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__label__wiki	0.894787	0.894787	Channel 1 Los Angeles Providing International news & information in the USA bilingual Advertising info/Legal Notice Thursday’s Daily Brief: Women in peacekeeping, the arrest of Sudan’s leader, updates on Libya, Nigeria and Syria by Channel 1 Los Angeles On Thursday, the Security Council looked at the key role played by women in the UN’s peacekeeping operations. Wikileaks founder Julian Assange could be exposed to “serious human rights violations”, following his arrest in the United Kingdom, according a UN independent human rights expert. Fighting continues to escalate in Tripoli, Libya, and in Idlib, Syria, and 10,000 conflict-affected people were forcibly relocated in Nigeria and are in dire need of humanitarian aid. Women must be at ‘centre of peacekeeping decision-making’, UN chief tells Security Council Women’s rights, voices and participation must be at “the centre of peacekeeping decision-making”, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres told the Security Council on Thursday, describing them as “central to sustainable solutions” to challenges facing the Organization worldwide. Through its landmark resolution 1325 on women and peace and security, the Council reaffirmed the participation and involvement of women, which the UN chief hailed as “a key element in the maintenance of international peace and security”. He also noted the UN’s “essential system-wide effort” to enhance women’s representation at all levels and in all arenas, through his Strategy on Gender Parity. The whole story here. ‘Democratic aspirations of the Sudanese people’ must be met urges Guterres, following military removal of al-Bashir from power UN chief António Guterres said on Thursday that the “democratic aspirations of the Sudanese people” needed to be realized through “an appropriate and inclusive transition process”, following the arrest of President Omar al-Bashir by order of the country’s new military governing council. In a statement issued in New York by his Spokesperson, the Secretary-General said he would continue to follow development “very closely” and reiterated his call for calm and “utmost restraint by all”. UN experts warn Assange arrest exposes him to risk of serious human rights violations Independent UN rights experts on Thursday said the arrest of Wikileaks co-founder Julian Assange by police in the United Kingdom, after the Ecuadorian Government decided to stop granting him asylum in their London embassy, exposed him to “the risk of serious human rights violations”, if extradited to the United States. Special Rapporteur on extra-judicial executions, Agnes Callamard, tweeted that in “expelling Assange from the Embassy” and allowing his arrest, it had taken Mr. Assange “one step closer to extradition”. She added that the UK had now arbitrarily-detained the controversial anti-secrecy journalist and campaigner, “possibly endangering his life”. More on this here. Libya: clashes intensified in southern Tripoli, UN health agency deploys emergency teams Clashes have reportedly further intensified in southern parts of the Libyan capital, with fighting in the past 24 hours the heaviest since hostilities began in and around Tripoli. According to humanitarian partners in the country, families who have become stranded in conflict areas, not only fear for their safety but are also starting to run out of supplies, said the UN Spokesperson, Stéphane Dujarric, briefing reporters on Thursday. He stressed that “emergency service providers are operating with great personal risk, with three medical staff reportedly killed and four first responders reportedly injured.” The World Health Organization (WHO) has deployed emergency medical teams to help hospitals cope with the casualties, and support surgical staff, in collaboration with the country’s Ministry of Health. “WHO plans to deploy additional emergency teams and supplies, to support first-line responders and has activated contingency stocks which were strategically pre-positioned before the fighting began. The agency is also working with partners to support the medical needs of the displaced and migrants,” said Mr. Dujarric. According to humanitarian affairs office, OCHA, multiple civilian shelters have been set up in various areas of Tripoli, but at least two have already been evacuated, due to intensifying fighting. The UN continues to call for an immediate humanitarian truce to allow access for emergency services and the voluntary passage of civilians, away from conflict areas. Nigeria: Urgent humanitarian aid needed, to support 10,000 forced to relocate The UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Nigeria, Edward Kallon, has called on the Government of Nigeria to provide urgent humanitarian assistance to 10,000 women, men and children who were forced to relocate to Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State, from a town 40 kilometers away. The civilians were ordered to leave their homes in Jakana town, in the middle of Monday night by the Nigerian military, without any prior warning. According to the military, the civilians have been relocated to the Bakassi camp for internally displaced people for security reasons, ahead of planned operations in the area. “The entire town of Jakana was emptied, and people were forced to move to Maiduguri with very little time to collect personal belongings,” said Mr, Kallon. Some had arrived without even the shoes on their feet, he added. He said the UN was “urging the government to urgently provide safety, shelter, food, water and medical care to the displaced civilians”, in addition to information about when they will be allowed to return home. Escalation of fighting in Syria’s Idlib could have ‘catastrophic’ consequences And finally, an update on Syria: amid reports of intensifying clashes, and increased civilian casualties, the UN’s newly appointed humanitarian advisor for the country called for an immediate de-escalation of the ongoing violence on Thursday. Najat Rochdi took office as the Senior Humanitarian Advisor to the UN Special Envoy for Syria, Geir Pedersen, only last month. In her first media briefing in Geneva, she said immediate action was required in order to facilitate access for humanitarian aid and offer protection to its civilians. “The conflict in Syria is now in its ninth year, and massive humanitarian needs persist,” she told journalists, while noting that “active conflict continues in some areas as does the risk of further escalation in Idlib with potentially catastrophic humanitarian consequences.” Ms. Rochdi stressed that the UN needs around $27 million to sustain the humanitarian response “for the next several months.” 0 comments on “Thursday’s Daily Brief: Women in peacekeeping, the arrest of Sudan’s leader, updates on Libya, Nigeria and Syria” https://youtu.be/vIeGfksc2qY La Cumbre Internacional ” SUMMIT COUNTER- TERRORISM Acapulco 2020″ Zaira Rosas Periodista, escritora y especialista en comunicación fue reconocida con el Premio Nacional de Periodismo 2019 ABOGADOS DISPONIBLE EN MEXICO Celular: +52 1 33.3153.5833 Email: contacto@ibarrayasociadosabogados.com ABOGADOS DISPONIBLES EN MEXICO Celular: +52 1 33.3153.5833 Email: contacto@ibarrayasociadosabogados.com https://youtu.be/crsNG-BMFsQ MULTI PLATFORM MEDIA TV RADIO INTERNET LATINO PRESS WORLDWIDE/CHANNEL 1 LOS ANGELES.- Was formed to create a high quality functional network that provides quality Spanish/English Content originating primarily in the United States, with distribution into the Latino population through modern communications media that currently allows expansion throughout the World. https://youtu.be/H-mMZU2Oypc BBC News – US & Canada Meng Wanzhou: Extradition hearings to begin for Huawei executive January 20, 2020 Super Bowl 2020: Kansas City Chiefs to play San Francisco 49ers in Miami showpiece January 20, 2020 David Olney: American folk singer dies on stage aged 71 January 20, 2020 Harry and Meghan: No other option but to step back, says duke January 20, 2020 BBC News – Business Department store Beales collapses into administration January 20, 2020 HS2: Give me the facts, says Shapps January 20, 2020 'Going to Davos is probably reputational suicide' January 20, 2020 Shopping centre owner Intu seeks emergency cash January 20, 2020 Fevertree loses its fizz as shares dive after 'subdued' Christmas January 20, 2020 Sport24.co.za \| Lions loosie ruptures Achilles tendon, set for surgery January 20, 2020 Sport24.co.za \| Faf recommits future to Proteas, eyes T20 World Cup as swansong January 20, 2020 Sport24.co.za \| A year on, Sala's death continues to haunt football and fuel disputes January 20, 2020 Sport24.co.za \| CSA sends Ngidi, Shamsi to conditioning camp January 20, 2020 Sport24.co.za \| Man Utd 'keeper Romero escapes unhurt from car crash January 20, 2020	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1408950
__label__wiki	0.648413	0.648413	Kurdish fighters in Kobani report 'IS' retreat Kurdish fighters and a monitoring body have reported that "Islamic State" fighters have fled the Syrian-Turkish border city of Kobani. Apart from sporadic fighting on the outskirts, the area was said to be secure. Deutsche Welle, 26 Jan 2015 Extremist fighters with the self-styled "Islamic State" ("IS") were driven out of Kobani on Monday, activists and Kurdish officials said, in what would be a key coup for forces opposing the Sunni Islamist militia. "The Islamic State is on the verge of defeat," said Kurdish official Idriss Nassan, speaking from Turkey near the Syrian border. "Their defenses have collapsed and its fighters have fled." The British-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights also reported the partial IS retreat out of Kobani, officially known as Ain al-Arab, but noted some sporadic fighting. "The Kurds are pursuing some jihadis on the eastern outskirts of Kobani, but there is no more fighting inside now." Months of fighting have leveled Kobani's old market street Nassan said he was preparing to visit the border town on Tuesday, saying he expected it to be completely freed by then. Since mid-September, the balled for Kobani has reportedly claimed some 1,600 lives. According to figures from the UK-based Observatory watchdog released earlier this month, "IS" had lost 1,075 fighters in its bid to control the city, with 459 Kurdish fighters and 32 civilians also killed. Islamic State fighters first began capturing villages close to Kobani in September, before thrusting into the town itself, pushing thousands of refugees out of Kobani and across the border into Turkey. The town became something of a symbol for international intervention to stop the IS advance; US Secretary of State John Kerry said after the US-led bombing strikes against IS were announced that it would be "morally very difficult" not to help Kobani. A combination of US-led airstrikes and the arrival of Kurdish peshmerga fighters from Iraq helped turn the tide in the battle for Kobani, with the peshmerga evening out IS' earlier artillery superiority. Kurdish official Nassan said that coalition airstrikes had intensified in recent days to lay the groundwork for his fighters' final push on IS positions to the south and east of the town. Since the US airstrikes began on September 23, an average of around six air strikes per day have targeted fighters in or near Kobani. Four-fifths of all coalition airstrikes in Syria, as opposed to Iraq, have been in or around the town. msh/kms (AFP, AP) An injured police commando on stretcher waits to be loaded onto a waiting US military helicopter in the town of Mamasapano, on the southern Philippine island of Mindanao on Jan. 26, 2015, following clashes with Muslim rebels. (AFP Photo/ Mark Navales) More Than 40 Philippine Police Killed in Clash With Muslims Posted by Cempaka at 10:03 PM Labels: Death, Iraq, Military, Syria, Terrorists, Turkey, US UN chief tells African leaders not to 'cling to po... New Saudi king announces major government shake-up... International Monetary Fund Begins Work on ‘Plan B... Tradition meets Twitter as Saudis pledge to new ki... Obama pays his respects to King Abdullah, talks se... First female Church of England bishop consecrated ... Obama, Modi announce nuclear power deal Obama begins landmark visit to India Merkel and Gabriel offer Russia free-trade agreeme... Xi still lowest paid major world leader despite pa... Obama says 'shadow of crisis has passed' Europeans should come clean on CIA torture Pope says Catholics do not need to breed 'like rab... Half global wealth held by the 1% Pope attracts world-record crowd in wet Philippine... Thousands see off Chadian troops to fight Boko Har... US supreme court agrees to hear cases on right to ... ICC prosecutor opens probe into war crimes against... Obama urges Congress to hold off on Iran sanctions... Vietnam PM Says Impossible to Ban Social Media Pope in Philippines says there are 'limits' to fre... Wife of Lashed Saudi Blogger Calls for His Release... Rotterdam’s mayor praised in Britain for ‘f*** off... US says should have sent higher-ranking envoy to P... Tears, cheers but 'no fear' at Paris rally More than 700,000 rally in France after Islamist a... Obama taps Treasury terror, intelligence chief for... Saudi blogger lashed in public for ‘insulting Isla... US to meet Cuba January 21-22 for first talks on n... Twin dissidents among political prisoners freed by... US: Palestine not eligible to join ICC Obama 'prepared to veto' Republican Congress pipel... Pope Francis names diverse group of new cardinals Turkey allows first new Christian church since 192... Palestinians present ICC membership request to UN Prince Andrew named in US lawsuit over underage se... Pope Francis calls for peace, end to slavery in 20...	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1408962
__label__wiki	0.502614	0.502614	Home > Volume 90 Issue 45 > Science & Technology Concentrates > Extending Aminations’ Reach Issue Date: November 5, 2012 Extending Aminations’ Reach Duo of transition-metal-free techniques add to the tool kit for making carbon-nitrogen bonds By Carmen Drahl Keywords: amination, boron, amine, organic chemistry Science & Technology Concentrates Eyeballing Assays Probing Electronic Spectra Step-By-Step Flexible Circuits By The Slice Neanderthal Copycats Morken’s route (top) works with both alkyl- and arylamines; Kürti’s approach (bottom) works under neutral or mildly basic conditions. Two teams have independently developed reactions that convert boron-functionalized starting materials to amines without using transition-metal catalysts (J. Am. Chem. Soc., DOI: 10.1021/ja309637r and 10.1021/ja305448w). Alkyl- and arylamines are important reagents for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Multiple transformations arrive at these amines, but they can require costly removal of metal contaminants or aren’t compatible with certain substrates. László Kürti of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Daniel H. Ess of Brigham Young University, and colleagues use O-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydroxylamine to obtain multigram quantities of primary aromatic amines directly from aryl boronic acids. The team’s calculations suggest that the amination proceeds through an aryl migration mechanism. Meanwhile, James P. Morken of Boston College and coworkers combine methoxyamine and n-butyllithium to obtain amines from pinacol boronates. Pinacol boronates are more stable than many boron reagents but typically aren’t compatible with aminations. The Boston team’s reaction, in contrast, works with aryl and alkyl pinacol boronates. It proceeds at gram scales and retains stereochemistry at the carbon adjacent to the amine nitrogen.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1408963
__label__cc	0.690847	0.309153	Studying for midterms: President Hsu style Liz Hipes Campus, Music, Review Ok first, I just want to say how much I appreciate that fact that President Hsu of the College of Charleston sent us a hand-selected playlist of various songs to help students study for midterms. In a time when students are experiencing the first stressful milestone of the semester, it’s nice to be able to take a pause and remind ourselves that we have a president that truly cares about students’ success and anxiety levels. On October 4th, President Hsu sent out a mass email with ten songs that he and his family picked out with the idea in mind that these tunes would help students focus as they study for midterms. The playlist includes a wide range of vibes that motivate, prepare and relax students during a time of seemingly high stakes and intense pressure. From classical tunes and indie/pop to early 2000’s nostalgia or country, this playlist is designed to put anyone at ease during a time of great pressure. The best thing about this playlist is the order that the songs were put in. Hsu starts it off with Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G Major which eases you into a study mood. Later on, songs like Jubel and Island in the Sun begin to hype you up giving off an upbeat “let’s get this done” type of feeling and then brings it back to earth with Piano Concerto No. 23 in A by Mozart to remind you of the task at hand by slowing things down. Hsu then finishes strong with songs with a more EDM/psychedelic/indie tone like Unwind and Thief, my personal favorites. The divergence of the playlist goes even further because some have lyrics, and some don’t; while some have come out within the last few months others aren’t even from this century. Overall, the playlist made by President Hsu isn’t just adorable, but practical and applicable not just for midterms, but for studying in general and even for casual listening. To be honest, I’ve already added some of these songs to my personal playlist. About Liz Hipes Mumps & the Holidays: Sharing Isn’t Always Caring The AcaBelles Hit the High Note Update on the College’s Mumps Outbreak 'Studying for midterms: President Hsu style' has no comments	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1408974
__label__wiki	0.647773	0.647773	Home Opener vs USC Upstate Bryce Warner Men's Basketball, Sports On Tuesday, the College of Charleston men’s basketball team were home to start the season against USC Upstate. The Cougars won in a blowout, 74-55. To start the game, Senior guard Grant Riller scored the Cougars first seven points against USC Upstate. The first half of the game was tight as USC Upstate had an answer for everything the College threw at them. At the half the score was 36-33 with the College in the lead. One thing the Spartians didn’t have an answer for was Grant Riller. The senior guard scored half of the Cougar’s points in the first half with 18, going 7-11 from the field. The second half is when the Cougars gained control and ran away with the game. The team controlled every aspect of the game in the second half. They grabbed 27 rebounds, five assists, caused seven turnovers and shot 43.3% from the field. In the second half, the team went on a nice 9-0 run, to prevent even the slightest chance of a comeback. USC Upstate was held scoreless for almost three minutes. The Cougars increased their lead to 23 with three minutes remaining in the second half. Riller finished the game with 26 points, three steals, three assists and four rebounds. Senior forward Sam Miller had an impressive game as well. He grabbed 14 rebounds and scored eight points coming off the bench. Junior guard Brevin Galloway scored 10 points and had three steals along with RIller. Freshmen DeAngelo Epps, Trevon Reddish and Brenden Tucker all made their collegiate debuts Tuesday night. This Saturday, the College will be home to face off against Georgia State. Tagged: CAA Hoops, Grant Riller, NCAA Basketball, USC Upstate About Bryce Warner Bryce Warner, from Goose Creek, South Carolina. Is a Sophomore majoring in Communication. Bryce can spin a basketball on his finger, makes skillet waffles and didn’t miss a day of school from Kindergarten to 12th Grade. The College: Ghosted? Cougars Fall to Oklahoma State At Home Men’s Basketball Set to Play UNC 'Home Opener vs USC Upstate' has no comments	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1408975
__label__cc	0.698847	0.301153	The City of San Jose's current development and approach for establishing centralized, Citywide consideration of digital privacy policy. Three concurrent efforts are ongoing; Privacy Working Group (senior internal City staff), Privacy Advisory Board (external privacy experts), and Community Engagement (series of recurring workshops/events to engage community leaders and the general public. All three concurrent efforts are formulating Citywide privacy principles that will be vetted, amended accordingly, and approved by all three efforts. The privacy principles will then serve as a point of departure and reference for the development of policy, specifically for smart city use cases in 2019. sanjoseca.gov/digitalprivacy	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1408976
__label__wiki	0.696366	0.696366	April 4, 2016 by The Citron Review by Nancy L. Conyers “How long you have been in China?” Miss Tang, the young pimply-faced interrogator asked Lisa in English, taking a notebook from a thick folder on her desk. The unheated room was small and windowless, the metal desk, chair and tattered filing cabinet were industrial grey. Lisa shivered slightly, as much from the actual temperature in the room as from its dreariness. This was not the China Lisa knew, not the thrilling, exhilarating, and intoxicating Shanghai she had come to love. When her partner Sheila’s company asked Sheila to take a job in Shanghai, they jumped at the chance to experience living in another country, especially China. Sheila was an ABC, or American born Chinese, whose mother was from Shanghai. They made a vow not to live in the expat bubble, to try as much as was possible to experience real life. The experience of getting hauled into the immigration police was not part of that plan, though. Neither was being questioned in a separate room from Hong Mei, the human resources director from Sheila’s company who came with her. “About four years time,” Lisa answered in Mandarin. Had it really been four years already, she wondered? People say that one year in China is like four years in the US. If that were true, then Lisa and Sheila had been in Shanghai the equivalent of sixteen years, as long as they’d been together before moving to Shanghai. The time had gone too quickly and Lisa wasn’t ready to give it all up, to leave Shanghai, the place where she felt most at home and alive in the world. She thought about her Chinese friends who would never be able to get visas to get out of the country, friends who she’d never see again if she were kicked out, friends who had become her de facto family and had fed her, taught her the language, invited her to their homes for the Spring Festival, assuaged her loneliness, and, most importantly, told her their stories, the stories they’d never told anyone. She thought about the xiaolongbao only Shanghainese know how to make properly, the sound of the clock tower on the Customs House on the Bund ringing “The East is Red” every hour, how she first learned to text message in Shanghai. Mostly, Lisa thought about how Shanghai had taken Sheila and her already strong relationship and made it so impenetrable, secure, and fulfilling that they couldn’t imagine living anywhere else in the world. This was all despite the fact that, unlike in the U.S., they had to be closeted here. It was bizarre to be back in the closet after being together for sixteen years, but mei banfa, there was no way they could be out. There were no laws that protected gay people in China, and Sheila’s company had explicitly told them not to say anything to anyone about their relationship. “Four years? This is a long time.” Miss Tang looked up from the notebook she was writing in and asked, “Where do you learn to speak Chinese?” “Here, in Shanghai,” Lisa told her. She felt like she was getting somewhere now, establishing rapport with Miss Tang. Speaking Mandarin always helped Lisa make connections more quickly with people and always came easier when she was scared or mad. “You study in Shanghai? Which university?” “I didn’t study at a university.” This is going well, Lisa thought. She thinks I studied at a university. “Where do you study?” “At a small school.” “What is the name of this school?” Miss Tang leaned forward. “It’s called Perfect Putonghua,” Lisa answered in English. She couldn’t remember the name of the school in Chinese. Maybe her synapses weren’t working so flawlessly. “Where do you stay?” “I am not sure I understand your meaning.” “I mean where do you live?” Miss Tang asked her, then leaned back slightly in her chair. “I live in America.” Those four words sounded strange and foreign to Lisa. She’d spent the last four years proudly saying Shanghai to anyone who asked her where she lived. Saying she lived in America sounded contrived, and she wondered if Miss Tang could sense that, but when Hong Mei prepared Lisa for the questioning she told her under no circumstances should she say she lived in Shanghai. “But you have just now told me you have been in Shanghai four years.” “Yes, I have been in Shanghai for four years, off and on. I go back and forth to America and travel in Asia.” “You have been other places in China?” “Oh, yes, I have travelled to many places in China,” Lisa said with a bright smile. “I love China.” “Where do you go in China?” “I’ve been to Beijing, Xian, Harbin, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Si Yang, Guilin, Lijiang, Changsha, Jiuzaiguo and Hong Kong.” That last one should get me some good guanxi, she thought, and give Miss Tang some good face. Even though Hong Kongnese never say they’re from China, government officials love it when outsiders include Hong Kong in the Motherland. “That is many places. Why do you go to so many places?” Miss Tang rifled through the papers in the file, pausing on certain pages, as if she were trying to connect the dots of Lisa’s wanderings. “Because I am interested in China. China is so big and there are so many places and I want to see as much as I can.” Lisa spread her arms wide and held them out hoping Miss Tang would understand that Lisa understood the enormity of China. “How can you pay for such travels?” Miss Tang squinted again and leaned further forward than she had before. “I am not sure what you mean.” What was she driving at? Lisa began to shake her right leg. She hoped Miss Tang didn’t see it. “I mean where do you get your money to pay for these travels in China?” “I have money in a bank account.” “Where does this money come from in your bank account?” “Miss Tang, I do not understand your meaning.” “I mean, how can you pay for your traveling?” “I have a bank account in America and I use this money to pay for my travels.” “Where does the money in this bank account come from?” Now Lisa understood. Miss Tang was trying to see if she was working in Shanghai. “It is money I earned working in America.” Miss Tang shifted in her chair, exhaled heavily and leaned toward Lisa. “Where do you stay in Shanghai?” “In Shimao Riviera Gardens.” “That place is very expensive. How can someone such as yourself pay for a place such as Shimao?” “Oh, it is not my apartment. When I am in Shanghai I stay with a friend.” Calling Sheila her friend felt disloyal and false. Had Miss Tang ever been in love? Did she understand what it was like to keep a family together at all costs? Lisa was fighting her natural inclination to just simply tell the truth. She wanted to scream at Miss Tang, “Her name is Sheila and she is my ai ren, my love person,” but Hong had also told her not to say Sheila’s name unless repeatedly pressed. Nor should she call Sheila her lover, partner, or anything other than a friend. Lisa was beginning to get annoyed with all the questions. Miss Tang probably knew the answers to the questions she was asking anyway. Sheila’s company told the women before they went to Shanghai they should expect their phones would be tapped and they would have some level of surveillance. Lisa was sure the folder on Miss Tang’s desk contained more than the copies of her visa and passport. “Who pays for this place?” “My friend does. It is my friend’s apartment.” “Who is this friend?” “She is someone who works for Allied Beverage. Do you know Allied Beverage?” “Yes, of course I know this company.” Just then the door flew open. It startled Lisa, and she jumped a bit in the folding chair. Half of her ass was hanging off the seat because the chair was not built for a large laowai rear end like Lisa’s. A middle-aged man with thin, wispy hair and a potbelly came in. He had his phone clipped to his belt and he strode around the desk and stood at Miss Tang’s side. He had the stern look of an old cadre from the Cultural Revolution. It was easy to imagine him grilling people, making them confess their bourgeois tendencies just so he would stop torturing them, forcing them to write copious self-criticisms renouncing their friends, their families and pledging complete allegiance to the Communist Party, to the new China with Mao. “This is Mr. Lu.” Mr. Lu held Lisa’s destiny in his pudgy hands. It was important to give him face since he was obviously the big boss, so Lisa stood up and gave a curt bow. He stood there, stared at her and said nothing. Even though it was cold in the room Lisa could feel herself beginning to sweat. Mr. Lu picked up the folder and began leafing through it, then started peppering Miss Tang with questions. Have you read this file? Why does she have so many visas? Why has she been in Shanghai for so long? Why has she traveled to so many places in China? Miss Tang sat at the desk staring straight ahead while Mr. Lu hovered over her shooting his questions at the back of her head. If he spoke English he would have been asking Lisa the questions in English and he obviously assumed that Lisa didn’t speak Chinese. Lisa realized it was time for her to take this into her own hands. “I have so many visas,” she said in Mandarin, “because I received F visas that were only good for six months each.” Mr. Lu looked at her for the first time—just what she had hoped for by speaking Mandarin. Now she felt a little more relaxed. She’d made a connection with him and continued answering in his Mother tongue. “I have been in Shanghai for four years time.” Mr. Lu leaned over the desk and extended his right arm. Wow, she thought, this is going unbelievably well. Lisa stuck her right arm out to shake his hand, but he swatted her hand away, took his index finger and poked her left shoulder. “You (poke) speak (poke) English (bigger poke),” he yelled at her in English. He closed the folder, said something to Miss Tang in Shanghainese, and left, slamming the door behind him. Miss Tang sat at her desk, collecting herself. Lisa could see Mr. Lu had gotten to both of them. Lisa had gotten nowhere with Mr. Lu, but she felt she might have a chance with Miss Tang. “Why did Mr. Lu not want me to speak Mandarin? Does he not speak English?” Miss Tang looked at her and didn’t answer. It was almost as if Lisa could see her thoughts flashing across her forehead like the digital news readouts in Times Square. She could see Miss Tang trying to decide if she should say anything and what she should say if she did answer. For a brief moment her eyes darted to a spot behind Lisa over the door. Of course, Lisa realized, they were being taped. Lisa had made a big mistake with Mr. Lu. Speaking Mandarin had made him lose face front of his subordinate, and she wondered if she would have to pay for that later. Foolish her for thinking things were going well. The American journalist Edgar Snow, who walked with Mao and the Communist troops on the Long March, was right—when you begin to think you understand China, it’s time to leave. “Is Mr. Lu coming back?” “This is not your concern.” “What did Mr. Lu say to you in Shanghainese?” “How do you know this is Shanghai dialect?” “Because I can tell the difference between Mandarin and Shanghainese. What did he say to you?” “This is not your concern either.” “What about the woman I came here with, Hong Mei? Where is she?” “This is also is not your concern.” “I would like to see her.” Lisa didn’t want to be in this alone. She wanted Hong there with her. “This is not possible at this moment.” “Why not, Miss Tang?” “Because it is not possible. You must stay here and answer more questions.” “I can answer your questions better if Hong Mei is with me. Where is she? I want to see her.” “You will see her when you are finished answering these questions.” “I don’t want to answer any more questions, Miss Tang. I want to see Hong Mei. I am an American citizen and I deserve to have representation. Do you know what that means?” Miss Tang looked at Lisa and said nothing. Did she not understand or had Lisa just said the most stupid thing possible? There is no rule of law in China, only rules that change daily according to someone’s whim. “Miss Downey, I would like to remind you that you are in China. In America, do you follow your country’s laws?” “We are trying to determine if you are following Chinese laws. Miss Hong Mei may not answer these questions for you. Only you may answer these questions.” “I will feel more comfortable if Hong Mei is with me and I will be able to answer your questions better if she is here.” Lisa was grasping at straws but just as she was throwing out all the Mandarin she knew, she was throwing out anything she could to get Miss Tang to bring Hong back. If Mr. Lu came back, Lisa wanted Hong with her. “This is impossible. You will see her once you are finished.” “And I must tell you again, Miss Tang, that I want to see Hong Mei. Please go get her.” Miss Tang put her pen down on her notebook and sat there, looking at Lisa, not making a move. Miss Tang had regained her composure and was being tougher and more resolute. “Please go get Hong Mei.” “I am afraid I cannot do that. You will rejoin Hong Mei when we are finished.” “I am going to find her.” Lisa got up from the uncomfortable folding chair and walked toward the door. “Please sit down, Miss Downey. This is not a good idea.” “Because Mr. Lu is with Hong Mei at this time.” Defeated, Lisa sat back down. Hong had told her to be courteous, answer any questions as pleasantly and obliquely as possible, and not to make waves. She understood if she wanted to see Hong again and have any chance of remaining in Shanghai with Sheila she needed to park her privilege, submit to Miss Tang, and remember that China is never what you think it is and always what it wants to be. Nancy L. Conyers has an MFA from Antioch University in Los Angeles and currently lives in Malmo, Sweden. She has been published in Lunch Ticket, The Manifest-Station, Hupdaditty, and is working on a novel from which this story is adapted. Category: 2016 \| Tags: Fiction, Nancy L. Conyers, Queer Issue, Spring 2016, The Citron Review, The Interrogation My Breath Catches in My Skull » « Leaving a Mark	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1408977
__label__wiki	0.612282	0.612282	Chesapeake Bay Magazine The Best of the Bay Bay Bulletin Talk of the Bay Chesapeake Almanac Jody’s Log Wild Chesapeake Bay Calendar Crawling Through History Hors d’oeuvres, drinks, and a guided stroll through hidden history at the Mariners Museum in Newport News By Chris / September 13, 2019 Hors d’oeuvres, drinks, and a guided stroll through hidden history at the Mariners Museum By Laura Boycourt I’ve got wine in one hand, a serving of gazpacho in the other, and I’m bound for France to explore a mysterious maritime artifact. After my European sojourn, I’ll probably stop in Africa, then maybe Japan, and likely wrap up my travels in the Barents Sea, discovering prized items, snacks, and mythic stories at each international port of call along the way. All this, and I’ll be back home in Tidewater by bedtime. Forget around the world in 80 days. You can travel the globe and celebrate its maritime history in just one evening during the Mariners’ Museum and Park Gallery Crawl. Now in its fifth year, the Gallery Crawl is a unique, behind-the-scenes opportunity to get an up-close look at rarely seen artifacts. The event is designed so that attendees can nosh on tasty food and drink prior to “departure” and follow a map of sorts to ports of call located throughout the museum. A specially-curated maritime artifact retrieved from the museum’s archives awaits guests at each station, and museum staff and volunteers enthusiastically educate crawlers about the item’s history and significance. Books, maps, photographs, figurines, and grand tales of expeditions and voyages are only a sampling of all that was on display during last September’s Crawl. Some of the fan favorites included a 4,000-year-old Egyptian model boatman, a 360-degree panoramic photo of 1878 San Francisco, and a roughly 250-year-old marine barometer invented by famous optician and instrument maker Edward Nairne (1726-1806) and used during Captain James Cook’s final voyage. Perhaps one of the neatest items on display was a custom-made dispatch box from 1871; essentially a fancy travel box/desk replete with hidden compartments and gilt decorations. The Mariners’ Museum suspects the box may have been part of a world exposition or exhibition in the 1870’s. It’s easy to imagine the treasures that might have been kept within its tiny drawers and the waterways it may have crossed. Mariners’ Museum marketing and communications manager Jenna Dill, says the Gallery Crawl isn’t just another ordinary day (or evening, in this case) at the museum. “The Crawl gives our guests an opportunity to see more of our amazingly massive collection, which typically stays behind closed doors,” she says, adding that only two percent of the museum’s collections are on display on any given day. “While in storage, our artifacts don’t get a chance to shine, a chance to tell the amazing stories they capture.” The Gallery Crawl changes all that. Crawling allows guests to go far beyond reading labels through glass, says Dill, thanks to museum staff and volunteers. “When you have someone bringing the artifact to life, telling you all the secrets about it that resonate with you more than a few words on paper does. “The food, drink, and good company are icing on the cake,” she adds. Even if guests have previously attended a Crawl, each year’s edition offers a new experience. “Each event is an exclusive experience that is hand-curated every year. It’s like a whole new event each year with new stories to tell and new artifacts to see, and maybe even touch,” Dill explains. The Crawl is just another way the Mariners’ Museum makes a year-round effort to illustrate how everyone is tied to the water in one way or another. “We desire for every guest to leave here feeling connected to water, and ultimately to each other,” Dill says. As my crawling experience was coming to an end, I approached one last table manned by several volunteers including the delightful Courtland Bostic. An octogenarian with an excellent sense of humor, Bostic has volunteered with the Mariners’ Museum for about a decade and says that, because the museum boasts such a terrific collection of artifacts, the Crawl is the perfect excuse to show off those historical prizes that aren’t normally on display. “This gives us an opportunity to bring out some of the things that are a bit out of mainstream. It’s just an opportunity for people to see things they wouldn’t ordinarily see,” he says. After a guest’s trip around the world during the Gallery Crawl is complete, or even after a simple walk through the museum during normal hours, Bostic says many visitors may head home a bit shocked. “When people leave here, they just can’t believe what they saw. They compare us to the Smithsonian in quality.” As for this year’s event, Dill says crawlers will again receive a Port of Call card to guide them through the journey, and a Crossing the Line ceremony will replicate a first crossing of the Equator. King Neptune is scheduled to be part of the fun, too. As for the never-before-seen artifacts that will be on display, you’ll just have to crawl to find out. Laura Boycourt is a freelance writer, mom to two little pirates, and lifelong boater from Annapolis. VIDEO: Thomas Pt. Lighthouse Renovation will Protect History Oral History Grant to Preserve Annapolis Maritime Past One of Bay's Biggest "Dead Zones" in History… Crisfield Students Present History at Tawes Musem Open House Harriet Tubman State Park Offers Black History Month… Md. Oyster Harvest 30% Cuts Proposed Bay “Dead Zone” Back Down from Historic Levels Ultra-rare Bobcat Sighting in Washington, D.C. By Bay Bulletin / January 18, 2020 Norfolk and Pamunkey Tribe Reach Agreement on Waterfront Casino Resort Possible World Record Rockfish Caught off Cape Charles BAY LIVING: Mid-Shore Symphony Brings Big City Music to Small Towns Baltimore Passes Plastic Bag Ban on 9th Try, Will Md. Follow? Chesapeake Bay Media Crabs! Books & Special Editions Marinas & Restaurants Guide to Chesapeake Boatbuilders 2019 Chesapeake Gift Guide Scrapbooking and Craft Weekend!! MLK Days @ Annmarie Sculpture Garden & Art Center Unsustainable Backyard Birds: Session A Follow CBM © Chesapeake Bay Media All rights reserved.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1408983
__label__cc	0.63823	0.36177	Hujwiri: Discourse on the True Nature of Passion The following is an excerpt from Al-Hujwiri's seminal Persian Sufi manual, Khasf al-Mahjub, Revelation of the Mystery, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, with Gnostic commentary [in brackets]. You must know that, according to the opinion of some, passion is a term applied to the attributes of the lower soul [constituted by nafs, egos], but according to others, a term denoting the natural volition (irádat-i ṭab') [iradah signifies conscious willpower, Tiphereth] whereby the lower soul is controlled and directed, just as the spirit [Chesed] is controlled by the intelligence [Binah]. Every spirit [Monad] that is devoid of the faculty of intelligence [which has not fully assimilated the Holy Spirit] is imperfect [absolute perfection of the Innermost is achieved through Resurrection on the Second Mountain], and similarly every lower soul [naf, Nephesh: animal soul or Consciousness] that is devoid of the faculty of [Christic] passion is imperfect. Man [Tiphereth] is continually being called by intelligence [Binah, the Holy Spirit] and passion [Arcanum 15, Lucifer, the tempter] into contrary ways [through Arcanum 6: Indecision]. If he obeys the call of intelligence he attains to faith [through direct experience], but if he obeys the call of passion he arrives at error and infidelity. Therefore passion is a veil and a false guide, and man is commanded to resist it [through self-observation and Meditation]. Passion is of two kinds: (1) desire of pleasure and lust, and (2) desire of worldly honor and authority. He who follows pleasure and lust haunts taverns, and mankind are safe from his mischief, but he who desires honor and authority lives in cells (ṣawámi') and monasteries, and not only has lost the right way himself but also leads others into error. One whose every act depends on passion, and who finds satisfaction in following it, is far from God although he be with you in a mosque [Gnostic Institution or Monastery], but one who has renounced and abandoned it is near to God although he be in a church [foreign, non-Gnostic institution or religion]. Ibráhím Khawwáṣ relates this anecdote: "Once I heard that in Rúm there was a monk who had been seventy years in a monastery. I said to myself: 'Wonderful! Forty years is the term of monastic vows: what is the state of this man that he has remained there for seventy years?' I went to see him. When I approached, he opened a window and said to me: 'O Ibráhím, I know why you have come. I have not stayed here for seventy years because of monastic vows, but I have a dog foul with passion, and I have taken my abode in this monastery for the purpose of guarding the dog (sagbání), and preventing it from doing harm to others.' On hearing him say this I exclaimed: 'O Lord, Thou art able to bestow righteousness on a man even though he be involved in sheer error.' He said to me: 'O Ibráhím, how long will you seek men? Go and seek yourself, and when you have found yourself keep watch over yourself, for this passion clothes itself every day in three hundred and sixty diverse garments of godhead and leads men astray.'" In short, the devil cannot enter a man's heart until he desires to commit a sin: but when a certain quantity of passion appears, the devil [or black magician] takes it and decks it out and displays it to the man's heart; and this is called diabolic suggestion (waswás). It begins from passion, and in reference to this fact God said to Iblís [Satan] when he threatened to seduce all mankind: "Verily, thou hast no power over My servants" (Qur'an XV, 42), for the devil in reality is a man's lower soul (ego) and passion (Fornication). Hence the Apostle [Prophet Muhammad] said: "There is no one whom this devil (i.e. his passion) has not subdued except 'Umar, for he has subdued his devil [in Sexual Magic]." Passion is mingled as an ingredient in the clay of Adam; whoever renounces it becomes a prince [a Malik, Melech, or King of Tiphereth] and whoever follows it [through Fornication] becomes a captive [of Klipoth]. Junayd was asked: "What is union with God [religion, religare, Yoga]?" He replied: "To renounce passion [Fornication]," for of all of the acts of devotion by which God's favor is sought none has greater value than resistance to passion, because it is easier for a man to destroy a mountain with his nails than to resist passion [Fornication]. I have read in the Anecdotes that Dhu 'l-Nún the Egyptian said: "I saw a man flying through the air [through Jinn science], and asked him how he had attained to this degree. He answered: 'I set my feet on passion (hawá) in order that I might ascend into the air (hawá).'" It is related that Muḥammad b. Faḍl al-Balkhí said: "I marvel at one who goes with his [Christic, volitional] passion into God's House and visits Him [in the superior worlds]: why does he not trample on his [sensual, egotistical] passion that he may attain to Him [through self-realization]?" The most manifest attribute of the lower soul is lust (shahwat). Lust is a thing that is dispersed in different parts of the human body, and is served by the senses. Man is bound to guard all his members from it [particularly the sexual organs, to train the body not to fornicate], and he shall be questioned concerning the acts of each. The lust of the eye is sight, that of the ear is hearing, that of the nose is smell, that of the tongue is speech, that of the palate is taste, that of the body (jasad) is touch, and that of the mind is thought (andíshídan). It behoves the seeker of God to spend his whole life day and night, in ridding himself of these incitements to passion which show themselves through the senses [by correctly transforming impressions], and to pray God to make him such that this desire will be removed from his inward nature [through contemplation, mushahadah, witnessing within Meditation], since whoever is afflicted with lust is veiled from all spiritual things. If anyone should repel it by his own exertions [without divine help], his task would be long and painful. The right way is resignation (taslím). It is related that Abú 'Alí Siyáh of Merv said: "I had gone to the bath and in accordance with the custom of the Prophet I was using a razor (pubis tondendæ causá). I said to myself: 'O Abú 'Alí, amputate this member which is the source of all lusts and keeps thee afflicted with so much evil.' A voice in my heart whispered: 'O Abú 'Alí, wilt thou interfere in My kingdom [since scientific chastity is fundamental, for "He that is wounded in the stones, or hath his privy member cut off, shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD." -Deuteronomy 23:1]. Are not all thy limbs equally at My disposal [especially the sexual organs, which are the foundation stone of Allah-Khemia, Alchemy]? If thou do this, I swear by My glory that I will put a hundredfold lust and passion in every hair in that place [for just as Klingsor thought to subdue his animal passion in Wagner's Parsifal, his self-castration did not remove the lust in his mind. In fact, it only increased it]." Although a man has no power over what is vicious in his constitution, he can get an attribute [defect] changed by Divine aid [in psychoanalytical meditation] and by resigning himself to God's will [through islam, submission to divinity through mystical death] and by divesting himself of his own power and strength [for "The Gnostic places all of his longings into the hands of his Innermost." -Samael Aun Weor]. In reality, when he resigns himself [through Meditation and comprehension], God protects him; and through God's protection he comes nearer to annihilating the evil than he does through self-mortification [striving, mujahadah, jihad, holy war against one's ego through self-observation] since flies are more easily driven away with an umbrella (mikanna) than with a fly-whisk (midhabba). Unless Divine protection is predestined to a man [if the Being does not will it] he cannot abstain from anything by his own exertion [willpower divorced from the Spirit], and unless God exerts Himself towards a man, that man's exertion is of no use [because the Being is the one who performs the Great Work through His human soul, Tiphereth, iradah or willpower]. All acts of [selfish] exertion [whereby the soul does not follow the will of divinity] fall under two heads: their object is either to avert the predestination of God or to acquire something in spite of predestination; and both of these objects are impossible. It is related that when Shiblí was ill, the physician advised him to be abstinent. "From what shall I abstain?" said he, "from what which God bestows upon me, or from that which He does not bestow? It is impossible to abstain from the former, and the latter is not in my hands."	