants in laboratory conditions
Stano, V.
The surface (primary) deposition of nuclides on the above-ground parts of plants was studied. Iodine retention coefficients were measured in laboratory conditions for maize, peas, spinach, lettuce and paprika grown in loose soil taken in the Kecerovce locality. The results confirmed the assumption that the surface deposition of iodine is closely related to the morphological and physiological properties of the plants, although the substrate on which the plants are grown plays an appreciable role as well (the biomass production is higher for plants grown in loose soil than for those grown in aqueous nutrient solutions). The assumption that the above-ground parts retain iodine in higher quantities than the generative organs do was also proved. In the crops the retention of iodine was markedly differentiated in dependence on their overall consistency or on the structure of the surface cuticle layers. (author). 1 tab., 10 refs
Investigation of surface boundary conditions for continuum modeling of RF plasmas
Wilson, A.; Shotorban, B.
This work was motivated by a lacking general consensus in the exact form of the boundary conditions (BCs) required on the solid surfaces for the continuum modeling of Radiofrequency (RF) plasmas. Various kinds of number and energy density BCs on solid surfaces were surveyed, and how they interacted with the electric potential BC to affect the plasma was examined in two fundamental RF plasma reactor configurations. A second-order local mean energy approximation with equations governing the electron and ion number densities and the electron energy density was used to model the plasmas. Zero densities and various combinations of drift, diffusion, and thermal fluxes were considered to set up BCs. It was shown that the choice of BC can have a significant impact on the sheath and bulk plasma. The thermal and diffusion fluxes to the surface were found to be important. A pure drift BC for dielectric walls failed to produce a sheath.
Uysal, Ismail Enes
Non-physical, linearly increasing and constant current components are induced in marching on-in-time solution of time domain surface integral equations when initial conditions on time derivatives of (unknown) equivalent currents are not enforced properly. This problem can be remedied by solving the time integral of the surface integral for auxiliary currents that are defined to be the time derivatives of the equivalent currents. Then the equivalent currents are obtained by numerically differentiating the auxiliary ones. In this work, this approach is applied to the marching on-in-time solution of the time domain Poggio-Miller-Chan-Harrington-Wu-Tsai surface integral equation enforced on dispersive/plasmonic scatterers. Accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated by a numerical example.
Effect of preparation conditions on physicochemical, surface and catalytic properties of cobalt ferrite prepared by coprecipitation
El-Shobaky, G.A., E-mail: elshobaky@yahoo.co [Physical Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo (Egypt); Turky, A.M.; Mostafa, N.Y.; Mohamed, S.K. [Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522 (Egypt)
Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were prepared via thermal treatment of cobalt-iron mixed hydroxides at 400-600 {sup o}C. The mixed hydroxides were coprecipitated from their nitrates solutions using NaOH as precipitating agent. The effects of pH and temperature of coprecipitation and calcination temperature on the physicochemical, surface and catalytic properties of the prepared ferrites were studied. The prepared systems were characterized using TG, DTG, DTA, chemical analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) as well as surface and texture properties based on nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The prepared cobalt ferrites were found to be mesoporous materials that have crystallite size ranges between 8 and 45 nm. The surface and catalytic properties of the produced ferrite phase were strongly dependent on coprecipitation conditions of the mixed hydroxides and on their calcination temperature.
In vitro comparison of different 24% EDTA gel formulations efficacy on root surface conditioning
Sousa, Cliciane Portela; Frizzera, Fausto; Batista, Luiz Henrique Carvalho; Dantas, Andrea Abi Rached; Zandim-Barcelos, Daniela Leal; Sampaio, José Eduardo Cezar
INTRODUCTION: The main goal of root biomodification is to modify the root surface in order to improve the repair of periodontal tissues destroyed by periodontal disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the conditioning efficacy of 24% EDTA gel of different trademarks, considering the variables time and application method, by scanning electron microscopy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 225 samples were randomly assigned to five groups: sterile saline solution (control); 24% EDTA (Santa Paula Pharmacy); 24% EDTA-...
Parallel Study of HEND, RAD, and DAN Instrument Response to Martian Radiation and Surface Conditions
Martiniez Sierra, Luz Maria; Jun, Insoo; Litvak, Maxim; Sanin, Anton; Mitrofanov, Igor; Zeitlin, Cary
Nuclear detection methods are being used to understand the radiation environment at Mars. JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) assets on Mars include: Orbiter -2001 Mars Odyssey [High Energy Neutron Detector (HEND)]; Mars Science Laboratory Rover -Curiosity [(Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD); Dynamic Albedo Neutron (DAN))]. Spacecraft have instruments able to detect ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Instrument response on orbit and on the surface of Mars to space weather and local conditions [is discussed] - Data available at NASA-PDS (Planetary Data System).
Distribution of near-surface permafrost in Alaska: estimates of present and future conditions
Pastick, Neal J.; Jorgenson, M. Torre; Wylie, Bruce K.; Nield, Shawn J.; Johnson, Kristofer D.; Finley, Andrew O.
High-latitude regions are experiencing rapid and extensive changes in ecosystem composition and function as the result of increases in average air temperature. Increasing air temperatures have led to widespread thawing and degradation of permafrost, which in turn has affected ecosystems, socioeconomics, and the carbon cycle of high latitudes. Here we overcome complex interactions among surface and subsurface conditions to map nearsurface permafrost through decision and regression tree approaches that statistically and spatially extend field observations using remotely sensed imagery, climatic data, and thematic maps of a wide range of surface and subsurface biophysical characteristics. The data fusion approach generated medium-resolution (30-m pixels) maps of near-surface (within 1 m) permafrost, active-layer thickness, and associated uncertainty estimates throughout mainland Alaska. Our calibrated models (overall test accuracy of ~85%) were used to quantify changes in permafrost distribution under varying future climate scenarios assuming no other changes in biophysical factors. Models indicate that near-surface permafrost underlies 38% of mainland Alaska and that near-surface permafrost will disappear on 16 to 24% of the landscape by the end of the 21st Century. Simulations suggest that near-surface permafrost degradation is more probable in central regions of Alaska than more northerly regions. Taken together, these results have obvious implications for potential remobilization of frozen soil carbon pools under warmer temperatures. Additionally, warmer and drier conditions may increase fire activity and severity, which may exacerbate rates of permafrost thaw and carbon remobilization relative to climate alone. The mapping of permafrost distribution across Alaska is important for land-use planning, environmental assessments, and a wide-array of geophysical studies.
Probing adsorption phenomena on a single crystal Pt-alloy surface under oxygen reduction reaction conditions
Bondarenko, Alexander S.; Stephens, Ifan E.L.; Bech, Lone; Chorkendorff, Ib
Highlights: ► Impedance spectroscopy of Cu/Pt(1 1 1) near-surface alloy and Pt(1 1 1). ► Presence of oxygen changes little the adsorption dynamics. ► Adsorption dynamics similar on alloy and Pt(1 1 1). ► Electrosorption phenomena on alloy shifted in potential, relative to Pt(1 1 1). - Abstract: The adsorption dynamics of *OH and *O species at Pt(1 1 1) and Cu/Pt(1 1 1) near-surface alloy (NSA) surfaces in oxygen-free and O 2 -saturated 0.1 M HClO 4 was investigated. Subsurface Cu modifies the electronic structure at the Pt(1 1 1) surface resulting in weaker bonding to adsorbates like *OH, *H or *O. This provides a basis for the high oxygen reduction activity of the NSA, as predicted by density functional theory calculations. The shift in *OH adsorption of around 0.16 V towards more positive potentials can be clearly monitored in absence of O 2 and under the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) conditions for the Cu/Pt(1 1 1) NSA. In both cases, for Pt(1 1 1) and NSA, the *OH(*O) adsorption dynamics is very similar in the absence of oxygen and under ORR conditions. Therefore, theoretical assumptions about the coverage of adsorbates in the absence of oxygen can be reasonably extrapolated to the situation when oxygen reduction takes place at the surface. A ∼5-fold improvement in the ORR activity over the Pt(1 1 1) at 0.9 V (RHE) was measured for the Cu/Pt(1 1 1) near-surface alloy.
Critical review: Copper runoff from outdoor copper surfaces at atmospheric conditions.
Hedberg, Yolanda S; Hedberg, Jonas F; Herting, Gunilla; Goidanich, Sara; Odnevall Wallinder, Inger
This review on copper runoff dispersed from unsheltered naturally patinated copper used for roofing and facades summarizes and discusses influencing factors, available literature, and predictive models, and the importance of fate and speciation for environmental risk assessment. Copper runoff from outdoor surfaces is predominantly governed by electrochemical and chemical reactions and is highly dependent on given exposure conditions (size, inclination, geometry, degree of sheltering, and orientation), surface parameters (age, patina composition, and thickness), and site-specific environmental conditions (gaseous pollutants, chlorides, rainfall characteristics (amount, intensity, pH), wind direction, temperature, time of wetness, season). The corrosion rate cannot be used to assess the runoff rate. The extent of released copper varies largely between different rain events and is related to dry and wet periods, dry deposition prior to the rain event and prevailing rain and patina characteristics. Interpretation and use of copper runoff data for environmental risk assessment and management need therefore to consider site-specific factors and focus on average data of long-term studies (several years). Risk assessments require furthermore that changes in copper speciation, bioavailability aspects, and potential irreversible retention on solid surfaces are considered, factors that determine the environmental fate of copper runoff from outdoor surfaces.
Local environmental conditions and the stability of protective layers on steel surfaces
Jensen, J P [Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark); Bursik, A
Local environmental conditions determine whether the protective layers on steel surfaces are stable. With unfavorable local environmental conditions, the protective layers may be subject to damage. Taking the cation conductivity of all plant cycle streams <0.2 {mu}S/cm for granted, an adequate feed-water and - if applicable - boiler water conditioning is required to prevent such damage. Even if the mentioned conditions are met in a bulk, the local environmental conditions may be inadequate. The reasons for this may be the disregarding of interactions among material, design, and chemistry. The paper presents many possible mechanisms of protective layer damage that are directly influenced or exacerbated by plant cycle chemistry. Two items are discussed in more detail: First, the application of all volatile treatment for boiler water conditioning of drum boiler systems operating at low pressures and, second, the chemistry in the transition zone water/steam in the low pressure turbine. The latter is of major interest for the understanding and prevention of corrosion due to high concentration of impurities in the aqueous liquid phases. This is a typical example showing that local environmental conditions may fundamentally differ from the overall bulk chemistry. (au) 19 refs.
Numerical modeling of buoyancy-driven turbulent flows in enclosures
Hsieh, K.J.; Lien, F.S.
Modeling turbulent natural convection in enclosures with differentially heated vertical walls is numerically challenging, in particular, when low-Reynolds-number (low-Re) models are adopted. When the turbulence level in the core region of cavity is low, most low-Re models, particular those showing good performance for bypass transitional flows, tend to relaminarize the flow and, as a consequence, significantly underpredict the near-wall turbulence intensities and boundary-layer thickness. Another challenge associated with low-turbulence buoyancy-driven flows in enclosures is its inherent unsteadiness, which can pose convergence problems when a steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation is solved. In the present study, an unsteady RANS approach in conjunction with the low-Re k-ε model of Lien and Leschziner [Int. J. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 12 (1999) 1] is initially adopted and the predicted flow field is found effectively relaminarized. To overcome this difficulty, likely caused by the low-Re functions in the ε-equation, the two-layer approach is attempted, in which ε is prescribed algebraically using the one-equation k-l model of Wolfshtein [Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 12 (1969) 301]. The two-layer approach combined with a quadratic stress-strain relation gives overall the best performance in terms of mean velocities, temperature and turbulence quantities
Stability conditions of stationary rupture of liquid layers on an immiscible fluid surface
Viviani, A. [Seconda Univ. di Napoli, Aversa (Italy). Facolta di Ingegneria; Kostarev, K.; Shmyrov, A.; Zuev, A. [Inst. of Continuous Media Mechanics, Perm (Russian Federation)
The stationary equilibrium shape of a 3-phase liquids-gas system was investigated. The system consisted of a horizontal liquid layer with an upper free boundary placed on the immiscible fluid interface. The study investigated the stability conditions of rupture of the liquid layer surface. The dependence of rupture parameters on the experimental cuvette diameter and layer thickness was investigated, as well as the difference in the values of surface tension of the examined fluids. The 2-layer system of horizontal fluid layers was formed in a glass cylindrical cuvette. The liquid substrate was tetrachloride carbon (CCI{sub 4}), while upper layers included water, glycerine, ethyleneglycol, and aqueous solutions of 1,4-butanediol C{sub 4}H{sub 10}O{sub 2} and isopropanol C{sub 3H8L}. Initially, the surface of the substrate fluid was overlaid with a horizontal liquid layer. The rupture was formed by subjecting the layer surface to short-time actions of a narrow directional air jet. After rupture formation, the layer thickness increased gradually. The measurements demonstrated that the rupture diameter depends on the initial thickness of the upper layer as well as the diameter of the cuvette, and the difference in the values of the surface tension of the examined fluids. Analysis of the experimental relationships indicated that the critical thickness of the breaking layer is a constant value for any specific pairs of fluids. 4 refs., 7 figs.
Conductivity enhancement of surface-polymerized polyaniline films via control of processing conditions
Park, Chung Hyoi; Jang, Sung Kyu; Kim, Felix Sunjoo
We investigate a fast and facile approach for the simultaneous synthesis and coating of conducting polyaniline (PANI) onto a substrate and the effects of processing conditions on the electrical properties of the fabricated films. Simultaneous polymerizing and depositing on the substrate forms a thin film with the average thickness of 300 nm and sheet resistance of 304 Ω/sq. Deposition conditions such as polymerization time (3-240 min), temperature (-10 to 40 °C), concentrations of monomer and oxidant (0.1-0.9 M), and type of washing solvents (acetone, water, and/or HCl solution) affect the film thickness, doping state, absorption characteristics, and solid-state nanoscale morphology, therefore affecting the electrical conductivity. Among the conditions, the surface-polymerized PANI film deposited at room temperature with acetone washing showed the highest conductivity of 22.2 S/cm.
Surface crack behavior in socket weld of nuclear piping under fatigue loading condition
Choi, Y.H.; Kim, J.S.; Choi, S.Y.
The ASME B and PV Code Sec. III allows the socket weld for the nuclear piping in spite of the weakness on the weld integrity. Recently, the integrity of the socket weld is regarded as a safety concern in nuclear power plants because many failures and leaks have been reported in the socket weld. OPDE (OECD Piping Failure Data Exchange) database lists 108 socket weld failures among 2,399 nuclear piping failure cases during 1970 to 2001. Eleven failures in the socket weld were also reported in Korean NPPs. Many failure cases showed that the root cause of the failure is the fatigue and the gap requirement for the socket weld given in ASME Code was not satisfied. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the fatigue crack behavior of a surface crack in the socket weld under fatigue loading condition considering the gap effect. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was performed to estimate the fatigue crack behavior of the surface crack. Three types of loading conditions such as the deflection due to vibration, the pressure transient ranging from P=0 to 15.51 MPa, and the thermal transient ranging from T=25 C to 288 C were considered. The results are as follows; 1) The socket weld is susceptible to the vibration where the vibration levels exceed the requirement in the ASME operation and maintenance (OM) Code. 2) The effect of pressure or temperature transient load on the socket weld integrity is not significant. 3) No-gap condition gives very high possibility of the crack initiation at the socket weld under vibration loading condition. 4) For the specific systems having the vibration condition to exceed the requirement in the ASME Code OM and/or the transient loading condition from P=0 and T=25 C to P=15.51 MPa and T=288 C, radiographic examination to examine the gap during the construction stage is recommended. (orig.)
Response Surface Methodology: An Extensive Potential to Optimize in vivo Photodynamic Therapy Conditions
Tirand, Loraine; Bastogne, Thierry; Bechet, Denise M.Sc.; Linder, Michel; Thomas, Noemie; Frochot, Celine; Guillemin, Francois; Barberi-Heyob, Muriel
Purpose: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the interaction of a photosensitizing (PS) agent, light, and oxygen. Few new PS agents are being developed to the in vivo stage, partly because of the difficulty in finding the right treatment conditions. Response surface methodology, an empirical modeling approach based on data resulting from a set of designed experiments, was suggested as a rational solution with which to select in vivo PDT conditions by using a new peptide-conjugated PS targeting agent, neuropilin-1. Methods and Materials: A Doehlert experimental design was selected to model effects and interactions of the PS dose, fluence, and fluence rate on the growth of U87 human malignant glioma cell xenografts in nude mice, using a fixed drug-light interval. All experimental results were computed by Nemrod-W software and Matlab. Results: Intrinsic diameter growth rate, a tumor growth parameter independent of the initial volume of the tumor, was selected as the response variable and was compared to tumor growth delay and relative tumor volumes. With only 13 experimental conditions tested, an optimal PDT condition was selected (PS agent dose, 2.80 mg/kg; fluence, 120 J/cm 2 ; fluence rate, 85 mW/cm 2 ). Treatment of glioma-bearing mice with the peptide-conjugated PS agent, followed by the optimized PDT condition showed a statistically significant improvement in delaying tumor growth compared with animals who received the PDT with the nonconjugated PS agent. Conclusions: Response surface methodology appears to be a useful experimental approach for rapid testing of different treatment conditions and determination of optimal values of PDT factors for any PS agent.
Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer with Thermal Radiation in an Enclosure in Case of Buoyancy Driven Flow
Christoph Hochenauer
Full Text Available The purpose of this paper is to investigate state of the art approaches and their accuracy to compute heat transfer including radiation inside a closed cavity whereas buoyancy is the only driving force. This research is the first step of an all-embracing study dealing with underhood airflow and thermal management of vehicles. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD simulation results of buoyancy driven flow inside a simplified engine compartment are compared to experimentally gained values. The test rig imitates idle condition without any working fan. Thus, the airflow is only driven by natural convection. A conventional method used for these applications is to compute the convective heat transfer coefficient and air temperature using CFD and calculate the wall temperature separately by performing a thermal analysis. The final solution results from coupling two different software tools. In this paper thermal conditions inside the enclosure are computed by the use of CFD only. The impact of the turbulence model as well as the results of various radiation models are analyzed and compared to the experimental data.
TAO/TRITON, RAMA, and PIRATA Buoys, Quarterly, 2000-present, Buoyancy Flux
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — This dataset has quarterly Buoyancy Flux data from the TAO/TRITON (Pacific Ocean, https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/gtmba/ ), RAMA (Indian Ocean,...
Buoyancy package for self-contained acoustic doppler current profiler mooring
Venkatesan, R.; Krishnakumar, V.
A buoyancy package for self-contained Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler(SC-ADCP 1200 RD instruments USA) was designed and fabricated indigenously, for subsurface mooring in coastal waters. The system design is discussed. The design to keep SC...
TAO/TRITON, RAMA, and PIRATA Buoys, Monthly, 2000-present, Buoyancy Flux
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — This dataset has monthly Buoyancy Flux data from the TAO/TRITON (Pacific Ocean, https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/gtmba/ ), RAMA (Indian Ocean,...
Numerical and Experimental Study on Negative Buoyance Induced Vortices in N-Butane Jet Flames
Xiong, Yuan; Cha, Min; Chung, Suk-Ho
Near nozzle flow field in flickering n-butane diffusion jet flames was investigated with a special focus on transient flow patterns of negative buoyance induced vortices. The flow structures were obtained through Mie scattering imaging with seed
Buoyancy Regulation and the Energetics of Diving in Dolphins Seals, Sea Lions and Sea Otters
Costa, Daniel
We examined swim speed and ascent descent rates in sea lions and elephant seals in order to make comparisons in their diving strategies and how these may be effected by different strategies of buoyancy regulation...
Residual stresses relaxation in surface-hardened half-space under creep conditions
Vladimir P. Radchenko
Full Text Available We developed the method for solving the problem of residual stresses relaxation in surface-hardened layer of half-space under creep conditions. At the first stage we made the reconstruction of stress-strain state in half-space after plastic surface hardening procedure based on partial information about distribution for one residual stress tensor component experimentally detected. At the second stage using a numerical method we solve the problem of relaxation of self-balanced residual stresses under creep conditions. To solve this problem we introduce the following Cartesian system: x0y plane is aligned with hardened surface of half-space and 0z axis is directed to the depth of hardened layer. We also introduce the hypotheses of plane sections parallel to x0z and y0z planes. Detailed analysis of the problem has been done. Comparison of the calculated data with the corresponding test data was made for plane specimens (rectangular parallelepipeds made of EP742 alloy during T=650°C after the ultrasonic hardening with four hardening modes. We use half-space to model these specimens because penetration's depth of residual stresses is less than specimen general size in two digit exponent. There is enough correspondence of experimental and calculated data. It is shown that there is a decay (in modulus of pressing residual stresses under creep in 1.4–1.6 times.
Bondarenko, Alexander S.; Stephens, Ifan E.L.; Bech, Lone
The adsorption dynamics of *OH and *O species at Pt(111) and Cu/Pt(111) near-surface alloy (NSA) surfaces in oxygen-free and O2-saturated 0.1M HClO4 was investigated. Subsurface Cu modifies the electronic structure at the Pt(111) surface resulting in weaker bonding to adsorbates like *OH, *H or *O....... This provides a basis for the high oxygen reduction activity of the NSA, as predicted by density functional theory calculations. The shift in *OH adsorption of around 0.16V towards more positive potentials can be clearly monitored in absence of O2 and under the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) conditions...... for the Cu/Pt(111) NSA. In both cases, for Pt(111) and NSA, the *OH(*O) adsorption dynamics is very similar in the absence of oxygen and under ORR conditions. Therefore, theoretical assumptions about the coverage of adsorbates in the absence of oxygen can be reasonably extrapolated to the situation when...
THE INFLUENCE OF BUOYANCY ON FLOW AND POLLUTANT DISPERSION IN STREET CANYONS
Buccolieri, Riccardo; Pulvirenti, Beatrice; Di Sabatino, Silvana; Britter, Rex
Abstract: In this paper, the effect of buoyancy on flow and pollutant dispersion within street canyons is studied by means of computational fluid dynamics simulations. We consider a neutral boundary layer approaching a 3D street canyon assuming a wind direction perpendicular to the street canyon. The Boussinesq hypothesis for incompressible fluids is chosen for modelling buoyancy. We distinguish three cases: leeward, ground and windward wall heating. Thermal effects on both the flow ...
Influence of Buoyancy Control Performance on Power Production by the Wave Dragon Nissum Bredning Prototype
Kofoed, Jens Peter; Tedd, James; Friis-Madsen, E.
This paper reports on the real sea performance of the buoyancy control system of Wave Dragon, a floating wave energy converter using the overtopping principle. The device operates with the full independent control system which has been tested during three years of operation. The impact of the buo...... of the buoyancy control system performance on the power production is noted. This provides motivation and a target for improved control algorithms....
Late Quaternary Palaeoceanographic Changes in Sea Surface Conditions in the Tropical Atlantic
Fischel, Andrea; Seidenkrantz, Marit-Solveig; Kuijpers, Antoon; Nürnberg, Dirk
Palaeoceanographic changes and the variability in surface water mass hydrography are reconstructed in order to track tropical ocean and climate variability and inter-hemispheric heat exchange through the last 42,000 year BP. Our studies are based on the relative abundance of planktonic foraminifera combined with sea surface temperature approximation based Mg/Ca measurements, XRF scanning and stable oxygen isotope analyses in a 5 m long gravity core Ga307-Win-12GC (17°50.80N, 64°48.7290W), retrieved in the Virgin Island Basin in approx. 3,960 m water depth. The Virgin Island Basin is the deepest part of the Anegada-Jungfern Passage in the northeast Caribbean, one of the most important pathways for water mass exchange between the Central Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea. Due to its bathymetry surface waters as well as deep water mass strata from the northern and southern hemisphere enter the basin, comprising Caribbean Surface Water (CSW), Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), Atlantic Intermediate Water (AIW) and North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). The planktonic foraminiferal assemblage suggests rather stable sea-surface conditions during the Holocene in the NE Caribbean. However, major changes in the hydrographic setting could be identified within the glacial period. During the glacial period, clear millennial-scale variability in sea-surface temperature and productivity are present. Fluctuations in the relative abundance of Globigerinoides ruber in the sediment core may be correlated to Dansgaard-Oeschger events in the northern North Atlantic. Furthermore an increase in relative abundance of Globorotalia rubescens occurs synchronous with ice rafted debris layers described from the North Atlantic. The faunal changes in the tropical Atlantic may thus be correlated to major climate changes in the North Atlantic, mainly D-O cyclicity as well as Heinrich events. Thus, the synchronous change in water mass distribution and hydrographic cyclicity suggests a possible linkage
SIMULATION OF FREE CURRENT FLOWS IN BUOYANCY-DRIVEN VENTILATION SYSTEMS
D. V. Abramkina
Full Text Available Objectives. The aim of the study is to analyse the effect of the design and methods for heating the ventilation duct of a buoyancy- driven system on the formation of free convective air currents in it.Methods. The study of free convection under the conditions of interior problem was carried out using the CFD software, based on the finite volume method with unstructured grid. Ansys Fluent software was used as a calculation tool in the study, due to its having a high convergence of numerical solutions offering full-scale measurements of convective currents.To evaluate the reliability of the results obtained, a validation procedure was carried out, allowing us to determine how accurately the selected conceptual model describes the investigated flow through a comparison of experimental and numerical data.Results. The results of numerical modelling of free convective currents occurring in the heated channel of the ventilation system of the top floor of a multi-storey residential building are presented in the article. In the course of the study, the air velocity at the entrance to the ventilation duct was found to depend on the calculated temperature difference θ ˚C for various heating methods. A gradual increase in the discrepancy between the numerical simulation and experimental results is observed if the calculated temperature difference > 20 ° C. This phenomenon is due to the fact that with increased duct temperature, it is quite difficult to achieve even heating under actual conditions; this is especially noticeable when considering the variant when the vertical part of the vent duct and the take-off are both heated. The maximum deviation of the results is 4.4%. The obtained velocity profiles in the calculated sections indicate the impact of the ventilation take-off on the nature of the air flow motion.Conclusion. One of the drawbacks of the existing systems of natural ventilation of residential
Buoyancy and Pressure Driven Flow of Hot Gases in Vertical Shafts with Natural and Forced Ventilation
Tamm, Gunnar; Jaluria, Yogesh
An experimental investigation has been carried out on the buoyancy and pressure induced flow of hot gases in vertical shafts, in order to simulate the propagation of combustion products in elevator shafts due to fire in multilevel buildings. Various geometrical configurations are studied, with regard to natural and forced ventilation imposed at the top or bottom of the vertical shaft. The aspect ratio is taken at a fixed value of 6 and the inflow conditions for the hot gases, at a vent near the bottom, are varied in terms of the Reynolds and Grashof numbers. Temperature measurements within the shaft allow a detailed study of the steady state thermal fields, from which optimal means for smoke alleviation in high-rise building fires may be developed. Flow visualization is also used to study the flow characteristics. The results obtained indicate a wall plume as the primary transport mechanism. Flow recirculation dominates at high Grashof number flows, while increased Reynolds numbers gives rise to greater mixing in the shaft. The development and stability of the flow and its effect on the spread of smoke and hot gases are assessed for the different shaft configurations and inlet conditions. It is found that the fastest smoke removal and lowest shaft temperatures occur for a configuration with natural ventilation at the top and forced ventilation up from the shaft bottom. It is also shown that forced ventilation can be used to arrest smoke spread, as well as to dilute the effects of the fire.
BUOYANCY INSTABILITIES IN A WEAKLY COLLISIONAL INTRACLUSTER MEDIUM
Kunz, Matthew W.; Stone, James M. [Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Peyton Hall, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544 (United States); Bogdanovic, Tamara; Reynolds, Christopher S., E-mail: kunz@astro.princeton.edu, E-mail: jstone@astro.princeton.edu, E-mail: tamarab@astro.umd.edu, E-mail: chris@astro.umd.edu [Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (United States)
The intracluster medium (ICM) of galaxy clusters is a weakly collisional plasma in which the transport of heat and momentum occurs primarily along magnetic-field lines. Anisotropic heat conduction allows convective instabilities to be driven by temperature gradients of either sign: the magnetothermal instability (MTI) in the outskirts of clusters and the heat-flux buoyancy-driven instability (HBI) in their cooling cores. We employ the Athena magnetohydrodynamic code to investigate the nonlinear evolution of these instabilities, self-consistently including the effects of anisotropic viscosity (i.e., Braginskii pressure anisotropy), anisotropic conduction, and radiative cooling. We find that, in all but the innermost regions of cool-core clusters, anisotropic viscosity significantly impairs the ability of the HBI to reorient magnetic-field lines orthogonal to the temperature gradient. Thus, while radio-mode feedback appears necessary in the central few Multiplication-Sign 10 kpc, heat conduction may be capable of offsetting radiative losses throughout most of a cool core over a significant fraction of the Hubble time. Magnetically aligned cold filaments are then able to form by local thermal instability. Viscous dissipation during cold filament formation produces accompanying hot filaments, which can be searched for in deep Chandra observations of cool-core clusters. In the case of MTI, anisotropic viscosity leads to a nonlinear state with a folded magnetic field structure in which field-line curvature and field strength are anti-correlated. These results demonstrate that, if the HBI and MTI are relevant for shaping the properties of the ICM, one must self-consistently include anisotropic viscosity in order to obtain even qualitatively correct results.
Gravitaxis of Euglena gracilis depends only partially on passive buoyancy
Richter, Peter R.; Schuster, Martin; Lebert, Michael; Streb, Christine; Häder, Donat-Peter
In darkness, the unicellular freshwater flagellate Euglena gracilis shows a pronounced negative gravitactic behavior, and the cells swim actively upward in the water column. Up to now it was unclear whether this behavior is based on a passive (physical) alignment mechanism (e.g., buoyancy due to a fore-aft asymmetry of the cell body) or on an active physiological mechanism. A sounding rocket experiment was performed in which the effect of sub-1g-accelerations (0.05, 0.08, 0.12, and 0.2g) on untreated living cells and immobilized (fixation with liquid nitrogen) cells was observed. By means of computerized image analysis the angles of the cells long axis with respect to the acceleration vector were analyzed in order to calculate and compare the reorientation kinetics of the immobilized cells versus that of the controls. In both groups, the reorientation kinetics depended on the dose, but the reorientation of the living cells was about five times faster than that of the immobilized cells. This indicates that in young cells gravitaxis can be explained by a physical mechanism only to a small extend. In older cultures, in which the cells often have a drop shaped cell body, the physical reorientation is considerably faster, and a more pronounced influence of passive alignment caused by fore/aft asymmetry (drag-gravity model) can not be excluded. In addition to these results, Euglena gracilis cells seem to respond very sensitively to small accelerations when they are applied after a longer microgravity period. The data indicate that gravitactic orientation occurred at an acceleration as low as 0.05g.
Air-side performance of a micro-channel heat exchanger in wet surface conditions
Srisomba Raviwat
Full Text Available The effects of operating conditions on the air-side heat transfer, and pressure drop of a micro-channel heat exchanger under wet surface conditions were studied experimentally. The test section was an aluminum micro-channel heat exchanger, consisting of a multi-louvered fin and multi-port mini-channels. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of inlet relative humidity, air frontal velocity, air inlet temperature, and refrigerant temperature on air-side performance. The experimental data were analyzed using the mean enthalpy difference method. The test run was performed at relative air humidities ranging between 45% and 80%; air inlet temperature ranges of 27, 30, and 33°C; refrigerant-saturated temperatures ranging from 18 to 22°C; and Reynolds numbers between 128 and 166. The results show that the inlet relative humidity, air inlet temperature, and the refrigerant temperature had significant effects on heat transfer performance and air-side pressure drop. The heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop for the micro-channel heat exchanger under wet surface conditions are proposed in terms of the Colburn j factor and Fanning f factor.
Adsorption of flexible polymer chains on a surface: Effects of different solvent conditions
Martins, P. H. L.; Plascak, J. A.; Bachmann, M.
Polymer chains undergoing a continuous adsorption-desorption transition are studied through extensive computer simulations. A three-dimensional self-avoiding walk lattice model of a polymer chain grafted onto a surface has been treated for different solvent conditions. We have used an advanced contact-density chain-growth algorithm, in which the density of contacts can be directly obtained. From this quantity, the order parameter and its fourth-order Binder cumulant are computed, as well as the corresponding critical exponents and the adsorption-desorption transition temperature. As the number of configurations with a given number of surface contacts and monomer-monomer contacts is independent of the temperature and solvent conditions, it can be easily applied to get results for different solvent parameter values without the need of any extra simulations. In analogy to continuous magnetic phase transitions, finite-size-scaling methods have been employed. Quite good results for the critical properties and phase diagram of very long single polymer chains have been obtained by properly taking into account the effects of corrections to scaling. The study covers all solvent effects, going from the limit of super-self-avoiding walks, characterized by effective monomer-monomer repulsion, to poor solvent conditions that enable the formation of compact polymer structures.
Determination of Optimum Condition of Leucine Content in Beef Protein Hydrolysate using Response Surface Methodology
Siti Roha Ab Mutalib; Zainal Samicho; Noriham Abdullah
The aim of this study is to determine the optimum condition of leucine content in beef hydrolysate. Beef hydrolysate was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis using bromelain enzyme produced from pineapple peel. Parameter conditions such as concentration of bromelain, hydrolysis temperature and hydrolysis time were assessed to obtain the optimum leucine content of beef hydrolysate according to experimental design which was recommended by response surface methodology (RSM). Leucine content in beef hydrolysate was determined using AccQ. Tag amino acid analysis method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The condition of optimum leucine content was at bromelain concentration of 1.38 %, hydrolysis temperature of 42.5 degree Celcius and hydrolysis time of 31.59 hours with the predicted leucine content of 26.57 %. The optimum condition was verified with the leucine value obtained was 26.25 %. Since there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the predicted and verified leucine values, thus it indicates that the predicted optimum condition by RSM can be accepted to predict the optimum leucine content in beef hydrolysate. (author)
Relation between the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Impact Factors under Severe Surface Thermal Conditions
Yinhuan Ao
Full Text Available This paper reported a comprehensive analysis on the diurnal variation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL in summer of Badain Jaran Desert and discussed deeply the effect of surface thermal to ABL, including the Difference in Surface-Air Temperature (DSAT, net radiation, and sensible heat, based on limited GPS radiosonde and surface observation data during two intense observation periods of experiments. The results showed that (1 affected by topography of the Tibetan Plateau, the climate provided favorable external conditions for the development of Convective Boundary Layer (CBL, (2 deep CBL showed a diurnal variation of three- to five-layer structure in clear days and five-layer ABL structure often occurred about sunset or sunrise, (3 the diurnal variation of DSAT influenced thickness of ABL through changes of turbulent heat flux, (4 integral value of sensible heat which rapidly converted by surface net radiation had a significant influence on the growth of CBL throughout daytime. The cumulative effect of thick RML dominated the role after CBL got through SBL in the development stage, especially in late summer, and (5 the development of CBL was promoted and accelerated by the variation of wind field and distribution of warm advection in high and low altitude.
Experimental investigation of nucleate boiling on heated surfaces under subcooled conditions
Schneider, C.; Hampel, R.; Traichel, A.; Hurtado, A.; Meissner, S.; Koch, E.
In case of an accident at pressurized water reactors (PWR), critical boiling conditions can appear at the transition from bubble- to film boiling. During full power operation, heat transfer phenomena of sub cooled nucleate boiling occur on the surface of the fuel rods. To investigate the microscopic processes in nucleate boiling, a test facility with optical measuring methods was constructed. This allows analyzing the effects on a single bubble system at different parameters. For the generation of nucleate boiling, an optically transparent, electrically conductive coating was applied as a heating surface on a borosilicate substrate. The so-called ITO (Indium-Tin-Oxide) coating with a sheet resistance of 20 ohms enables an electrical heating at an optical transparent surface. These properties are prerequisites for the study of microscopic phenomena in the bubble formation with optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT, generally used in medical diagnostics, is an imaging modality providing cross sectional and volumetric high resolution images. To make sure that the bubble formation takes place at a specific site, artificial nucleation sites in form of micro cavity will be inserted into the surface. Furthermore a small test facility was constructed to dedicate the wall temperature of a heated metal foil during subcooled boiling in non degassed water, which is the content of this paper. (author)
Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Surface Modification of Cellulose Nanofibrils with Aminopropyl Triethoxysilane
Eduardo Robles
Full Text Available Nine different surface modifications of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (ATS by using three different solvent systems (water, ethanol, and a mixture of both were investigated. The effect of reaction conditions, such as silane to cellulose ratio and solvent type were evaluated to determine their contribution to the extent of the silane modification. Nanofibril properties were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, surface free energy, thermogravimetry, 13C and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance, and electronic microscopy. The influence of the solvent in the solvolysis of the silane was reflected in the presence or absence of ethoxy groups in the silane. On the other hand, whereas the surface modification was increased directly proportionally to silane ratio on the reaction, the aggregation of nanofibrils was also increased, which can play a negative role in certain applications. The increment of silane modification also had substantial repercussions on the crystallinity of the nanofibrils by the addition of amorphous components to the crystalline unit; moreover, silane surface modifications enhanced the hydrophobic character of the nanofibrils.
Nocturnal surface ozone enhancement over Portugal during winter: Influence of different atmospheric conditions
Kulkarni, Pavan S.
Four distinct nocturnal surface ozone (NSO) enhancement events were observed, with NSO concentration exceeding 80μg/m3, at multiple ozone (O3) monitoring stations (32 sites) in January, November and December between year 2000–2010, in Portugal. The reasonable explanation for the observed bimodal pattern of surface ozone with enhanced NSO concentration during nighttime has to be transport processes, as the surface ozone production ceases at nighttime. Simultaneous measurements of O3 at multiple stations during the study period in Portugal suggest that horizontal advection alone cannot explain the observed NSO enhancement. Thus, detailed analysis of the atmospheric conditions, simulated with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, were performed to evaluate the atmospheric mechanisms responsible for NSO enhancement in the region. Simulations revealed that each event occurred as a result of one or the combination of different atmospheric processes such as, passage of a cold front followed by a subsidence zone; passage of a moving surface trough, with associated strong horizontal wind speed and vertical shear; combination of vertical and horizontal transport at the synoptic scale; formation of a low level jet with associated vertical mixing below the jet stream. The study confirmed that large-scale flow pattern resulting in enhanced vertical mixing in the nocturnal boundary layer, plays a key role in the NSO enhancement events, which frequently occur over Portugal during winter months. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
High-flux He+ irradiation effects on surface damages of tungsten under ITER relevant conditions
Liu, Lu; Liu, Dongping; Hong, Yi; Fan, Hongyu; Ni, Weiyuan; Yang, Qi; Bi, Zhenhua; Benstetter, Günther; Li, Shouzhe
A large-power inductively coupled plasma source was designed to perform the continuous helium ions (He + ) irradiations of polycrystalline tungsten (W) under International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) relevant conditions. He + irradiations were performed at He + fluxes of 2.3 × 10 21 –1.6 × 10 22 /m 2  s and He + energies of 12–220 eV. Surface damages and microstructures of irradiated W were observed by scanning electron microscopy. This study showed the growth of nano-fuzzes with their lengths of 1.3–2.0 μm at He + energies of >70 eV or He + fluxes of >1.3 × 10 22 /m 2  s. Nanometer-sized defects or columnar microstructures were formed in W surface layer due to low-energy He + irradiations at an elevated temperature (>1300 K). The diffusion and coalescence of He atoms in W surface layers led to the growth and structures of nano-fuzzes. This study indicated that a reduction of He + energy below 12–30 eV may greatly decrease the surface damage of tungsten diverter in the fusion reactor.
Kulkarni, Pavan S.; Dasari, Hari Prasad; Sharma, Ashish; Bortoli, D.; Salgado, Rui; Silva, A.M.
Baculite 3D Modeling: a New Method for Computing Buoyancy, Stability, and Orientation with Implications for Ectocochleate Cephalopod Hydrostatics
Peterman, D. J.; Barton, C. C.
Ectocochleate (external) cephalopod shells are comprised of a body chamber which houses the organism's soft parts and the phragmocone which consists of a series of progressively larger chambers (camerae) divided by septa. The phragmocone is used as a passive gas float for buoyancy regulation. The soft body and the mineralized shell are denser than water and are negatively buoyant while the phragmocone is positively buoyant due to some fraction of gas in its chambers. This provides a neutrally buoyant condition when the total mass of the organism is equal to the mass of the displaced water. The static orientation of the organism occurs when the centers of buoyancy and mass are vertically aligned and stability is determined by their degree of separation. Three-dimensional modeling of a specimen of Baculites compressus (which has a straight conical shell) was performed using Autodesk Meshmixer, Netfabb ®, Blender 2.78, and MeshLab. The initial 3D mesh shapefile was created by Autodesk ReCap 360™ photogrammetry software. The specimen requirements for the models include: an external shell (ideally complete, otherwise approximated), a septum showing lower order frilling, and a suture pattern to reconstruct the higher order septal frilling (for complex septa). Volumes and centers of mass/buoyancy were calculated with MeshLab in order to determine neutrality, stability, and orientation. Our method can be used to investigate the influence of morphological features on these hydrostatic properties of ectocochleate cephalopods and also the paleoecological implications of different morphotypes. Baculites compressus, is found to assume relatively stable vertical orientations when the shell is positively or neutrally buoyant. By arbitrarily flooding all chambers, the ammonite becomes negatively buoyant, and the centers of buoyancy and mass virtually coincide. This reduces stability but allows the living ammonite to assume a larger range of orientations, including horizontal
Surface grinding characteristics of ferrous metals under high-speed and speed-stroke grinding conditions
Ghani, A.K.; Choudhury, I.A.; Ahim, M.B.