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1408985
__label__wiki	0.778635	0.778635	Exposing Causes Too Many Sick Children Known Culprits Electromagnetic Fields / Wireless Technologies Flame Retardants (PBDEs) Countering False Narratives Campaign to Restore Child Health Exposing the Truth Federal Failures Legal Efforts Righting the Wrongs Watchdog Efforts Facts You Can Use Childhood Vaccines Chorphyrifos Did You Know? Memes Flu Vaccine Facts Mandates Toolbox Identifying At-Risk Children Policy Safeguards Whistleblowers Welcome About Chapters Kennedy News & Views Media/Media Issues Other Published Articles Public & Private Programs Research & Critiques Mercury/Thimerosal/Autism Silenced and Censored Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. Directors Emeritus Legal Advisory Committee RFK, Jr. & Robert DeNiro Press Conference Have a Fundraising Event Make a Birthday Wish #MyChildToo The Sickest Generation Legal Updates for New York NY Lawsuit #1 Repeal of Religious Exemption (From Most Recent) Children’s Health Defense and Michael H. Sussman, Esq. have decided not to appeal the denial of the preliminary injunction to the U. S. Supreme Court in F.F. on behalf of her minor children v. New York State regarding the repeal of the religious exemption in New York State. While we strongly believe that the State’s actions are unlawful and unjustifiable, we do not believe that appealing to the U.S. Supreme Court at this preliminary injunction stage will serve plaintiffs’ best interests. The risk of an adverse ruling that could harm favorable outcomes in other existing and future challenges is too great. We recognize the extraordinary importance of this case to families that have religious convictions against vaccination; we deeply regret that this seems the wisest course given the existing legal precedents on vaccination mandates and the rulings in the case to date. While we recognize that this is disappointing news, Children’s Health Defense will continue to stand shoulder-to-shoulder with you in the struggle for religious freedom, parental rights, and a child’s right to a school-based education, regardless of vaccination status. Children’s Health Defense will be announcing other lawsuits in New York State and elsewhere soon. Thank you for all you have done and all you are continuing to do to defend children’s health. Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Chairman On behalf of the Children’s Health Defense team We have filed a motion with the Third Department, an intermediate appeals court in NY, seeking its certification of our right to appeal its denial of the preliminary injunction to the state’s highest court, the Court of Appeals. We expect the Third Department to decide that motion before the end of this month. If it allows us to appeal to the Court of Appeals, we are prepared to proceed immediately. If not, we will seek an injunction from the US Supreme Court. September 6, 2019: Yesterday, September 5th, we received the decision from the Third Judicial Department that our motion for preliminary injunction was denied. We will work on papers for the Court of Appeals and hope to file them early next week. Appellate Division, Third Judicial Department Decision August 29, 2019: The court denied the Temporary Restraining Order but set this matter down for a very quick return date of September 4, 2019 at 9:30 am. They indicated that a full panel of the court would then be able to decide the preliminary injunction motion. I am advised further that there will be no oral argument on the 4th unless we are otherwise apprised. Signed Order to Show Cause On August 23rd, Judge Denise Hartman issued a decision denying the preliminary injunction/stay sought on behalf of 26,000 children and their families affected by the repeal of vaccine religious exemptions. CHD and Michael Sussman have appealed the decision. Court papers were filed today in Albany: Appellants’ Memorandum of Law in Support of Preliminary Injunction With respect to Judge Hartman’s decision, Attorney Michael H. Sussman issued the following statement: “We will appeal the denial to the Third Department as promptly as possible. Supreme Court properly recognized the irreparable harm the legislative repeal and Her Honor’s decision will cause for 26,000 children throughout the State. We will seek a hearing as promptly as possible as we do not agree with Supreme Court’s logic and reasoning concerning the possibility of success on the merits or the balancing of equities. We believe both favor preserving the status quo until final judicial resolution. We remain confident in our arguments.” On August 23rd, Judge Denise Hartman issued a decision denying the preliminary injunction/stay sought on behalf of 26,000 children and their families affected by the repeal of vaccine religious exemptions. The Judge composed a 34-page opinion which [in summary] made the following critical points: It was established that absent an injunction, there would be irreparable harm to the children and families involved. The judge stated that she had read and found quite compelling the nearly 400 affidavits submitted and acknowledged that her decision would cause families and students substantial hardship. The court did not feel the balance of equities tipped in our favor [a second factor to consider in deciding whether to grant a preliminary injunction] because, Her Honor reasoned, unvaccinated children pose a threat to others who cannot get vaccinations. The court viewed this threat as very significant in her decision. The judge concluded that we do not have a strong chance on ultimately succeeding in showing that the repeal violated any constitutional right. The court reasoned that there is no constitutional right to a religious exemption and that the legislature had neutral, not discriminatory, purposes which she found compelling, that is protecting public health. The court found the comments ambiguous that claimed to show animus toward religion and felt the legislature’s purpose was benign, not discriminatory toward those of religious faith. On August 14th, attorneys Michael H. Sussman and Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. presented oral arguments on behalf of 55 NYS families, hoping Justice Denise A. Hartman would block a law passed in June or at least issue a preliminary injunction. Challenging the constitutionality of the legislature’s repeal of the religious exemption to vaccination, they stated that parents who don’t want their children vaccinated will have their First Amendment rights violated if they are forced to do so. With school less than three weeks away, more than 26,000 NYS families have been thrown into chaos, because their children are barred from school and daycare. Hartman heard an hour of arguments over an injunction, and said she will keep the tight timeline in mind as she deliberates. A decision has yet to be made. August 9, 2019: A memo of law from the state defendants was submitted opposing our Temporary Restraining Order. Michael Sussman drafted a response and parents submitted over 350 Affidavits which we bound. On July 30, the affidavits and our brief to the court was mailed by the July 31 deadline for all legal papers. After Mr. Sussman received state defendants’ opposition to the preliminary injunction, he wrote the judge and asked her for a chance to respond to those arguments. We filed a response August 6th. Mr. Sussman also asked for oral argument. Oral argument was granted by the court to take place on August 14th at 10 a.m. at the Albany County Supreme Court. Following oral arguments by Michael Sussman and Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., a press conference will be held on the steps at 16 Eagle Street, Albany, NY. NY leaders ask that parents please show up in force and be there by 10 a.m. Bring your friends and family. If you see any reporters, introduce yourself and tell them your story. The judge and the press need to see that this law is impacting tens of thousands of families across the state. Families Sue New York State to Stop the Repeal of the Religious Exemption to Vaccines NY Lawsuit #2 Update on Repeal of Religious Exemption and IDEA (From Most Recent) Kim Mack Rosenberg, the lead attorney in V.D. v. State of New York, the lawsuit challenging the denial of an education to special needs students in New York who are not fully vaccinated, issued the following statement yesterday: Looking strategically at the decision from federal Judge Alleyne Ross denying a preliminary injunction in V.D. v. State of New York, we made the decision to voluntarily dismiss the action and our notice of voluntary dismissal without prejudice was filed on Thursday, August 22, 2019. There was something of a victory out of this litigation despite the denial of our request for a preliminary injunction. Many districts had been informing families that New York State Education Department (NYSED) was telling districts they did not have to provide services to homeschooled children who do not have all mandated vaccinations. After the filing of our complaint and motion papers, NYSED – in its opposition to our motion, and in the August 16 guidance from the New York State Department of Health- reversed that position and is now telling districts to provide services (there is an issue with the 6/1 deadline to notice districts but none of these families knew they would need to consider homeschool on 6/1 and NYSED is “encouraging” districts to provide services to families who provide post-6/1 notice). We are looking at additional avenues to address issues regarding children with IEPs, so while this specific case has been dismissed, work is continuing. We continue to be committed to these issues for all children in New York, not only children with special needs. On August 5th, a motion was filed for a preliminary injunction to stop the state of New York from enforcing a recent repeal of religious vaccine exemptions under the NY vaccine law, and allow students to begin school in September and “stay put” in the current placements according to their IEPs. The Defendant’s opposition papers and the Plaintiff’s reply were filed last week. On Monday, August 19th, Judge Allyne Ross denied the request. Attorney Kim Mack Rosenberg stated: “We are, of course, disappointed in Judge Ross’s decision denying a preliminary injunction which would have allowed New York’s most vulnerable students with disabilities to return to their classrooms this fall and receive the education placements and related services in the settings mandated by their IEPs. We are carefully analyzing the Court’s decision and assessing next steps.” In the IEP litigation, a motion was filed for a preliminary injunction on August 5, 2019. Judge Allyne Ross in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York has set an expedited briefing schedule for this motion. The Defendants have to file any opposition papers by August 13 at 5 pm and Plaintiffs have to file their reply by August 15 at 3 pm. A hearing date has not been set but all involved know this issue is time sensitive with the start of school in September. Plaintiffs argued in their motion that the Court should stay the implementation of the amended New York law, especially with respect to students with Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), who have extensive rights under federal law. The amended state law prevents these vulnerable children from going to school and receiving services that the families and districts agree are appropriate and has denied families notice and due process rights they are entitled to under federal law. Thus, Plaintiffs argue, the federal law preempts the state law and states’ law should yield to the federal law. Plaintiffs’ motion argued that they meet and exceed the traditional standards to grant an injunction staying the New York law’s implementation but also that the Court could issue an automatic injunction allowing students to “stay put” in the current placements according to their IEPs. Families of Children with Disabilities Sue New York State to Enforce Rights Under IDEA and Allow Children to Attend School Sign up for free news and updates from Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and the Children’s Health Defense. CHD is planning many strategies, including legal, in an effort to defend the health of our children and obtain justice for those already injured. Your support is essential to CHD’s successful mission. You make the difference. Join RFK, Jr. at the Hawaii Rally for Health Freedom Look WHO’s Talking! Vaccine Scientists Confirm Major Safety Problems Vaccines Containing Animal, Plant, Fungal Proteins Cause Autoimmune Diseases and Cancer Press Conference Video & Transcript © 2016-2020 Children's Health Defense, All rights Reserved • Medical Disclaimer • Privacy Policy • Contact Us Censorship is hiding us from you. Get important articles and updates on issues critical to children’s health. Join the movement to end children’s chronic health epidemics. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.OkPrivacy policy	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1408988
__label__cc	0.746903	0.253097	Home » Interesting » Do Ghosts Exist? Do Ghosts Exist? POSTED BY NK, UPDATED ON November 17th, 2019 We have all heard stories told late at night, around campfires, and even on TV. Myths and legends tell tales of ghosts or spirits roaming the earth. Unable to rest in peace because of something that wasn’t finished in their lives. Ghost stories and haunting have become increasingly popular with the invention of ghost hunting. The question that still remains is, Do ghosts exist? Do those restless spirits haunt the living? Do they let their presence be known? True Ghost Pictures Some of the eeriest things about hauntings are when they are caught on cameras or recorders. This evidence isn’t always found in haunted locations, but when it is, it is amazing. Ghost pictures that have been taken showing abnormalities that can range from spots to human forms. The spots have been named spirit orbs, but some of them have been debunked as bugs or dust. Also, the mists and human forms may have just been a double exposure, but can it all be messed up the film? That’s where digital photos have come in. Then, of course, people say that these photos have been computer enhanced. Again those images have also come under scrutiny from the skeptics as they find it difficult to accept images being the proof of the existence of ghosts in real life. There have been some remarkable images caught on video. Things being thrown across the room, or just moving by themselves. Shadow people being there one minute and then disappeared the next. Another piece of evidence is voices caught on recordings that were not heard with the human ear. These recordings are call EVPs or electronic voice phenomena. These EVPs can range from noises of activities long passed or voices of the dead answering your questions. Eerie voices of the dead speaking to the living. Ghost hunting has now become a money-making industry. More and more you see TV shows popping up, showing investigations of haunted locations. People can’t get enough of what goes bump in the night. Can all these TV shows be real though? They all show different ways to “hunt” ghosts from technical debunkers to mediums communicating with the spirits. Is the evidence that these shows catch reliable or are they just trying to sell the thrill? Those questions would only be answered by investigating yourself. Scientific Theories About Ghosts There are even many scientific theories that try to explain these phenomenons, most popular one being – just like a magnetic tape the magnetic field of earth records everything and sometimes due to some mysterious and unknown reasons like a magnetic tape player, earth re-plays what has been recorded (remember this is just a theory with no credible proof). Ghost stories have intrigued mankind for centuries. People want to know what happens to us when we pass from this world. Can these hauntings that are being caught in pictures, video, and recorders be real? Is there a way for our spirits to come back and give others messages, or is it all in our heads? Note: We didn’t discuss any religious perspective on ghosts (as it is beyond the scope of this article) despite the fact that plenty of discussions have been made on ghosts and why do ghosts exist in various religions such as Islam and Christianity.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1408989
__label__wiki	0.919473	0.919473	Home RSS Feed IN AP News Details emerge in New Jersey shooting, but questions remain Details emerge in New Jersey shooting, but questions remain People board up the front of a kosher supermarket thats was the site of a gun battle in Jersey City, N.J., Wednesday, Dec. 11, 2019. The two gunmen in a furious firefight that left multiple people dead in Jersey City clearly targeted the Jewish market, the mayor said Wednesday, amid growing suspicions the bloodshed was an anti-Semitic attack. (AP Photo/Seth Wenig) TRENTON, N.J. (AP) — Authorities on Wednesday named three victims and the suspected assailants in an hourslong shooting in Jersey City along with a rough timeline of what happened. But state and federal authorities are still investigating the attack. A look at what is still unknown: New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir Grewal said officials have obtained evidence that could reveal a motive, but that it’s still too early in the investigation to say what might have prompted the attack. He named David Anderson and Francine Graham, who both died in the shooting, as the suspects in the killings of Jersey City Det. Joseph Seals and three other bystanders in the JC Kosher supermarket. “We’re not in the position at this time to say definitively why the suspects decided to stop in front of the supermarket and begin firing immediately,” he said. But Jersey City Mayor Steven Fulop, as well as New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, were quick to call the attack out as anti-Semitic. “We shouldn’t parse words. To stop hate + anti-semitism we need to call it out QUICKLY for what it is,” Fulop said in a tweet. TWO CRIMES CONNECTED? Grewal also unveiled new information Wednesday, saying that the the attackers in the Tuesday shooting are also prime suspects in the death of 34-year-old Michael Rumberger, who was found dead Saturday with head trauma in the trunk of a Lincoln Town Car. But Grewal did not say what — if anything — linked Saturday’s crime to Tuesday’s shooting. CEMETERY SHOOTING CONNECTION Authorities said that the attackers killed Seals at Bay View Cemetery, about a mile from the market, before they drove a stolen U-Haul van there and Anderson immediately began firing on the store. Officials had earlier said Seals may have been investigating some “bad guys” before he was fatally shot, but the events of the graveyard shooting and how it ties to the market attack are still murky. GRAHAM’S LEVEL OF INVOLVEMENT Grewal said Graham was the passenger in the van, and that Anderson started firing on the market almost immediately after he exited the vehicle and began walking toward the market. But he said he wasn’t prepared to say if Graham also had a weapon before she too followed Anderson into the market, where they both remained through the duration of the gunfight. Authorities did say several weapons were recovered from the store. Previous articleTrump signs order targeting college anti-Semitism Next articleReese Witherspoon honored at Women in Entertainment gala	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1408990
__label__wiki	0.879685	0.879685	Greg Shaw Player Profile Greg Shaw (b. 1970) Full Name: Gregory Shaw Born: February 15th, 1970 (Dumfries) Height: 6' 0 Position: Striker Signed: March 27th, 1998 2001-02 Second Division 1 0 - 0 0 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1997-98 Second Division 3 0 - 0 0 33.3% 0.0% 66.7% Aug 11th, 2001 11/08/01 League Division 2 vs. Hamilton Accies (H) 3 - 2 Apr 11th, 1998 11/04/98 League Division 2 vs. Forfar (H) 0 - 1 Apr 4th, 1998 04/04/98 League Division 2 vs. Stranraer (A) 1 - 2 Mar 28th, 1998 28/03/98 League Division 2 vs. Inverness CT (H) 1 - 0 Inverness Caledonian Thistle 0 - 1 Clydebank Greg was born on this date in Dumfries. Debut - Clydebank 1 - 0 Inverness CT Last Appearance - Clydebank 3 - 2 Hamilton Accies	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1408997
__label__cc	0.696062	0.303938	Ian DeMartino OphionLocker Is A Shoddily Made, Copy & Paste Ransomware And That Is Frightening OphionLocker is being called the next generation of malware. The truth is anyone could make it, and that is the real problem. OphionLocker has been making the news as the latest and scariest piece of ransomware finding its way through the web through a malvertising campaign. It has been hailed by some as a powerful piece of software that represents the next generation of cyber crime. It may in fact be that, but not for the reasons those publications think. Thanks to security bloggers who actually did their job, we now know that the media-hyped OphionLocker is actually just a mismash of ideas from older ransomware and code copied directly from a wiki. Yes, despite all the hullabaloo about elliptic curve cryptography, it has been done before. But if that news brings relief to your mind, think about this: This piece of software, easily copied by anyone who takes a 72-hour coding course, has caused enough havoc to warrant the attention of media around the web. People have paid its ransom, and just because it was cloned by an incompetent developer does not mean its encryption is easily defeated. If you missed it, OphionLocker is the latest in a string of ransomware that has been amplifying the stereotype that Bitcoin is favored by criminals. It works similar to ransomware with elliptic curve cryptography before it, only in a less effective manner. It doesn't even have error handling. The ransomware, once it finds its way onto a victim's computer, cryptographically encrypts files it determines to be “important” (typically photos, videos and word documents) and then demands a payment in bitcoin (in most cases 1 BTC) for the keys to unlock the files. It is one of the more morally reprehensible scams on the internet and one that causes mainsteam media outlets to focus on the Bitcoin aspect of the scam. That said, warning people about OphionLocker is a worthwhile endeavor, regardless of how it makes Bitcoin look. What is scary about this development is how easy it is to recreate. The cryptocurrency space is full of copy & pasted code causing an unsustainable level of new altcoins to burst on the scene on a daily basis. Could this be the start of every two-bit-amateur scammer with a “coding for dummies” book putting out malware intended to pull us away from our hard earned bitcoins? It is the wild west out there, be careful, make sure everything, from your anti-virus to your browser, is up to date. Bitcoin is going to make new business models possible, from the revolutionary to the criminal. Don't be caught off guard. New Malware Attacks Bitcoin and Altcoin Wallets Researcher Discovers Tor Is Vulnerable To Malware Binaries Inserted By Exit Nodes Chrome Browser Extension Ethereum Wallet Injects Malicious JavaScript To Steal Data Interpol Collaborates With Cybersecurity Firm to Tackle Cryptojacking	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409000
__label__wiki	0.672584	0.672584	Crafts Council Collections Online First Decade Use this box to search for words anywhere in the object records. If you want to find a particular type of object enter its name or title here. Use this box to search by Crafts Council object number, eg. AM26 or 2014.1 Objects on view AllCrafts Council foyerLong term loansShort term exhibition loans Use this to find objects currently on view. Archive MaterialInterviewsHandling CollectionPrimary Collection Use this to restrict your search to a particular collection. BasketryBooksCeramicsClocksFurnitureGlassJewelleryLightingMetalMixed MediaPlasticsPaper, Print & LetteringTextilesToys & AutomataVisual workWood Use this to restrict your search to a particular category of object. If you want to find an object that was made using a particular material or technique, enter that here. If you want find objects which were made by a particular person, enter their name here. Earliest year made Enter years as YYYY. If you want to restrict the search to a particular year, enter that year in both boxes. Latest year made Only objects with images An image is available for almost every object in the Crafts Council Collection, however there are currently less images available for Handling Collection objects. Crafts Council Collections Online / Makers / Maker Ann Brunskill b. 1923, London Ann Brunskill was born in 1923 in London. From 1959-1962 she attended at the Chelsea School of Art & Design. Upon leaving, Brunskill began making prints as well as etchings and engravings on metal. After completing her first portfolio, Aphrodite, in 1974, she established her own printing label called The World’s End Press. Using a Lion platen press, Brunskill began producing large-scale books including Aesop’s Fables and The Romaunt of the Rose. During this time, 1970-1975, she taught at the Rochester School of Art. In the later 1970s, Brunskill brought more colour to her books by moving from metal etching to woodblocks painted with watercolour and printed in a Japanese method. When Brunskill moved out of London in 1981, she concentrated more on painting, but continued to produce some smaller books. In 2002, she switched over to digitally enhanced images and published The Fairy and the Thief. Her work has been exhibited extensively throughout the UK. Chelsea School of Art & Design, 1959-1962 Birmingham Public Library & Ikon Gallery, The Ulster Museum, 1980 The Open and Closed Book, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 1979 Pen and Ink, British Crafts Centre, London, 1979 Man Made, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 1977 The Artist & the Book, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, 1967 Government Art Collection Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris Maker's own site The World's End Press, Ann Brunskill The Romaunt of the Rose 1974 (B8) 44a Pentonville Road Islington London N1 9BY United Kingdom + 44 (0)20 7806 2500 Reg. charity no. 280956	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409001
__label__wiki	0.988158	0.988158	Fox Corp Comcast Corp General news Arts and entertainment Business Sports Football Television programs Entertainment College football College sports Sports media Broadcast television Television Media TV news News media Television industry Media industry Media and entertainment industry Professional football Television ratings Sports TV NFL football NFL, NCAA football fuel Fox TV's win of the prime-time week By ANDREW DALTON - Dec. 10, 2019 06:37 PM EST Chicago Bears quarterback Mitchell Trubisky (10) runs in for a touchdown against Dallas Cowboys' Chidobe Awuzie (24) during the second half of an NFL football game, Thursday, Dec. 5, 2019, in Chicago. (AP Photo/Morry Gash) LOS ANGELES (AP) — Fueled by both college and pro football, Fox won a rare title as champ of the broadcast week among networks. Fox's Thursday night NFL airing of the Dallas Cowboys and Chicago Bears was the week's top show of any kind with 18.23 million viewers, and its broadcast of the Big 10 title game between Ohio State and Wisconsin on Saturday finished fourth for the week with 13.55 million viewers, the Nielsen company said Tuesday. They were joined by the network's drama “911” in 15th and its surreal singing competition “The Masked Singer” in 17th to help give Fox a prime-time average of 7.85 million viewers compared 6.59 million for second-place CBS, the dominant network that has been knocked from its top spot recently because of NBC and Fox's nighttime football offerings. Seven of the week's top 10 shows were either football games or their pregame shows. CBS's perennial ratings generator “60 Minutes” was the week's top non-football show, in fifth place with more than 13 million viewers, and the network's “Young Sheldon” was the top scripted show in ninth with 8.39 million. After Fox's 7.85 million average viewers and CBS's 6.59, NBC averaged 5.82 million viewers in prime time and ABC had 4.4. Univision was next up among broadcast networks with 1.26 million viewers, followed by ION television with 1.2 million, Next comes Telemundo had 1.14 million and the CW with 840,000. Fox News Channel was the week's most popular cable network, averaging 2.86 million viewers in prime time. ESPN was second with 2.71 million. Hallmark had 1.83 million, MSNBC had 1.81 million and A&E had 1 million. ABC's "World News Tonight" topped the evening newscasts with an average of 9 million viewers. NBC's "Nightly News" was second with 8.24 million and the "CBS Evening News" had 5.85 million viewers. For the week of Dec. 2-8, the top 20 shows, their networks and viewerships: 1. NFL Football: Dallas at Chicago, Fox, 18.23 million. 2. NFL Football: Seattle at L.A. Rams, NBC, 17.88 million. 3. NFL Football: Minnesota at Seattle: ESPN, 14.56 million. 4. Big 10 Football Championship Game, Ohio State at Wisconsin, Fox, 13.55 million. 5. “60 Minutes,” CBS, 13.03 million. 6. NFL Pregame Show, NBC: 12.87 million. 7. NFL Pregame Show, Fox: 10.83 million. 8. “Football Night in America, Pt. 3,” NBC, 9.83 million. 9. “Young Sheldon,” CBS, 8.39 million. 10. “The Voice,” NBC, 8.03 million. 11. Big 10 Football Championship Pregame, Fox, 13.55 million. 12. “Blue Bloods" CBS, 7.33 million. 13. “NCIS,” CBS, 7.18 million. 14. “Christmas at Rockefeller Center," NBC, 6.88 million. 15. “Survivor,” CBS, 6.87 million. 16. “911," Fox, 6.82 million. 17. “God Friended Me” CBS, 6.8 million. 18. “The Masked Singer," Fox, .6.6 million 19. “Hawaii Five-0,” CBS, 6.55 million. 20. “The Voice" (Tuesday), NBC, 6.44 million. ABC is owned by The Walt Disney Co. CBS is owned by CBS Corp. CW is a joint venture of Warner Bros. Entertainment and CBS Corp. Fox is owned by Fox Corp. NBC and Telemundo are owned by Comcast Corp. ION Television is owned by ION Media Networks.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409002
__label__cc	0.504107	0.495893	Blog, Events & Tipps, Music, People Kiddo Kat – a playful kid in your face 12. Juli 2016 1 Kommentar A glowing musician in Hamburg – I reckon most of you have watched these two fantastic ladies- Kiddo Kat and Heidi Joubert- playing stunningly on the subways of Frankfurt, accompanied by a random passanger, who later turned out to be Maltese musician Ozzy Lino. Being filmed as they were performing their songs above the ordinary, they became world famous and went viral on the internet, reaching over 50 million clicks in the first week. You can watch their exceptional video clip here! However, the success story of Kiddo Kat and her passion for music starts long before this starry underground performance. Born in Berlin in 1990, Anna Guder is a promising young singer and composer. Having moved to Hamburg 3 years ago to attend the Hamburger Popkurs, she threw many successful concerts all over Germany and Europe. Here is her life story with her own words from her website: “Once upon a time, a sweet three-year-old blonde girl sat in front of her father’s record player for hours on end, with her ears firmly pressed up against the loudspeakers. Her alarmed parents consulted a doctor, worried that their little daughter might be hearing-impaired. To their relief, the doctor told them their child’s hearing was even especially good and she was simply a dedicated fan of music. 20 years later, a dazzling blonde lady is standing between speaker towers, with a cherry-red Gibson Flying V guitar slung around her neck like Jimi Hendrix or Lenny Kravitz, but sounding damn funky and “grooving like Nile Rodgers (Daft Punk)” [quote from Frank Peterson]. With her mischievous grin and her natural cool, you can see she never planned doing anything else in her life than this.” Kiddo Kat’s EP “Why am I so funky?”, the outcome of her and her friends intense musical phase, was released in February 2016, just a week before becoming viral on the internet with their underground performance. With her own explanation, Kiddo Kat combines both, the playful kid with her unstoppable good mood and overwhelming energy, and the in-your-face, grown up, grooving cool cat. Each song sparkles like a disco ball, bringing back funk music and the vibes of James Brown to Janelle Monae, the kind of music that has always made audiences jump out of their seats and dash to the dance floor. So, you are all wondering how you can listen to this brilliant musician! No worries! Her next concert in Hamburg is on the 16.07.2016 at 19:00 at Altonale Hamburg located Platz der Republik. For more information, please check her own website from kiddo-kat.de Text: © Ebru Durupinar Photo: © Nicolai Constantinescu Mix The City Discovering Hamburg – The Highlights of My Short Getaway Where to stay in Hamburg Hasan Yilmaz sagt: Beautifully written! Thanx for sharing with us.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409004
__label__wiki	0.536766	0.536766	Board index Bloodstock Festival Bloodstock Open Air 2019 Next Announcement August 8 - 11, Catton Park, Walton on Trent, Derbyshire Slayer of Wimps/Posers Re: Next Announcement Postby Powerslave » Fri Aug 31, 2018 9:03 am Haldamir319 wrote: Powerslave wrote: Why are Accept being touted as headliners too? They were, what, third or fourth down in 2013 and they haven't gotten any bigger since then. They subbed King Diamond in 2013. Turns out my memory isn't what it was Postby houston4044 » Fri Aug 31, 2018 10:08 am Jay1993 wrote: houston4044 wrote: Jay1993 wrote: There's been a few posts from Bloodstock recently asking who people would like as next years headliners so looks like nothing is set in stone yet! Isn't it usual for fests to book acts like headliners over a year in advance? In which case it's pointless asking since you'd assume they'd already have them locked in by now. That's what I thought, hence I'm getting the impression that they haven't got any headliners locked in for next year yet, although I imagine they have got bands booked for other slots already. They probably do have headliners booked in, I'm more leaning on the cynical side of getting people talking to drum up interest as opposed to genuinely canvassing opinion. Skippy wrote: Why do people seem to think Behemoth are going to be knocked back up to headliners? They weren't last time, and they haven't done anything lately to see them move up have they? Considering Cannibal Corpse and At the Gates both subbed this year then I can see Behemoth being bumped up to small headliner. If the new album is as big as The Satanist then I can see them bumped back. Not saying I'm for or against it but could see this being in the realm of possibilities. metaldinosaur Postby metaldinosaur » Fri Aug 31, 2018 1:04 pm Could the big 'non-band' related announcement (that never happened) have thrown the cards in the air regarding headliners? Welcome to a brave new world/ The future here or haven't you heard? Location: Harrow Contact Tet Postby Tet » Mon Sep 03, 2018 12:19 pm They were second on the bill last time. Also, they're the same size as Gojira and Amon Amarth in the UK (in that they play the same venues and draw the same size crowds). If those two are big enough to headline, then Accept certainly are. CH3NO2 -- It's the only way to be sure You laugh at me because I'm different. I pity you, you're all the same... ScrumpiesVeteran Postby ScrumpiesVeteran » Mon Sep 03, 2018 12:45 pm Tet wrote: not to mention that they are a bloody fantastic live act ! Tet wrote: They were second on the bill last time. Also, they're the same size as Gojira and Amon Amarth in the UK (in that they play the same venues and draw the same size crowds). If those two are big enough to headline, then Accept certainly are. Accept played the Koko in London earlier this year which I think is 1,400 capacity. Gojira's last London show was the Forum last year which I think has 2,300 capacity. Amon Amarth sold out the Roundhouse in 2016 which has a capacity greater than 3,000. I don't think Accept are as big as the other two. bloodofthekings Contact bloodofthekings Postby bloodofthekings » Mon Sep 03, 2018 1:53 pm Black Wizard wrote: I love Accept but I wouldn't say they're as big as Gojira and Amon Amarth in the UK (mainland Europe is a different story however). Particularly when you consider that when Accept come over to the UK, it's usually one show in London and the other two usually play multiple dates. Postby metaldinosaur » Mon Sep 03, 2018 3:30 pm Accept are a SG slot at very best, probably 3rd top imo. Postby houston4044 » Mon Sep 03, 2018 5:25 pm Gojira and AA are bands on the up whereas Accept are fairly static in where they are size wise. That and Gojira and AA sold out those shows (while being part of larger tours) and Accept didn't sell out the stand alone date. Definitely take them on the bill though, great band Postby Tet » Tue Sep 04, 2018 9:31 am Black Wizard wrote: Accept played the Koko in London earlier this year which I think is 1,400 capacity. Gojira's last London show was the Forum last year which I think has 2,300 capacity. Amon Amarth sold out the Roundhouse in 2016 which has a capacity greater than 3,000. I don't think Accept are as big as the other two. Accept's last two headline shows in London have been at The Forum and Koko. The latter was sold out. I can't remember if the Forum show was or not, but it was pretty well attended. OK, so maybe Amon Amarth are slightly bigger these days. There are slight variations, but all three bands are more or less at the same level. Are Accept big enough to headline? I'd say probably not quite. But then I'd say the same of the other two as well. Location: Plymouth Contact Soze Postby Soze » Tue Sep 04, 2018 10:29 am If Accept toured the country they'd be playing to pretty small crowds in a lot of places. They may sell well in a one off date in London but that's pretty much the extent of their pulling power. There's no way they'd sell out the 500 capacity venue in Plymouth that the likes of Amon Amarth and Alestorm have (Amon Amarth could have sold it twice over apparently). Interestingly, UDO has just been announced for the Giants of Rock Festival at Butlins next January. When this was mentioned in the Facebook group, which is full of old farts brought up on 70s and 80s rock and metal, hardly anyone knew who he was...and mention of Accept drew similar bemusement. They've never been the draw in the UK that they are elsewhere. http://www.last.fm/user/slaytanic1 Postby houston4044 » Tue Sep 04, 2018 3:16 pm Forum show didn't sell out as one of the mates i went with got his ticket on the door and was fairly spacious inside (well attended like you say, probably like 80% tickets sold). But as pointed out by Tet, if they've gone down from the Forum to Koko then thats a sign that they're getting less of a draw anyway Location: Chester, UK Contact someone else Postby someone else » Tue Sep 04, 2018 6:28 pm Tet wrote: Accept's last two headline shows in London have been at The Forum and Koko. And thats the issue - its been their only healdine shows! If they were as big as AA etc theyd be playing multiple dates, not having one show propped up by people travelling - AA can play in the 2.5k Academy up here, so can Gojira. If BLS and Opeth can't headline, no way Accept could (as much as I want them too!) She wanted nothing...and I delivered http://www.last.fm/user/apm11 Postby bloodofthekings » Wed Sep 05, 2018 9:27 am someone else wrote: The problem is Opeth have headlined. And it was boring. So, so boring. Haldamir319 Hell Bent for Leather Location: Sheffield Contact Haldamir319 Postby Haldamir319 » Wed Sep 05, 2018 9:54 am bloodofthekings wrote: In your opinion. I'd be more than happy for them to deadline again (though they are probs a sub-level band these days). Return to “Bloodstock Open Air 2019”	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409007
__label__wiki	0.764196	0.764196	You Are Here: Home » Author Archive By Ardine Isma CSMS Staff Writer After days of rumors, accusing Bernie Sanders of being sexist, the political debate on Tuesday night confirmed the disingenuousness that has always existed in the Elizabeth Warren campaign war machine. It is hard to imagine... CSMS Magazine In a recent interview with the Miami Herald, former US president Bill Clinton reaffirms once more that he did not mishandle the money that was donated to Haiti for the rebuilding effort after the 2010 earthquake that left close to half of... Ardain Isma CSMS Magazine He was one of the most revered writers of our time. Calling him “prolific” was an understatement. Late yesterday afternoon, my good friend Camille Gauthier called me to let me know of his passing. I hadn’t talked to him... CSMS Magazine It’s been ten years since an earthquake left almost a half of a million Haitians dead. Is there anything to show for in term of the rebuilding effort? Observers will tell you there is hardly any. On the contrary, government corruptions... By Esther Diaz CSMS Magazine Stretches that will pay your body back as you age. As we age, we often lose flexibility. It can make stretching harder—but also more important. It’s funny how simple stretches can change your life. A 2019 analysis of... Blistered Broccoli Rabe with Orange and Sesame By Martine Berger CSMS Magazine Active: 20 min Total: 20 min The dry heat of a skillet with no oil adds a little sear to broccoli rabe and oranges. Seasoned with a toasty sesame, it’s a standout side. 2 oranges, cut in half 1 bunch broccoli rabe (about... Artist of 2019: Marshmello Christine Jean-Pierre CSMS Magazine Before Joytime was released, there was hardly anyone who heard of the young American Deejay Christopher Comstock. Comstock began his career by posting his first single Wavez on the musical site Soundcloud in 2015. It... Robest Dimanche: CSMS Magazine’s journalist of the year! CSMS Magazine staff writers For a Haitian journalist, reporting from the perspective of social justice bears a lot of risks. One can easily be attacked by government’s henchmen, and that was what happened to Robest Dimanche, a prolific reporter from... President Jovenel Moïse moves to trample the Haitian justice system By Bernard Fils-Aimé Whenever an unpopular regime faces massive discontent, such as the case of Haiti, repression, manipulation, scapegoating and diversion become its survival tools. President Jovenel Moise, an apprentice dictator, seems to have learned... Jovenel Moise’ police brutality exposed before US Congress Jacob Davis CSMS Magazine Washington D.C.— Pierre Espérance, who heads the independent National Human Rights Defense Network in Haiti, gave a chilling account on police brutality in the Caribbean nation on Tuesday during a hearing before the House...	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409014
__label__wiki	0.555288	0.555288	Security experts say Apple order 'endangers public safety' "Security experts are not happy about the FBI's proposal to break security on an iPhone linked to the San Bernardino attack. Today, seven of those experts submitted their arguments in an amicus brief to the court considering the order, arguing the proposed software would weaken lockscreen protections for iPhone users around the world, with potentially dire consequences. Read more about Security experts say Apple order 'endangers public safety' Apple Hackers, Crypto Experts Ask Courts to Vacate Order Threapost "A laundry list of past and present iPhone experts and cryptography experts today filed an amicus brief asking the courts to vacate their order mandating Apple assist the FBI in unlocking a phone belonging to San Bernardino shooter Syed Farook. Read more about Apple Hackers, Crypto Experts Ask Courts to Vacate Order Tech vs. the Feds: Apple Allies Rally in Flurry of New Court Filings ""For practical reasons, the security bypass this court would order Apple to create almost certainly will be used on other iPhones in the future," computer security experts say in a brief compiled by Stanford Law School's Center for Internet and Society. "This spread increases the risk that the forensic software will escape Apple's control either through theft, embezzlement, or order of another court, including a foreign government."" Read more about Tech vs. the Feds: Apple Allies Rally in Flurry of New Court Filings Winners Announced for Duo's Women in Security Awards 2016 "Duo Security, a cloud-based trusted access provider protecting the world's largest and fastest-growing companies, today announces winners for its Women in Security Awards 2016. Read more about Winners Announced for Duo's Women in Security Awards 2016 Apple May Use a First Amendment Defense in That FBI Case. And It Just Might Work "“The human equivalent of the company signing code is basically saying, ‘We believe that this code is safe for you to run,'” says Jennifer Granick, director of civil liberties for the Center for Internet and Society at Stanford Law School. “So I think that when you force Apple to cryptographically sign the software, it has a communicative aspect to it that I think is compelled speech to force them to do it.” Read more about Apple May Use a First Amendment Defense in That FBI Case. And It Just Might Work	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409020
__label__cc	0.745062	0.254938	Ranking: Every Breaking Bad Cold Open Each episode, Vince Gilligan and co. offered up tiny movies before the main feature. by Clint Worthington on October 10, 2019, 1:00am Breaking Bad’s 10 Most Brilliant Schemes It’s never a dull moment on Gilligan’s Island. by Michael Roffman,Alex Huntsberger and Andrew Bloom on October 09, 2019, 12:00am 10 Takeaways from El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie Trailer There will be blood in New Mexico. by Michael Roffman on September 24, 2019, 2:26pm Jesse Pinkman cleans up in full trailer for El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie: Watch Aaron Paul hasn’t aged a day. on September 24, 2019, 9:43am El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie teaser finds Jesse Pinkman on the run from everyone: Watch The highly anticipated sequel hits Netflix on October 11th. Breaking Bad movie gets title, teaser, and premiere date: Watch “What happened to Jesse Pinkman?” on August 24, 2019, 6:55pm Bryan Cranston cast in Breaking Bad movie: Report A rumored cast list suggests a number of familiar faces returning to the fold. on January 24, 2019, 4:28pm TV Review: Larry David Makes America Great Again in Curb Your Enthusiasm's Season 10 Premiere	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409027
__label__cc	0.507131	0.492869	Provider Fraud This archive displays posts tagged as relevant to fraud by healthcare providers. You may also be interested in our pages: TMJ & Orofacial Pain Treatment Centers of Wisconsin has agreed to pay $1 million to settle a qui tam suit alleging submissions of false claims to Medicare and TRICARE. According to the anonymous whistleblower, who will receive an undisclosed share of the settlement, TMJ billed the government health programs for prosthetic devices as if they had been fabricated by in-house surgeons, when in fact they had been fabricated by an outside laboratory. USAO EDWI Tagged in: FCA Federal, Healthcare Fraud, Medical Billing Fraud, Medical Devices and DME, Medicare, Other Government Health Programs, Provider Fraud, Upcoding, Whistleblower Case, Behavioral Consulting of Tampa Bay (BCOTB) has agreed to pay $675,000 to settle claims alleging the autism service provider submitted false or fraudulent claims to TRICARE. Following an audit by TRICARE's managed care support contractor, the United States launched an investigation into BCOTB's claims that revealed it had misrepresented the services that were provided, misrepresented the identity of service providers, requested payment on more units of time than reflected by records, and requested payment on services that were not substantiated by records. USAO MDFL Tagged in: FCA Federal, Healthcare Fraud, Misrepresentations, Other Government Health Programs, Provider Fraud, A now defunct behavioral health clinic, Tree of Life, Inc., and its owners and operators, Ada and Victor Vidal, have agreed to pay $1.65 million to settle a whistleblower's claims that they violated the False Claims Act and Anti-Kickback Statute in claims to Pennsylvania's Medicaid program. According to Erika Desjardins, the former Clinical Director, Tree of Life billed for therapy sessions where either the patient or therapist could not possibly have attended (in some cases due to a patient’s hospitalization or death), as well as therapy sessions provided by unqualified individuals. To facilitate the fraud scheme, it created fake records, including forged signatures, and improperly paid a social worker for patient referrals. As part of the settlement, the Vidals have been excluded from future participation in federal healthcare programs, and Desjardins, who had been fired for reporting internally, will receive $330,000 as their share of the recovery. USAO EDPA Tagged in: Anti-Kickback and Stark, FCA Federal, Healthcare Fraud, Improper Medical Personnel, Medicaid, Provider Fraud, Whistleblower Case, Whistleblower Rewards, Two physicians in the San Diego area have agreed to pay nearly $1 million to settle allegations that they violated the False Claims Act by improperly billing Medicare for care provided by an uncredentialed physician. The fraudulent conduct by Drs. Mark Smith and Fane Robinson of San Diego Retina Associates was revealed in a qui tam lawsuit by fellow ophthalmologist and former partner, Dr. Atul Jain, who will receive $170,778 of the settlement proceeds. USAO SDCA Tagged in: FCA Federal, Healthcare Fraud, Improper Medical Personnel, Provider Fraud, Whistleblower Case, Whistleblower Rewards, Nassir Medical Corp., which does business as the Cancer Care Institute, and its owner, Dr. Youram Nassir, have agreed to pay $3.4 million to resolve allegations that they violated the False Claims Act by billing Medicare and Medicaid for oncology drugs that were not actually purchased, dispensed, or administered, and for infusion services that were not actually provided. The case was initiated by whistleblower Kenneth Bryan, who will receive a whistleblower reward of $475,000 from the federal government. USAO CD Cal Tagged in: FCA Federal, FCA State, Healthcare Fraud, Medical Billing Fraud, Provider Fraud, Whistleblower Case, Whistleblower Rewards, Sharp HealthCare — Medicare Fraud/Kickbacks (undisclosed settlement amount) Three of our whistleblower attorneys represented a whistleblower in a qui tam action under the False Claims Act against Sharp HealthCare, a regional hospital system in San Diego. Our client alleged that the Sharp Healthcare Center for Research, Sharp’s clinical-trial research arm, fraudulently billed government payers in violation of “secondary payer” rules that prohibit billing the government when other payers will pay for a patient’s care. Our whistleblower client also alleged that Sharp cultivated an illegal kickback scheme to entice prospective trial sponsors to host clinical trials at Sharp by regularly undervaluing Sharp’s costs involved in managing clinical trials. By offering below-market value incentives and billing government and commercial insurers for injuries, the lawsuit alleged that Sharp sought to increase its attractiveness to trial sponsors. Sharp’s alleged purpose was to burnish the organization’s reputation and offer a lucrative stream of income for Sharp-affiliated physicians involved in clinical trials. Sharp settled the whistleblower’s case for an undisclosed amount. Read more here. Tagged in: Anti-Kickback and Stark, FCA Federal, FCA State, Healthcare Fraud, Hospital Fraud, Medicaid, Medical Billing Fraud, Medical Devices and DME, Medicare, Other Government Health Programs, Pharma Fraud, Private Insurance Whistleblower Reward Programs, Provider Fraud, Whistleblower Rewards, Dr. Paul J. Mathieu and occupational therapist Lina Zhitnik have been sentenced to, respectively, 4 years and 1.2 years in prison, for their roles in a $30 million scheme to defraud Medicare and New York's Medicaid program. Mathieu falsely posed as the owner of three medical clinics, which were actually owned by Aleksandr Burman, and Mathieu and Zhitnik falsely claimed to have treated thousands of patients at those clinics. Over six years, Mathieu prepared or assisted in the preparation of false and fraudulent medical charts, issued referrals for expensive and unnecessary additional testing by providers also participating in the scheme, and wrote prescriptions for unnecessary medical supplies that were filled by a company also owned by Burman. Another doctor participating in Burman's scheme, Ewald J. Antoine, was previously sentenced. USAO SDNY Tagged in: Criminal Proceedings, Healthcare Fraud, Lack of Medical Necessity, Medical Billing Fraud, Provider Fraud, Ave Maria Family Practice PLLC and its principal, Dr. Dorothy Agbafe-Mosley, have agreed to pay $1.25 million to the State of North Carolina to resolve claims that they falsely billed the state's Medicaid program for addiction treatment services allegedly provided to Medicaid beneficiaries. In fact, the services were not medically necessary, had no supporting clinical documentation, or were otherwise performed in violation of Medicaid policy. NC Tagged in: Healthcare Fraud, Medicaid, Medical Billing Fraud, Provider Fraud, California healthcare system Sutter Health, its hospital the Sutter Memorial Center Sacramento, and the Sacramento Cardiovascular Surgeons Medical Group, Inc., will pay a total of $43.12 million to resolve allegations that the entities violated the Stark Law and improperly double-billed Medicare. Specifically, Sutter Memorial will pay $30.5 million to resolve charges of wrongfully billing Medicare for services referred to the hospital by Sac Cardio, with whom the hospital maintained improper financial arrangements that overcompensated the Sac Cardio physicians. In addition, Sutter will pay $15.12 million to resolve allegations that it paid physicians compensation at rates that exceeded fair market value, leased office space to them at below-market rates, and reimbursed them for expenses at inflated rates. In addition to the Stark Law violations, the settlement also resolved allegations that Sac Cardio submitted duplicative bills for physician assistant services (Sac Cardio will pay $500,000 to resolve these claims), and allegations that several Sutter ambulatory surgical centers had double-billed Medicare for radiological services that had actually been provided, and billed for, by a separate entity. DOJ reported that allegations against Sutter Memorial and Sac Cardio were first made in a qui tam lawsuit brought by Laurie Hanvey, who will receive $5.9 million from the settlement, and that Sutter Health self-disclosed other conduct at issue in the settlement. DOJ; USAO ED Cal; USAO ND Cal Tagged in: Anti-Kickback and Stark, FCA Federal, Healthcare Fraud, Hospital Fraud, Medical Billing Fraud, Provider Fraud, Whistleblower Case, Whistleblower Rewards, Following a guilty plea in 2018, Sandra Haar was sentenced to five years in prison and has agreed to sell 13 properties, including former clinic properties, to resolve civil claims under the False Claims Act that she and the non-profit provider of health and dental services she ran, Horisons Unlimited, submitted fraudulent claims to Medi-Cal, including claims for services rendered by unlicensed providers, claims for services that were not rendered at all, and claims for unnecessary services. Haar was also alleged to have received thousands in kickbacks from a laboratory in exchange for sending Horisons patients to the lab. Haar will be excluded from Medicare participation for 20 years; the former Horisons CFO, Norman Haar, will be excluded for 15 years. USAO ED Cal Tagged in: Criminal Proceedings, FCA Federal, Healthcare Fraud, Medicaid, Medical Billing Fraud, Provider Fraud,	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409028
__label__cc	0.54747	0.45253	Geithner And Bernanke: Bros Before Hos Brothers in arms Timmy G. and Ben B. will stand for each other 'til the end. In an interview with Politico, Timmy boy warned that the financial markets would react negatively, Armageddon will come and there will be locust showers if Ben isn't confirmed. So there you go. He warned you. In the meantime, there's no word from Ben supporting Tim in anticipation of his testimony, Wednesday about his (non-)involvement in the AIG saga. As we know, the guy is becoming "increasingly annoyed" with that storyline, so a word or two (flowers? chocolates?) from Benny would be more than welcomed. Ben has been "invited" to testify at the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform hearing, but whether he'll make an appearance or not is still a mystery. His silence on the matter is a sign that he wants to dissociate himself from the tainted goods Tim is increasingly becoming and that for now, it'll be hos before bros for Benny B. Geithner Warns That Markets Could Dive If Bernanke Is Not Reconfirmed [HuffPo] BailoutsAIGTim GeithnerBen Bernanke Ben Bernanke Didn’t Think Much Of Tim Geithner: Ben Bernanke At first! Tim Geithner Had Some Chats About The AIG Bailout He Wasn't Involved In Ben Bernanke Would Love People To Poke Around The AIG Bailout Cox to Bernanke and Paulson: "How Come You Guys Don't Call Anymore?" Charlie Gasparino: Don't Count Tim Geithner Out For Fed Chair Tim Geithner basically spent the last four years trying and failing, numerous times, to leave Washington, i.e. his own personal torture chamber, but according to Chaz Gasparino, TG may allow himself to be pulled back in. The Banality Of Tim Geithner The New York Times Holding A Candle For The Triumphant Return Of Tim Geithner Rebuttal #1: Don't be a prick. Rebuttal #2: Bros before Larchmont hoes.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409032
__label__wiki	0.547545	0.547545	Who Is Fotheringay Speaking To? Who is Fotheringay talking to on the telephone? He said he had seen a copy of the deciphered message {the Prisoner's delivery note} which Number 6 had written in the cave and had given to Karel for transmission to London. Did that include the radio transmission frequency? It has been suggested that he's talking to Karel, who would have had a telephone or radio transmitter in the cave, otherwise the Supervisor wouldn't have been able to contact Post 5 which was Karel's real identity, to tell him that Number 6 and Nadia were on their way to him. The elaborate plan which takes place during 'The Chimes of Big Ben' can only work properly the one time, after that it is perfectly clear to the television viewer that Nadia's contact man Karel is actually Post Five. That the 12 hour journey to London, parts of which are shown for the benefit of the viewer, never actually took place. The crate containing Number 6 and Nadia was put on a boat, perhaps M.S. Polotska, and taken back to The Village. And the physically written coded message would have been given to the Captain of the vessel, who would have taken it back with the crate to The Village. The message would have then been deciphered in the Computer Room. Fotheringay might well have seen a copy of the deciphered message, but it was never transmitted to London seeing as Fotheringay isn't in London, he's in The Village. So the question is, who is Fotheringay talking to on The Telephone? Seeing as he's in a reproduction of the Colonel's office, then Fotheringay is there simply to help set the scene for the arrival of his ex-colleague, window dressing if you like. To make it more plausible to Number 6 that he has arrived in an office in London, which is where he thinks he's supposed to be. It's quite on the cards that Fotheringay isn't speaking to anyone! That he speaks into the telephone simply for the benefit of the television viewer, in helping to maintain the illusion! nr6de 25 August 2014 at 09:42 I can disclose that Fotheringay was only calling the pizza home service! After a long day they had been waiting for the arrival of No. 6 and Nadia they all were hungry. And after No. 6 had left the (fake) office they enjoyed pizza toppings like frutti di mare, quattro stagioni, formaggio e funghi. - BCNU! Jana 25 August 2014 at 11:06 I'd like a piece, please! The deciphered message might have been the menu, in this case.. Another thought, maybe he was speaking to Number 2 who just had had a thought that Number 6 might ask Fotheringay about the message. David Stimpson 26 August 2014 at 08:39 Hello Arno and Jana, That's very good from both of you. Your sense of humour is strong and unimpaired! Nice thought about Number 2 being on the telephone. A few days ago I suggested it might be Karel on the other end of the phone, but I must say I like these 2 ideas better. That No.2 might be phoning Fotheringay to check about the message is very good! More Village Number 2 Finds It An Odeal! Interview with No.202 I’d Like To Know His Breaking Point! I Am The New Number 2! That Morse Get It Down! Harmony Times You Are Free - Free - Free to Go! Aversion Therapy Room or The panic Room? A Circle Within A Circle I’m On Our Side! Time And Tides Wait For No Man! by our own reporte... File No.6 Colony Three -The Village! On The Road To Recovery! What No Blog?!! A University Degree In Three Minutes? You Are Free To Go When Do You Plan To Escape? A favourite Scene In THEPRIS6NER No.1 Telepathic? Congratulations On Yet Another Day! Information - Protected or Extracted! A Mental Link! The Long And The Straight Of It The Meeting Of Alter Egos It’s All In The Mind! The Village - a Smoking-less Zone! A New No.2? What The Devil! Here Is A Birthday Greeting It Is For................ What's That Number Six Up To? No.6 - Defeated By His Own Predictability! The Blue Dispenser A Unit of Society - A Member of The Village! The Prisoner Takes Too Many Risks! The Rover Effect! 60 Second Interview With Number 240 Speedlearn Degree Absolute! Befriending Number 6 Gloster Meteor	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409037
__label__wiki	0.854688	0.854688	Eynulla Fatullayev 74 results arranged by date In Azerbaijan, reporter convicted on drug charges June 12, 2012 1:01 PM ET Moscow, June 12, 2012--CPJ condemns Monday's conviction of a journalist in Azerbaijan who has been held by police since February on trumped-up charges.... Eynulla Fatullayev awarded UNESCO/Cano Prize Azerbaijani journalist Eynulla Fatullayev has been named 2012 laureate of the UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize, UNESCO announced yesterday.... Imprisonments jump worldwide, and Iran is worst December 8, 2011 12:01 AM ET Stark regional differences are seen as jailings grow significantly in the Middle East and North Africa. Dozens of journalists are held without charge, many in secret prisons. A CPJ special report... Video: Freeing Eynulla Fatullayev In this video companion to CPJ's 2011 census of imprisoned journalists, Azerbaijani editor Eynulla Fatullayev describes his own time in prison and how international advocacy can make a difference in winning the freedom of jailed reporters, editors, photojournalists, and... Awardees to their colleagues: Buck the system November 23, 2011 11:49 AM ET The Grand Ballroom of the Waldorf Astoria might seem like an odd venue to stage a call for resistance. Nine hundred people in tuxedos and gowns. Champagne and cocktails. Bill Cunningham snapping photos. This combination is generally more likely... Video: Eynulla Fatullayev home at last May 27, 2011 1:52 PM ET Eynulla Fatullayev is finally home after four long years in an Azerbaijani jail. "It's a miracle for me," he told U.S. government-funded Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. RFE/RL filmed the editor at home immediately after his release:... At last, a free man: Fatullayev talks with CPJ May 27, 2011 8:02 AM ET Independent editor Eynulla Fatullayev, a CPJ award recipient, spent four years in prison on spurious charges of defamation, terrorism, tax evasion, and drug possession. All were fabricated to prevent him from publishing his searing exposés critical of the Azerbaijani... CPJ welcomes release of Fatullayev New York, May 26, 2011--The release today of independent editor Eynulla Fatullayev in Azerbaijan on a presidential pardon is a welcome and well overdue development, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists.... CPJ concerned about Fatullayev's safety, calls for his release New York, March 21, 2011--The Committee to Protect Journalists expressed alarm today about reported threats in prison against embattled editor Eynulla Fatullayev, at left. According to CPJ interviews and local press reports, Fatullayev has feared for his life since... CPJ, global press groups join forces for Fatullayev The International Partnership Group for Azerbaijan--a coalition of 20 press freedom organizations, including CPJ--issued a joint call to the Council of Europe today to continue pressing Baku to release imprisoned journalist Eynulla Fatullayev. ...	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409042
__label__cc	0.594446	0.405554	The History of Mountain Biking October 27, 2011 March 21, 2019 Donna Morgan Recognized as a perfect melding of person and machine, biking has always been about speed, barreling down a road and getting from point A to B as fast as possible. It’s over the last few decades that we’ve sought to adapt bicycles to different terrains and styles of riding. One such branch span off into the realms of mountain biking, taking a specially strengthened bicycle frame outfitted with high-end suspension and big tires down trails and across bumpy tracks that would shatter a normal bicycle. The history of the sport followed several false starts in the 1800’s and early 1900’s, with anyone able to take a regular bicycle on a track created by animals or wagons, but they lacked the durability and stability to progress at any real speed. It wasn’t until 1953, when a lone, passionate pioneer by the name of John Finley Scott developed his innovative ‘Woodsie Bike,’ a Schwinn World Diamond frame bicycle equipped with balloon tires, that the twin world of bikers and hikers began to come together. There wasn’t a whole lot of interest in what was considered such a fringe sport at the time, but folk saw this lone enthusiast flying down trails and jouncing over rocks and gravel and began to get an idea of the passion he was feeling. Picture California in the 1970’s and imagine a network of roads that were only just beginning to succumb to congestion. The roads that bicycle enthusiasts had grown used to, coastal roads offering ultimate freedom and open city streets, were slowing down, filling with traffic. Not about to have their fun come to the same grinding halt that cars were experiencing, smart Californian cyclists took their bicycles off road, on to dirt tracks and mountain paths. Two San Francisco biking enthusiasts, Gary Fisher and Carles Kelly left the city and made a short hop to Marin County, a sunny region full of rolling hills and beautiful scenery, panoramas famous for world class vineyards. Meeting keen biker Joe Breeze, they united to form a group of adrenaline junkies looking for fire trails and mountain tracks to descend on their newly modified Schwinn Excelsior bikes, each one fitted with Joe’s freshly invented fat tires. These ‘knobby tires’ could traverse all kinds of terrain and rocky tracks. Daily, upon Mount Tamalpais and surrounding territory, Joe, Gary, Carles and their new group of friends started descending the dizzyingly narrow tracks, scraping the edges of bushes and hard rocks at speed, until arriving at the bottom of the trail. Their hearts and lungs would be pumping, their brakes hot and worn. These fat tired bikes were the true mountain bikes that we recognize today, and insanely adventurous riders take them out in search of new trails every weekend. The frames are stronger today, and regular brakes have been swapped out for more efficient drum brakes, closer to what we see on motorcycles. Spring suspension has been replaced with air and fluid tube systems capable of smoothing the passage of the bike across rocky ground. Mountain biking has indeed come of age, but it has the clunkers modified by crazy Californians in the 1970’s to thank for the sport becoming such a worldwide success. More MTB History Mountain biking is a sport in which are riding specially designed mountain bikes over rough mountain terrain. Mountain bikes are similar to ordinary bicycles, but at them are incorporated features that improve the bicycle. Mountain biking categories: cross country (XC), trail riding, all mountain, downhill, free ride, slope style, dirt jumping, Road Biking, and trials. Another early example of riding bicycles off-road is when road racing cyclists used cyclo-cross as a means of keeping fit during the winter. The sport was remarkably akin to present-day mountain biking. The Roughstuff Fellowship was created in 1955 by off-road cyclists in the UK. In Oregon, while a club member, Chemeketan D. Gwynn, built rough terrain trail for bikes in 1966. He called it “mountain bike” for its intended place of use. This may be the first use of that name. In 1968 in England, Geoff Apps, motorcycle trials rider, began experimenting with off-road bike designs. He had developed a custom built lightweight bicycle which was uniquely suited to the wet and muddy off-road conditions found in the south-east of England. They were designed around 2 inch x 650b Nokian snow tyres though a 700c (27 in.) version was also produced. These were sold under the Cleland Cycles brand until late 1984. Bikes based on the Cleland design were also sold by English Cycles and Highpath Engineering until the early 1990s. The first high quality fat tire bike is made in Marin County, California by Joe Breeze, who felt the demand for such bike while riding rocky trails of the surrounding mountains. Tamalpais with his friends. They had used balloon-tire one-speed bicycles from the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s with coaster brakes. In that pursuit, one of these trails got the name “Repack” because one descent was enough to overheat the hub brake. From these Mt. Tamalpais downhill bikes were referred to as “my mountain bike” in contrast to “my road bike” without giving the term generic significance. This was the case with the riders in the Santa Barbara area where fat tired bikes were also used to put down tracks, according to Joe Breeze. During the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century, mountain biking moved from a little known sport to sport with growing in popularity. Mountain bikes and mountain bike equipment that was once available only to specialty stores or through mail today can be found in the standard stores. In 1988 was established the International Mountain Bicycling Association, which is a nonprofit educational association. Their mission is to create, enhance and preserve great mountain biking experiences. IMBA’s worldwide network includes 35,000 members, more than 750 chapters, clubs and patrols; more than 200 corporate partners; and about 600 retailer shops. IMBA’s members live in U.S.A. Canada and in 30 other countries. IMBA is a leading organizer of mountain bike events. They host major initiatives such as Take Kid Mountain Biking Day. Union Cycliste Internationale is the main governing body for mountain bike racing. Mountain biking is an exciting, intense, physically challenging sport in which riders are constantly faced with opportunities for self-discovery through the testing of mental and physical limits. A sense of freedom is often associated with riding. Freedom from the hassles and stress of everyday life as you become absorbed in the ride and focus on your bike, the trail, and your body, as well as the freedom which accompanies an activity that demands quick reactions and reflex behaviors. ← 5 Ways to Stay Healthy – Both Body and Mind Types of Mountain Biking Pedals → Getting Confidence in Dating October 11, 2017 April 2, 2019 Steve Douglas How to test for Chlamydia – Chlamydia Test Results The Basic Principles On Precious Metal Pricing And How To Invest Wisely In It Brain Longevity Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Information and Skills College Students and HPV: Should You be Concerned? Credit Card Counseling	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409043
__label__wiki	0.913421	0.913421	"the beat report" piece on the new self-released, self-titled album by Stillview Sam Pfeifle "the beat report" piece on the new self-released, self-titled album by Stillview, a radio rock and pop punk band from Thornton Academy in Saco. Stillview features Craig McDonough on bass, Tom Madden on rhythm guitar, Eric Martel on vocals and John Paul on drums. Evergreen, a traditional Maine bluegrass band, has also released a new album entitled "Dream Reel." Bands (Music), Compact discs, Evergreen (Band), Stillview (Band) Pfeifle, Sam, ""the beat report" piece on the new self-released, self-titled album by Stillview" (2003). Maine News Index – Portland Phoenix. 1462.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409053
__label__cc	0.636593	0.363407	Employers denounce pay increases for civil servants By FORMER STAFF November 28, 2016 November 28, 2016 18 23 We have created a privileged class of employees who believe they are entitled to special treatment by the state Planned pay increases for civil servants, slated to inflate the state payroll by €75 million over 2017 and 2018, should be axed, Employers and Industrialists’ Federation (OEV) chief Christos Michaelides said in an open letter to the leaders of parliamentary parties. He said the €75 million should be directed towards those truly in need. In the letter released on Monday, Michaelides referred to an earlier letter, dated October 26, he sent to the leaders of all eight parties, which contained “the dramatic plea of our country’s business world” to maintain the state payroll over 2017 and 2018 to this year’s level. “With the exception of one leader, you have all opted to not reply, which is fully respected,” Michaelides wrote. However, he added, as the moment to evaluate the 2017 government budget is fast approaching, OEV summarised the main points of its appeal. “The economy remains fragile, non-investment grade ranked, with growth owing, for the most part, to non-recurring income,” Michaelides wrote. “Public debt remains high. The state payroll remains bloated, and civil servants’ remuneration, relative to the private sector, do not justify further increases.” Further, it added, pay increments will be recurrent ad infinitum, creating unbearable fiscal costs. Meanwhile, government bills reforming the public sector and the state payroll have sat with parliament since August 2015. The proposals cap annual increases to the state payroll at nominal GDP growth. “Although this proposal is a significant departure from what OEV considers appropriate, it has repeatedly welcomed the tabling of these bills, as they mitigate, to some extent, the risk of renewed uncontrollable payroll spikes,” Michaelides said. However, he added, one fact, one clarification, and one question, should be recorded. “For 16 months the set of bills has been outstanding at parliament, risking a return to the old practices if they are not adopted soon,” he said. The clarification was that the nominal GDP growth as ceiling is merely the maximum rate to be allowed as a pay hike, provided that the economy and fiscal conditions allow. “There is no obligation by the state to raise its payroll by the GDP growth rate,” he pointed out. “Bearing this clarification in mind, is it possible for the marginal surplus created by the sacrifice of businesses and employees to go toward pay hikes for civil servants?” OEV has repeatedly argued that this would be inconceivable, Michaelides said. The cost of the planned pay increases, €25 million for 2017 and €50 million the year after, to the extent that it is not used to repay the public debt, should be funneled toward one-off payouts to groups that suffer the most by the financial crisis, he said. “Such groups are low-pension recipients, the long-term unemployed, single parents, and other groups that you evaluate as such,” Michaelides told party leaders. OEV, he added, will return to the issue after the government budget has been voted on, with a view to welcoming a rational decision. civil servicePay rises Explosive device placed at prison warden’s home (updated) Trump vows to end US-Cuba ‘deal’ unless Havana makes better one Evie Andreou January 20, 2020 January 20, 2020 Psychiatrist says man who killed pensioner is responsible for his actions Jonathan Shkurko January 20, 2020 January 20, 2020 Man jailed for six years for cocaine trafficking George Psyllides January 20, 2020 January 20, 2020 President to attend 5th World Holocaust Forum Source: Cyprus News Agency January 20, 2020 Ombudswoman snubs auditor once more Evie Andreou January 20, 2020 Husband sought after woman killed in front of her children (Update 2)	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409054
__label__cc	0.614024	0.385976	An intriguing realisation I've had the pieces of this in my head for a long time, but fragmented. Only now do I realise the effectiveness and simplicity of it all. Growth needs resources to feed on - cheap labour to exploit, and steady demand in one way or another. What's the quickest way to create both a cheap source of labour, and a large demand for essentials? Why, war, of course! Creating a psychological demand for luxuries requires work, which is why, perhaps, it's only essential for places where creating a war is (currently) out of the question. Everywhere else, destruction breeds desire. Subsets of language and intelligence Random. unresearched RFC: The play between language and thought is ongoing, but is there a parallel to be drawn in the world of programming? Where's the separation and interedependency between the lexical/syntactic aspect and the semantic aspect of any programming "language"? Are concepts (such as procedures, datatypes, objects, etc) influenced by the keywords as much as the keywords used are influenced by the original concepts set out by the inventors of the language? Is how a language is used (its "deeds", perhaps) partially based on what the language sets out to contain, and partially on how it expresses itself? By way of explanation, I was wondering about machine intelligence, and intelligent design, for some reason. (AI is, by definition possibly, "intelligent design".) The relationship between concepts and internal representation, and interfacing with non-like organisms such as ourselves, through language, is still in its infancy, I feel. To get workable linguistics, you need a working internal representation - context. But all of the computational contexts are defined in terms of our own language - that's the way computers work currently. Is this, then, a paradox? Can we ever achieve a workable AI capable of linguistics if its "universe" is already defined and restricted via our own linguistics? Roll up, roll up. Rollyo looks very interesting. You can specify a number of sites (up to 25) and then search within them. You can also explore other people's "searchrolls", as they're called, and add them (I think). Here's me. Unfortunately, you can only search domains, which makes it difficult to search through Thoughtstorms. You can, however, add a "searchlet" to Firefox very easily, which is good to see. What would be really cool, though, would be searching through your del.icio.us bookmarks. Maybe some kind of caching mechanism on exmosis, perhaps... 11-year-old boy can't drive until he's 12 Student target 'lacks ambition' Lots of fringe meetings going on in Brighton this week, one of which hosted the claim that 50% of students entering university is not enough. Watching (or hearing of) many of the shenanigans going on at Sussex Uni at the present time, this comes across as particularly amusing, Targets are targets, and seem to actually be a very bad way of measuring anything. In this particular instance, quantity in no way implies quality - the latter of which is surely what we need for industrial competition and the rest. As it is, the calls to squeeze more students into lecture halls often fail to take into account the increase in infrastructure needed to do them justice. Changes in funding and bad accounting (ahum) mean that it can be difficult for Unis to scale well, leaving a whole load of new students not being very well supported. Of course, doing things by the numbers merely hides this fact. A judgement based on proximity to the target will give us a false sense of competition and success, and guess who'll be paying for it in the long run? Yup, the students who have paid all that money to study, and still can't get a job. Scribed at 11:07 am No comments: Links to this post Meanwhile in Afghanistan BBC again on not much voting in Afghanistan. Corruption, dis-interest, confusion, scepticism, too much detail... same old democracy story then ;) Hey, at least they get a choice. Could rigidly imposing democracy on states actually highlight the flaws of democracy? (Or of assuming that democracy "just works", at least.) Scribed at 12:38 pm 2 comments: Links to this post Writing your own show BBC News have a curious quote from Blair that (once again) indicates his mind acts more like a memory hole than a whole memory. Versions of events get rewritten on the fly, apparently. "There is no doubt in my mind at all that what is happening in Iraq now is crucial for the future of our own security, never the security of Iraq or the greater Middle East, ... It is crucial for the security of the world. If they are defeated - this type of global terrorism and insurgency in Iraq - we will defeat them everywhere." The waters are muddied thoroughly by this statement - are we dealing with "global" terrorists here, or military insurgents that use similar tactics? Attackers or defenders? To equate insurgency with global terrorism in Iraq is a bold statement. Here's how I recall events. 1. We apparently invaded Iraq because Saddam Hussein was thought to have WMDs. Not because he supported people who were attacking other countries. (There are plenty of large superpowers who will do that anyway...) Blair has stuck by his - partially justified, I think - claim that removing Saddam was the right thing to do, and that the people of Iraq are better off. 2. Iraq is a hotbed of inflammatory cultures. Not realising that, but trying to get the country to run anyway, has led to violence. We have, in effect, opened up a "mini war" within the country, in attempts to avoid a larger possible instability between states. Perhaps you can't make an omlette without breaking a few eggs... Where does "global terrorism" come into this? It doesn't. Not on this scale, anyway. The problem is that 2 different layers have come into contact. On the one hand, we have the "world leader's" idea of stability and peace, in which the highest class - the bureaucratic might, as it were, of each state - maintains a power over their own state, and through a bargaining system of "I'll rub your back if you rub mine" power, the world is kept generally a balanced place. This is why many powers will happily back a despot who nevertheless is willing to comply with the status quo. Secondly, the "lower" layer consisting of ... more "every day" people, let's say, also realises that they have an opportunity to have some control over their lives. (Power corrupts, of course, and I suspect if this section actually gained power, they'd be no less pernicious than any generation previously.) Now these two layers start clashing because the void that kept them apart previously has been removed, and we see the political and physical equivalent of 2 tectonic plates sliding into each other. Each side has their own agenda, and whether one is more "correct" than the other, I couldn't really say. I know that each side believes that they're correct though, which is the really damaging thing. And in the midst of this, Blair repeatedly betrays his image of co-operation that he would love to portray. What we're left with is an arrogance that sickens, and a man who feels llittle need to consult. Won't get fooled again A look into Microsoft's code dev revamp. What's gets me a little bit is that, in some axis, this is parallel to the "anti-PR" PR often used by MS executives - namely, stating that the last product suffered because of X, and new, upcoming product is naturally better because they've learned and they've changed things around. OK, this makes sense, and I guess why this makes consumers trust them "again" makes some kind of sense - so long as you assume that consumers and investors alike are short-term lemmings with the memory of a goldfish - generally, this assumption is proved true. So, much like Moss and her coke habits, it's not a shock then. But isn't this a very real problem in itself? Should we pride ourselves on having a world in which everything we do is based upon the previous and following 2 or 3 years? What keeps us in this perpetual domain of gullibility? Perhaps we're naturally gullible - we want to trust people, just like we want things to work out as we always dreamed they would. Maybe this goes hand-in-hand with the idea that all we're ever being sold - from the carefully-picked colour schemes of car adverts, to the psychologically fulfilling curves of mp3 players - is a fantasy. If aesthetics and branding are the "arty-farty" side of marketing wish fulfillment, then perhaps the ability to forgive and completely forget is the more "down to earth" version - the business way of finding the ideal horse to back. We want things to work, we want things to return money. So we look past ongoing inconsistencies. The same phenomenon appears in politics, as has been well known for many years now. Only when things go really badly wrong - and I mean riots, death, gargantuan media coverage and society-stopping action - does the fallibility of the situation - and of the leaders who were meant to avoid it - get engraved into our minds. But on the whole, a moderate government can get away with many dark things, and still be forgiven. People carry on believing that the new promises will be acted out, and a few ruffled feathers can soon be put back into place by picking a universal foe. Standard tactics. I think the problem is perhaps that we are ultimately extremely constrained, in terms of how much of any given situation we can actually ever see. We only see things once they get to breaking point - wars, suffering, floods - and the fly-by-night nature (which is inherent) of the news broadcast machine only has limited time to investigate the true causes of Why Things Happen. This, in turn, leads us to have an incomplete picture of cause and effect in our heads - in other words, we tend to only associate disasters/flaws/etc with a very small, and ultimately unimportant subset of the factors that led to them. We never get around to really understanding why things happen, so we carry on making the same mistakes, continue to believe the lies. Changing this isn't easy. Our lives are now constructed so that we don't have the time, energy or motivation to understand things. Hopefully, as I go into academia, I'll bear this in mind - accessibility of understanding, and of uncovered research, can often be just as important as the discoveries themselves. P.S. Is it just me, or does Jim Allchin look like Tony Blair? De-scribed. A haphazard form of the present. Just back from the sublime Múm. I have a fortnight "off" before Uni starts. I have finished 'Discipline and Punish' and am brimming with thoughts of prisons and normalisation systems - does the penal system create delinquency? Just read Phil's thoughts on Markets vs knowledge/reason and am reminded of a thought that when people talk of people as being "rational", they often define rationality in some idealistic way - according to science, according to law, according to the plot of a movie. Lose the dreams and understand that causality is the only rationale. My bonsai is weak. I have no urge to listen to podcasts. A poem. "The skip and the slide, the ominous hide Of a beast as big as its belly. The old leering tide lets you slip right inside Your own reality show on the telly." The ungathering Yes, yes, I used to play Magic. But that makes this page all the funnier... Well worth reading afterwards, if you haven't had it to your inbox yet: Larry Bradshaw and Lorrie Beth Slonsky write about their first-hand experience of Katrina. Oliver 'sparks school food drop' Hmm, backlash is always interesting. At least the issue is getting some air. Stumbling around in the dark BBC: Brown calls for oil price effort. The gist I get from it is that Brown thinks Opec are "hiding" their reserves, and that they should open up and let everyone have access to it. I reckon this should have been seen coming for a long, long time (not to say I foresaw it ;). Our own naivety will kill us. Point 4, and covered half way down the article, is the important bit: New World Bank fund to help developing countries invest in alternative sources of energy. "Mr Brown wants more effort put into finding greener alternatives, with the World Bank to set up a fund to help developing countries do the same." Sometimes you don't get anywhere without a crisis. The future is one big crisis, currently. Meanwhile, in the other place... While I remember. If anyone's wondering why exmosis.net isn't changing much these days, it's because the changes are going into the new version instead, but I haven't launched this properly yet as there are some big bugs in it. (The CSS, in some browsers, for example.) But if you want (and can read) the latest stuff there, check out the above link. Hot Air? With all this talk of oil prices, it's good to be reminded that we're screwed for gas, too. Plays For Sure...? Heh, an amusing look at HMV's DRM FAQ* from the Reg. * 3 consecutive TLAs means this is going to be a Happy Day... Cracks in Windows beginning to show? Up until now, my geek fanaticism has been mostly self-interest. I like Linux because I'm a tech-head (and it's free). Using Windows is like wearing a straitjacket to start to learn how to knit. But in the last 48 hours, things feel.. "different". I'm shifting from the point of view that Linux and OSS are merely toys for geeks, to one that actualyl believes we may be seeing the start of the end of MS as a monopoly. As Lloyd Grossman would say, let's look at the evidence... 1. This Reg article on Microsoft in China shows that a clash of global ideologies is still alive and well. The analogy to the Cold War is probably most apt and appreciated. 2. The other day, I switched my desktop to using Kubuntu - a KDE-equipped version of user-friendly distro Ubuntu. I finally got fed up of the somewhat-spurious performance of my Slackware install, and after half an hour, had a working desktop back up and running. So far, I'm glad to announce, everything I've wanted to do - using USB drives, viewing photos, burning CDs, re-formatting DVD-RWs,etc - has gone perfectly first time - I finally feel that I could quite happily give Linux to a newbie and they'd be impressed enough to keep using it. The biggest factor that made me sit up, though, was upon demonstrating the software-installation process (browse library via Kynaptic/Synaptic, choose programs, install (download via ADSL), run) to her, my girlfriend said "Cool, why doesn't Windows do that?" 3. Using the same installation process as above, I installed OpenOffice.org 2.0 and gave it a quick try on some documents that 1.0 had stumbled a bit over. The new version feels a lot more compatible, initially. Alas, I'm not a power Office user (take note, Phil ;) so it's difficult for me to say how well the rest of the application/suite has improved. But my (limited) use of 1.0 nevertheless failed to inspire confidence in me. 2.0 restores that to a large extent. This new rush of experience has given me hope, and joy. Obviously it's still early days, but I feel there's now a plausible x86 alternative to Windows more than ever. Web and text vote trials dropped Ah, smoe sense at last when it comes to voting. Survival of New Orleans Back from Slovenia, didn't get too caught out by heavy rain, but I was reminded how much fun listening to a storm overhead from a small tent can be. Still, we were lucky... mgno.com has a good feed from New Orleans - the self-sufficiency required by a data centre for emergency situations has proved good, and 2 or 3 teams are blogging and video-streaming from "Outpost Crystal". This bit, from an informal interview with a citizen, sent shivers down me: The people are so desperate that they're doing anything they can think of to impress the authorities enough to bring some buses. These things include standing in single file lines with the eldery in front, women and children next; sweeping up the area and cleaning the windows and anything else that would show the people are not barbarians. Scribed at 12:18 pm 1 comment: Links to this post	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409066
__label__wiki	0.993912	0.993912	Watching live TV shows and other continuous, channel-based content is a big part of the TV experience. Users are accustomed to selecting and watching shows on TV by channel browsing. The TV Input Framework creates channels for publishing video or music content in the TV programming guide. Caution: The TV Input Framework is meant to be used by OEMs to build channels for the Android system TV app. It is supported in Android 5.0 (API level 21) through Android 7.1 (API level 25) only. Third-party apps should build channels for their content using the Android TV home screen APIs. See Recommend TV content for details. The TV Input Framework provides a unified method for receiving and playback of live video content from hardware sources, such as HDMI ports and built-in-tuners, and software sources, such as video streamed over the internet. The framework enables developers to define live TV input sources by implementing a TV input service. This service publishes a list of channels and programs to the TV Provider. The live TV app on a TV device gets the list of available channels and programs from the TV Provider and displays them to a user. When a user selects a specific channel, the live TV app creates a session for the associated TV input service through the TV Input Manager, and tells the TV input service to tune to the requested channel and play the content to a display surface provided by the TV app. Figure 1. Functional diagram of the TV Input Framework The TV Input Framework is designed to provide access to a wide variety of live TV input sources and bring them together in a single user interface for users to browse, view, and enjoy content. Building a TV input service for your content can help make it more accessible on TV devices. Try the TV Input Service sample app. Learn how to develop a TV input service, which works with the system TV app. Learn how to describe channel and program data for the system. Manage user interaction Learn how to present overlays, manage content availability, and handle content selection. Learn how to support time-shifting in your TV input service. Learn how to support content recording in your TV input service.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409067
__label__wiki	0.799691	0.799691	General Paper Eunoia Junior College Student Showcase Site Mr Collins’ Significance by Eunoia Junior College Write a critical commentary on the following passage (from Chapter 15), relating it to the presentation of Mr. Collins and his significance in the novel. Mr Collins, in the passage, is depicted as a man of hubris and extreme self-importance. His lack of humility as the clergyman, an authoritative religious figure, seems to be Austen’s way of criticising the supposed morally significant characters in the Regency era. The flippant attitude he holds towards marriage, reveals his nature as superficial, in the pursuit of a wife, highlighting the censure Austen holds for the transactional value marriage has been reduced too. Lastly, Collins is also presented to be highly sycophantic man. The cumulative effects of his ill traits puts him in a position of thorough dislike and abomination by the readers, as he embodies the ugly traits due to the societal structure and of Regency era. Firstly, Collins’ self-importance is clearly shown through the omniscient narrator, who lays out the fact that Collins has ‘a very good opinion of himself, with the absolute ‘very’ intensifying the narcissism he has. Furthermore, anaphora is employed in ‘his authority as a clergyman’ and ‘his rights as a rector’ to highlight the sense of hubris he had for his position. With the choice of ‘authority’ and ‘right’ holding connotations of influence, lifting himself to appear more powerful than he was. The ironic lack of humility in his character, as a moral ambassador, serves to illuminate the subversion of moral standards in the Regency era. The failure of a clergyman, in this case, Collins, to behave in utmost civility and gentility as he should have serves as a satire of the religious leaders in the period. He thought himself to be ‘excessively generous and disinterested on his own part’ conveys a delusional sense of hauteur. The dramatic irony lies in how the reader is perfectly aware of the imperious attitude he embodied, while he seems to be blind of his own flaws. His compliments directed at himself, is juxtaposed with ‘a mixture of pride and obsequiousness, self-importance and humility’. The sarcasm in ‘humility’ is portrayed by the diametric opposites of the three words before it, thus mocking Collins, setting him to be highly impertinent and lacking manners that he ought to embody. Thus, the horrifically ‘self-important’ Collins, confirmed by the narratorial voice, enhances the truth worthiness of the account of Collins, where his conceit is of a tremendous scale, underscoring Austen’s mockery of religious leaders in the Regency era, especially she epitomises Collins to be the least ‘sensible man’ in the passage. Mr Collins’ view of marriage, where he chooses his wife via superficial means, paints him t be insincere. ‘Mr Collins had only to change from Jane to Elizabeth’ with ‘only’ underscoring the lack of serious consideration he puts into marriage, amplified by the attitude revealed by the tone of nonchalance he held, enhances the sense of his insincerity. His quickness in ‘alteration’ of his choice of marriage partner, from the ‘first evening’ to ‘the next morning’, presents him to view marriage with little emotions lvalue, and willing to settle easily. Furthermore, the pauses effected by the em dashes in ‘–and it was soon done–’ highlights the absence of serious thought and consideration he prescribes to marriage, further amplifying his insincere nature. The em dashes seek to create the pause to highlight how quickly, how ‘soon’ he could switch his perspective. As long as they were ‘handsome and amiable’, had ‘birth and beauty’, Collins would settle for them. These words of superficiality and appearance reveal his prioritising tangible outward appearance, confirming his superficial and insincere nature. In relation to other parts of the novel, Mr Collins states that ‘the establishment [he] can offer would be [highly desirable]’, added with his ‘good house’ and ‘very sufficient income’. Mr Collins is superficial in the way he views marriage as a sacrosanct institution which he can pick and buy wives as long as he is of financial stability. His value prescribed to money rears its ugly head in the way he ‘chose one of the daughters’ since they were of the ‘Longbourn family.’ The property and monetary value ranks high in his important priorities, casting him to be a character that readers censure due to his superficial means. It also reveals the social structure of viewing marriage as a transactional system, where marrying out of love and affection is subverted. Mr Collins’ sycophantic self is shown in his eagerness to please Lady Catherine. The ‘receipt he felt for her high rank’, coupled with ‘the veneration for her as his patroness’ is equipped with similar sentence structure and same number of words, builds up the sense of adulation he had for the higher gentry. The use of ‘high rank’ and ‘patroness’ connotes wealth and authority, which Mr Collins worships. The deferential attitude he has for the upper class, as he ‘[talks] with little cessation, of his garden and house at Hunsford’ as well as the anaphora of ‘Hunsford’ paints him to be obsessed with his relations to one that is of landed gentry. The hyperbolic description of ‘little cessation’ further signifies his servile attitude in exalting feverishly to Lady Catherine’s riches, such as her property of ‘house’ and ‘garden’. Thus Mr Collins identifies himself with his relations to the higher gentry, revealing his desperation to be linked to the wealthy upper class .he excessive veneration is met with Mr Bennet’s ‘[most] anxious to getting rid of’, thereby portraying Collins to be intolerable in his mentions of the higher gentry. Austen brings up Mr Collins having his self-worth defined by his external relations, making him sycophantic and subservient to the high-ranking individuals. Through the obsessive exaltation, Austen seeks to bring out the preoccupation with class distinction and a desire to be related to the upper class. Wong Xin Yi (18-I4) 05.13.2019 – Literature	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409081
__label__wiki	0.741077	0.741077	S. Ali Jafari reading his essay; Jaspal Singh in background. Video screen grab. At a small gathering last year, S. Ali Jafari read his essay in Urdu about Dr M. Sarwar, whom he called “Doc”. His son Salman videotaped the reading, which forms the basis of this 14-minute video edited for 26 May 2019, ten years after Dr M. Sarwar passed away peacefully at home in Karachi, at age 79. Son of the famous satirical poet S. M. Jafari, Ali Jafari’s essay in chaste Urdu humorously captures the spirit and idealism of progressive politics. It also contains critical observations about the art of listening, and conversing with civility, respect and humour without making personal attacks, regardless of differences in opinion. The importance of civil discourse and the art of listening: An enduring lesson from Dr M. Sarwar. Photo: 1995, Nathiagali, by Beena Sarwar. As a student at Dow Medical College, Sarwar led Pakistan’s first nation-wide student movement spearheaded by the Democratic Students Federation. The movement carries enduring lessons about the importance of unity and forging a one-point agenda for larger goals. For more on Dr Sarwar, DSF and the student movement see the Dr Sarwar website. There’s also this 30 minute documentary made after Dr Sarwar passed away, Aur Niklen.ge Ushhaq ke Qafle (There will be more caravans of passion), below, with interviews of people like Zehra Nigah, Saleem Asmi and Dr Haroon Ahmed. Here’s the link to a piece about it by Agha Iqrar Haroon: Ushhaq ke Qafley— A Documentary about the Power of Student Unions and Forgotten Chapter of Political Activism in Pakistan. Filed under: 1950s student movement, Dr Sarwar legacy, Progressive politics, Sarwar, Student movement stalwarts \| Tagged: civil discourse, Dr Haroon, DSF, Faiz, Saleem Asmi, Sibte Hasan, student unity, Urdu poetry, Zehra Nigah \| Leave a comment » Syed Sibte Hasan: An esteemed teacher and leader – by Dr M. Sarwar (1985) S. Sibte Hasan, Dr M. Sarwar, Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Photo by Dr S. Haroon Ahmed This is a link to the scanned article ‘An esteemed teacher and leader’ by Dr M. Sarwar on Sibte Hasan, 1985: tribute to his friend Syed Sibte Hasan, published in the Pakistan Medical Gazette, June 1, 1985. The article contains a lot of history, and was written about a year before Sibte Hasan passed away. Thanks Aisha Gazdar for the scan. Filed under: Progressive politics \| Tagged: Faiz, Sarwar, Sibte \| Leave a comment » PWA 75th Anniversary: 5th Progressive Writers Conference, Birmingham Posted on September 5, 2010 by beenasarwar 5th Progressive Writers Conference – Birmingham Celebrate the 75th Anniversary of Progressive Writers Association (PWA) Progressive Writers Association UK in collaboration with South Asian Peoples Forum and Indian Workers Association cordially invites you to a public meeting to celebrate the 75th Anniversary of Progressive Writers Association (PWA). 