Some ferrous metals have been ground under different conditions with high-speed and speed-stroke in surface grinding operation. The paper describes experimental investigation of grinding forces in grinding some ferrous metals with the application of cutting fluids. Grinding tests have been carried out on mild steel, assab steel and stainless steel with different combinations of down feed and cross feed. The wheel speed was 27 m/sec while the table speed was maintained at the maximum possible 25 m/min. The grindability has been evaluated by measuring the grinding forces, grinding ratio, and surface finish. Grinding forces have been plotted against down feed of the grinding wheel and cross feed of the table. It has been observed that the radial and tangential grinding forces in stainless steel were higher than those in assab steel and mild steel
Effects of phosphourus addition on the physical properties and surface condition of tungsten-copper composites
Akiyoshi, N.; Nakada, K.; Nakayama, M.; Kohda, K.
Tungsten-copper composites containing a small amount of phosphorus prepared using conventional P/M method. Cu 3 P powder was used as phosphorous source. The effects of phosphorus addition on the physical properties and the surface condition were investigated and the existing form of phosphorus was specified on the tungsten-copper composites The results are summarized as follows. The tungsten-copper composite containing 10 % copper, for example, demonstrated optimum thermal conductivity at the phosphorus addition of 0.02 %. The density of the composites was almost 100 % and the surface of the sintered body was flat and smooth after sintering at a temperature between 1100 and 1150 o C. It was shown that phosphorus exists as Co 2 P. (author)
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Express Type 1 Fimbriae Only in Surface Adherent Populations Under Physiological Growth Conditions
Stærk, Kristian; Kolmos, Hans Jørn; Khandige, Surabhi
were correlated with the ability to adhere to and invade cultured human bladder cells. RESULTS:  Although inactive during planktonic growth in urine, T1F expression occurs when UPEC settles on and infects bladder epithelial cells or colonizes catheters. As a result, UPEC in these sessile populations...... with increased expression during surface growth adaptation and infection of uroepithelial cells. This leads to separation of UPEC into low-expression planktonic populations and high-expression sessile populations....... enhances bladder cell adhesion and invasion potential. Only T1F-negative UPEC are subsequently released to the urine, thus limiting T1F expression to surface-associated UPEC alone. CONCLUSION:  Our results demonstrate that T1F expression is strictly regulated under physiological growth conditions...
Tissue responses to fractional transient heating with sinusoidal heat flux condition on skin surface.
Ezzat, Magdy A; El-Bary, Alaa A; Al-Sowayan, Noorah S
A fractional model of Bioheat equation for describing quantitatively the thermal responses of skin tissue under sinusoidal heat flux conditions on skin surface is given. Laplace transform technique is used to obtain the solution in a closed form. The resulting formulation is applied to one-dimensional application to investigate the temperature distribution in skin with instantaneous surface heating for different cases. According to the numerical results and its graphs, conclusion about the fractional bioheat transfer equation has been constructed. Sensitivity analysis is performed to explore the thermal effects of various control parameters on tissue temperature. The comparisons are made with the results obtained in the case of the absence of time-fractional order. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science.
Corrosion properties of sealing surface material for RPV under abnormal working conditions
Liu Jinhua; Wen Yan; Zhang Xuemei; Hou Songmin; Gong Bin; He Yanchun
Based on the corrosion issue of sealing surface material for RPV in some nuclear projects, the corrosion properties of sealing surface material for RPV under abnormal working conditions were investigated. The corrosion behavior of 308L stainless steel were studied by using autoclave in different contents of Cl - solutions, and these samples were observed and analyzed by means of the metalloscope and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results show that no pitting, crevice and stress corrosion occurred, when the content of Cl - was lower than 1 mg/L at the temperatures of 270℃ and the pressure of 5.5 MPa. However, with the increase of the content of Cl - , the susceptibility to pitting, crevice and stress corrosion of 308L was enhanced remarkably. (authors)
Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics analysis of buoyancy-driven natural ventilation and entropy generation in a prismatic greenhouse
Aich Walid
Full Text Available A computational analysis of the natural ventilation process and entropy generation in 3-D prismatic greenhouse was performed using CFD. The aim of the study is to investigate how buoyancy forces influence air-flow and temperature patterns inside the greenhouse having lower level opening in its right heated façade and also upper level opening near the roof top in the opposite cooled façade. The bot-tom and all other walls are assumed to be perfect thermal insulators. Rayleigh number is the main parameter which changes from 103 to 106 and Prandtl number is fixed at Pr = 0.71. Results are reported in terms of particles trajectories, iso-surfaces of temperature, mean Nusselt number, and entropy generation. It has been found that the flow structure is sensitive to the value of Rayleigh number and that heat transfer increases with increasing this parameter. Also, it have been noticed that, using asymmetric opening positions improve the natural ventilation and facilitate the occurrence of buoyancy induced upward cross air-flow (low-level supply and upper-level extraction inside the greenhouse.
Magma reservoirs and neutral buoyancy zones on Venus - Implications for the formation and evolution of volcanic landforms
Head, James W.; Wilson, Lionel
The production of magma reservoirs and neutral buoyancy zones (NBZs) on Venus and the implications of their development for the formation and evolution of volcanic landforms are examined. The high atmospheric pressure on Venus reduces volatile exsolution and generally serves to inhibit the formation of NBZs and shallow magma reservoirs. For a range of common terrestrial magma-volatile contents, magma ascending and erupting near or below mean planetary radius (MPR) should not stall at shallow magma reservoirs; such eruptions are characterized by relatively high total volumes and effusion rates. For the same range of volatile contents at 2 km above MPR, about half of the cases result in the direct ascent of magma to the surface and half in the production of neutral buoyancy zones. NBZs and shallow magma reservoirs begin to appear as gas content increases and are nominally shallower on Venus than on earth. For a fixed volatile content, NBZs become deeper with increasing elevation: over the range of elevations treated in this study (-1 km to +4.4 km) depths differ by a factor of 2-4. Factors that may account for the low height of volcanoes on Venus are discussed.
Gases Emission From Surface Layers of Sand Moulds and Cores Stored Under the Humid Air Conditions
Kaźnica N.
Full Text Available A large number of defects of castings made in sand moulds is caused by gases. There are several sources of gases: gases emitted from moulds, cores or protective coatings during pouring and casting solidification; water in moulding sands; moisture adsorbed from surroundings due to atmospheric conditions changes. In investigations of gas volumetric emissions of moulding sands amounts of gases emitted from moulding sand were determined - up to now - in dependence of the applied binders, sand grains, protective coatings or alloys used for moulds pouring. The results of investigating gas volumetric emissions of thin-walled sand cores poured with liquid metal are presented in the hereby paper. They correspond to the surface layer in the mould work part, which is decisive for the surface quality of the obtained castings. In addition, cores were stored under conditions of a high air humidity, where due to large differences in humidity, the moisture - from surroundings - was adsorbed into the surface layer of the sand mould. Due to that, it was possible to asses the influence of the adsorbed moisture on the gas volumetric emission from moulds and cores surface layers by means of the new method of investigating the gas emission kinetics from thin moulding sand layers heated by liquid metal. The results of investigations of kinetics of the gas emission from moulding sands with furan and alkyd resins as well as with hydrated sodium silicate (water glass are presented. Kinetics of gases emissions from these kinds of moulding sands poured with Al-Si alloy were compared.
Water surface elevation from the upcoming SWOT mission under different flows conditions
Domeneghetti, Alessio; Schumann, Guy J. P.; Wei, Rui; Frasson, Renato P. M.; Durand, Michael; Pavelsky, Tamlin; Castellarin, Attilio; Brath, Armando
The upcoming SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) satellite mission will provide unprecedented bi-dimensional observations of terrestrial water surface heights along rivers wider than 100m. Despite the literature reports several activities showing possible uses of SWOT products, potential and limitations of satellite observations still remain poorly understood and investigated. We present one of the first analyses regarding the spatial observation of water surface elevation expected from SWOT for a 140 km reach of the middle-lower portion of the Po River, in Northern Italy. The river stretch is characterized by a main channel varying from 100-500 m in width and a floodplain delimited by a system of major embankments that can be as wide as 5 km. The reconstruction of the hydraulic behavior of the Po River is performed by means of a quasi-2D model built with detailed topographic and bathymetric information (LiDAR, 2m resolution), while the simulation of remotely sensed hydrometric data is performed with a SWOT simulator that mimics the satellite sensor characteristics. Referring to water surface elevations associated with different flow conditions (maximum, minimum and average flow) this work characterizes the spatial observations provided by SWOT and highlights the strengths and limitations of the expected products. The analysis provides a robust reference for spatial water observations that will be available from SWOT and assesses possible effects of river embankments, river width and river topography under different hydraulic conditions. Results of the study characterize the expected accuracy of the upcoming SWOT mission and provide additional insights towards the appropriate exploitation of future hydrological observations.
Surface microhardness of three thicknesses of mineral trioxide aggregate in different setting conditions
Noushin Shokouhinejad
Full Text Available Objectives This study aimed to compare the surface microhardness of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA samples having different thicknesses and exposed to human blood from one side and with or without a moist cotton pellet on the other side. Materials and Methods Ninety cylindrical molds with three heights of 2, 4, and 6 mm were fabricated. In group 1 (dry condition, molds with heights of 2, 4, and 6 mm (10 molds of each were filled with ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, and the upper surface of the material was not exposed to any additional moisture. In groups 2 and 3, a distilled water- or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS-moistened cotton pellet was placed on the upper side of MTA, respectively. The lower side of the molds in all the groups was in contact with human blood-wetted foams. After 4 day, the Vickers microhardness of the upper surface of MTA was measured. Results In the dry condition, the 4 and 6 mm-thick MTA samples showed significantly lower microhardness than the 2 mm-thick samples (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001, respectively. However, when a distilled water- or PBS-moistened cotton pellet was placed over the MTA, no significant difference was found between the surface microhardness of samples having the abovementioned three thicknesses of the material (p = 0.210 and p = 0.112, respectively. Conclusions It could be concluded that a moist cotton pellet must be placed over the 4 to 6 mm-thick MTA for better hydration of the material. However, this might not be necessary when 2 mm-thick MTA is used.
Foam Core Particleboards with Intumescent FRT Veneer: Cone Calorimeter Testing With Varying Adhesives, Surface Layer Thicknesses, and Processing Conditions
Mark A. Dietenberger; Johannes Welling; Ali Shalbafan
Intumescent FRT Veneers adhered to the surface of foam core particleboard to provide adequate fire protection were evaluated by means of cone calorimeter tests (ASTM E1354). The foam core particleboards were prepared with variations in surface layer treatment, adhesives, surface layer thicknesses, and processing conditions. Ignitability, heat release rate profile, peak...
VNIR Reflectance and MIR Emissivity Spectra of Ordinary Chondrite Meteorites Under Simulated Asteroid Surface Conditions
Gemma, M.; Shirley, K.; Glotch, T. D.; Ebel, D. S. S.
Recent missions have revealed much about the nature of many Near-Earth asteroids, including the NEAR-Shoemaker target 433 Eros and Hayabusa target 25142 Itokawa. Both asteroids appear to have mineralogy consistent with ordinary chondrite meteorites. Laboratory spectral analysis of well-constrained meteorite samples can be employed as a reference tool to characterize and constrain data from current and future asteroid studies. A sample set of ordinary chondrite meteorites was chosen from the collection at the American Museum of Natural History. Six meteorites, spanning groups H, L, and LL, were prepared at four different size fractions (25-63 μm, 63-90 μm, 90-125 μm, 125-250 μm) in an attempt to mimic regolith known to exist on asteroids such as 433 Eros and 25142 Itokawa. At the Center for Planetary Exploration at Stony Brook University, spectra of the ordinary chondrite material were measured under simulated asteroid surface conditions ( 10-6 mbar, 150 K chamber temperature, low intensity illumination). The samples were used in two experiments: one measuring visible and near-infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectra at a series of temperatures, and the other measuring mid-infrared (MIR) emissivity spectra. The emissivity measurements require accurate simulation of the thermal environment within asteroid regolith, achieved by inducing a thermal gradient within the sample that results in a surface brightness temperature around 323 K (similar to the surface of 25142 Itokawa). Mid-IR emissivity spectra were collected for each sample at a surface temperature of 323 K, and reflectance spectra were collected in increments of 10 K, over the range 283 K to 373 K. Preliminary VNIR spectra show spreads similar to those seen in Hinrichs and Lucey (2002). Preliminary MIR emissivity spectra suggest that under asteroid surface conditions, the position of the Christiansen feature shifts to shorter wavelengths and emissivity is lower in the Reststrahlen bands when compared to
Creep of MDF panels under constant load and cyclic environmental conditions. Influence of surface coating
Fernández-GolfÃn Seco, J. I.; DÃez Barra, M. Rafael
Four different strategies of surface coating (based on 80 g m2 melamin impregnated papers) were used on 19 mm thick commercial MDF panels to assess its reological behaviour under cyclic humidity conditions (20ºC 30 % rh-20ºC 90 % rh). Three different levels of stress (20 %, 30 % and 40 %), based on the ultimate load in bending, were used. Tests were conducted by means of the three points load system. For the same stress level, the relative creep of MDF panels was higher than that in par...
Diagnostic measurements on the great machines conditions of lignite surface mines
Helebrant, F.; Jurman, J.; Fries, J. [Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba (Czech Republic)
An analysis of the diagnosis of loading and service dependability of a rail-mounted excavator used in surface lignite mining is described. Wheel power vibrations in electric motor bearings and electric motor input bearings to the gearbox were measured in situ, in horizontal, vertical, and axial directions. The data were analyzed using a mathematical relationship. The results are presented in a loading diagram that shows the deterioration and the acceptable lower bound of machine conditions over time. Work is continuing. 5 refs., 1 fig.
Iodine isotopes species fingerprinting environmental conditions in surface water along the northeastern Atlantic Ocean
He, Peng; Hou, Xiaolin; Aldahan, Ala
Concentrations and species of iodine isotopes (127I and 129I) provide vital information about iodine geochemistry, environmental conditions and water masses exchange in oceans. Despite extensive investigations of anthropogenic 129I in the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas, concentrations of the is...... 129I in ocean environments and impact on climate at the ocean boundary layer.......Concentrations and species of iodine isotopes (127I and 129I) provide vital information about iodine geochemistry, environmental conditions and water masses exchange in oceans. Despite extensive investigations of anthropogenic 129I in the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas, concentrations...... of the isotope in the Atlantic Ocean are, however, still unknown. We here present first data on 129I and 127I, and their species (iodide and iodate) in surface water transect along the northeastern Atlantic between 30° and 50°N. The results show iodate as the predominant species in the analyzed marine waters...
Falls in Swedish hurdle and steeplechase racing and the condition of the track surface
Gottlieb-Vedi, M.; Pipper, Christian Bressen
Falls in National Hunt races is a tragic part of the sport. The present study focuses on the relation between racing track conditions and the number of falls in Swedish jump racing. The assumption was that more horses fell on heavy or soft going than on good or firm going. Results from all jump...... races at Täby Racecourse (1992-2001) were recorded. Parameters registered were: type and number of races, racing surface and condition, total time to finish the race, number of starting horses and number of falls. In this period 212 races, corresponding to 1,556 horse starts, were registered. Falls were...... registered in 42 races and in total 61 horses fell. The fall frequency on horse level was significantly higher in steeplechases than in hurdle races (odds ratio =3.69; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.99-6.85). For the steeplechases recorded in this study, significantly more falls were seen in long distance...
OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE AND AIR DRYING CONDITIONS OF QUINCE (CYDONIA OBLONGA, MILLER USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Cem Baltacioglu
Full Text Available Effects of slice thickness of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller , microwave incident power and air drying temperature on antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of quince were investigated during drying in microwave and air drying. Optimum conditions were found to be: i for microwave drying, 285 W and 4.14 mm thick (maximum antioxidant activity and 285 W and 6.85 mm thick (maximum total phenolic content, and ii for air drying, 75 ºC and 1.2 mm thick (both maximum antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. Drying conditions were optimized by using the response surface methodology. 13 experiments were carried out considering incident microwave powers from 285 to 795 W, air temperature from 46 to 74 ºC and slice thickness from 1.2 to 6.8 mm.
Analysis of influence of heat exchange conditions on the outer surface of the lithium-ion battery to electrolyte temperature under the conditions of high current loads
Krasnoshlykov Alexander
Full Text Available Numerical analysis of thermal conditions of a lithium-ion battery using the software package ANSYS Electric and ANSYS Fluent has been carried out. Time dependence of the electrolyte temperature on the various heat exchange conditions on the outer surface has been obtained.
The boundary condition for vertical velocity and its interdependence with surface gas exchange
Kowalski, Andrew S.
The law of conservation of linear momentum is applied to surface gas exchanges, employing scale analysis to diagnose the vertical velocity (w) in the boundary layer. Net upward momentum in the surface layer is forced by evaporation (E) and defines non-zero vertical motion, with a magnitude defined by the ratio of E to the air density, as w = E/�. This is true even right down at the surface where the boundary condition is w|0 = E/�|0 (where w|0 and �|0 represent the vertical velocity and density of air at the surface). This Stefan flow velocity implies upward transport of a non-diffusive nature that is a general feature of the troposphere but is of particular importance at the surface, where it assists molecular diffusion with upward gas migration (of H2O, for example) but opposes that of downward-diffusing species like CO2 during daytime. The definition of flux-gradient relationships (eddy diffusivities) requires rectification to exclude non-diffusive transport, which does not depend on scalar gradients. At the microscopic scale, the role of non-diffusive transport in the process of evaporation from inside a narrow tube - with vapour transport into an overlying, horizontal airstream - was described long ago in classical mechanics and is routinely accounted for by chemical engineers, but has been neglected by scientists studying stomatal conductance. Correctly accounting for non-diffusive transport through stomata, which can appreciably reduce net CO2 transport and marginally boost that of water vapour, should improve characterisations of ecosystem and plant functioning.
A. S. Kowalski
Full Text Available The law of conservation of linear momentum is applied to surface gas exchanges, employing scale analysis to diagnose the vertical velocity (w in the boundary layer. Net upward momentum in the surface layer is forced by evaporation (E and defines non-zero vertical motion, with a magnitude defined by the ratio of E to the air density, as w = E/�. This is true even right down at the surface where the boundary condition is w|0 = E/�|0 (where w|0 and �|0 represent the vertical velocity and density of air at the surface. This Stefan flow velocity implies upward transport of a non-diffusive nature that is a general feature of the troposphere but is of particular importance at the surface, where it assists molecular diffusion with upward gas migration (of H2O, for example but opposes that of downward-diffusing species like CO2 during daytime. The definition of flux–gradient relationships (eddy diffusivities requires rectification to exclude non-diffusive transport, which does not depend on scalar gradients. At the microscopic scale, the role of non-diffusive transport in the process of evaporation from inside a narrow tube – with vapour transport into an overlying, horizontal airstream – was described long ago in classical mechanics and is routinely accounted for by chemical engineers, but has been neglected by scientists studying stomatal conductance. Correctly accounting for non-diffusive transport through stomata, which can appreciably reduce net CO2 transport and marginally boost that of water vapour, should improve characterisations of ecosystem and plant functioning.
The impact of changing surface ocean conditions on the dissolution of aerosol iron
Fishwick, Matthew P.; Sedwick, Peter N.; Lohan, Maeve C.; Worsfold, Paul J.; Buck, Kristen N.; Church, Thomas M.; Ussher, Simon J.
The proportion of aerosol iron (Fe) that dissolves in seawater varies greatly and is dependent on aerosol composition and the physicochemical conditions of seawater, which may change depending on location or be altered by global environmental change. Aerosol and surface seawater samples were collected in the Sargasso Sea and used to investigate the impact of these changing conditions on aerosol Fe dissolution in seawater. Our data show that seawater temperature, pH, and oxygen concentration, within the range of current and projected future values, had no significant effect on the dissolution of aerosol Fe. However, the source and composition of aerosols had the most significant effect on the aerosol Fe solubility, with the most anthropogenically influenced samples having the highest fractional solubility (up to 3.2%). The impact of ocean warming and acidification on aerosol Fe dissolution is therefore unlikely to be as important as changes in land usage and fossil fuel combustion. Our experimental results also reveal important changes in the size distribution of soluble aerosol Fe in solution, depending on the chemical conditions of seawater. Under typical conditions, the majority (77-100%) of Fe released from aerosols into ambient seawater existed in the colloidal (0.02-0.4 µm) size fraction. However, in the presence of a sufficient concentration of strong Fe-binding organic ligands (10 nM) most of the aerosol-derived colloidal Fe was converted to soluble Fe (<0.02 µm). This finding highlights the potential importance of organic ligands in retaining aerosol Fe in a biologically available form in the surface ocean.
Academic Buoyancy and Academic Outcomes: Towards a Further Understanding of Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Students without ADHD, and Academic Buoyancy Itself
Martin, Andrew J.
Background: Academic buoyancy is students' capacity to successfully overcome setback and challenge that is typical of the ordinary course of everyday academic life. It may represent an important factor on the psycho-educational landscape assisting students who experience difficulties in school and schoolwork. Aims: This study investigated the…
Model development and optimization of operating conditions to maximize PEMFC performance by response surface methodology
Kanani, Homayoon; Shams, Mehrzad; Hasheminasab, Mohammadreza; Bozorgnezhad, Ali
Highlights: • The optimization of the operating parameters in a serpentine PEMFC is done using RSM. • The RSM model can predict the cell power over the wide range of operating conditions. • St-An, St-Ca and RH-Ca have an optimum value to obtain the best performance. • The interactions of the operating conditions affect the output power significantly. • The cathode and anode stoichiometry are the most effective parameters on the power. - Abstract: Optimization of operating conditions to obtain maximum power in PEMFCs could have a significant role to reduce the costs of this emerging technology. In the present experimental study, a single serpentine PEMFC is used to investigate the effects of operating conditions on the electrical power production of the cell. Four significant parameters including cathode stoichiometry, anode stoichiometry, gases inlet temperature, and cathode relative humidity are studied using Design of Experiment (DOE) to obtain an optimal power. Central composite second order Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to model the relationship between goal function (power) and considered input parameters (operating conditions). Using this statistical–mathematical method leads to obtain a second-order equation for the cell power. This model considers interactions and quadratic effects of different operating conditions and predicts the maximum or minimum power production over the entire working range of the parameters. In this range, high stoichiometry of cathode and low stoichiometry of anode results in the minimum cell power and contrary the medium range of fuel and oxidant stoichiometry leads to the maximum power. Results show that there is an optimum value for the anode stoichiometry, cathode stoichiometry and relative humidity to reach the best performance. The predictions of the model are evaluated by experimental tests and they are in a good agreement for different ranges of the parameters
The effect of physiological conditions on the surface structure of proteins: Setting the scene for human digestion of emulsions
Maldonado-Valderrama, J.; Gunning, A. P.; Ridout, M. J.; Wilde, P. J.; Morris, V. J.
Understanding and manipulating the interfacial mechanisms that control human digestion of food emulsions is a crucial step towards improved control of dietary intake. This article reports initial studies on the effects of the physiological conditions within the stomach on the properties of the film formed by the milk protein ( β -lactoglobulin) at the air-water interface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), surface tension and surface rheology techniques were used to visualize and examine the effect of gastric conditions on the network structure. The effects of changes in temperature, pH and ionic strength on a pre-formed interfacial structure were characterized in order to simulate the actual digestion process. Changes in ionic strength had little effect on the surface properties. In isolation, acidification reduced both the dilatational and the surface shear modulus, mainly due to strong repulsive electrostatic interactions within the surface layer and raising the temperature to body temperature accelerated the rearrangements within the surface layer, resulting in a decrease of the dilatational response and an increase of surface pressure. Together pH and temperature display an unexpected synergism, independent of the ionic strength. Thus, exposure of a pre-formed interfacial β -lactoglobulin film to simulated gastric conditions reduced the surface dilatational modulus and surface shear moduli. This is attributed to a weakening of the surface network in which the surface rearrangements of the protein prior to exposure to gastric conditions might play a crucial role.
Assessment of a surface-layer parameterization scheme in an atmospheric model for varying meteorological conditions
T. J. Anurose
Full Text Available The performance of a surface-layer parameterization scheme in a high-resolution regional model (HRM is carried out by comparing the model-simulated sensible heat flux (H with the concurrent in situ measurements recorded at Thiruvananthapuram (8.5° N, 76.9° E, a coastal station in India. With a view to examining the role of atmospheric stability in conjunction with the roughness lengths in the determination of heat exchange coefficient (CH and H for varying meteorological conditions, the model simulations are repeated by assigning different values to the ratio of momentum and thermal roughness lengths (i.e. z0m/z0h in three distinct configurations of the surface-layer scheme designed for the present study. These three configurations resulted in differential behaviour for the varying meteorological conditions, which is attributed to the sensitivity of CH to the bulk Richardson number (RiB under extremely unstable, near-neutral and stable stratification of the atmosphere.
Application-Ready Expedited MODIS Data for Operational Land Surface Monitoring of Vegetation Condition
Jesslyn F. Brown
Full Text Available Monitoring systems benefit from high temporal frequency image data collected from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS system. Because of near-daily global coverage, MODIS data are beneficial to applications that require timely information about vegetation condition related to drought, flooding, or fire danger. Rapid satellite data streams in operational applications have clear benefits for monitoring vegetation, especially when information can be delivered as fast as changing surface conditions. An “expedited� processing system called “eMODIS� operated by the U.S. Geological Survey provides rapid MODIS surface reflectance data to operational applications in less than 24 h offering tailored, consistently-processed information products that complement standard MODIS products. We assessed eMODIS quality and consistency by comparing to standard MODIS data. Only land data with known high quality were analyzed in a central U.S. study area. When compared to standard MODIS (MOD/MYD09Q1, the eMODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI maintained a strong, significant relationship to standard MODIS NDVI, whether from morning (Terra or afternoon (Aqua orbits. The Aqua eMODIS data were more prone to noise than the Terra data, likely due to differences in the internal cloud mask used in MOD/MYD09Q1 or compositing rules. Post-processing temporal smoothing decreased noise in eMODIS data.
Surface-water nutrient conditions and sources in the United States Pacific Northwest
Wise, D.R.; Johnson, H.M.
The SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) model was used to perform an assessment of surface-water nutrient conditions and to identify important nutrient sources in watersheds of the Pacific Northwest region of the United States (U.S.) for the year 2002. Our models included variables representing nutrient sources as well as landscape characteristics that affect nutrient delivery to streams. Annual nutrient yields were higher in watersheds on the wetter, west side of the Cascade Range compared to watersheds on the drier, east side. High nutrient enrichment (relative to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended nutrient criteria) was estimated in watersheds throughout the region. Forest land was generally the largest source of total nitrogen stream load and geologic material was generally the largest source of total phosphorus stream load generated within the 12,039 modeled watersheds. These results reflected the prevalence of these two natural sources and the low input from other nutrient sources across the region. However, the combined input from agriculture, point sources, and developed land, rather than natural nutrient sources, was responsible for most of the nutrient load discharged from many of the largest watersheds. Our results provided an understanding of the regional patterns in surface-water nutrient conditions and should be useful to environmental managers in future water-quality planning efforts.
Reconstructing Sea Surface Conditions in the Bay of Bengal during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition
Lagos, A. D.; Dekens, P.; Reilly, B. T.; Selkin, P. A.; Meynadier, L.; Savian, J. F.
During the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT, 0.8-1.2Ma) Earth's glacial cycles transitioned from responding primarily to 41kyr obliquity cycles to responding to 100kyr eccentricity cycles. In the tropics, sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern tropical Pacific cooled through the MPT, suggesting a strengthening of the equatorial Pacific zonal temperature gradient (Medina-Elizalde & Lea, 2005). The strong SST gradient would have intensified Walker Cell convection during the MPT and built up latent heat in the western Pacific, which could cause cold SST anomalies in the northern Indian Ocean (Liu et al., 2015). Due to a scarcity of records, it is unclear how climate and oceanic conditions evolved in the Indian Ocean during the MPT. A set of recent IODP expeditions, including 353 and 354, cored sediment from the Bay of Bengal. Several sites recovered by expedition 353 will be ideal for reconstructing monsoon intensity through time, while the expedition 354 cores from a longitudinal transect at 8°N are in a region not directly impacted by changes in freshwater input due to direct precipitation or run off. The sites are influenced by the northeastern migration of equatorial Indian Ocean water via the Southwest Monsoon Current, which supplies significant moisture to the monsoon. Expedition 354's southern Bay of Bengal sites are well situated for better understanding the link between the tropical Indian Ocean and the northern Bay of Bengal. We reconstructed sea surface conditions at IODP site 1452 (8°N, 87°E, 3670m water depth) in the distal Bengal Fan. A 3 meter long section of the core has been identified as the MPT using the Bruhnes/Matuyama, Jaramillo, and Cobb Mountain paleomagnetic reversals (France-Lanord et al., 2016). This section of site 1452 was sampled every 2cm ( 2kyr resolution). Approximately 30 G. sacculifer, a surface dwelling planktonic foraminifera, were picked from the 355-425μm size fraction. We measured Mg/Ca and δ18O on splits of the same
Influence of different land surfaces on atmospheric conditions measured by a wireless sensor network
Lengfeld, Katharina; Ament, Felix
Atmospheric conditions close to the surface, like temperature, wind speed and humidity, vary on small scales because of surface heterogeneities. Therefore, the traditional measuring approach of using a single, highly accurate station is of limited representativeness for a larger domain, because it is not able to determine these small scale variabilities. However, both the variability and the domain averages are important information for the development and validation of atmospheric models and soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer (SVAT) schemes. Due to progress in microelectronics it is possible to construct networks of comparably cheap meteorological stations with moderate accuracy. Such a network provides data in high spatial and temporal resolution. The EPFL Lausanne developed such a network called SensorScope, consisting of low cost autonomous stations. Each station observes air and surface temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed, incoming solar radiation, precipitations, soil moisture and soil temperature and sends the data via radio communication to a base station. This base station forwards the collected data via GSM/GPRS to a central server. Within the FLUXPAT project in August 2009 we deployed 15 stations as a twin transect near Jülich, Germany. One aim of this first experiment was to test the quality of the low cost sensors by comparing them to more accurate reference measurements. It turned out, that although the network is not highly accurate, the measurements are consistent. Consequently an analysis of the pattern of atmospheric conditions is feasible. For example, we detect a variability of ± 0.5K in the mean temperature at a distance of only 2.3 km. The transect covers different types of vegetation and a small river. Therefore, we analyzed the influence of different land surfaces and the distance to the river on meteorological conditions. On the one hand, some results meet our expectations, e.g. the relative humidity decreases with increasing
Morphological Analysis of Dentin Surface after Conditioning with Two Different methods: Chemical and Mechanical.
Rafael, Caroline Freitas; Quinelato, ValquÃria; Morsch, Carolina Schaffer; DeDeus, Gustavo; Reis, Claudia Mendonca
Alternative pretreatment strategies of dentin and adhesionare constantly being developed and studied with the goal of improving the adhesion of resin restorative materials with this tissue. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the ability of airborne-particle abrasion (APA) with aluminum oxide on dentin to remove the smear layer and the effects produced on the dentin microstructure. The phosphoric acid (PA) was used for a comparison. For that, 20 human third molars were randomly allocated into two experimental groups, according to the dentin pretreatment method used: G1 (N = 10) - PA, G2 (N = 10) -APA. For dentin surface analyses, an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was employed to observe dentin surfaces before and after the procedures. Before pretreatment, the specimens of both groups were smear covered. After pretreatment, the G1 images revealed dentin tubule orifices opened, enlarged and some erosive effects. (G2) exposed tubule orifices without enlargement, but crack-like alterations were observed on the surfaces. In this way, APA with aluminum oxide was able to remove the smear layer. The influences of the dentin roughness on adhesion and the consequences on dentin integrity and hardness need further investigations. A good conditioning of the dentin before cementation is necessary in order to obtain a satisfactory rehabilitation in adhesive dentistry. So, it is necessary to know all methods to do it.
Characterizing water surface elevation under different flow conditions for the upcoming SWOT mission
Domeneghetti, A.; Schumann, G. J.-P.; Frasson, R. P. M.; Wei, R.; Pavelsky, T. M.; Castellarin, A.; Brath, A.; Durand, M. T.
The Surface Water and Ocean Topography satellite mission (SWOT), scheduled for launch in 2021, will deliver two-dimensional observations of water surface heights for lakes, rivers wider than 100 m and oceans. Even though the scientific literature has highlighted several fields of application for the expected products, detailed simulations of the SWOT radar performance for a realistic river scenario have not been presented in the literature. Understanding the error of the most fundamental "raw" SWOT hydrology product is important in order to have a greater awareness about strengths and limits of the forthcoming satellite observations. This study focuses on a reach (∼140 km in length) of the middle-lower portion of the Po River, in Northern Italy, and, to date, represents one of the few real-case analyses of the spatial patterns in water surface elevation accuracy expected from SWOT. The river stretch is characterized by a main channel varying from 100 to 500 m in width and a large floodplain (up to 5 km) delimited by a system of major embankments. The simulation of the water surface along the Po River for different flow conditions (high, low and mean annual flows) is performed with inputs from a quasi-2D model implemented using detailed topographic and bathymetric information (LiDAR, 2 m resolution). By employing a simulator that mimics many SWOT satellite sensor characteristics and generates proxies of the remotely sensed hydrometric data, this study characterizes the spatial observations potentially provided by SWOT. We evaluate SWOT performance under different hydraulic conditions and assess possible effects of river embankments, river width, river topography and distance from the satellite ground track. Despite analyzing errors from the raw radar pixel cloud, which receives minimal processing, the present study highlights the promising potential of this Ka-band interferometer for measuring water surface elevations, with mean elevation errors of 0.1 cm and 21
Buoyancy-activated cell sorting using targeted biotinylated albumin microbubbles.
Yu-Ren Liou
Full Text Available Cell analysis often requires the isolation of certain cell types. Various isolation methods have been applied to cell sorting, including fluorescence-activated cell sorting and magnetic-activated cell sorting. However, these conventional approaches involve exerting mechanical forces on the cells, thus risking cell damage. In this study we applied a novel isolation method called buoyancy-activated cell sorting, which involves using biotinylated albumin microbubbles (biotin-MBs conjugated with antibodies (i.e., targeted biotin-MBs. Albumin MBs are widely used as contrast agents in ultrasound imaging due to their good biocompatibility and stability. For conjugating antibodies, biotin is conjugated onto the albumin MB shell via covalent bonds and the biotinylated antibodies are conjugated using an avidin-biotin system. The albumin microbubbles had a mean diameter of 2 μm with a polydispersity index of 0.16. For cell separation, the MDA-MB-231 cells are incubated with the targeted biotin-MBs conjugated with anti-CD44 for 10 min, centrifuged at 10 g for 1 min, and then allowed 1 hour at 4 °C for separation. The results indicate that targeted biotin-MBs conjugated with anti-CD44 antibodies can be used to separate MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells; more than 90% of the cells were collected in the MB layer when the ratio of the MBs to cells was higher than 70:1. Furthermore, we found that the separating efficiency was higher for targeted biotin-MBs than for targeted avidin-incorporated albumin MBs (avidin-MBs, which is the most common way to make targeted albumin MBs. We also demonstrated that the recovery rate of targeted biotin-MBs was up to 88% and the sorting purity was higher than 84% for a a heterogenous cell population containing MDA-MB-231 cells (CD44(+ and MDA-MB-453 cells (CD44-, which are classified as basal-like breast cancer cells and luminal breast cancer cells, respectively. Knowing that the CD44(+ is a commonly used cancer
Turbulent mixed buoyancy driven flow and heat transfer in lid driven enclosure
Mishra, Ajay Kumar; Sharma, Anil Kumar
Turbulent mixed buoyancy driven flow and heat transfer of air in lid driven rectangular enclosure has been investigated for Grashof number in the range of 10 8 to 10 11 and for Richardson number 0.1, 1 and 10. Steady two dimensional Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes equations and conservation equations of mass and energy, coupled with the Boussinesq approximation, are solved. The spatial derivatives in the equations are discretized using the finite-element method. The SIMPLE algorithm is used to resolve pressure-velocity coupling. Turbulence is modeled with the k-ω closure model with physical boundary conditions along with the Boussinesq approximation, for the flow and heat transfer. The predicted results are validated against benchmark solutions reported in literature. The results include stream lines and temperature fields are presented to understand flow and heat transfer characteristics. There is a marked reduction in mean Nusselt number (about 58%) as the Richardson number increases from 0.1 to 10 for the case of Ra=10 10 signifying the effect of reduction of top lid velocity resulting in reduction of turbulent mixing. (author)
Marangoni-buoyancy convection in binary fluids under varying noncondensable concentrations
Li, Yaofa; Yoda, Minami
Marangoni-buoyancy convection in binary fluids in the presence of phase change is a complex and poorly understood problem. Nevertheless, this flow is of interest in evaporative cooling because solutocapillary stresses could reduce film dryout. Convection was therefore studied in methanol-water (MeOH-H2O) layers of depth h ~ 1 - 3 mm confined in a sealed rectangular cell driven by horizontal temperature differences of ~6° C applied over ~ 5 cm. Particle-image velocimetry (PIV) was used to study how varying the fraction of noncondensables (i.e., air) ca from ~ 7 mol% to ambient conditions in the vapor space affects soluto- and thermocapillary stresses in this flow. Although solutocapillary stresses can be used to drive the flow towards hot regions, solutocapillarity appears to have the greatest effect on the flow at small ca, because noncondensables suppress phase change and hence the gradient in the liquid-phase composition at the interface. Surprisingly, convection at ca ~ 50 % leads to a very weak flow and significant condensation in the central portion of the layer i.e., away from the heated and cooled walls). Supported by ONR.
Determination of Critical Conditions for Puncturing Almonds Using Coupled Response Surface Methodology and Genetic Algorithm
Mahmood Mahmoodi-Eshkaftaki
Full Text Available In this study, the effect of seed moisture content, probe diameter and loading velocity (puncture conditions on some mechanical properties of almond kernel and peeled almond kernel is considered to model a relationship between the puncture conditions and rupture energy. Furthermore, distribution of the mechanical properties is determined. The main objective is to determine the critical values of mechanical properties significant for peeling machines. The response surface methodology was used to find the relationship between the input parameters and the output responses, and the fitness function was applied to measure the optimal values using the genetic algorithm. Two-parameter Weibull function was used to describe the distribution of mechanical properties. Based on the Weibull parameter values, i.e. shape parameter (β and scale parameter (η calculated for each property, the mechanical distribution variations were completely described and it was confirmed that the mechanical properties are rule governed, which makes the Weibull function suitable for estimating their distributions. The energy model estimated using response surface methodology shows that the mechanical properties relate exponentially to the moisture, and polynomially to the loading velocity and probe diameter, which enabled successful estimation of the rupture energy (R²=0.94. The genetic algorithm calculated the critical values of seed moisture, probe diameter, and loading velocity to be 18.11 % on dry mass basis, 0.79 mm, and 0.15 mm/min, respectively, and optimum rupture energy of 1.97·10-³ J. These conditions were used for comparison with new samples, where the rupture energy was experimentally measured to be 2.68 and 2.21·10-³ J for kernel and peeled kernel, respectively, which was nearly in agreement with our model results.
Effects of electromagnetic field and lubricate condition on the surface quality of magnesium alloy billet during LFEC processing
The microstructures of the magnesium billets could be improved markedly by low-frequency electro-magnetic casting (LFEC) processing. In fact, the low-frequency electromagnetic field (LFEF) also has favorite effect on the surface quality of billet. However, few public reports on the surface quality of LFEC magnesium billets could be found. Therefore, a new crystallizer with a metal internal sleeve to-gether with a kind of lubricant was designed aiming at lowing surface turning quantity, and the effects of casting velocity, electromagnetic condition and lubrication on the surface quality of magnesium billets were investigated. The results indicate that LFEF together with the lubricate condition would be responsible for the surface quality of the billets, and the high surface quality billets could be achieved by optimizing the casting conditions.
Optimization of deposition conditions of CdS thin films using response surface methodology
Yücel, Ersin, E-mail: dr.ersinyucel@gmail.com [Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mustafa Kemal University, 31034 Hatay (Turkey); Güler, Nuray [Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mustafa Kemal University, 31034 Hatay (Turkey); Yücel, Yasin [Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mustafa Kemal University, 31034 Hatay (Turkey)
Highlights: • Statistical methods used for optimization of CdS deposition parameters. • The morphology of the films was smooth, homogeneous and continuous. • Optimal conditions found as pH 11, stirring speed:361 rpm and deposition time: 55 min. • CdS thin film band gap value was 2.72 eV under the optimum conditions. -- Abstract: Cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films were prepared on glass substrates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique under different pH, stirring speed and deposition time. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD) were used to optimization of deposition parameters of the CdS thin films. RSM and CCD were also used to understand the significance and interaction of the factors affecting the film quality. Variables were determined as pH, stirring speed and deposition time. The band gap was chosen as response in the study. Influences of the variables on the band gap and the film quality were investigated. 5-level-3-factor central composite design was employed to evaluate the effects of the deposition conditions parameters such as pH (10.2–11.8), stirring speed (132–468 rpm) and deposition time (33–67 min) on the band gap of the films. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) measurements. The optimal conditions for the deposition parameters of the CdS thin films have been found to be: pH 11, 361 of stirring speed and 55 min of deposition time. Under the optimal conditions theoretical (predicted) band gap of CdS (2.66 eV) was calculated using optimal coded values from the model and the theoretical value is good agreement with the value (2.72 eV) obtained by verification experiment.