2.30-7.00 p.m., Edward Street Youth Center, 21 Victoria Street, West Bromwich, B70 8ET The PWA, established in 1935 in London, heralded a major literary movement against imperialism, colonial rule and for the democratic rights of South Asian people. The PWA played a critical role in mobilising the masses through literature. Most of the prominent writers in the sub-continent, such as Sajjad Zaheer, Sahir Ludhanvi, Munshi Premchand, Minto, Faiz, Bedi, Amrita Preetam, Josh, Jalib, Faraz, to name a few, were in the forefront of our struggle. Continue reading → Filed under: Progressive politics \| Tagged: Amrita Preetam, Bedi, Faiz, Faraz, Jalib, Josh, Minto, Munshi Premchand, PWA, Sahir Ludhanvi, Sajjad Zaheer \| Leave a comment » ‘The universal struggle for a just human order’ – Salima Hashmi Posted on June 1, 2009 by beenasarwar Sarwar & Salima, 1970s. Photo by Rashida Reza Celebration of Dr Mohd Sarwar’s Life Karachi, 31 May 2009, PMA House I put my stamp of approval on Doc Sarwar as prospective bridegroom for my friend when she sheepishly introduced him to me in June 1962. Abba and I were on our way to Moscow on the Llyod Triestano Shipliner – he to receive the Lenin Peace Prize and I to go on to art school in England. It was a rushed meeting but my friend was anxious – the tall good-looker seemed an OK bet as far as I could see, so I gave him a nod. I suspect he knew he was being appraised … the approval stood the test of time. So how does one encapsulate a lifetime of intrepid friendship, the good humour, the intense partying and talking, and the occasional gleeful ‘gheebat’ about the world in general. Of course there was always this locking of horns with Shoaib Hashmi – as to who was better at getting out of doing the darndest thing around the house. How one could get the air-conditioner serviced whilst sitting in the armchair and reading the newspaper! How to get the water tap running whilst sipping afternoon tea, and watching cricket on T V. How to shop for the best mangoes in town long distance and, most importantly, how to sort out the country’s problems in each other’s company late into the night. Never passing up the chance to be caustic about those bolshies who thought they were actually doing it: they came in for some extra flack. In the words of dear Billum Apa “Saari saari raat revolution karte hain aur saaraa saara din sote hain“. One could never accuse Doc of being lax about the real things – work – motivation and more work. As a comrade, his relationship with Abba was an unspoken clear bond based on a shared understanding of the universal struggle for a just human order – Faiz wrote something for his other pal and comrade, Major Ishaq. He would have said the same for Doc. Major Ishaq ki yaad mein Filed under: PMA Reference \| Tagged: democracy, dr sarwar, Faiz, Salima Hashmi, Shoaib Hashmi, Zakia Sarwar \| Leave a comment » ‘Time to create a left-oriented think tank’, News, Jun 1, 2009 http://tinyurl.com/pma-news ‘Time to create a left-oriented think tank’ Eminent jurist and former governor of Sindh, Justice (Retired) Fakhruddin G. Ibrahim said on Sunday it was high time a “left-oriented” think tank was established in Pakistan. Speaking at a memorial meeting for the late Dr Mohammad Sarwar at the PMA House Sunday evening, he said people said that Pakistan was a failed state but one should remember that it was the establishment and not the people of Pakistan who had failed. “Things are changing for the better,” he said. “I don’t know what’s wrong with us. Religion has become a cause of killing,” he remarked. He said people were ready to listen today and this was evident from the fact that there were few people around when the Judges’ movement kicked off but it culminated in a huge success. He said it was time to live up to the ideals of Dr Sarwar since “it’s our time to say.” He said the people of Pakistan needed a new leadership since the old leadership had failed totally. He said Dr Sarwar fought for a just society, a society free from exploitation and it was time to create a just society. Dr Badar Siddiqi, former General Secretary of the Pakistan Medical Association (PMA) said death was more universal than life because every body dies but there are people who live on even after they’re gone through their noble deeds and universal love. Dr Sarwar, he said, was one such person who strove for the establishment of a just society. He said Dr Sarwar established the Democratic Students Federation (DSF) that happened to be the first students’ organisation in Pakistan. Thereafter, he also established the All- Pakistan Students Organisation (APSO) and the Inter-Collegiate Body that comprised students unions from across the country. Dr Siddiqi pointed out that Dr Sarwar led the historic 1953 student movement that forced the authorities to accept many demands of the students, including the establishment of the University of Karachi. He said Dr Sarwar was injured when police resorted to firing on a student’s procession on January 8, 1953 in which seven students and a child were killed, and he also was arrested. He said after he was released from jail, he along with his colleagues, including Dr Adib-ul-Hasan Rizvi, Dr Syed Haroon Ahmed, Dr Moinuddin Ahmed, and Dr Jaffer Naqvi played a vital role in the affairs of the Pakistan Medical Association and transformed it into a strong and dynamic force. He said Dr Sarwar struggled for provision of health cover to the people and was never overwhelmed even by ferocious dictators such as Gen. Ziaul Haq while negotiating on behalf of PMA. “I will not classify him as an individual; he was an institution,” he said. He said the number of people who visited Dr Sarwar’s residence was unbelievable and they included Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Syed Sibte Hasan, Habib Jalib, Zohra Nigah, Ali Imam, and Bashir Mirza, just to name a few. Former student leader Mairaj Mohammad Khan said Dr Sarwar was an institution whose roots were very deep in society. He said 1953 movement led by Dr Sarwar was not confined to the students but impacted the entire society. “It was movement to change Pakistani society,” he said. He said the DSF was banned in 1954 because it was against imperialist military pacts and was against a dependent economy. Prof. Dr Jaffer Naqvi said Dr Sarwar was a phenomenon and a staunch enemy of dictatorship. Prominent singer Tina Sani sang a poem of Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Messages of Asif Hameedi, Eric Rahim, and Dr Mangi who are abroad were also read at the ceremony. A six-minute documentary on Dr Sarwar was also shown in the programme. Filed under: PMA Reference \| Tagged: 1950s student movement, Bashir Mirza, democracy, Dr Abdullah Mangi, Dr Adeeb Rizvi, Dr Asif Hameedi, Dr Badar Siddiqi, Dr Haroon Ahmed, Dr Moin, dr sarwar, DSF, eric rahim, Faiz, Fakhruddin G. Ebrahim, Habib Jalib, pakistan, PMA, Shahid Husain, Syed Sibte Hasan, Zohra Nigah \| 2 Comments » “An institution in himself” – Dr Badar Siddiqi Sarwar & Badar, Karachi, 2008. Photo: B. Sarwar Dr Badar Siddiqi Citation for Dr Sarwar at PMA House “Death is more universal than life; everyone dies but not everyone lives.” – A. Sachs We have met today to remember Dr. Sarwar. This man lived – and lived an amazing life. I think everyone who knew him very well would agree with me that above all he was a very kind person with a great sense of humor who would make people laugh. We should all be thankful that we were given the chance to have known a man named Sarwer. So let us celebrate the amazing life he led. He will greatly missed. When someone passes away one thinks if “Did he/she live with passion Did he/she contribute something to the world that was previously missing?” Did He/She touch other people’s lives in a positive way? I for one have no doubt that his life was full of all three areas and more. Sarwar was a leader and a extraordinary person. He was an institution in himself. He added a new dimension to whatever he touched. Most of us know this. It is all history now. He formed Pakistan’s first student union DSF – Democratic Student Federation – and was chosen its first President. He also developed the unique organization Inter-Collegiate Body bringing everyone under one banner…..ICB 1953 He was among the leaders of the historic student movement of 1953. He was injured and arrested and it was in jail that in 1954 he cleared his final medical examination. When they though he will now be OK for them they released him. Going through all this would have been enough for any ordinary human being anyone but not Sarwar who was no ordinary man. When a member of the medical profession he joined the new leadership team of PMA where Sarwar, Hashmi, Khawja Moin, Haroon, Jaffer Naqvi – they traveled all over Pakistan organizing the medical profession and made PMA a strong and respected organization. The new PMA launched a movement for just rights of the profession and provision of healthcare for the population of our country. In the early 1980s in the background of strikes an all Pakistan PMA delegation met the government. Sarwar then the General Secretary led the delegation. I remember both of us sitting in an Islamabad hotel the night before discussing the strategy to present the demands to the five Generals led by Gen. Ziaul Haq. That night he taught me so much about how to keep calm and keep focused on the objectives and never to lose temper. He told me in the early hours of the morning that I will present the case for PMA as his personal background might weaken our case. This says a lot about the personality of this man. He lived an amazing life. Sarwar was one of those persons whom everybody liked immediately because of his simplicity, because of his naturalness, because of his comradeship, because of his personality, because of his originality, even before his other singular virtues were revealed. These qualities which acted as magnet to attract a galaxy of personalities to his house which was always a open and welcoming with his lovely wife Zakia at his side who we subjected to unfair demands. It is at Sarwar’s house that I had the rare privilege of meeting people from all walks of life in intimate and memorable gatherings which included all shades and of people. Poets, artists, writers, journalists. The atmosphere and the wealth which flowed from these meetings is impossible to put in words. I will never forget evenings with great personalities like Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Habib Jalib, Ahmed Faraz, Zehra Nigah,Syed Sibte Hassan, Ali Imam, Bashir Mirza{B.M}, Saleem Asmi – one could go on with an unending list I will forever be grateful for the privilege more then 30 years friendship with a friend like him. All the memories I have shared with him will forever be cherished and remembered I will forever be grateful to have known Sarwar. Doston Ke Dermian Wajeh Dosti Hai Tu (Loosely translated: “You are the reason for our friendship”) Filed under: PMA Reference \| Tagged: 1950s student movement, Ahmed Faraz, Ali Imam, Bashir Mirza, democracy, Faiz, Habib Jalib, healthcare, pakistan, PMA, Saleem Asmi, Syed Sibte Hasan, Zakia Sarwar, Zehra Nigah, ziaul haq \| 1 Comment »	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409084
__label__wiki	0.639508	0.639508	What's New On Hulu: July 2019 Full List of what’s new on HULU this month Monday, July 1, 2019 \| Updated Jul 01, 2019 5:37 pm CDT Everything new on HULU for the month of July New On Amazon Prime Video Available July 1 Forged in Fire: Complete Season 5 (History Channel) Forged in Fire: Knife or Death: Complete Season 2 (History Channel) Grace vs. Abrams: Complete Season 1 (A&E) Hoarders: Complete Season 6 (A&E) Killer in Plain Sight: Complete Season 1 (Content Media) Married at First Sight: Complete Season 7 (Lifetime) Mountain Men: Complete Season 2 (History Channel) Nightwatch Nation: Complete Season 1 (A&E) Project Runway: Complete Season 12 (Lifetime) The Universe: Complete Seasons 4-6 (History Channel) Veronica Mars: Complete Seasons 1-3 (Warner Bros) What Just Happened??! With Fred Savage: Series Premiere (FOX) A Little Princess (1995) A Year Ago in Winter (2008) Accomplices (2010) Airplane! (1980) Airplanes II: The Sequel (1982) American Gun (2005) An American Werewolf in London (1981) The Amityville Horror (2005) Antiviral (2013) The Appeared (2009) Apres Lui (2008) Arbitrage (2012) Are We Done Yet? (2007) Are We There Yet? (2005) Astro Boy (2009) Bad Lieutenant (1992) Bad Santa (2003) The Benchwarmers (2006) Beyond the Gates (of Hell) (2016) Big Fish (2003) Brotherhood of Justice (1986) Bull Durham (1988) Bunny and the Bull (2010) The Chateau (2001) The Childhood of a Leader(2016) Coffin Rock (2009) Con Air (1997) Cooties (2014) CSA: Confederate States of America (2005) Curse of the Zodiac (2007) Dans Paris (2006) Death Bell (2009) Desperately Seeking Susan (1985) The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007) Endless Love (1981) Errors of the Human Body (2013) Fainheart (2008) Fighter (2007) The First Wives Club (1996) Gangster No. 1 (2000) The Girl Under the Waves (2001) Good Luck Chuck (2007) Good Time Max (2008) Hard Candy (2006) Hero (“Ying Xiong”) (2002) Home of the Brave (2006) Honey 2 (20111) The Housemaid (2011) The Human Stain (2003) I Remember You (2017) The Imperialists are Still Alive (2011) Into The Blue (2005) Into The Blue 2: The Reef (2009) Johnny Mad Dog (2010) Killing them Safely (2015) The 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(2010) Spaceballs (1987) Species (1995) Species II (1998) Species III (2004) Species: The Awakening (2007) Stalked By My Patients (2018) Stigmata (1999) Superbad (2007) Swimfan (2002) The Sum of all Fears (2002) Terror in the Woods (2018) The Time that Remains (2011) The Uninvited (2009) Thomas in Love (2001) Traitor (2008) Turtles Can Fly (2004) Unmade Beds (2009) Uptown Girls (2003) Vampires (2011) Vincere (2010) Walk Away Renee (2012) White Night Wedding (2008) With a Friend like Harry (2000) Women of Brewster Place (1989) The Last Word (2017) Into The Dark: Culture Shock: Episode 10 Premiere (Hulu Original) The Brink (2019) Woman at War (2018) Amazing World of Gumball: Complete Season 6 (Cartoon Network) It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia: Complete Season 13 (FX) The Venture Bros.: Complete Season 7 (Adult Swim) Drop Dead Gorgeous (1999) The Real Housewives of Orange County: Complete Season 13 (Bravo) Available July 10 Bring the Funny: Series Premiere (NBC) Harlots: Season 3 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Netflix: December 2019 5Local Graduate Takes It To The Mat 1Man Allegedly Steals Vehicle At Gunpoint; Charged With Armed Robbery 2OWI 5th Plead Down To OWI 1st 3Traffic Stop In Polk County Leads To OWI 6 Charges 4View Obituaries On DrydenWire	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409087
__label__cc	0.666122	0.333878	touching the sky to save the world About the novel Flickers of Fortune. About the future and precognition. Buy Flickers of Fortune Cease worrying when you can and write about what you know On April 18, 2017 By Sherrie CroninIn human survival, predicting the future, writing, yoga7 Comments We are all human, analog creatures, never completely this or that, and we all slide in and out our of better selves as we make our path in this world. Every so often I write something I like. I reread it and think I’m not sure where that came from but that’s profound. Then it passes, of course, and I go on writing normal stuff. I had that experience when the lead sentence here showed up while I recently wrote a post about world peace for my qigong instructor and friend at Flowing Zen. None of us are completely this or that, and it’s worth remembering in our current heated political climate. It’s also worth remembering as we each reach inward, embracing ourselves for what we are. What I am is a worrier, among other things, and I know in my heart that it is tied to my story-telling abilities. If you want a mind that makes up exciting scenarios from everyday events, well then, you get a mind that sees exploding cars, intricate scams and paranoid plots around every corner. But there are limits to how much worrying a healthy person can do, and, to be honest, recent events in the international arena have catapulted my concerns to an unhealthy level. That’s where coping mechanisms come in. Last November, I developed a new habit to calm my mind. I already do qigong, which is wonderful for creating calm, and I do a good bit of yoga as well. Gardening helps also. But sometimes I’m sitting at my computer and I read something disturbing and I need a quick reboot without leaving my seat. Sort of an “instant calm.” And that’s when I play solitaire. I go to the World of Solitaire site, zip through a two minute game while breathing deeply, and somehow I’ve trained myself to emerge calmer. I don’t know why it works, but for me it does. “Where do you the get the ideas for what happens in your stories?” It is a question I get asked. Okay, I do get many ideas from the things I worry about happening. But every once in awhile, I am able to get one from something that kept me from worrying, like in the scene below. I got a real kick out of how my psychic hero Ariel finally sorted out a particularly complicated set of future probabilities. I hope you enjoy it too. She wandered back into the hut she shared with Teddie and Vanida, and sat the kitchen table. She was trying to save the last bit of battery on her phone and her computer, so she aimlessly dealt out a hand of solitaire from a deck of cards that had been provided. She had played the game years ago on a computer, which made it more fun because it was easy for the player to redo moves. But this would work to relax her. She started the game, doing the obvious first then moving on. Okay, now put the red five on the black six. Wait, which red five? They were identical choices. She went down one path. Not so good. Try the other five. Much better. She’d win going that way. Geez, this game is like my life with premories, she thought. One choice is insignificant and another makes all the difference and you can’t tell the two kinds apart. And, you can’t tell which of your important choices will yield a good outcome for you because it’s not always about good decision making. Sometimes it really is random. She kept dealing and thinking and replaying and after awhile she wasn’t so much paying attention to the cards as she was in a sort of trance. Teddie was the Two of Clubs and her mom was the Queen of Hearts and for some reason she was the Nine of Spades. The man who ran Reel News was the King of Diamonds, of course, but there were two of them; no, not really, the Jack of Diamonds was pretending to be the King which made no sense. The worst of it was that the Ten of Clubs was trying to get that Jack to kill Queen of Hearts who could only be saved by the King but he wouldn’t know it and the Jack of Hearts who was Nell could stop the King of Diamonds but only if the Queen of Clubs who was Yuden did some random thing she probably would not do. Ariel leaned forward and put her head between her knees and took deep breaths until the dizziness subsided. She could do this, use this, to see the arbitrary combinations and how the little things worked together in ways in she’d never understood before. She dealt again. And again. A different sense of how events tied together began to connect for her as she used the cards to sort out a complex tapestry that would have confused her logical mind. After awhile Camille came in and lit the gas lamp, saying nothing. A little later Fernando brought her a sandwich. She mumbled thanks but never touched it. She just kept playing. Not long after Teddie and Vanida tiptoed by her as they went to bed. Sleep came early in a world without electricity. By then, every card had taken on at least one identity or location or time. Some had many of them. It didn’t matter. After a while the confusion subsided and the interrelation of all of them made perfect sense to something deep within her brain. (Images shown are from the various victory images used at the World of Solitaire website. They add an extra bit of fun to the game.) (For a companion piece to this post, see Worry about those you love and write about what you know.) How happy would you be if you knew what tomorrow would bring? How much more complicated would your choices be? Meet a young woman who has this gift and follow along as she struggles to balance joy in her own life with her sense of duty to others. Click to buy: Follow touching the sky to save the world on WordPress.com Learn about the rest of the collection The Tears We Never Cried The Jack Steel Series Flickers of Fortune human survival Previously on this blog How happy would you be if you knew what tomorrow would bring? How much more complicated would your choices be? Meet a young woman who has this gift and follow along as she struggles to balance joy in her own life with her sense of duty to others.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409089
__label__cc	0.556993	0.443007	Open Source Zone DZone > Open Source Zone > OS Framework Selection: How to Spot Immature Frameworks During Selection OS Framework Selection: How to Spot Immature Frameworks During Selection While a new, cutting-edge framework is exciting, there is a risk attached to immaturity. Bas Groot Dec. 02, 19 · Open Source Zone · New frameworks appear all the time in the open-source space. While a new and cutting edge framework is exciting, there is quite a risk attached to immaturity, including incompleteness, bugs, incompatible upgrades, and unpredictable direction. You may also like: Open Source and Its Tools Are Critical to Modernization In most projects, you have no time to battle the shortcomings of a new open-source framework, and you rather be productive with proven technology. This article is all about assessing the maturity of a framework during selection. Why Framework Maturity Matters A framework is supposed to help you be more productive. You don't want the time saved by productivity to go to waste again, chasing after framework bugs or fixing damage caused by incompatible upgrades, which is typically seen with newbie frameworks. Or even worse, the framework's vendor started with an incomplete vision and pivots in a direction that goes completely against your needs. Once a framework isn't beta anymore, it's not always obvious how finished and market-ready it really is. Of course, frameworks say "we've been using it ourselves first," but that means little. Internal developers have a perk you don't have: They can rely on help from the original creators, immediately available within office-chair-rolling distance and able to fix bugs on the spot when needed. First question: How many years has it been around? For durable production software, you should prefer mature frameworks; those that are a few years old, used by multiple companies on serious projects, and a considerable size and visible community. Peek Through the Back Door With frameworks that look mature enough, you should sneak in through the back door and see what is going on in the kitchen. These are the things to look out for: Not-Implemented API Functions Click through the API to find specific functions that are not implemented yet. You'll see this often with young frameworks. If not-implemented functions are about more advanced or very specific niche logic that you're not going to need now, that's fine: They know where they want to go, they are going there, and they described it to let you know it's coming. So, you can take that into account. But if you find not-implemented functions that cover the really basic, low-level stuff: bad news. Dismiss the list — at least for now. Scan the Release Notes for Incompatible Upgrades A good indicator for a framework that might change direction later is looking for announcements of incompatible upgrades in the release notes. Phrases like "minor changes needed when upgrading" are understatements and bad signs, especially if it's frequent and unannounced. "Minor" in this context often is a euphemism for "it's just one change, but to be applied in a thousand places." If data storage is broken by an upgrade, that's a big red flag — dismiss. Why is it an indicator? If the framework developers knew where they were going already, they'd have thought a lot about how to design the API so that it lasts as long as possible without incompatible changes ever. They know such events are hugely annoying for developers, and it's a community traction risk that can be your indicator to start looking for another framework. Signs of well-designed breaking changes: they built an entirely new API next to the old one and announced six months to a year in advance; a long cooldown period so that you can make the changes at your own pace; and awaited a few patch releases to be sure it's stable before following the early movers. Bottom line: Features dropped when the framework is young: bad sign. Features dropped when the framework is mature and because no one uses the feature anymore: good sign. Browse the Bug Database Even the best-written software has bugs, and having an accessible bug database in itself is a good sign. It's the content that matters. A small bug database is bad news: not many people use it, or the users have very little faith in their problems getting fixed, big red flag, to the dismiss list. A big bug database actually is a good sign, it means a lot of people are using it seriously; of course, only if the majority of bugs are solved. It's the kind of bugs you find there that tell a lot about how far they are and what they struggle with. Sample your way through the bug database randomly and seek the highest-rated bugs or the longest open bugs. And from a handful of recently solved bugs, scroll to see the tone of voice in the discussion before it. It is surprising how much you can learn from superficially browsing and scrolling through that information. If they are struggling with basics and fundamentals, or they have big problems they don't manage to solve despite stacking complaints, here you find your reasons to move it to the dismiss list. Also look at who fixed the bugs, and how long ago; it could be an abandoned open-source community. Find where the community flocked next, maybe it's a good candidate for you. Scan Success Stories for Omissions If there are famous logos on a framework's site with success stories behind them, it's fairly reliable info. These big brand's lawyer-hawks and employees involved will have scrutinized and approved these success stories. They don't want to see lies with their name under it. But the framework's vendor wants to make the success story as shiny as possible. You should look for what the success story doesn't say — how it's used, at what scale, money amounts saved, numbers of users, etc. If you were the framework's marketer, what would you want to say on its web site? Is it there? And reversely, be aware that only a logo with no success story could mean that the founders just did a freelance gig for them in the distant past. Suppose you come across an authentic, detailed, and non-anonymous disaster testimonial, take it seriously. Why? For one customer who dares to speak up publicly about a fail, there are at least ten more who feel ashamed and rather keep their skeletons in the closet. There's a fair chance you'll become one of those ten. But investigate, it might be FUD. Check Open Job Positions Open job positions at a framework's home company can give a brutally honest insight in what the company is struggling with, and where they indirectly admit they fall short. Together, it gives some idea of what is going on in there, how mature the organization is, and whether you should be worried about a possible decline or growing way too fast. Always know who's behind it. If they have funding, it will be in the "about" section. For a young framework, a big-money source is a good sign, but not a reliable predictor of a long life per se. Google search press releases to find out if it's one-time donation or strategic support. There are very good frameworks that are 100 percent unpaid open source because the makers are scientists or idealists, or just don't like managers and investors breathing down their necks. Usually, you get superior technical quality but infrequent updates and long bug fix wait time. Often, the money source explains why they do what they do. It tells you development direction, revenue/pricing model, and what you can expect in the future. Over the last few years, tech giants have released hundreds of open-source initiatives and invested billions of dollars in them. But giants can afford to terminate projects that stalled (for example, heavily marketed VR platform Google Daydream just got killed). Giants can freely reassign focus to frameworks that got more traction. Not fun if you depend on it. Just as with any party, wait until it's a few years old before depending on it. Be on the lookout for mixed interests: if a giant offers free hosting if you use their framework, you can feel the reason for this generosity. Another example: If they encourage to use their browser framework by including their URL to the .js, .css, or font file on their servers, the real reason is getting free user data from the millions of sites that <link rel> to it, so they can sell access to this data. Maybe you and your current customers don't care about that, but a future customer might be held to strict compliance rules or fears of leaking usage figures to their competitor. Such a catch will not always be a direct problem for you. But go look for it so that you know what you're getting yourself into, and possibly might need to get rid of later. What If it Has Bugs? It is often underestimated how stunningly low the quality of a framework can be. It's new, it's buggy, it's incomplete, they move fast, and they break things. Your things. About Fixing Bugs Yourself If it's an open-source framework and not minified, it often is easy to pinpoint a root cause in a framework bug and propose a fix. The problem is what happens next. If you fix it in your own copy, you create a fork. You are responsible for merging with the official upgrades and keeping it bug-free, each time, requiring a structural understanding of the framework. You really don't want to fix bugs in the framework yourself. About Joining an Open-Source Community If it's open-source, you could consider becoming part of the development community. But that can be the Road of No Return — you still have to wait and see if a proposed bug fix is accepted into an official release, and when — if ever. How long does it take for a fix to be released? Can you afford to wait that long with your project? Mind that the founding fathers may already have a completely different solution in mind and it will be a while before they pick that part up, let alone how long until it's done. Or, it is possible that they do all of this in their free time and don't feel rushed by anyone or anything at all. If, and only if, a framework is the absolute #1 part of your core business, it is worthwhile to join a framework's development community. If you are able to be a big player by donating a lot of developer capacity, it can work for you. Internet giants fund and buy open-source projects all of the time. Being part of an open-source project is great; it's motivating, brings personal growth, and expands your career perspectives. But do not hope to steer an immature open-source project in your direction by sponsoring it with your developer time. To the framework's organization, you are a friendly neighbor offering to help paint their house, but in return, you demand to pick the colors. That does not work. I saw several such cases fail, and none that succeeded. I'm glad I always declined to partake. Dealing With Framework Bugs, Realistically Nothing is bug-free. Let's be realistic about that. The only tidy solution for a framework bug is using a workaround as follows: Do not call the framework directly, replace all calls by calling a wrapper function that you wrote that calls the framework for you. Let's name it "isolator." Inside the isolator, add a workaround, a commented-out real solution, and a comment-line with the bug ID and URL from their bug tracker (if you had time to report the bug with them). If they release a version with that bug fixed, uncomment the desired use and comment-out the workaround. Make unit tests for the isolator so that you can verify it's broken in the current version and fixed in the new one. If it's a bug you can't work around and can't live without — bad news. There's nothing you can do, except replace the entire framework with another one. When selecting frameworks, watch for unimplemented API calls and investigate their bugs database, job vacancies, and money source. You will know if the framework struggles with immaturity and bugs in the basic, or very exotic, bugs you can live with. Avoid becoming a framework's free guinea pig department. All in all, it is better to select frameworks that are a few years in their maturity so that they take less of a risk. Open Source and Its Tools Are Critical to Modernization 16 Free and Open-Source Business Intelligence Tools OS Framework Selection: How To Examine An API OS Framework Selection: How to Read Subliminal Messages in Framework Marketing OS Framework Selection: Reversible Real-World Trial framework ,frameworks ,maturity ,maturity model ,open source ,open source framework ,selection process ,api best practices ,frameworks compare ,best practices Open Source Partner Resources	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409090
__label__cc	0.585048	0.414952	Company Concept The kitchen is the most important place in the house, crossroads of meetings and interactions, theater of anecdotes and pleasant memories, confluence of spirit and matter. The centre of the house might be cozy, alive, functional and pleasant at sight. This is what motivates us to create innovative and elegant solutions matching with your needs. Every day we build kitchens interpretating familly dreams and needs of the whole world, while protecting the environment. Talent, passion and authenticity make us ambassadors of Italian lifestyle where design and tradition are the perfect synthesis of a unique culture. We dream that ARAN kitchen might bring moments of happiness in world homes, giving experience of conviviality in an ambience close to your needs and even more beautiful. Sharing and the sense of belonging are our polar stars Emphaty We like to identify ourselves with our customers and their wishes. Honesty, transparency and authenticity For us it is essential to build strong relationships based on reliability and respect We are aware of the great responsibility we have in the social, ecological and economic. Reason why we pay attention to present for a sustainable future. Creative energy Constant and continuous innovation, the result of careful research and development. Over the years the trust of international customers has allowed us to contribute to the supply of major projects. The ARAN Kitchen brand has become synonymous of Italian style, trustworthiness and reliability even in luxurious residential complexes in different areas of the world including United States, Middle East and Far East. An important commitment for a great success story. Clean energy production Our production policy has always paid special attention to the protection and respect of the environment. For this reason Aran World has made the cover of most of the production area with photovoltaic panels which produce solar energy; the aim is to be self-sufficient from the energy point of view by reducing the use of fossil energy. They were created four installations of electrical energy production from photovoltaic conversion. ARAN World has decided to support the region through their business choices and productive while also favoring sports organizations, primarily from Abruzzo, associations and cooperatives which promote the region, its traditions and its beauty. We feel a strong sense of social responsibility towards the region that gave us a lot and we believe that a healthy environment education and sport is vital for young people to be women and men of tomorrow. Tirino river Fully live the territory is primarily to protec it, this is why we chose to be partners of the social cooperative “Il Bosso”, dynamic company which since 1999 is responsible for promotion and environmental education, working mainly in the areas of the river Tirino, defined the clearest of Europe. Memorial " A. Mariani - M. Pavone" In 2015 we held an important football international youth tournament. A.C. Milan, Internazional F.C., Benfica from Portugal and F.C. Juventus are only some of the teams that in these four years have participated in this sporting event. Juventus recently won the fourth edition of this tournament. Pineto football club Pineto football team is a amateur football society founded in 1962. Among the most important categories reached is there the D league (1977-78; 1992-94). Today Pineto football team has achieved “Excellence” league and remains a regional point of reference mainly for its nursery. Mutignano Football Club Mutignano is small medieval town of Pineto (TE) with approximately 700 inhabitants. In order to keep alive the great football passion of its few inhabitants, we at ARAN WORLD have renewed our annual sponsorship with Mutignano Football club in the Regional League, providing enjoyable moments to the fans during every Sunday game. Our team of young aspiring professional cyclists based in Montesilvano (PE). One of the recent discoveries was that of Matthew Rabottini, who with Aran Kitchens graduated Champion of Italy’s Under-23 in 2009, and in 2012 concluded the Tour of Italy won the “Blue jersey” as winner of the mountains classification. World Championship 125 cc Motorcycling Aran Kitchen gave strong support to Class 125 from 2006 to 2009. The concept of dynamism, integral part of the company identity, brought us to sponsor pilots like Fabrizio Lai and Michele Conti with Honda, Lukas Pesek and Nicolas Terol with Derbi, Tomoyoshi Koyama with KTM, Andrea Zanetti with KTM and Aprilia, Jonas Folger, Takaaki Nakagami and Andrea Iannone with Aprilia. In 2009 we have decided to be the main sponsor for the male A1 2009/2010 volleyball Championship of the “Pineto” team, steadying up our relationship with the territory. The sponsorship of the abruzzesi volleyball team was perfectly part of our social responsability strategy, stronghold in our group. Sport, amusement, nature, great speed and a bit of madness. Which sport can represent at best the dynamic aspect of that marks since always our company? That’s why in 2009 we have decided to substain the Italian Rally Championship. Huge the satisfaction when in 2009 the Abruzzi Mattia Martella, at the Italian Superbike Championship victory, Class S5, he declaired: “This attainment encourages me to go ahead in this field and do even better for this wonderful motorcycle speciality. I really want to thank my parents, whi have done lots to support me, friends and all the sponsor which believed in me and helped me in these months of races, especially Aran Cucine. Sun,sea but most of all passion and grit. Aspects always in asset with our company vision and while fundamental motivation for us to support the Italian Sailing Championship. It’s important the development of such sport, quite formative, but often undertone. ARAN Cucine gained the “Superbrands Awards 2017” recognition. 14 JUNE 2016 Superbrands is the international authority which plans to recognize exceptional brands within different markets, supporting all companies that invest everyday helping clients to bring more happiness into their lives, with seriousness and competence. This year again, ARAN Cucine is the only company, within furniture sector, to go on stage of Awards 2017 next to nationally […] 22 SEPTEMBER 2015 Aran World has been chosen as an icon of Made in Italy design for the 432 Park Avenue building that is set to rise 432 meters and is today the third tallest residential building in the world and the first one in New York. A new icon on the New York Skyline, which allows us […] Aran World S.r.l. Aran World S.r.l. Unipersonale Zona Industriale – Fraz. Casoli 64032 Atri (TE) TVA N. IT 01444880676 www.arancucine.it I’m interested in your contracted furniture business. Please give me detailed information about your sample project. .. [You can change the preset text or type it in more detail..]	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409091
__label__wiki	0.985626	0.985626	Dallas shooter planned larger attacks, police say By AFP/Thomas Urbain, Olivia Hampton &nbspJuly 11, 2016 \| 10:33 am GMT+7 A woman hugs a Dallas police officer at a makeshift memorial at police headquarters following the multiple police shootings in Dallas, Texas, U.S., July 10, 2016. Photo by Reuters/Carlo Allegri The Dallas gunman was plotting a major bomb attack. Anger around America over the deaths of two black men at the hands of police in recent days, the stated reason for the black Dallas gunman's deadly rampage targeting white officers, showed no signs of abating. Protesters, police clash in Minnesota President Barack Obama cautioned protesting Americans against casting all police as racially biased. Obama has ordered flags at half-staff 67 times in response to tragedies, more than any other president before him, and may address that grim record when he speaks at an inter-faith memorial service Tuesday. U.S. President Barack Obama arrives aboard Air Force One after cutting short a trip to Poland and Spain because of the recent shooting deaths of police in Dallas, at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland, U.S. July 10, 2016. Photo by Reuters/Jonathan Ernst Vice President Joe Biden will also attend, along with Obama's predecessor and ex-Texas governor George W. Bush, who will deliver brief remarks, and his wife Laura. The Dallas community's "unity is reflective of who we are as Americans" during these trying times, said Obama, who will meet privately with the families of the five fallen police officers and those wounded. The past week's violence has shocked a country seemingly inured to its epidemic of gun violence and injected new urgency into the national debate on race relations and how white police deal with black suspects. "The best way to honor the memory of Alton Sterling, the Dallas law enforcement officers and Philando Castile is to protect the people here," Louisiana Governor John Bel Edwards said, referring to those killed in recent days. Protesters will not be "allowed to incite hate and violence, to engage in unlawful activities," he added. People inspired by the Black Lives Matter movement, which arose in response to police using lethal force against unarmed blacks, took to the streets in Los Angeles, New York and San Francisco in largely peaceful protests. But authorities said a full-scale riot broke out in Saint Paul, Minnesota and resulted in 102 arrests. Protesters blocked a freeway and attacked police with rocks, bottles, fireworks, Molotov cocktails and metal bars. Twenty-one officers were injured in the hours-long melee, one of them when a rioter dropped a 25-pound (11-kilogram) chunk of concrete on his head from a bridge or overpass, police spokesman Steve Linders said. It was in a Saint Paul suburb that one of last week's deaths occurred. In Baton Rouge, where the other death took place, one officer was injured and 102 protesters were also arrested, Sheriff Sid Gautreaux said. Among them was activist leader DeRay McKesson, who livestreamed the incident. He was released on bond Sunday. "The only people that were violent last night were the Baton Rouge police department," McKesson told reporters outside the jailhouse. "The protesters remain peaceful both here and across the country." Both killings were caught on horrific video that quickly went viral. In a similar case, a black man was shot dead by police Saturday in Houston, the largest city in Texas. City police said that Alva Braziel was carrying a gun, and was believed to have pointed it at officers, but in surveillance footage from a nearby gas station, he appears to put his hands up and turn around. More than 500 people have died from US police bullets so far in 2016, according to data compiled by The Washington Post. "Devastating effects" Chilling new details about Dallas shooter Micah Johnson fleshed out a still sketchy portrait of the 25-year-old US Army reservist and Afghanistan war veteran who apparently supported black militant organizations, some classified as hate groups, and died in the standoff with police. Officers killed in Dallas police demo shooting Johnson opened fire Thursday evening with a powerful rifle during a peaceful protest against the shooting deaths of the two men in Louisiana and Minnesota, triggering hours of chaos in the downtown section of this major Texas city. A search of his Dallas-area home turned up bomb-making materials and a manual in which he wrote about military tactics. Police now say he had been planning something big long beforehand, and that last week's deaths were a trigger. Investigators believe that "the suspect had been practicing explosive detonations and that the materials were such that it was large enough to have devastating effects throughout our city and our North Texas area," Dallas police chief David Brown told CNN's "State of the Union." Johnson toyed with police as he negotiated with them during a standoff after he first started shooting. "We had negotiated with him for about two hours. And he just basically lied to us, playing games, laughing at us, singing, asking how many did he get and that he wanted to kill some more," Brown said. "Scrawled in his own blood" Johnson insisted on speaking only to a black police officer when he began negotiating, Brown said. He knew the route of the Dallas march, triangulating police and started taking them out with his high-caliber rifle. At one point earlier, Johnson, apparently wounded in the exchange of gunfire with police, wrote the letters "RB" in his own blood on a wall at the community college where he was holed up. Brown said it was not immediately clear what those letters meant. Sharpshooters could not get a view of Johnson as he hid behind a brick wall, so police used a bomb carried by a robot. "I'll do it again if presented with the same circumstances," Brown said. > Timeline of this week's U.S. shootings > Fifth officer dies in Dallas shootings Tags: shootings US protest black police China urged to #CHexit from 'South China Sea' Beijing says should be no 'South China Sea' talk at Asia-Europe summit Thai police detain four for opposing junta's draft constitution Yen slips as Tokyo stocks soar after Japan elections Tear gas at fan zone before France-Portugal match Portugal fans ecstatic after Euro 2016 win N.Korea military threatens physical response against U.S. THAAD deployment Portugal look to spoil French party in Euro 2016 final Reading: Dallas shooter planned larger attacks, police say	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409092
__label__cc	0.512841	0.487159	Archive for the ‘Digital Tools’ Category NEH-Funded KairosCamp Institutes EMOB Members who also receive ASECS emails have no doubt already seen this announcement for a new institute series at West Virginia University aimed at providing both authors and editors with the training that will enable them to produce a variety of digital forms of scholarships. That the project is a joint effort of the journal Kairos and the English department and library at West Virginia is especially promising. So too is its targeting of authors and editors. Deadline for proposals is February 15th… KairosCamp! A Digital Publishing Institute for Authors and Editors Thanks to a generous grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Digital Publishing Institute (DPI) at West Virginia University is proud to host two sets of institutes for authors and editors in the digital humanities over the 2017-18 academic years. KairosCamp’s goal is to help authors and editors produce digital scholarship in all forms. These workshops aim to help authors and editors build, edit, and maintain digital humanities projects. By offering hands-on workshops, we hope to spread best practices in scholarly multimedia production through sustainable and collaborative publication outlets. Feel free to check out our grant narrative, explaining what-all we have planned! KairosCamp has been a long-time dream of the editors of Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, the longest, continuously running scholarly multimedia journal in the world. Kairos celebrated its 20th anniversary on January 1, 2016, and the staff of KairosCamp come from the staff and editorial board members of the journal. These digital writing studies and rhetoric scholars have the most significant amount of expertise when it comes to teaching and mentoring scholars to build scholarly projects grounded in digital media. The Digital Publishing Institute at WVU Libraries and the English Department at West Virginia University are excited to offer, through the generous support of the National Endowment of the Humanities, this first series of KairosCamps. http://www.kairos.camp West Virginia University Libraries West Virginia University English Department WVU Eberly College of Arts and Sciences Posted in Digital Curation, Digital Editing, Digital Humanities, Digital Tools, Digital Training, Uncategorized \| 2 Comments » Mediate: Identifying the real bestsellers of the 18th century EMOB readers may be interested in a new digital humanities project, Mediate, based at Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Funded by the European Research Council, Mediate is headed by Professor Alicia C. Montoya. Through the use of a robustly designed database of library auction catalogs, this multi-component project seeks to develop a new avenue for Enlightenment studies. While prior lenses for studying the Enlightenment have focused on either the canonical, history-of-ideas texts or the forbidden, underground works of the time, Mediate aims to study the middlebrow bestsellers and their overlooked role in shaping the Enlightenment. In doing so, the project seeks to “propose a new conceptual framework that takes as its starting-point the heuristic concept of middlebrow culture” (http://mediate18.nl/?page=home). As the project’s website explains,”The MEDIATE project is organized in six interrelated subprojects: MEDIATE database construction (Van de Camp) Mapping the field: library auction catalogues, books and their circulation (Blom) Readers: Library owners, reception networks Still to be determined Texts: Sampling religious works Synthesis: Toward a new history of “the” Enlightenment (Montoya)” (See Mediate website, “about”) Not surprisingly, its project partner is Western Sydney University, the new home of Prof. Simmon Burrows and his The French Book Trade in Enlightenment Europe (FBTEE) database that we have previously written about. Mediate project members have begun to present their work, with this past July seeing a number of demonstrations including at the SHARP 2016 conference in Paris and the Digitizing Enlightenment Symposium at Western Sydney University. Tags:18th-century Digital Projects, Enlightenment, Library Auction Catalogues, Mediate Posted in 18thConnect, Database, Digital Tools, Enlightenment \| Leave a Comment » Digital Projects at SHARP 2015 — Part 3, Jordan Howell’s Digital Bibliography Quick Start and his Robinson Crusoe Bibliographic Database This post is the third in a series examining select digital projects showcased at the SHARP 2015 conference. It focuses not only on Jordan Michael Howell’s “Digital Bibliography Quick Start” conference demonstration but also the project, that serves as a rich illustration of the potential WordPress has for creating databases. Howell’s project has much to interest EMOB readers. For one, the “Quick Start” Robinson Crusoe Online Bibliography, document offers an excellent guide to creating a DIY database that requires little technological knowledge to build. As the “Quick Start” title page announces, “No coding experience? No problem.” The three-page guide that follows enables novices “to develop a comprehensive and searchable bibliographical database using WordPress in eleven somewhat easy steps.” While a few may find the “somewhat” a needed qualifier, the instructions are clear, and all eleven steps fit on just two pages. Indeed, the steps should give those who are desirous of undertaking such a project but anxious about their skills the confidence to launch their own bibliographic database. Novices may be worried about what may be unfamiliar acronyms or names (e.g. MySQL), but the point is that such knowledge is not truly necessary. Full disclosure: I have yet to attempt to build such a database using the guide, but the process seems fairly straightforward. No doubt one would learn the most from hands-on application of the steps. Step 2, in fact, recommends practicing website construction using WordPress before becoming more involved in the database’s construction. Howell’s impetus to create this guide emerges from his extensive experimenting with WordPress for his Robinson Crusoe Online Bibliography and his seemingly endless searches for plugins to obtain more functionality for the bibliographic database. Scholars of eighteenth-century literature, Defoe, chapbooks, and bibliographers should be pleased to learn of this project that, once finished, will feature descriptive entries for all editions published between the years 1719 and 1774. In his introduction to the online bibliography Howell explains that the power of our digital age has enabled this ambitious bibliographic project on a few fronts. Even though the project is in its first phase of production, there’s already much available, especially given that Howell is operating solo, handling all aspects of the project. (A tab allowing others to submit information is active and Howell does request “scholars, librarians, and rare book dealers contact the project manager with corrections or additions to the bibliography.”) Some sections, however, are in the early stages or as yet lacking content (“Chapbooks,” for example). When finished, Robinson Crusoe Online Bibliography will offer entries for all editions published during the sixty-five year period, including “extensive description of and commentary on derivative editions such as abridgments and chapbooks.” In addition, Howell will augment his traditional descriptive bibliographical entries with “high-quality images.” Depending on their placement, the images also signal the status of an entry: “An image along the left margin indicates that the entry is largely complete, with photo-facsimiles, publication metadata, document descriptions, and secondary references.” Besides harnessing the ESTC as well as Gale-Cengage’s Eighteenth-Century Collections Online as tools, Howell has already visited a number of special collections and spent time examining their Defoe holdings. To read more about the findings from these visits, see Howell’s “Eighteenth-Century Abridgements of Robinson Crusoe.” The Library 15.3 (2014): 292-343. I invite you to explore both Howell’s guide and the online bibliography that serves as working example of how WordPress can be employed to create such a tool–and please offer your comments and observations. Tags:Bibliography, Book History, book's physical structure, chapbooks, digital bibliography, digital tools, Robinson Crusoe Posted in Bibliography, Book History, Digital Tools \| 1 Comment » Exhibit: Bibliothecaphilia MASS MoCA (9/29/15 – 1/1/16) Readers in New England may be interested in this announcement about MASS MoCA’s exhibit “Bibliothecaphilia” reposted from Book History at Harvard. Anyone who has seen this exhibit and wishes to report back is invited to do so. “Bibliothecaphilia’s” exhibit page can be found here. The Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art in North Adams, MA, is always worth a visit. For centuries, libraries have exerted a quiet sort of gravity, pulling us in with the promise that for a while, in the hushed, book-filled corridors, we can exceed ourselves. But, in this age of eBooks and library apps, does the physical and philosophical space of the library remain relevant? And what qualities define a library? Can libraries exist digitally, or be constituted of things other than books? The six artists in Bibliothecaphilia, explore the medium and ethos of libraries: institutions straddling the public and private spheres, the escapism that libraries offer, libraries’ status as storehouses for physical books — and thus for experiences and knowledge — and the way that these objects circulate and are re-used. Participating artists include Clayton Cubitt, Jonathan Gitelson, Susan Hefuna, Meg Hitchcock, Dan Peterman, and Jena Priebe. The exhibition coincides with a year-long initiative at Williams College (including the Williams College Museum of Art and Clark Art Institute) dedicated to books, libraries, and information. It focuses on exploring the diverse ways in which people preserve and convey ideas, creative works, data, and other forms of information. The project features a wide array of public presentations, performances, courses, and exhibitions (including at the Williams College Museum of Art and Clark Art Institute) that imagine the theme from many perspectives. This exhibition is made possible by the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute in support of MASS MoCA and the Williams College Graduate Program in the History of Art. Bibliothecaphilia is curated by Allie Foradas. Tuesday, September 29, 2015 – 09:00 to Friday, January 1, 2016 – 17:00 1040 MASS MoCA Way 01247 North Adams, MA http://www.massmoca.org/event_details.php?id=963 Posted in Digital Tools, E-books, History of Reading, History of the Book, Libraries, Uncategorized \| 1 Comment » The Library Beyond the Book (…and Beyond the Human) Jeffrey T. Schnapp and Matthew Battles’s The Library Beyond the Book (Harvard University Press, 2014) is a multimedia publishing experiment that moves beyond slapping a CD of music onto a book’s inner front flap or uploading music onto a related web site. This book’s material is interlocked to material on a slew of media: a dedicated web site, a 24-minute documentary, relevant digital reviews about the film and Harvard’s MetaLAB in Harvard Magazine, and even a playable deck of cards (more on this later). This gothic disassembly and reassembly of the book’s traditional parts is intentionally disquieting–more Frankenstein’s monster than utopian order. Like Shelley’s monster, the volume questions its own narrative. It opens with a steampunk cartoon in which Melvil Dewey time travels from past to future, gleefully outlining the history of libraries and insisting on the library’s facilitation of dialogue between the living and the dead. The cartoon’s closing tableau reveals the domed reading room of the future library holding no books at all. Instead, an announcement from a loudspeaker informs Mr. Dewey that his volumes are “ready for download.” The Victorian Mr. Dewey is triumphant. The library of the future is here. Four sections of subsequent text question this cartoon’s playful certainty, replacing Dewey’s confidence with provisional speculation. The volume’s first line announces that the title “The Library Beyond the Book” is a provocation, not a description. It gestures toward a threshold being traversed at the time of writing, not toward an era when books will vanish and bookshelves will be seen only in virtual versions, brimming over only with e-books. The threshold being traversed involves dismantling the linear momentum of the book. The volume’s typographical design disrupts forward progress, in part through red-inked epigrammatic meditations on the future library that run down the right margin of each spread, forcing one to turn the volume 90˚ in order to read them. These future scenarios are deliberately whimsical, and reviewers have complained about the book’s abstractions. Though such complaints mistake theory for pragmatism, they are understandable given the legitimate anxiety about the future of libraries. Perhaps most whimsical is the companion deck of playing cards available for purchase upon request, on which the red-inked “provocations” are recorded. But here too the whimsy is richly informed. The deck recalls the organization of the first card catalog, designed by the historian Edward Gibbon on the backs of playing cards. Assumptions that these provocations matter, that they should be saved for posterity, that they should be the stuff of meditation are made frivolous by the medium of playing cards, even as we recall that playing cards are not only sometimes preserved in archives but also valuable for the insight they provide into the past. Gibbon’s card catalog provides one example; the famous playing cards narrating the fictional Popish Plot provides another. If items as apparently frivolous as playing cards should be collected and stored in libraries, where does the collecting end? The limitations of storing is the topic of the project’s highlight, the brilliant 24-minute documentary, Cold Storage, which is an improvisational tribute to Alain Resnais’ Toute la memoire du monde (1956). Toute la memoire du monde documented the organization of France’s beautiful Bibliothèque nationale; Cold Storage examines Harvard Library’s decidedly homely remote storage system. Both French and American documentaries dispel romantic concepts of the library, but a comparison of the two exposes the increasingly diminished role of the human in the highly functional and mechanized archival vaults of today. Directed by Cristoforo Magliozzi and narrated by Schnapp, Cold Storage takes viewers behind the scenes to the gargantuan breathing machine that is the Harvard Depository, a sprawling concrete monster that bends humans to its will as it exhales and inhales books sent to and from readers at Harvard’s libraries. In climate controlled concrete bunkers, shelves tower above and beyond sight, forcing human assistants to use electrical lifts to reach them. Drone technology allows cameras to capture a perspective from non-human heights. The resulting point of view is that of the building viewing the tiny workers lifted mechanically to shelves no human could reach without robotic help. Because of the volume of books sent there daily, books are cataloged and shelved by size, not by content. The result is a collection designed for the eyes of laser scanners, inventory tracking systems, and mechanically-aided acts of retrieval. . . . The HD reduces its sparsely-distributed human agents to parts in a cybernetic machine that speaks a language not of authors, subjects, and titles, but of barcode label identifiers and the ID numbers they encode (139). That laser scanners are now part of an intended audience is also suggested by the dust jacket designed for The Library Beyond the Book. An impossibly long barcode runs down the left side of the front cover, a hyperbolic indication of the book’s need to be “readable” by lasers in either Amazon warehouses or book depositories or both. The lifespan of the depository poses a problem that has always haunted libraries: finding space. Its climate controlled bunkers preserve books and other records for hundreds of years, but the concrete bunkers themselves will last between 70 and 100 years. With new books added to the collection’s 9 million items daily, the project is “unsustainable,” explains Matthew Shehy, head of access services. To the old, though intensifying, problem of sustainability is a new problem of concept, one that Battles suggests in his earlier volume, The Library: An Unquiet History. The machine-controlled bunkers of the HD force a reassessment of the beautiful and coherent religious metaphors we often use for libraries—”cathedral,” “monastery,” “hermitage,” and “refuge.” In those spaces, humans could collaborate with texts and others to construct a sustained cultural memory and identity. By contrast, the bunkers of today contain numbers of texts growing so quickly that not only cataloging but also comprehension seems beyond the scale of human minds. Everyone should watch Cold Storage for its creepy revelation of the non-human design of the very institution on which we rely to preserve, celebrate, bemoan, and understand the human record. For all its irreverent play, this multimedia project makes a serious point, leaving us to consider how best to respond to a monstrous body that was designed with the latest technology without full consideration for its place in human society. Posted in Digital Humanities, Digital Literary Studies, Digital Public Library of America, Digital Tools, DPLA, Harvard Metalab, Libraries, Reference Rooms, The Library Beyond the Book \| 6 Comments » Digital Projects at SHARP 2015–Part I The Society for the History of Authorship, Reading, and Publishing (SHARP) has featured digital projects at its conferences for many years now. With the SHARP 2013 conference at the University of Pennsylvania, SHARP began the tradition of hosting a stand-alone digital projects showcase at its conferences. During a two-hour time slot, creators present and demonstrate their projects to attendees. SHARP 2015, held in Montreal this past July 7th through July 10th, offered attendees the following fourteen fascinating digital projects and tools: Jonathan Armoza, “Topic Words in Context (TWiC)” Belinda Barnet, Jason Ensor and Sydney Shep, “A Prototype for Using Xanadu Transclusive Relationships in Academic Texts” Troy J. Bassett, “At the Circulating Library: A Database of Victorian Fiction, 1837–1901” Léon Robichaud, “Bibliographie de l’histoire de Montréal” Richard Cunningham, “Architectures of the Book Knowledge Base” Bertrand Gervais, “Arts et littératures numériques: du répertoire à l’agrégateur” Joshua McEvilla, “Facet-Searching the Shakespearian Drama” Jordan Michael Howell, “Digital Bibliography Quick Start” Hélène Huet, “Mapping Decadence” Mireille Laforce, “Des innovations pour faciliter le dépôt légal à Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec” ” Sophie Marcotte, “Le projet HyperRoy” Andrew Ross, Sierra Dye and Melissa Ann McAfee, “From Wandering Peddlers to Purveyors of Bit-Streams: The Rebirth of Scottish Chapbooks in the Twenty-First Century” Chantal Savoie, Pierre Barrette, Olivier Lapointe, “Le « Laboratoire de recherche sur la culture de grande consommation et la culture médiatique au Québec » : un ambitieux système de métadonnées pour mieux comprendre la culture populaire” Mélodie Simard-Houde, “Présentation de la plateforme numérique Médias 19” Complete abstracts may be found here on the SHARP 2015 conference website. This two-part post, however, will focus on a few projects most relevant to EMOB’s focus. Part I will focus on Joshua McEvilla’s “Facet-Searching the Shakespearian Drama” and Andrew Ross, Sierra Dye and Melissa Ann McAfee’s “From Wandering Peddlers to Purveyors of Bit-Streams: The Rebirth of Scottish Chapbooks in the Twenty-First Century.” Part II will cover Jordan Michael Howell’s “Digital Bibliography Quick Start” and Richard Cunningham’s “Architectures of the Book Knowledge Base.” Joshua McEvilla‘s “Facet-Searching the Shakespearian Drama” showcased his An Online Reader of John Cotgrave’s The English Treasury of Wit and Language, a resource aimed at encouraging the study of neglected seventeenth-century dramatic authors whose work and contributions have been overshadowed by the attention given to Shakespeare. As the site’s introduction explains, John Cotgrave’s The English Treasury of Wit and Language (1655) is the first seventeenth-century book of quotations to draw its material exclusively from early modern dramas. As such, Cotgrave’s collection “provides a means of studying the original reception of the plays of Shakespeare with the plays of other dramatists” (Cotgrave home). In turn, Dr. McEvilla’s construction of a digital edition of Cotgrave’s work—complete with a concept-based faceted search tool (introduction and search tool), a full list of all the known plays from which the quotations are drawn, data tables, and much more—harnesses the power of the digital to transform this printed resource into a dynamic tool. Besides assisting researchers and encouraging study of neglected English seventeenth-century dramatic works, the Online Reader of John Cotgrave’s ETWL also seems useful for teaching English drama in an advanced undergraduate classroom or graduate course. For those with access to Early English Books Online (EEBO) and/or 17th and 18th Century Burney Newspaper Collection, McEvilla’s tool could serve as an important complement in assisting students understand the contexts for the drama contained in EEBO or in providing them with a guide for selecting texts in EEBO. That the bookseller Humphrey Moseley held the license to print Cotgrave’s work is also worthy of note. As David Kastan recounts in “Humphrey Moseley and the Invention of English Literature,” Moseley played an important role in what he terms the “invention” of English literature (see Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, Univ. of Mass Press, 2007, pp. 104-124). Andrew Ross, Sierra Dye and Melissa Ann McAfee’s Scottish Chapbook Project at the University of Guelph draws from the university’s collection of Scottish chapbooks—the largest such collection in North America. A true exercise in collaboration, the digital project results from the cooperation of the university’s Archival and Special Collections and its Department of History”. Not only have librarians, faculty, and graduate students been involved, but undergraduate students (114 since 2013!) in Dr. Andrew Ross’s digital humanities course have helped to build various exhibits as the one depicted in this image. Exhibit: A Groat’s Worth of Wit for a Penny Besides the exhibits, the site also features teaching modules geared to high school instruction, thus extending the reach of this work beyond the university student population. Among the site’s goals stated in the SHARP abstract is the aim of supporting “an ongoing analysis of the role of woodcut images for the popular readership in Scotland during the early modern period” as well as “the goals of the recently formed Chapbook Working Group of the UK Bibliographic Society.” At present one can browse 416 items, and more are being added regularly. The ultimate aim of this project is to integrate all the estimated extant 10,000 Scottish chapbooks in an interconnected site. Such a long-term goal of integration and interconnection is a promising one, especially in terms of centralizing sources and information on a given topic. As a related aside in terms of integration of projects, Benjamin Pauley’s Eighteenth-Century Book Tracker (see prior emob post, post, and post) is now being phased out, and its information being incorporated into the English Short Title Catalogue. Please explore these tools and offer your comments and suggestions. Tags:Burney Collection, digital archives, Digital Humanities, digital tools, EEBO, Open-source tool, SHARP Posted in Burney 17th and 18th Century Newspapers, Burney Collection, Digital Archives, Digital Curation, Digital Humanities, Digital Tools, Early English Books (EEB), SHARP 2015 Montreal \| 2 Comments » Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) — A Brief Update Since the launch of the DPLA in April 2013, the staff under the direction of its director, Dan Cohen, have been pursuing various projects to determine best ways to develop this resource/tool further and broaden its serviceability. In an April 2015 whitepaper, “Using Large Digital Collections in Education: Meeting the Needs of Teachers and Students” authors Franky Abbott and Dan Cohen set forth one set of plans for making the DPLA valuable in K through 16 settings. The plans resulted from research supported by the Whiting Foundation and yielded a program that enlists the help of educators through another initiative funded by Whiting. The following 15 June 2015 “Call for Educators” on DPLA’s blog describes the kind of partnering with educators that DPLA is seeking to undertake: The Digital Public Library of America is looking for excellent educators for its new Education Advisory Committee. We recently announced a new grant from the Whiting Foundation that funds the creation of new primary source-based education resources for student use with teacher guidance. We are currently recruiting a small group of enthusiastic humanities educators in grades 6-14* to collaborate with us on this project. Members of this group will: •build and review primary source sets (curated collections of primary sources about people, places, events, or ideas) and related teacher guides •give feedback on the tools students and teachers will use to generate their own sets on DPLA’s website •help DPLA develop and revise its strategy for education resource development and promotion in 2015-2016 If selected, participants are committing to: •attend a 2-day in-person meeting on July 29-July, 30 2015 (arriving the night of July 28) in Boston, Massachusetts •attend three virtual meetings (September 2015, November 2015, and January 2016) •attend a 2-day in-person meeting in March 2016 in Boston, Massachusetts (dates to be selected in consultation with participants) Participants will receive a $1,500 stipend for participation as well as full reimbursement for travel costs. DPLA has also been receiving significant funding from additional sources for other efforts–including funding its “hubs,” both its content ones (“large libraries, museums, archives, or other digital repositories that maintain a one-to-one relationship with the DPLA and assist in providing and maintaining metadata for content”) and its service ones (“state, regional, or other collaborations that host, aggregate, or otherwise bring together digital objects from libraries, archives, museums, and other cultural heritage institutions”). In a big boost to its hub development, the DPLA has recently received $1.9 million from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and $1.5 million from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation); it will use this support to advance their efforts in “connecting online collections from coast to coast by 2017” (“Digital Public Library of America makes push to serve all 50 states by 2017.”) Tags:Dan Cohen, Digital Humanities, Digital Public Library of America, digital tools, pedagogy and digital humanities Posted in Digital Archives, Digital archiving, Digital Curation, Digital Humanities, Digital Public Library of America, Digital Tools, DPLA, free access \| 4 Comments » Universal Short Title Catalog (USTC) The Universal Short Title Catalog (USTC) holds records for European books printed through the sixteenth century. Records list locations of original copies. If open-access digital copies are available, these are also noted. The USTC web site describes itself as “a collective database of all books published in Europe between the invention of printing and the end of the sixteenth century.” The project also offers 6-8 week internships at St. Andrews for qualified scholars wishing to gain experience of work with a major bibliographical project. Successful applicants will receive instruction in rare books cataloguing and have the chance for hands-on experience with the University Library’s uncatalogued 17th century collections. In addition to physical bibliography, the internship will involve extensive practice in the manipulation of digital resources. A certificate of completion or letter of reference will be made available to those successfully completing the internship. They also attend our annual book conference, held at the end of June (this coming year, 19-21 June 2014). Please see St. Andrews’ internship page for details. Plans are underway to expand coverage into the seventeenth century. Posted in Cataloguing, Digital Archives, Digital Curation, Digital Tools, E-books, Open-source tools, Research, Teaching, Universal Short Title Catalog (USTC), USTC \| 1 Comment » Folger Digital Texts Now Online (and Other March Announcements) This month has already seen a number of news items of potential interest to EMOB readers including Gale-Cengage’s announcement that will it offer STEM e-books from Springer and Elsevier (a potentially potent nexus of publishing forces in the subscription database world) as part of its Gale Virtual Reference Library (GVRL) and that it is launching a Proprietary Monograph Publishing Program; free access in March to Orlando: Women’s Writing Online that Anna announced here a few days ago; and a note from Dr. Ian Christie-Miller about digital imaging resources he has been developing and the interest it has received in the UK. Just this week the Folger announced that all 38 of its digital texts of Shakespeare’s plays are now available, free of charge, online. As the homepage’s title Timeless Texts, Cutting-Edge Code suggests, a key feature of these texts is the robust coding that one can freely download. Besides the meticulously executed TEI-compliant XML structure of these plays, the texts are also attractively designed for reading as this opening of All’s Well That Ends Well illustrates. This page also displays the useful digital paratexts accompanying each work. Barbara Mowat and Paul Werstine offer a brief Textual Introduction to the site. We would like to hear from others about how they are using this new resource–both in terms of its texts and the source code. Tags:digital imaging resources, Folger digital texts, Gale-Cengage, Shakespeare digital plays Posted in Digital Archives, Digital Editing, Digital Tools, Folger, Full-text searching, Gale/Cengage, Text Encoding Initiative, Uncategorized \| 5 Comments » Book History and Digital Humanities: SHARP at #MLA 14 #s738 The recent MLA 2014 conference featured numerous sessions dealing with digital humanities in its various incarnations. More than a few of those sessions dealt with the interrelationships between new and old technologies, including Session 738, a stimulating roundtable sponsored by the Society for the History of Authorship, Reading & Publishing (SHARP) and organized by Lise Jalliant (University of Newcastle). Unfortunately, Lise was not able to attend MLA as planned, so Eleanor Shevlin served as chair in her stead. Designed to “shed light on the digital future of book history and the bibliographical roots of digital humanities” (MLA special session proposal), the “Book History and Digital Humanities” roundtable featured six projects that attest to the close interrelationships between the two fields. The presentations were delivered in the chronological order of the projects. Not only did these projects illustrate the ways in which the digital and book historical are tightly intertwined, but they also demonstrated various technological advances as they highlighted what a new generation of digital capabilities and thinking are affording scholarship. Greg Hickman, head of the University of Iowa’s Special Collections and Archives, opened the session by discussing the Atlas of Early Printing, an interactive map that provides a visualization of printing’s spread during the incunabula period. The 2013 version Greg demonstrated offers a technological advance over the map’s flash-based design launched in 2008 and has been primed to operate effectively on mobile devices as well as desktops. Atlas of Early Printing Unlike the two-dimensional print maps from which it draws its inspiration, the Atlas contains information related to the spread of print such as the locations of paper mills, universities, trade routes. Users can select all or any of this additional information to create specific contextualizations about the ways the press and printing took hold throughout Europe in the decades leading up to the sixteenth century. Interested in using technology for purposes beyond gathering, organizing, and explaining information, Michael Gavin, a professor of English at the University of South Carolina, discussed using computer simulation to create a more generative way of working with information. Specifically, Gavin, drawing from Joshua Epstein’s work in agent-based computational simulation to model early modern print culture and to “grow information” about seventeenth- and eighteenth-century book trade issues including censorship and the effects readers exercised on printers and booksellers. The use of such computer modeling focuses on simulating social behavior to generate and test information; if the model is right, then it should not crash. The director of NINES and professor of English at University of Virginia, Andrew Stauffer, made a cogent plea for the imperiled status of nineteenth-century printed books. Individual copies of nineteenth-century books, often still in the stacks or in the process of being de-accessioned (if not already removed), possess rich, layered histories and the evidence of their multiple temporalities. In an effort to preserve the histories of these works “hidden in plain sight,” In addition to advocating for the primacy of the printed work as a site embodying distinct, irreplaceable data, Stauffer is developing a crowd-sourcing project that will ask academic institutions, other holding bodies and individuals to use Instagram and other forms of technology to capture digitally this heritage and make it accessible. Matthew Laven, the Associate Program Coordinator of the Mellon-funded “Cross Boundaries: Re-envisioning the Humanities for the 21st Century” at St. Lawrence University, addressed the question “What is a digital bibliography of a book?” through his work on a dynamic, visually-enriched publishing history of Willa Cather’s Death Comes to the Archbishop (1927) for the Willa Cather Archive. Acting as a case study for the digital representations of both various material artifacts (e.g., manuscripts, printed translations, unusual editions) and textual variances, the project also seeks to convey the bibliographical ties among the various artifacts and is informed by a Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)-based ontology. Hannah McGregor, a SSHRC postdoctoral fellow at the University of Alberta, spoke about constructing an innovative methodological approach to studying periodicals that she and Paul Hjartarson, professor of English and film studies at the University of Alberta, have been developing in collaboration with the Editing Modernism in Canada research group. A key working hypothesis of this project is that periodicals are ideally situated for digital remediation as relational databases because they themselves resemble databases (that the word “magazine” also meant a storehouse bespeaks this similarity). While middlebrow magazines serve as the project’s focal point, McGregor drew her examples from the Western Home Monthly and Pictorial Review. The issue of labeling—what to call different items, the problem of categories and categorization—has been a vexed point and one no doubt complicated by the multiplicities of genres and the nature of periodical materials (think of the Burney 17th and 18th Century Newspaper Collection). This issue of labeling underscored the ways in which coding is important intellectual labor. The final participant, Elizabeth Wilson-Gordon, professor of English at King’s University College in Alberta, presented the Modernist Archives Publishing Project (MAPP). A collaborative effort involving Canadian, U.K. and U.S., institutions, the project seeks to advance research in the history of modernist presses and publishing. Wilson-Gordon used Virginia Woolf’s Hogarth Press to illustrate the capabilities of MAPP. The Hogarth Press offered an especially rich example because of the insights its history affords about Woolf and her work but also because of its importance to interwar publishing and its longevity throughout the twentieth century. Like many of the other projects discussed, MAPP illustrated the importance of collaboration and communities of scholars working in tandem. The launch of the Hogarth Press open-access portion of MAPP is slated for 2017. The Book History and Digital Humanities session was one of three excellent panels sponsored by SHARP. SHARP’s liaison to MLA, Greg Barnhisel has written a full account of the other two, equally invigorating sessions for the spring issue of SHARP News: the official SHARP panel, Session # 501 Books and the Law, and Session #398 Virginia Woolf and Book History, co-sponsored with the Virginia Woolf Society. Tags:Bibliography, digital archives, Digital Humanities, MLA 2014, Scholarly networking, SHARP, Visualization Tools Posted in Bibliography, Book History, Digital archiving, Digital Curation, Digital Humanities, Digital Tools, MLA \| 1 Comment »	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409093
__label__wiki	0.56514	0.56514	By Swami Ishatmananda ishatmananda@gmail.com Understanding the concept of BIORHYTHMS World Mental Health Day 2019, Gautam Buddha University, NOIDA. Transforming Lives through Positive Energy Management How to handle CRITICISM How to Keep Up If You Are Having a Migraine Managing Chronic Stress Top Indian Art, Architecture and Dance Drama Colleges INDIC ACADEMY on the eSamskriti journey Spiritual care in nursing Our Obsession with being FIT Becoming One with the Audience makes performance a two-way experience How being Indian helped me settle in Canada Addiction of being `switched on` 24/7 Evolution of spiritual leadership- from Enjoyment to Sacrifice Dealing with Difficult People Zara Hatke resolutions for the New Year Loving What Is - The Secret Ingredient for Lasting Happiness The Great Indian Lifestyle Life is for office use only Royal Palaces in Buzzy Mumbai Envisioning a Healthy India World Record Skydive Jump Bhaja Govindam - An effective Stress Management Technique Sparking lives with `The Light of Life` Time is running out, safeguard your health Medicine at Cross Roads Essentials for Effectivity Handling a Sabbatical Motivation Mgt by Dr Dave Self expression and Self Control The Bhagwatam Diary 2004 Akanksha Gupte Puri Anurag Mehta Dr Saibal Gupta Dr. Nalini V Dave Harshith Kulal Katie Dubey Kishan Rana Manab Misra OM SWAMI Pravrajika Brahmaprana Rajiv Vij Ramesh Tripathi Ravimohun Dixit Ruchi Shah Satguru Bodhinatha Veylanswami Swami Adiswarananda Swami Atmavikasananda Swami Brahameshananda Swami Ishatmananda Swami Narasimhananda Swami Sunirmalananda T.N.Sethumadhavan Vimla Patil Courtesy and Copyright Prabuddha Bharata The word leader is known to all: but not everybody realizes the importance and significance of the word. Besides, the qualities that make for a true leader are very rare. The survival, growth, and progress of every society depend largely on its leaders. And every society – every collection of living beings, be it a group, clan, class, herd, or horde-inevitably has a leader. If a leader is weak, indecisive, or short-sighted, the group he or she is leading is bound to be destroyed-be it human society, or a society of beasts, birds, or insects. If a leader is courageous, intelligent, and decisive, the people under him will surely succeed in all respects; likewise among other beings. The word leader immediately brings to mind the image of a king or statesman, politician or general boss or strongman. But human life is very complex, and in its different leaders. The life of an individual begins in a family; the head of the family is the leader there. If he or she lacks in leadership qualities, all the members of the family suffer. The decision of the head of the family is often destiny for the other members of that family. If the family head decides that education is unnecessary for the family’s younger members, then those younger members are destined to lead illiterate lives. Similarly, a student begins to grow in an educational institution; the principal is the leader there. If the principal is bereft of leadership qualities, the student’s growth is arrested. The head of a family the principal of an institution, the chief of a village: such people, whom we usually do not consider as leaders, are our real leaders. If they fail to perform as true leaders-knowingly or unknowingly-they bring about a tremendous loss of human resources. Who is a Leader? Leaders fall into four categories, differentiated by the kind of work they do and the effect they have on others :(i) temporary, (ii) semi-permanent, (iii) permanent, and (iv) eternal Temporary leader: Those who influence and guide a small group of people in a particular situation for a limited period of time may be termed temporary leaders. In the wake of accidents and natural calamities like floods and earthquakes, there may be an individual who meets the challenges of the occasion and leads, guides, or organizes people. He or she may or may not have the qualities which are required of other types of leaders, but is generally obeyed by the people, and is able to effect good results. Semi permanent leader: those who guide and govern a small group of people for a period of time and influence them for good or bad, thereby making a mark on society, are semi permanent leaders. The head of a family, institution or village; the abbot of a monastery, the CEO of a company, a military commander, an MLA, a chief minister of a state, and even a prime minister or a king of a small kingdom are examples of semi-permanent leaders. Semi-permanent leaders ought to have leadership qualities. Lacking these their decisions and guidance will be marred by mistakes and follies, and thus people under their leadership will suffer. In a small, and sometimes a big way, semi-permanent leaders may make or mar human society. Permanent leader: those who seed a whole nation or population, whose influence and teachings are followed from generation to generation on that nation or population who also sometimes inspire other nations, and who create history and remain enshrined in it can be called permanent leaders. Kings like Ashoka and Akbar, military leaders like Napoleon, political revolutionaries like Lenin, statesmen like Abraham Lincoln, and politico-spiritual leaders like Mahatma Gandhi are permanent leaders. Permanent leaders possess tremendous personal power and charisma and thereby influence their followers. In times of trial and tribulation, their followers neither doubt their leader nor question his or her personality. The important leadership qualities that we discuss below are absolutely essential for the making of good permanent leaders. Many thinkers of present-day India lament the partition of the country, the problems of Kashmir, the creation of states on the basis of language different laws for different communities, inefficient education policies, criminality of Indian law-makers, and other difficulties and tragedies faced by the Indian people. The point is clear; decisions of its leaders, past and present, are affecting the nation today. Some decisions taken long back will continue to affect the nation for generations to come. Hitler’s leadership of Germany brought suffering to the whole world, a misery which has not yet seen its end. Therefore, a democratic country like India needs to be very careful in choosing and accepting its leaders. Eternal leader: Enlightened souls, great philosophers, seers-those who inspire not only a race or a nation, but the whole of humanity, whose leadership transcends all castes, creeds, and linguistic and cultural barriers, and does not remain confined to any geographical boundary, because they govern through unselfish love-are eternal leaders. Though they are born at different places, in different times, wear different dress and speak in different languages, yet their ideals are one: Be good yourself and do good to others. The problems of the world come not from these ‘lights of humanity’ but from their followers. Most of the time, the catholic teachings of these great ones are misunderstood and misinterpreted by their over-enthusiastic followers. Ironically, their message of love is often spread through hatred and violence. Media as Leader In a remote part of India, where a television is virtually the only connection with the rest of the world, a group of young students insulted and abused their principal for a petty reason: he had arranged everything for them for a picnic. ‘In government institution, how could the in-charge take a sudden decision like that? They said. The principal stood his ground. Infuriated the students slapped the gentleman in front of the local people and police saved his life. When the students were asked why they did this, they replied why the students of Bombay also do things like this! ‘Bombay students? How do you know? ‘We have seen it in such-and such movie’. A day or two before this incident, a well-known figure who is labeled on media circles as a ‘cultural ambassador of India’ was vehemently advocating freedom of cinema’ and denounced the cinema censor board. ‘Let people elect what they like to see! He said. Freedom is good; but are we the people to whom freedom of choice is given, capable of exercising that freedom responsibly? In present-day society the media is very powerful and has emerged as a kind of semi-permanent leader. The people working in the media-cinema television, radio, and print-must exercise responsibility concomitant with the medias position as a semi-permanent leader of society. Since the whole of humanity is affected by the interpretation or guidance of the apostles, messengers, and disciples of the great souls, they too need to have all the qualities of leader-else they, the exponents, the so called torch-bearers of a particular faith, may transform nectar into poison. Qualities of the Successful Leader Ancient Indian thinkers gave a lot of importance to leaders and leadership. A bad leader means not merely a single bad person, but a bad fate for many. Vidura Niti: A kings basic duties A king should wish for the prosperity of all and should never set his heart on the misery of his subjects. A king should look after people who have fallen into adversity and who are in distress. A king should show kindness to all creatures A king should never impede the growth and development of agriculture and economic activity in his kingdom. A king should always do that which is for the food of all creatures. A king should always be ready to protect those dependent on him. A virtuous king is never indifferent to even the minutest suffering of his subjects. A virtuous king enlists the confidence of his devoted subordinates by zealously looking after their welfare. A king who renounces lust and anger, who bestows wealth upon proper recipients, and who is discriminative, learned, and active is regarded as an authority by all men. A king who desires the highest success in all matters connected with worldly profit should from the very beginning, practice virtue. Prosperity takes its birth in good deeds. What a king must avoid The friendship of the sinful has to be avoided. Misuse of wealth, harshness of speech, and extreme severity of punishment will ruin even firmly established monarchs. Evil-minded kings, due to lack of sense-control, are destroyed by lust for expanding their territory. A king’s prosperity built on mere crookedness is destined to be destroyed. A king should never make a person his minister without examining him well. During examination a king should reject those who are ungrateful shameless, who have wicked dispositions, and who don’t give others their due. Vidura the step-brother and learned minister of king Dhritarashtra, has explained the most important qualities a leadership and administration. Viduras advice and utterances are known as eight chapters (33 to 40) of the ‘Udyoga Parva’of the great Indian epic Mahabhaarata. Vidura prescribes the following values for a ruler to be a perfect leader: simplicity, purity, contentment, truthfulness, self-restraint, patience, honesty, charity, steadiness, humility, faith, exertion, forbearance, sweetness in speech and good company. Kautilya, another famous thinker on leadership and statesmanship in ancient India, emphasizes that the foundation of an organization is its financial strength, its economy. No good organization or country can run effectively without having its economy in good condition. According to Kautilya the objective of any king is to create, expand, protect and enjoy wealth. A leader should know that spending wealth in the proper manner is as important as earning it. In his famous book arthashastra (Economics), he tells the king’ Be ever active in management of the economy, because the root of wealth is economic activity; inactivity brings material distress. Without any active policy, Both current prosperity and future gains are destroyed. According to Kautilya, a good leader should know how to handle the masses and people with different temperaments, attitudes, and thinking capacity. Understanding people is the most important quality of a leader. Kautilya felt that a king or a leader should know the secrets of administration, which according to him include(i) sama, counseling; (ii) dana, offering gifts; (iii) danda, punishment; and (iv) bheda, separation. Sri K V Rao, in his research on the ‘Sundarakanda’ of the Ramayana, found that all the best qualities of a leader are present in Mahavir Hanuman: (i) motivation, (ii) communication (iii) determination, (iv) sharp intellect, (v) excellence at work, (vi) courage, (vii) commitment, (viii) mind control, (ix) self-confidence, and (x) integrity or trustworthiness. Swami Vivekananda on Leadership Swami Vivkananda, one of the greatest thinkers modern India modern India has produced, is very specific about the qualities of a leader. According to him, the position of a leader is not for enjoyment but for sacrifice. He says, ‘It is a very difficult task to take on the role of leader. –One must be dasasya das: a servant of servants, and must accommodate a thousand minds. There must not be a shade of jealousy or selfishness, and then you are a leader”. There are two types of administration: by fear and force, and by love and loyalty. History shows that most leaders prefer the first method: by fear and force. But swami Vivekananda advocates the second method of administration. In his opinion, “The best leader, however, is one who “leads like the baby’. The baby, though apparently depending on everyone is the king of the household. At least, to my thinking that is the secret [to being the best leader]’. The administrator who wants to rule through love and loyalty needs a perfect character. He or she must be impersonal, equal to all, and above all, unselfish. Such a leader should draw love and respect equally from his or her followers. According to Swamiji, ‘there is no allegiance possible where there is no character in the leader and perfect purity ensures the most lasting allegiance and confidence’. In a letter to sister Nivdita, he divulges the secret of his leadership: ‘I see persons giving me almost the whole of mine in return for that day the work would be ruined. Yet there are some who will look for such a return, not having the breadth of the impersonal view. It is absolutely necessary to the work that I should have the enthusiastic love of as many as possible, while I must remain entirely impersonal. Otherwise jealousy and quarrels would break up everything. A leader must be impersonal. I am sure you understand this. I do not mean that one should be a brute, making use of the devotion of others for his own ends, and laughing in his sleeve meanwhile. What I mean is what I am, intensely personal in my own hand, if it becomes necessary, “for the good of many, for the welfare o many” as Buddha said’ Pitfalls to Effective Leadership One day in the office of secretary to the Government of India, a very senior IAS officer and a few other high-ranking officers-assistant secretaries, directors, and so on- were drinking tea and charting after their official work. Suddenly one gentleman displayed a newspaper and pointing to the picture of a present-day national leader said He has been judged first in a popularity assessment by securing 47 percent of the votes (of the readers of that particular newspaper) ‘. The senior IAS officer looked at the paper with disgust and shrugged and snorted. His body language clearly revealed his dislike. He then looked at me and asked, ‘Swamiji, why can we Indians not become good leaders and administrators? Though from 1947 we have traveled a long way, and statistics show that great progress has been made within these few years, yet we have lost our values and all self-respect. Why? What is your opinion about the degradation of leadership quality, degradation of moral values, and how we can overcome these? This shrug, this snort, these questions, can be seen and heard everywhere in India. This widespread disrespect for leaders is not a healthy sigh. There was a time when the world was mad to discover India. Adventurous people sailed over rough uncharted oceans to reach her shores. In prosperity, in wealth, in education in spirituality, in every respect India was a beacon light. Pre-independence Indian leaders and masses joined the freedom movement not for post or position but as a sacred duty. They fought against the British not with a selfish motive but with a zeal for sacrifice. Why then do we find few such people or little of these qualities among our present-day leaders? What happened to our leaders once they began to rule the country? Swami Vivekananda gives the answer to this question in two short words: slave mentality’. What is slave mentality? Swamiji writes’ “I won’t let anyone risers!’” that jealousy, that absence of conjoint action is the very nature of enslaved nations… Our fellows in this respect are the enfranchised Negroes of this country [USA] – if but one amongst them rises to greatness, all the others would at once ser themselves against him and try to level him down’ Indians were excluded from positions of national leadership for nearly eight hundred years. For forty generations we lived and worked under the ruling rod of foreign monarchs. Prevented from thinking any original thought, never doing any work according to our free will, subjugated, and dependent on the ruling masters, we slowly developed a slave under a tyrant master is humble and obedient but when the slave becomes the master he supersedes his master in tyranny. Mean-mindedness, jealousy, hatred, backbiting, short-sightedness, feeling inferior, and above all, selfishness are the signs of a slave. When those with slave mentality become leaders, they will not allow anyone better than themselves in their administration. Shackled by an inferiority complex they will always prefer that their subordinates be more unworthy than they. They obstruct the life and growth of anyone having personality, intelligence, self-respect, and other leadership qualities. This leads to an administration filled with sycophants. Swami Vivekananda explains, ‘Here in India’ everybody wants to become a leader, and there is nobody to obey. Everyone should learn to obey before he can command. There is no end to our jealousies; and the more important the Hindu, the more jealous he is. Until this absence of jealousy and obedience to leaders are learnt by the Hindu, there will be no power or organization’. Reforming Leaders’ Character India is a vast country, a sub-continent with a wonderful variety of languages, religions, cultures, and climate. But with all this apparent diversity, she is one-even from the days of the Mahabharata. Krishna and Arjuna visited the north –east states like Assam, Arunachal, and Manipur. Arjuna married a Naga girl. Krishna’s nephew came all the way from Gujarat to Assam to marry a beautiful princess of Assam. India was always united in her diversity. One who would be a member of the Indian Parliament must be dedicated to the unity of India, know her history and geography, and have a fair knowledge of her social structure. He or she must visit different parts of India before standing for election, to gather first-hand experience of Indian social life. He or she must serve society for a minimum of ten years as a voluntary social worker, thus gaining competence to become a law-maker of India. Swami Vivekananda words can be a guiding principle for all leaders: Three things are necessary to make every man great every nation great: 1. Conviction of the powers of goodness. 