HIFU scattering by the ribs: constrained optimisation with a complex surface impedance boundary condition
Gélat, P.; ter Haar, G.; Saffari, N.
High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) enables highly localised, non-invasive tissue ablation and its efficacy has been demonstrated in the treatment of a range of cancers, including those of the kidney, prostate and breast. HIFU offers the ability to treat deep-seated tumours locally, and potentially bears fewer side effects than more established treatment modalities such as resection, chemotherapy and ionising radiation. There remains however a number of significant challenges which currently hinder its widespread clinical application. One of these challenges is the need to transmit sufficient energy through the ribcage to ablate tissue at the required foci whilst minimising the formation of side lobes and sparing healthy tissue. Ribs both absorb and reflect ultrasound strongly. This sometimes results in overheating of bone and overlying tissue during treatment, leading to skin burns. Successful treatment of a patient with tumours in the upper abdomen therefore requires a thorough understanding of the way acoustic and thermal energy is deposited. Previously, a boundary element (BE) approach based on a Generalised Minimal Residual (GMRES) implementation of the Burton-Miller formulation was developed to predict the field of a multi-element HIFU array scattered by human ribs, the topology of which was obtained from CT scan data [1]. Dissipative mechanisms inside the propagating medium have since been implemented, together with a complex surface impedance condition at the surface of the ribs. A reformulation of the boundary element equations as a constrained optimisation problem was carried out to determine the complex surface velocities of a multi-element HIFU array which generated the acoustic pressure field that best fitted a required acoustic pressure distribution in a least-squares sense. This was done whilst ensuring that an acoustic dose rate parameter at the surface of the ribs was kept below a specified threshold. The methodology was tested at an
Extended survival of several organisms and amino acids under simulated martian surface conditions
Johnson, A. P.; Pratt, L. M.; Vishnivetskaya, T.; Pfiffner, S.; Bryan, R. A.; Dadachova, E.; Whyte, L.; Radtke, K.; Chan, E.; Tronick, S.; Borgonie, G.; Mancinelli, R. L.; Rothschild, L. J.; Rogoff, D. A.; Horikawa, D. D.; Onstott, T. C.
Recent orbital and landed missions have provided substantial evidence for ancient liquid water on the martian surface as well as evidence of more recent sedimentary deposits formed by water and/or ice. These observations raise serious questions regarding an independent origin and evolution of life on Mars. Future missions seek to identify signs of extinct martian biota in the form of biomarkers or morphological characteristics, but the inherent danger of spacecraft-borne terrestrial life makes the possibility of forward contamination a serious threat not only to the life detection experiments, but also to any extant martian ecosystem. A variety of cold and desiccation-tolerant organisms were exposed to 40 days of simulated martian surface conditions while embedded within several centimeters of regolith simulant in order to ascertain the plausibility of such organisms' survival as a function of environmental parameters and burial depth. Relevant amino acid biomarkers associated with terrestrial life were also analyzed in order to understand the feasibility of detecting chemical evidence for previous biological activity. Results indicate that stresses due to desiccation and oxidation were the primary deterrent to organism survival, and that the effects of UV-associated damage, diurnal temperature variations, and reactive atmospheric species were minimal. Organisms with resistance to desiccation and radiation environments showed increased levels of survival after the experiment compared to organisms characterized as psychrotolerant. Amino acid analysis indicated the presence of an oxidation mechanism that migrated downward through the samples during the course of the experiment and likely represents the formation of various oxidizing species at mineral surfaces as water vapor diffused through the regolith. Current sterilization protocols may specifically select for organisms best adapted to survival at the martian surface, namely species that show tolerance to radical
OPTIMIZATION OF SESAME SEEDS OIL EXTRACTION OPERATING CONDITIONS USING THE RESPONSE SURFACE DESIGN METHODOLOGY
HAITHAM OSMAN
Full Text Available This paper applies Response Surface Design (RSD to model the experimental data obtained from the extraction of sesame seeds oil using n-hexane, chloroform and acetone as solvents under different operating conditions. The results obtained revealed that n-hexane outperformed the extraction obtained using chloroform and acetone. The developed model predicted that n-hexane with a rotational speed of 547 rpm and a contact time between the solvent and seeds of 19.46 hours with solvent: seeds ratio of 4.93, yields the optimum oil extracted of 37.03 %, outperforming chloroform and acetone models that gave prediction for 4.75 and 4.21 respectively. While the maximum predictions yield for chloroform is 6.73 %, under the operating conditions of 602 rpm, and 24 hours contact time, with a ratio of solvent: seeds of 1.74. On the other hand the acetone maximum prediction is only 4.37 %, with operational conditions of 467 rpm, and 6.00 hours contact time, with a ratio of solvent: seeds of 1. It is has been found that the maximum oil extraction yield obtained from the chloroform (6.73 % and Acetone (4.37 % is much lower than that predicted by n-hexane 37.03 %.
A modified surface-resistance approach for representing bare-soil evaporation: wind tunnel experiments under various atmospheric conditions
Yamanaka, T.; Takeda, A.; Sugita, F.
A physically based (i.e., nonempirical) representation of surface-moisture availability is proposed, and its applicability is investigated. This method is based on the surface-resistance approaches, and it uses the depth of evaporating surface rather than the water content of the surface soil as the determining factor of surface-moisture availability. A simple energy-balance model including this representation is developed and tested against wind tunnel experiments under various atmospheric conditions. This model can estimate not only the latent heat flux but also the depth of the evaporating surface simultaneously by solving the inverse problem of energy balance at both the soil surface and the evaporating surface. It was found that the depth of the evaporating surface and the latent heat flux estimated by the model agreed well with those observed. The agreements were commonly found out under different atmospheric conditions. The only limitation of this representation is that it is not valid under conditions of drastic change in the radiation input, owing to the influence of transient phase transition of water in the dry surface layer. The main advantage of the approach proposed is that it can determine the surface moisture availability on the basis of the basic properties of soils instead of empirical fitting, although further investigations on its practical use are needed
Full 2D observation of water surface elevation from SWOT under different flow conditions
Domeneghetti, Alessio; Schumann, Guy; Rui, Wei; Durand, Michael; Pavelsky, Tamlin
The upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission is a joint project of NASA, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES, France), the Canadian Space Agency, and the Space Agency of the UK that will provide a first global, high-resolution observation of ocean and terrestrial water surface heights. Characterized by an observation swath of 120 km and an orbit repeat interval of about 21 days, SWOT will provide unprecedented bi-dimensional observations of rivers wider than 50-100 m. Despite many research activities that have investigated potential uses of remotely sensed data from SWOT, potentials and limitations of the spatial observations provided by the satellite mission for flood modeling still remain poorly understood and investigated. In this study we present a first analysis of the spatial observation of water surface elevation that is expected from SWOT for a 140 km reach of the middle-lower portion of the Po River, in Northern Italy. The river stretch is characterized by a main channel varying from 200-500 m in width and a floodplain that can be as wide as 5 km and that is delimited by a system of major embankments. The reconstruction of the hydraulic behavior of the Po River is performed by means of a quasi-2d model built with detailed topographic and bathymetric information (LiDAR, 2 m resolution), while the simulation of the spatial observation sensed by SWOT is performed with a SWOT simulator that mimics the satellite sensor characteristics. Referring to water surface elevations associated with different flow conditions (maximum, minimum and average flow reproduced by means of the quasi-2d numerical model) this work provides a first characterization of the spatial observations provided by SWOT and highlights the strengths and limitations of the expected products. By referring to a real river reach the analysis provides a credible example of the type of spatial observations that will be available after launch of SWOT and offers a first
Modeling the buoyancy-driven Black Sea Water outflow into the North Aegean Sea
Nikolaos Kokkos
Full Text Available A three-dimensional numerical model was applied to simulate the Black Sea Water (BSW outflux and spreading over the North Aegean Sea, and its impact on circulation and stratification–mixing dynamics. Model results were validated against satellite-derived sea surface temperature and in-situ temperature and salinity profiles. Further, the model results were post-processed in terms of the potential energy anomaly, ϕ, analyzing the factors contributing to its change. It occurs that BSW contributes significantly on the Thracian Sea water column stratification, but its signal reduces in the rest of the North Aegean Sea. The BSW buoyancy flux contributed to the change of ϕ in the Thracian Sea by 1.23 × 10−3 W m−3 in the winter and 7.9 × 10−4 W m−3 in the summer, significantly higher than the corresponding solar heat flux contribution (1.41 × 10−5 W m−3 and 7.4 × 10−5 W m−3, respectively. Quantification of the ϕ-advective term crossing the north-western BSW branch (to the north of Lemnos Island, depicted a strong non-linear relation to the relative vorticity of Samothraki Anticyclone. Similar analysis for the south-western branch illustrated a relationship between the ϕ-advective term sign and the relative vorticity in the Sporades system. The ϕ-mixing term increases its significance under strong winds (>15 m s−1, tending to destroy surface meso-scale eddies.
Influence of various surface-conditioning methods on the bond strength of metal brackets to ceramic surfaces
Schmage, P; Nergiz, [No Value; Herrmann, W; Ozcan, M; Nergiz, Ibrahim; �zcan, Mutlu
With the increase in adult orthodontic treatment comes the need to find a reliable method for bonding orthodontic brackets onto metal or ceramic crowns and fixed partial dentures. In this study, shear bond strength and surface roughness tests were used to examine the effect of 4 different surface
Ceramic Spheres—A Novel Solution to Deep Sea Buoyancy Modules
Jiang, Bo; Blugan, Gurdial; Sturzenegger, Philip N.; Gonzenbach, Urs T.; Misson, Michael; Thornberry, John; Stenerud, Runar; Cartlidge, David; Kuebler, Jakob
Ceramic-based hollow spheres are considered a great driving force for many applications such as offshore buoyancy modules due to their large diameter to wall thickness ratio and uniform wall thickness geometric features. We have developed such thin-walled hollow spheres made of alumina using slip casting and sintering processes. A diameter as large as 50 mm with a wall thickness of 0.5–1.0 mm has been successfully achieved in these spheres. Their material and structural properties were examined by a series of characterization tools. Particularly, the feasibility of these spheres was investigated with respect to its application for deep sea (>3000 m) buoyancy modules. These spheres, sintered at 1600 °C and with 1.0 mm of wall thickness, have achieved buoyancy of more than 54%. As the sphere’s wall thickness was reduced (e.g., 0.5 mm), their buoyancy reached 72%. The mechanical performance of such spheres has shown a hydrostatic failure pressure above 150 MPa, corresponding to a rating depth below sea level of 5000 m considering a safety factor of 3. The developed alumina-based ceramic spheres are feasible for low cost and scaled-up production and show great potential at depths greater than those achievable by the current deep-sea buoyancy module technologies. PMID:28773651
The bactericidal effect of surface micro-discharge plasma under different ambient conditions
Shimizu, T; Zimmermann, J L; Morfill, G E
A series of experiments on the bactericidal properties of plasmas using a surface micro-discharge (SMD) device in an atmosphere under different ambient temperatures and humidities was carried out. This plasma dispenser was developed for use as a disinfection system in private and public places (hospitals, medical practices, etc). The bactericidal effect is due to the interplay of the plasma and the chemical products produced via interactions with O 2 /N 2 and H 2 O vapour in air. To use this device in different countries and therefore under various ambient conditions, it is important to understand its behaviour and efficiency, especially with respect to air temperature and humidity. The experimental results obtained in this study show that the bactericidal properties of the SMD plasma dispenser are not sensitive to the different temperatures and humidities.
Shimizu, T.; Zimmermann, J. L.; Morfill, G. E.
A series of experiments on the bactericidal properties of plasmas using a surface micro-discharge (SMD) device in an atmosphere under different ambient temperatures and humidities was carried out. This plasma dispenser was developed for use as a disinfection system in private and public places (hospitals, medical practices, etc). The bactericidal effect is due to the interplay of the plasma and the chemical products produced via interactions with O2/N2 and H2O vapour in air. To use this device in different countries and therefore under various ambient conditions, it is important to understand its behaviour and efficiency, especially with respect to air temperature and humidity. The experimental results obtained in this study show that the bactericidal properties of the SMD plasma dispenser are not sensitive to the different temperatures and humidities.
Influence of redox condition in iron, silicon and hydrogen contents of leached glass surface
Manara, A.; Lanza, F.; Della Mea, G.; Rossi, C.; Salvagno, G.
Surface analysis has been conducted on samples leached in a Sochlet apparatus at 100 0 C in the presence and in the absence of air. The XPS technique was applied to analyze the content of iron and silicon while the nuclear reaction method was utilized to analyze the content of hydrogen. Samples leached in argon atmosphere have shown a smaller content of iron and silicon with respect to the samples leached in air atmosphere. The H concentration has shown the same behavior. The results are discussed in terms of possible formation of iron compounds in the different redox condition and of their different stabilities and in terms of their efficiency in reducing exchange between Na + and H + ions. 11 references, 3 figures, 1 table
OPTIMIZATION OF PRETREATMENT CONDITIONS OF CARROTS TO MAXIMIZE JUICE RECOVERY BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
H. K. SHARMA
Full Text Available Carrot juice was expressed in a hydraulic press using a wooden set up. Carrot samples pretreated at different designed combinations, using Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD, Response Surface Methodology (RSM, of pH, temperature and time were expressed and juice so obtained was characterized for various physico-chemical parameters which involved yield, TSS and water content, reducing sugars, total sugars and color (absorbance. The study indicated that carrots exposed to the different pretreatment conditions resulted in increased amount of yield than that of the control. The responses were optimized by numerical method and were found to be 78.23% yield, 0.93% color (abs, 3.41% reducing sugars, 5.53% total sugars, 6.69obrix, and 90.50% water content. All the derived mathematical models for the various responses were found to be fit significantly to predict the data.
Shimizu, T; Zimmermann, J L; Morfill, G E, E-mail: tshimizu@mpe.mpg.de [Max-Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr., 85748 Garching (Germany)
A series of experiments on the bactericidal properties of plasmas using a surface micro-discharge (SMD) device in an atmosphere under different ambient temperatures and humidities was carried out. This plasma dispenser was developed for use as a disinfection system in private and public places (hospitals, medical practices, etc). The bactericidal effect is due to the interplay of the plasma and the chemical products produced via interactions with O{sub 2}/N{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O vapour in air. To use this device in different countries and therefore under various ambient conditions, it is important to understand its behaviour and efficiency, especially with respect to air temperature and humidity. The experimental results obtained in this study show that the bactericidal properties of the SMD plasma dispenser are not sensitive to the different temperatures and humidities.
Experimental simulations of oxidizing conditions and organic decomposition on the surface of Mars
Stoker, C.R.; Mancinelli, R.L.; Mckay, C.P.
One important scientific objective of a Mars Rover Sample Return mission would be to look for traces of living and extinct life on Mars. An instrument to search for organic carbon may be the simplest instrument that could screen samples which are interesting from a biological point of view. An experimental program is described which would help to understand the nature of the oxidizing soil on Mars and the mechanism responsible for organic degradation on the Martian surface. This is approached by lab simulations of the actual conditions that occur on Mars, particularly the oxidant production by atmospheric photochemistry, and the combined effects of UV light and oxidants in decomposing organic compounds. The results will be used to formulate models of the photochemistry of the atmospheric, the atmosphere-soil interaction, and the diffusion of reactive compounds into the soils. This information will provide insights and constraints on the design of a sampling strategy to search for organic compounds on Mars
Stereo Imaging Velocimetry of Mixing Driven by Buoyancy Induced Flow Fields
Duval, W. M. B.; Jacqmin, D.; Bomani, B. M.; Alexander, I. J.; Kassemi, M.; Batur, C.; Tryggvason, B. V.; Lyubimov, D. V.; Lyubimova, T. P.
Mixing of two fluids generated by steady and particularly g-jitter acceleration is fundamental towards the understanding of transport phenomena in a microgravity environment. We propose to carry out flight and ground-based experiments to quantify flow fields due to g-jitter type of accelerations using Stereo Imaging Velocimetry (SIV), and measure the concentration field using laser fluorescence. The understanding of the effects of g-jitter on transport phenomena is of great practical interest to the microgravity community and impacts the design of experiments for the Space Shuttle as well as the International Space Station. The aim of our proposed research is to provide quantitative data to the community on the effects of g-jitter on flow fields due to mixing induced by buoyancy forces. The fundamental phenomenon of mixing occurs in a broad range of materials processing encompassing the growth of opto-electronic materials and semiconductors, (by directional freezing and physical vapor transport), to solution and protein crystal growth. In materials processing of these systems, crystal homogeneity, which is affected by the solutal field distribution, is one of the major issues. The understanding of fluid mixing driven by buoyancy forces, besides its importance as a topic in fundamental science, can contribute towards the understanding of how solutal fields behave under various body forces. The body forces of interest are steady acceleration and g-jitter acceleration as in a Space Shuttle environment or the International Space Station. Since control of the body force is important, the flight experiment will be carried out on a tunable microgravity vibration isolation mount, which will permit us to precisely input the desired forcing function to simulate a range of body forces. To that end, we propose to design a flight experiment that can only be carried out under microgravity conditions to fully exploit the effects of various body forces on fluid mixing. Recent
Long-term climate change: the evolution of shield surface boundary conditions
Peltier, W.R.
The Earths surface during the Pleistocene epoch has been repeatedly subjected to glacial cycles that have markedly influenced both the landscape and surface boundary conditions that, in part, governed past evolution of deep-seated Shield groundwater flow domains. As part of the Deep Geologic Repository Technology Programme simulations of the last Laurentide glacial episode have been undertaken with the University of Toronto Glacial System Model (GSM). The purpose of these simulations is to yield constrained predictions of the magnitude and time rate of change of peri-glacial, glacial and boreal regimes that have perturbed Shield flow domains in the geologic past. A detailed model of long timescale climate change has been developed, which is able to make useful predictions of the process of continental glaciation and deglaciation that has occurred in the past due to the small changes in the effective intensity of the Sun at the location of the Earth caused by gravitational many body effects in Solar System evolution. Based upon the success of this model we are able to assert that we have demonstrated a basic understanding of why this process has continually recurred in the past on a timescale of approximately 100 000 years. Continuing work with the Glacial Systems Model and efforts to provide explicit linkage to numerical analyses of sub-surface hydrology are beginning to yield a new understanding of groundwater flow system evolution and response to glacial perturbations. In so doing this understanding is not only providing a reasoned basis on which to examine issues of geosphere stability as relevant to the safety of a hypothetical repository for used nuclear fuel in Shield terrain, but is also offering an improved basis for the integrated interpretation of multi-disciplinary geo-scientific data necessary for development of a descriptive geosphere model that is seen as fundamental to the repository Safety Case. (author)
Correlation of Growth and Surface Properties of Poly(\\(p\\-xylylenes to  Reaction Conditions
Full Text Available Parylene, a non-critical, non-toxic layer material, which is not only a candidate for low-\\(K\\ dielectrics, but also well suited for long-term applications in the human body, has been deposited by (plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of the monomeric species. To that end, a specially-designed reactor exhibiting a cracker tube at its entrance, which serves as the upstream control, and a cooling trap in front of the downstream control has been applied. The process of polymerization has been traced and is explained by evaporating the dimeric species followed by dissociation in the cracker at elevated temperatures and, eventually, to the coating of the polymeric film in terms of thermodynamics. Alternatively, the process of dissociation has been accomplished applying a microwave plasma. In both cases, the monomerization is controlled by mass spectrometry. The window for surface polymerization could be clearly defined in terms of a factor of dilution by an inert gas for the chemical vapor deposition (CVD case and in the case of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD, additionally by the power density. The characterization of the layer parameters has been carried out by several analytical tools: scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy to determine the surface roughness and density and depth of voids in the film, which influence the layer capacitance and deteriorate the breakdown voltage, a bulk property. The main issue is the conduct against liquids between the two borders' hydrophilic and hydrophobic conduct, but also the super-hydrophobic character, which is the condition for the Lotus effect. The surface tension has been evaluated by contact angle measurements. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy has proven the conservation of all of the functional groups during polymerization.
Optimization of Electrochemical Treatment Process Conditions for Distillery Effluent Using Response Surface Methodology
P. Arulmathi
Full Text Available Distillery industry is recognized as one of the most polluting industries in India with a large amount of annual effluent production. In this present study, the optimization of electrochemical treatment process variables was reported to treat the color and COD of distillery spent wash using Ti/Pt as an anode in a batch mode. Process variables such as pH, current density, electrolysis time, and electrolyte dose were selected as operation variables and chemical oxygen demand (COD and color removal efficiency were considered as response variable for optimization using response surface methodology. Indirect electrochemical-oxidation process variables were optimized using Box-Behnken response surface design (BBD. The results showed that electrochemical treatment process effectively removed the COD (89.5% and color (95.1% of the distillery industry spent wash under the optimum conditions: pH of 4.12, current density of 25.02 mA/cm2, electrolysis time of 103.27 min, and electrolyte (NaCl concentration of 1.67 g/L, respectively.
Surface analysis, by SNMS, of 316L steel exposed to simulated BWR conditions
Buckley, D.; Schenker, E.
Samples of 316L steel have been exposed to Boiling Light Water Reactor chemistry for between forty and seven thousand hours. These samples, with three different surface finishes, 'as-delivered', mechanically polished and electro-polished, have been analysed by Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometry and profiles of the constituent alloying elements have been obtained. Differences in the oxide that has built-up are compared and discussed in terms of current ideas of corrosion mechanisms. The structure of the oxide changes with exposure time for the experimental conditions. The effect of surface finish and water velocity have a clear marked effect on the oxide structure and growth rate, respectively: samples in a low water velocity stream form the protective oxide, chromia, and some mixed spinels; electro-polished samples have no chromium layer but show possible secondary passivation through the build-up of nickel; and samples in high velocity water form a simple structured oxide that does not reach a saturation thickness after 291 days but steadily increases. (author) 9 figs., 3 tabs., 7 refs
Standard test method for damage to contacting solid surfaces under fretting conditions
American Society for Testing and Materials. Philadelphia
1.1 This test method covers the studying or ranking the susceptibility of candidate materials to fretting corrosion or fretting wear for the purposes of material selection for applications where fretting corrosion or fretting wear can limit serviceability. 1.2 This test method uses a tribological bench test apparatus with a mechanism or device that will produce the necessary relative motion between a contacting hemispherical rider and a flat counterface. The rider is pressed against the flat counterface with a loading mass. The test method is intended for use in room temperature air, but future editions could include fretting in the presence of lubricants or other environments. 1.3 The purpose of this test method is to rub two solid surfaces together under controlled fretting conditions and to quantify the damage to both surfaces in units of volume loss for the test method. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5...
Generation of synthetic surface electromyography signals under fatigue conditions for varying force inputs using feedback control algorithm.
Venugopal, G; Deepak, P; Ghosh, Diptasree M; Ramakrishnan, S
Surface electromyography is a non-invasive technique used for recording the electrical activity of neuromuscular systems. These signals are random, complex and multi-component. There are several techniques to extract information about the force exerted by muscles during any activity. This work attempts to generate surface electromyography signals for various magnitudes of force under isometric non-fatigue and fatigue conditions using a feedback model. The model is based on existing current distribution, volume conductor relations, the feedback control algorithm for rate coding and generation of firing pattern. The result shows that synthetic surface electromyography signals are highly complex in both non-fatigue and fatigue conditions. Furthermore, surface electromyography signals have higher amplitude and lower frequency under fatigue condition. This model can be used to study the influence of various signal parameters under fatigue and non-fatigue conditions.
Statistical optimization for alkali pretreatment conditions of narrow-leaf cattail by response surface methodology
Arrisa Ruangmee
Full Text Available Response surface methodology with central composite design was applied to optimize alkali pretreatment of narrow-leafcattail (Typha angustifolia. Joint effects of three independent variables; NaOH concentration (1-5%, temperature (60-100 ºC,and reaction time (30-150 min, were investigated to evaluate the increase in and the improvement of cellulosic componentscontained in the raw material after pretreatment. The combined optimum condition based on the cellulosic content obtainedfrom this study is: a concentration of 5% NaOH, a reaction time of 120 min, and a temperature of 100 ºC. This result has beenanalyzed employing ANOVA with a second order polynomial equation. The model was found to be significant and was able topredict accurately the response of strength at less than 5% error. Under this combined optimal condition, the desirable cellulosic content in the sample increased from 38.5 to 68.3%, while the unfavorable hemicellulosic content decreased from 37.6 to7.3%.
Comparison of Sensible Heat Flux from Eddy Covariance and Scintillometer over different land surface conditions
Zeweldi, D. A.; Gebremichael, M.; Summis, T.; Wang, J.; Miller, D.
The large source of uncertainty in satellite-based evapotranspiration algorithm results from the estimation of sensible heat flux H. Traditionally eddy covariance sensors, and recently large-aperture scintillometers, have been used as ground truth to evaluate satellite-based H estimates. The two methods rely on different physical measurement principles, and represent different foot print sizes. In New Mexico, we conducted a field campaign during summer 2008 to compare H estimates obtained from the eddy covariance and scintillometer methods. During this field campaign, we installed sonic anemometers; one propeller eddy covariance (OPEC) equipped with net radiometer and soil heat flux sensors; large aperture scintillometer (LAS); and weather station consisting of wind speed, direction and radiation sensors over three different experimental areas consisting of different roughness conditions (desert, irrigated area and lake). Our results show the similarities and differences in H estimates obtained from these various methods over the different land surface conditions. Further, our results show that the H estimates obtained from the LAS agree with those obtained from the eddy covariance method when high frequency thermocouple temperature, instead of the typical weather station temperature measurements, is used in the LAS analysis.
Thermal performance of a spirally coiled finned tube heat exchanger under wet-surface conditions
Wongwises, Somchai; Naphon, Paisarn
This paper is a continuation of the author's previous work on spiral coil heat exchangers. In the present study, the heat transfer characteristics and the performance of a spirally coiled finned tube heat exchanger under wet-surface conditions are theoretically and experimentally investigated. The test section is a spiral-coil heat exchanger which consists of a steel shell and a spirally coiled tube unit. The spiral-coil unit consists of six layers of concentric spirally coiled finned tubes. Each tube is fabricated by bending a 9.6 mm diameter straight copper tube into a spiral-coil of four turns. The innermost and outermost diameters of each spiral-coil are 145.0 and 350.4 mm, respectively. Aluminium crimped spiral fins with thickness of 0.6 mm and outer diameter of 28.4 mm are placed around the tube. The edge of fin at the inner diameter is corrugated. Air and water are used as working fluids in shell side and tube side, respectively. The experiments are done under dehumidifying conditions. A mathematical model based on the conservation of mass and energy is developed to simulate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of working fluids flowing through the heat exchanger. The results obtained from the present model show reasonable agreement with the experimental data
Analytical solution describing pesticide volatilization from soil affected by a change in surface condition.
Yates, S R
An analytical solution describing the fate and transport of pesticides applied to soils has been developed. Two pesticide application methods can be simulated: point-source applications, such as idealized shank or a hot-gas injection method, and a more realistic shank-source application method that includes a vertical pesticide distribution in the soil domain due to a soil fracture caused by a shank. The solutions allow determination of the volatilization rate and other information that could be important for understanding fumigant movement and in the development of regulatory permitting conditions. The solutions can be used to characterize differences in emissions relative to changes in the soil degradation rate, surface barrier conditions, application depth, and soil packing. In some cases, simple algebraic expressions are provided that can be used to obtain the total emissions and total soil degradation. The solutions provide a consistent methodology for determining the total emissions and can be used with other information, such as field and laboratory experimental data, to support the development of fumigant regulations. The uses of the models are illustrated by several examples.
First-principles investigations of Ni3Al(111) and NiAl(110) surfaces at metal dusting conditions
Saadi, Souheil; Hinnemann, Berit; Appel, Charlotte C.
We investigate the structure and surface composition of the γ′-Ni3Al(111) and β-NiAl(110) alloy surfaces at conditions relevant for metal dusting corrosion related to catalytic steam reforming of natural gas. In regular service as protective coatings, nickel–aluminum alloys are protected...... by an oxide scale, but in case of oxide scale spallation, the alloy surface may be directly exposed to the reactive gas environment and vulnerable to metal dusting. By means of density functional theory and thermochemical calculations for both the Ni3Al and NiAl surfaces, the conditions under which CO and OH...... adsorption is to be expected and under which it is inhibited, are mapped out. Because CO and OH are regarded as precursors for nucleating graphite or oxide on the surfaces, phase diagrams for the surfaces provide a simple description of their stability. Specifically, this study shows how the CO and OH...
Flows and Stratification of an Enclosure Containing Both Localised and Vertically Distributed Sources of Buoyancy
We examine the flows and stratification established in a naturally ventilated enclosure containing both a localised and vertically distributed source of buoyancy. The enclosure is ventilated through upper and lower openings which connect the space to an external ambient. Small scale laboratory experiments were carried out with water as the working medium and buoyancy being driven directly by temperature differences. A point source plume gave localised heating while the distributed source was driven by a controllable heater mat located in the side wall of the enclosure. The transient temperatures, as well as steady state temperature profiles, were recorded and are reported here. The temperature profiles inside the enclosure were found to be dependent on the effective opening area A*, a combination of the upper and lower openings, and the ratio of buoyancy fluxes from the distributed and localised source Ψ =Bw/Bp . Industrial CASE award with ARUP.
Surface chemistry analysis of lithium conditioned NSTX graphite tiles correlated to plasma performance
Taylor, C.N., E-mail: chase.taylor@inl.gov [Purdue University, School of Nuclear Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47906 (United States); Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (United States); Luitjohan, K.E. [Purdue University, School of Nuclear Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47906 (United States); Heim, B. [Purdue University, School of Nuclear Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47906 (United States); Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (United States); Kollar, L. [Purdue University, School of Nuclear Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47906 (United States); Allain, J.P. [Purdue University, School of Nuclear Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47906 (United States); Birck Nanotechnology Center, Discovery Park, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (United States); Skinner, C.H.; Kugel, H.W.; Kaita, R.; Roquemore, A.L. [Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543 (United States); Maingi, R. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (United States)
Lithium wall conditioning in NSTX has resulted in reduced divertor recycling, improved energy confinement, and reduced frequency of edge-localized modes (ELMs), up to the point of complete ELM suppression. NSTX tiles were removed from the vessel following the 2008 campaign and subsequently analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as nuclear reaction ion beam analysis. In this paper we relate surface chemistry to deuterium retention/recycling, develop methods for cleaning of passivated NSTX tiles, and explore a method to effectively extract bound deuterium from lithiated graphite. Li–O–D and Li–C–D complexes characteristic of deuterium retention that form during NSTX operations are revealed by sputter cleaning and heating. Heating to ∼850 °C desorbed all deuterium complexes observed in the O 1s and C 1s photoelectron energy ranges. Tile locations within approximately ±2.5 cm of the lower vertical/horizontal divertor corner appear to have unused Li-O bonds that are not saturated with deuterium, whereas locations immediately outboard of this region indicate high deuterium recycling. X-ray photo electron spectra of a specific NSTX tile with wide ranging lithium coverage indicate that a minimum lithium dose, 100–500 nm equivalent thickness, is required for effective deuterium retention. This threshold is suspected to be highly sensitive to surface morphology. The present analysis may explain why plasma discharges in NSTX continue to benefit from lithium coating thickness beyond the divertor deuterium ion implantation depth, which is nominally <10 nm.
The effect of surface chemistry on particulate fouling under flow-boiling conditions
Turner, C.W.; Klimas, S.J.
A model of particulate fouling has been developed that takes account of the influence of deposit consolidation on the kinetics of the fouling process. Fouling kinetics predicted by the model are linear, falling-rate or asymptotic, depending on the relative magnitudes of the rate constants for deposition, re-entrainment, and consolidation. One of the key predictions of the model is that the steady-state fouling rate is proportional to the ratio Kλ c /λ, where K, λ c and λ are the rate constants for deposition, consolidation, and removal, respectively. Tests conducted in a high-temperature recirculating-water loop have demonstrated that chemistry exerts a strong influence on the fouling kinetics of particulate corrosion product under flow-boiling conditions in alkaline water at 270 o C. For example, the fouling rates of lepidocrocite and hematite are 12 and 50 times greater, respectively, than the rate for magnetite. It is argued that the difference can be attributed to the sign of the surface charge that develops on the metal oxide surfaces in the high-temperature coolant, which, in turn, is a function of pH relative to the isoelectric point of the metal oxide. Chemical effects also influence fouling behaviour through the rate of consolidation. For example, when morpholine is used for the alkalizing agent the fouling rate is 3-5 times higher than the case when the pH is controlled using dimethylamine. The difference is attributed to the rate of deposit consolidation, which is 6-20 times greater than the rate of deposit removal for morpholine compared to 0.2-0.3 times the rate of removal for dimethylamine. The results of this investigation, together with the insights provided by the fouling model, are being used to guide the selection of the alkalizing amine to optimize its properties for both corrosion (pH) control and deposit control in the steam generator. (author)
Surface condition effects on tritium permeation through the first wall of a water-cooled ceramic breeder blanket
Zhou, H.-S. [Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei (China); Xu, Y.-P.; Liu, H.-D. [Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei (China); Liu, F.; Li, X.-C.; Zhao, M.-Z.; Qi, Q.; Ding, F. [Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei (China); Luo, G.-N., E-mail: gnluo@ipp.ac.cn [Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei (China); Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei (China); Hefei Center for Physical Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei (China); Hefei Science Center of Chinese Academy of Science, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei (China)
Highlights: • We investigate surface effects on T transport through the first wall. • We solve transport equations with various surface conditions. • The RAFMs walls w/and w/o W exhibit different T permeation behavior. • Diffusion in W has been found to be the rate-limiting step. - Abstract: Plasma-driven permeation of tritium (T) through the first wall of a water-cooled ceramic breeder (WCCB) blanket may raise safety and other issues. In the present work, surface effects on T transport through the first wall of a WCCB blanket have been investigated by theoretical calculation. Two types of wall structures, i.e., reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels (RAFMs) walls with and without tungsten (W) armor, have been analyzed. Surface recombination is assumed to be the boundary condition for both the plasma-facing side and the coolant side. It has been found that surface conditions at both sides can affect T permeation flux and inventory. For the first wall using W as armor material, T permeation is not sensitive to the plasma-facing surface conditions. Contamination of the surfaces will lead to higher T inventory inside the first wall.
Investigation on the Temporal Surface Thermal Conditions for Thermal Comfort Researches Inside A Vehicle Cabin Under Summer Season Climate
Zhang Wencan
Full Text Available With the proposes of improving occupant's thermal comfort and reducing the air conditioning power consumption, the present research carried out a comprehensive study on the surface thermal conductions and their influence parameters. A numerical model was built considering the transient conduction, convective and radiation heat transfer inside a vehicle cabin. For more accurate simulation of the radiation heat transfer behaviors, the radiation was considered into two spectral bands (short wave and long wave radiation, and the solar radiation was calculated by two solar fluxes (beam and diffuse solar radiation. An experiment was conducted to validate the numerical approach, showing a good agreement with the surface temperature. The surface thermal conditions were numerically simulated. The results show that the solar radiation is the most important factor in determining the internal surface thermal conditions. Effects of the window glass properties and the car body surface conditions were investigated. The numerical calculation results indicate that reducing the transitivity of window glass can effectively reduce the internal surface temperature. And the reflectivity of the vehicle cabin also has an important influence on the surface temperature, however, it's not so obvious as comparison to the window glass.
Influence of boundary conditions on the existence and stability of minimal surfaces of revolution made of soap films
Salkin, Louis; Schmit, Alexandre; Panizza, Pascal; Courbin, Laurent
Because of surface tension, soap films seek the shape that minimizes their surface energy and thus their surface area. This mathematical postulate allows one to predict the existence and stability of simple minimal surfaces. After briefly recalling classical results obtained in the case of symmetric catenoids that span two circular rings with the same radius, we discuss the role of boundary conditions on such shapes, working with two rings having different radii. We then investigate the conditions of existence and stability of other shapes that include two portions of catenoids connected by a planar soap film and half-symmetric catenoids for which we introduce a method of observation. We report a variety of experimental results including metastability—an hysteretic evolution of the shape taken by a soap film—explained using simple physical arguments. Working by analogy with the theory of phase transitions, we conclude by discussing universal behaviors of the studied minimal surfaces in the vicinity of their existence thresholds.
Surface (glyco-)proteins: primary structure and crystallization under microgravity conditions
Claus, H.; Akca, E.; Schultz, N.; Karbach, G.; Schlott, B.; Debaerdemaeker, T.; De Clercq, J.-P.; König, H.
The Archaea comprise microorganisms that live under environmental extremes, like high temperature, low pH value or high salt concentration. Their cells are often covered by a single layer of (glyco)protein subunits (S-layer) in hexagonal arrangement. In order to get further hints about the molecular mechanisms of protein stabilization we compared the primary and secondary structures of archaeal S-layer (glyco)proteins. We found an increase of charged amino acids in the S-layer proteins of the extreme thermophilic species compared to their mesophilic counterparts. Our data and those of other authors suggest that ionic interactions, e.g., salt bridges seem to be played a major role in protein stabilization at high temperatures. Despite the differences in the growth optima and the predominance of some amino acids the primary structures of S-layers revealed also a significant degree of identity between phylogenetically related archaea. These obervations indicate that protein sequences of S-layers have been conserved during the evolution from extremely thermophilic to mesophilic life. To support these findings the three-dimensional structure of the S-layer proteins has to be elucidated. Recently, we described the first successful crystallization of an extreme thermophilic surface(glyco)protein under microgravity conditions.
Investigating ozone-induced decomposition of surface-bound permethrin for conditions in aircraft cabins.
Coleman, B K; Wells, J R; Nazaroff, W W
The reaction of ozone with permethrin can potentially form phosgene. Published evidence on ozone levels and permethrin surface concentrations in aircraft cabins indicated that significant phosgene formation might occur in this setting. A derivatization technique was developed to detect phosgene with a lower limit of detection of 2 ppb. Chamber experiments were conducted with permethrin-coated materials (glass, carpet, seat fabric, and plastic) exposed to ozone under cabin-relevant conditions (150 ppb O(3), 4.5/h air exchange rate, means of material-balance modeling indicates that the upper limit on the phosgene level in aircraft cabins resulting from this chemistry is approximately 1 microg/m(3) or approximately 0.3 ppb. It was thus determined that phosgene formation, if it occurs in aircraft cabins, is not likely to exceed relevant, health-based phosgene exposure guidelines. Phosgene formation from ozone-initiated oxidation of permethrin in the aircraft cabin environment, if it occurs, is estimated to generate levels below the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment acute reference exposure level of 4 microg/m(3) or approximately 1 ppb.
Buoyancy effects in overcooling transients calculated for the NRC pressurized thermal shock study
Theofanous, T.G.; Iyer, K.; Nourbakhsh, H.P.; Gherson, P.
The thermal-hydraulic responses of three PWRs (Oconee, Calvert Cliffs, and H.B. Robinson), to postulated Pressurized Thermal Shock (PTS) scenarios, which were originally determined by RELAP5 and TRAC calculations, are being further developed here with regard to buoyancy/stratification effects. These three PWRs were the subject of the NRC PTS study, and the present results helped define the thermal-hydraulic conditions utilized in the fracture mechanics calculations carried out at ORNL. The computer program REMIX, which is based on the Regional Mixing Model (RMM), was the analytical tool employed, while Purdue's 1/2-Scale HPI Thermal Mixing facility provided the basis for experimental support. Important mixing and wall heat transfer regimes are delineated on the basis of these results. We conclude that stratification is important only in cases of complete loop stagnation and that mixed-convection effects are important for downcomer flow velocities below approx.0.25 m/s. The stratification is small in magnitude, however it is important in creating a recirculating flow pattern which activates the lower plenum, pump and loop seal volumes, to participate in the mixing process. This mixing process together with the heat input from the wall metal significantly impact the cooldown rates. Heat transfer in the plume region is dominated by forced convection. On the other hand, the presence of the Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) wall cladding and wall conduction significantly dampen the free convection effects in the low velocity, mixed-convection, regime. For the stagnant loop cases, all locations outside the plume region are included in this regime. In the presence of natural loop circulation and a uniformly distributed downcomer flow, the mixed convection regime is also expected, however, the forced convection regime can also be observed in highly asymmetric flow behavior
DNS of buoyancy-driven flows and Lagrangian particle tracking in a square cavity at high Rayleigh numbers
Puragliesi, R.; Dehbi, A.; Leriche, E.; Soldati, A.; Deville, M.O.