2. Absence of jealousy and suspicion. 3. Helping all who are trying to be and do good’. We know how a misguided leader, after gaining power, can create permanent and serious problems for the whole nation. Thus we must choose our leaders carefully, not out of emotion, but exercising our power of discrimination. Merely leaving one’s antisocial activities and joining the national mainstream or receiving education in some foreign land, is not sufficient qualification for becoming a leader. One who would lead should first prove his or her capability and integrity through social service. A capable leader means a prosperous nation. If we love our motherland, India, we must be united to shake off the terrible jealousy from our character. Let us take this vow, repeating swami Vivekananda’s powerful words; ‘at any cost, any price, any sacrifice, we must never allow that to creep in among ourselves’. 1. the complete Works of Swami Vivekananda 9 vols (Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama, I-8 1989; 1997)’. kautilya qualities of a successfull leader who is a leader Daporijo Mahakumbh Mela 2013 Comparing Kautilya with Sun-Zi, Nizam al-Mulk, Barani and Ma ... Life of Chanakya	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409107
__label__cc	0.692443	0.307557	Barack And Michelle Obama Reveal Why They Decided To Release Documentary ‘American Factory’ By Becca Longmire. 21 Aug 2019 1:58 PM Barack and Michelle Obama revealed what drew them to their new documentary “American Factory” in a new Netflix clip. The pair chatted with directors Julia Reichert and Steven Bognar about the flick; a film about post-industrial Ohio. This marks the former U.S. first couple’s first release with their Higher Ground production company. RELATED: Barack Obama Shares The Perfect Throwback Picture For Michelle’s Birthday The former president explained, “One way of looking at what we’ve both been doing for the last 20 years, maybe most of our career, was to tell stories. You want to be in relationships with people and connect with them and work together with them.” The flick tells the tale of a Chinese billionaire, who opens a new factory in the husk of an abandoned General Motors plant. The synopsis stated, “Early days of hope and optimism give way to setbacks as high-tech China clashes with working-class America.” RELATED: Former President Barack Obama Unveils His Summer Reading List Barack continued to say of the film in the video, “We want people to be able to get outside of themselves and experience and understand the lives of somebody else, which is what a good story does — it helps all of us feel some sort of solidarity with each other.” “Let’s see if we can all elevate a little bit outside of our immediate self-interest and our immediate fears and our immediate anxieties and kind of take a look around and say, ‘Huh, we’re part of this larger thing.’” 25 Of Barack And Michelle Obama’s Most Memorable Moments In The Spotlight American Factory Barack Obama Michelle Obama Movies Netflix	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409110
__label__wiki	0.534499	0.534499	Why ethics requires that Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) identify: (1) tonnes of CO2eq emissions reduced rather than a percent reduction from a baseline year, (b) the temperature limit and associated carbon budget that the INDC is seeking to achieve, (c) the equity principles that the nation relied on to assure the justice of its INDC, and (d) For Annex 1 countries, ghg emissions in 1990, the common baseline year. Posted on October 15, 2015 by dabrown57 COP-21 INDCs Compared With Carbon Budgets to achieve a warming limit of: (a) 3 to 4 degrees C, (b) a 50% probability of 2 degrees C, (c) a 66% probability of 2 degrees C , and, (d) 1.5 degrees C. Global Commons Institute, Aubrey Meyer. I. Introduction. The above chart by the Global Commons Institute compares INDCs filed by nations with the UNFCCC before Paris with the reductions that would be needed by the entire world to live within carbon budgets that may not be exceeded if warming will be limited to; between 3 degrees and 4 degrees C, a 50% chance of limiting warming to 2 degrees C, a 66% chance of limiting warming to 2 degrees C, and a reasonable chance of limiting warming to 1.5 degrees C. A quick glance at the chart makes it clear that the INDCs that have been submitted by nations so far makes it very unlikely that the international community will be successful in limiting warming to 2 degrees C and virtually impossible to limit warming to 1.5 degrees C unless nations make significant increases in the ambition of their INDCs. This entry argues that because nations have clear ethical duties to make national commitments on ghg emissions reductions consistent with their fair share of safe global emissions, they have duties to provide clear and transparent information about how their INDCs satisfies the nation’s ethical duty to limit its ghg emissions to levels which are sufficiently ambitious and fair so that citizens around the world can evaluate whether a nation has satisfied its ethical obligations. Furthermore, because national INDCs that have been submitted to the UNFCCC do not contain crucial information that is necessary to evaluate the nation’s compliance with its ethical obligations, nations must submit additional information to allow citizens around the world to evaluate national compliance with its ethical obligations to prevent dangerous climate change. All developed countries and some non-Annex 1 countries have submitted INDCs that have made commitments on the basis of percent reductions below a baseline year such as 1990 or 2005 by a specific date such as 2030, 2050, etc. Although nations were encouraged by the Lima COP-20 decision in 2014 to include in their INDC submissions information that was transparent as to why their INDC was sufficiently ambitious and fair, few nations have done this. As of October 8th, 2015, 121 INDC submissions have been filed with the UNFCCC, reflecting 148 countries (including the European Union member states), and covering around 86% of global emissions in 2010 (excluding land use and forest emissions) and 87% of global population.) Most nations have not submitted information that is useful in determining the adequacy of the ambition or fairness of the INDCs submitted. II. Why nations have a strong ethical duty to be clearly transparent on how they satisfied their ethical obligations to reduce its ghg emissions to the nation’s fair share of safe global emissions. A strong ethical case can be made that if nations have duties to limit their ghg emissions to their fair share of safe global emissions, a conclusion that follows both as a matter of ethics and justice and several international legal principles including, among others, the “no harm principle,” and promises nations made in the 1992 UNFCCC to adopt policies and measures required to prevent dangerous anthropocentric interference with the climate system in accordance with equity and common but differentiated responsibilities, nations have a duty to clearly explain how their national ghg emissions reductions commitments arguably satisfy their ethical obligations to limit their ghg emissions to the nation’s fair share of safe global emissions. Because information submitted by nations with their INDCs does not contain sufficient information to help evaluate the ethical acceptability of national INDCs, nations should submit additional information needed to evaluate a nation’s compliance with its ethical obligations to prevent dangerous climate change. The ethical duty to clearly explain how a nation satisfied its ethical obligations for climate change follows from the ethical duty of nations to not harm others beyond their national boundary. Although nations could reasonably disagree on what equity frameworks should guide national commitments on ghg emissions, no nation can deny its responsibility to reduce its ghg emissions on the basis of equity and principles of distributive justice to levels that will prevent dangerous climate impacts around the world. Unless nations specifically identify the equity principles that have guided their ghg emissions reductions, and the assumptions about warming limits entailed by their INDC, nations and citizens around the world who may be harmed by illigitmate uses of common pool resources have an insufficient factual basis to challenge the potentially unethical responses of nations to their ethical obligations. From this it is clear that nations have a strong duty to be clear on how they satisfied their ethical responsibilities for climate change. Yet almost all INDCs submitted thus far have either no information or inadequate information on how the nation satisfied its ethical duties in regard to the sufficient ambition or the justice of its INDC. III. The ethical basis for why national INDCs should specify; (a) the number of tons of ghg emissions that will be reduced by implementation of the INDC by a specific date, (b) the warming limit and associated carbon budget that the nation’s INDC is seeking to achieve in cooperation with other nations, (c) the equity principles assumed by the nation in determining the fairness of its INDC, and (d) for Annex 1 nations, emissions reductions that will be achieved by the INDC from 1990, a common baseline year. Any national ghg emissions reduction commitment is implicitly a position on two ethical questions, namely, first, what safe atmospheric ghg concentration level the commitment is designed to achieve and, second, what equity framework or principles of distributive justice the INDC is based on. Although some nations have acknowledged their ethical duties to base their INDC on ethically justifiable criteria, almost all INDC submissions have not explained how specific emissions reductions commitments link to a specific desired atmospheric ghg concentration levels and its associated carbon budget that will provide some level of confidence that a warming limit will be achieved nor why their ghg emissions reductions commitment is fair as a matter of distributive justice. In fact no nation has explained quantitatively how its commitment is related to an atmospheric carbon budget or a specific equity framework. In addition the information submitted with INDCs submitted so far make it virtually impossible to rigorously evaluate the adequacy of the INDC as a matter of ethics and justice. Almost all INDCs that have been submitted thus far by developed nations commit to a percentage reduction in ghg emissions from a baseline year by a a stated year. Although some nations acknowledge that their climate policies should be guided by ethical principles, no nation has expressly explained quantitatively how their commitments were specifically guided by ethical principles. Because the acceptability of an INDC is a matter of ethics and justice, and citizens need additional information about the INDC to be able to evaluate the ethical acceptability of the INDC, INDCs submitted should be supplemented by additional information because an INDC expressed as a percent reduction from a given baseline year by a certain future date does not reveal: (a) the percentage of the global carbon budget that will be consumed by the nation’s emissions because a percentage reduction commitment does not say when the reductions will be achieved yet the speed with which the reductions are achieved will affect the tonnes of any remaining carbon budget with quicker reductions consuming less amounts of the available carbon budget while waiting until the end of the period to achieve the percent reduction committed to will consume much more of the remaining carbon budget; (b) the carbon budget in gigatons of CO2eq that the INDC is seeking to achieve. Because different carbon budgets will provide different levels of confidence that warming will be limited to specific temperature increases and the amount of temperature increase that an INDC has implicitly deemed to be acceptable to the nation is an ethical issue at its core, the nation should be required to link the INDC to a specific carbon budget so that the ambition of the INDC can be evaluated through an ethical lens. (c) the equity framework or principles assumed by the nation in determining how much of a global carbon budget should be allocated to the nation in establishing its INDC such as contraction and convergence, ghg development rights, historical emissions responsibilities, or other principles of distributive justice. Although reasonable people may disagree what equity framework is just, nations should be expected to expressly specify the equity framework or principles of distributive justice they used in determining their INDC so that citizens around the world can evaluate claims about fairness made by a nation in setting its INDC. (d) the fairness of the baseline year selected such as 1990. Some nations including the United States have selected baseline years such as 2005 which represents the year of its peak emissions, 13 years after the United States agreed in the 1992 UNFCCC to adopt policies and measures to prevent dangerous climate change that would return ghg emissions to levels that existed before 1992 by 2000. Although the international community could reasonably adopt different baseline years, ideally the baseline year should be consistent among nations so that citizens could more easily compare commitments and understand how a nation has taken responsibility for policies they adopted or failed to adopt after the nation agreed to adopt climate policies and measure in the 1992 UNFCCC. Although a strong case can be made that historical ghg emissions before 1990 should be considered in determining a nation’s fair share of safe global emissions, selecting a common baseline year such as 1990 would facilitate easier citizen comparison of national commitments while retaining the rights of nations to make arguments that historical ghg emissions should be considered in any equity framework. For these reasons, ghg emissions reductions commitments in INDCs should be: (a) stated in tons of ghg emissions reductions rather then percent reductions from a baseline year, (b) identify the temperature limit and its associated carbon budget that the INDC is seeking to achieve to satisfy its ethical responsibilities to prevent dangerous climate change, (c) identify the equity framework or principles a nation followed to assure that its ghg emissions reductions were fair and just, and (d) compute its ghg emissions reductions commitment from the baseline year of 1990. Scholar In Residence and Professor dabrown57@gmail.com This entry was posted in Allocation Issues, Atmospheric Targets, climate ethics, Contraction and Convergence, ethics of climate change, fair ghg emissions targets, General Climate Ethics, global warming ethics, INDC, INDCs, Just allocation of ghg emissions, national ghg emissions targets, Paris, Paris COP and tagged climate change and morality, climate change ethics, climate change policy, climate ethics, Ethics and Climate Change, global warming ethics, INDC, national climate change policies, national ethical responsibility, Paris COP by dabrown57. Bookmark the permalink.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409111
__label__wiki	0.709637	0.709637	Eurovision Union Best of the Bunch: The Trials Ultimate Eurovision Best of the Bunch: Junior vs Senior Junior Best of the Bunch Dare to Dream, Make a Meal 12 Days of Eurovision 2018 Rehearsals Coverage Eurovision World Cup Eurovision For Beginners 2019 Song Reviews Life After Eurovision Monthly Playlists Eurovision Throwback EuroRevision National final Throwback Junior Eurovision 2019 Junior Eurovision Reviews Lyrics Quiz Country Quiz EuroRevision Quiz New Music: Our Top 10 Singles of 2019 (So Far!) Life After Eurovision, New Music by eurovisionunion July 5, 2019 July 3, 2019 It’s hard to believe that the first half of the year is already over, but the first half of 2019 has blessed us with countless new songs from our favourite Eurovision and National final stars. We want to celebrate our favourite new releases of the first half of this year, so here’s just 10 of our favourites! If you want to listen to more new music from Eurovision and National Final stars, make sure to follow our Eurovision Union’s 2019 Playlist on Spotify, which you can also find at the end of this post! Anda Estragar-me os Planos – Salvador Sobral There’s something so addictive about Salvador Sobral’s smooth vocals, and mixed with the Portuguese language, it’s totally irresistible. Anda Estragar-me os Planos may be hard to pronounce, but it’s an effortless listen. The song also feels quite summer appropriate, as it’s upbeat and cheerful which is nice to hear from the former Eurovision winner. Back to the Start – Michael Schulte As much as his Eurovision entry was a favourite, I feel like it’s incomparable to Back to the Start, which was released earlier this year. It has his signature style, which is an authentic, lyric led pop style however this track is more upbeat, and the melody is super catchy. It’s very radio-friendly, and definitely deserves more love! Benvenuti in Italy – Rocco Hunt Rocco Hunt is an artist that can flick a switch between radio-friendly pop-rap to a more street style of rap, but his latest track Benvenuti in Italy definitely leans more on the pop side. This track is super catchy and wouldn’t put off those who aren’t usually a fan of rap music as it really is based more in the pop genre with a strong melody and radio-friendly beat. This is also a summer friendly tune, as it’s energetic and bright. Choir – Guy Sebastian This is most certainly one of my favourite new releases of 2019, and certainly one of my favourites from Guy Sebastian. This track is in tribute to one of Guy’s close friends and bandmate who unfortunately passed away. With that said, however, the song is very upbeat and insanely catchy. It will just take one listen to get this song in your head, guaranteed. Life was a beach – Lena Lena’s musical style has matured immensely since her Eurovision success all those years ago. This track is an obvious reminder of that, and perhaps could be one of her most contemporary songs to date. Her vocals work well against the beat of this song, and the melody is fast paced but very catchy. Nada Sale Mal – Aitana Teléfono was one of our favourite new releases last year, and Aitana has been releasing banger after banger this year. Nada Sale Mal is another insanely addictive song, however has more of a grown up sound in comparison with Teléfono. The song still has a very distinct Spanish feel about it, which makes up a lot of the appeal of the song, but her delicate vocals are also a big part of this track. Nana Banana – Netta Netta doesn’t do subtle, and her previous two singles are a testament to that. Nana Banana is her most recent single, and although it’s a little more subdued in comparison to the punch in the face that was Bassa Sababa, Nana Banana still has the quirks we’ve come to know and love from Netta. This song is another success at creating a contemporary and unique pop song, but also still incorporating the Middle Eastern sound. Sign of My Live – Oscar Enestad He may not have done too well at Melodifestivalen this year, but we’ve got a sweet spot for Oscar Enestad. Sign of My Love is yet another modern pop number which was actually released prior to his Melfest appearance, and perhaps is slightly better than his competing entry, I Love It. Either way, he knows pop music well, and consistently keeps it youthful. Sunday – Jessica Mauboy We see you, Jess Mauboy, we see you. This is probably her best song to date, if not, it’s definitely up there. Every part of this song is so insanely catchy, specifically the choruses which are so energetic. This definitely marks a new era of Jessica Mauboy, especially considering it’s been a few years since her last album. If this is what we can expect from the upcoming album, sign us up. Words – Molly Hammar Molly has made a triumphant return to the music scene over the last year and this track certainly slots into the new confident style she has adopted. The song was co-written with Benjamin Ingrosso (as well as Hampus Lindvall and Molly herself) and it definitely has that touch of Ingrosso. It’s contemporary, radio-friendly and the vocals are sublime. Listen to all the new tracks from Eurovision and National final stars in our Eurovision Union’s 2019 Playlist below, and make sure to tell us your favourites! AitanaAnda Estragar-me Os PlanosBack to the startBenvenuti in ItalychoirEurovisionGuy SebastianJessica MauboyLenaLife After EurovisionLife was a beachMichael Schultemolly HammarNada Sale MalNana BananaNational FinalNettaNew MusicNew ReleasesOscar Enestadrocco huntSalvador SobralSign of My LoveSundayTop 10Words Aftermath 2019: Yet another top 10 result for Sweden Amsterdam Will Not Host Eurovision 2020 Archives Select Month January 2020 December 2019 November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 February 2019 January 2019 December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 September 2017 August 2017 July 2017 June 2017 May 2017 April 2017 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 August 2016 July 2016 June 2016 May 2016 April 2016 March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 December 2015 November 2015 October 2015 September 2015 August 2015 June 2015 May 2015 April 2015 March 2015 February 2015 Support Eurovision Union! Eurovision Archive	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409114
__label__wiki	0.623859	0.623859	Home LAST NEWS Giovanni Soldini will set sail at 14.30 local time for the 16th... Giovanni Soldini will set sail at 14.30 local time for the 16th edition of the Cape2Rio Tomorrow January 11th 2020, at 14.30 local time (12.30 UTC), in Table Bay – the bay before Cape Town –, Maserati Multi 70 and Giovanni Soldini will cross the starting line of the 16th edition of the Cape2Rio. After the record set by Giovanni Soldini in 2014 aboard the monohull VOR70 Maserati (10 days, 11 hours, 29 minutes and 57 seconds), the Italian Team is back to sail the 3.600 miles from Cape Town to Rio de Janeiro aboard the trimaran Maserati Multi 70. Their direct competitor is the maxi 80-feet trimaran LoveWater, skippered by Craig Sutherland. There are three different starts for the 25 boats entering the race: thirteen smaller boats started on January 4th, the bigger monohulls will start tomorrow at 14.00 local time and the two faster multihulls at 14.30 local time.The competing boats will head North West towards the island of De Trindade, from where they will then set course towards Rio de Janeiro. The only other Italian entrant is Federico Borromeo’s Southern Wind 102 Almagores II, skippered by Andrea Henriquet. Soldini explains: «LoveWater is a super trimaran of the ULTIM class, the giants of the sea: it’s 10 feet longer than Maserati Multi 70, so it’s potentially faster. Our strong point are the foils, that allow us to fly over the water, waves and wind conditions permitting. It will be quite a battle, we will do our best!» Aboard LoveWater sails an experienced crew, including the English Brian Thompson, great sailor and expert of ocean multihulls. Among his significant results, worthy of note are the victories in the 2006 Volvo Ocean Race aboard Mike Sanderson’s ABN AMRO ONE and in the 2012 Jules Verne Trophy aboard Loick Peyron’s Banque Populaire V. Thompson is also former skipper of MOD70 Phaedo3 and crewman of the trimaran Argo, both of which have been challenged many times by Maserati Multi 70. Born in 1971, organized by the Royal Cape Yacht Club and held every two or three years, the Cape2Rio is the Southern Hemisphere’s longest intercontinental yacht race and has always been a legendary event for every experienced sailor. The race historically attracted many Italian participants: the only other Italian winners besides Maserati are Giorgio Falck’s Guia III and Carlo di Mottola Balestra’s Chica Tica, respectively winners of handicap honours and handicap Trophy in the 1976 edition. The same year also the great sailor Ida Castiglioni participated aboard Kiaola II with an all-female crew. The original course starts in Cape Town and arrives in Rio de Janeiro, but for some editions the finish line has been moved to other destinations: in the years of protests against the Apartheid the race finished in Punta del Este, Uruguay, and, in 2006 and 2009, in Salvador de Bahia, Brazil. Maserati Multi 70’s crew is made up of 8 sailors: Giovanni Soldini (IT), skipper – he has 25 years of ocean racing experience, including two single-handed round the worlds, six Québec-Saint Malos, six Ostars, three Transat Jacques Vabres and more than 40 ocean crossings. Aboard VOR70 Maserati he achieved many victories and major records, including the Cadiz-San Salvador (2012) and the New York San Francisco Gold Route (2016). In 2016 he started the new challenge at the helm of Maserati Multi 70, aboard which he set the record for the Tea Route, from Hong Kong to London (2018), as well as winning many ocean races. In 2019 he crossed in first place the finish line of the RORC Caribbean 600 setting the new race record. Guido Broggi (IT), mainsail trimmer – he is Maserati Multi 70’s boat captain, has thousands of miles of ocean sailing under his belt and has been working alongside Soldini for many years, since he was team leader in the building and in the racing preparation of 60’ Fila in 1998. He is a permanent member of the crew and he participated in all the races aboard the trimaran, including the Tea Route record. John Elkann (IT), helmsman and trimmer – Chairman of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. He is a sailing enthusiast and has sailed extensively with Giovanni Soldini since 2009. He participated in many races and record attempts aboard VOR70 Maserati and, aboard Maserati Multi 70, he participated in the Transpac in 2017. Carlos Hernandez Robayna (ESP), trimmer – he has many years of sailing experience, has raced in various classes and has sailed alongside Soldini in several regattas and ocean crossings, including the Cape2Rio 2014, setting the record aboard VOR70 Maserati. In 2019, aboard Maserati Multi 70, he participated in the RORC Caribbean 600 and in the Transpac. Oliver Herrera Perez (ESP), bowman – throughout his career he raced aboard Ims 500s, Swan 45s and Rc44s. He was part of Soldini’s crew for all the deliveries and races in the past few years, including the Tea Route record. Nico Malingri (IT), grinder and trimmer – he has conquered two double-handed records with his father Vittorio Malingri aboard a 20-foot-long catamaran: the Marseilles-Carthage in 2016 and the Dakar-Guadeloupe in 2017. He first raced aboard Maserati Multi 70 in 2018 for the Rolex Middle Sea Race. Matteo Soldini (IT), grinder and trimmer – Giovanni’s nephew, he has many transoceanics under his belt and has participated in many races, including Maxi Yacht Rolex Cup, Swan Cup and Mini Fastnet. He has been part of Maserati Multi 70’s Team for all the deliveries and the boatyards and, since 2018, he is permanent member of the crew for the races aboard the trimaran. Pierre-Laurent Boullais (FRA) – he is a sailing enthusiast. He already participated in ocean races with the Italian Team, among which the 2013 Transpac aboard VOR70 Maserati. Maserati Multi 70’s crew arrived in Cape Town in mid-November, after a quick delivery from Singapore, and started working in the boatyard right away. Giovanni Soldini explains: «After many miles of sailing we had to do ordinary maintenance work aboard, but most important of all we’re very happy that we were able to implement some of the improvements to the aerodynamics, studied with the Maserati Innovation Lab’s engineers. It’s a long process that will last for some time and we can’t wait to test the latest developments in a regatta!» The Cape2Rio is the first regatta in Giovanni Soldini and Maserati Multi 70’s 2020 racing season. After arriving in Rio de Janeiro, the Italian Team will sail first to St. Maarten for the Caribbean Multihull Challenge (14th-16th February), then to Antigua for the RORC Caribbean 600 (24th February). Next Giovanni Soldini and his crew will try to beat two important records: the Atlantic Record, from Bermuda to Plymouth, and the Channel Record, from Cowes to Dinard. Finally, Maserati Multi 70 will participate in the first edition of the Super 8 Race, which starts and finishes in Genova, and the Rolex Middle Sea Race, in October 2020. Previous articleSafety at the limit for… Next articleNew MINI Convertible Sidewalk Edition… Continental brings Tyre Safety Month to Life… Automobili Lamborghini first in Europe…	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409118
__label__cc	0.592413	0.407587	Hajdúszoboszló is located in the northeast of the Great Hungarian Plain, 200 kilometers from Budapest and 20 km from Debrecen. The East Main Canal north to south, 12-14 km -long section of the city lies at the border. This not only serves the purpose of irrigation, but also a great resting place of the natural environment for swimming, boating, fishing, gardening and guests wishing to locals. Treasure of the land in good agricultural areas, the gas fields and the medicinal water, the abundant sunshine. Annual average number of hours of sunshine to reach, or sometimes even more than two thousand hours. Hajdúszoboszló, Hungary is one of the sunniest regions! The microclimate of the bath and the surroundings, and accelerates the healing process with iodine in the air and salty humidity. The travellers who arrive to Hajduszoboszlo always have the chance to have a good time. During the winter days the average temperature is about 0°C and 80-85 days in the summer, when the average temperatures is about 25°C. www.hajduszoboszlo.hu www.Szoboszlo.LAP.hu Hajdúszoboszló Spa, Beach, Aquapark and Aqua Palace Hajdúszoboszló Spa In 1999 the spa building was completely renovated. The modern two-storey building in a medical capacity has doubled. Four new open-air pool was built, in which the various attractions allows even more visitors to recreate. In the spa's indoor hall there are three 32°C, 36°C, 38°C -temperature thermal pools. On the ground floor to the left there are three surgeries, with treatment and physiotherapy room and Jacuzzi is found with treatment. On the first floor there are massage rooms with treatment and spacious resting wait the guests. Those who have an aversion to nature offered recovery certainly change their opinion if they may be treated by TOWN SPA. The water power and other facts combined effect results that thousands of people find healing. The iodine and bromine and salty water is good for rheumatic diseases. Chronic musculoskeletal diseases, attrition, degenerative diseases has been found to comply with the requirements of the physician more than 90 percent is getting better. The effect of bath in surgical, neurological, dermatological diseases, origin (eczema, psoriasis) is also observed during the treatment. Patients who were undergoing in orthopaedic surgery regularly visit our spa for treatment. Good results can be achieved post- stroke state, Heine Medin disease, cerebral palsy developed after chronic treatment of neuralgia and neuritis. This water has a good effect for gynecological inflammations as well. Reactive two -thirds of women are often reported about conception. The rationale is that bitumen binds estrogen can be found in our water. More than forty kinds of treatments are available for patients in our Spa. The various treatments are used in combination. Among it there are: massage, mud, traction bath, underwater massage, underwater gymnastics, electrotherapeutic various treatments and the latest soft laser treatment is applied. Aquapark Hajdúszoboszló, open-air bath The Hajdúszoboszló Medicinal Spa interests not only the sick people. In summer times the open air pools are the winners. The 30 hectare land open its gates from 1st of May - to 30th of September. Thousands of visitors refresh theirselves in 13 pools, like billow, bubble bath pool, children's pool and other attraction pools. In May and in September we have less then 13 pools filled with water, depending on the number of our visitors. In 2002 - with the scope of the Széchenyi Project - the open air bath's infrastructure had been totally increased, because new water rotated and filtered pools had been started to work on European standards. But the great sensation is the mediterranian beach, with its more than 6000 m2 water surface, so it's Middle Europe's biggest pool. The giant pool deepens step by step, and the water is rippling a little. In the middle of it there is a pirate and there's a lighthouse on the sandy beach with palm trees. We hope that our mediterranian beach will be the symbol of our open air bath. Starting from the 12 meter-high nine different track enthusiasts can choose from a large splash. There's a four-lined giant, two kamikaze, a giant spiral, black holes and crazy river. Fort he kids there are diffeerent kinds of pools with life-like elephants, two slides and playground. The slide park in the back of the beach in one hectare area, you can buy tickets for two hours or all day ticket. The Árpád Swimming Pool meets international standards, competitions and suitable for settlement. The temperature of the 50 meter, 8 lane swimming pool water is 25-27C°. The Árpád SE talented swimmers and junior water polo team trains here. Our indoor swimming-pool is becoming more popular in Hungary and abroad as well. Two fitness rooms are equipped with the latest bodybuilding and cardio equipments. A restaurant can be found int he hall. Hajdúszoboszló Aqua Palace Aqua-Palace Covered Experience Bath constructed in Hajdúszoboszló, as part of the biggest bath complex in Europe. The experience bath has an area of 15000 m2, a water surface of 1600m2, and able to receive 1000 persons at the same time. Services of Aqua-Palace: Experience bath system to those wishing for a special, thematic bath environment, and unique wellness experiences: Tropical bath, Ice cave bath, Movie bath, Pávai thermal bath, cave bath, Roman bath, Ganges bath, sea bath, and slide pool. Bath for children and families – Special offer in Hungary for families with young children: Pools for babies, mothers, and baby swimming, activity and resting rooms for children, nappy change room for the youngest family pool, Jacuzzi and 2 children’s slides for older children Sauna system for the followers of healthy lifestyle: Finnish saunas, sweating rooms, infrared saunas, massage shower, plunge pools For more information: www.hungarospa-rt.hu	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409121
__label__cc	0.670759	0.329241	← Running Tribute SUP, Go Pro Dominate Surf Expo → The $35,000 SUP Race Annabel Anderson (left) and Candice Appleby battle at the U.S. Open of SUP MIAMI BEACH – The much-ballyhooed “U.S. Open of SUP” debuted on South Beach today and if you were looking for a postcard-perfect setting and a crowd of spectators where thong-clad women outnumbered stand-up paddleboarders, you came to the right place. We love thong-clad spectators, especially when they keep drifting into our camera lens when we’re trying to shoot paddleboarders. But we were expecting more than 65 athletes to show for a shot at $35,000 in prize money, a record SUP purse according to the Exclusive Sports Marketing announcer who mentioned it at least 65 times over the course of two sweltering late-morning races. You’d think ESM, which is based in South Florida and has put on triathlons and volleyball events forever, could have drawn more athletes from its home market. As it was, it seemed at least a third of the group came from out of town, including Connor Baxter and Candice Appleby, who both flew in from Hawaii and won the male and female divisions, respectively, of the 5-mile elite race, which featured 37 athletes. Connor Baxter finishing first on Saturday Baxter, who will be 17 this week, won $6,000 as the male winner, finishing in 52:04, more than a minute ahead of Chase Kosterlitz (53:17) of St. Petersburg, who took home $4,000 as runner-up. Appleby (55:33) won $4,000, narrowly holding off Annabel Anderson of New Zealand in a five-loop race that borrowed its format from the popular Battle of the Paddle in California. After each lap, athletes exited the ocean and circled through a 20-yard water stop before reentering the water. The format, along with top-notch race shirts, cool tiki trophies, and a tent city of sponsors including Mix1, 5-Hour Energy, and a coconut water provider, gave the U.S. Open a big-event feel. That’s what ESM promised when it announced the event in February and getting Ark Paddleboards to pony up the prize purse drew some attention. Though the date was moved up a week, it still came in the SUP high season, what with Hennessey’s World SUP and Paddleboard Championship (Sept. 17) and the Battle of the Paddle (Sept. 24-25) Still, those are California races that only impact which pros attend. Surely there are more rank-and-file paddlers in Florida, even with entry fees that resemble Olympic-distance triathlon rates. (I considered entering the elite race today but was told it was $175. Ouch.) South Beach SUP fans The race itself was well organized, even with starting times pushed back to 10 a.m. for the 3-mile open race and 11:30 a.m. for the elite. I continue to wonder why SUP races don’t begin at 8 a.m, especially in Florida during the summer months. Baxter, one of the top SUP racers, said it was by far the hottest race he’s ever participated in. “It was a great race,” said Baxter, known for his unorthodox but effective stroke where he chokes down on the paddle. “But the heat really gets to you out there.” Twenty-eight athletes raced in the three-mile stock board division. Trish Miller, a yoga/SUP instructor whom I met during Brody Welte’s Paddle Fit class in Clearwater earlier this year, won the women’s division with a time of 38:15. Not bad considering she and her Key West contingent jumped in the race with just two and a half hours of sleep. “And I borrowed a board,” she said. Bottom line: This event shows promise and if ESM is willing to move it to cooler weather in November or December, when there’s nothing else on the race calendar and the SUP world would be thrilled to visit South Beach, it might have something special. Filed under Races, SUP Tagged as Annabel Anderson, Candice Appleby, Chase Kosterlitz, Connor Baxter, Exclusive Sports Marketing, U.S. Open of SUP 8 responses to “The $35,000 SUP Race” Irma Price Pretty accurately written. Was a great day/race as it always is in the SUP world, but surely could’ve been a HUGE success bringing out 100’s of paddlers if marketed better, with more reasonable entry fees, and a more condusive location…hotel parking was expensive and not well organized, internet service was iffy, and would’ve been nice to have some snacks, light meal or protein bars offered to the athletes on the beach. The SUP interest is definitely happening in Miami, we just need to market it, offer it and the SUP industry will take off in the Magic City! Nonetheless, let me end by saying… a SUP day/race at the beach…is ALWAYS a SUPER day! Pete Williams Irma — You upstaged the blog. Outstanding! Any time you want to guest blog on SUP, just let me know! Betsy Risner Check Connor’s age. I am pretty sure he is 15 years old (for a couple more days). It makes his win even more impressive. Betsy: Good catch. Thank you. His Web site says he was born in September 1994. Either way, he’s a very mature young man. This was by far one of the funnest races I,ve raced in. I was on the fence with the high registration fee. I wish we would start @ 8am also.It With the fees being so high, it would have been nice to have some healthy snacks down there. I dont know the purpose of the tents , advertising food(babybell,jet blue, sports authority) and none there.Luckily one of our Lazy Dogs, brought some snacks so we wouldn’t melt away in the heat, Roray is the best commentator and this event would’nt have been such a success without him! Barbara Sage Right on Irma!!!! I have to say of all the races we have traveled to this was certainly a nail biter all the way!!! Having everyone in from all over the country DEFINITELY mixed things up on the Florida SUP scene and gave everyone a run for their money!! It was an intense adrenaline rush kind of day and was non stop action. It was so exciting to watch and to be a part of! Great call on having Rory Kam as the MC as he ALWAYS puts on an amazing race and the fact that he knows everyone puts that extra fun spin on things! The guys may want to use him as a go to guy for the next race as he seems to know what works. Also, where the hell was the raffle…….may sound silly but that does bring in alot of cash (especially from us women!!! You know we like to spend!) It can produce some revenue and makes it alot of fun so that people walk away feeling like the won something. Also, market the hell out of it on facebook. Dont ever underestimate the power of FB with SUP races! Its our biggest tool for Lazy Dog and people LOVE seeing pics and results posted. I have to say this was the most fun we have had at a race yet!!! Lazy Dog will surely be back next year!!! Pingback: Top 10 Endurance Sports Stories of 2011 \| Endurance Sports Florida Pingback: Pacifico – Stepping Up the SUP Race Experience \| Endurance Sports Florida	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409123
__label__wiki	0.585587	0.585587	Sign Up for FREE Daily Energy News Showcase Features Toolbox Overview Abbreviations & Acronyms Oilfield Glossary Well Data Legend Number Prefixes International Petroleum Corp. Announces Acquisition of Light Oil Assets in Southern Alberta Granite Oil Corp. Agrees to Sale to International Petroleum Corporation For $0.95 Cash Per Share Pipestone Energy Corp. Announces Unplanned Outage at the Keyera Wapiti Gas Plant Five Things to Know in World Business Today Oil Advances to One-Week High as Unrest Hits Iraq and Libya 2020 PetroLMI Workforce Trends Survey – For Oil & Gas Employers – We’d Like to Hear From You! How Process Analyzers are Utilised for Blending Applications -Westech Continued Growth in the U.S. for G&B Portable Fabric Buildings COMING to CALGARY JANUARY 31st! – The Hon. Pierre Poilievre – Unleashing our Economy – Rewarding Energy Workers and Businesses: – a PJVA Event – Details HERE WEBINAR: Oilfield Services – From Field to Finance – Aimsio January 27, 2020 Plan for Methane Compliance with Acero Engineering Best Practices in Advanced Data Science: Lessons for the Oil and Gas Industry – L.E.K. Alberta court approves Encana reorganization, paving way for change this week FREE E-MAIL SIGN UP VISIT SHOWCASE DIRECTORY SHOWCASE PRICING WATCH & READ: In new Parliament, Andrew Scheer isolated as lone champion of energy sector, foe of carbon tax December 9, 2019 EnergyNow Media Scheer laid the blame for what he deems is a ‘national unity crisis’ on the environmental policies adopted by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Parliament got down to work Friday with Andrew Scheer staking out the Conservatives’ ground as the only party that will unabashedly support the energy sector and never relent on its opposition to carbon taxes. Responding to the Liberal throne speech that opened the new session of Parliament on Thursday, the Conservative leader proposed an amendment that would, among other things, commit the government to scrapping the carbon tax and stopping what Scheer called “the attack on the western Canadian economy.” All the other parties in the House of Commons support the tax and advocate bolder action to tackle climate change making it virtually impossible for the Conservatives to find support for the amendment. Scheer, who is fighting to retain his post as leader amid heavy criticism from some within his own party over his handling of the recent election campaign, appeared to be comfortable isolating his party in Parliament. He was dismissive Friday of those who blame his inability to defeat the Liberals in the Oct. 21 election, at least in part, on his failure to offer a credible plan to combat climate change. Let me be clear. We will always oppose a carbon tax “Over the past several weeks, there has been a chorus of voices from elite corners of Canadian high society demanding that our party endorse the carbon tax,” Scheer told the House of Commons. “Let me be clear. We will always oppose a carbon tax because we know the real cost it imposes on the Canadian people.” Scheer, who represents a Saskatchewan riding, cast himself as an unabashed champion of the two oil-producing western provinces, which delivered all but one seat to the Conservatives and spurned the Liberals entirely. He echoed Alberta Premier Jason Kenney in accusing “a network of foreign-funded activist groups” of trying to block pipelines and “permanently shut down Canada’s energy sector and drive hundreds of thousands of Canadians out of work.” Scheer laid the blame for what he deems is a “national unity crisis” on the environmental policies adopted by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau during his first mandate. In a later speech deconstructing Scheer’s remarks point by point, Trudeau noted that the Conservative leader bemoaned the impact of the carbon tax on families without mentioning that they will receive compensation from the federal government that, on average, will actually put more money in their pockets. “If one wanted to truly bring down the temperature and the anxiety in the West, pointing out that fact might actually help,” Trudeau said. Trudeau also noted that more than 60 per cent of Canadians voted for parties that support stronger action on climate change, while more than 60 per cent voted for parties that support expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline — a balancing act between the environment and the economy that is at the heart of the Liberal government’s policy. “That failed approach of blaming climate activists for not getting pipelines built does not work,” Trudeau said. “The Conservatives have been hurting the West by insisting on that kind of fear mongering.” By and large, the tenor of the debate and the subsequent to-and-fro in the first question period of the new Parliament was civil and respectful, with none of the hyper-partisan, nasty personal attacks that fuelled the recent campaign. In keeping with the collaborative tone of the throne speech, which reflected the minority government’s need to find common ground with opposition parties in order to pass legislation and survive confidence votes, Trudeau suggested the Conservatives might actually support the first bill to be introduced. It will implement the Liberal campaign promise to raise the basic personal income tax exemption to $15,000 for those earning less than $147,000. Trudeau said the Liberal proposal is similar to a universal tax break proposed by Scheer but fixes one “small hiccup” in the Conservative plan that would have allowed the wealthiest Canadians to benefit the most — a feature the Liberals had lambasted during the campaign. Leader of the Opposition Andrew Scheer rises during Question Period in the House of Commons, Dec. 6, 2019 in Ottawa. ADRIAN WYLD/THE CANADIAN PRESS However, Scheer has signalled that the Conservatives are unlikely to support the government on much, if anything. The Liberals will, thus, need the support of the either the Bloc Quebecois’ 32 MPs or the NDP’s 24 MPs in order to survive. At one point Friday, Trudeau thanked Bloc Leader Yves-Francois Blanchet, whose party intends to support the throne speech, for his “reasonable” approach to posing questions. The sharpest exchange of the day was between Scheer and New Democrat MP Charlie Angus, who criticized the Conservative leader for peddling “conspiracy theories” about foreign radicals undermining the energy industry and threatening the unity of the country if Conservatives don’t get their way on climate policy. Scheer retorted that it was “despicable and shameful” to suggest his talk of western alienation was “just idle rhetoric.” He taunted Angus in turn about the NDP being relegated to fourth party status in the House, behind the Bloc. In his own response to the throne speech, Blanchet took pains to speak briefly, in English, directly to the people of Alberta and Saskatchewan, saying the Bloc and all of Quebec will be the first to help the western provinces make the transition to an economy that is no longer dependent on fossil fuels. “Investing in such a transition with an open mind and compassion is an extended hand from us. However, we do not want to be part of any further contribution to any further climatic impact of an economic model of the past,” he said. NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh acknowledged some elements of the throne speech that he found encouraging — such as the invitation to Parliament to explore a national dental care program, which the NDP has advocated. But he expressed doubt that the Liberals will follow through, noting that “there is a difference between saying the right things and actually doing them.” Kenney to meet Trudeau next week, discuss pipelines and equalization Kenney and cabinet ministers in Ottawa to meet federal counterparts Total Energy Services Inc. and Savanna Energy Services Corp. Announce Proposed Amalgamation of Savanna and 2043324 Alberta Ltd. SEE THIS UNIQUE PROGRAM: Master of Engineering Leadership in Clean Energy Engineering – UBC Touchstone Announces 2016 Reserves MSA Safety Incorporated Announces Tundra Process Solutions as the Authorized Sales & Service Representative of MSA, General Monitors, Gasonic, and Senscient Categories Canadian News Post navigation Saudi Prince’s First OPEC Outing Brings Last-Minute Oil Surprise New SHOWCASE Directory Companies Market quotes are powered by TradingView.com Other Selected Commodities * Prices as of Previous Day Close Syn. 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__label__cc	0.500016	0.499984	Category Archives: Panzoasia The Summerland Dragons, Part IV – The Rosy Dragon Posted by Daniel James Hanley in Monsters, OGL, OSR, Panzoasia Adventure Game, B/X, BECMI, Creature, dragon, old school, OSR, RC, role playing, role-playing game, roleplaying game, TTRPG We finish the series on the magical Summerland Dragons with the mightiest of their number – the mysterious Rosy Dragon. See the first post in this series to learn more about these unique creatures. The Rosy Dragon Number Appearing: 1 (and 2 Quercic Dragon Consorts) Size: Large (40’ long) Morale: Maximum Intelligence: 25 Move: Walk 2 x human speed. Fly 4 x human speed. Armor Class: 15 better than unarmored. Hit Dice: 20 (160hp) Attacks & Damage (front): Bite 3d12, or Transporting Breath Claw 1d12 Attacks & Damage (sides and back): Wing Buffet (right) 1d6 Wing Buffet (left) 1d6 Tail Lash 1d10 * Transporting Breath (3 x per day): All within a 30’ x 30’ cloud in front of the Dragon are transported to an environment of symbolic challenges (No Save, but a target can only be affected once per day). See below. * Polymorph Self at will. * Regenerates 1 hp per Round when in contact with soil or water. * Immune to Dragon Breath of all kinds. * Can travel to and from the Summerland in 10 minutes. * Speaks and reads all languages. * Casts Spells as a 20th Level Magic User, with access to every spell on all spell lists (including Cleric and Druid). Saves: As Cleric 20 Treasure: A hoard of art objects, gems, crystals, coins, and jewelry worth 1,000,000 gp, plus 10 Magic Items. Challenge: Four 20th Level Characters There is only one Rosy Dragon, and all the Dragons of Summerland pay homage to it. It appearance it vaguely resembles a Red Dragon of Panzoasia, its body being covered with scales that resemble the petals of deep-red roses. A closer look reveals a number of differences, however. The tail of the Rosy Dragon shades into green, and is covered with thorn-like spines. Its horns are like thorny spikes, glittering gold in color. Its large eyes are like pools of molten gold, and its claws are also golden. Its ears are long and pointed. Long, thin frills of red frame its face, and similar filaments form a beard-like growth under its chin. A green ridge with a saw-tooth edge runs along the Dragon’s back, from nose to tail. The Rosy Dragon appears in many other forms, however, as it can Polymorph itself at will. Among its favored alternate forms is that of a red-haired Human or Elf woman with brilliant green eyes, clad in golden robes, and crowned with roses. It also enjoys appearing as a golden swan or lioness. While it usually prefers to assume a female body, it will become male if it feels the situation warrants it. The Rosy Dragon embodies the philosophy of “there is a time for all things”. It treats every situation individually – sometimes striving for peace, sometimes promoting war. It motivations can thus seem completely inscrutable to most other beings. It is never without its two Consorts – a (currently) male and female pair of Quercic Dragons with maximum Hit Points. It is also known to associate with the the similarly mysterious Wizard-Druid known as The Traveler, and the equally strange Green One, both of whom are similarly committed to maintaining the balance of Nature throughout time and space. The Rosy Dragon only keeps its treasure on the Isle of Dragons in the Summerland. There it dwells in a palace made of colored glass as strong as granite, amid a field of ever-blooming roses. It rarely chooses to visit Panzoasaia, and then only for brief periods. Fighting the Rosy Dragon The Breath Weapon of the Rosy Dragon is unique, even among the Summerland Dragons. Rather than inflict damage, or even immobilize victims, its targets are enveloped in a red mist that physically transports them to a Realm of Testing. There they will be faced with a series of challenges that symbolize their various prejudices and shortcomings. Before introducing the Rosy Dragon the DM should prepare a short dungeon adventure (or small island hex-crawl) tailored to the PCs, where they must solve problems in ways completely contrary to their usual methods. For example, a party used to hacking their way through adventures will be faced with continually regenerating creatures who can only be defeated through lateral thinking. Or, a party completely reliant on magic items will be transported to a place that temporarily disenchants their equipment. Members of the same adventuring party will be transported to the same Realm of Testing to join their compatriots, even if they had been affected by separate blasts of the Dragon’s breath. Once all affected PCs arrive in the Realm of Testing, they will see an image of the Rosy Dragon standing before them in Human or Elven form. It will tell them the place they must reach, and give them a clue (in the form of a riddle) as to what action they must perform once they get there. The image of the Dragon is only a phantom, of course, and cannot be attacked. If the PCs survive the challenges of the place, and perform the correct action in the right place (which will always in some way symbolize the harmonious union of opposites), they will find themselves back in front of the Rosy Dragon, 10 minutes after being first transported. Regardless of how much time seemed to pass in the Realm of Testing, exactly 10 minutes (1 Turn) will have passed in the “real world”. The bodies of those who die in the Realm of Testing will remain there. Upon the return of transported PCs, the Rosy Dragon (who will be have been waiting for them) will ask them if they are still committed to their murderous intentions. If so, the Dragon will attack them with its most powerful magic – and it can cast all known Magic User, Cleric, and Druid spells, as a 20th Level Magic User. Creeping Doom is a favorite effect. If forced into hand-hand-combat the Dragon will furiously bite, claw, buffet with its wings, and lash with its thorny tail. Meanwhile, combatants will also have to deal with the Rosy Dragon’s two consorts – unless they have already been neutralized by other means. A Logo for Panzoasia Posted by Daniel James Hanley in Art, OSR, Panzoasia Art, Classic Fantasy, Fantasy Campaign, Groovy Fantasy, Oneiric Fantasy So, I decided to make a logo for my Panzoasia Campaign. I settled on a fun, “black-light poster” look – an aesthetic which I may carry through for the artwork in any future published version of the setting. In any event, here it is: I wanted something I could see hanging on a wood paneled wall in 1979 – or as an iron-on patch for a denim jacket! Or, maybe as a sticker on a notebook, with “Black Sabbath”, “Blue Oyster Cult” and “Led Zepplin” written around it! The Summerland Dragons, Part III – Quercic and Corylic Here are two more of the magical Summerland Dragons – the mighty Quercic, and the mysterious Corylic. Quercic Dragon Number Appearing: 1 Morale: High Move: Walk 1.5 x human speed Fly 4 x human speed Armor Class: 10 better than unarmored (+ bonus of magical armor when in Human or Elf form. See below.) Hit Dice: 10 Attacks & Damage (Dragon form): Bite 3d8, or Fascinating Breath Gore 3d6 Claw 1d8 Attacks & Damage (Human or Elf form): Weapon (By weapon type, + magical bonus from weapon. See below.) * Fascinating Breath (3 x per day): All within a 30’ x 30’ cloud in front of the Dragon must Save versus Breath Weapon or become unable to do anything but stand in awe of the Dragon for 2d4 minutes. * Can assume the form of a Human, Elf, Eagle, Deer, or Oak Tree. * Casts Spells as a 10h Level Druid. Treasure: Art objects, gems, crystals, and rare plants worth approximately 30,000gp, plus 1 Magic Weapon, 1 Magical Armor, and 1d2 additional Magic Items. The natural form of a Quercic Dragon is a regal being with scales that resemble the tips of oak leaves. In the spring and summer the scales are green, but turn brilliant hues of red, orange, and yellow in autumn. In either case, the underbelly is reddish-brown – and in the winter the Quercic Dragon turns that color completely. The creature has human-like eyes that can be brown, blue, green, or gray. The branched horns atop their stag-like heads are glittering ivory, as are their claws. Unlike other types of Summerland Dragons, the sharp tips of the horns point forward. Two long fangs also extend downwards from the creature’s mouth when it is closed. Under its chin is a beard of golden hair. The Dragon’s ears are long and pointed. In all seasons, the creature’s wings are spotted with metallic gold. The Dragon’s legs are stag-like, and always a lighter shade than the body. Quercic Dragons also take the forms of armor-clad Humans and Elves, wearing red cloaks, and crowned with oak leaves and acorns. Their two other usual forms are that of a golden eagle, or a majestic stag (or doe). Quercic Dragons are generally honest and direct in their speech. They expect to be treated with due respect, but will return courtesy with courtesy. Above all, they will not abide lies and deception. Their natural homes are the deep forests of the Summerland, but they sometimes come to Panzoasia to protect the balance of Nature, and those aligned with the forces of harmonious Neutrality. The thus freely associate with Druids, those sylvan creatures descended from the Fairies of the Summerland, and all manner of natural beasts. They will tolerate the company of any Panzoasian Dragon that does not despoil their environment, but have antipathy for the deliberately deceptive Corylic Dragons of the Summerland. In the Summerland, Quercic Dragons nest in bowers formed from enormous trees whose trunks have been trained to grow together into vaulted canopies. In Panzoasia, however, they will lair and keep their treasure in castles, where they spend most of their time in Human or Elven form. Such castles will always be built to blend harmoniously with the landscape. Their hoard always include a magical weapon, and some kind of magical armor – both of which they will wear and employ. The Dragons grow rare and valuable medical plants in their castle gardens, which they use to heal local animals, and Neutrally-aligned people living in harmony with the forest. Note that Quercic Dragons are Neutral, not Good – they care only about the welfare of Nature, and those devoted to Nature. Quercic Dragons do not consider themselves bound to help starving urban children, for example. Nor will they stop a predator from killing what they need to eat. Fighting the Quercic Dragon Quercic Dragons only attack first if they see someone despoiling Nature, or engaged in unwarranted aggression towards a Neutrally-aligned being. They prefer to fight in a shape appropriate to their opponents – Human or Elf form for humanoid foes, stag or eagle form if they must cull a mad beast, or full draconic form when they are forced to fight a monster. As previously noted, in Human or Elf form they will always use a magical weapon of some kind, and wear Magical Armor. When they dressed in such protection, their Armor Class is improved only by the “plus” rating of the item. For example, a Quercic Dragon fighting in Chainmail +3 has an Armor Class 13 points better than Unarmored, rather than 10. Corylic Dragon Armor Class: 9 better than unarmored. Hit Dice: 9 Attacks & Damage (in front): Bite 3d8, or Oneiric Breath Attacks & Damage (sides and behind): Tail Whip 1d6 * Oneiric Breath (3 x per day): All within a 30’ x 30’ cloud in front of the Dragon must Save versus Breath Weapon or mentally re-experience a previous night’s dream, becoming unable to effectively deal with the real world for 2d4 minutes. * Can assume the form of a Human, Elf, Nightingale, Toad, or Hazel Tree at will. * Casts Spells as a 9h Level Magic User. Saves: As Magic User 9 Treasure: Coins, art objects, books, and jewels worth approximately 30,000gp, plus 1d6 potions and 1 Magic Wand. Corylic Dragons in their natural form are sinewy creatures about 30 feet long, with scales that resemble the leaves of a hazel tree. Their snouts are distinctly wedge-like, coming to a sharp point. Their extremely flexible tails are long, thin, and often contorted into odd corkscrew shapes. Their wings have peculiar, feathery edges that resemble the husk around a hazelnut. Like hazel foliage, Corylic Dragons are usually green, but their scales turn yellow in autumnal environments. Some have dark purple scales instead – but all Corylic Dragons turn brown in winter. The eyes of a Corylic Dragon change colors in the light, alternating from green to brown. The creature’s forked horns are pale, glittery yellow, as are its claws. In addition to their natural form, Corylic Dragons often assume the shape of black-robed Humans and Elves, crowned with Corylic leaves and catkins. Their other possible forms include nightingales, toads, and hazel trees. Corylic Dragons delight in mystification. They will never directly state what they can instead imply, and fill their speech with poetic allusions. They are collectors of secrets, and are willing to pay to learn some bit of otherwise unknown information. Those who try to learn secrets from a Corylic Dragon, however, must be prepared to piece together the truth from numerous hints, insinuations, and metaphors. Corylic Dragons naturally live in the forests of the Summerland, but sometimes visit Panzoasia in search of new secrets. There they will freely associate with witches, sorcerers, and Druids of dark inclination. They actually get along well with the Green Dragons native to Panzoasia. They do not like the blunt honestly of the Summerland’s Quercic Dragons, however. Corylic Dragons love silver, and stones which are opalescent or mottled in color. They will usually have a library in their lair, filled with strange and obscure works. Additionally, a Corylic Dragon always possesses a magic wand of some kind, which they are fond of using. They keep their treasures in underground vaults, the entrances to which are often disguised by cottages of the type that might be inhabited by rural hedge witches. Fighting the Corylic Dragon A Corylic Dragon will always begin a fight with either a magic spell, or the effect from its wand. Secondarily, they will use the yellow fumes of their Oneiric Breath to incapacitate attackers. Physical attacks are used only when necessary. Corylic Dragons are almost never wantonly destructive, but they show aggressors no mercy. The Summerland Dragons, Part II – Lotosic and Orchidic Presenting two more examples of the Summerland Dragons. These time we feature rival breeds that both prefer the warmer climes of Panzoasia‘s Ultimate South and East. Lotosic Dragon Morale: Average Fly 3.5 x human speed Swim 1.5 x human speed Attacks & Damage: Bite 3d6, or Soporific Breath * Soporific Breath (3 x per day): All within a 30’ x 30’ cloud in front of the Dragon must Save versus Breath Weapon or fall asleep for 2d4 minutes. * Can assume the form of a Human, Elf, Frog, Dragonfly, or Lotus Plant. * Breath Water or Air. * Regenerate 1 hp per Round when in contact with soil or water. * Casts Spells as an 8h Level Cleric. Saves: As Cleric 8 Treasure: Art objects, rare books, gems, crystals, and exotic plants worth approximately 20,000gp, plus 1d6 Magic Scrolls and 1d4 other Magic Items (1 of which will be intended for Clerical use). A Lotosic Dragon’s natural form is a thin, serpentine creature about 40 feet long, with a body covered in purple-edged pink scales that resemble the petals of a lotus flower. The legs, however, are bluish-green. Their wings are dark purple, resemble the fins of a betta fish, and are also used for swimming. Several drooping, tendril-like whiskers hang from their catfish-like face, and their eyes resemble sapphires. Their antler-like horns resemble green brass, as do their claws and teeth. They also take the shape of white-haired Humans or Elves, dressed in pink robes, and crowned with lotus flowers. They can disguise themselves as frogs and dragonflies as well. Lotosic Dragons are philosophical and learned creatures, possessing Wisdom Scores of 18 in Human terms. Lotosic Dragons collect philosophies as much as any other treasure. A visitor willing to debate the Dragon will earn their respect – one who can actually win a philosophical debate will be treated as an honored guest in the Dragon’s lair from then on. Lotosic Dragons often leave their homes in the swamps and waterways of the Summerland, and travel to the warmer areas of Panzoasia in search of new perspectives on reality. There they freely associate with Nagas, Mystics, sages, scholars, and open-minded Clerics willing to freely exchange ideas. While Lotosic Dragons enjoy the company of Panzoasian Gold Dragons, they have antipathy for the hedonistic Orchidic Dragons of their homeland. Lotosic Dragons love to swim and spend time underwater, but they always maintain dry, temple-like lairs for their treasures. They love statues, especially ones depicting creature of the water. They will always have a store of scrolls – some inscribed with exotic philosophical treatises, and others with magic spells. Every Lotosic Dragon also owns some kind of magic item of a Clerical nature, such as a Snake Staff, which they will employ in their own defense. Fighting the Lotosic Dragon A Lotosic Dragon does not like to fight, and will always seek to end hostilities if possible. If forced into combat, however, it will first try to use the pink vapors of its Soporific Breath. If its would-be opponents have all been put to sleep, the Dragon will change into human form and bind the aggressors. Combatants so bound will be treated to a thorough lecture on the absurdity of pointless violence, and imprisoned for a month in the Dragon’s lair – every day of which they must listen to another extremely long monologue on the value of living in harmony with one’s fellow creatures. Combatants who foil the Dragon’s plan for their enlightenment will be subjected primarily to magical attacks, unless the creature is forced into close quarters where it must bite and claw. Orchidic Dragon Number Appearing: 1 (In Panzoasia , an Orchidic Dragon has a 75% chance of being accompanied by 2d6 enthralled people and humanoids, and a 50% chance of being served by 6d6 Lizard Man worshipers.) Bite 3d6, or Intoxicating Breath * Intoxicating Breath (3 x per day): All within a 30’ x 30’ cloud in front of the Dragon must Save versus Breath Weapon or become so overcome with the intoxicating smell that they are unable to attack, defend, or otherwise think clearly for 2d4 minutes. * Can assume the form of a Human, Elf, Cobra, Butterfly, or Orchid. * Cast Spells as a 9th Level Magic User. Treasure: Art objects, gems, crystals, and rare plants worth approximately 30,000gp, plus 1d6 Magic Items. An Orchidic Dragon in its natural form is strikingly beautiful, and emits a wonderful perfume that can be detected from 300 feet away. The scales on its serpentine body resemble the petals of a jungle orchid, darkest purple shading to almost pink at the edges. The underbelly is intense blue-green. The wings seem to flow out of the body, and are mottled purple and white. Intricate, petal-like frills frame the face. The thin, turquoise horns resemble curling tendrils, and glitter in the light. The Dragon’s eyes are emerald green. The inside of its mouth is magenta, and the creature’s bright pink tongue is long and serpent-like. A soft dorsal fin of purplish-red runs along the back, from the creature’s head, to midway along the tail. The tail itself flattens into similar purple-red fins, oriented laterally. Flower-like fins of dark purple project from the Dragon’s legs and forearms. In addition to its draconic form, the creature can appear as a Human or Elf dressed in purple, and crowned with orchids. It can also assume the shape of a cobra, or large and colorful butterfly. Orchidic Dragons are selfishly hedonistic beings, who conceive of no higher goal than their own pleasure. They will preach their philosophy of pure self-indulgence to all who will listen – and those who don’t are apt to be dosed with the creature’s Intoxicating Breath! They inhabit the colorful jungles of the Summerland, but often come to Panzoasia ins search of new experiences. There they tend to attract small cults of people (and humanoids) addicted to the effects of the Dragon’s breath. Such cultists are also magically Charmed as a safeguard to maintain their compliance. Often, Orchidic Dragons are also served by tribes of Lizard Men, who voluntarily worship the creature as a god. It is possible for the same Orchidic Dragon to both have addicted cultists, and Lizard Man worshipers, living as a joined community. Of course, Orchidic Dragons give not a single thought to questions of Good, Evil, Law, Chaos, or anything besides their own amusement. They are far too selfish to tolerate the company of any other Dragon type, and especially despise the philosophical Lotosic Dragons. In the Summerland, Orchidic Dragons store their treasure in glittering caverns, but in Panzoasia they prefer to make their lairs in abandoned jungle ruins. They love art of all kinds – especially if it depicts themselves! They have a particular fascination with sculptures carved from large gemstones. They also collect rare plants, especially those which have intoxicating qualities. Additionally, every Orchidic Dragon hoard will include at least one magic item, that the creature always carries when in human form. Fighting the Orchidic Dragon An Orchidic Dragon’s first attack is always its Intoxicating Breath, since the creature enjoys watching the effect the purple fumes have on other beings. Next, it usually attempt to magically Charm would-be combatants, so it may add them to its cult of attendants. Cultists and Lizard Man worshipers already in the Dragon’s thrall will then be sent to fight any remaining belligerents. Only if attackers make their way through its followers will the Orchidic Dragon itself physically attack – but once it does so, it luxuriates in the sight and taste of its enemies’ blood. The Dragon will eat its fill of any slain, and thereafter give the remaining meat to its surviving cult members to consume. Orchidic Dragon Cults Roll 2d6 times on the following table to find the composition of the Dragon’s cult. Note that the cult can be composed of species normally hostile to each other – a fact that the Dragon will cynically point to as evidence that it alone can bring true peace and harmony to the world! d20 This cultist is a 1 – 5 Human 6 – 9 Elf 10 Gnome 11 Dwarf 12 – 13 Halfling 14 Goblin 15 Kobold 16 Hobgoblin 17 Orc 18 Gnoll 19 Ogre 20 Troll Any Lizard Man worshipers of an Orchidic Dragon will themselves be of the brilliantly colored variety– it does not accept the service of those who are simply drab green or brown. The Summerland Dragons, Part I – Trefolic and Urtician Like all Dragons inhabiting Panzoasia and the Corners of the Earth (besides the primordial Fire-Breathing and Serpentine breeds), those of the Summerland are descended from the uplifted Dragon of the Terrestrial Paradise. In the case of the Summerland Dragons, their ancestors were female Fairies who mated with the Dragon after its expulsion from Paradise. Their offspring were permitted to dwell in the Summerland by the Lord and Lady of Life, who bore no ill-will towards the Dragon for having been the agent of the First Person’s division into the Five Peoples. The Summerland Dragon notably share characteristics with certain plants and trees. Although they are often smaller than other kinds of Dragon, they are powerfully magical beings. Each can speak, read, and write every language in existence, and every one is an accomplished spellcaster of some kind. All have several alternate forms that they can assume at will. As natives of the Summerland, they are all true Neutral in Alignment, but while some embody Nature’s harmony, others tend to evidence its darker side of violence and predation. Summerland Dragons do not pass through all the age categories of other dragons. They are effectively immortal unless killed, and each is born a fully formed adult. Like all Dragons they are sequentially hermaphroditic (passing through alternately male and female phases), but they don’t ordinarily reproduce in the expected way. If one is slain through misadventure, a plant of the appropriate type will spring up overnight on the site where the dragon died. Over the course of a week the plant will transform into a new adult Dragon of the same type. The new Dragon will not remember anything of its previous life, however. The total population of Summerland Dragon thus remains constant. Summerland Dragons who mate with other beings, however, (which they often do when in their alternate forms) can either father, or become pregnant with, half-draconic offspring (according to the Dragon’s current gender). Many of the Summerland Dragons change colors with the seasons. Notably, most of the Isles of the Summerland experience a single perpetual season (which is generally – but not always – summer), and thus the Dragons who live there remain a single hue. However, certain breeds who choose to live in Panzoasia (particularly the Quercic and Corylic Dragons) will show different colors throughout the year. The Breath Weapons of Summerland Dragons are also unique. Rather than damage their victims, each incapacitates them in some way instead. Whether an affected person should consider this a blessing, or an especially cruel curse, however, varies from breed to breed. Significantly, Summerland Dragons are immune both to each other’s Breath Weapons, and those of Panzoasian Dragons – who are in turn cannot be incapacitated by a Summerland Dragon. All Summerland Dragon know how to travel the secret Fairy Paths. They can walk, fly, or swim back to the Summerland from Panzoasia, or any Corner of the Earth (Shadowland, the Chthon, etc.), in 10 minutes. Likewise, from the Summerland they can reach any other Corner of the Earth by traveling for 10 minutes. Travel within Panozaosia (or a a Corner of the Earth) is accomplished normally – unless the Dragon chooses to travel back to the Summerland, and from there to someplace else. Like other Dragons, Summerland Dragons can consume anything organic, but can also live on dirt or mud if need be. Their connection with the world of growing things allows them to regenerate 1 hp per Round when in contact with soil or water. Trefolic Dragon Morale: Low Bite 3d4, or Indolent Breath * Indolent Breath (3 x per day): All within a 30’ x 30’ cloud in front of the Dragon must Save versus Breath Weapon or completely lose interest in attacking, defending, or pursuing any useful activity for 2d4 minutes. * Can assume the form of a Human, Elf, Bee, Rabbit, or a 10’ x 10’ Clover Patch at will. * Casts Spells as a 6th Level Cleric. Treasure: Rare minerals, nuggets of precious metal, uncut gems, crystals, wood-carvings, and finely-crafted toys worth approximately 8,000gp, plus 1d6 potions, and 1 random Magic Item. Challenge: Four 7th Level Characters In their natural forms, Trefolic Dragons are small, pot-bellied dragons about 15 feet long, with scales that are similar to leaves of green clover. The snouts of their dog-like heads are rounded, and relatively short for Dragons. Their large eyes are milky white, and there are arcs of white coloration in the webbing of their wings. Their short, bud-like horns are glittery white. In the winter, a Trefolic Dragon’s scales turn brown. These creatures are also fond of appearing as Human or Elven children, dressed in green clothes, and crowned with blooming clover. In addition, they can assume the shapes of bees, rabbits, or even clover patches! Trefolic Dragons are the most playful and good-natured of the Summerland Dragons, but greatly resent any attempt to draw them away from their frolicking. Their natural habitats are the rolling fields of the Summerland Isles, but they are known to make their way to Panzoasia from time to time, for no purpose beyond the sheer enjoyment of travel. Besides Fairy Folk, they love the company of Fool Hares, humorous Gnomes, and the various animals of the open meadow. They do not get along, however, with the Urtician Dragons of the Summerland. Trefolic Dragons are especial collectors of toys, and visitors who bring the creatures new, interesting, or especially well-crafted toys will earn their favor. They otherwise prefer natural, uncut gems and minerals, as well as rustic carvings of rare woods. They keep their treasures well-hidden in natural caves and burrows. Fighting the Trefolic Dragon Trefolic Dragons fight to kill only when attacked first. Their first defense is always to release the fumes of their Indolent Breath, a 30 foot cloud of green vapors. If all the targets become stupefied, the Trefolic Dragon will usually try to flee the scene. Those who annoy the Dragon by interrupting its playtime will be treated similarly. If cornered or otherwise forced to engage in combat, the Dragon will rely on its magic first, resorting to bite and claw attacks only as a last resort. Generally, the Trefolic Dragon avoids killing and violence whenever possible, and will ask attackers to “please stop”. However, it has no qualms about eating the bodies of those who persisted – and lost! Urtician Dragon Bite 3d4, or Agonizing Breath Attacks & Damage (back and sides): Wing slash (on right) 1d4 Wing slash (on left) 1d4 Tail Slap 1d4 (+ Save versus Dexterity, or suffer effects of Stinging Spines. See below.) * Agonizing Breath (3 x per day): All within a 30’ x 30’ cloud in front of the Dragon must Save versus Breath Weapon or experience a burning pain that fully incapacitates them for 2d4 minutes. * Stinging Spines: Unarmed attacks on the Dragon cause the attacker to Save versus Paralysis or suffer 1d4 points of temporary Dexterity damage, which heals back the next morning. * Can assume the form of a Human, Elf, Wasp, Viper, or Nettle Plant at will. * Casts Spells as a 7th Level Magic User. Treasure: Rare minerals, torture instruments, nuggets of precious metal, uncut gems, and crystals worth approximately 12,000gp, plus 1d4 potions, and 1 magical weapon. The natural form of the Urtician Dragon is slender and sharp-featured. The creature’s scales resemble the leaves of a stinging nettle, and are covered with similar spiny hairs. The creature’s eyes are red. Its horns are straight and spine-like, as are its teeth. A saw-like ridge runs down the Dragon’s back, to the tip of its spiny tail. The “fingers” of the creature’s wings end in long, sharp points, and the webbing between them is purple. In winter, the Dragon’s hide turns completely gray. The inside of its mouth is always dark purple, however, as is its tongue. Urtician Dragons are louts that see themselves as the embodiments of Nature’s callousnesss – and act appropriately. They are fond of insulting and provoking other beings, just to see what will happen. While their behavior thus tends towards malevolence, they also see their own actions in terms of a harmonious totality of being that includes the counterbalance of mercy – just, not from themselves. They have even been known to remind people being eaten alive that “its nothing personal”! When in Panzoasia, they freely associate with bandits, outlaws, assassins, and most other draconic beings. However, they despise the happy-go-lucky Trefolic Dragons from their Summerland home. Whether in the Summerland or Panzoasia, Urtician Dragons fill their lairs with traps and snares. They prefer to dwell in ruins, especially those that were destroyed by fire. They collect instruments of torture, particularly if such have been artistically wrought. Their hoards also always include at least one magical weapon – kept as a curiosity, since they prefer to attack in in their natural draconic form. Fighting the Urtician Dragon Urtician Dragons attack mercilessly, and often without provocation. They will begin combats by breathing out the green fumes of their Agonizing Breath. Next they will savage their opponents with every physical attack they have. If the fight turns against them, then they will seek to retreat and use magic spells (such as Lightning Bolt) from a distance. Picturing the Bogeymen of Panzoasia Posted by Daniel James Hanley in Art, Monsters, Panzoasia B/X, BECMI, bogeyman, Fantasy Campaign, humanoids, illustration, OGL, old school, old school renaissance, old school revival, OSR, RC Here are some illustrations of various “humanoid” species in my Panzoasia fantasy campaign. My Orcs are boar-headed, my Kobolds are Old-School dog-lizard-rat things, and my Ogres are dumb brutes with a distant kinship to Orcs. I conceive of the Goblinoids as nightmarish creatures with distinctly bat-like features. As for the Trolls, I portray them as somewhat more human-like than the standard in classic Old-School rpgs. In the Ultimate West of Panzoasia, all these beings are encompassed by the term “Bogeymen”. Travel Times for Old-School Hex-Crawling Posted by Daniel James Hanley in OGL, OSR, Panzoasia campaigning, Fantasy Campaign, hex-crawling, hexcrawl, overland, sandbox, travel rates Here’s the handy-dandy chart I’m using to calculate travel times for “province-level” hex-crawls in my Panzoasia Campaign. It’s keyed for a scale of “1 Hex = 1 League”, which I prefer because it corresponds to both the rate an unburdened person can travel in one hour, and the distance to the visible horizon on a plain. Movement rates are given for various Old-School rules variations; “Classic” (including B/X, BECMI, the RC, and their corresponding retro-clones), “Advanced” 1st Edition and 2nd Edition rules, post 3rd Edition rules, and Ghastly Affair. Time to Travel 1 League (3 Miles), by Movement Rate and Terrain Click/tap image to make larger. Unfortunately, I needed to make this a PNG because of difficulties with properly formatting the table in the blog editor. Wet, muddy, or snowy conditions shift effective movement rate one column to the right (harder). Forested Mountains, Badlands, or already Icy areas without roads will become completely impassable. Generally, a road shifts the effective movement rate 1 column to the left (easier) Travel through a Mountain Pass is at the same rate as for Open Hills. A horse can be ridden at its normal movement rate for 5 hours total, before it must rest for the remainder of the day. For each hour of forced movement past 5, the horse loses 20% of its hit points (rounded up). A horse can be ridden at a gallop (triple normal speed) for a total of 10 minutes in one day, covering a total of 1 league on a plain or road. Once 10 total minutes of galloping is reached, the horse cannot be ridden, or otherwise burdened, for at least an hour. A horse can only safely travel for a total of 4 hours in a day when it has been ridden at a gallop. The total number of hours a person can march per day without harm is equal to their Constitution score. This includes the 10-minute rests indicated in the chart above. A forced march past that point inflicts damage equal to 20% of the marcher’s hit points (rounded up) per hour. The Fool Hare and Perdurable Snail Medieval Monster, Oneiric Fantasy, Weird Fantasy Medieval scholars have long puzzled over the significance of the strange marginalia illustrations of axe-wielding rabbits and giant snails common in medieval illuminated manuscripts. The answer, of course, is that they are simply illustrations of two creatures frequently encountered in Panzoasia! Here they are, in a cross-compatible format for use with most Old-School adventure role-playing games. Note: For the “Morale” entry, the number in parenthesis is for use with the 2nd Edition Advanced rules. For the “Move” entry, the first value in the parenthesis is for use with 1st or 2nd Edition Advanced rules, and the second number for use with post 3rd Edition rules. Fool Hare Number Appearing: 1 or 2 Size: Small (3’ high) Alignment: Summer and Winter: Neutral, Autumn: Lawful (good), Spring: Chaotic Morale: Summer and Winter: 3 (or 4), Autumn: 9 (or 12), Spring: 11 (or 17) Intelligence: 6 Move: Walking: 90′ (or 9”, or 20 ft.), Hopping: 180’ (or 18”, or 40 ft) Armor Class: 6 (or 13) 1 punch (1d3) or weapon (by weapon type), 1 bite (1d2) * Natural Camouflage: 60% undetectable in natural environments. * Always Surprises if undetected. * Leap: 20’ horizontally, or 15’ vertically. * Mad Gaze: Anyone meeting the gaze of a Fool Hare in Spring must Save versus Wands, or temporarily have their Wisdom reduced by 1d6 points for the remainder of the day. Victims cannot be affected again for the remainder of the day. Saves: As Thief 1 Challenge: Four 1st Level Characters Fool Hares are 3-foot tall, bipedal leporids that live throughout the temperate lands of Panzoasia. They are sentient, albeit dim-witted by human standards. They are incapable of actually speaking, but can comprehend the basic vocabulary of whatever intelligent creatures they live near. They can dwell in any environment that supports ordinary hares. Fool Hares usually make nests of leaves or grass on the ground in overgrown fields, but prefer an abandoned shack or shed when they can find one. They are adept are hiding in natural environments, being visually undetectable 60% of the time. An undetected Fool Hare always acts with surprise – although they will only attack during their springtime madness. Fool Hares are best known for their changeable dispositions and colors, both of which vary by the season. In Summer, the Fool Hare is Neutral in Alignment, brown in color, and avoids contact with people. In Autumn, however, the creature’s pelt turns Gray, and they become Lawful. At this time the Fool hare is sociable and friendly, and those who live near human farmers may even try to make themselves useful! Of course, since the creatures are infamously hare-brained, their attempts to be helpful are often quite comical. In Winter the Fool Hare turns white, and once again avoids people. In Spring, however, the Fool Hare turns Chaotic, which is reflecting in its variegated white, gray, and brown fur. At that time the creature is actually feared, because it becomes quite erratic, and often aggressive. Fool Hares afflicted by their springtime madness have been known to steal weapons and attack travelers, or commit acts of random vandalism. Some are even seen riding Perdurable Snails! In the Spring, Fool Hares become potentially dangerous in another way – those who meet their Mad Gaze are known to lose all self-control for the remainder of the day, represented by the temporary loss of 1d6 points of Wisdom (to a minimum score of 3). Luckily, a person can only fall victim once per day. Affected people might confess repressed affections, reveal secrets, compulsively steal small items, or even start fights over trifles. Panzoasians embarrassed by their own impetuous springtime behavior will often say they “met a Fool Hare”. Importantly, Fool Hares are not immune to their own Mad Gaze – a fact that probably accounts for much of the strange behavior they exhibit during the Spring. Because they are intelligent (however dimly), wantonly kill Fool Hares is generally considered immoral, and actually eating them is completely verboten. The evil Humanoids have no such compunctions, of course, and Bugbears and Ogres are particularly fond of roast (or raw) Fool Hare. It is also not unknown for unscrupulous furriers to trade in Fool Hare pelts, which can be nearly impossible to tell from those of ordinary hares, once sewn into a garment. Note that certain Fairies (particularly the mischievous Pucas) are known to assume the form of Fool Hares, which also contributes to most people’s reluctance to harm them. Most Fool Hares nonetheless come to bad ends at the hands of their numerous predators. Those that don’t, can live up to 12 years. Perdurable Snail Number Appearing: 1 (10% chance for a protective companion under the influence of the snail’s Dart venom. Roll on the Wandering Monster table, ignoring creatures with HD greater than 6). Size: Small (1 – 3 HD), Medium (4 – 6 HD), or Large (7 – 9 HD) Morale: 11 (or 17) Move: Slithering: 30′ (or 3”, or 10 ft.) Armor Class: Body: 9 (or 10); Shell: 3 (or 16) (50% chance an attacker is faced with either per Round) Hit Dice: 1 – 9 Attacks & Damage: 1 rasping “tongue”, by creature Size: Small: (1d4) Medium: (1d6) Large: (1d8) + possible Dart * Shoot Dart: The Snail makes a normal to hit, as an melee attack. Dart inflicts 1d4 points of damage. Victim must Save versus Poison, or be compelled to defend and care for the snail for the remainder of the day. Usable once per day. * Immune to Disease. * Burned by Salt: 1d6 points of damage per pint. Saves: As Fighter 1 -10 (as per Hit Dice) Challenge: Four Characters of the Same Level as the Snail’s Hit Dice. Perdurable Snails are dangerous creatures found throughout Panzoasia, only not eradicated because their bodies are valuable resources – and the horrible things will not breed in captivity. They can be found in the same environment inhabited by other land snails, and hibernate in their shells during the winter. In form they exactly resemble enormous garden snails, except their slimy bodies are usually shades of blue and purple. Like other snails, they leave a glistening track of slime wherever they go. Perdurable Snails are worrisome for two main reasons. For one, they are aggressive omnivores that are known to attack sleeping or restrained livestock. Secondly, they are effectively immortal, unless killed by violence, poison, or salt. A juvenile Perdurable Snail has a body almost 3 feet in length, and is about 20 inches high. They add a foot of length (and a Hit Die) each year, eventually growing up to 12 feet long, and 7 feet high at the top of their spiral shells. Luckily, they are not fast animals, and it is possible to keep most of them from reaching such a frightening size. Those unlucky enough to come into contact with a Perduable Snail with be attacked by the rasping, tongue-like radula that shoots out of its mouth. Furthermore, the Perdurable Snail can shoot a dart into the body of anyone within melee range. The dart is coated with a psychoactive venom that causes victims to regard the Snail with affection – breaking off any attacks, and even going so far as to bring the monster food! For its part, the Snail will not attack a creature under the influence of its Dart venom, and will allow the envenomed creature to accompany it, until the effect wears off. Luckily, the creature can only carry one dart at a time, and it takes a whole day for it to form another. The effect of the venom is automatically broken once the Snail dies. The flesh of a Perdurable Snail is delicious when properly prepared – and the larger the snail, the better the taste. It is particularly valued as a delicacy in Corthis, Ydez, Agidea, and Xidu. The creature’s slime is a reagent for Potions of Elasticity, Fortitude, Growth, Healing, and Longevity. The liquid from its dart is harvested, and often put into the cup of wine shared by newly married couples. Finally, the whorled shells of Perdurable Snails can be cut into highly decorative (but quite functional) shields (which are particularly favored in the Ultimate South of Panzoasia). The soft body of a Perdurable Snail is worth 75gp per HD (but only a quarter of that if the slime has been ruined by salting). The shell is worth another 50gp per HD. Chimeric Snails: The magical nature of Perdurable Snails causes 1 in 10 to be Chimeric. A Chimeric Snail has the same abilities as any other of their species, but their head exactly resembles that of some other creature. Commonly seen variations includes snails with the heads of horses, bulls, dogs, goats, and snakes – or even dragons, and people! Note that a Chimeric Snail attacks with a bite, rather than the rasping tongue of a “normal” Perdurable Snail, but the damage inflicted is the same. The Creation of the Worlds Beyond Panzoasia, Told Five Different Ways Cosmology, Fantasy Campaign, Fantasy Universe, Game Fiction, Mythic Fantasy, Mythology, old school, Oneiric Fantasy, OSR, role-playing game, roleplaying game, rpg There are five Bibles in Panzoasia: The Gospels of Light, the Aphorisms of Chance, the Classic of Destiny, the Book of Darkness, and the Epic of All Life. Each one gives a different version of the creation of the Supernal, Infernal, and Sublunary worlds – from the Good, Chaotic, Lawful, Evil, and Neutral perspectives receptively. Although all accounts broadly agree on the order of events, each disagrees with the others on the exact details. Which story is correct? Perhaps all of them, and none of them. Some sages speculate that the Divine Powers do not exist in a single timeline of past, present, and future, like mortal beings. Instead, they have minds that embrace several alternate pasts and futures simultaneously. Therefore, the ongoing conflict between Alignments is actually the struggle to make one of the stories the “true” one among the mortals of the Sublunary World. The war is not just for control of Space, but also Time and History. The essential points of the Panzoasian creation story are these: In the beginning there was an Ultimate God, who became divided into separate Divine Powers. In the Emptiness that was once filled by the body of the Ultimate God, the Divine Powers created the worlds, and Spirits to inhabit them. A Terrestrial Paradise was made on Earth, containing every kind of plant and animal. The Divine Powers created a First Person, who was double-gendered like the Ultimate God. The Dragon was uplifted from among the beasts, in order to be the guardian and instructor of the First Person. The First Person was split into the male and female ancestors of the Five Peoples, by means of a magical fruit offered by the Dragon. There was a war in the Supernal Worlds. Spirits took inhabitants of the Terrestrial Paradise as mates, and bred monstrous children who were then cast out. The remaining Five Peoples of the Terrestrial Paradise created something in the middle of it which could be used as a conduit to all the worlds. The Five Peoples had to leave the Terrestrial Paradise, and come to Panzoasia. (The story is, of course, a twist on the more-or-less familiar one from the Book of Genesis.) What follows is how each Bible of Panzoasia interprets that story, point-by-point. The Creation of the Worlds and Five Peoples, According to THE GOSPELS OF LIGHT: The Ultimate God contracted into the Empyrean, and emanated Our Lord of Light. He made four other Powers: the Lord of Darkness, the Lady of Chance, the Lord of Destiny, and the Lady of Life. The Lord of Light did this because he wished to eventually create Worlds to which he could be benevolent. Our Lord of Light alone created Supernal, Infernal, and Sublunary Worlds. Originally, all the spirits were Angels of Heaven. Because he was the original leader of all the Powers and Angels, the Lord of Light is also called the Lord of Hosts. The other Powers (who at that point were simply the mightiest of the Angels) were directed to administer the physical elements, planets, stars, plants, and animals, under the direction of the Lord of Light. Our Lord Light directed the Lady of Life to plant the Terrestrial Paradise. Our Lord of Light created the First Person, male and female, in the image of the Ultimate God. The Lord of Darkness suggested that the Dragon be uplifted and made into the First Person’s instructor, because he secretly wanted to corrupt the beast into his service. The Lord of Darkness told the Dragon to give the First Person the Apple of Malice, eating which caused the Person to fall asleep, and wake up as ten People. As punishment, the Dragon and its descendants were cast out from the Terrestrial Paradise by the Lord of Light. Out of pride, the Lord of Darkness started a rebellion to seize control of Heaven. The Lady of Chance took the opportunity to desert, and seized control of the Whirl of Limbo. Those Angels that followed her became the Daimons. The Lord of Destiny seized control of the Celestial Spheres, and his followers became the Archons. The Lady of Life refused to take any side, and fled to the Corner of the Sublunary World she called the Summerland. The Angels that followed her became the Fairies. Finally, the Lord of Darkness was defeated. His exiled army of fallen Angels seized control of a portion of Limbo that they called Hell, and became the Devils. Our Lord of Light found a sinless virgin, who was the most virtuous of People, and crowned her as Queen of Heaven and the Angels. The Lady of Chance took the first lawbreaker as her husband, and made him King of Limbo and the Daimons. The Lord of Destiny took the first Astrologer as his wife, and crowned her as Queen of the Celestial Spheres and Archons. The Lady of Life found the man who best understood the plants and animals of Nature, took him as her husband, and crowned him the horned King of the Summerland and Fairies. The Lord of Darkness found the first sorceress and poisoner, the most wicked of all People, and made her Queen of Hell and the Devils. Before she descended into Hell, the Lady of Darkness gave birth to the Demons and Monsters that were eventually expelled from the Terrestrial Paradise by Angels. The Lord and Lady of Darkness tricked the People of the Terrestrial Paradise into building the Tower of Perplexity, tall and deep enough to link Heaven and Hell. Our Lord of Light ruled that the People must leave the Terrestrial Paradise, because they had creating a means by which the forces of Darkness could invade the refuge of Light. Angelic warriors were sent to protect the Terrestrial Paradise and Tower of Perplexity, and The Five Peoples were shepherded by their Guardian Angels to the Ends of the Earth. The Creation of the Worlds and Five Peoples, According