Highlights: → 2D study of micro-size particle depletion driven by chaotic natural convective flows in square domains. → Description of velocity and temperature first and second moments with changing in the Rayleigh number. → Strong decoupling between the turbulent kinetic energy and the dissipation rate. → Particle recirculation sustained by the vertical hot boundary layer. → Deposition mostly induced by gravity, thermophoretic and lift forces are negligible. - Abstract: In this work we investigate numerically particle deposition in the buoyancy driven flow of the differentially heated cavity (DHC). We consider two values of the Rayleigh number (Ra = 10 9 , 10 10 ) and three values of the particle diameter (d p = 15, 25, 35 [μm]). We consider the cavity filled with air and particles with the same density of water � w = 1000 [kg/m 3 ] (aerosol). We use direct numerical simulations (DNS) for the continuous phase, and we solve transient Navier-Stokes and energy transport equations written in an Eulerian framework, under the Boussinesq approximation, for the viscous incompressible Newtonian fluid with constant Prandtl number (Pr = 0.71). First- and second-order statistics are presented for the continuous phase as well as important quantities like turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and temperature variance with the associated production and dissipation fields. The TKE production shows different behaviour at the two Rayleigh numbers. The Lagrangian approach has been chosen for the dispersed phase description. The forces taken into account are drag, gravity, buoyancy, lift and thermophoresis. A first incursion in the sedimentation mechanisms is presented. Current results indicate that the largest contribution to particle deposition is caused by gravitational settling, but a strong recirculating zone, which liftoffs and segregates particles, contributes to decrease settling. Deposition takes place mostly at the bottom wall. The influence of lift and thermophoretic
Puragliesi, R., E-mail: riccardo.puragliesi@psi.ch [Nuclear Energy and Safety Research Department, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI (Switzerland); Laboratoire d' Ingenierie Numerique, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Station 9, CH-1015 Lausanne (Switzerland); Dehbi, A., E-mail: abdel.dehbi@psi.ch [Nuclear Energy and Safety Research Department, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI (Switzerland); Leriche, E., E-mail: emmanuel.leriche@univ-st-etienne.fr [Universite de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, LMFA-UJM St-Etienne, CNRS UMR 5509 Universite de St-Etienne, 23 rue Docteur Paul Michelon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne (France); Soldati, A., E-mail: soldati@uniud.it [Dipartimento di Energetica e Macchine, Universita di Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, IT-33100 Udine (Italy); Deville, M.O., E-mail: michel.deville@epfl.ch [Laboratoire d' Ingenierie Numerique, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Station 9, CH-1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
Highlights: > 2D study of micro-size particle depletion driven by chaotic natural convective flows in square domains. > Description of velocity and temperature first and second moments with changing in the Rayleigh number. > Strong decoupling between the turbulent kinetic energy and the dissipation rate. > Particle recirculation sustained by the vertical hot boundary layer. > Deposition mostly induced by gravity, thermophoretic and lift forces are negligible. - Abstract: In this work we investigate numerically particle deposition in the buoyancy driven flow of the differentially heated cavity (DHC). We consider two values of the Rayleigh number (Ra = 10{sup 9}, 10{sup 10}) and three values of the particle diameter (d{sub p} = 15, 25, 35 [{mu}m]). We consider the cavity filled with air and particles with the same density of water {rho}{sub w} = 1000 [kg/m{sup 3}] (aerosol). We use direct numerical simulations (DNS) for the continuous phase, and we solve transient Navier-Stokes and energy transport equations written in an Eulerian framework, under the Boussinesq approximation, for the viscous incompressible Newtonian fluid with constant Prandtl number (Pr = 0.71). First- and second-order statistics are presented for the continuous phase as well as important quantities like turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and temperature variance with the associated production and dissipation fields. The TKE production shows different behaviour at the two Rayleigh numbers. The Lagrangian approach has been chosen for the dispersed phase description. The forces taken into account are drag, gravity, buoyancy, lift and thermophoresis. A first incursion in the sedimentation mechanisms is presented. Current results indicate that the largest contribution to particle deposition is caused by gravitational settling, but a strong recirculating zone, which liftoffs and segregates particles, contributes to decrease settling. Deposition takes place mostly at the bottom wall. The influence of lift
Nonlinear optimization method of ship floating condition calculation in wave based on vector
Ding, Ning; Yu, Jian-xing
Ship floating condition in regular waves is calculated. New equations controlling any ship's floating condition are proposed by use of the vector operation. This form is a nonlinear optimization problem which can be solved using the penalty function method with constant coefficients. And the solving process is accelerated by dichotomy. During the solving process, the ship's displacement and buoyant centre have been calculated by the integration of the ship surface according to the waterline. The ship surface is described using an accumulative chord length theory in order to determine the displacement, the buoyancy center and the waterline. The draught forming the waterline at each station can be found out by calculating the intersection of the ship surface and the wave surface. The results of an example indicate that this method is exact and efficient. It can calculate the ship floating condition in regular waves as well as simplify the calculation and improve the computational efficiency and the precision of results.
Analysis of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with a quasi free-surface condition
E.H. van Brummelen (Harald)
textabstractNumerical solution of free-surface flows with a free-surface that can be represented by a height-function, is of great practical importance. Dedicated methods have been developed for the efficient solution of steady free-surface potential flow. These methods solve a sequence of
Effects of drop size and measuring condition on static contact angle measurement on a superhydrophobic surface with goniometric technique
Seo, Kwangseok; Kim, Minyoung; Kim, Do Hyun; Ahn, Jeong Keun
It is not a simple task to measure a contact angle of a water drop on a superhydrophobic surface with sessile drop method, because a roll-off angle is very low. Usually contact angle of a water drop on a superhydrophobic surface is measured by fixing a drop with intentional defects on the surface or a needle. We examined the effects of drop size and measuring condition such as the use of a needle or defects on the static contact angle measurement on superhydrophobic surface. Results showed that the contact angles on a superhydrophobic surface remain almost constant within intrinsic measurement errors unless there is a wetting transition during the measurement. We expect that this study will provide a deeper understanding on the nature of the contact angle and convenient measurement of the contact angle on the superhydrophobic surface.
The Role of Meteorology and Surface Condition to Multi-Decadal Variations of Dust Emission in Sahara and Sahel
Kim, D.; Chin, M.; Diehl, T. L.; Bian, H.; Brown, M. E.; Remer, L. A.; Stockwell, W. R.
North Africa is the world's largest dust source region influencing regional and global climate, human health, and even the local economy. However North Africa as a dust source is not uniform but it consists of the arid region (Sahara) and the semi-arid region (Sahel) with emission rates depending on meteorological and surface conditions. Several recent studies have shown that dust from North Africa seems to have a decreasing trend in the past three decades. The goal of this study is to better understand the controlling factors that determine the change of dust in North Africa using observational data and model simulations. First we analyze surface bareness conditions determined from a long-term satellite observed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index for 1980-2008. Then we examine the key meteorological variables of precipitation and surface winds. Modeling experiments were conducted using the NASA Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model, which has been recently updated with a dynamic dust source function. Using the method we separate the dust originating from the Sahel from that of the Sahara desert. We find that the surface wind speed is the most dominant factor affecting Sahelian dust emission while vegetation has a modulating effect. We will show regional differences in meteorological variables, surface conditions, dust emission, and dust distribution and address the relationships among meteorology, surface conditions, and dust emission/loading in the past three decades (1980-2008).
An experimental and analytical study of a buoyancy driven cooling system for a particle accelerator
Campbell, B.; Ranganathan, R.
A buoyancy driven closed-loop cooling system that transports the heat generated in a particle accelerator to the ambient has been evaluated both through experiments performed earlier and analysis techniques developed elsewhere. Excellent comparisons between measurements and calculations have been obtained. The model illustrates the feasibility (from a heat transfer viewpoint) of such a cooling system for a particle accelerator
Core-annular flow through a horizontal pipe : Hydrodynamic counterbalancing of buoyancy force on core
Ooms, G.; Vuik, C.; Poesio, P.
A theoretical investigation has been made of core-annular flow: the flow of a high-viscosity liquid core surrounded by a low-viscosity liquid annular layer through a horizontal pipe. Special attention is paid to the question of how the buoyancy force on the core, caused by a density difference
Processes governing transient responses of the deep ocean buoyancy budget to a doubling of CO2
Palter, J. B.; Griffies, S. M.; Hunter Samuels, B. L.; Galbraith, E. D.; Gnanadesikan, A.
Recent observational analyses suggest there is a temporal trend and high-frequency variability in deep ocean buoyancy in the last twenty years, a phenomenon reproduced even in low-mixing models. Here we use an earth system model (GFDL's ESM2M) to evaluate physical processes that influence buoyancy (and thus steric sea level) budget of the deep ocean in quasi-steady state and under a doubling of CO2. A new suite of model diagnostics allows us to quantitatively assess every process that influences the buoyancy budget and its temporal evolution, revealing surprising dynamics governing both the equilibrium budget and its transient response to climate change. The results suggest that the temporal evolution of the deep ocean contribution to sea level rise is due to a diversity of processes at high latitudes, whose net effect is then advected in the Eulerian mean flow to mid and low latitudes. In the Southern Ocean, a slowdown in convection and spin up of the residual mean advection are approximately equal players in the deep steric sea level rise. In the North Atlantic, the region of greatest deep steric sea level variability in our simulations, a decrease in mixing of cold, dense waters from the marginal seas and a reduction in open ocean convection causes an accumulation of buoyancy in the deep subpolar gyre, which is then advected equatorward.
On the influence of buoyancy and suction/injection In Heat and Mass ...
In this paper, we examined the influence of buoyancy and suction/injection in the problem of unsteady convection with chemical reaction and radiative heat transfer past a flat porous plate moving through a binary mixture in an optically thin environment is presented. The dimensionless governing equations for this ...
Buoyancy frequency profiles and internal semidiurnal tide turning depths in the oceans
King, B.; Stone, M.; Zhang, H.P.; Gerkema, T.; Marder, M.; Scott, R.B.; Swinney, H.L.
We examine the possible existence of internal gravity wave "turning depths," depths below which the local buoyancy frequency N(z) becomes smaller than the wave frequency. At a turning depth, incident gravity waves reflect rather than reaching the ocean bottom as is generally assumed. Here we
"'Sink or Swim': Buoyancy and Coping in the Cognitive Test Anxiety--Academic Performance Relationship"
Putwain, David W.; Daly, Anthony L.; Chamberlain, Suzanne; Sadreddini, Shireen
This study explores the relationship between students' self-report levels of cognitive test anxiety (worry), academic buoyancy (withstanding and successfully responding to routine school challenges and setbacks), coping processes and their achieved grades in high-stakes national examinations at the end of compulsory schooling. The sample comprised…
Numerical investigation of the onset of centrifugal buoyancy in a rotating cavity
Pitz, Diogo B.; Marxen, Olaf; Chew, John
Buoyancy-induced flows in a differentially heated rotating annulus present a multitude of dynamics when control parameters such as rotation rate, temperature difference and Prandtl number are varied. Whilst most of the work in this area has been motivated by applications involving geophysics, the problem of buoyancy-induced convection in rotating systems is also relevant in industrial applications such as the flow between rotating disks of turbomachinery internal air systems, in which buoyancy plays a major role and poses a challenge to accurately predict temperature distributions and heat transfer rates. In such applications the rotational speeds involved are very large, so that the centrifugal accelerations induced are much higher than gravity. In this work we perform direct numerical simulations and linear stability analysis of flow induced by centrifugal buoyancy in a sealed rotating annulus of finite gap with flat end-walls, using a canonical setup representative of an internal air system rotating cavity. The analysis focuses on the behaviour of small-amplitude disturbances added to the base flow, and how those affect the onset of Rossby waves and, ultimately, the transition to a fully turbulent state where convection columns no longer have a well-defined structure. Diogo B. Pitz acknowledges the financial support from the Capes foundation through the Science without Borders program.
Investigating Students' Ideas About Buoyancy and the Influence of Haptic Feedback
Minogue, James; Borland, David
While haptics (simulated touch) represents a potential breakthrough technology for science teaching and learning, there is relatively little research into its differential impact in the context of teaching and learning. This paper describes the testing of a haptically enhanced simulation (HES) for learning about buoyancy. Despite a lifetime of everyday experiences, a scientifically sound explanation of buoyancy remains difficult to construct for many. It requires the integration of domain-specific knowledge regarding density, fluid, force, gravity, mass, weight, and buoyancy. Prior studies suggest that novices often focus on only one dimension of the sinking and floating phenomenon. Our HES was designed to promote the integration of the subconcepts of density and buoyant forces and stresses the relationship between the object itself and the surrounding fluid. The study employed a randomized pretest-posttest control group research design and a suite of measures including an open-ended prompt and objective content questions to provide insights into the influence of haptic feedback on undergraduate students' thinking about buoyancy. A convenience sample (n = 40) was drawn from a university's population of undergraduate elementary education majors. Two groups were formed from haptic feedback (n = 22) and no haptic feedback (n = 18). Through content analysis, discernible differences were seen in the posttest explanations sinking and floating across treatment groups. Learners that experienced the haptic feedback made more frequent use of "haptically grounded" terms (e.g., mass, gravity, buoyant force, pushing), leading us to begin to build a local theory of language-mediated haptic cognition.
Non-Uniqueness of the Point of Application of the Buoyancy Force
Kliava, Janis; Megel, Jacques
Even though the buoyancy force (also known as the Archimedes force) has always been an important topic of academic studies in physics, its point of application has not been explicitly identified yet. We present a quantitative approach to this problem based on the concept of the hydrostatic energy, considered here for a general shape of the…
Even though the buoyancy force (also known as the Archimedes force) has always been an important topic of academic studies in physics, its point of application has not been explicitly identified yet. We present a quantitative approach to this problem based on the concept of the hydrostatic energy, considered here for a general shape of the cross-section of a floating body and for an arbitrary angle of heel. We show that the location of the point of application of the buoyancy force essentially depends (i) on the type of motion experienced by the floating body and (ii) on the definition of this point. In a rolling/pitching motion, considerations involving the rotational moment lead to a particular dynamical point of application of the buoyancy force, and for some simple shapes of the floating body this point coincides with the well-known metacentre. On the other hand, from the work-energy relation it follows that in the rolling/pitching motion the energetical point of application of this force is rigidly connected to the centre of buoyancy; in contrast, in a vertical translation this point is rigidly connected to the centre of gravity of the body. Finally, we consider the location of the characteristic points of the floating bodies for some particular shapes of immersed cross-sections. The paper is intended for higher education level physics teachers and students.
A system to test the ground surface conditions of construction sites--for safe and efficient work without physical strain.
Koningsveld, Ernst; van der Grinten, Maarten; van der Molen, Henk; Krause, Frank
Ground surface conditions on construction sites have an important influence on the health and safety of workers and their productivity. The development of an expert-based "working conditions evaluation" system is described, intended to assist site managers in recognising unsatisfactory ground conditions and remedying these. The system was evaluated in the period 2002-2003. The evaluation shows that companies recognize poor soil/ground conditions as problematic, but are not aware of the specific physical workload hazards. The developed methods allow assessment of the ground surface quality and selection of appropriate measures for improvement. However, barriers exist at present to wide implementation of the system across the industry. Most significant of these is that responsibility for a site's condition is not clearly located within contracting arrangements, nor is it a topic of serious negotiation.
Silicate melts density, buoyancy relations and the dynamics of magmatic processes in the upper mantle
Sanchez-Valle, Carmen; Malfait, Wim J.
Although silicate melts comprise only a minor volume fraction of the present day Earth, they play a critical role on the Earth's geochemical and geodynamical evolution. Their physical properties, namely the density, are a key control on many magmatic processes, including magma chamber dynamics and volcanic eruptions, melt extraction from residual rocks during partial melting, as well as crystal settling and melt migration. However, the quantitative modeling of these processes has been long limited by the scarcity of data on the density and compressibility of volatile-bearing silicate melts at relevant pressure and temperature conditions. In the last decade, new experimental designs namely combining large volume presses and synchrotron-based techniques have opened the possibility for determining in situ the density of a wide range of dry and volatile-bearing (H2O and CO2) silicate melt compositions at high pressure-high temperature conditions. In this contribution we will illustrate some of these progresses with focus on recent results on the density of dry and hydrous felsic and intermediate melt compositions (rhyolite, phonolite and andesite melts) at crustal and upper mantle conditions (up to 4 GPa and 2000 K). The new data on felsic-intermediate melts has been combined with in situ data on (ultra)mafic systems and ambient pressure dilatometry and sound velocity data to calibrate a continuous, predictive density model for hydrous and CO2-bearing silicate melts with applications to magmatic processes down to the conditions of the mantle transition zone (up to 2773 K and 22 GPa). The calibration dataset consist of more than 370 density measurements on high-pressure and/or water-and CO2-bearing melts and it is formulated in terms of the partial molar properties of the oxide components. The model predicts the density of volatile-bearing liquids to within 42 kg/m3 in the calibration interval and the model extrapolations up to 3000 K and 100 GPa are in good agreement
Effect of steel surface conditions on reinforcing steel corrosion in concrete exposed to marine environments
Anzola, E.
Full Text Available Laboratory methods and experimental tests were deployed in the present study to evaluate corrosion in reinforced concrete exposed to marine environments. Reinforcing steel exhibiting two different surface conditions prior to embedment in concrete were studied, one the one hand to assess the electrochemical behaviour of the bars during exposure of the concrete specimens to a simulated marine environment, and on the other to determine the strength of the steel/concrete bond. The reinforced concrete specimens prepared were adapted as required for electrochemical potential and corrosion rate testing. A total of 56 7x15-cm cylindrical specimens containing 3/8" steel rods anchored at a depth of 11.5 cm were made to evaluate the steel / concrete bond and exposed to a natural marine environment for 28 or 190 days prior to testing. All the specimens were made with ready-mixed concrete. It may be concluded from the results of the corrosion tests on reinforcing steel with different surface conditions that the oxide initially covering the bars was dissolved and the steel passivated by the alkalinity in the concrete. The chief finding of the bonding study was that the layer of oxide formed in pre-embedment steel deterioration contributed to establishing a better bond.
En el contexto de esta investigación, se tomaron en consideración métodos y ensayos experimentales de laboratorio, que permiten hacer una evaluación de la corrosión del hormigón armado expuesto en ambientes marinos. Por una parte se evaluó el comportamiento electroquÃmico de dos condiciones de estados superficiales del acero embebido en el hormigón, exponiéndolo en un ambiente marino simulado y, por otra parte, se estudió la adherencia entre el acero y el hormigón, con los mismos estados superficiales usados para la evaluación electroquÃmica. Las probetas se fabricaron de hormigón con acero de refuerzo en su interior, adecuándolas para realizar los ensayos de potenciales
Testate amoebae communities sensitive to surface moisture conditions in Patagonian peatlands
Loisel, J.; Booth, R.; Charman, D.; van Bellen, S.; Yu, Z.
Here we examine moss surface samples that were collected during three field campaigns (2005, 2010, 2014) across southern Patagonian peatlands to assess the potential use of testate amoebae and 13C isotope data as proxy indicators of soil moisture. These proxies have been widely tested across North America, but their use as paleoecological tools remains sparse in the southern hemisphere. Samples were collected along a hydrological gradient spanning a range of water table depth from 0cm in wet hollows to over 85cm in dry hummocks. Moss moisture content was measured in the field. Over 25 taxa were identified, with many of them not found in North America. Ordinations indicate statistically significant and dominant effects of soil moisture and water table depth on testate assemblages, though interestingly 13C is even more strongly correlated with testates amoebae than direct soil conditions. It is possible that moss 13C signature constitutes a compound indicator that represents seasonal soil moisture better than opportunistic sampling during field campaigns. There is no significant effect of year or site across the dataset. In addition to providing a training set that translates testate amoebae moisture tolerance range into water tabel depth for Patagonian peatlands, we also compare our results with those from the North American training set to show that, despite 'novel' Patagonian taxa, the robustness of international training sets is probably sufficient to quantify most changes in soil moisture from any site around the world. We also identify key indicator species that are shown to be of universal value in peat-based hydrological reconstructions.
Low-temperature micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy on laser-doped silicon with different surface conditions
Han, Young-Joon; Franklin, Evan; Fell, Andreas; Ernst, Marco; Nguyen, Hieu T.; Macdonald, Daniel
Low-temperature micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy (μ-PLS) is applied to investigate shallow layers of laser-processed silicon for solar cell applications. Micron-scale measurement (with spatial resolution down to 1 μm) enables investigation of the fundamental impact of laser processing on the electronic properties of silicon as a function of position within the laser-processed region, and in particular at specific positions such as at the boundary/edge of processed and unprocessed regions. Low-temperature μ-PLS enables qualitative analysis of laser-processed regions by identifying PLS signals corresponding to both laser-induced doping and laser-induced damage. We show that the position of particular luminescence peaks can be attributed to band-gap narrowing corresponding to different levels of subsurface laser doping, which is achieved via multiple 248 nm nanosecond excimer laser pulses with fluences in the range 1.5-4 J/cm2 and using commercially available boron-rich spin-on-dopant precursor films. We demonstrate that characteristic defect PL spectra can be observed subsequent to laser doping, providing evidence of laser-induced crystal damage. The impact of laser parameters such as fluence and number of repeat pulses on laser-induced damage is also analyzed by observing the relative level of defect PL spectra and absolute luminescence intensity. Luminescence owing to laser-induced damage is observed to be considerably larger at the boundaries of laser-doped regions than at the centers, highlighting the significant role of the edges of laser-doped region on laser doping quality. Furthermore, by comparing the damage signal observed after laser processing of two different substrate surface conditions (chemically-mechanically polished and tetramethylammonium hydroxide etched), we show that wafer preparation can be an important factor impacting the quality of laser-processed silicon and solar cells.
Unexpected Positive Buoyancy in Deep Sea Sharks, Hexanchus griseus, and a Echinorhinus cookei.
Itsumi Nakamura
Full Text Available We do not expect non air-breathing aquatic animals to exhibit positive buoyancy. Sharks, for example, rely on oil-filled livers instead of gas-filled swim bladders to increase their buoyancy, but are nonetheless ubiquitously regarded as either negatively or neutrally buoyant. Deep-sea sharks have particularly large, oil-filled livers, and are believed to be neutrally buoyant in their natural habitat, but this has never been confirmed. To empirically determine the buoyancy status of two species of deep-sea sharks (bluntnose sixgill sharks, Hexanchus griseus, and a prickly shark, Echinorhinus cookei in their natural habitat, we used accelerometer-magnetometer data loggers to measure their swimming performance. Both species of deep-sea sharks showed similar diel vertical migrations: they swam at depths of 200-300 m at night and deeper than 500 m during the day. Ambient water temperature was around 15°C at 200-300 m but below 7°C at depths greater than 500 m. During vertical movements, all deep-sea sharks showed higher swimming efforts during descent than ascent to maintain a given swimming speed, and were able to glide uphill for extended periods (several minutes, indicating that these deep-sea sharks are in fact positively buoyant in their natural habitats. This positive buoyancy may adaptive for stealthy hunting (i.e. upward gliding to surprise prey from underneath or may facilitate evening upward migrations when muscle temperatures are coolest, and swimming most sluggish, after spending the day in deep, cold water. Positive buoyancy could potentially be widespread in fish conducting daily vertical migration in deep-sea habitats.
Nakamura, Itsumi; Meyer, Carl G; Sato, Katsufumi
We do not expect non air-breathing aquatic animals to exhibit positive buoyancy. Sharks, for example, rely on oil-filled livers instead of gas-filled swim bladders to increase their buoyancy, but are nonetheless ubiquitously regarded as either negatively or neutrally buoyant. Deep-sea sharks have particularly large, oil-filled livers, and are believed to be neutrally buoyant in their natural habitat, but this has never been confirmed. To empirically determine the buoyancy status of two species of deep-sea sharks (bluntnose sixgill sharks, Hexanchus griseus, and a prickly shark, Echinorhinus cookei) in their natural habitat, we used accelerometer-magnetometer data loggers to measure their swimming performance. Both species of deep-sea sharks showed similar diel vertical migrations: they swam at depths of 200-300 m at night and deeper than 500 m during the day. Ambient water temperature was around 15°C at 200-300 m but below 7°C at depths greater than 500 m. During vertical movements, all deep-sea sharks showed higher swimming efforts during descent than ascent to maintain a given swimming speed, and were able to glide uphill for extended periods (several minutes), indicating that these deep-sea sharks are in fact positively buoyant in their natural habitats. This positive buoyancy may adaptive for stealthy hunting (i.e. upward gliding to surprise prey from underneath) or may facilitate evening upward migrations when muscle temperatures are coolest, and swimming most sluggish, after spending the day in deep, cold water. Positive buoyancy could potentially be widespread in fish conducting daily vertical migration in deep-sea habitats.
Buoyancy-Driven Ventilation Generated by the Double-Skin Façade of a High-Rise Building in Tropical Climate: Case Study Bandung, Indonesia
Aziiz Akhlish Diinal
Full Text Available High-rise buildings in tropical region is identical to the use of mechanical Air Conditioning in massive scale. Nevertheless, there is an encouragement to high-rise buildings to reduce its energy consumptions, since they consume quite large amount of energy. This challenge can be overcome with various of strategies, one of them, by means of reducing the cooling load of mechanical Air Conditioning in high-rise building. Prospects come from the modern tall building design strategies, for example the use of double-skin façade to give addition of building skin which could provide indoor temperature protection from outside. Double-skin façade system has continued to increase in buildings in a tropical region such as in Indonesia. However, there is another potential of double skin façade, which is the possibility to increase the buoyancy effect in the air gap between the skin and building envelope. The possibility needs to be studied in order to give a proper way in designing double-skin façade of a high-rise building, especially on Bandung-Indonesia tropical climate. This paper explores the potential of double-skin façade in driving the air inside the façade to generate natural ventilation for a high-rise building in Bandung climate condition. Two parameters are used in exploring the buoyancy force, the width of double-skin façade and the temperature of the skin façade. In general, double-skin façade of a high-rise building in tropical climate can generate buoyancy driven ventilation for the building, it relates strongly to the distance between of the double-skin façade and the building envelope.
The dependence of sea surface slope on atmospheric stability and swell conditions
Hwang, Paul A.; Shemdin, Omar H.
A tower-mounted optical device is used to measure the two-orthogonal components of the sea surface slope. The results indicate that an unstable stratification at the air-sea interface tends to enhance the surface roughness. The presence of a long ocean swell system steers the primary direction of shortwave propagation away from wind direction, and may increase or reduce the mean square slope of the sea surface.
Impact of chemical lateral boundary conditions in a regional air quality forecast model on surface ozone predictions during stratospheric intrusions
Pendlebury, Diane; Gravel, Sylvie; Moran, Michael D.; Lupu, Alexandru
A regional air quality forecast model, GEM-MACH, is used to examine the conditions under which a limited-area air quality model can accurately forecast near-surface ozone concentrations during stratospheric intrusions. Periods in 2010 and 2014 with known stratospheric intrusions over North America were modelled using four different ozone lateral boundary conditions obtained from a seasonal climatology, a dynamically-interpolated monthly climatology, global air quality forecasts, and global air quality reanalyses. It is shown that the mean bias and correlation in surface ozone over the course of a season can be improved by using time-varying ozone lateral boundary conditions, particularly through the correct assignment of stratospheric vs. tropospheric ozone along the western lateral boundary (for North America). Part of the improvement in surface ozone forecasts results from improvements in the characterization of near-surface ozone along the lateral boundaries that then directly impact surface locations near the boundaries. However, there is an additional benefit from the correct characterization of the location of the tropopause along the western lateral boundary such that the model can correctly simulate stratospheric intrusions and their associated exchange of ozone from stratosphere to troposphere. Over a three-month period in spring 2010, the mean bias was seen to improve by as much as 5 ppbv and the correlation by 0.1 depending on location, and on the form of the chemical lateral boundary condition.
Do European Standard Disinfectant tests truly simulate in-use microbial and organic soiling conditions on food preparation surfaces?
Meyer, B; Morin, V N; Rödger, H-J; Holah, J; Bird, C
The results from European standard disinfectant tests are used as one basis to approve the use of disinfectants in Europe. The design of these laboratory-based tests should thus simulate as closely as possible the practical conditions and challenges that the disinfectants would encounter in use. No evidence is available that the organic and microbial loading in these tests simulates actual levels in the food service sector. Total organic carbon (TOC) and total viable count (TVC) were determined on 17 visibly clean and 45 visibly dirty surfaces in two restaurants and the food preparation surfaces of a large retail store. These values were compared to reference values recovered from surfaces soiled with the organic and microbial loading, following the standard conditions of the European Surface Test for bactericidal efficacy, EN 13697. The TOC reference values for clean and dirty conditions were higher than the data from practice, but cannot be regarded as statistical outliers. This was considered as a conservative assessment; however, as additional nine TOC samples from visibly dirty surfaces were discarded from the analysis, as their loading made them impossible to process. Similarly, the recovery of test organisms from surfaces contaminated according to EN 13697 was higher than the TVC from visibly dirty surfaces in practice; though they could not be regarded as statistical outliers of the whole data field. No correlation was found between TVC and TOC in the sampled data, which re-emphasizes the potential presence of micro-organisms on visibly clean surfaces and thus the need for the same degree of disinfection as visibly dirty surfaces. The organic soil and the microbial burden used in EN disinfectant standards represent a realistic worst-case scenario for disinfectants used in the food service and food-processing areas.
Analysis of surface integrity in machining of AISI 304 stainless steel under various cooling and cutting conditions
Klocke, F.; Döbbeler, B.; Lung, S.; Seelbach, T.; Jawahir, I. S.
Recent studies have shown that machining under specific cooling and cutting conditions can be used to induce a nanocrystalline surface layer in the workspiece. This layer has beneficial properties, such as improved fatigue strength, wear resistance and tribological behavior. In machining, a promising approach for achieving grain refinement in the surface layer is the application of cryogenic cooling. The aim is to use the last step of the machining operation to induce the desired surface quality to save time-consuming and expensive post machining surface treatments. The material used in this study was AISI 304 stainless steel. This austenitic steel suffers from low yield strength that limits its technological applications. In this paper, liquid nitrogen (LN2) as cryogenic coolant, as well as minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), was applied and investigated. As a reference, conventional flood cooling was examined. Besides the cooling conditions, the feed rate was varied in four steps. A large rounded cutting edge radius and finishing cutting parameters were chosen to increase the mechanical load on the machined surface. The surface integrity was evaluated at both, the microstructural and the topographical levels. After turning experiments, a detailed analysis of the microstructure was carried out including the imaging of the surface layer and hardness measurements at varying depths within the machined layer. Along with microstructural investigations, different topological aspects, e.g., the surface roughness, were analyzed. It was shown that the resulting microstructure strongly depends on the cooling condition. This study also shows that it was possible to increase the micro hardness in the top surface layer significantly.
Study on Surface Integrity of AISI 1045 Carbon Steel when machined by Carbide Cutting Tool under wet conditions
Tamin N. Fauzi
Full Text Available This paper presents the evaluation of surface roughness and roughness profiles when machining carbon steel under wet conditions with low and high cutting speeds. The workpiece materials and cutting tools selected in this research were AISI 1045 carbon steel and canela carbide inserts graded PM25, respectively. The cutting tools undergo machining tests by CNC turning operations and their performances were evaluated by their surface roughness value and observation of the surface roughness profile. The machining tests were held at varied cutting speeds of 35 to 53 m/min, feed rate of 0.15 to 0.50 mm/rev and a constant depth of cut of 1 mm. From the analysis, it was found that surface roughness increased as the feed rate increased. Varian of surface roughness was suspected due to interaction between cutting speeds and feed rates as well as nose radius conditions; whether from tool wear or the formation of a built-up edge. This study helps us understand the effect of cutting speed and feed rate on surface integrity, when machining AISI 1045 carbon steel using carbide cutting tools, under wet cutting conditions.
Influence of the biological conditions in the surface magnetic properties of nanocrystalline CoFeCrSiB ribbons
Fal-Miyar, V.; Cerdeira, M.A.; Garcia, J.A.; Tejedor, M.; Potatov, A.P.; Pierna, A.R.; Marzo, F.F.; Vara, G.
In this paper the result of a study of the influence of the biological conditions on the surface magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Co 64.5 Fe 2.5 Cr 3 B 15 Si 15 ribbons are presented and discussed. After the biological treatment the results show that, in the longitudinal direction, there is a hardening of the magnetic behavior and in the transverse direction the magnetization takes place in two steps. The surface saturation magnetization decreases in the treated samples. These results are explained considering the presence of magnetic oxides and non-conducting oxides on the surface of the treated samples
Evaluation of the conditions imposed by the fracture surface geometry on water seepage through fractured porous media
Fuentes, Nestor O.; Faybishenko, B.
In order to determine the geometric patterns of the fracture surfaces that imposes conditions on the fluid flow through fractured porous media, a series a fracture models have been analyzed using the RIMAPS technique and the variogram method. Results confirm that the main paths followed by the fluid channels are determined by the surface topography and remain constant during water seepage evolution. Characteristics scale lengths of both situations: fracture surface and the flow of water, are also found. There exists a relationship between the scale lengths corresponding to each situation. (author)
An energy-based equilibrium contact angle boundary condition on jagged surfaces for phase-field methods.
Frank, Florian; Liu, Chen; Scanziani, Alessio; Alpak, Faruk O; Riviere, Beatrice
We consider an energy-based boundary condition to impose an equilibrium wetting angle for the Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes phase-field model on voxel-set-type computational domains. These domains typically stem from μCT (micro computed tomography) imaging of porous rock and approximate a (on μm scale) smooth domain with a certain resolution. Planar surfaces that are perpendicular to the main axes are naturally approximated by a layer of voxels. However, planar surfaces in any other directions and curved surfaces yield a jagged/topologically rough surface approximation by voxels. For the standard Cahn-Hilliard formulation, where the contact angle between the diffuse interface and the domain boundary (fluid-solid interface/wall) is 90°, jagged surfaces have no impact on the contact angle. However, a prescribed contact angle smaller or larger than 90° on jagged voxel surfaces is amplified. As a remedy, we propose the introduction of surface energy correction factors for each fluid-solid voxel face that counterbalance the difference of the voxel-set surface area with the underlying smooth one. The discretization of the model equations is performed with the discontinuous Galerkin method. However, the presented semi-analytical approach of correcting the surface energy is equally applicable to other direct numerical methods such as finite elements, finite volumes, or finite differences, since the correction factors appear in the strong formulation of the model. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A new shape reproduction method based on the Cauchy-condition surface for real-time tokamak reactor control
Kurihara, K.
A new shape reproduction method is investigated on the basis of an applied mathematical approach. An analytically exact solution of Maxwell's equations in a static current field yields an (boundary) integral equation. In application of this equation to tokamak plasma shape reproduction, it is made clear that a Cauchy condition (both Dirichlet and Neumann conditions) on a hypothetical surface is necessarily identified. To calculate the Cauchy condition using magnetic sensor signals, conversion to numerical formulation of this method is conducted. Then, reproduction errors by this method are evaluated through two numerical tests: The first test uses ideal signals produced from a full equilibrium code in the JT-60 geometry, and the second test uses actual sensor signals in JT-60 experiments. In addition, it is shown that positioning and shape of the Cauchy condition surface is insensitive to reproduction error. Finally, this method is clarified to have preferable features for real-time tokamak reactor control
Plasma treatment of bulk niobium surface for superconducting rf cavities: Optimization of the experimental conditions on flat samples
M. Rašković
Full Text Available Accelerator performance, in particular the average accelerating field and the cavity quality factor, depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of the superconducting radio-frequency (SRF cavity surface. Plasma based surface modification provides an excellent opportunity to eliminate nonsuperconductive pollutants in the penetration depth region and to remove the mechanically damaged surface layer, which improves the surface roughness. Here we show that the plasma treatment of bulk niobium (Nb presents an alternative surface preparation method to the commonly used buffered chemical polishing and electropolishing methods. We have optimized the experimental conditions in the microwave glow discharge system and their influence on the Nb removal rate on flat samples. We have achieved an etching rate of 1.7  μm/min� using only 3% chlorine in the reactive mixture. Combining a fast etching step with a moderate one, we have improved the surface roughness without exposing the sample surface to the environment. We intend to apply the optimized experimental conditions to the preparation of single cell cavities, pursuing the improvement of their rf performance.
Striation and slickenline development on quartz fault surfaces at crustal conditions : Origin and effect on friction
Toy, Virginia G.; Niemeijer, André; Renard, Francois; Morales, Luiz; Wirth, Richard
Fragments of optically flat silica discs embedded in synthetic gouge were deformed to examine the relationship between the development of striations and slickenlines, and deformation mechanisms, conditions, and fault rheology. Experiments were performed under hydrothermal conditions in a rotary
Heat Transfer in Boiling Dilute Emulsion with Strong Buoyancy
Freeburg, Eric Thomas
Little attention has been given to the boiling of emulsions compared to that of boiling in pure liquids. The advantages of using emulsions as a heat transfer agent were first discovered in the 1970s and several interesting features have since been studied by few researchers. Early research focuses primarily on pool and flow boiling and looks to determine a mechanism by which the boiling process occurs. This thesis looks at the boiling of dilute emulsions in fluids with strong buoyant forces. The boiling of dilute emulsions presents many favorable characteristics that make it an ideal agent for heat transfer. High heat flux electronics, such as those seen in avionics equipment, produce high heat fluxes of 100 W/cm2 or more, but must be maintained at low temperatures. So far, research on single phase convection and flow boiling in small diameter channels have yet to provide an adequate solution. Emulsions allow the engineer to tailor the solution to the specific problem. The fluid can be customized to retain the high thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of the continuous phase while enhancing the heat transfer coefficient through boiling of the dispersed phase component. Heat transfer experiments were carried out with FC-72 in water emulsions. FC-72 has a saturation temperature of 56 °C, far below that of water. The parameters were varied as follows: 0% ≤ epsilon ≤ 1% and 1.82 x 1012 ≤ RaH ≤ 4.42 x 1012. Surface temperatures along the heated surface reached temperature that were 20 °C in excess of the dispersed phase saturation temperature. An increase of ˜20% was seen in the average Nusselt numbers at the highest Rayleigh numbers. Holography was used to obtain images of individual and multiple FC-72 droplets in the boundary layer next to the heated surface. The droplet diameters ranged from 0.5 mm to 1.3 mm. The Magnus effect was observed when larger individual droplets were injected into the boundary layer, causing the droplets to be pushed
Linking atmospheric synoptic transport, cloud phase, surface energy fluxes, and sea-ice growth: observations of midwinter SHEBA conditions
Persson, P. Ola G.; Shupe, Matthew D.; Perovich, Don; Solomon, Amy
Observations from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) project are used to describe a sequence of events linking midwinter long-range advection of atmospheric heat and moisture into the Arctic Basin, formation of supercooled liquid water clouds, enhancement of net surface energy fluxes through increased downwelling longwave radiation, and reduction in near-surface conductive heat flux loss due to a warming of the surface, thereby leading to a reduction in sea-ice bottom growth. The analyses provide details of two events during Jan. 1-12, 1998, one entering the Arctic through Fram Strait and the other from northeast Siberia; winter statistics extend the results. Both deep, precipitating frontal clouds and post-frontal stratocumulus clouds impact the surface radiation and energy budget. Cloud liquid water, occurring preferentially in stratocumulus clouds extending into the base of the inversion, provides the strongest impact on surface radiation and hence modulates the surface forcing, as found previously. The observations suggest a minimum water vapor threshold, likely case dependent, for producing liquid water clouds. Through responses to the radiative forcing and surface warming, this cloud liquid water also modulates the turbulent and conductive heat fluxes, and produces a thermal wave penetrating into the sea ice. About 20-33 % of the observed variations of bottom ice growth can be directly linked to variations in surface conductive heat flux, with retarded ice growth occurring several days after these moisture plumes reduce the surface conductive heat flux. This sequence of events modulate pack-ice wintertime environmental conditions and total ice growth, and has implications for the annual sea-ice evolution, especially for the current conditions of extensive thinner ice.
Influence of the initial surface condition on the release of nickel alloys in the primary circuit of PWRs
Guinard, L.; Kerrec, O.; Noel, D.; Gardey, S.; Coulet, F.
The effect of surface condition on corrosion and release and the mechanisms involved are investigated. The detrimental and beneficial effects of certain conditions or processes are identified: role of the last thermomechanical treatment, detrimental effect of cold-work, beneficial effect of electropolishing. The results can not be explained by mechanisms based only on solubility and mass transfer. Ionic migration through the inner barrier film is also probably involved. (K.A.). 32 refs.
The effect of surface condition on corrosion and release and the mechanisms involved are investigated. The detrimental and beneficial effects of certain conditions or processes are identified: role of the last thermomechanical treatment, detrimental effect of cold-work, beneficial effect of electropolishing. The results can not be explained by mechanisms based only on solubility and mass transfer. Ionic migration through the inner barrier film is also probably involved. (K.A.)
Spheroidal and toroidal configurations as sources of the Kerr metric. Pt. 1. A kinematical approach. [Boyer surface condition, singularity
de Felice, F; Nobili, L [Padua Univ. (Italy). Istituto di Fisica; Calvani, M [Padua univ. (Italy). Istituto di Astronomia
The existence of extended Kerr metric sources of perfect fluid is taken as work-hypothesis to investigate the structure of the boundaries which derive from Boyer's surface condition. We find closed spheroidal configurations which hide an internal cavity as well as toroidal configurations; however, both the boundary of the internal cavity and the tori touch the ring singularity. We judge this feature non-physical and conclude that Boyer's condition is not sufficient to completely define a well behaved physical source.
Application and evaluation of LS-PIV technique for the monitoring of river surface velocities in high flow conditions
Jodeau , M.; Hauet , A.; Paquier , A.; Le Coz , J.; Dramais , G.
Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LS-PIV) is used to measure the surface flow velocities in a mountain stream during high flow conditions due to a reservoir release. A complete installation including video acquisition from a mobile elevated viewpoint and artificial flow seeding has been developed and implemented. The LS-PIV method was adapted in order to take into account the specific constraints of these high flow conditions. Using a usual LS-PIV data processing, significant variations...
DIAGNOSTICS OF WORKPIECE SURFACE CONDITION BASED ON CUTTING TOOL VIBRATIONS DURING MACHINING
Jerzy Józwik
Full Text Available The paper presents functional relationships between surface geometry parameters, feed and vibrations level in the radial direction of the workpiece. Time characteristics of the acceleration of cutting tool vibration registered during C45 steel and stainless steel machining for separate axes (X, Y, Z were presented as a function of feedrate f. During the tests surface geometric accuracy assessment was performed and 3D surface roughness parameters were determined. The Sz parameter was selected for the analysis, which was then collated with RMS vibration acceleration and feedrate f. The Sz parameter indirectly provides information on peak to valley height and is characterised by high generalising potential i.e. it is highly correlated to other surface and volume parameters of surface roughness. Test results presented in this paper may constitute a valuable source of information considering the influence of vibrations on geometric accuracy of elements for engineers designing technological processes.
Effect of processing conditions on residual stress distributions by bead-on-plate welding after surface machining
Ihara, Ryohei; Mochizuki, Masahito
Residual stress is important factor for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) that has been observed near the welded zone in nuclear power plants. Especially, surface residual stress is significant for SCC initiation. In the joining processes of pipes, butt welding is conducted after surface machining. Residual stress is generated by both processes, and residual stress distribution due to surface machining is varied by the subsequent butt welding. In previous paper, authors reported that residual stress distribution generated by bead on plate welding after surface machining has a local maximum residual stress near the weld metal. The local maximum residual stress shows approximately 900 MPa that exceeds the stress threshold for SCC initiation. Therefore, for the safety improvement of nuclear power plants, a study on the local maximum residual stress is important. In this study, the effect of surface machining and welding conditions on residual stress distribution generated by welding after surface machining was investigated. Surface machining using lathe machine and bead on plate welding with tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc under various conditions were conducted for plate specimens made of SUS316L. Then, residual stress distributions were measured by X-ray diffraction method (XRD). As a result, residual stress distributions have the local maximum residual stress near the weld metal in all specimens. The values of the local maximum residual stresses are almost the same. The location of the local maximum residual stress is varied by welding condition. It could be consider that the local maximum residual stress is generated by same generation mechanism as welding residual stress in surface machined layer that has high yield stress. (author)
Dependence of Lunar Surface Charging on Solar Wind Plasma Conditions and Solar Irradiation
Stubbs, T. J.; Farrell, W. M.; Halekas, J. S.; Burchill, J. K.; Collier, M. R.; Zimmerman, M. I.; Vondrak, R. R.; Delory, G. T.; Pfaff, R. F.
The surface of the Moon is electrically charged by exposure to solar radiation on its dayside, as well as by the continuous flux of charged particles from the various plasma environments that surround it. An electric potential develops between the lunar surface and ambient plasma, which manifests itself in a near-surface plasma sheath with a scale height of order the Debye length. This study investigates surface charging on the lunar dayside and near-terminator regions in the solar wind, for which the dominant current sources are usually from the pohotoemission of electrons, J(sub p), and the collection of plasma electrons J(sub e) and ions J(sub i). These currents are dependent on the following six parameters: plasma concentration n(sub 0), electron temperature T(sub e), ion temperature T(sub i), bulk flow velocity V, photoemission current at normal incidence J(sub P0), and photo electron temperature T(sub p). Using a numerical model, derived from a set of eleven basic assumptions, the influence of these six parameters on surface charging - characterized by the equilibrium surface potential, Debye length, and surface electric field - is investigated as a function of solar zenith angle. Overall, T(sub e) is the most important parameter, especially near the terminator, while J(sub P0) and T(sub p) dominate over most of the dayside.
Anisotropy and buoyancy in nuclear turbulent heat transfer - critical assessment and needs for modelling
Groetzbach, G.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) programs have a wide application field in reactor technique, like to diverse flow types which have to be considered in Accelerator Driven nuclear reactor Systems (ADS). This requires turbulence models for the momentum and heat transfer with very different capabilities. The physical demands on the models are elaborated for selected transport mechanisms, the status quo of the modelling is discussed, and it is investigated which capabilities are offered by the market dominating commercial CFD codes. One topic of the discussion is on the already earlier achieved knowledge on the distinct anisotropy of the turbulent momentum and heat transport near walls. It is shown that this is relevant in channel flows with inhomogeneous wall conditions. The related consequences for the turbulence modelling are discussed. The second topic is the turbulent heat transport in buoyancy influenced flows. The only turbulence model for heat transfer which is available in the large commercial CFD-codes is based on the Reynolds analogy. This means, it is required to prescribe suitable turbulent Prandtl number distributions. There exist many correlations for channel flows, but they are seldom used in practical applications. Here, a correlation is deduced for the local turbulent Prandtl number which accounts for many parameters, like wall distance, molecular Prandtl number of the fluid, wall roughness and local shear stress, thermal wall condition, etc. so that it can be applied to most ADS typical heat transporting channel flows. The spatial dependence is discussed. It is shown that it is essential for reliable temperature calculations to get accurate turbulent Prandtl numbers especially near walls. If thermal wall functions are applied, then the correlation for the turbulent Prandtl number has to be consistent with the wall functions to avoid unphysical discretisation dependences. In using Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data for horizontal fluid layers it
Water boiling on the corium melt surface under VVER severe accident conditions
Bechta, S.V.; Vitol, S.A.; Krushinov, E.V.; Granovsky, V.S.; Sulatsky, A.A.; Khabensky, V.B.; Lopukh, D.B.; Petrov, Y.B.; Pechenkov, A.Y.
Experimental results are presented on the interaction of corium melt with water supplied on its surface. The tests were conducted in the 'Rasplav-2' experimental facility. Corium melt was generated by induction melting in the cold crucible. The following data were obtained: heat transfer at boiling water-melt surface interaction, gas and aerosol release, post-interaction solidified corium structure. The corium melt charge had the following composition, mass%: 60% UO 2+x -16% ZrO 2 -15% Fe 2 O 3 -6% Cr 2 O 3 -3% Ni 2 O 3 . The melt surface temperature ranged within 1920-1970 K. (orig.)
Influence of soil on St3 surface spectroscopic characteristics under cathode protection conditions
Kuznetsova, E.G.; Lazorenko-Manevich, R.M.; Sokolova, L.A.; Remezkova, L.V.
Using electroreflection spectra it is shown, that St3 surface following long holding in cold clay without cathode protection is less heterogeneous relative to water absorption, than surface of initial specimens, as well as, of specimens holded in wet clay. This variation of distribution of adsorption centres by heats of water absorption results from stable absorption of surface-and-active components of clayed soil and is accompanied by increase of St3 corrosion stability. Long-term cathode polarization reduces initial distribution and decreases corrosion stability of St3
Bechta, S.V.; Vitol, S.A.; Krushinov, E.V.
Experimental results are presented on the interaction between corium melt and water supplied onto its surface. The tests were conducted on the Rasplav-2' experimental facility. Induction melting in a cold crucible was used to produce the melt. The following data have been obtained: heat transfer at water boiling on the melt surface, aerosol release, structure of the post-interaction solidified corium. The corium melt had the following composition, mass %: 60%UO 2 - 16%ZrO 2 - 15%Fe 2 O 3 - 6%Cr 2 O 3 -3%Ni 2 O 3 . The melt surface temperature was 1650-1700degC. (author)
Microtensile bond strength of a resin cement to glass infiltrated zirconia-reinforced ceramic: The effect of surface conditioning
Amaral, R.; Ozcan, M.; Bottino, M.A.; Valandro, L.F.
Objectives. This study evaluated the effect of three surface conditioning methods on the microtensile bond strength of resin cement to a glass-infiltrated zirconia-reinforced alumina-based core ceramic. Methods. Thirty blocks (5 x 5 x 4 mm) of In-Ceram Zirconia ceramics (In-Ceram Zirconia-INC-ZR,
Microtensile bond strength of a resin cement to glass infiltrated zirconia-reinforced ceramic : The effect of surface conditioning
Amaral, R; Ozcan, M; Bottino, MA; Valandro, LF
The static friction response of non-glabrous skin as a function of surface energy and environmental conditions
Klaassen, Michel; de Vries, Erik G.; Masen, Marc Arthur
The (local) environmental conditions have a significant effect on the interaction between skin and products. Plasticisation of the stratum corneum occurs at high humidity, causing this layer to soften and change its surface free energy. In this work we study the effects of the micro-climate on the
Capability of space-spectral analysis used for studying underground nuclear explosions effect on ground surface condition
Melent'ev, M.I.; Velikanov, A.E.
The article describes the results of the work of study of the influence underground nucleus blasts (UNB) on condition of the day surface of the site Balapan on the territory of Semipalatinsk Test Site using materials of remote space sensing. The estimation of the cosmic spectral analysis information density is given for revealing the post-explosive geo- dynamic processes. (author)
Effects of surface conditioning on repair bond strengths of non-aged and aged microhybrid, nanohybrid, and nanofilled composite resins
Rinastiti, Margareta; Siswomihardjo, Widowati; Busscher, Henk J.; Ozcan, Mutlu
This study evaluates effects of aging on repair bond strengths of microhybrid, nanohybrid, and nanofilled composite resins and characterizes the interacting surfaces after aging. Disk-shaped composite specimens were assigned to one of three aging conditions: (1) thermocycling (5,000x, 5-55 degrees
FDTD Investigation on Electromagnetic Scattering from Two-Layered Rough Surfaces under UPML Absorbing Condition
Juan, Li; Li-Xin, Guo; Hao, Zeng
Electromagnetic scattering from one-dimensional two-layered rough surfaces is investigated by using finite-difference time-domain algorithm (FDTD). The uniaxial perfectly matched layer (UPML) medium is adopted for truncation of FDTD lattices, in which the finite-difference equations can be used for the total computation domain by properly choosing the uniaxial parameters. The rough surfaces are characterized with Gaussian statistics for the height and the autocorrelation function. The angular distribution of bistatic scattering coefficient from single-layered perfect electric conducting and dielectric rough surface is calculated and it is in good agreement with the numerical result with the conventional method of moments. The influence of the relative permittivity, the incident angle, and the correlative length of two-layered rough surfaces on the bistatic scattering coefficient with different polarizations are presented and discussed in detail. (fundamental areas of phenomenology (including applications))
Manipulating surface wettability and oil absorbency of diatomite depending on processing and ambient conditions
Özen, İlhan; Şimşek, Süleyman; Okyay, Gamze
In this study, a diatomite sample, which is a natural inorganic mineral with inherently high water and oil absorption capacity, was subjected to grinding before surface modification. Afterwards, the diatomite surface was modified via facile methods using a fluorocarbon (FC) chemical and stearic acid (SA) in addition to the sol-gel fluorosilanization (FS) process. The water and oil wettability, and oil absorbency properties of the unmodified and modified diatomites were investigated in addition to diatomite characterizations such as chemical content, surface area, particle size distribution, morphology, and modification efficiency. It was revealed that the wettability was changed completely depending on the surface modification agent and the media used, while the oil absorbency property surprisingly did not change. On the other hand, the oil absorbency was worsened by the grinding process, whereas the wettability was not affected.
Surface-Initiated Graft Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate from Chitin Nanofiber Macroinitiator under Dispersion Conditions
Ryo Endo
Full Text Available Surface-initiated graft atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA from self-assembled chitin nanofibers (CNFs was performed under dispersion conditions. Self-assembled CNFs were initially prepared by regeneration from a chitin ion gel with 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide using methanol; the product was then converted into the chitin nanofiber macroinitiator by reaction with α-bromoisobutyryl bromide in a dispersion containing N,N-dimethylformamide. Surface-initiated graft ATRP of MMA from the initiating sites on the CNFs was subsequently carried out under dispersion conditions, followed by filtration to obtain the CNF-graft-polyMMA film. Analysis of the product confirmed the occurrence of the graft ATRP on the surface of the CNFs.
Identification of a Catalytically Highly Active Surface Phase for CO Oxidation over PtRh Nanoparticles under Operando Reaction Conditions
Hejral, U.; Franz, D.; Volkov, S.; Francoual, S.; Strempfer, J.; Stierle, A.
Pt-Rh alloy nanoparticles on oxide supports are widely employed in heterogeneous catalysis with applications ranging from automotive exhaust control to energy conversion. To improve catalyst performance, an atomic-scale correlation of the nanoparticle surface structure with its catalytic activity under industrially relevant operando conditions is essential. Here, we present x-ray diffraction data sensitive to the nanoparticle surface structure combined with in situ mass spectrometry during near ambient pressure CO oxidation. We identify the formation of ultrathin surface oxides by detecting x-ray diffraction signals from particular nanoparticle facets and correlate their evolution with the sample's enhanced catalytic activity. Our approach opens the door for an in-depth characterization of well-defined, oxide-supported nanoparticle based catalysts under operando conditions with unprecedented atomic-scale resolution.
Synthetic surface for expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells in xeno-free, chemically defined culture conditions.
Paula J Dolley-Sonneville
Full Text Available Human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCS possess three properties of great interest for the development of cell therapies and tissue engineering: multilineage differentiation, immunomodulation, and production of trophic factors. Efficient ex vivo expansion of hMSCs is a challenging requirement for large scale production of clinical grade cells. Low-cost, robust, scalable culture methods using chemically defined materials need to be developed to address this need. This study describes the use of a xeno-free synthetic peptide acrylate surface, the Corning® Synthemax® Surface, for culture of hMSCs in serum-free, defined medium. Cell performance on the Corning Synthemax Surface was compared to cells cultured on biological extracellular matrix (ECM coatings in xeno-free defined medium and in traditional conditions on tissue culture treated (TCT plastic in fetal bovine serum (FBS supplemented medium. Our results show successful maintenance of hMSCs on Corning Synthemax Surface for eight passages, with cell expansion rate comparable to cells cultured on ECM and significantly higher than for cells in TCT/FBS condition. Importantly, on the Corning Synthemax Surface, cells maintained elongated, spindle-like morphology, typical hMSC marker profile and in vitro multilineage differentiation potential. We believe the Corning Synthemax Surface, in combination with defined media, provides a complete synthetic, xeno-free, cell culture system for scalable production of hMSCs.
Impact of roughness, wettability and hydrodynamic conditions on the incrustation on stainless steel surfaces
Bogacz, Wojciech; Lemanowicz, Marcin; Al-Rashed, Mohsen H.; Nakonieczny, Damian; Piotrowski, Tomasz; Wójcik, Janusz
Highlights: • Steel plates (X5CrNi18-10) with different roughness and wettability were prepared. • Incrustation of MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O under laminar flow (Re = 59–178) was investigated. • Influence of surface properties and fluid velocity on incrustation was found. • Wettability and surface roughness cannot be considered separately. • Analysis of heat transfer and incrustation time-lapse videos are presented. - Abstract: The goal of this work was to investigate the influence of the stainless steel surface roughness and wettability on incrustation of MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O from aqueous solutions and resulting heat transfer resistance. The experiments were done for laminar flow (Re = 59–178) which is characteristic for regions of apparatus where fouling usually begin. A series of steel plates (X5CrNi18-10) were prepared and used as a heat transfer surfaces. Their properties, i.e. roughness, wettability and elementary composition of surfaces were determined. The experiments were done using specially designed flow cell equipped with Peltier element. Each incrustation measurement lasted for two hours, during which heat transfer resistance was measured as a function of time. After the experiments the mass of crystalline deposit was weighted. It was proved that wettability as well as surface roughness cannot be considered separately in the case of incrustation phenomenon. The knowledge of surface roughness is insufficient due to the fact, that it is possible to obtain surfaces with similar roughness but substantially different wettability for the same material.
Improving Weather Research and Forecasting Model Initial Conditions via Surface Pressure Analysis
ADDRESS(ES) US Army Research Laboratory ATTN: RDRL- CIE -M 2800 Powder Mill Road Adelphi, MD 20783-1138 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER...air radii of influence to account for the smaller error correlation length scales at the surface. However, the surface observations are limited to a...analysis will only account for errors in the first guess due to errors in the meteorological features (e.g., the strength of an area of high pressure
Investigation and Evaluation on Influence of Machining (CNC Conditions on Surface Quality of Paulownia Wood
Mohammad Aghajani
Full Text Available The aim of this study was to investigate the effective factors on surface quality of paulownia wood during machining by advanced computer numerical controled (CNC machine. For this aim paulownia logs were provided and were converted to proper sizes (2.5 x 10 x 15 cm and then air dried. The Variable of this study were cutting speed (8.37 and 15.07 m/s, feeding rate (6 and 12 m/min, cutting depth (1and 5 mm, cutting method (down and up-milling and cutting pattern (tangential and radial. Roughness of cut specimens edge were evaluated by profilometer method according to ISO 13565 standard. For evaluation of surface quality, average roughness (Ra, maximum roughness (R max, valley roughness (Rv and peak roughness (Rp were used. Degrees of effectiveness of the parameters were evaluated by fractional factorial design as completely random design at confidence level of 95%. The result showed that cutting speed, cutting method and feed rate are influencive factors on surface quality of machined specimens and their effects were significant. With increasing cutting speed and decreasing feeding rate the roughness decreased and surface quality improved. In up-milling cutting method, degree of roughness was higher and consequently surface quality was inferior. It is to be noted that cutting method in comparison to other factors had the high influence on surface quality. The rest variables did now have independent influence on surface quality at 95% Confidence level. This study for achieving the optimum surface quality recommends that cutting speed of 15.07 m/s, feeding rate of 6 m/min, cutting method of down-milling and cutting depth of 1 mm for tangential cross section.
Surface water ponding on clayey soils managed by conventional and conservation tillage in boreal conditions
L. ALAKUKKU
Full Text Available Surface water ponding and crop hampering due to soil wetness was monitored in order to evaluate the effects of conservation tillage practices and perennial grass cover on soil infiltrability for five years in situ in gently sloping clayey fields. Thirteen experimental areas, each having three experimental fields, were established in southern Finland. The fields belonged to: autumn mouldboard ploughing (AP, conservation tillage (CT and perennial grass in the crop rotation (PG. In the third year, direct drilled (DD fields were established in five areas. Excluding PG, mainly spring cereals were grown in the fields. Location and surface area of ponded water (in the spring and autumn as well as hampered crop growth (during June-July were determined in each field by using GPS devices and GIS programs. Surface water ponding or crop hampering occurred when the amount of rainfall was clearly greater than the long-term average. The mean of the relative area of the ponded surface water, indicating the risk of surface runoff, and hampered crop growth was larger in the CT fields than in the AP fields. The differences between means were, however, not statistically significant. Complementary soil physical measurements are required to investigate the reasons for the repeated surface water ponding.;
The machined surface of magnesium AZ31 after rotary turning at air cooling condition
Akhyar, G.; Purnomo, B.; Hamni, A.; Harun, S.; Burhanuddin, Y.
Magnesium is a lightweight metal that is widely used as an alternative to iron and steel. Magnesium has been applied in the automotive industry to reduce the weight of a component, but the machining process has the disadvantage that magnesium is highly flammable because it has a low flash point. High temperature can cause the cutting tool wear and contributes to the quality of the surface roughness. The purpose of this study is to obtain the value of surface roughness and implement methods of rotary cutting tool and air cooling output vortex tube cooler to minimize the surface roughness values. Machining parameters that is turning using rotary cutting tool at speed the workpiece of (Vw) 50, 120, 160 m/min, cutting speed of rotary tool of (Vt) 25, 50, 75 m/min, feed rate of (f) 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 0.3 mm. Type of tool used is a carbide tool diameter of 16 mm and air cooling pressure of 6 bar. The results show the average value of the lowest surface roughness on the speed the workpiece of 80 m/min, cutting speed of rotary tool of 50 m/min, feed rate of 0.2 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 0.3 mm. While the average value of the highest surface roughness on the speed the workpiece of 160 m/min, cutting speed of rotary tool of 50 m/min, feed rate of 0.2 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 0.3 mm. The influence of machining parameters concluded the higher the speed of the workpiece the surface roughness value higher. Otherwise the higher cutting speed of rotary tool then the lower the surface roughness value. The observation on the surface of the rotary tool, it was found that no uniform tool wear which causes non-uniform surface roughness. The use of rotary cutting tool contributing to lower surface roughness values generated.
Flat friction tests applied to austenic stainless steels with several surface finish. Analysis of adhesion conditions in friction
Coello, J.; Miguel, V.; Ferrer, C.; Calatatyd, A.; Martinez, A.
The main purpose of this work is to evaluate the tribological behaviour of austenic stainless steels AISI 304 with bright surface finishing (B). The assays have been carried out in flat faced dies system with mineral oil of 200 cts viscosity, S 2 Mo grease and in dry conditions. The relationship between friction coefficient and pressure and velocity has been established for the mineral oil as lubricant. In these conditions, a strong adhesive tendency has been found in boundary lubrication regime. The results obtained here, show us that S 2 Mo grease leads to lowest values for the friction coefficient. A minor adhesive behaviour tendency for AISI 316 steel, harder than 304 grades, has been found. A relevant plowing phenomena has been observed for the more critical friction conditions tried out. A surface hardener is produced as a consequence of that. (Author) 19 refs
Electron Conditioning of Technical Aluminium Surfaces: Effect on the Secondary Electron Yield
Le Pimpec, F.
The effect of electron conditioning on commercially aluminium alloys 1100 and 6063 were investigated. Contrary to the assumption that electron conditioning, if performed long enough, can reduce and stabilize the SEY to low values (< 1.3, value of many pure elements [1] ), the SEY of aluminium did not go lower than 1.8. In fact, it reincreases with continued electron exposure dose.
DFT study of oxygen adsorption on Mo{sub 2}C(001) and (201) surfaces at different conditions
Cheng, Lihong, E-mail: chenglihong001@126.com [School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi (China); Li, Wenkui; Chen, Zhiqin; Ai, Jianping; Zhou, Zehua [School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi (China); Liu, Jianwen, E-mail: liujw@nsccsz.gov.cn [National Supercomputing Center in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055 (China)
Highlights: • O adsorption manners on Mo{sub 2}C surfaces were calculated by DFT method. • Stable oxygen adsorption states and coverage were identified at given T and p. • O{sub 2} results in full oxidation while H{sub 2}O and CO{sub 2} cause partial oxidation of Mo{sub 2}C surfaces. • Hydrogen could be used to avoid Mo{sub 2}C surface oxidation. - Abstract: Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate oxygen adsorption on Mo{sub 2}C(001) and (201)surfaces at different coverage. The energies and structures of oxygen from lowest to saturated coverages were clearly identified on each surface. Thermodynamics method was introduced to reveal the roles of temperature, pressure as well as oxygen sources (O{sub 2}, H{sub 2}O and CO{sub 2}) on the surface oxygen coverage, which is related to the surface oxidation. On the basis of phase diagram, we can easily identify the stable oxygen coverage at different defined conditions. In addition, it reveals that O{sub 2} is the strongest oxidant, which results in the full coverage of oxygen on both surfaces in a wide range of temperature and pressure. Then, H{sub 2}O and CO{sub 2} are weaker oxidants, which could only cause partial oxidation of Mo{sub 2}C surfaces. These results indicate the facile oxidation of Mo{sub 2}C catalyst. The possible ways to avoid surface oxidation are keeping higher temperature and H{sub 2} pressure in the gas phase.
Practicing for space underwater: inventing neutral buoyancy training, 1963-1968.
Neufeld, Michael J; Charles, John B
Neutral buoyancy's value was far from obvious when human spaceflight began in 1961. Starting in 1964, Environmental Research Associates, a tiny company in the suburbs of Baltimore, developed the key innovations in an obscure research project funded by NASA's Langley Research Center. The new Houston center dismissed it until a mid-1966 EVA crisis, after which it rapidly took over. In parallel, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center developed many of the same techniques, as did many large aerospace corporations, yet the long-run technological impact of corporate activity was near zero. Because ERA and Marshall's pioneering activities led to the two long-running NASA training centers at Houston and Huntsville, those two organizations deserve primary credit for the construction of the neutral buoyancy technological system. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The effects of buoyancy on turbulent nonpremixed jet flames in crossflow
Boxx, Isaac G.
An experimental research study was conducted to investigate what effect buoyancy had on the mean and instantaneous flow-field characteristics of turbulent jet-flames in crossflow (JFICF). The study used an experimental technique wherein a series of normal-gravity, hydrogen-diluted propane JFICF were compared with otherwise identical ones in low-gravity. Experiments were conducted at the University of Texas Drop Tower Facility, a new microgravity science laboratory built for this study at the University of Texas at Austin. Two different diagnostic techniques were employed, high frame-rate digital cinematographic imaging and planar laser Mie scattering (PLMS). The flame-luminosity imaging revealed significant elongation and distortion of the large-scale luminous structure of the JFICF. This was seen to affect the flametip oscillation and burnout characteristics. Mean and root-mean-square (RMS) images of flame-luminosity were computed from the flame-luminosity image sequences. These were used to compare visible flame-shapes, flame chord-lengths and jet centerline-trajectories of the normal- and low-gravity flames. In all cases the jet-centerline penetration and mean luminous flame-width were seen to increase with decreasing buoyancy. The jet-centerline trajectories for the normal-gravity flames were seen to behave differently to those of the low-gravity flames. This difference led to the conclusion that the jet transitions from a momentum-dominated forced convection limit to a buoyancy-influenced regime when it reaches xiC ≈ 3, where xiC is the Becker and Yamazaki (1978) buoyancy parameter based on local flame chord-length. The mean luminous flame-lengths showed little sensitivity to buoyancy or momentum flux ratio. Consistent with the flame-luminosity imaging experiments, comparison of the instantaneous PLMS flow-visualization images revealed substantial buoyancy-induced elongation and distortion of the large-scale shear-layer vortices in the flow. This effect
Tropical cloud buoyancy is the same in a world with or without ice
Seeley, Jacob T.; Romps, David M.
When convective clouds grow above the melting line, where temperatures fall below 0°C, condensed water begins to freeze and water vapor is deposited. These processes release the latent heat of fusion, which warms cloud air, and many previous studies have suggested that this heating from fusion increases cloud buoyancy in the upper troposphere. Here we use numerical simulations of radiative-convective equilibrium with and without ice processes to argue that tropical cloud buoyancy is not systematically higher in a world with fusion than in a world without it. This insensitivity results from the fact that the environmental temperature profile encountered by developing tropical clouds is itself determined by convection. We also offer a simple explanation for the large reservoir of convective available potential energy in the tropical upper troposphere that does not invoke ice.
Xiong, Yuan
Near nozzle flow field in flickering n-butane diffusion jet flames was investigated with a special focus on transient flow patterns of negative buoyance induced vortices. The flow structures were obtained through Mie scattering imaging with seed particles in a fuel stream using continuous-wave (CW) Argon-ion laser. Velocity fields were also quantified with particle mage velocimetry (PIV) system having kHz repetition rate. The results showed that the dynamic motion of negative buoyance induced vortices near the nozzle exit was coupled strongly with a flame flickering instability. Typically during the flame flickering, the negative buoyant vortices oscillated at the flickering frequency. The vortices were distorted by the flickering motion and exhibited complicated transient vortical patterns, such as tilting and stretching. Numerical simulations were also implemented based on an open source C++ package, LaminarSMOKE, for further validations.
Tritium loading in ITER plasma-facing surfaces and its release under accident conditions
Longhurst, G.R.; Anderl, R.A.; Pawelko, R.J.
Plasma-facing surfaces of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) will take up tritium from the plasma. These surfaces will probably consist of matures of Be, C, and possibly W together with other impurities. Recent experimental results have suggested mechanisms, not previously considered in analyses, by which tritium and other hydrogen isotopes are retained in Be. This warrants revised modeling and estimation of the amount of tritium that will be deposited in ITER beryllium plasma-facing surfaces and the rates at which it can be released under postulated accident scenarios. In this paper we describe improvements in modeling and experiments planned at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) to investigate the tritium uptake and thermal release behavior for mixed plasma- facing materials. TMAP4 calculations were made using recent data to estimate first-wall tritium inventories in ITER. 16 refs., 1 fig
Bechta, S.V.; Vitol, S.A.; Krushinov, E.V.; Granovsky, V.S.; Sulatsky, A.A.; Khabensky, V.B. [Sci. Res. Technol. Inst., Leningrad (Russian Federation); Lopukh, D.B.; Petrov, Y.B.; Pechenkov, A.Y. [St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University (SPbEU), Prof. Popov st 5/3, St. Petersburg (Russian Federation)
Experimental results are presented on the interaction of corium melt with water supplied on its surface. The tests were conducted in the 'Rasplav-2' experimental facility. Corium melt was generated by induction melting in the cold crucible. The following data were obtained: heat transfer at boiling water-melt surface interaction, gas and aerosol release, post-interaction solidified corium structure. The corium melt charge had the following composition, mass%: 60% UO{sub 2+x}-16% ZrO{sub 2}-15% Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}-6% Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3}-3% Ni{sub 2}O{sub 3}. The melt surface temperature ranged within 1920-1970 K. (orig.)
Bechta, S.V.; Vitol, S.A.; Krushinov, E.V. [Research Institute of Technology, Sosnovy Bor (NITI) (RU)] [and others
Experimental results are presented on the interaction between corium melt and water supplied onto its surface. The tests were conducted on the Rasplav-2' experimental facility. Induction melting in a cold crucible was used to produce the melt. The following data have been obtained: heat transfer at water boiling on the melt surface, aerosol release, structure of the post-interaction solidified corium. The corium melt had the following composition, mass %: 60%UO{sub 2}- 16%ZrO{sub 2}- 15%Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} - 6%Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3}-3%Ni{sub 2}O{sub 3}. The melt surface temperature was 1650-1700degC. (author)
Neutral buoyancy testing of architectural and environmental concepts of space vehicle design
Lenda, J. A.; Rosener, A. A.; Stephenson, M. L.
Design guidelines are presented that are applicable to providing habitability areas and furniture elements for extended periods in a zero gravity environment. This was accomplished by: (1) analyzing the existing habitability crew area requirements, mobility and restraint aids, cross-cultural design, and establishing a man model for zero gravity; (2) designing specific furniture elements, chair and table, and volumes for a stateroom, office, bathroom, galley, and wardroom; and (3) neutral buoyancy testing and evaluation of these areas.
We examine the possible existence of internal gravity wave "turning depths," depths below which the local buoyancy frequency N(z) becomes smaller than the wave frequency. At a turning depth, incident gravity waves reflect rather than reaching the ocean bottom as is generally assumed. Here we consider internal gravity waves at the lunar semidiurnal (M-2) tidal frequency, omega(M2). Profiles of N-2(z) (the quantity in the equations of motion) are computed using conductivity, temperature, and de...
Statistical Change Detection for Diagnosis of Buoyancy Element Defects on Moored Floating Vessels
Blanke, Mogens; Fang, Shaoji; Galeazzi, Roberto
. After residual generation, statistical change detection scheme is derived from mathematical models supported by experimental data. To experimentally verify loss of an underwater buoyancy element, an underwater line breaker is designed to create realistic replication of abrupt faults. The paper analyses...... the properties of residuals and suggests a dedicated GLRT change detector based on a vector residual. Special attention is paid to threshold selection for non ideal (non-IID) test statistics....
Buoyancy-driven flow excursions in fuel assemblies
Laurinat, J.E.; Paul, P.K.; Menna, J.D.
A power limit criterion was developed for a postulated Loss of Pumping Accident (LOPA) in one of the recently shut down heavy water production reactors at the Savannah River Site. These reactors were cooled by recirculating heavy water moderator downward through channels in cylindrical fuel tubes. Powers were limited to safeguard against a flow excursion in one of more of these parallel channels. During-full-power operation, limits safeguarded against a boiling flow excursion. At low flow rates, during the addition of emergency cooling water, buoyant forces reverse the flow in one of the coolant channels before boiling occurs. As power increased beyond the point of flow reversal, the maximum wall temperature approaches the fluid saturation temperature, and a thermal excursion occurs. The power limit criterion for low flow rates was the onset of flow reversal. To determine conditions for flow reversal, tests were performed in a mock-up of a fuel assembly that contained two electrically heated concentric tubes surrounded by three flow channels. These tests were modeled using a finite difference thermal-hydraulic code. According to code calculations, flow reversed in the outer flow channel before the maximum wall temperature reached the local fluid saturation temperature. Thermal excursions occurred when the maximum wall temperature approximately equaled the saturation temperature. For a postulated LOPA, the flow reversal criterion for emergency cooling water addition was more limiting than the boiling excursion criterion for full power operation. This criterion limited powers to 37% of the limiting power for previous long-term reactor operations
Laurinat, J.E.; Paul, P.K.; Menna, J.D. [Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken, SC (United States)
A power limit criterion was developed for a postulated Loss of Pumping Accident (LOPA) in one of the recently shut down heavy water production reactors at the Savannah River Site. These reactors were cooled by recirculating heavy water moderator downward through channels in cylindrical fuel tubes. Powers were limited to safeguard against a flow excursion in one of more of these parallel channels. During-full-power operation, limits safeguarded against a boiling flow excursion. At low flow rates, during the addition of emergency cooling water, buoyant forces reverse the flow in one of the coolant channels before boiling occurs. As power increased beyond the point of flow reversal, the maximum wall temperature approaches the fluid saturation temperature, and a thermal excursion occurs. The power limit criterion for low flow rates was the onset of flow reversal. To determine conditions for flow reversal, tests were performed in a mock-up of a fuel assembly that contained two electrically heated concentric tubes surrounded by three flow channels. These tests were modeled using a finite difference thermal-hydraulic code. According to code calculations, flow reversed in the outer flow channel before the maximum wall temperature reached the local fluid saturation temperature. Thermal excursions occurred when the maximum wall temperature approximately equaled the saturation temperature. For a postulated LOPA, the flow reversal criterion for emergency cooling water addition was more limiting than the boiling excursion criterion for full power operation. This criterion limited powers to 37% of the limiting power for previous long-term reactor operations.
A power limit criterion was developed for a postulated Loss of Pumping Accident (LOPA) in one of the recently shut down heavy water production reactors at the Savannah River Site. These reactors were cooled by recirculating moderator downward through channels in cylindrical fuel tubes. Powers were limited to prevent a flow excursion from occurring in one or more of these parallel channels. During full-power operation, limits prevented a boiling flow excursion from taking place. At low flow rates, during the addition of emergency cooling water, buoyant forces reverse the flow in one of the coolant channels before boiling occurs. As power increases beyond the point of flow reversal, the maximum wall temperature approaches the fluid saturation temperature, and a thermal excursion occurs. The power limit criterion for low flow rates was the onset of flow reversal. To determine conditions for flow reversal, tests were performed in a mock-up of a fuel assembly that contained two electrically heated concentric tubes surrounded by three flow channels. These tests were modeled using a finite difference thermal-hydraulic code. According to code calculations, flow reversed in the outer flow channel before the maximum wall temperature reached the local fluid saturation temperature. Thermal excursions occurred when the maximum wall temperature approximately equaled the saturation temperature. For a postulated LOPA, the flow reversal criterion for emergency cooling water addition was more limiting than the boiling excursion criterion for full power operation. This criterion limited powers to 37% of historical levels
The effect of simulated inflammatory conditions on the surface properties of titanium and stainless steel and their importance as biomaterials
Fonseca-GarcÃa, Abril; Pérez-Alvarez, J.; Barrera, C.C.; Medina, J.C.; Almaguer-Flores, A.; Sánchez, R. Basurto
This work compares the surface modifications induced by the immersion in solutions that simulate inflammatory conditions of pure titanium (cpTi) and medical grade stainless steel (SS). The inflammatory conditions were simulated using a mixture of Hartman solution and 50 mM of hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) at pH = 5.2. The samples were immersed by 7 days refreshing the solution every day to keep the reactivity of the H_2O_2. The surface characteristics that were investigated were: elemental composition by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); topography by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and profilometry; wettability and surface energy by sessile drop contact angle and point of zero charge by titration. Moreover, the variations in the electrochemical response were evaluated by open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PP) performed before and after the treatment using the Hartman solution as the electrolyte. The XPS results indicated that for both metallic samples, oxidation of the surface was promoted and/or the oxide layer was thicker after the immersion. The roughness and the solid-liquid surface energy were increased; the samples showed a more hydrophilic character after the treatment. However, the surface energy of the solid estimated using the Van Oss–Chaudhury–Good approach showed different trends between the cpTi and the SS surfaces; the polar component decreased for cpTi, while it increased for SS. Finally, the electrochemical results indicated that the corrosion resistance (R_c_o_r) and the pore resistance (R_p_o) significantly decreased for cpTi, while both resistances were not significantly different for the SS. This is indicative of a higher dissolution of the cpTi compared to SS and the lower R_p_o means that the species are easily transported through the surface layer, which can be explained in terms of the formation of a porous TiO_x layer, not observed on the SS. The cpTi surface
Arsenic ambient conditions preventing surface degradation of GaAs during capless annealing at high temperatures
Kang, C. H.; Kondo, K.; Lagowski, J.; Gatos, H. C.
Changes in surface morphology and composition caused by capless annealing of GaAs were studied as a function of annealing temperature, T(GaAs), and the ambient arsenic pressure controlled by the temperature, T(As), of an arsenic source in the annealing ampul. It was established that any degradation of the GaAs surface morphology could be completely prevented, providing that T(As) was more than about 0.315T(GaAs) + 227 C. This empirical relationship is valid up to the melting point temperature of GaAs (1238 C), and it may be useful in some device-processing steps.
The conditions for electrodeposition of insoluble hydroxides at a cathode surface
Hansen, P.Gregers
The pH values obtained in the vicinity of a cathode surface where hydrogen evolution takes place are discussed using the concept of a diffusion layer. It is shown that a given current density I determines a hydrogen ion concentration Cmax in the solution, above which no hydroxide deposition...... at the cathode can be expected to take place. The shape of the pH distribution makes it possible to define a hydroxyl ion layer, the thickness of which approaches zero as the hydrogen ion concentration approaches Cmax. It is found that relatively high pH values (11–13) are easily obtained at a cathode surface...
The effect of root surface conditioning on smear layer removal in periodontal regeneration (a scanning electron microscopic study)
Fidyawati, D.; Soeroso, Y.; Masulili, S. L. C.
The role of root surface conditioning treatment on smear layer removal of human teeth is affected by periodontitis in periodontal regeneration. The objective of this study is to analyze the smear layer on root surface conditioned with 2.1% minocycline HCl ointment (Periocline), and 24% EDTA gel (Prefgel). A total of 10 human teeth indicated for extraction due to chronic periodontitis were collected and root planed. The teeth were sectioned in thirds of the cervical area, providing 30 samples that were divided into three groups - minocycline ointment treatment, 24% EDTA gel treatment, and saline as a control. The samples were examined by scanning electron microscope. No significant differences in levels of smear layer were observed between the minocycline group and the EDTA group (p=0.759). However, there were significant differences in the level of smear layer after root surface treatment in the minocycline and EDTA groups, compared with the control group (p=0.00). There was a relationship between root surface conditioning treatment and smear layer levels following root planing.
Prominence Bubbles and Plumes: Thermo-magnetic Buoyancy in Coronal Cavity Systems
Berger, Thomas; Hurlburt, N.
The Hinode/Solar Optical Telescope continues to produce high spatial and temporal resolution images of solar prominences in both the Ca II 396.8 nm H-line and the H-alpha 656.3 nm line. Time series of these images show that many quiescent prominences produce large scale (50 Mm) dark "bubbles" that "inflate" into, and sometimes burst through, the prominence material. In addition, small-scale (2--5 Mm) dark plumes are seen rising into many quiescent prominences. We show typical examples of both phenomena and argue that they originate from the same mechanism: concentrated and heated magnetic flux that rises due to thermal and magnetic buoyancy to equilibrium heights in the prominence/coronal-cavity system. More generally, these bubbles and upflows offer a source of both magnetic flux and mass to the overlying coronal cavity, supporting B.C. Low's theory of CME initiation via steadily increasing magnetic buoyancy breaking through the overlying helmut streamer tension forces. Quiescent prominences are thus seen as the lowermost parts of the larger coronal cavity system, revealing through thermal effects both the cooled downflowing "drainage" from the cavity and the heated upflowing magnetic "plasmoids" supplying the cavity. We compare SOT movies to new 3D compressible MHD simulations that reproduce the dark turbulent plume dynamics to establish the magnetic and thermal character of these buoyancy-driven flows into the corona.
Effect of cutting fluids and cutting conditions on surface integrity and tool wear in turning of Inconel 713C
Hikiji, R.
The trend toward downsizing of engines helps to increase the number of turbochargers around Europe. As for the turbocharger, the temperature of the exhaust gas is so high that the parts made of nickel base super alloy Inconel 713C are used as high temperature strength metals. External turning of Inconel 713C which is used as the actual automotive parts was carried out. The effect of the cutting fluids and cutting conditions on the surface integrity and tool wear was investigated, considering global environment and cost performance. As a result, in the range of the cutting conditions used this time, when the depth of cut was small, the good surface integrity and tool life were obtained. However, in the case of the large corner radius, it was found that the more the cutting length increased, the more the tool wear increased. When the cutting length is so large, the surface integrity and tool life got worse. As for the cutting fluids, it was found that the synthetic type showed better performance in the surface integrity and tool life than the conventional emulsion. However, it was clear that the large corner radius made the surface roughness and tool life good, but it affected the size error etc. in machining the workpiece held in a cantilever style.
Recombination of chlorine atoms on plasma-conditioned stainless steel surfaces in the presence of adsorbed Cl{sub 2}
Stafford, Luc; Poirier, Jean-Sebastien; Margot, Joelle [Departement de Physique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 (Canada); Khare, Rohit; Guha, Joydeep; Donnelly, Vincent M, E-mail: luc.stafford@umontreal.c, E-mail: vmdonnelly@uh.ed [Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 (United States)
We investigated the interactions of atomic and molecular chlorine with plasma-conditioned stainless steel surfaces through both experiments and modelling. The recombination of Cl during adsorption and desorption of Cl{sub 2} was characterized using a rotating-substrate technique in which portions of the cylindrical substrate surface are periodically exposed to an inductively coupled chlorine plasma and then to an Auger electron spectrometer in separate, differentially pumped chambers. After several hours of exposure to the Cl{sub 2} plasma, the stainless steel substrate became coated with a Si-oxychloride-based layer (Fe : Si : O : Cl {approx} 1 : 13 : 13 : 3) due to chlorine adsorption and the erosion of the silica discharge tube. Desorption of Cl{sub 2} from this surface was monitored through measurements of pressure rises in the Auger chamber as a function of substrate rotation frequency. Significant adsorption and desorption of Cl{sub 2} was observed with the plasma off, similar to that observed previously on plasma-conditioned anodized aluminium surfaces, but with much faster desorption rates that are most likely attributable to the smoother and non-porous stainless steel surface morphology. When the plasma was turned on, a much larger pressure rise was observed due to Langmuir-Hinshelwood recombination of Cl atoms. Recombination coefficients, {gamma}{sub Cl}, ranged from 0.004 to 0.03 and increased with Cl-to-Cl{sub 2} number density ratio. This behaviour was observed previously for anodized aluminium surfaces, and was explained by the blocking of Cl recombination sites by adsorbed Cl{sub 2}. Application of this variable recombination coefficient to the modelling of high-density chlorine plasmas gives a much better agreement with measured Cl{sub 2} percent dissociations compared with predictions obtained with a recombination coefficient that is independent of plasma conditions.
Effect of brewing conditions on antioxidant properties of rosehip tea beverage: study by response surface methodology.
Ä°lyasoÄŸlu, Huri; Arpa, Tuba Eda
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of brewing conditions (infusion time and temperature) on the antioxidant properties of rosehip tea beverage. The ascorbic acid content, total phenolic content (TPC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of rosehip tea beverage were analysed. A two-factor and three-level central composite design was applied to evaluate the effects of the variables on the responses. The best quadratic models were obtained for all responses. The generated models were validated under the optimal conditions. At the optimal conditions, the rosehip tea beverage had 3.15 mg 100 mL -1 of ascorbic acid, 61.44 mg 100 mL -1 of TPC, and 2591 µmol of FRAP. The best brewing conditions for the rosehip tea beverage were found to be an infusion time of 6-8 min at temperatures of 84-86 °C.
U02 pellets surface properties and environmental conditions effects on the wet adsorption
Junqueira, Fabio da S.; Carnaval, Joao Paulo R.
Angra power plants fuels are made bye en riche uranium dioxide (UO 2 ) pellets which are assembled inside metal tubes. These tubes are welded and arranged in order to perform the final product, the fuel assembly. The UO 2 pellets have a specified humidity tolerance designed to comply with security and performance requirements when working under operating conditions in the reactor. This work intends to verify the pellet opened porosity and the environmental conditions (relative humidity and temperature) influence on the wet adsorption by UO 2 pellet. The work was done in 2 parts: Firstly, pallets groups from 3 opened porosity levels were tested under a fixed relative humidity, temperature and time. In the second part of the work, the most critical pallet group upon wet adsorption was tested under different relative humidity and temperature conditions, regarding design of experiments. The opened porosity and environmental conditions tests allowed the evolution of the wet adsorption by the UO 2 pallet. (author)
Ideal climatic conditions for condensation of atmospheric moisture on the plants’ surface
Prokhorov Alexey
A study of the diversity of the plant adaptation mechanisms that contribute to lowering the surface temperature and the absorption of condensate will allow us in the future to carry out introduction, genetic modification or selection of plants with the most visible effect of lowering the temperature and the least dependence on insolation.
DYNAMIC SURFACE BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS - A SIMPLE BOUNDARY MODEL FOR MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS
JUFFER, AH; BERENDSEN, HJC
A simple model for the treatment of boundaries in molecular dynamics simulations is presented. The method involves the positioning of boundary atoms on a surface that surrounds a system of interest. The boundary atoms interact with the inner region and represent the effect of atoms outside the
Surface-engineered substrates for improved human pluripotent stem cell culture under fully defined conditions.
Saha, Krishanu; Mei, Ying; Reisterer, Colin M; Pyzocha, Neena Kenton; Yang, Jing; Muffat, Julien; Davies, Martyn C; Alexander, Morgan R; Langer, Robert; Anderson, Daniel G; Jaenisch, Rudolf
The current gold standard for the culture of human pluripotent stem cells requires the use of a feeder layer of cells. Here, we develop a spatially defined culture system based on UV/ozone radiation modification of typical cell culture plastics to define a favorable surface environment for human pluripotent stem cell culture. Chemical and geometrical optimization of the surfaces enables control of early cell aggregation from fully dissociated cells, as predicted from a numerical model of cell migration, and results in significant increases in cell growth of undifferentiated cells. These chemically defined xeno-free substrates generate more than three times the number of cells than feeder-containing substrates per surface area. Further, reprogramming and typical gene-targeting protocols can be readily performed on these engineered surfaces. These substrates provide an attractive cell culture platform for the production of clinically relevant factor-free reprogrammed cells from patient tissue samples and facilitate the definition of standardized scale-up friendly methods for disease modeling and cell therapeutic applications.
Prolonged silicon carbide integrated circuit operation in Venus surface atmospheric conditions
Philip G. Neudeck
Full Text Available The prolonged operation of semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs needed for long-duration exploration of the surface of Venus has proven insurmountably challenging to date due to the ∼ 460 °C, ∼ 9.4 MPa caustic environment. Past and planned Venus landers have been limited to a few hours of surface operation, even when IC electronics needed for basic lander operation are protected with heavily cumbersome pressure vessels and cooling measures. Here we demonstrate vastly longer (weeks electrical operation of two silicon carbide (4H-SiC junction field effect transistor (JFET ring oscillator ICs tested with chips directly exposed (no cooling and no protective chip packaging to a high-fidelity physical and chemical reproduction of Venus’ surface atmosphere. This represents more than 100-fold extension of demonstrated Venus environment electronics durability. With further technology maturation, such SiC IC electronics could drastically improve Venus lander designs and mission concepts, fundamentally enabling long-duration enhanced missions to the surface of Venus.
Effect of Growth Conditions on Flocculation and Cell Surface Hydrophobicity of Brewing Yeast
Kopecká, J.; NÄ›mec, M.; Matoulková, D.; ÄŒejka, P.; JelÃnková, Markéta; Felsberg, Jürgen; Sigler, Karel
Ro�. 73, �. 2 (2015), s. 143-150 ISSN 0361-0470 Institutional support: RVO:61388971 Keywords : Ale and lager yeast * Cell surface hydrophobicity * FLO genes Subject RIV: EI - Biotechnology ; Bionics Impact factor: 0.492, year: 2015
Surface meteorological conditions at benthic disturbance experiment site - INDEX area during austral winter 1997
Suryanarayana, A.; Murty, V.S.N.; RameshBabu, V.; Beena, B.S.
latent heat flux of 220 W/m sup(2), leading to net surface heat loss (100 W/m sup(2)) in June and near heat balance in August. Temporal variation of weather elements and the heat budget parameters showed fluctuations of period 10-13 days in June and 7...
Estimations of Atmospheric Conditions for Input to the Radar Performance Surface
distribution is unlimited 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This study addresses the support of non- acoustic ASW operations by...BLANK v ABSTRACT This study addresses the support of non- acoustic ASW operations by timely atmospheric and ocean surface descriptions on features...24 Figure 12. Infrared Radiation Pyrometers , model KT15.82, Wintronics 2007
Surface chemical state of Ti powders and its alloys: Effect of storage conditions and alloy composition
Hryha, Eduard, E-mail: hryha@chalmers.se [Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, SE - 412 96 Gothenburg (Sweden); Shvab, Ruslan [Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, SE - 412 96 Gothenburg (Sweden); Bram, Martin; Bitzer, Martin [Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), D-52425 Jülich (Germany); Nyborg, Lars [Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, SE - 412 96 Gothenburg (Sweden)
Highlights: • Powder particles of Ti, NiTi and Ti6Al4V are covered by homogeneous Ti-oxide layer. • Thickness of the Ti-oxide layer is in the range of 2.9 to 4.2 nm in as-atomized state. • Exposure to the air results in immediate oxide thickness increase of up to 30%. • Oxide thickness increase of only 15% during storage for 8 years. • High passivation of the Ti, NiTi and Ti6Al4V powder surface by Ti-oxide layer. - Abstract: High affinity of titanium to oxygen in combination with the high surface area of the powder results in tremendous powder reactivity and almost inevitable presence of passivation oxide film on the powder surface. Oxide film is formed during the short exposure of the powder to the environment at even a trace amount of oxygen. Hence, surface state of the powder determines its usefulness for powder metallurgy processing. Present study is focused on the evaluation of the surface oxide state of the Ti, NiTi and Ti6Al4V powders in as-atomized state and after storage under air or Ar for up to eight years. Powder surface oxide state was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR SEM). Results indicate that powder in as-atomized state is covered by homogeneous Ti-oxide layer with the thickness of ∼2.9 nm for Ti, ∼3.2 nm and ∼4.2 nm in case of Ti6Al4V and NiTi powders, respectively. Exposure to the air results in oxide growth of about 30% in case of Ti and only about 10% in case of NiTi and Ti6Al4V. After the storage under the dry air for two years oxide growth of only about 3-4% was detected in case of both, Ti and NiTi powders. NiTi powder, stored under the dry air for eight years, indicates oxide thickness of about 5.3 nm, which is about 30% thicker in comparison with the as-atomized powder. Oxide thickness increase of only ∼15% during the storage for eight years in comparison with the powder, shortly exposed to the air after manufacturing, was detected. Results indicate a
Improving the Yule-Nielsen modified Neugebauer model by dot surface coverages depending on the ink superposition conditions
Hersch, Roger David; Crete, Frederique
Dot gain is different when dots are printed alone, printed in superposition with one ink or printed in superposition with two inks. In addition, the dot gain may also differ depending on which solid ink the considered halftone layer is superposed. In a previous research project, we developed a model for computing the effective surface coverage of a dot according to its superposition conditions. In the present contribution, we improve the Yule-Nielsen modified Neugebauer model by integrating into it our effective dot surface coverage computation model. Calibration of the reproduction curves mapping nominal to effective surface coverages in every superposition condition is carried out by fitting effective dot surfaces which minimize the sum of square differences between the measured reflection density spectra and reflection density spectra predicted according to the Yule-Nielsen modified Neugebauer model. In order to predict the reflection spectrum of a patch, its known nominal surface coverage values are converted into effective coverage values by weighting the contributions from different reproduction curves according to the weights of the contributing superposition conditions. We analyze the colorimetric prediction improvement brought by our extended dot surface coverage model for clustered-dot offset prints, thermal transfer prints and ink-jet prints. The color differences induced by the differences between measured reflection spectra and reflection spectra predicted according to the new dot surface estimation model are quantified on 729 different cyan, magenta, yellow patches covering the full color gamut. As a reference, these differences are also computed for the classical Yule-Nielsen modified spectral Neugebauer model incorporating a single halftone reproduction curve for each ink. Taking into account dot surface coverages according to different superposition conditions considerably improves the predictions of the Yule-Nielsen modified Neugebauer model. In
Surface current dynamics under sea breeze conditions observed by simultaneous HF radar, ADCP and drifter measurements
Sentchev, Alexei; Forget, Philippe; Fraunié, Philippe
Ocean surface boundary layer dynamics off the southern coast of France in the NW Mediterranean is investigated by using velocity observations by high-frequency (HF) radars, surface drifting buoys and a downward-looking drifting acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The analysis confirms that velocities measured by HF radars correspond to those observed by an ADCP at the effective depth z f = k -1, where k is wavenumber of the radio wave emitted by the radar. The radials provided by the radars were in a very good agreement with in situ measurements, with the relative errors of 1 and 9 % and root mean square (RMS) differences of 0.02 and 0.04 m/s for monostatic and bistatic radar, respectively. The total radar-based velocities appeared to be slightly underestimated in magnitude and somewhat biased in direction. At the end of the survey period, the difference in the surface current direction, based on HF radar and ADCP data, attained 10°. It was demonstrated that the surface boundary layer dynamics cannot be reconstructed successfully without taking into the account velocity variation with depth. A significant misalignment of ˜30° caused by the sea breeze was documented between the HF radar (HFR-derived) surface current and the background current. It was also found that the ocean response to a moderate wind forcing was confined to the 4-m-thick upper layer. The respective Ekman current attained the maximum value of 0.15 m/s, and the current rotation was found to be lagging the wind by approximately 40 min, with the current vector direction being 15-20° to the left of the wind. The range of velocity variability due to wind forcing was found comparable with the magnitude of the background current variability.
Surface Characteristics of Machined NiTi Shape Memory Alloy: The Effects of Cryogenic Cooling and Preheating Conditions
Kaynak, Y.; Huang, B.; Karaca, H. E.; Jawahir, I. S.
This experimental study focuses on the phase state and phase transformation response of the surface and subsurface of machined NiTi alloys. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and differential scanning calorimeter techniques were utilized to measure the phase state and the transformation response of machined specimens, respectively. Specimens were machined under dry machining at ambient temperature, preheated conditions, and cryogenic cooling conditions at various cutting speeds. The findings from this research demonstrate that cryogenic machining substantially alters austenite finish temperature of martensitic NiTi alloy. Austenite finish ( A f) temperature shows more than 25 percent increase resulting from cryogenic machining compared with austenite finish temperature of as-received NiTi. Dry and preheated conditions do not substantially alter austenite finish temperature. XRD analysis shows that distinctive transformation from martensite to austenite occurs during machining process in all three conditions. Complete transformation from martensite to austenite is observed in dry cutting at all selected cutting speeds.
Optimisation of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Conditions for Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity from Euphorbia tirucalli Using Response Surface Methodology
Vuong, Quan V.; Goldsmith, Chloe D.; Dang, Trung Thanh; Nguyen, Van Tang; Bhuyan, Deep Jyoti; Sadeqzadeh, Elham; Scarlett, Christopher J.; Bowyer, Michael C.
Euphorbia tirucalli (E. tirucalli) is now widely distributed around the world and is well known as a source of traditional medicine in many countries. This study aimed to utilise response surface methodology (RSM) to optimise ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions for total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant capacity from E. tirucalli leaf. The results showed that ultrasonic temperature, time and power effected TPC and antioxidant capacity; however, the effects varied. Ultrasonic power had the strongest influence on TPC; whereas ultrasonic temperature had the greatest impact on antioxidant capacity. Ultrasonic time had the least impact on both TPC and antioxidant capacity. The optimum UAE conditions were determined to be 50 °C, 90 min. and 200 W. Under these conditions, the E. tirucalli leaf extract yielded 2.93 mg GAE/g FW of TPC and exhibited potent antioxidant capacity. These conditions can be utilised for further isolation and purification of phenolic compounds from E. tirucalli leaf. PMID:26785074
Correlation between Ni base alloys surface conditioning and cation release mitigation in primary coolant
Clauzel, M.; Guillodo, M.; Foucault, M. [AREVA NP SAS, Technical Centre, Le Creusot (France); Engler, N.; Chahma, F.; Brun, C. [AREVA NP SAS, Chemistry and Radiochemistry Group, Paris La Defense (France)
The mastering of the reactor coolant system radioactive contamination is a real stake of performance for operating plants and new builds. The reduction of activated corrosion products deposited on RCS surfaces allows minimizing the global dose integrated by workers which supports the ALARA approach. Moreover, the contamination mastering limits the volumic activities in the primary coolant and thus optimizes the reactor shutdown duration and environment releases. The main contamination sources on PWR are due to Co-60 and Co-58 nuclides which come respectively Co-59 and Ni-58, naturally present in alloys used in the RCS. Co is naturally present as an impurity in alloys or as the main component of hardfacing materials (Stellitesâ„¢). Ni is released mainly by SG tubes which represent the most important surface of the RCS. PWR steam generators (SG), due to the huge wetted surface are the main source of corrosion products release in the primary coolant circuit. As corrosion products may be transported throughout the whole circuit, activated in the core, and redeposited all over circuit surfaces, resulting in an increase of activity buildup, it is of primary importance to gain a better understanding of phenomenon leading to corrosion product release from SG tubes before setting up mitigation measures. Previous studies have shown that SG tubing made of the same material had different release rates. To find the origin of these discrepancies, investigations have been performed on tubes at the as-received state and after exposure to a nominal primary chemistry in titanium recirculating loop. These investigations highlighted the existence of a correlation between the inner surface metallurgical properties and the release of corrosion products in primary coolant. Oxide films formed in nominal primary chemistry are always protective, their morphology and their composition depending strongly on the geometrical, metallurgical and physico-chemical state of the surface on which they
Analysis of Understanding the Concept of Buoyancy in the Context of its Transfer from Pre-school Teachers to Children
Petra Furlan
Full Text Available Kindergarten curricula (Bahovec et al. 1999, 37 cover different areas of education that are sensibly interconnected and integrated. Science is one of the areas that represent child’s first learning about the surrounding world and the first introduction to nature. Science education is a very suitable approach of introducing children into basic research work, since in nature objects and phenomena are more concrete, and hence the children are instinctively attracted. Therefore, science education could act as a starting point for all other areas of education. Teaching science comprises several difficulties, which are mainly connected with the way how contents are introduced to children. This is often a great challenge and great responsibility for pre-school teachers, because the scientific content needs to be explained in an appropriate way taking into consideration the child's age, the use of correct terminology, and at the same time avoiding inadequate generalization and over-simplification. Buoyancy is a natural phenomenon that is experienced by every child, but which, on the other hand, is quite difficult to explain. With the present study we wished to assess the knowledge considering buoyancy of the part-time students within the Pre-school Teaching educational programme at the Faculty of Education of the University of Primorska, which is performed on different locations throughout Slovenia. These students already teach in the kindergartens and should be well acquainted with buoyancy from previously passed physics courses at the Faculty of Education. We examined how they explained the buoyancy to children in kindergartens, and whether the knowledge about buoyancy is affected by their working experience or the location of their study. The results show that the students’ knowledge about buoyancy is insufficient and incomplete. In addition, many misconceptions about buoyancy are transmitted to the children in the process of teaching
Buoyancy under control: underwater locomotor performance in a deep diving seabird suggests respiratory strategies for reducing foraging effort.
Timothée R Cook
Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Because they have air stored in many body compartments, diving seabirds are expected to exhibit efficient behavioural strategies for reducing costs related to buoyancy control. We study the underwater locomotor activity of a deep-diving species from the Cormorant family (Kerguelen shag and report locomotor adjustments to the change of buoyancy with depth. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using accelerometers, we show that during both the descent and ascent phases of dives, shags modelled their acceleration and stroking activity on the natural variation of buoyancy with depth. For example, during the descent phase, birds increased swim speed with depth. But in parallel, and with a decay constant similar to the one in the equation explaining the decrease of buoyancy with depth, they decreased foot-stroke frequency exponentially, a behaviour that enables birds to reduce oxygen consumption. During ascent, birds also reduced locomotor cost by ascending passively. We considered the depth at which they started gliding as a proxy to their depth of neutral buoyancy. This depth increased with maximum dive depth. As an explanation for this, we propose that shags adjust their buoyancy to depth by varying the amount of respiratory air they dive with. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Calculations based on known values of stored body oxygen volumes and on deep-diving metabolic rates in avian divers suggest that the variations of volume of respiratory oxygen associated with a respiration mediated buoyancy control only influence aerobic dive duration moderately. Therefore, we propose that an advantage in cormorants--as in other families of diving seabirds--of respiratory air volume adjustment upon diving could be related less to increasing time of submergence, through an increased volume of body oxygen stores, than to reducing the locomotor costs of buoyancy control.
Oxygen accumulation on metal surfaces investigated by XPS, AES and LEIS, an issue for sputter depth profiling under UHV conditions
Steinberger, R.; Celedón, C. E.; Bruckner, B.; Roth, D.; Duchoslav, J.; Arndt, M.; Kürnsteiner, P.; Steck, T.; Faderl, J.; Riener, C. K.; Angeli, G.; Bauer, P.; Stifter, D.
Depth profiling using surface sensitive analysis methods in combination with sputter ion etching is a common procedure for thorough material investigations, where clean surfaces free of any contamination are essential. Hence, surface analytic studies are mostly performed under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions, but the cleanness of such UHV environments is usually overrated. Consequently, the current study highlights the in principle known impact of the residual gas on metal surfaces (Fe, Mg, Al, Cr and Zn) for various surface analytics methods, like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and low-energy ion scattering (LEIS). The investigations with modern, state-of-the-art equipment showed different behaviors for the metal surfaces in UHV during acquisition: (i) no impact for Zn, even after long time, (ii) solely adsorption of oxygen for Fe, slight and slow changes for Cr and (iii) adsorption accompanied by oxide formation for Al and Mg. The efficiency of different counter measures was tested and the acquired knowledge was finally used for ZnMgAl coated steel to obtain accurate depth profiles, which exhibited before serious artifacts when data acquisition was performed in an inconsiderate way.
Pinus Pinaster surface treatment realized in spatial and temporal afterglow DBD conditions
Lecoq, E.; Clément, F.; Panousis, E.; Loiseau, J.-F.; Held, B.; Castetbon, A.; Guimon, C.
This experimental work deals with the exposition of Pinus Pinaster wood samples to a DBD afterglow. Electrical parameters like duty cycle and injected energy in the gas are being varied and the modifications induced by the afterglow on the wood are analysed by several macroscopic and microscopic ways like wettability, XPS analyses and also soaking tests of treated wood in a commercial fungicide solution. Soaking tests show that plasma treatment could enhance the absorption of fungicide into the wood. The wettability results point out that the plasma treatment can inflict on the wood different surface properties, making it hydrophilic or hydrophobic, when varying electrical parameters. XPS analyses reveal several chemical modifications like an increase of the O/C ratio and the presence of carboxyl groups on the surface after plasma treatments.
Influence of the variable thermophysical properties on the turbulent buoyancy-driven airflow inside open square cavities
Zamora, Blas; Kaiser, Antonio S.
The effects of the air variable properties (density, viscosity and thermal conductivity) on the buoyancy-driven flows established in open square cavities are investigated, as well as the influence of the stated boundary conditions at open edges and the employed differencing scheme. Two-dimensional, laminar, transitional and turbulent simulations are obtained, considering both uniform wall temperature and uniform heat flux heating conditions. In transitional and turbulent cases, the low-Reynolds k - ω turbulence model is employed. The average Nusselt number and the dimensionless mass-flow rate have been obtained for a wide and not yet covered range of the Rayleigh number varying from 103 to 1016. The results obtained taking into account variable properties effects are compared with those calculated assuming constant properties and the Boussinesq approximation. For uniform heat flux heating, a correlation for the critical heating parameter above which the burnout phenomenon can be obtained is presented, not reported in previous works. The effects of variable properties on the flow patterns are analyzed.
"Magnetic" termite mound surfaces are oriented to suit wind and shade conditions.
Jacklyn, Peter M
The termites Amitermes meridionalis and A. laurensis construct remarkable meridional or "magnetic" mounds in northern Australia. These mounds vary geographically in mean orientation in a manner that suggests such variation is an adaptive response to local environmental conditions. Theoretical modelling of solar irradiance and mound rotation experiments show that maintenance of an eastern face temperature plateau during the dry season is the most likely physical basis for the mound orientation response. Subsequent heat transfer analysis shows that habitat wind speed and shading conditions also affect face temperature gradients such as the rate of eastern face temperature change. It is then demonstrated that the geographic variation in mean mound orientation follows the geographic variation in long-term wind speed and shading conditions across northern Australia such that an eastern face temperature plateau is maintained in all locations.
Thermal fatigue of austenitic stainless steel: influence of surface conditions through a multi-scale approach
Le-Pecheur, Anne
Some cases of cracking of 304L austenitic stainless steel components due to thermal fatigue were encountered in particular on the Residual Heat Removal Circuits (RHR) of the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). EDF has initiated a R and D program to understand assess the risks of damage on nuclear plant mixing zones. The INTHERPOL test developed at EDF is designed in order to perform pure thermal fatigue test on tubular specimen under mono-frequency thermal load. These tests are carried out under various loadings, surface finish qualities and welding in order to give an account of these parameters on crack initiation. The main topic of this study is the research of a fatigue criterion using a micro:macro modelling approach. The first part of work deals with material characterization (stainless steel 304L) emphasising the specificities of the surface roughness link with a strong hardening gradient. The first results of the characterization on the surface show a strong work-hardening gradient on a 250 microns layer. This gradient does not evolved after thermal cycling. Micro hardness measurements and TEM observations were intensively used to characterize this gradient. The second part is the macroscopic modelling of INTHERPOL tests in order to determine the components of the stress and strain tensors due to thermal cycling. The third part of work is thus to evaluate the effect of surface roughness and hardening gradient using a calculation on a finer scale. This simulation is based on the variation of dislocation density. A goal for the future is the determination of the fatigue criterion mainly based on polycrystalline modelling. Stocked energy or critical plane being available that allows making a sound choice for the criteria. (author)
Optimization on Preparation Condition of Propolis Flavonoids Liposome by Response Surface Methodology and Research of Its Immunoenhancement Activity
Ju Yuan
Full Text Available The aim of this study is to prepare propolis flavonoids liposome (PFL and optimize the preparation condition and to investigate further whether liposome could promote the immunoenhancement activity of propolis flavonoids (PF. PFL was prepared with ethanol injection method, and the preparation conditions of PFL were optimized with response surface methodology (RSM. Moreover, the immunoenhancement activity of PFL and PF in vitro was determined. The result showed that the optimal preparation conditions for PFL by response surface methodology were as follows: ratio of lipid to drug (w/w 9.6 : 1, ratio of soybean phospholipid to cholesterol (w/w 8.5 : 1, and speed of injection 0.8 mL·min−1. Under these conditions, the experimental encapsulation efficiency of PFL was 91.67 ± 0.21%, which was close to the predicted value. Therefore, the optimized preparation condition is very reliable. Moreover, the results indicated that PFL could not only significantly promote lymphocytes proliferation singly or synergistically with PHA, but also increase expression level of IL-2 and IFN-γ mRNA. These indicated that liposome could significantly improve the immunoenhancement activity of PF. PFL demonstrates the significant immunoenhancement activity, which provides the theoretical basis for the further experiment in vivo.
[Optimization of prokaryotic expression conditions of Leptospira interrogans trigeminy genus-specific protein antigen based on surface response analysis].
Wang, Jiang; Luo, Dongjiao; Sun, Aihua; Yan, Jie
Lipoproteins LipL32 and LipL21 and transmembrane protein OMPL1 have been confirmed as the superficial genus-specific antigens of Leptospira interrogans, which can be used as antigens for developing a universal genetic engineering vaccine. In order to obtain high expression of an artificial fusion gene lipL32/1-lipL21-ompL1/2, we optimized prokaryotic expression conditions. We used surface response analysis based on the central composite design to optimize culture conditions of a new antigen protein by recombinant Escherichia coli DE3.The culture conditions included initial pH, induction start time, post-induction time, Isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) concentration, and temperature. The maximal production of antigen protein was 37.78 mg/l. The optimal culture conditions for high recombinant fusion protein was determined: initial pH 7.9, induction start time 2.5 h, a post-induction time of 5.38 h, 0.20 mM IPTG, and a post-induction temperature of 31 degrees C. Surface response analysis based on CCD increased the target production. This statistical method reduced the number of experiments required for optimization and enabled rapid identification and integration of the key culture condition parameters for optimizing recombinant protein expression.
Influence of irradiation conditions on plasma evolution in laser-surface interaction
Hermann, J.; Boulmer-Leborgne, C.; Dubreuil, B.; Mihailescu, I. N.
The plasma plume induced by pulsed CO2 laser irradiation of a Ti target at power densities up to 4×108 W cm-2 was studied by emission spectroscopy. Time- and space-resolved measurements were performed by varying laser intensity, laser temporal pulse shape, ambient gas pressure, and the nature of the ambient gas. Experimental results are discussed by comparison with usual models. We show that shock wave and plasma propagation depend critically on the ratio Ivap/Ii, Ivap being the intensity threshold for surface vaporization and Ii the plasma ignition threshold of the ambient gas. Spectroscopic diagnostics of the helium breakdown plasma show maximum values of electron temperature and electron density in the order of kTe˜10 eV and ne=1018 cm-3, respectively. The plasma cannot be described by local thermodynamic equilibrium modeling. Nevertheless, excited metal atoms appear to be in equilibrium with electrons, hence, they can be used like a probe to measure the electron temperature. In order to get information on the role of the plasma in the laser-surface interaction, Ti surfaces were investigated by microscopy after irradiation. Thus an enhanced momentum transfer from the plasma to the target due to the recoil pressure of the breakdown plasma could be evidenced.
Flow conditioning for improved optical propagation of beams through regions bounded by surfaces of high solidity
Robey, H.F.; Albrecht, G.F.; Freitas, B.L.
A flow conditioning system has been designed to maximize the thermal homogeneity in an enclosed region through which a laser beam must propagate. In the present application, such an enclosed region exists between the Nd:glass disks of a high average power solid-state laser amplifier. Experiments have been conducted on a test facility to quantify the magnitude of the beam losses due to thermal scattering. It is shown that the intensity of the incoherent light which is thermally scattered from this region can be reduced to less than 0.1% of the incident-beam intensity under apropriate flow and cooling conditions
Screening of penicillium species and optimisation of culture conditions for the production of ergot alkaloids using surface culture fermentation process
Shahid, M.G.
Abstract. The present study deals with the screening of fungal species and suitable fermentation medium for the production of ergot alkaloids. Various species of genus Penicillium were grown on different fermentation media by employing surface culture fermentation technique to achieve the most suitable medium and the best Penicillium sp. The results showed that medium M5 gave maximum yield with Penicillium commune. Different culture conditions such as effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources, their concentration levels, different pH values and sizes of inoculum on the production of ergot alkaloids were also studied to improve the yield. Maximum production of ergot alkaloids (4.32 mg/L) was achieved with 15 mL spore suspension at pH 5 in fermentation medium containing 35% (w/v) sucrose. All these results indicate that culture conditions are very much crucial to improve the yield of ergot alkaloids produced by Penicillium commune through surface culture process. (author)
Adsorption of methane and CO2 onto olivine surfaces in Martian dust conditions
Escamilla-Roa, Elizabeth; Martin-Torres, Javier; Sainz-DÃaz, C. Ignacio
Methane has been detected on all planets of our Solar System, and most of the larger moons, as well as in dwarf-planets like Pluto and Eric. The presence of this molecule in rocky planets is very interesting because its presence in the Earth's atmosphere is mainly related to biotic processes. Space instrumentation in orbiters around Mars has detected olivine on the Martian soil and dust. On the other hand the measurements of methane from the Curiosity rover report detection of background levels of atmospheric methane with abundance that is lower than model estimates of ultraviolet degradation of accreted interplanetary dust particles or carbonaceous chondrite material. Additionally, elevated levels of methane about this background have been observed implying that Mars is episodically producing methane from an additional unknown source, making the reasons of these temporal fluctuations of methane a hot topic in planetary research. The goal of this study is to investigate at atomic level the interactions during the adsorption processes of methane and other Mars atmospheric species (CO2, H2O) on forsterite surfaces, through electronic structure calculations based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT). We propose two models to simulate the interaction of adsorbates with the surface of dust mineral, such as binary mixtures (5CH4+5H2O/5CH4+5CO2) and as a semi-clathrate adsorption. We have obtained interesting results of the adsorption process in the mixture 5CH4+5CO2. Associative and dissociative adsorptions were observed for water and CO2 molecules. The methane molecules were only trapped and held by water or CO2 molecules. In the dipolar surface, the adsorption of CO2 molecules produced new species: one CO from a CO2 dissociation, and, two CO2 molecules chemisorbed to mineral surface forming in one case a carbonate group. Our results suggest that CO2 has a strong interaction with the mineral surface when methane is present. These results could be confirmed after the
Effect of SUS316L stainless steel surface conditions on the wetting of molten multi-component oxides ceramic
Wang, Jin, E-mail: wangjinustb@gmail.com [Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, 808-0196 (Japan); Matsuda, Nozomu [Bar and Wire Product Unit, Nippon steel and Sumitomo Metal Corporation, Fukuoka, 802-8686 (Japan); Shinozaki, Nobuya [Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, 808-0196 (Japan); Miyoshi, Noriko [The Center for Instrumental Analysis, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, 804-8550 (Japan); Shiraishi, Takanobu [Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8588 (Japan)
Highlights: • Multi-component oxides had a good wetting on stainless substrates with pretreatments. • Various substrates surface roughness caused the difference of final contact angles. • The wetting rate was slow on polished substrate due to the slow surface oxidation. - Abstract: A study on the effect of SUS316L stainless steel surface conditions on the wetting behavior of molten multi-component oxides ceramic was performed and aimed to contribute to the further understanding of the application of oxides ceramic in penetration treatment of stainless steel coatings and the deposition of stainless steel cermet coatings. The results show that at 1273 K, different surface pre-treatments (polishing and heating) had an important effect on the wetting behavior. The molten multi-component oxides showed good wettability on both stainless steel substrates, however, the wetting process on the polished substrate was significantly slower than that on the heated substrates. The mechanism of the interfacial reactions was discussed based on the microscopic and thermodynamic analysis, the substrates reacted with oxygen generated from the decomposition of the molten multi-component oxides and oxygen contained in the argon atmosphere, and the oxide film caused the molten multi-component oxides ceramic to spread on the substrates surfaces. For the polished substrate, more time was required for the surface oxidation to reach the surface composition of Heated-S, which resulted in relatively slow spreading and wetting rates. Moreover, the variance of the surface roughness drove the final contact angles to slightly different values following the sequence Polished-S > Heated-S.
Breakdown conditioning of copper, CuZr and GlidCop® : effect of mechanical surface treatments
Ramsvik, T; Calatroni, S; Taborelli, M; CERN. Geneva. TS Department
Motivated by the need of novel materials for the CLIC accelerating structures to resist mechanical fatigue, the copper based metals Copper Zirconium C15000 (CuZr) and GlidCop® Al-15 C15715 have been investigated by DC breakdown measurements, and compared with commercially pure Oxygen-free Copper C10100 (Cu-OFE). In all three cases the saturated breakdown fields (Esat) are similar, despite significant differences in their tensile strengths. In addition, the choice of mechanical surface preparation techniques influences the final breakdown characteristics. For both CuZr and GlidCop® immediate conditioning takes place when the surfaces are prepared by milling. For electro discharge machined (EDM) surfaces, however, several breakdown events are needed to obtain saturation. Specifically, for EDM treated CuZr and GlidCop®, ~50 and ~200 breakdown events are required to reach Esat.
Evidence of the no-slip boundary condition of water flow between hydrophilic surfaces using atomic force microscopy.
Maali, Abdelhamid; Wang, Yuliang; Bhushan, Bharat
In this study we present measurements of the hydrodynamic force exerted on a glass sphere glued to an atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever approaching a mica surface in water. A large sphere was used to reduce the impact of the cantilever beam on the measurement. An AFM cantilever with large stiffness was used to accurately determine the actual contact position between the sphere and the sample surface. The measured hydrodynamic force with different approach velocities is in good agreement with the Taylor force calculated in the lubrication theory with the no-slip boundary conditions, which verifies that there is no boundary slip on the glass and mica surfaces. Moreover, a detailed procedure of how to subtract the electrostatic double-layer force is presented.
Surface-rain interactions: differences in copper runoff for copper sheet of different inclination, orientation, and atmospheric exposure conditions.
Hedberg, Yolanda S; Goidanich, Sara; Herting, Gunilla; Wallinder, Inger Odnevall
Predictions of the diffuse dispersion of metals from outdoor constructions such as roofs and facades are necessary for environmental risk assessment and management. An existing predictive model has been compared with measured data of copper runoff from copper sheets exposed at four different inclinations facing four orientations at two different urban sites (Stockholm, Sweden, and Milan, Italy) during a 4-year period. Its applicability has also been investigated for copper sheet exposed at two marine sites(Cadiz, Spain, for 5 years, and Brest, France, for 9 years). Generally the model can be used for all given conditions. However, vertical surfaces should be considered as surfaces inclined 60-80 due to wind driven effects. The most important parameters that influence copper runoff, and not already included in the model, are the wind and rain characteristics that influence the actual rainfall volume impinging the surface of interest.
Seed banks in a degraded desert shrubland: Influence of soil surface condition and harvester ant activity on seed abundance
DeFalco, L.A.; Esque, T.C.; Kane, J.M.; Nicklas, M.B.
We compared seed banks between two contrasting anthropogenic surface disturbances (compacted, trenched) and adjacent undisturbed controls to determine whether site condition influences viable seed densities of perennial and annual Mojave Desert species. Viable seeds of perennials were rare in undisturbed areas (3-4 seeds/m2) and declined to importance of litter as an indicator of site degradation and recovery potential in arid lands.
MAARGHA: A Prototype System for Road Condition and Surface Type Estimation by Fusing Multi-Sensor Data
Deepak Rajamohan
Full Text Available Road infrastructure in countries like India is expanding at a rapid pace and is becoming increasingly difficult for authorities to identify and fix the bad roads in time. Current Geographical Information Systems (GIS lack information about on-road features like road surface type, speed breakers and dynamic attribute data like the road quality. Hence there is a need to build road monitoring systems capable of collecting such information periodically. Limitations of satellite imagery with respect to the resolution and availability, makes road monitoring primarily an on-field activity. Monitoring is currently performed using special vehicles that are fitted with expensive laser scanners and need skilled resource besides providing only very low coverage. Hence such systems are not suitable for continuous road monitoring. Cheaper alternative systems using sensors like accelerometer and GPS (Global Positioning System exists but they are not equipped to achieve higher information levels. This paper presents a prototype system MAARGHA (MAARGHA in Sanskrit language means an eternal path to solution, which demonstrates that it can overcome the disadvantages of the existing systems by fusing multi-sensory data like camera image, accelerometer data and GPS trajectory at an information level, apart from providing additional road information like road surface type. MAARGHA has been tested across different road conditions and sensor data characteristics to assess its potential applications in real world scenarios. The developed system achieves higher information levels when compared to state of the art road condition estimation systems like Roadroid. The system performance in road surface type classification is dependent on the local environmental conditions at the time of imaging. In our study, the road surface type classification accuracy reached 100% for datasets with near ideal environmental conditions and dropped down to 60% for datasets with shadows and
Novel tree-like WO3 nanoplatelets with very high surface area synthesized by anodization under controlled hydrodynamic conditions
Fernández Domene, Ramón Manuel; Sánchez Tovar, Rita; SEGURA SANCHIS, ELENA; Garcia-Anton, Jose
In the present work, a new WO3 nanostructure has been obtained by anodization in a H2SO4/NaF electrolyte under controlled hydrodynamic conditions using a Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) configuration. Anodized samples were analyzed by means of Field Emission Scanning Electronic Microscopy (FESEM), Confocal Raman Microscopy and photoelectrochemical measurements. The new nanostructure, which consists of nanoplatelets clusters growing in a tree-like manner, presents a very high surface area expose...
Enzymatic scavenging of oxygen dissolved in water: Application of response surface methodology in optimization of conditions
Karimi Afzal
Full Text Available In this work, removal of dissolved oxygen in water through reduction by glucose, which was catalyzed by glucose oxidase – catalase enzyme, was studied. Central composite design (CCD technique was applied to achieve optimum conditions for dissolved oxygen scavenging. Linear, square and interactions between effective parameters were obtained to develop a second order polynomial equation. The adequacy of the obtained model was evaluated by the residual plots, probability-value, coefficient of determination, and Fisher’s variance ratio test. Optimum conditions for activity of two enzymes in water deoxygenation were obtained as follows: pH=5.6, T=40°C, initial substrate concentration [S] = 65.5 mmol/L and glucose oxidase activity [E] = 252 U/Lat excess amount of catalase. The deoxygenation process during 30 seconds, in the optimal conditions, was predicted 98.2%. Practical deoxygenation in the predicted conditions was achieved to be 95.20% which was close to the model prediction.
Modeling of Hydrophobic Surfaces by the Stokes Problem With the Stick–Slip Boundary Conditions
Ku�era, R.; Šátek, V.; Haslinger, Jaroslav; Fialová, S.; Pochylý, F.
Ro�. 139, �. 1 (2017), �. �lánku 011202. ISSN 0098-2202 Institutional support: RVO:68145535 Keywords : algebra * boundary conditions * hydrophobicity * Lagrange multipliers * Navier Stokes equations Subject RIV: BA - General Mathematics OBOR OECD: Applied mathematics Impact factor: 1.437, year: 2016 http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=2536532
Sea surface conditions in the southern Nordic Seas during the Holocene based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages
Van Nieuwenhove, Nicolas; Baumann, Astrid; Matthiessen, Jens
Dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) records from the southern Nordic Seas were compiled in order to evaluate the evolution of upper ocean conditions, on a millennial timescale and supported by a highly resolved record from the Vøring Plateau. After the transitional phase from the last deglaciation...
ANALYSIS OF MODERN TURBINE ENGINES WORKING SURFACE LAYERS BLADES WORK CONDITIONS
М. A. Petrova
Full Text Available In the article the analysis of engine turbine blades performance operation conditions influence is presented. As a result the factors, resulting in poor durability of the blades in operation, the characteristic defects of the turbine blades are determined and the conclusion on the necessity of applying a protective coating on them is made.
Surface clay formation during short-term warmer and wetter conditions on a largely cold ancient Mars
Bishop, Janice L.; Fairén, Alberto G.; Michalski, Joseph R.; Gago-Duport, Luis; Baker, Leslie L.; Velbel, Michael A.; Gross, Christoph; Rampe, Elizabeth B.
The ancient rock record for Mars has long been at odds with climate modelling. The presence of valley networks, dendritic channels and deltas on ancient terrains points towards running water and fluvial erosion on early Mars1, but climate modelling indicates that long-term warm conditions were not sustainable2. Widespread phyllosilicates and other aqueous minerals on the Martian surface3-6 provide additional evidence that an early wet Martian climate resulted in surface weathering. Some of these phyllosilicates formed in subsurface crustal environments5, with no association with the Martian climate, while other phyllosilicate-rich outcrops exhibit layered morphologies and broad stratigraphies7 consistent with surface formation. Here, we develop a new geochemical model for early Mars to explain the formation of these clay-bearing rocks in warm and wet surface locations. We propose that sporadic, short-term warm and wet environments during a generally cold early Mars enabled phyllosilicate formation without requiring long-term warm and wet conditions. We conclude that Mg-rich clay-bearing rocks with lateral variations in mixed Fe/Mg smectite, chlorite, talc, serpentine and zeolite occurrences formed in subsurface hydrothermal environments, whereas dioctahedral (Al/Fe3+-rich) smectite and widespread vertical horizonation of Fe/Mg smectites, clay assemblages and sulphates formed in variable aqueous environments on the surface of Mars. Our model for aluminosilicate formation on Mars is consistent with the observed geological features, diversity of aqueous mineralogies in ancient surface rocks and state-of-the-art palaeoclimate scenarios.
Physicochemical characterization of engineered nanoparticles under physiological conditions: effect of culture media components and particle surface coating.
Fatisson, Julien; Quevedo, Ivan R; Wilkinson, Kevin J; Tufenkji, Nathalie
The use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in commercial products has increased substantially over the last few years. Some research has been conducted in order to determine whether or not such materials are cytotoxic, but questions remain regarding the role that physiological media and sera constituents play in ENP aggregation or stabilization. In this study, several characterization methods were used to evaluate the particle size and surface potential of 6 ENPs suspended in a number of culture media and in the presence of different culture media constituents. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) were employed for size determinations. Results were interpreted on the basis of ENP surface potentials evaluated from particle electrophoretic mobilities (EPM). Measurements made after 24h of incubation at 37°C showed that the cell culture medium constituents had only moderate impact on the physicochemical properties of the ENP, although incubation in bovine serum albumin destabilized the colloidal system. In contrast, most of the serum proteins increased colloidal stabilization. Moreover, the type of ENP surface modification played a significant role in ENP behavior whereby the complexity of interactions between the ENPs and the medium components generally decreased with increasing complexity of the particle surface. This investigation emphasizes the importance of ENP characterization under conditions that are representative of cell culture media or physiological conditions for improved assessments of nanoparticle cytotoxicity. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Potential of Using Landsat 7 Data for the Classification of Sea Ice Surface Conditions During Summer
Markus, Thorsten; Cavalieri, Donald J.; Ivanoff, Alvaro; Koblinsky, Chester J. (Technical Monitor)
During spring and summer, the Surface of the Arctic sea ice cover undergoes rapid changes that greatly affect the surface albedo and significantly impact the further decay of the sea ice. These changes are primarily the development of a wet snow cover and the development of melt ponds. As melt pond diameters generally do not exceed a couple of meters, the spatial resolutions of sensors like AVHRR and MODIS are too coarse for their identification. Landsat 7, on the other hand, has a spatial resolution of 30 m (15 m for the pan-chromatic band). The different wavelengths (bands) from blue to near-infrared offer the potential to distinguish among different surface conditions. Landsat 7 data for the Baffin Bay region for June 2000 have been analyzed. The analysis shows that different surface conditions, such as wet snow and meltponded areas, have different signatures in the individual Landsat bands. Consistent with in-situ albedo measurements, melt ponds show up as blueish whereas dry and wet ice have a white to gray appearance in the Landsat true-color image. These spectral differences enable the distinction of melt ponds. The melt pond fraction for the scene studied in this paper was 37%.
Experimental and numerical study on inlet and outlet conditions of a bulb turbine with considering free surface
Zhao, Y P; Liao, W L; Feng, H D; Ruan, H; Luo, X Q
For a bulb turbine, it has a low head and a big runner diameter, and the free surface influences the flow at the inlet and outlet of the turbine, which bring many problems such as vibration, cracks and cavitation to the turbine. Therefore, it is difficult to get the precise internal flow characteristics through a numerical simulation with conventional ideal flow conditions. In this paper, both numerical and experimental methods are adopted to investigate the flow characteristics at the inlet and outlet of the bulb turbine with considering free surface. Firstly, experimental and numerical studies in a low head pressure pipeline are conducted, and the corresponding boundary condition according with reality is obtained through the comparison between the model test result and the CFD simulation result. Then, through an analysis of the velocity and pressure fields at the inlet of the bulb turbine at different heads, the flow characteristics and rules at the entrance of the bulb turbine have been revealed with considering free surface; Finally, the performance predictions for a bulb turbine have been conducted by using the obtained flow rules at the inlet as the boundary condition of a turbine, and the causes that lead to non-uniform forces on blades, cavitation and vibration have been illustrated in this paper, which also provide a theory basis for an accurate numerical simulation and optimization design of a bulb turbine.
Effect of sand versus grass training surfaces during an 8-week pre-season conditioning programme in team sport athletes.
Binnie, Martyn John; Dawson, Brian; Arnot, Mark Alexander; Pinnington, Hugh; Landers, Grant; Peeling, Peter
This study compared the use of sand and grass training surfaces throughout an 8-week conditioning programme in well-trained female team sport athletes (n = 24). Performance testing was conducted pre- and post-training and included measures of leg strength and balance, vertical jump, agility, 20 m speed, repeat speed (8 × 20 m every 20 s), as well as running economy and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Heart rate (HR), training load (rating of perceived exertion (RPE) × duration), movement patterns and perceptual measures were monitored throughout each training session. Participants completed 2 × 1 h conditioning sessions per week on sand (SAND) or grass (GRASS) surfaces, incorporating interval training, sprint and agility drills, and small-sided games. Results showed a significantly higher (P < 0.05) HR and training load in the SAND versus GRASS group throughout each week of training, plus some moderate effect sizes to suggest lower perceptual ratings of soreness and fatigue on SAND. Significantly greater (P < 0.05) improvements in VO2max were measured for SAND compared to GRASS. These results suggest that substituting sand for grass training surfaces throughout an 8-week conditioning programme can significantly increase the relative exercise intensity and training load, subsequently leading to superior improvements in aerobic fitness.
Surface passivity largely governs the bioaccessibility of nickel-based powder particles at human exposure conditions.
Hedberg, Yolanda S; Herting, Gunilla; Latvala, Siiri; Elihn, Karine; Karlsson, Hanna L; Odnevall Wallinder, Inger
The European chemical framework REACH requires that hazards and risks posed by chemicals, including alloys and metals, are identified and proven safe for humans and the environment. Therefore, differences in bioaccessibility in terms of released metals in synthetic biological fluids (different pH (1.5-7.4) and composition) that are relevant for different human exposure routes (inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact) have been assessed for powder particles of an alloy containing high levels of nickel (Inconel 718, 57 wt% nickel). This powder is compared with the bioaccessibility of two nickel-containing stainless steel powders (AISI 316L, 10-12% nickel) and with powders representing their main pure alloy constituents: two nickel metal powders (100% nickel), two iron metal powders and two chromium metal powders. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, microscopy, light scattering, and nitrogen absorption were employed for the particle and surface oxide characterization. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify released amounts of metals in solution. Cytotoxicity (Alamar blue assay) and DNA damage (comet assay) of the Inconel powder were assessed following exposure of the human lung cell line A549, as well as its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (DCFH-DA assay). Despite its high nickel content, the Inconel alloy powder did not release any significant amounts of metals and did not induce any toxic response. It is concluded, that this is related to the high surface passivity of the Inconel powder governed by its chromium-rich surface oxide. Read-across from the pure metal constituents is hence not recommended either for this or any other passive alloy. Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Influence of Surface Properties and Impact Conditions on Insect Residue Adhesion
Wohl, Christopher J.; Doss, Jereme R.; Shanahan, Michelle H.; Smith, Joseph G., Jr.; Penner, Ronald K.; Connell, John W.; Siochi, Emilie J.
Airflow over airfoils used on current commercial aircraft transitions from laminar to turbulent at relatively low chord positions. As a result, drag increases, requiring more thrust to maintain flight. An airfoil with increased laminar flow would experience reduced drag and a lower fuel burn rate. One of the objectives of NASA's Environmentally Responsible Aviation project is to identify and demonstrate technologies that will enable more environmentally friendly commercial aircraft. While more aerodynamically efficient airfoil shapes can be designed, surface contamination from ice, dirt, pollen, runway debris, and insect residue can degrade performance.
The conditions for total reflection of low-energy atoms from crystal surfaces
Hou, M.; Robinson, M.T.
The critical angles for the total reflection of low-energy particles from Cu rows and (001) planes have been investigated, using the binary collision approximation computer simulation code MARLOWE Breakthrough angles were evaluated for H, N, Ne, Ar, Cu, Xe, and Au in the energy range from 0.1 to 7.5 keV. In both the axial and the planar cases, recoiling of the target atoms lowers the energy barrier which the target surface presents to the heavy projectiles. Consequently, the breakthrough angles are reduced for heavy projectiles below the values expected either from observations on light projectiles or from analytical channeling theory. (orig.) [de
Charge and current transport in open field lines turbulence: Influence of plasma-surface boundary conditions
Futtersack, R., E-mail: romain.futtersack@cea.fr [CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance (France); Universite Paul Sabatier Toulouse, LAPLACE, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 (France); Tamain, P. [CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance (France); Hagelaar, G. [Universite Paul Sabatier Toulouse, LAPLACE, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 (France); Ghendrih, Ph.; Simonin, A. [CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance (France)
We investigate the impact of both parallel and transverse boundary conditions on the current and charge transport in open field line systems using the TOKAM2D code, which solves a minimal model for interchange turbulence. Various limit test cases are discussed and analyzed. In the parallel direction, the sheath conductivity is found to play an essential role in the stabilization of large-scale potential structures, leading to the formation of transport channel or transport barrier respectively for an insulating end wall or a wall with an enhanced sheath conductivity. On another hand, the addition of transverse boundary conditions intrinsically changes the transport characteristics, influencing both radial profiles and probability density functions. It underlines that in some cases a detailed description of the plasma-wall interaction process is required to get a proper description of the current loop pattern that determines electrostatic turbulent transport.
Multi-functional surface acoustic wave sensor for monitoring enviromental and structural condition
Furuya, Y.; Kon, T.; Okazaki, T.; Saigusa, Y.; Nomura, T.
As a first step to develop a health monitoring system with active and embedded nondestructive evaluation devices for the machineries and structures, multi-functional SAW (surface acoustic wave) device was developed. A piezoelectric LiNbO3(x-y cut) materials were used as a SAW substrate on which IDT(20μm pitch) was produced by lithography. On the surface of a path of SAW between IDTs, environmentally active material films of shape memory Ti50Ni41Cu(at%) with non-linear hysteresis and superelastic Ti48Ni43Cu(at%) with linear deformation behavior were formed by magnetron-sputtering technique. In this study, these two kinds of shape memory alloys SMA) system were used to measure 1) loading level, 2) phase transformation and 3)stress-strain hysteresis under cyclic loading by utilizing their linearity and non-linearity deformation behaviors. Temperature and stress dependencies of SAW signal were also investigated in the non-sputtered film state. Signal amplitude and phase change of SAW were chosen to measure as the sensing parameters. As a result, temperature, stress level, phase transformation in SMA depending on temperature and mechanical damage accumulation could be measured by the proposed multi-functional SAW sensor. Moreover, the wireless SAW sensing system which has a unique feature of no supplying electric battery was constructed, and the same characteristic evaluation is confirmed in comparison with wired case.
Provision of water by halite deliquescence for Nostoc commune biofilms under Mars relevant surface conditions
Jänchen, Jochen; Feyh, Nina; Szewzyk, Ulrich; de Vera, Jean-Pierre P.
Motivated by findings of new mineral related water sources for organisms under extremely dry conditions on Earth we studied in an interdisciplinary approach the water sorption behaviour of halite, soil component and terrestrial Nostoc commune biofilm under Mars relevant environmental conditions. Physicochemical methods served for the determination of water sorption equilibrium data and survival of heterotrophic bacteria in biofilm samples with different water contents was assured by recultivation. Deliquescence of halite provides liquid water at temperatures <273 K and may serve as water source on Mars during the morning stabilized by the CO2 atmosphere for a few hours. The protecting biofilm of N. commune is rather hygroscopic and tends to store water at lower humidity values. Survival tests showed that a large proportion of the Alphaproteobacteria dominated microbiota associated to N. commune is very desiccation tolerant and water uptake from saturated NaCl solutions (either by direct uptake of brine or adsorption of humidity) did not enhance recultivability in long-time desiccated samples. Still, a minor part can grow under highly saline conditions. However, the salinity level, although unfavourable for the host organism, might be for parts of the heterotrophic microbiota no serious hindrance for growing in salty Mars-like environments.
Mapping land water and energy balance relations through conditional sampling of remote sensing estimates of atmospheric forcing and surface states
Farhadi, Leila; Entekhabi, Dara; Salvucci, Guido
In this study, we develop and apply a mapping estimation capability for key unknown parameters that link the surface water and energy balance equations. The method is applied to the Gourma region in West Africa. The accuracy of the estimation method at point scale was previously examined using flux tower data. In this study, the capability is scaled to be applicable with remotely sensed data products and hence allow mapping. Parameters of the system are estimated through a process that links atmospheric forcing (precipitation and incident radiation), surface states, and unknown parameters. Based on conditional averaging of land surface temperature and moisture states, respectively, a single objective function is posed that measures moisture and temperature-dependent errors solely in terms of observed forcings and surface states. This objective function is minimized with respect to parameters to identify evapotranspiration and drainage models and estimate water and energy balance flux components. The uncertainty of the estimated parameters (and associated statistical confidence limits) is obtained through the inverse of Hessian of the objective function, which is an approximation of the covariance matrix. This calibration-free method is applied to the mesoscale region of Gourma in West Africa using multiplatform remote sensing data. The retrievals are verified against tower-flux field site data and physiographic characteristics of the region. The focus is to find the functional form of the evaporative fraction dependence on soil moisture, a key closure function for surface and subsurface heat and moisture dynamics, using remote sensing data.
Effect of nontronite smectite clay on the chemical evolution of several organic molecules under simulated Mars surface UV radiation conditions
Poch, Olivier; Dequaire, Tristan; Stalport, Fabien; Jaber, Maguy; Lambert, Jean-François; Szopa, Cyril; Coll, Patrice
The search for organic carbon-containing molecules at the surface of Mars, as clues of past habitability or remnants of life, is a major scientific goal for Mars exploration. Several lines of evidence, including the detection of phyllosilicates, suggest that early Mars offered favorable conditions for long-term sustaining of water. As a consequence, we can assume that in those days, endogenous chemical processes, or even primitive life, may have produced organic matter on Mars. Moreover, exogenous delivery from small bodies or dust particles is likely to have brought fresh organic molecules to the surface of Mars up today. Organic matter is therefore expected to be present at the surface/subsurface of the planet. But the current environmental conditions at the surface - UV radiation, oxidants and energetic particles - generate physico-chemical processes that may affect organic molecules. On the other hand, on Earth, phyllosilicates are known to accumulate and preserve organic matter. But are phyllosilicates efficient at preserving organic molecules under the current environmental conditions at the surface of Mars? We have monitored the qualitative and quantitative evolutions of glycine, urea and adenine interacting with the Fe3+-smectite clay nontronite, one of the most abundant phyllosilicates present at the surface of Mars, under simulated Martian surface ultraviolet light (190-400 nm), mean temperature (218 ± 2 K) and pressure (6 ± 1 mbar) in a laboratory simulation setup. We have tested organic-rich samples which may be representative of the evaporation of a warm little pond of liquid water having concentrated organics on Mars. For each molecule, we have observed how the nontronite influences the quantum efficiency of its photodecomposition and the nature of its solid evolution products. The results reveal a pronounced photoprotective effect of nontronite on the evolution of glycine and adenine: their efficiencies of photodecomposition are reduced by a factor
Assessing the ability of mechanistic volatilization models to simulate soil surface conditions: a study with the Volt'Air model.
Garcia, L; Bedos, C; Génermont, S; Braud, I; Cellier, P
Ammonia and pesticide volatilization in the field is a surface phenomenon involving physical and chemical processes that depend on the soil surface temperature and water content. The water transfer, heat transfer and energy budget sub models of volatilization models are adapted from the most commonly accepted formalisms and parameterizations. They are less detailed than the dedicated models describing water and heat transfers and surface status. The aim of this work was to assess the ability of one of the available mechanistic volatilization models, Volt'Air, to accurately describe the pedo-climatic conditions of a soil surface at the required time and space resolution. The assessment involves: (i) a sensitivity analysis, (ii) an evaluation of Volt'Air outputs in the light of outputs from a reference Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer model (SiSPAT) and three experimental datasets, and (iii) the study of three tests based on modifications of SiSPAT to establish the potential impact of the simplifying assumptions used in Volt'Air. The analysis confirmed that a 5 mm surface layer was well suited, and that Volt'Air surface temperature correlated well with the experimental measurements as well as with SiSPAT outputs. In terms of liquid water transfers, Volt'Air was overall consistent with SiSPAT, with discrepancies only during major rainfall events and dry weather conditions. The tests enabled us to identify the main source of the discrepancies between Volt'Air and SiSPAT: the lack of gaseous water transfer description in Volt'Air. They also helped to explain why neither Volt'Air nor SiSPAT was able to represent lower values of surface water content: current classical water retention and hydraulic conductivity models are not yet adapted to cases of very dry conditions. Given the outcomes of this study, we discuss to what extent the volatilization models can be improved and the questions they pose for current research in water transfer modeling and parameterization
A sharp interface immersed boundary method for vortex-induced vibration in the presence of thermal buoyancy
Garg, Hemanshul; Soti, Atul K.; Bhardwaj, Rajneesh
We report the development of an in-house fluid-structure interaction solver and its application to vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of an elastically mounted cylinder in the presence of thermal buoyancy. The flow solver utilizes a sharp interface immersed boundary method, and in the present work, we extend it to account for the thermal buoyancy using Boussinesq approximation and couple it with a spring-mass system of the VIV. The one-way coupling utilizes an explicit time integration scheme and is computationally efficient. We present benchmark code verifications of the solver for natural convection, mixed convection, and VIV. In addition, we verify a coupled VIV-thermal buoyancy problem at a Reynolds number, Re = 150. We numerically demonstrate the onset of the VIV in the presence of the thermal buoyancy for an insulated cylinder at low Re. The buoyancy is induced by two parallel plates, kept in the direction of flow and symmetrically placed around the cylinder. The plates are maintained at the hot and cold temperature to the same degree relative to the ambient. In the absence of the thermal buoyancy (i.e., the plates are at ambient temperature), the VIV does not occur for Re ≤ 20 due to stable shear layers. By contrast, the thermal buoyancy induces flow instability and the vortex shedding helps us to achieve the VIV at Re ≤ 20, lower than the critical value of Re (≈21.7), reported in the literature, for a self-sustained VIV in the absence of the thermal buoyancy. The present simulations show that the lowest Re to achieve VIV in the presence of the thermal buoyancy is around Re ≈ 3, at Richardson number, Ri = 1. We examine the effect of the reduced velocity (UR), mass ratio (m), Prandtl number (Pr), Richardson number (Ri) on the displacement of the cylinder, lift coefficient, oscillation frequency, the phase difference between displacement and lift force, and wake structures. We obtain a significantly larger vibration amplitude of the cylinder over a wide
Pavement Condition Assessment Using IRI from Roadroid and Surface Distress Index Method on National Road in Sumenep Regency
Arianto, T.; Suprapto, M.; Syafi’i
The pavement condition will decrease due to the influence of traffic and environment, so that the maintenance effort is needed to maintain the road condition during the service period. In order to carry out road maintenance activities right on target, there needs to be a plan based on accurate pavement condition data. Road roughness is the most commonly used condition parameter in evaluating pavement conditions objectively because road roughness data is relatively easy to obtain, well correlated with vehicle operating costs and the most relevant parameter in road functional performance measurement. The Roadroid is an Android-based application that measures road roughness by using vibration sensors on a smartphone so it is possible to get an International Roughness Index (IRI) value as an indicator of pavement conditions more easily and efficiently. Besides based on road roughness, pavement condition evaluation can also be done visually by using Surface Distress Index (SDI) method that uses the total crack area parameters, average crack width, total number of potholes and the average depth of rutting. This study attempts to assess the condition of Jenderal Sudirman-Kalianget road by combining IRI Roadroid value and SDI value which will be used as the basis to determine the required road maintenance. This road segment is one of the national strategic road connecting the center of Sumenep regency with the Kalianget harbor. Based on IRI measurement and SDI calculation, the pavement condition of Jenderal Sudirman-Kalianget road can be described 4.2 kilometers (37.17%) were good and 2.3 kilometers (20.35%) were fair that need routine maintenance. While 2.1 kilometers (18.58%) were bad and 2.7 kilometers (23.89%) were poor that need periodical maintenance and reconstruction.
Silver endotaxy in silicon under various ambient conditions and their use as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates
Juluri, R.R.; Ghosh, A.; Bhukta, A.; Sathyavathi, R.; Satyam, P.V.
Search for reliable, robust and efficient substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) leads to the growth of various shapes and nanostructures of noble metals, and in particular, Ag nanostructures for this purpose. Coherently embedded (also known as endotaxial) Ag nanostructures in silicon substrates can be made robust and reusable SERS substrates. In this paper, we show the possibility of the growth of Ag endotaxial structures in Si crystal during Ar and low-vacuum annealing conditions while this is absent in O 2 and ultra high vacuum (UHV) annealing conditions and along with their respective use as SERS substrates. Systems annealed under air-annealing and low-vacuum conditions were found to show larger enhancement factors (typically ≈ 5 × 10 5 in SERS measurement for 0.5 nM Crystal Violet (CV) molecule) while the systems prepared under UHV-annealing conditions (where no endotaxial Ag structures were formed) were found to be not effective as SERS substrates. Extensive electron microscopy, synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry techniques were used to understand the structural aspects. - Highlights: • Various aspects on the growth of endotaxial Ag nanostructures are presented. • Optimum amount of oxygen is necessary for the growth of endotaxial structures. • Reaction of oxygen with GeOx and SiOx plays a crucial role. • Ag nanostructures prepared under UHV conditions show low SERS activity • SERS enhancement is better for low-vacuum and argon annealing conditions
Optimization of fermentation conditions for 1,3-propanediol production by marine Klebsiella pneumonia HSL4 using response surface methodology
Li, Lili; Zhou, Sheng; Ji, Huasong; Gao, Ren; Qin, Qiwei
The industrially important organic compound 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) is mainly used as a building block for the production of various polymers. In the present study, response surface methodology protocol was followed to determine and optimize fermentation conditions for the maximum production of 1,3-PDO using marine-derived Klebsiella pneumoniae HSL4. Four nutritional supplements together with three independent culture conditions were optimized as follows: 29.3 g/L glycerol, 8.0 g/L K2 HPO4, 7.6 g/L (NH4)2 SO4, 3.0 g/L KH2 PO4, pH 7.1, cultivation at 35°C for 12 h. Under the optimal conditions, a maximum 1,3-PDO concentration of 14.5 g/L, a productivity of 1.21 g/(L·h) and a conversion of glycerol of 0.49 g/g were obtained. In comparison with the control conditions, fermentation under the optimized conditions achieved an increase of 38.8% in 1,3-PDO concentration, 39.0% in productivity and 25.7% in glycerol conversion in flask. This enhancement trend was further confirmed when the fermentation was conducted in a 5-L fermentor. The optimized fermentation conditions could be an important basis for developing lowcost, large-scale methods for industrial production of 1,3-PDO in the future.
Implementation and Testing of Advanced Surface Boundary Conditions Over Complex Terrain in A Semi-idealized Model
Li, Y.; Epifanio, C.
In numerical prediction models, the interaction between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere is typically accounted for in terms of surface layer parameterizations, whose main job is to specify turbulent fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum across the lower boundary of the model domain. In the case of a domain with complex geometry, implementing the flux conditions (particularly the tensor stress condition) at the boundary can be somewhat subtle, and there has been a notable history of confusion in the CFD community over how to formulate and impose such conditions generally. In the atmospheric case, modelers have largely been able to avoid these complications, at least until recently, by assuming that the terrain resolved at typical model resolutions is fairly gentle, in the sense of having relatively shallow slopes. This in turn allows the flux conditions to be imposed as if the lower boundary were essentially flat. Unfortunately, while this flat-boundary assumption is acceptable for coarse resolutions, as grids become more refined and the geometry of the resolved terrain becomes more complex, the appproach is less justified. With this in mind, the goal of our present study is to explore the implementation and usage of the full, unapproximated version of the turbulent flux/stress conditions in atmospheric models, thus taking full account of the complex geometry of the resolved terrain. We propose to implement the conditions using a semi-idealized model developed by Epifanio (2007), in which the discretized boundary conditions are reduced to a large, sparse-matrix problem. The emphasis will be on fluxes of momentum, as the tensor nature of this flux makes the associated stress condition more difficult to impose, although the flux conditions for heat and moisture will be considered as well. With the resulotion of 90 meters, some of the results show that the typical differences between flat-boundary cases and full/stress cases are on the order of 10%, with extreme
Conditioning of Si-interfaces by wet-chemical oxidation: Electronic interface properties study by surface photovoltage measurements
Angermann, Heike
Highlights: • Determination of electronic interface properties by contact-less surface photovoltage (SPV) technique. • Systematic correlations of substrate morphology and surface electronic properties. • Optimization of surface pre-treatment for flat, saw damage etched, and textured Si solar cell substrates. • Ultra-thin passivating Si oxide layers with low densities of rechargeable states by wet-chemical oxidation and subsequent annealing. • Environmentally acceptable processes, utilizing hot water, diluted HCl, or ozone low cost alternative to current approaches with concentrated chemicals. • The effect of optimized wet-chemical pre-treatments can be preserved during subsequent layer deposition. - Abstract: The field-modulated surface photovoltage (SPV) method, a very surface sensitive technique, was utilized to determine electronic interface properties on wet-chemically oxidized and etched silicon (Si) interfaces. The influence of preparation-induced surface micro-roughness and un-stoichiometric oxides on the resulting the surface charge, energetic distribution D it (E), and density D it,min of rechargeable states was studied by simultaneous, spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements on polished Si(111) and Si(100) substrates. Based on previous findings and new research, a study of conventional and newly developed wet-chemical oxidation methods was established, correlating the interactions between involved oxidizing and etching solutions and the initial substrate morphology to the final surface conditioning. It is shown, which sequences of wet-chemical oxidation and oxide removal, have to be combined in order to achieve atomically smooth, hydrogen terminated surfaces, as well as ultra-thin oxide layers with low densities of rechargeable states on flat, saw damage etched, and textured Si substrates, as commonly applied in silicon device and solar cell manufacturing. These conventional strategies for wet-chemical pre-treatment are mainly based on
Comparative study of the free-surface boundary condition in two-dimensional finite-difference elastic wave field simulation
Lan, Haiqiang; Zhang, Zhongjie
The finite-difference (FD) method is a powerful tool in seismic wave field modelling for understanding seismic wave propagation in the Earth's interior and interpreting the real seismic data. The accuracy of FD modelling partly depends on the implementation of the free-surface (i.e. traction-free) condition. In the past 40 years, at least six kinds of free-surface boundary condition approximate schemes (such as one-sided, centred finite-difference, composed, new composed, implicit and boundary-modified approximations) have been developed in FD second-order elastodynamic simulation. Herein we simulate seismic wave fields in homogeneous and lateral heterogeneous models using these free-surface boundary condition approximate schemes and evaluate their stability and applicability by comparing with corresponding analytical solutions, and then quantitatively evaluate the accuracies of different approximate schemes from the misfit of the amplitude and phase between the numerical and analytical results. Our results confirm that the composed scheme becomes unstable for the V s /V p ratio less than 0.57, and suggest that (1) the one-sided scheme is only accurate to first order and therefore introduces serious errors for the shorter wavelengths, other schemes are all of second-order precision; (2) the new composed, implicit and boundary-modified schemes are stable even when the V s /V p ratio is less than 0.2; (3) the implicit and boundary-modified schemes are able to deal with laterally varying (heterogeneous) free surface; (4) in the corresponding stability range, the one-sided scheme shows remarkable errors in both phase and amplitude compared to analytical solution (which means larger errors in travel-time and reflection strength), the other five approximate schemes show better performance in travel-time (phase) than strength (amplitude)
Leakage current characterization for estimating the conditions of non-ceramic insulators' surfaces
El-Hag, Ayman H. [Electrical Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah (United Arab Emirate)
In this work both detection of the beginning of dry-band arcing and correlating the average value of leakage current (LC) with non-ceramic insulator surface damage have been investigated. Silicone rubber insulators were tested in salt-fog under different voltage and conductivity levels. The autocorrelation function (ACF) was calculated for both the fundamental and third harmonic components of LC during the early aging period (EAP). It has been observed that distinct differences exist in the behavior of both the fundamental and that of the third harmonic components of the LC during EAP. Although the fundamental component of the LC begins to grow immediately after starting the test, the third harmonic requires a much longer period of time to begin. Dry-band arcing is highly correlated with distortion in the LC and hence to its third harmonic component. But it has been observed that the level of the fundamental component of LC at which the third harmonic component started to increase is different from one case to another. As such, it is more appropriate to use the ACF of the third harmonic component of LC as an indication of dry-band arcing rather than a simple threshold value. Moreover, the average value of LC during late aging period (LAP) was correlated with the damage of non-ceramic insulators. It has been found that the average level of both the fundamental and third harmonic component of LC is well correlated with the different degrees of damage of non-ceramic insulators' surface. (author)
Anaerobic biodegradation of fluoranthene under methanogenic conditions in presence of surface-active compounds
Fuchedzhieva, Nadezhda; Karakashev, Dimitar Borisov; Angelidaki, Irini
for the study were linear alkyl benzene sulphonates (LAS) and rhamnolipid-biosurfactant complex from Pseudomonas sp. PS-17. Biodegradation of fluoranthene was monitored by GC/MS for a period up to 12th day. No change in the fluoranthene concentration was registered after 7th day. The presence of LAS enhanced...... biodegradation was most likely as a result of the increased fluoranthene solubility. The results indicate that LAS can be considered as a promising agent for facilitation of the process of anaerobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) biodegradation under methanogenic conditions....
Direct generation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles dispersion under supercritical conditions for photocatalytic active thermoplastic surfaces for microbiological inactivation
Zydziak, Nicolas; Zanin, Maria-Helena Ambrosio; Trick, Iris; Hübner, Christof
Thermoplastic poly(propylene) (PP) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) surfaces were coated with silica based films via the sol–gel process, containing titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) as photocatalyst. TiO 2 was previously synthesized via sol–gel and treated under supercritical conditions in water dispersions. The characterization of the TiO 2 dispersions was performed via disc centrifuge to determine the particle size and via Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to characterize the crystallinity of TiO 2 . The synthesized TiO 2 dispersions and commercially available TiO 2 particles were incorporated in silica based films which were synthesized under acidic or basic conditions, leading to dense or porous films respectively. The morphology of the films was characterized via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The incorporation of synthesized TiO 2 in the coating led to photocatalytically more active thermoplastic surfaces than films formulated with commercially available TiO 2 as determined via dye discoloration test. A microbiological test performed with Sarcina lutea confirmed this result and showed an inactivation factor of 6 (99.9999%) after 24 h UV irradiation, for synthesized TiO 2 incorporated in acidic formulated silica layer on ABS surfaces. - Highlights: • We report about photocatalytic layers formulated on thermoplastic surfaces. • We synthesized silica layer and TiO 2 via sol–gel and supercritical treatment. • Amorphous, crystalline and commercial dispersions were generated and characterized. • The morphology of dense and porous photocatalytic layers is observed via SEM. • Discoloration and microbiological tests correlate activity and surface morphology
Zydziak, Nicolas, E-mail: nicolas.zydziak@kit.edu [Polymer Engineering Department, Fraunhofer Institute of Chemical Technology, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Str. 7, 76327 Pfinztal (Germany); Zanin, Maria-Helena Ambrosio [Laboratory of Chemical Processes and Particle Technology Bionanomanufacturing, Institute for Technological Research of the State of São Paulo – IPT, Av. Prof. Almeida Prado 532, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-901 São Paulo, SP (Brazil); Trick, Iris [Environmental Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany); Hübner, Christof [Polymer Engineering Department, Fraunhofer Institute of Chemical Technology, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Str. 7, 76327 Pfinztal (Germany)
Thermoplastic poly(propylene) (PP) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) surfaces were coated with silica based films via the sol–gel process, containing titanium dioxide (TiO{sub 2}) as photocatalyst. TiO{sub 2} was previously synthesized via sol–gel and treated under supercritical conditions in water dispersions. The characterization of the TiO{sub 2} dispersions was performed via disc centrifuge to determine the particle size and via Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to characterize the crystallinity of TiO{sub 2}. The synthesized TiO{sub 2} dispersions and commercially available TiO{sub 2} particles were incorporated in silica based films which were synthesized under acidic or basic conditions, leading to dense or porous films respectively. The morphology of the films was characterized via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The incorporation of synthesized TiO{sub 2} in the coating led to photocatalytically more active thermoplastic surfaces than films formulated with commercially available TiO{sub 2} as determined via dye discoloration test. A microbiological test performed with Sarcina lutea confirmed this result and showed an inactivation factor of 6 (99.9999%) after 24 h UV irradiation, for synthesized TiO{sub 2} incorporated in acidic formulated silica layer on ABS surfaces. - Highlights: • We report about photocatalytic layers formulated on thermoplastic surfaces. • We synthesized silica layer and TiO{sub 2} via sol–gel and supercritical treatment. • Amorphous, crystalline and commercial dispersions were generated and characterized. • The morphology of dense and porous photocatalytic layers is observed via SEM. • Discoloration and microbiological tests correlate activity and surface morphology.
Remote sensing of surface water quality in relation to catchment condition in Zimbabwe
Masocha, Mhosisi; Murwira, Amon; Magadza, Christopher H. D.; Hirji, Rafik; Dube, Timothy
The degradation of river catchments is one of the most important contemporary environmental problems affecting water quality in tropical countries. In this study, we used remotely sensed Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to assess how catchment condition varies within and across river catchments in Zimbabwe. We then used non-linear regression to test whether catchment condition assessed using the NDVI is significantly (α = 0.05) related with levels of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) measured at different sampling points in thirty-two sub-catchments in Zimbabwe. The results showed a consistent negative curvilinear relationship between Landsat 8 derived NDVI and TSS measured across the catchments under study. In the drier catchments of the country, 98% of the variation in TSS is explained by NDVI, while in wetter catchments, 64% of the variation in TSS is explained by NDVI. Our results suggest that NDVI derived from free and readily available multispectral Landsat series data (Landsat 8) is a potential valuable tool for the rapid assessment of physical water quality in data poor catchments. Overall, the finding of this study underscores the usefulness of readily available satellite data for near-real time monitoring of the physical water quality at river catchment scale, especially in resource-constrained areas, such as the sub-Saharan Africa.
Surface-gravity inequalities and generic conditions for strong cosmic censorship
Santiago-German, Wenceslao
Transforming Penrose's intuitive picture of a strong cosmic censorship principle - that generically forbids the appearance of locally naked space-time singularities - into a formal mathematical proof, remains at present, one of the most outstanding unsolved mathematical problems from the theory of gravitational collapse. Part of the difficulty lies in the fact that we do not possess yet a clear-cut understanding of the hypothesis needed for the establishment of some sort of strong cosmic censorship theorem. What we have is a selected list of solutions, which at first sight seem to go against cosmic censorship, but at the end they fail in some way. However, the space of solutions of Einstein's field equations is vast. In this article, we plan to increase one's intuition by establishing a link between certain inequalities for Cauchy-horizon stability and a set of generic conditions, such as a reasonable equation of state, which determines whether or not the space-time is asymptotically flat, an energy condition, and a hypothesis over the class of metrics on which Einstein's field equations ought to be solved to ensure strong cosmic censorship inside black holes. With these tools in hand we examine the Cauchy-horizon stability of the theory created by Born and Infeld, whose action principle has been used as a prototype in superstring theory, and the singularity-free Bardeen black-hole model
Heart Rate Responses to Unaided Orion Side Hatch Egress in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory
English, Kirk L.; Hwang Emma Y.; Ryder, Jeffrey W.; Kelly, Cody; Walker, Thomas; Ploutz-Snyder, Lori L.
NASA is developing the Orion capsule as a vehicle for transporting crewmembers to and from the International Space Station (ISS) and for future human space exploration missions. Orion and other commercial vehicles are designed to splash down in the ocean where nominally support personnel will assist crewmembers in egressing the vehicle. However, off-nominal scenarios will require crewmembers to egress the vehicle unaided, deploy survival equipment, and ingress a life raft. PURPOSE: To determine the heart rate (HR) responses to unaided Orion side hatch egress and raft ingress as a part of the NASA Crew Survival Engineering Team's evaluation of the PORT Orion mockup in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL). METHODS: Nineteen test subjects, including four astronauts (N=19, 14 males/5 females, 38.6+/-8.4 y, 174.4+/-9.6 cm, 75.7+/-13.1 kg), completed a graded maximal test on a cycle ergometer to determine VO2peak and HRpeak and were divided into five crews of four members each; one subject served on two crews. Each crew was required to deploy a life raft, egress the Orion vehicle from the side hatch, and ingress the life raft with two 8 kg emergency packs per crew. Each crew performed this activity one to three times; a total of ten full egresses were completed. Subjects wore a suit that was similar in form, mass, and function to the Modified Advanced Crew Escape Suit (MACES) including helmet, gloves, boots, supplemental O2 bottles, and a CO2-inflated life preserver (approx.18 kg); subjects began each trial seated supine in the PORT Orion mockup with seat belts and mockup O2 and communication connections and ended each trial with all four crewmembers inside the life raft. RESULTS: VO2peak was 40.8+/-6.8 mL/kg/min (3.1+/-0.7 L/min); HRpeak was 181+/-10 bpm. Total egress time across trials was 5.0+/-1.6 min (range: 2.8-8.0 min); all subjects were able to successfully complete all trials. Average maximum HR at activity start, at the hatch opening, in the water, and in the
Gas mixing under the influence of thermal-dynamic parameters such as buoyancy, jet momentum and fan-induced convection
Chan, C.K.; Jones, S.C.A.
Various scaling parameters for simulating mixing under the influence of buoyancy, jet momentum, and fan-induced convection were examined. Their significance was assessed by comparing the mixing of helium (a simulant for hydrogen) with air in a large-scale enclosure (1.8 m x 1.8 m x 1.8 m) to the mixing of salt-water with fresh-water in a small-scale enclosure (1/6 the size). The advantage of using the salt-water/freshwater technique is that it allows the characteristic flow regime (either turbulent or laminar flow) in the full-scale containment to be maintained in the reduced scale containment. A smoke technique for flow visualization was used to examine the mixing of the helium with air. For the small-scale salt-water/fresh-water experiment, fluorescent dye was used to provide a means to visualize the mixing process. The mixing behaviour in both sets of experiments were analyzed based on video records and concentration measurements in ten locations. Measurements showed that depending on the recirculation and jet flow rates, the injected salt-water (in small-scale experiments) and helium (in large-scale experiments) can disperse sufficiently quickly to produce an essentially 'well mixed' condition rendering the concentration measurements insensitive to the variation in the Froude or the Grashof Numbers. (author)
Bond strengths of brackets bonded to enamel surfaces conditioned with femtosecond and Er:YAG laser systems.
Aglarci, Cahide; Demir, Necla; Aksakalli, Sertac; Dilber, Erhan; Sozer, Ozlem Akinci; Kilic, Hamdi Sukur
The aim of this study was to compare femtosecond and Er:YAG laser systems with regard to enamel demineralization and bracket bond strength. Human-extracted premolars were randomized to three groups (n = 17) depending on the conditioning treatment used for the buccal surfaces: 37 % orthophosphoric acid, Er:YAG laser etching (MSP mode 120 mJ, 10 Hz, 1.2 W), and femtosecond laser etching (0.4 W, 800 nm, 90 fs/pulse, 1 kHz). Metal brackets were bonded with Transbond XT to the conditioned surfaces and light cured for 20 s. The samples were thermocycled (5000 cycles, 5-55 °C) and subjected to shear bond strength (SBS) testing using a universal testing machine. Failure types were analyzed under an optical stereomicroscope and SEM. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was evaluated to assess residual adhesive on the enamel surface. The results revealed no significant differences in SBS between the Er:YAG laser (7.2 ± 3.3 MPa) and acid etching groups (7.3 ± 2.7 MPa; p enamel interface.
Do morphometric parameters and geological conditions determine chemistry of glacier surface ice? Spatial distribution of contaminants present in the surface ice of Spitsbergen glaciers (European Arctic).
Lehmann, Sara; Gajek, Grzegorz; Chmiel, Stanisław; Polkowska, Żaneta
The chemism of the glaciers is strongly determined by long-distance transport of chemical substances and their wet and dry deposition on the glacier surface. This paper concerns spatial distribution of metals, ions, and dissolved organic carbon, as well as the differentiation of physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity) determined in ice surface samples collected from four Arctic glaciers during the summer season in 2012. The studied glaciers represent three different morphological types: ground based (Blomlibreen and Scottbreen), tidewater which evolved to ground based (Renardbreen), and typical tidewater glacier (Recherchebreen). All of the glaciers are functioning as a glacial system and hence are subject to the same physical processes (melting, freezing) and the process of ice flowing resulting from the cross-impact force of gravity and topographic conditions. According to this hypothesis, the article discusses the correlation between morphometric parameters, changes in mass balance, geological characteristics of the glaciers and the spatial distribution of analytes on the surface of ice. A strong correlation (r = 0.63) is recorded between the aspect of glaciers and values of pH and ions, whereas dissolved organic carbon (DOC) depends on the minimum elevation of glaciers (r = 0.55) and most probably also on the development of the accumulation area. The obtained results suggest that although certain morphometric parameters largely determine the spatial distribution of analytes, also the geology of the bed of glaciers strongly affects the chemism of the surface ice of glaciers in the phase of strong recession.
Mass changes in NSTX Surface Layers with Li Conditioning as Measured by Quartz Microbalances
Skinner, C.H.; Kugel, H.W.; Roquemore, A.L.; Krstic, P.S.; Beste, A.
Dynamic retention, lithium deposition, and the stability of thick deposited layers were measured by three quartz crystal microbalances (QMB) deployed in plasma shadowed areas at the upper and lower divertor and outboard midplane in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). Deposition of 185 (micro)/g/cm 2 over 3 months in 2007 was measured by a QMB at the lower divertor while a QMB on the upper divertor, that was shadowed from the evaporator, received an order of magnitude less deposition. During helium glow discharge conditioning both neutral gas collisions and the ionization and subsequent drift of Li + interrupted the lithium deposition on the lower divertor. We present calculations of the relevant mean free paths. Occasionally strong variations in the QMB frequency were observed of thick lithium films suggesting relaxation of mechanical stress and/or flaking or peeling of the deposited layers.
Effect of heating and deformation conditions on the depth of surface defects in alloyed steel rolling
Malygin, R.Z.; Karyakin, B.P.; Grosman, A.B.; Simovskikh, V.N.; Storozhev, V.I.
The effect of heating and deformation conditions on the depth change of artificial defects in the 50 KhFA alloyed steel rolling on the 850 blooming and 450 section mill was studied. Quite a definite regularity in the arrangement of defects (cracks and hairlines) along the circumference of the round steel bar and obvious relation with the defect distribution on the bloom faces are established. Oxidation is shown to diminish defect depth while ingot and billet heating especially on the faces under direct firing. Blooms should be placed in the furnace with 90 deg canting in relation to the faces position while ingot heating. Round rolling must be performed with one or several 45 deg strip cantings. The defect depth for the ingots to be rolled without chipping is set up
Radiation processing of organics and biological materials exposed to ocean world surface conditions.
Hand, K. P.; Carlson, R. W.
Assessing the habitability of ocean worlds, such as Europa and Enceladus, motivates a search for endogenous carbon compounds that could be indicative of a habitable, or even inhabited, subsurface liquid water environment. We have examined the role of destruction and synthesis of organic compounds via 10 keV electron bombardment of ices generated under temperature and pressure conditions comparable to Europa and Enceladus. Short-chain organics and ammonia, in combination with water, were exposed to Mrad to Grad doses and observed to evolve to a `lost' carbon fraction (CO and CO2) and a `retained' carbon fraction (consisting of a highly refractory `ocean world tholin' populated by highly radiation resistant carbonyl, aldehyde, and nitrile components). The retained fraction is of key importance as this likely represents the observable fraction for future spacecraft investigations. We also irradiated microbial spores (B. pumilis) to approximately 2 Grad and have found persistence of biomolecule fractions derived from proteins and nucleic acids.
Characterizing near-surface CO2 conditions before injection - Perspectives from a CCS project in the Illinois Basin, USA
Locke, R.A.; Krapac, I.G.; Lewicki, J.L.; Curtis-Robinson, E.
The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium is conducting a large-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) project in Decatur, Illinois, USA to demonstrate the ability of a deep saline formation to store one million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) from an ethanol facility. Beginning in early 2011, CO2 will be injected at a rate of 1,000 tonnes/day for three years into the Mount Simon Sandstone at a depth of approximately 2,100 meters. An extensive Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting (MVA) program has been undertaken for the Illinois Basin Decatur Project (IBDP) and is focused on the 0.65 km2 project site. Goals include establishing baseline conditions to evaluate potential impacts from CO2 injection, demonstrating that project activities are protective of human health and the environment, and providing an accurate accounting of stored CO2. MVA efforts are being conducted pre-, during, and post- CO2 injection. Soil and net CO2 flux monitoring has been conducted for more than one year to characterize near-surface CO2 conditions. More than 2,200 soil CO2 flux measurements have been manually collected from a network of 118 soil rings since June 2009. Three ring types have been evaluated to determine which type may be the most effective in detecting potential CO 2 leakage. Bare soil, shallow-depth rings were driven 8 cm into the ground and were prepared to minimize surface vegetation in and near the rings. Bare soil, deep-depth rings were prepared similarly, but were driven 46 cm. Natural-vegetation, shallow-depth rings were driven 8 cm and are most representative of typical vegetation conditions. Bare-soil, shallow-depth rings had the smallest observed mean flux (1.78 ??mol m-2 s-1) versus natural-vegetation, shallow-depth rings (3.38 ??mol m-2 s-1). Current data suggest bare ring types would be more sensitive to small CO2 leak signatures than natural ring types because of higher signal to noise ratios. An eddy covariance (EC) system has been in use since June
Simple surface foam application enhances bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil in cold conditions.
Jeong, Seung-Woo; Jeong, Jongshin; Kim, Jaisoo
Landfarming of oil-contaminated soil is ineffective at low temperatures, because the number and activity of micro-organisms declines. This study presents a simple and versatile technique for bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil, which involves spraying foam on the soil surface without additional works such as tilling, or supply of water and air. Surfactant foam containing psychrophilic oil-degrading microbes and nutrients was sprayed twice daily over diesel-contaminated soil at 6 °C. Removal efficiencies in total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) at 30 days were 46.3% for landfarming and 73.7% for foam-spraying. The first-order kinetic biodegradation rates for landfarming and foam-spraying were calculated as 0.019 d(-1) and 0.044 d(-1), respectively. Foam acted as an insulating medium, keeping the soil 2 °C warmer than ambient air. Sprayed foam was slowly converted to aqueous solution within 10-12h and infiltrated the soil, providing microbes, nutrients, water, and air for bioaugmentation. Furthermore, surfactant present in the aqueous solution accelerated the dissolution of oil from the soil, resulting in readily biodegradable aqueous form. Significant reductions in hydrocarbon concentration were simultaneously observed in both semi-volatile and non-volatile fractions. As the initial soil TPH concentration increased, the TPH removal rate of the foam-spraying method also increased. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Study of electronic field emission from large surfaces under static operating conditions and hyper-frequency
Luong, M.
The enhanced electronic field emission from large area metallic surfaces lowers performances of industrial devices that have to sustain high electric field under vacuum. Despite of numerous investigations in the past, the mechanisms of such an emission have never been well clarified. Recently, research in our laboratory has pointed out the importance played by conducting sites (particles and protrusions). A refined geometrical model, called superposed protrusions model has been proposed to explain the enhanced emission by local field enhancement. As a logical continuation, the present work aims at testing this model and, in the same time, investigating the means to suppress the emission where it is undesirable. Thus, we have showed: the cause of current fluctuations in a continuous field regime (DC), the identity of emission characteristics (β, A e ) in both radiofreq
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Tag Archive | CBGB Bathroom
Punk: Chaos to Couture at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
“Photography Not Allowed” (All Stealth Photos By Gail)
Thanks to a special allowance for the Memorial Day Holiday, The Met ended up being open on Monday and Geoffrey and I were able to head to the scenic upper west side on a very gorgeous, sunny day to check out the much ballyhooed fashion exhibit, Punk: Chaos to Couture. Photography is not allowed in the exhibit, which is a huge drag, but I was able to sneak in a few “stealth snaps” while the vigilant Art Nazis were distracted by other things, so please excuse the poor quality of my shots for this post as I was shooting in the dark with no flash! Punk Rock!
The exhibit starts out with examples of actual DIY fashions worn by the original British punks of the late 1970s. These hand fashioned outfits then inspired pioneering designer Vivienne Westood and her business partner, Malcolm McLaren, to open the clothing shop, SEX, where they sold early versions of bondage trousers, Band T Shirts and other punk gear.
Recreation of Vivienne Westwood’s Punk Rock Boutique, Sex
Vintage Punk T Shirts
It is important to understand — and this cannot be emphasized strongly enough — that the phrase “Punk Fashion” is a bit of an oxymoron, as the early Punks were not interested in following or copying any kind of fashion, but rather were doing something completely original using clothes already found in their own closets.
The Punk Aesthetic Begins its Influence on Haute Couture
Like 2011’s Savage Beauty, which showcased the genius of the late designer Alexander McQueen, Chaos to Couture maintains a reverance to the Wearable Art status of these clothes and thus is expertly laid out via a series of connected galleries that often recreate the look of downtown clubs and alleyways where the original punk fashion aesthetic was born. The rear walls of most of these galleries are illuminated by video projections of the classic punk bands performing and I enjoyed hearing some of my favorite punk music of that era by great bands like The Buzzcocks and The Damned, which helped to authenticate the sensorial experience.
As the exhibit segues gradually into runway designs by fashion houses such as Comme De Garcon, Dolce & Gabbana and Moschino (among many others), it becomes a bit more ridiculous that they are trying to maintain any kind of tenuous relationship to the Punk Rock movement, but the clothes are nevertheless fun to look at.
Still, paying $5,000 for a pair of shredded jeans because it has a designer label is not punk, it is just pathetic.
Be sure to also check out the exhibit gift shop, where you can see an exhibit based on a working class-founded movement that embraced the DIY ethic celebrated with overpriced, factory made souvenirs!
Miniature Vinyl Platform Shoes Based on a Design By Vivienne Westwood
Two different people admonished me about taking this photo, even in the gift shop (!), so you can be assured that I made certain to get the above shot!
This pink safety-pin studded clutch purse — that you could make for about $10 — sells in the gift shop for $1500! Not a typo!
Punk: Chaos to Couture Runs Through August 14th, 2013 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Located at 1000 Fifth Avenue and 82nd Street.
This entry was posted on May 29, 2013, in Uncategorized and tagged Alexander McQueen, Art, Bondage Pants, CBGB Bathroom, Clothing, Comme De Garcon, Designer, Dolce & Gabbana, Dresses, Fashion, Johnny Rotten, Malcolm McLaren, Mannequin, Metropolitan Museum Of Art, Punk Music, Punk Rock, Punk Rock Fashion, Punk: Chaos to Couture, Safety Pins, Sex Pistols, Sid Vicious, the Buzzcocks, The Clash, The Damned, The Met, Vivienne Westood. 2 Comments
Hartford Art Museum Recreates CBGB’s Bathroom
CBGB Bathroom By Justin Lowe (Image Source)
Justin Lowe, an artist known for transforming white-cube interiors into cluttered labyrinths, has recreated the graffiti-covered restroom of the defunct CBGB punk rock club within the stately galleries of Hartford’s Wadsworth Atheneum. Lowe’s installation, which runs through September 5, 2010 takes over four of the museum’s galleries and features walls papered in Day-Glo collages involving movie stars, vintage book covers and illustrations of insects. The work aims to evoke the Bowery Street venue where punk bands like The Ramones and the Misfits found fame in the 1970s. CBGB closed for good in 2006 and the space is now home to an overpriced but very cool John Varvatos clothing store. Read more about the exhibit at This Link.
I’ll tell you one thing, as gross as CB’s bathrooms were – and the Men’s room was way worse than the Women’s – it was never as horrifying as the Trainspotting-style toilets at the Continental. Man, that place was a hole.
The Wadsworth Atheneum is located at 600 Main Street in the heart of downtown Hartford, CT with easy access from I-84 and I-91.
Thanks to Nick Caruso at The Littlest Winslow For the Tip!
This entry was posted on July 23, 2010, in Gail's Rad Blog and tagged CBGB, CBGB Bathroom, Graffiti, Hartford’s Wadsworth Atheneum, The Misfits, The Ramones, World's Grossest Bathroom. 6 Comments
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Home Biotech News Bharat Biotech’s Advanced Rotavac 5D Vaccine For Viral Diarrhea
Bharat Biotech’s Advanced Rotavac 5D Vaccine For Viral Diarrhea
On Tuesday, Bharat Biotech launched its new Rotavirus vaccine Rotavac 5D against viral diarrhea, which is more advanced but with a lower dose of .5 ml while the competitor vaccines are at 2-2.5 ml per dosage. The Rotavac 5D is a concentrated version of the previously available vaccine.
Through a study, they realized that most of the children are not able to consume a 2ml vaccine, and they spit it out. Most times, nurses were in a dilemma whether they should re-administrate the vaccine again or not. Bharat Biotech had given the instructions not to provide the vaccine again. To resolve this issue, they developed a more concentrated version of the vaccine to .5 ml. Also, the high volume doses consumed more storage space as compared to the .5ml multidose packages.
Countries like South America, Africa, and Central Asian countries have expressed their interest in the newer vaccine.
The new Rotavac 5D
The current Rotavac vaccine requires minus 20-degree Celcius for storage, which is the same as that of the oral polio vaccine. But the new version Rotavac 5D requires only 2 to 8 degrees Celcius as that of a typical refrigerator.
Most vaccines like HPV, pentavalent, injectible polio vaccine, or pneumococcal (for pneumonia) are stored between two-eight degrees Celcius which is the latest choice. Currently, the Rotavac vaccine is provided to the government for a price of 70 per dose, but Rotavac 5D will be slightly costly for a price of 105 per dose. And the Rotavac 5D will be supplied to private sectors for a ten times higher price of 990-1100 per dose.
Scientists Extend Life Span Of These Animals By 500 Percent
The Bharat Biotech facility at Hyderabad has the capability of producing up to 200 million doses of both Rotavac and Rotavac 5D. Although Rotavac 5D for viral diarrhea was licensed in India in August, the government is still relying on Rotavac. But the company is ready to supply the new Rotavac to the government how much ever necessary.
The company will not be supplying the new vaccine to the UK or Europe for now since more clinical trials on the local population are required for that. The officials from the Bharat Biotech said that they dont have the resources right now to expand the market to western countries.
M Santosham, Professor at US-based John Hopkins University, reminded about the increased number of child deaths associated with the rotavirus vaccine in the 1980s. The Rotashield by Pfizer had caused the development of a condition called Intussusception in children. Intussusception entails the prolapsing of one section of the intestine into another, creating a blockage. While this condition develops in babies in normal circumstances also, an increased number of incidents were reported in the 1980s, which was later reported to be associated with the vaccine. The professor also added that the safety of vaccines had increased enormously now.
Extinction Hits One of the World's Largest Freshwater Fish Species
Bharat Biotech tested the Rotavac vaccine in 6800 children between 2011 and 2013. None of the children developed Intussusception during the first 21 days. In the vaccinated arm, though, there were eight cases, while in the placebo arm, there were three cases. Because the vaccinated arm was double the placebo arm, there is no significant difference in the case of Intussusceptions, and the association to vaccination was ruled out,” the official said.
Author : Namitha Thampi
Perfection is her hobby, Reliability is a synonym, Editing is her passion, Excellence is her Goal, Tactfulness is in her genes, Yellow is her Fav color. Preety is the name of the Professional on whom entire BioTecNika relies when it comes to its website. A Gold Medalist in Biotech from SRM University, Chennai with a 9.9 CGPA ( was awarded the Gold Medal by Honorable Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi , as seen in the pic ), She decided to join forces with BioTecNika to ensure India's largest BioSciences Portal expands its reach to every city in India. She has redesigned the new avatar of BioTecNika from scratch and heads the most dynamic, vibrant and well informed Online Team at Biotecnika Info Labs Pvt Ltd
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Where In The World Is Satoshi Nakamoto
Craig Wright to offer ‘extraordinary proof’ he is the creator of Bitcoin
By cinerama May 4, 2016 October 31st, 2018 Bitcoin Business, Where In The World Is Satoshi Nakamoto
Click here to view original web page at mashable.com
Craig Wright claims he will post more proof he is the father of Bitcoin, known as Satoshi Nakamoto.
The search for the real identity of Satoshi Nakamoto, the father of Bitcoin, continues.
After Australian entrepreneur Craig Wright publicly revealed himself as Nakamoto on Monday, showing cryptographic proof of his identity to media publications including the Economist and the BBC, as well as several prominent people form the Bitcoin community, an enormous cloud of doubt overshadowed his claims.
Many Bitcoin enthusiasts and experts pointed to possible proof of Wright's fraud, including inconsistencies, errors and possible intentional deceit in the blog post published on Wright's site after the reveal.
Now, Wright has written another blog post, in which he claims he will offer "extraordinary proof" he is, indeed, Satoshi Nakamoto.
In the post, Wright says he will publicly provide cryptographic proof he is Nakamoto, this time by moving some of the bitcoins known to be owned by Nakamoto (another way to prove the same thing would be to sign a message with a cryptographic key known to be owned by Nakamoto, which Wright reportedly did in front of chief scientist at the Bitcoin Foundation, Gavin Andresen, and some of the Economist's staff, but not publicly).
Wright further claims that even spending Nakamoto's bitcoins wouldn't be enough proof he is Nakamoto (he is right — it only proves he has access to Nakamoto's cryptographic key, not that he actually is that person), so he plans to offer even better proof.
"I can prove access to the early keys and I can and will do so by moving bitcoin, but this should be a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for such an extraordinary claim," Wright wrote.
This proof will consist of "independently verifiable documents and evidence addressing some of the false allegations that have been levelled, and transferring bitcoin from an early block."
Wright plans to do all this "in the coming days," but notes that some will doubt his identity as Nakamoto even after he provides this proof.
"This is the nature of belief and swimming against this current would be futile."
Satoshi Nakamoto — a person or a group of people who created Bitcoin in 2008 — has, according to available data, never been seen publicly. He only communicated with early Bitcoin developers and adopters electronically, prior to disappearing in 2010. He is known to own the first-ever mined bitcoins; his total stash is roughly one million bitcoins, or some $449 million in today's value.
Many Bitcoin enthusiasts and experts pointed to possible proof of Wright’s fraud, including inconsistencies, errors and possible intentional deceit in the blog post published on Wright’s site after the reveal.
Now, Wright has written another blog post , in which he claims he will offer "extraordinary proof" he is, indeed, Satoshi Nakamoto.
In the post, Wright says he will publicly provide cryptographic proof he is Nakamoto, this time by moving some of the bitcoins known to be owned by Nakamoto (another way to prove the same thing would be to sign a message with a cryptographic key known to be owned by Nakamoto, which Wright reportedly did in front of chief scientist at the Bitcoin Foundation, Gavin Andresen, and some of the Economist ‘s staff, but not publicly).
Wright further claims that even spending Nakamoto’s bitcoins wouldn’t be enough proof he is Nakamoto (he is right — it only proves he has access to Nakamoto’s cryptographic key, not that he actually is that person), so he plans to offer even better proof.
This proof will consist of "independently verifiable documents and evidence addressing some of the false allegations that have been levelled, and transferring […]
Click here to view full article
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Latest News, News Archives
Brendan O’Hara MP “Bank not listening to anger of Customers and Businesses”
The SNP has said that the Royal Bank of Scotland have ‘failed to answer’ many questions as three senior executives, including Chief Executive, Ross McEwan appeared before the Scottish Affairs Committee at Westminster this morning.
With countless customers and businesses being hit by branch closure plans, SNP members of the Scottish Affairs Committee have said it is ‘disappointing’ that RBS have failed to listen to the anger and frustration voiced by so many.
Brendan O’Hara MP commented:
“Once again, RBS have showed the contempt in which we customers are held. They have failed to listen to the anger and frustration that so many customers, businesses and communities have voiced about these cuts.”
“Over Christmas and New Year I collected literally thousands of signatories on petitions for each of the three proposed closures in Argyll and Bute; neither RBS nor the UK Government seem to take these concerns seriously.”
“These closure plans – which still mean the loss of dozens of branches across Scotland – will leave many communities without physical banking services, hitting rural areas who greatly depend on them.”
“Quite simply, RBS are failing to consider their social responsibilities to rural and urban communities and to the long-lasting damage these closures will cause across Scotland.”
“That is why the SNP will try to save these banks and it is time that other parties joined us in that campaign, to put pressure on the UK Government to work in Scotland’s interest, to force this public company to respect the communities that are in danger of being abandoned.”
In December, the majority taxpayer-owned Royal Bank of Scotland announced the decision to close 62 of its branches in Scotland, including those in Campbeltown, Rothesay and Inveraray. With pressure from the SNP, local communities and businesses, RBS conceded to a temporary reprieve to 10 of these branches until the end of 2018 for review.
Previous Post“New funding for fuel poverty and energy efficiency”:Next PostUS TRADE DEAL THREAT TO SCOTTISH FOOD AND DRINK
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5--{u'Twitter': u'https://www.twitter.com/laurens210', u'Facebook': u'https://www.facebook.com/laurens210', u'social_profiles': [{u'Facebook': u'https://www.facebook.com/laurens210'}, {u'Pinterest': u'https://www.pinterest.com/laurens210/'}, {u'Twitter': u'https://www.twitter.com/laurens210'}], 'community': None, u'Pinterest': u'https://www.pinterest.com/laurens210/'}
Lauren is a midwesterner at heart, living and writing in NYC. When she's not behind her computer you can find her splurging on delicious food, reading the latest pick from her book club and almost always wearing chambray.
This Hashtag Is Calling Out the Tech Industry for Its Lack of Diversity
And we can all thank a former Google-er for bringing this issue to the forefront.
7 Celebrities Whose Favorite Summer Vacay Spot Is Yours Too
M-I-C…K-E-Y…
Shawn Johnson Got Engaged in the Most Perfect Way
A huge congrats to the happy couple!
You’ll Never Guess Who Threw Kendall and Kylie a Graduation Party
In fact, we’re pretty bummed we weren’t invited.
Angelina Jolie’s Next Creative Project Is All About Netflix
No, she’s not starring in the next season of OITNB :(
Grace Kelly’s Granddaughter Is the Real Life Princess Diaries
But with genes like those, who’s surprised?
David Beckham’s New Tattoo for Victoria Beckham Will Make You Swoon
And that Victoria Beckham is one lucky woman.
How Ashley Tisdale Is Following In Blake Lively’s Steps
Add this new site to your AM reads!
The Latest Brand That Vowed to Go Photoshop-Free May Surprise You
And the results seriously make us want to buy a pair of their shoes now more than ever.
14 Birthday Presents Fit for Prince George
Or a royal two-year-old you know.
This Is What Rihanna’s New Fragrance Will Smell Like
And we have a few predictions about how amazing it’s going to smell too.
Why Your Netflix Habit Is About to Get a Lot Pricier
And why we think it’s totally worth it.
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| Company
Company Tickets
Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre
Discount Offers on Company Tickets
Stay up-to-date when new discounts are available.
About Company - On Broadway
2 hours, 30 minutes (with 1 intermission)
Previews from
Tony Award® and Grammy Award® winner Katrina Lenk and two-time Tony Award and two-time Grammy Award winner Patti LuPone join forces in Stephen Sondheim and George Furth’s groundbreaking musical comedy.
It’s Bobbie’s 35th birthday party, and all her friends keep asking, why isn’t she married? Why can’t she find the right man, and isn’t it time to settle down and start a family? As Bobbie searches for answers, she discovers why being single, being married, and being alive in 21st-Century New York could drive a person crazy.
Two-time Tony Award-winning director Marianne Elliott (War Horse, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, Angels in America) helms this revelatory new production, at once boldly sophisticated, deeply insightful, and downright hilarious. Company features Stephen Sondheim’s award-winning songs "You Could Drive a Person Crazy", "The Ladies Who Lunch", "Side by Side by Side" and the iconic "Being Alive".
Award Winner Classics Direct from the UK Midtown Manhattan Musicals Special
Six Spring 2020 Shows We’re Crazy Excited to See (And You Should Be Too!)
Too Soon to Get Excited for the Tony Awards? How About Just Best Actress in a Musical 2020?
Spotlight on Broadway Celebrates Oz: Matt Doyle as The Tin Man
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Big controversy over ‘Skyscraper District’ plan hits CB2 tonight!
Posted on December 8, 2010 By Andy Campbell
The tower at 16 Court St., at the corner of Montague Street, is for sale.
The Brooklyn Paper / Julie Rosenberg
Call them faulty towers!
Critics this week slammed the proposed “Skyscraper Landmark District” slated for Downtown, calling the Brooklyn Heights Association’s long-dreamed-of plan an underhanded move to save a few old and historically unattractive towers — while raising the cost of living for tenants in the area.
Many of the opponents live at 75 Livingston St., the only residential building in the proposed 20-building district surrounding Borough Hall. These foes claim, among other complaints, that the plan would prompt skyrocketing maintenance fees in their building and do nothing but enshrine a “sad chapter in Downtown’s economic, political, social and cultural history,” the co-op owners wrote in a letter to the city.
“It would immortalize six buildings that were left after Downtown Brooklyn first failed to become a competitor to Manhattan near the turn of the last century,” tenants Terri Matthews and Michael Whang wrote to the Landmarks Preservation Commission, which will vote on adopting the district on Dec. 14.
The commission has already studied the proposal, which dates back to 2006, calling it the savior of a “distinguished commercial zone along Court Street from Montague Street to Livingston Street, one that is filled with handsome early-1900s Romanesque Revival and Beaux-Arts buildings.
Matthew and Whang disagree, seing see a district whose “insignificant” and structurally “neglected” buildings represent a Downtown that struggled and failed to emulate Lower Manhattan’s financial district in the late 1800s. They also claimed that 75 Livingston St. tenants would face skyrocketing fees to maintain their building under the Byzantine rules of historic districts.
The borough’s business community also isn’t too pleased.
“We have some concerns because of the additional costs when buildings are landmarked,” said Carl Hum, president of the borough’s Chamber of Commerce. “In this environment right now, the chief complaint we hear from our members is the high cost of doing business.”
Judy Stanton, executive director of the Brooklyn Heights Association, described the opponents’ tone as “insulting.”
“They seem to regard designation not as a matter of pride as we do — it’s a very positive thing, and property values invariably go up,” Stanton said. “When we studied the district, we thought these buildings are beautiful and we’re proud to have them. … We don’t want these torn down for mediocre stuff.”
Indeed, the residential tower and commercial buildings like the Temple Bar Building on Court and Joralemon streets have at least enough historic allure that the commission hailed them as “the borough’s most-architecturally distinguished business buildings.”
If board members approve the district later this month, the critics at least want 75 Livingston St. to be kept out of the zone. But so far, the commission has leaned toward the Heights association, and Stanton doesn’t want to give that building up.
“I’m sorry, but that’s a piece of wedding cake,” she said.
Community Board 2 will take up the issue at its monthly full board meeting on Wednesday, Dec. 8 at St. Francis College [180 Remsen St. between Court and Clinton streets in Brooklyn Heights, (718) 875-6811) at 6 pm.
Bandit loots Flatbush Avenue bank
Bailing out: Boro’s bail industry crumbling under new criminal justice reforms
Psycho stabs two straphangers
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Rent: 10% Late Fee Excessive
Former tenant sued landlord to recover a security deposit and late fee payments totaling $5,000. Landlord claimed that tenant owed $1,944 in back rent. Tenant showed that he had paid a security deposit of $3,080 and late fees of more than $2,000 under a lease clause assessing a penalty of 10 percent of tenant's rent. The court ruled for tenant and against landlord. Landlord appealed and lost. The court's decision provided substantial justice to the parties. Tenant was entitled to the return of his security deposit.
Landlord Claims Illegal Sublet by Tenant's Sister
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Performance management systems and practice are aligned across six schools in the multi-academy trust
Gloucestershire Learning Alliance Trust
Download PDF Request a demo
The Gloucestershire Learning Alliance (GLA) comprises six schools. The three founding schools – Bishop’s Cleeve Primary Academy, Rowanfield Junior School and Springbank Primary Academy – came together in 2013. They were already working in partnership and the leaders were keen to expand the collaboration to benefit other schools and young people. In 2017, they were joined by Rowanfield Infant School, the leadership of which the GLA had been supporting, and by a brand new academy, Longford Park Primary. The group is completed by Badsey First School in Worcestershire, which joined in September 2018 when it was in special measures.
Staff become so enthusiastic about using BlueSky and it makes them engage with and value the performance management process all the more. The support at every stage from BlueSky is also comprehensive.
Claire Savory
Director of Academies
BlueSky's Role
Working across six schools with multiple sites presents technical, logistical and administrative challenges. For the Alliance, a key issue was devising a system of assessing and evaluating teacher performance that was consistent across all six but also meaningful in each setting.
"A multi-academy trust like ours has to align systems and practice so that the trustees and everyone else can feel confident that we are comparing like with like," says Claire Savory, Director of Academies. "If you are talking about teacher performance in two schools, the language you use about both needs to be the same.
BlueSky hosts all of the trust's performance management tools and information including its bespoke standards devised by the trust team, alongside details of training requirements, opportunities for staff, and the trust-wide performance management cycle. Support staff use it in the same way and have access to their own key standards, deadlines and training provision.
Staff training is coordinated on the platform so staff can see what training is available to help them fill a skills gap or development need identified in their appraisals. Centralised training for appraisers is also managed on the platform.
"We want the teachers to own it," she says. "When we do a performance management review, they sit in the driving seat at the computer, log on and showcase their objectives with all of the associated documents. Staff talk through what they have done and the impact they feel it has had, and they have all of the evidence there, whether it's lesson observations, pictures of classroom activity or training evidence. It's really powerful because it's all compiled and owned by them."
The streamlined nature of BlueSky and the level of control and ownership it affords staff is also a powerful motivator, she adds.
"Staff become so enthusiastic about using BlueSky and it makes them engage with and value the performance management process all the more."
Download PDF or Request a demo
A large and swiftly improving academy pairs quality of teaching with school-wide improvement
The Chalk Hills Academy
Supporting collaboration through standardising practices
Windsor Academy Trust
BlueSky helps a leading technology college streamline its performance management
Basingstoke College of Technology
A high-performing large MAT uses BlueSky to standardise performance management
The Thinking Schools Academy Trust (TSAT)
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P: 204-488-6653 TF: 1-888-550-8998 Contact Us
Park N Fly
The Traveling Guardian
Tuesday: May 28, 2019: 7-day Danube River Cruise Online Presentation
Now You Can Take the Chunnel Train to a New Destination in Europe
Europe · About Transportation
London to Paris for a romantic weekend? Belgium to London for tea? Travelers have gotten used to having the option of a high-speed train connecting city centre London to mainland Europe via the tunnel under the Channel.
Brexit politics aren't slowing down travel between the British Isles and Europe, either. So now the Eurostar is revolutionizing travel from England to the Netherlands too. High-speed trains on the new route take only 3 ½ hours to arrive in downtown Amsterdam from St. Pancras International train terminal, and even less to the Netherlands' second city, Rotterdam.
The inaugural service to Amsterdam connecting two of the world's top travel destinations by high-speed train has been years coming. And the long-awaited April, 2018 launch also boosts the existing London-Brussels section of the route, shaving nearly twenty minutes off the travel time to under 2 h to the Belgian capital.
This is a game changer for European and British travel. With a one-way ticket from just £35, it's an affordable way to add a pre or post extension in London to a river cruise or land tour from Amsterdam. Or for independent travelers to add a London leg to a train trip around the Continent.
Imagine maneuvering a Dutch bicycle across the canals in the afternoon (watch video) and quenching your thirst with a pint in an English pub that evening.
With no trek to the airport. Passengers of the Eurostar have to arrive only 30 minutes before the high-speed train departs from the city centre train terminal. And no waits at the other end to claim your bags. You take them with you on board. And when you aren't marveling at the technology that connects the European mainland to the British Isles, you have wifi to catch up on your Netflix viewing, travel research, or even work if you are on a bleisure trip.
Plus you can feel good about the environmental benefits of train travel as it takes you from the capital of the U.K to the capital of the Netherlands. The new 3 ½ hour, high-speed Eurostar route from London to Amsterdam emits 80% less carbon than flying. And you leave the train station and step right into the heart of the next city on your European vacation.
Video: Germany's Most Romantic Christmas Market
A night time market in the grounds of a castle. Fires and torches and twinkli...
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eBooks „D.H. Lawrence“
Es wurden 21 eBooks für den Suchbegriff „D.H. Lawrence“ gefunden.
Chris Born Russisches Roulette
635 Wörter
Keine Altersempfehlung
D.H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, Ernest Hemingway und E.E. Cummings spielen Russisches Roulette. Nur einer kann gewinnen.
Stichwörter: D.H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, Ernest Hemingway, E.E. Cummings
D.H. Lawrence Women In Love (Fiscle Part-3)
183176 Wörter
Ursula And Gudrun Brangwen Sat One Morning In The Window-Bay Of Their Father's House In Beldover, Working And Talking. Ursula Was Stitching A Piece Of Brightly-Coloured Embroidery, And Gudrun Was Drawing Upon A Board Which She Held On Her Knee. [mehr][weniger]
D.H. Lawrence Women In love (fiscle part-III)
David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter who published as D. H. Lawrence. His collected works, among other things, represent an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. In them, some of the issues Lawrence explores are emotional health, vitality, spontaneity and instinct. Lawrence's opinions earned him many enemies and he endured official persecution, censorship, and misrepresentation of his creative work throughout the second half of his life, much of which he spent in a voluntary exile which he called his "savage pilgrimage."[1] At the time of his death, his public reputation was that of a pornographer who had wasted his considerable talents. E. M. Forster, in an obituary notice, challenged this widely held view, describing him as, "The greatest imaginative novelist of our generation."[2] Later, the influential Cambridge critic F. R. Leavis championed both his artistic integrity and his moral seriousness, placing much of Lawrence's fiction within the canonical "great tradition" of the English novel. [mehr][weniger]
78127 Wörter
D.H. Lawrence Women in Love
David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter who published as D. H. Lawrence. His collected works, among other things, represent an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. In them, some of the issues Lawrence explores are emotional health, vitality, spontaneity and instinct. [mehr][weniger]
D.H. Lawrence Twilight in Italy
David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter who. [mehr][weniger]
Katherine Mansfield In a German Pension
Katherine Mansfield Beauchamp Murry (14 October 1888 – 9 January 1923) was a prominent modernist writer of short fiction who was born and brought up in colonial New Zealand and wrote under the pen name of Katherine Mansfield. At 19, Mansfield left New Zealand and settled in the United Kingdom, where she became a friend of modernist writers such as D.H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf. [mehr][weniger]
Herman Melville Moby Dick The Whale Fiscle (Part-I) PART 1
Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (1851) is the sixth book by American writer Herman Melville. The work is an epic sea story of Captain Ahab's voyage in pursuit of a certain sperm whale that he calls Moby Dick (with no hyphen; but some editions of the book change either the title or the whale's name to make them consistent). A contemporary commercial failure and out of print at the time of the author's death in 1891, its reputation rose during the twentieth century. D.H. Lawrence called it "the greatest book of the sea ever written."[1] Jorge Luis Borges praised the style: "Unforgettable phrases abound."[2] Today it is considered one of the Great American Novels and a leading work of American Romanticism. [mehr][weniger]
Herman Melville Moby Dick
Moby Dick is a novel by American writer Herman Melville. The work is an epic sea story of Captain Ahab's voyage in pursuit of Moby Dick, a great white whale. A contemporary commercial failure and out of print at the time of the author's death in 1891, its reputation rose during the twentieth century. D.H. Lawrence called it "the greatest book of the sea ever written." Jorge Luis Borges praised the style: "Unforgettable phrases abound." Today it is considered one of the Great American Novels and a leading work of American Romanticism. The opening line, "Call me Ishmael," is one of the most recognizable opening lines in Western literature. Ishmael then narrates the voyage of the whaleship Pequod, commanded by Captain Ahab. Ahab has one purpose: revenge on Moby Dick, a ferocious, enigmatic white whale which on a previous voyage destroyed Ahab's ship and severed his leg at the knee. The detailed and realistic descriptions of whale hunting and the process of extracting whale oil, as well as life aboard ship among a culturally diverse crew, are mixed with exploration of class and social status, good and evil, and the existence of God. Melville uses a wide range of styles and literary devices ranging from lists and catalogs to Shakespearean stage directions, soliloquies, and asides. [mehr][weniger]
Stichwörter: moby dick, heman melville, sea story, classic literature, american history, whaling, history of whaling, the whale
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(-) Documented equal pay policy
(-) Health Benefits
(-) Partners with Nonprofits
11-50 employees 27
51-200 employees 31
(-) Artificial Intelligence 22
(-) Fintech 47
Kids + Family 10
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Fintech, News + Entertainment, Health Insurance Benefits, Artificial Intelligence, Partners with Nonprofits, Documented equal pay policy
96 Companies
Deluxe Entertainment
Digital Media • News + Entertainment
The global leader in digital services and technology for content creation and delivery, Deluxe has been a trusted partner to Hollywood studios, independent filmmakers, TV networks, online content producers, brands, and anyone looking to bring stories and experiences to audiences, for more than 100 years. Deluxe Creative companies house the world’s...
CAIS is the leading open-architecture financial product platform offering the independent wealth management channel access to a menu of alternative investment funds and capital markets offerings. We are a FinTech B2B organization that is leveling the playing field by providing research, diligence, access and execution of complex financial products.
Dave Inc.
Dave is a banking app offering up to a $100 cash advance, side gigs and automated budgeting. Built for humans, not overdraft fees, Dave shares its revenue with charities to feed families and plant trees.
We provide online financing solutions for small and medium sized businesses. It's our mission to continue promoting fast and innovative financing options while providing excellent customer service.
Stem Disintermedia
Fintech • Music
Stem’s artist-first platform is pioneering an entirely new model of distribution and monetization that puts the creator in the driver’s seat, giving them and their team the data, support, and access they need to maintain their independence.
Mobcrush
Gaming • News + Entertainment
Mobcrush is a video streaming company that enables users to broadcast, watch and chat as they play and stream in realtime. Based in Santa Monica, California, Mobcrush has raised $4.9M in funding from backers including Raine Ventures, First Round Capital, Lowercase Capital, CrunchFund, Rincon Venture Partner.
Zest AI
Big Data • Fintech
Zest AI leverages the power of machine learning and big data to challenge the traditional method of credit underwriting. Lenders use Zest Automated Machine Learning (ZAML) to make better decisions on loan portfolios; which in response increases revenue, reduces risk, and automates highly regulated compliance measures within fin-tech.
Artificial Intelligence • Automotive
At CCC, we’re all about connectedness - from our people to our products. Our team is truly reshaping the auto and casualty insurance, auto manufacturer, collision repair, and parts industries. We’re setting the bar in these industries for AI-powered data insights, machine learning, IoT, and telematics.
We’re a company of builders, dreamers and strivers with a passion for helping people make financial progress. We’ve helped over 100 million members better understand their finances through free access to credit scores, reports, tools, education — and even free tax filing.
Fair.com
Automotive • Fintech
Fair is an automotive FinTech company that's revolutionizing car buying by offering unprecedented freedom, flexibility and an end-to-end mobile experience. We believe fairness matters. That's why we've created a game-changing new app that lets you shop, get approved and pay for a car all on your phone with just a driver's license and bank account
XPRIZE
Artificial Intelligence • Digital Media
At XPRIZE, every employee knows they are making a positive impact on the world. XPRIZE conceives, designs, and operates the world’s largest, most inclusive, and most ambitious incentive prize competitions. We inspire and guide innovators to create breakthroughs enabling a future of abundance.
Fintech • Sports
Smarkets is one of the world's largest betting exchanges that offers a secure and transparent platform for trading on sporting, political and current affairs events. Our platform has handled over £3 billion of bets since launching in 2010, allowing us to become one of the most profitable companies per employee in Europe.
Altruist helps people do better with their money by empowering financial advisors to do their best work. We’re going to help tens of millions of people by helping thousands of financial professionals. Our software makes advisors more efficient and gives them the freedom to charge less. This means clients pay less and make more.
PaymentCloud
eCommerce • Fintech
PaymentCloud is a payment processing company that specializes in securing hard-to-place merchant accounts for businesses seeking credit card processing. With customer service at the forefront of everything we do, finding solutions for each merchant’s needs is paramount. To date, we have successfully supported tens of thousands of businesses.
Beauty • Fintech
Developed in collaboration with industry-leading owners and operators, our scheduling, point of sale, and conversation platform was carefully designed to drive revenue, automate workflows, and convert customers from visitors into valuable, long-term clients. By facilitating a better, personalized experience across every transaction and interaction,
Convoso
Artificial Intelligence • Machine Learning
Convoso is an industry-leading provider of multi-channel marketing automation software. Our goal behind starting Convoso was to create a solution that would revolutionize the way call centers and sales organizations communicate with their customers.
Fintech • Mobile
SoLo is fintech startup that connects lenders and borrowers for access to loans under $1,000. We offer free financial literacy courses, on budgeting all the way to retirement. Our platform also allows borrowers to set their own terms. We've helped 60,000 people though hard times, connecting them to lenders to cover emergency expenses and more.
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Team Post-2015
The 2030 Agenda
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