to THE APHORISMS OF CHANCE: The Ultimate God was bored, so it became the Twins of Chaos – both of whom are simultaneously Lord and Lady of Chance. They gave birth to the Lords and Ladies of Light, Darkness, Destiny, and Life. Among them, the Lord and Lady of Destiny were definitely the dullest and least talented. To avoid further boredom, Our Lord and Lady of Chance told each of their children that they were they first and best, which caused entertaining discord. The Twins of Chaos found it particularly enjoyable to see the idiotic Lord and Lady of Destiny proclaiming their own importance and power. What remained of the Ultimate God became the Empyrean. The Twins of Chaos reserved a portion of Emptiness for themselves, and let their children play in the remainder. Soon the lesser Powers of Light, Darkness, Destiny and Life had created Heaven, Hell, the Celestial Spheres, and the Sublunary World. The Twins of Chaos then decided that it would be fun to make Daimons who would help them spread mischief, catastrophe, and strife. As a joke, the Twins of Chaos told each of their children that their World was the best one – better even than the Whirl of Limbo their parents had created! The Lord and Lady of Life proposed to their siblings that they should all cooperate to create the Terrestrial Paradise, in order to impress their parents, the Twins of Chaos. The Divine Powers all tried and failed to create a First Person in the image of the Ultimate God. Finally, the Person was secretly created by Chance. The Twins of Chaos decided to tell the Lord and Lady of Light that they were the ones who had actually succeeded. The Twins also did the same with all their other children. Our Lord and Lady of Chance greatly enjoyed the squabbling that resulted. The Lord and Lady of Darkness persuaded the other Powers to uplift the Dragon, because they wanted it to become their servant, who would convince the First Person to be their ally in Evil. The Twins of Chaos thought that Darkness’ plan was boring, so Our Lady secretly gave the Dragon the Apple of Discord, and told it to give to the First Person. After eating the Apple, the First Person split into a Human male and female. Darkness’ scheme was ruined, the Dragon was blamed for it all, and Our Lord and Lady of Chance had a great laugh! After much goading and intrigue, Our Lord and Lady of Chance succeeded in their plan to provoke War throughout the spiritual Worlds. They did this in the hope that something truly surprising would occur. It did, when the combined armies of of Darkness and Destiny decided to attack the Whirl of Limbo simultaneously. Daimonic freedom fighters succeeded in expelling the Archons (whose strategies were completely predictable), but the forces of Darkness occupy their stolen lands (called Hell) to this day. Those former Daimons who were trapped in Hell are now called Demons, and exist only to destroy. Even through Our Lord and Lady essentially lost the War, they do not regret how interesting it was. Some Daimons went to the Terrestrial Paradise, took mates, and bred offspring who were the most strange and wonderful Monsters. Refugee Angels took mortal spouses, and bred the Giants. Some Fallen Angels of Darkness took mortal spouses, and bred the various humanoid Monsters. The Fairy Folk took mortal spouses, and their children became the Elves, Dwarves, Halflings, and Gnomes. To the dismay of the Lord and Lady of Chance, the People of the Terrestrial Paradise cast out all the most interesting children, except for the Elves, Dwarves, Halflings, and Gnomes. Our Lord and Lady of Chance inspired the remaining Five Peoples to build the Tower of Perplexity that would link all the Worlds together. For some reason, this angered the unimaginative Lord and Lady of Destiny, who hurled lightning bolts at the Tower and Terrestrial Paradise. The Five Peoples fled the Terrestrial Paradise, and were led by the Daimons to the more interesting, Monster-filled Ends of the Earth. The Creation of the Worlds and Five Peoples, According to THE CLASSIC OF DESTINY: The Ultimate God retracted its being into the Empyrean, in order to begin the process of ordering the Cosmos. The mind of the Ultimate God then resolved itself into Our Lord of Destiny, also known as The Demiurge. Our Lord separated the female from the male within himself, and made Our Lady of Destiny. Together they create the Powers of Light and Darkness. To balance the Light and Dark, Our Lord and Lady created the Powers of Life. In the Emptiness where the Ultimate God once was, the Lord and Lady of Chance (also known as the Abominations of Chaos) coalesced from the leftover detritus of Creation. Our Lord and Lady of Destiny turned to the Emptiness, and began ordering the spaces within it. First, they made the Perfection of the Celestial Spheres as a home for themselves, and created the Archons. From the beginning, Our Lord and Lady had the plan to eventually create the Five Peoples, so they made Heaven as a reward for the lawful, and set the Powers of Light to be its King and Queen. They made Hell as a punishment for the lawless, and set the Powers of Darkness to be its King and Queen. They made the Sublunary World to be home of living bodies, and commanded the Powers of Life to fill it with plants and animals, following the dictates of Natural Law. The Powers of Light, Darkness, and Life were also given Archons as servants. While Our Lord and Lady were busy ordering the Cosmos, however, the Abominations of Chaos invaded Hell, and corrupted a portion of it into the Whirl of Limbo. They infested Limbo with their spawn, which they called Daimons. Our Lord and Lady of Destiny created the Terrestrial Paradise to be the perfect garden where every plant and animal existed in its proper relationship to each other. It was guarded by Archons with flaming swords, to protect it from the Powers of Chance. The First Person was created and placed in the Terrestrial Paradise by Our Lord and Lady of Destiny. The First Person was made double-gendered to reflect the Ultimate God, but Our Lord and Lady always planned the eventually division into male and female. Our Lord and Lady of Destiny were alone responsible for uplifting the Dragon, and charging it to be the instructor and guardian of the First Person. The Dragon was told to prevent the First Person from eating the Apple of Division, before the proper time had come. One day the Powers of Chance lured the Dragon out of the Terrestrial Paradise. They convinced it to fly back, and give the Apple of Division to the First Person. The Dragon did so, and after eating the fruit, the First Person was split into ten People. The separation of the First Person into many People thus occurred long before its destined time. The Abominations of Chaos fomented rebellion against Our Lord and Lady of Destiny. The Lord and Lady of Light seized Heaven, and their Archons became Angels. The Lord and Lady of Darkness seized Hell, and their Achons became Devils. The Powers of Life entrenched themselves in the Corner of the Sublunary World they called the Summerland, and their Archons became the Fairies. Towards the end of the war the Daimons of Limbo invaded Hell, and when their armies were repulsed, many were left behind in the retreat. Those Daimons became the Demons of destruction. Many of the rebel Archons deserted their armies and took mortal mates. They bred the various Monsters which were had to be cast out from the Terrestrial paradise by Our Lord and Lady of Destiny. The Abominations of Chaos inspired the Five Peoples to build the Tower of Perplexity, in the vain hope that People would be able to raid the records of the Celestial Bureaucracy, and write their own fates. As punishment for their lawlessness, the Five Peoples were cast out of the Terrestrial Paradise and into the Ends of the Earth, now infested with Monsters. The Creation of the Worlds and Five Peoples, According to THE BOOK OF DARKNESS: The Ultimate God spat out the Lord of Light, as one spits out a bit of phlegm. Then, Our Lord of Darkness was drawn forth from the Body of the Ultimate God by the self-important Lord of Light. The Lord of Light did this so Our Lord would carry him, and make himself even brighter by contrast. It is for this reason that Our Lord is also called “Light-Bearer”. The Lord of Light then insisted he wanted to create Worlds upon which he could shine, in order to glorify himself. Our Lord pointed out to the Lord of Light that if they must create Worlds, they would need other Powers. Therefore they cut the Lord of Destiny, the Lady of Chance, and the Lady of Life from the body of the Ultimate God. Our Lord, however, did most of the actual work. Our Lord of Darkness and the Lord of Light collaborated to made Heaven and the Angels, but once again, Our Lord did the bulk of the labor. The Lord of Light then told Our Lord to oversee the other Powers as they made the Celestial Spheres, Whirl of Limbo, and the Sublunary World. Finally, Our Lord made himself a beautiful palace in Hell, far more lovely than anything in Heaven. Naturally, the Lord of Light was envious of Our Lord’s strength and talent. The Lord of Light decided to claim a portion of the Earth the Lady of Life had made, filled it with examples of all the plants and animals she had created, and displayed it to the other Powers as an example of his own ingenuity and magnificence. The Lord of Light compounded a poor imitation of the Ultimate God out of animal parts, dung, and earth, and called it the First Person He then gathered together all the Powers and Angels, and made them fall down in front of his flawed creation, in order to humiliate them. Our Lord of Darkness, however, refused to bow down to the obviously imperfect First Person, which greatly angered the egotistical Lord of Light. The Lord of Light wanted the First Person to be his exclusive slave. To that end, he decided to uplift the Dragon, and make it powerful enough prevent the the other Powers from educating the First Person about the Lord of Light’s true nature. Our Lord of Darkness was outraged at the way the Powers had been disregarded and humiliated, so he told the truth about things to the Dragon, and showed him why he shouldn’t blindly obey the Lord of Light’s orders. The Dragon agreed. Our Lord gave the Apple of Knowledge to the Dragon, for the First Person to eat. When the First Person consumed the magical fruit, it realized it was simply a bundle of dirt, dung, and meat, and broke itself into ten different People. The angry Lord of Light then sent Angels to exile the Dragon from the Terrestrial Paradise, and chop it up into many different, lesser Dragons. The Lord of Light flew into a rage, and demanded that every Angel and Power swear a oath to obey him without question. Finally, our Lord of Darkness, allied with the Lord of Destiny and the Lady of Chance, led a Rebellion. The cowardly Lady of Life, however, refused to take sides, and fled to the Sublunary World. Her Angels became the Fairies. The Lord of Destiny and Lady of Chance proved to be unreliable allies, since they were as interested in defeating each other as much as fighting the Lord of Light. The Lord of Destiny retreated to the Celestial Spheres, and his Angels became the Archons. The Lady of Chance retreated to the Whirl of Limbo, and her Angels became the Daimons. Betrayed by his allies, Our Lord and his Devils were defeated and forced back to Hell, whose beauty was vandalized and ruined by the victorious Angels. Dissatisfied with the craven capitulation of Chance to Heaven, and vowing to destroy all the works of the tyrannical Lord of Light, many Daimons fled Limbo and settled in Hell as Demons. While visiting Earth to find and punish those Devils who had deserted in the battle for Heaven, Our Lord of Darkness found the wisest of all women, took her as his Queen, and made her Our Lady. Before returning to Hell, they had children who were the ancestors of the humanoid nations now unfairly despised by the Five Peoples. Also on the Earth were Angels who had been abandoned by their armies. They took mortals as spouses, and bred the Giants. The Lord of Destiny made the first Astrologer his Lady of Destiny, and took her up to the Celestial Spheres. The Lady of Chance similarly made the first bandit her Lord, and brought him to Limbo. Those Daimons who had fled to the Earth during the War in Heaven bred monstrous children from various animals, before they too returned to Limbo. The Lady of Life found the man who was most knowledgeable in the lore of Nature, and made him the Lord of Life. When the Lord of Light saw the Humanoids, Giants, and other Monsters, he sent Angels to chase them (and all the spirits) from the Terrestrial Paradise. As a final attempt to free the Five Peoples who remained in the Terrestrial Paradise, Our Lord and Lady of Darkness inspired them to build the Tower of Perplexity, which would link the worlds and enable them to travel as they willed. When the Lord of Light realized what was occurring, he sent Angels blast the Tower and kill the workmen. The Lord of Light expelled the Five Peoples from the Terrestrial Paradise, and sent them to to live in the Ends of the Earth. – where he had already exiled the Monsters. The People acquiesced to this demand, and so Our Lord and Lady of Darkness came to finally realize that the mass of them were worthless and weak, with only a few exceptions who were fit to be co-inheritors of the Worlds. The Creation of the Worlds and Five Peoples, According to THE EPIC OF ALL LIFE: The Ultimate God was alone, and so sought to no longer be lonely. First the the God concentrated into the Empyrean, and separated itself into the opposites of Chaos and Law, Good, and Evil. Then those powers separated themselves into the Lords and Ladies of Chance, Destiny, Light, and Darkness. After the other Powers had left it, the remaining Power of the Ultimate God separated into Our Lord and Lady of Life. Where the Ultimate God once was, there was an Emptiness, in which the Lords and Ladies made spaces for themselves. The Lord and Lady of Chance made Limbo, and there created raging Fire, howling Air, rushing Water, and the Daimons. The Lord and Lady of Light made Heaven, and there created Day and the Angels. The Lord and Lady of Darkness made Hell, and there created Night and the Devils. The Lord and Lady of Destiny made the Celestial Spheres, and there created the Planets, Stars, and Archons. Our Lord and Lady of Life made the Sublunary World, and created all of Nature, as well as the Fairies to enjoy it. Originally, every kind of spirit could come and go freely in every World. The Ten Divine powers looked upon the worlds they had made, and agreed to make a center to decorate Creation. They planted a Garden in the Earth, and called it the Terrestrial Paradise. They gathered into it every variety of living thing that Our Lord and Lady of Life had made. The Divine Powers agreed to make a Person in the image of the Ultimate God they had once been. The Ladies of Chance, Destiny, Light, Darkness, and Life all gave birth to the First Person simultaneously – all five were the Mother. Like the Ultimate God had been, the First Person was both male and female. Each of the Divine Powers sent their spirits to speak to the First Person, who in turn taught the superiority of Chaos, Law, Goodness, and Evil. The Person became confused, not knowing what to believe. The Lord and Lady of Life then proposed to the other Divine Powers that the Person should have only one educator, who would teach a balanced doctrine. Since it was already the most wise and powerful beast in Paradise, the Divine Powers selected the serpent called Dragon to be the Instructor of the First Person. Each pair of Divine Powers gifted the Dragon with extraordinary abilities. The Lord and Lady of Darkness became suspicious that the Lord and Lady of Light were planning on turning both the First Person and Dragon against them. They spoke to the Dragon, and said that because it was obviously wiser and more powerful than the First Person, it should be the Ruler and Possessor of the Terrestrial Paradise. The Lady of Darkness then gave the Dragon an Apple of Malice that would cause the First Person to become many People, divided against each other. So divided, they would no longer be a threat. The Dragon then gave the trusting First Person the Apple. After falling asleep, the First Person woke up as ten people! In the forest of the Terrestrial Paradise a male and female Elf awakened. In a cave of the mountains there was now a male and female Dwarf. In a planted field awakened a male and female Halfling. In the rolling hills was a male and female Gnome. And in the bed where the First Person had first fallen asleep, a male and female Human opened their eyes. The Lord and Lady of Light demanded that Lord and Lady of Darkness explain what they had done. Instead, the Lord and Lady of Darkness immediately attacked Heaven with their army of Devils. The Powers of Chance and Destiny then accused the other of harboring secret plots, and began fighting. Our Lord and Lady of Life tried as best they could to stop the war, but the other Powers wouldn’t listen. The War devastated the spiritual worlds, and in the end resulted only in every Power retreating to their own World. However, during the fighting many spirits deserted their armies, and came to Earth. There they took mortal mates, and had monstrous children. The Angels and their spouses gave rise to the Giants. The Devils and their spouses created the various humanoids – Orcs, Goblins, Kobolds, etc. The Daimons took both people and animals as their mates, and thereby created many strange and bestial Monsters. The Lord and Lady of Destiny, incensed that there were now Monsters who not part of their original plan of Fate, sent armies of Archons to drive the creatures out of the Terrestrial Paradise. More People were accidentally killed as a result of the Archons’ battles, than from the attacks of the Monsters. As a last effort towards restoring harmony, Our Lord and Lady of Life gave the People the seed of the World Tree. The tree grew so large that its roots extended to Limbo and Hell, its trunk twisted through all the Ends and Corners of the Earth, and its branches lay in the Celestial Spheres and Heaven. But the Angels, Devils, Archons, and Daimons turned the World Tree into just a convenient means to raid each others’ worlds. Because it was no longer safe for them there, Our Lord and Lady of Life showed the Five Peoples the way out of the Terrestrial Paradise, and into the Ends of the Earth.. Note: The Epic of All Life doesn’t actually account for how the blindly destructive Demons of evil Chaos came to exist, other than insinuating that they a disease afflicting Reality. A Brief Overview of the Worlds Beyond of Panzoasia The three Supernal Worlds are conceptually “above” the Sublunary World They consist of: The Empyrean, a boundless expanse of pure light and flame generally considered to be the last echo of the Ultimate God. Heaven, where the Blessed Souls of the Good reside. There are Seven Gardens of Heaven tended by the Angels. The Celestial Spheres, where the Justified Souls of the Lawful reside. There are Eight Celestial Spheres administered by the Archons. The Supernal Worlds are accessible through the starry gulfs of the Astral Plane, in which float countless small Dream Worlds. The Sublunary World lies at the conceptually “center” of the Cosmos, “under” the Lunar Celestial Sphere. It consists of our Earth and material Universe, but with additional hidden dimensions called the Four Ends and Eight Corners. The Four Ends of the Earth are actually another way of referring to the Ultimate West, East, North, and South of Panzoasia. The Eight Corners of the Earth are: The Vault of Air, including the cloud Kingdom of the Sylphs (and other Air Elementals). The Underworld, or Chthon, including the subterranean Commonwealth of the Saganic Gnomes (and other Earth Elementals). The Eternal Sea, including the underwater Commonwealth of the Undines (and other Water Elementals). Fiery Purgatory, including the volcanic Kingdom of the Salamanders (and other Fire Elementals). Purgatory is also the point in the Sublunary World where the Supernal and Infernal Worlds meet, and so functions as both a way station, and place of purification, for souls and spirits on their way to other places. The Pillars of the Earth, a chain of mountains so vast they pierce the sky. Shadowland, including the gloomy cities of the Shadow People. The Antipodes, inhabited by the upside-down Antipodeans who express sorrow with laughter, and happiness with tears. The Summerland, a beautiful Otherworld of isles inhabited by both the Fairy Folk, and the souls of the Honored Ancestors who embraced harmonious Neutrality. The misty Ethereal Plane is coterminous with the Sublunary World. Becoming Ethereal enables rapid travel between the Ends and Corners of the Earth. The three Infernal Worlds are conceptually “below” the Sublunary World. They consist of: Limbo, where the Lost Souls of the Chaotic reside. Limbo has an infinite number of Dwellings inhabited by the Daimons. Hell, where the Damned Souls of the Evil reside. There are Seven Pits of Hell which imprison the Devils. The Emptiness, an endless void once filled by the body of the Ultimate God. It is inhabited now only by incomprehensible things long exiled from the Cosmos, and expunged by the records of history. Like the Supernal Worlds, the Infernal Worlds are accessible through the Astral Plane. (The few of you who are long term readers of this blog may recognize material adapted and altered from the “Fantasy Cosmology” series I did a few years back, as well as the “Spirits of Heaven and Hell” ebook available in the Downloads section). Hex Maps of the Ultimate West, at Three Different Scales Posted by Daniel James Hanley in Maps, OGL, OSR, Panzoasia beginner's advice, Campaign Setting, fantasy, Game Master, Mapping Here are three hex maps from my current “Panzoasia” campaign world for Old-School adventure role-playing. I’m sharing them as examples for newer DMs and GMs, who may be curious about how to properly create and scale such maps. I created these maps from scratch using InkScape, but there are many useful hex mapping programs that can potentially make the job a lot easier for you. The first map is the “Ultimate West” region of Panzoasia, broken down into 432-mile hexes. The positioning of the green hexes might seem off, but it is a deliberate attempt to make each one enclose as as rich an area for adventuring as possible. This next map shows Hex # 9 from the 432-mile scale map above, broken down into 36-mile hexes. Remember, the scale is the distance between the centers of two adjacent hexes. This last map shows Hex #97 from the 36-mile scale map above, broken down into 3-mile hexes. This is the area around the town of Osterm, and where the PCs from my new Campaign have begun their adventures. Notice that while the terrain type shown in the 36-mile hex is predominant among the 3-mile hexes, there are actually several other environments also present. I chose a 3-mile scale for the hexes (rather than the the more common 6-mile one) because three miles (or, one league) represents the distance a healthy person can travel over level ground on foot in one hour. Also, three miles is the approximate distance to the horizon for a person of average height standing on a plain. This means that travelers in the center of a 3-mile hex can usually see to at least the center of every surrounding hex, provided the view is not obscured – by trees, for instance. You will notice that I have not named every village directly on this map, but simply keyed them with a single or double-letter code – for example, (A), or (AA). That’s because even in a sparsely-populated frontier land such as this there are so many small farming villages that indicating all their names would create an illegibly busy effect. Note: I’m currently using the 1991 D&D Rules Cyclopedia as my core rules set for adventures in the “Ultimate West” of Panzoasia, but the setting is meant to be compatible with the broad range of Old-School retro-clones, and related OSR games.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409126
__label__wiki	0.598321	0.598321	Petition from the French Inhabitants to the King on the Subject of the Administration of Justice French Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec Translated in 2007 by Mathieu Gauthier-Pilote from "Pétition des habitants français au roi au sujet de l'administration de la justice", found in Documents relating to the constitutional history of Canada, 1759-1791, Part I, pages 223-226. An alternative translation, maybe better than this one, is given on pages 227-229. To the King The true glory of a conquering king is to grant the vanquished the same happiness and the same peace in their religion and in the possession of their properties, which they enjoyed before their defeat: we have enjoyed this peace even during the war, it has increased since the arrival of the peace. And here is how it was granted to us. Attached to our religion, we have sworn at the foot of the sanctuary an inviolable fidelity to Your Majesty, we have never deviated from it, and again we swear to never deviate from it, were we to become thereafter as unhappy as we had been happy in the past; but how could we not be happy, after the testimonies of paternal kindness which Your Majesty has ensured us, that we would never be disturbed in the exercise of our religion. It appeared to us by the way in which justice had been rendered to us up until now, that the intention of Your Majesty was, for the customs of our fathers to be followed, as it was before the Conquest of Canada, and that they be followed in the future, inasmuch as it be not contrary to the laws of England and the common good. Mr Murray, appointed Governor of the Province of Quebec to the satisfaction of all inhabitants, had rendered up until now at the head of a military council all the justice we could have expected from the most enlightened law people; things could not have been different; disinterestedness and equity were at the basis of their rulings. During four years we have enjoyed the greatest tranquillity; What upheaval comes to take it away from us? on behalf of four or five law people, whose character we respect, but who do not hear our language, and who would like that as soon as they have spoken, that we understand the constitutions that they have not yet explained us and to which we will always be ready to submit, when they are known to us; but how to know them, if they are not explained to us in our language? From there, we witnessed with sadness our compatriots being imprisoned without being heard, and this, with considerable and ruinous expenses both for the debtor and the creditor; we saw all family matters, which were previously decided upon at little cost, decided by people who want to allot all cases to themselves, and who know neither our language nor our customs and with whom we can only speak to with Guineas in our hands. We hope to prove Your Majesty with the most perfect submission what we have the honour of advancing. Our Governor at the head of his council handed down an ordinance for the establishment of justice, by which we saw with pleasure, that to support us in deciding on our affairs of family and others, a lower justice would be established, where all the French to French cases would be decided; We saw that by another ordinance, to avoid lawsuits, the said cases would be decided without appeal, unless they were to be worth three hundred pounds. Equal to the satisfaction felt at the sight of these wise decisions was the sorrow we felt at the sight of fifteen English jurors against seven jurors who are new subjects making the latter sign objections against these same rules in a language they did not hear; which can be proven by the protests and the signatures that they had given the day before for a petition which was strongly urging the Governor and council a meeting with their judge, given that their affairs suffered from it. We saw with great bitterness in our hearts, that after all the evidence of Your Majesty's paternal tenderness for His newly sworn subjects, these same fifteen jurors supported by legal professionals proscribing us as incapable of holding any public function in our fatherland because of a difference of religion; since even surgeons and apothecaries (free functions in any country) are to be counted in. Who are those who want to have us proscribed? Approximately thirty English merchants, fifteen of which at most are domiciled [in the province]. Who are the proscribed? Ten thousand household leaders, who breathe only for submission to the orders of Your Majesty, or those who represent Him, who do not know this alleged freedom that one wants to inspire, to oppose all the rules, which can be advantageous for them, and who have enough intelligence to know that private interests motivate them [the merchants] more than the public good. Indeed, what would become of the general good of the colony, if those who make up the principal body of it, became but useless members by the difference of religion? What would become of justice if those who do not hear our language, nor our customs, became judges through the ministry of interpreters? What confusion? What mercenary expenses wouldn't result from it? from subjects protected by Your Majesty, we will become true slaves; a group of twenty people whom we do not hear, will become the Masters of our properties and our interests, and no longer will we enjoy the resource of these people of probity, to whom we had recourse for the arrangement of our family affairs, and whom by giving up on us, would force us to prefer the most ungrateful soil to this fertile one that we own. It is not that we are not ready to subject ourselves with the most respectful obedience to all rules that will be made for the good and the advantage of the colony; but the favour that we ask, is that we be able to hear them: our governor and his council made us aware of those that were adopted, they are for the good of the colony, we have testified our gratitude for it; and one makes those who represent us sign that what we found to be good was evil! To not abuse the precious time of Your Majesty, we finish by ensuring Him, that without having the experience of English constitutions, we have for four years tasted a gentle government, we would still taste it, if Messrs the English legal professionals had as much respect for the wise decisions of the governor and his council, as we do; if by new constitutions, that they want to introduce to render us their slaves, they did not seek to immediately change the order of justice and its administration, if they did not want to have us discuss our family rights in foreign languages, and by that, deprive us of the people enlightened in our customs, those who can hear us, accommodate us and render justice for cheap, by making efforts to prevent them from even advising their patriots because of a difference in religion, something which we can only see as the personal and sordid interest of those who suggested such principles. We beg His Majesty with the most sincere and the most respectful submission to confirm the justice, which was established during the deliberation of the government and council for the French, as well as for legal professionals and all the various other professions, to keep the notaries and lawyers in their functions, to allow us to write on our family affairs in our language, and to follow our customs, as long as they will not be contrary to the general good of the colony, and that we have in our language a law and regulations promulgated by your majesty, to which we declare ourselves, with the most inviolable respect, the most faithful subjects. 1. Amiot - juror 34. L. Labroix (or Lauroix) 65. Lorrande du Perrin (or Duperrin) 2. Boreau - juror 35. Gueyraud 66. Laurain 3. Perrault Chs rege 36. Voyer (or Voyez) 67. Chrétien 4. Tachet - juror 37. F. Valin 68. P. Goyney 5. Charest - juror 38. Bellefaye (or Bellefincke) 69. Voyer (or Voyez) 6. Perrault - juror 39. Rey 70. Le Maître Lamorille 7. Boiret - superior priest of the seminary 40. Marchand 71. Franc Ruilly 8. Dumond - juror 41. J. Lemoyne 72. Jean Baptiste Dufour 9. Isel Becher - parish priest of Québec 42. Jean Amiot 73. Portneuf (or Borneuf) 10. Estesanne, eldest son 43. Bertran (ou rem) 74. L. D. Dinnire (or ere) 11. Conefroy 44. Gauvreau 75. Thomas Lec (or Lee) 12. Robins 45. Carpentier (or Charpeniser) 76. Soulard 13. Lefebure 46. Coocherar (or eer) 77. Parroix 14. Soupiran 47. Vallet 78. Riverin 15. Rousseau 48. Duttock 79. Liard, fils 16. Petrimouly 49. Meux Vrosseaux 80. Fs Dambourgès 17. Larocque 50. H. Parent 81. Messuegué 18. Launière 51. Ferrant 82. L. Dumas 19. Alexandre Picard 52. Boireux 83. Robins Fil 20. Ginnie 53. Dusseil (or Dufiel) 84. Redout 21. Boileau 54. H. Loret 85. Fromont 22. Delerenni 55. Berthelot (or elole) 86. Fl. Cuynet 23. Liard (or Lard) 56. Arnoux 87. Gigon 24. Dubarois (or Dubaril) - surgeon 57. Neuveux 88. Dennbefrire 25. Chartier de Lotbinière 58. Laroche 89. Paul Marchand 26. Asime 59. Th. Caroux 90. Duvonuray 27. F. Duval 60. Guichass 91. Sanguineer 28. Hec. Keez 61. Jacques Hervieux - Merchant in Montréal 92. Au. Bederd 29. Huquet 62. Guy of Montréal 93. Count Dupré l'aisne 30. Schindler 63. J. Ferroux 94. S. George Dupré - general of the Montreal militias 31. La Haurriong 64. S. Jt Meignot 32. Lerise 33. Panet This text is in the public domain worldwide either because its author died at least 100 years ago or because it was published by a public body. Translations published later may still be copyrighted. Retrieved from "https://english.republiquelibre.org/index.php?title=Petition_from_the_French_Inhabitants_to_the_King_on_the_Subject_of_the_Administration_of_Justice&oldid=12032"	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409127
__label__cc	0.635268	0.364732	CSRE 183: Re- Imagining American Borders (AMSTUD 183, FEMGEN 183) \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-AmerCul, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED CSRE 183 \| 5 units \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-AmerCul, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED \| Class # 27615 \| Section 01 \| Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit \| SEM \| Students enrolled: 11 / 20 CSRE 188Q: Imagining Women: Writers in Print and in Person (FEMGEN 188Q) Gender roles, gender relations and sexual identity explored in contemporary literature and conversation with guest authors. Weekly meetings designated for book discussion and meeting with authors. Interest in writing and a curiosity about diverse women's lives would be helpful to students. Students will use such tools as close reading, research, analysis and imagination. Seminar requires strong voice of all participants. Oral presentations, discussion papers, final projects. \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-Gender, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED, Writing 2 Instructors: Miner, V. (PI) CSRE 188Q \| 4-5 units \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-Gender, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED, Writing 2 \| Class # 29543 \| Section 01 \| Grading: Letter (ABCD/NP) \| ISS 01/05/2015 - 03/13/2015 Thu 2:15 PM - 4:05 PM at School of Education 208 with Miner, V. (PI) 01/05/2015 - 03/13/2015 Tue 2:15 PM - 4:05 PM at Thornt211 with Miner, V. (PI) CSRE 200: Latin@ Literature (CHILATST 200, ILAC 280, ILAC 382) Examines a diverse set of narratives by U.S. Latin@s of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Guatemalan, and Dominican heritage through the lens of latinidad. All share the historical experience of Spanish colonization and U.S. imperialism, yet their im/migration patterns differ, affecting social, cultural, and political trajectories in the US and relationships to "home" and "homeland," nation, diaspora, history, and memory. Explores how racialization informs genders as well as sexualities. Emphasis on textual analysis. Taught in English. \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED CSRE 200 \| 3-5 units \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED \| Class # 30358 \| Section 01 \| Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit \| SEM \| Students enrolled: 1 09/22/2014 - 12/05/2014 Tue 2:15 PM - 5:05 PM at 200-201 with Yarbro-Bejarano, Y. (PI) CSRE 246: Constructing Race and Religion in America (HISTORY 256G, HISTORY 356G, RELIGST 246, RELIGST 346) This seminar focuses on the interrelationships between social constructions of race, and social interpretations of religion in America. How have assumptions about race shaped religious worldviews? How have religious beliefs shaped racial attitudes? How have ideas about religion and race contributed to notions of what it means to be "American"? We will look at primary and secondary sources, and at the historical development of ideas and practices over time. CSRE 246 \| 4-5 units \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum \| Class # 30935 \| Section 01 \| Grading: Letter (ABCD/NP) \| SEM \| Students enrolled: 5 03/30/2015 - 06/03/2015 Wed 2:15 PM - 5:05 PM at 110-114 with Lum, K. (PI) CSRE 142A: What is Hemispheric Studies? Will attempt to open up "America," beyond the United States. Have we reached the end of an era in our national literary imaginations? What is the utility and durability of the idea of the nation in a global era? New developments in hemispheric, Black Atlantic, and trans-american studies have raised questions about the very viability of US literary studies. Should we, as Franco Moretti suggests, map, count, and graph the relationships in our close (rhetorical) and "distant" readings of texts in the Americas? Topics include the definitions of concepts such as coloniality, modernity, time and the colonial difference, the encounters between world views of Europeans and indigenous Native American peoples, and the inventions of America, Latinamericanism, and Americanity. DANCE 160: Rethinking the Ballerina (FEMGEN 160, TAPS 160, TAPS 260) The ballerina occupies a unique place in popular imagination as an object of over-determined femininity as well as an emblem of extreme physical accomplishment for the female dancer. This seminar is designed as an investigation into histories of the ballerina as an iconographic symbol and cultural reference point for challenges to political and gender ideals. Through readings, videos, discussions and viewings of live performances this class investigates pivotal works, artists and eras in the global histories of ballet from its origins as a symbol of patronage and power in the 15th century through to its radical experiments as a site of cultural obedience and disobedience in the 20th and 21st centuries. Instructors: Ross, J. (PI) DANCE 160 \| 4 units \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-Gender, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED \| Class # 17722 \| Section 01 \| Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit \| LEC \| Students enrolled: 7 01/05/2015 - 03/13/2015 Mon, Wed 1:15 PM - 3:05 PM at Memaud125 with Ross, J. (PI) DANCE 197: Dance in Prison: The Arts, Juvenile Justice, and Rehabilitation in America (TAPS 197) This class works collaboratively with a local juvenile hall to use civic engagement and performance to explore the aesthetic, cultural and legal issues in the lives of incarcerated youth. In the process students gain an understanding of incarceration on an immediate and personal scale. Taught jointly by a Dance Studies scholar and a lawyer specializing in Juvenile Justice, we will consider what unique understandings are possible if we position the arts as central to an exploration of punishment, rehabilitation and recidivism in America. The course will examine case studies, historical and contemporary narratives about the social, imaginative and behavioral change possible through arts programs in prison.Half of the class meetings will be in Hillcrest Juvenile Hall in San Mateo, where our class will join with a group of 13-18 year old youths currently detained there. Dance will be used to help shape their individual expressive voices, and ours, through collaborative hip hop dance classes. Books to be read are Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption by Bryan Stevenson, and Last Chance in Texas by John Hubner. \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-AmerCul, WAY-ED DANCE 197 \| 4 units \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-AmerCul, WAY-ED \| Class # 18030 \| Section 01 \| Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit \| SEM 03/30/2015 - 06/03/2015 Mon, Wed 10:00 AM - 11:50 AM at Memaud125 with Ross, J. (PI) DLCL 121: Performing the Middle Ages (FRENCH 151) Through an analysis of medieval love, satirical and Crusade lyrics in the Old Occitan, Old French, and Galician-Portuguese traditions, we will study deictic address, corporeal subjectivity, the female voice, love debates, and the body as a figure of political conflict. Special attention will be given to the transmission of vernacular song from live performance to manuscripts. Authors include Ovid, Bernart de Ventadorn, Bertran de Born, La Comtessa de Dia, Thibaut de Champagne, Dante, and Pound. Taught in English. \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-Gender, WAY-A-II, WAY-CE Instructors: Galvez, M. (PI) DLCL 121 \| 3-5 units \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-Gender, WAY-A-II, WAY-CE \| Class # 30420 \| Section 01 \| Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit \| SEM \| Students enrolled: 4 09/22/2014 - 12/05/2014 Wed 2:15 PM - 5:05 PM at Littlefield 107 with Galvez, M. (PI) DLCL 123: Medieval Journeys: Introduction through the Art and Architecture (ARTHIST 105B) The course explores the experience and imagination of medieval journeys through an interdisciplinary, cross-cultural, and skills-based approaches. As a foundations class, this survey of medieval culture engages in particular the art and architecture of the period. The Middle Ages is presented as a network of global economies, fueled by a desire for natural resources, access to luxury goods and holy sites. We will study a large geographical area encompassing the British Isles, Europe, the Mediterranean, Central Asia, India, and East Africa and trace the connectivity of these lands in economic, political, religious, and artistic terms from the fourth to the fourteenth century C.E. The students will have two lectures and one discussion session per week. Depending on the size of the class, it is possible that a graduate student TA will run the discussion session. Our goal is to give a skills-oriented approach to the Middle Ages and to engage students in creative projects that will satisfy 1. Ways-Creative Expression requirement as well as one of the following two: Ways-Analytical Interpretive or Ways-Engaging Difference. \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-GlobalCom, WAY-CE, WAY-ED DLCL 123 \| 3-5 units \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-GlobalCom, WAY-CE, WAY-ED \| Class # 30996 \| Section 01 \| Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit \| LEC 03/30/2015 - 06/03/2015 Tue, Thu 12:35 PM - 2:05 PM at Art2 with Pentcheva, B. (PI) ENGLISH 21: Introduction to American Literature (AMSTUD 121, ENGLISH 121) (English majors and others taking 5 units, register for 121.) An exploration of the diverse political, racial, social, and aesthetic questions which inform works of American literature from the early national period to the late twentieth century. ENGLISH 21 \| 3-5 units \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-AmerCul, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED \| Class # 20445 \| Section 01 \| Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit \| LEC \| Students enrolled: 16 03/30/2015 - 06/03/2015 Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu 10:00 AM - 10:50 AM at 200-030 with Richardson, J. (PI) « prev \| Page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 \| next »	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409131
__label__wiki	0.721726	0.721726	COMPLIT 121: Poems, Poetry, Worlds What is poetry? How does it speak in many voices to questions of history, society, and personal experience? Why does it matter? The reading and interpretation of poetry in crosscultural comparison as experience, invention, form, sound, knowledge, and part of the world. Readings include: classical Chinese poetry, English Romantic poetry, and modern Arabic, American, Brazilian, Japanese, German, Spanish poetry, with specific attention to landscape, terrain, the environment, and the role of the poet. Terms: Aut \| Units: 5 \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED Instructors: Barletta, V. (PI) COMPLIT 121 \| 5 units \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED \| Class # 16102 \| Section 01 \| Grading: Letter (ABCD/NP) \| LEC \| Students enrolled: 17 09/21/2015 - 12/04/2015 Tue, Thu 10:30 AM - 11:50 AM at 100-101K with Barletta, V. (PI) COMPLIT 122: Literature as Performance: The Potentials of Theater An introduction to the "theatrical" dimensions of literature in different cultures based on a view of the staging arts as a specific segment within phenomena of "performance". Documentation and discussions of the history of western drama as a central axis within the debate about the cultural status of other forms of performance art that are normally not culturally canonized within this genre (eg. sports). Terms: Win \| Units: 5 \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum Instructors: Greenleaf, M. (PI) COMPLIT 122 \| 5 units \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum \| Class # 43466 \| Section 01 \| Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit \| SEM \| Students enrolled: 13 01/04/2016 - 03/11/2016 Tue, Thu 10:30 AM - 11:50 AM at 260-301 with Greenleaf, M. (PI) COMPLIT 123: The Novel (ENGLISH 184) Literary inventiveness and social significance of novelistic forms from the Great Depression to the present. Terms: Win \| Units: 5 \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED COMPLIT 123 \| 5 units \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED \| Class # 42258 \| Section 01 \| Grading: Letter (ABCD/NP) \| SEM \| Students enrolled: 14 01/04/2016 - 03/11/2016 Tue, Thu 12:00 PM - 1:20 PM at 80-115 with Gumbrecht, H. (PI) COMPLIT 125: Past Desire Made Present: The Traditions of Erotic Poetry in Medieval Iran and Europe Aims to make present and accessible, to our early 21st-century experience, convergences and differences between medieval Persian and medieval European love poetry. Poetry will be dealt with as a discursive and institutional means through which it is possible to make present and tangible that which is absent -- both in space and time. If we accept that medieval Persian and European love poetry conjured up moods of homo- and heteroerotic desire for contemporary audiences, then this desire can also become present for us today through a close reading of those same texts. COMPLIT 125A: The Gothic Novel The Gothic novel and its relatives from its invention by Walpole in The Castle of Otranto of 1764. Readings include: Northanger Abbey, The Italian, The Monk, Frankenstein, Jane Eyre, Great Expectations, and Dracula. What defines the Gothic as it evolves from one specific novel to a mode that makes its way into a range of fictional types? COMPLIT 129A: Contemporary Persian Poetry: Encounter of a Thousand-Year-Old Classical Tradition with Modernity The primacy of poetic expression in Persian culture in the transition from tradition to modernity. Major 20th-century poets in relation to historical events and social change. Authors include: Nima Yushij, Ahmad Shamloo, Sohrab Sepehri, Mehdi Akhavan Sales, Forough Farrokhzad, Nader Naderpour, Fereydoun Moshiri, Esma'il Kho'i, and Afghan and Tajik poets. COMPLIT 133: Gender and Modernism (COMPLIT 333) Gender and sexuality in trans-Atlantic modernist literature and culture from the 1880s-1930s. Topics include the 19th-century culture wars and the figures of the dandy and the New Woman; modernist critiques of Enlightenment rationality; impact of World War I on gender roles; gender and the rise of modern consumer culture, fashion, design; the modernist metropolis and gender/sexuality; the avant-garde and gender; literary first-wave feminism; homoerotic modernism; modernism in the context of current theories of gender and sexuality. COMPLIT 138A: Introduction to Modern Japanese Literature and Culture (JAPANGEN 138, JAPANGEN 238) This class introduces key literary texts from Japan's modern era (1868-present), locating these works in the larger political, social, and cultural trends of the period. Primary texts include: Futabatei Shimei's Floating Clouds, Higuchi Ichiyô's Child's Play, Natsume Sôseki's Kokoro, Kobayashi Takiji's Cannery Boat, Ôe Kenzaburô's The Catch, and Yoshimoto Banana's Kitchen. Examination of these literary works will be contextualized within larger political trends (e.g., the modernization program of the Meiji regime, the policies of Japan's wartime government, and postwar Japanese responses to the cold war), social developments (e.g., changing notions of social class, the women's rights movement, and the social effects of the postwar economic expansion), and cultural movements (e.g., literary reform movement of the 1890s, modernism of the 1920s and 30s, and postmodernism of the 1980s). The goal of the class is to use literary texts as a point of entry to understand the grand narrative of Japan's journey from its tentative re-entry into the international community in the 1850s, through the cataclysm of the Pacific War, to the remarkable prosperity of the bubble years in the 1980s. Terms: Spr \| Units: 3-4 \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-GlobalCom, WAY-A-II Instructors: Levy, I. (PI) COMPLIT 138A \| 3-4 units \| UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-GlobalCom, WAY-A-II \| Class # 46676 \| Section 01 \| Grading: Letter (ABCD/NP) \| SEM \| Students enrolled: 14 / 15 03/28/2016 - 06/01/2016 Tue, Thu 1:30 PM - 2:50 PM at 200-205 with Levy, I. (PI) COMPLIT 141A: The Meaning of Arabic Literature: a seminar investigation into the nebulous concept of adab An investigation into the concept of literature in mediaeval Arabic. Was there a mediaeval Arabic way of thinking? We look to develop a translation for the word "adab," a concept that dominated mediaeval Arabic intellectual culture, and is related in some ways to what we mean today when we use the word literature. Our core text is a literary anthology from the 900s in Iraq and we try, together, to work out what literature meant for the author and his contemporaries. Readings, assignments and, class discussion all in English. COMPLIT 142: The Literature of the Americas (AMSTUD 142, CSRE 142, ENGLISH 172E) A wide-ranging overview of the literatures of the Americas inncomparative perspective, emphasizing continuities and crises that are common to North American, Central American, and South American literatures as well as the distinctive national and cultural elements of a diverse array of primary works. Topics include the definitions of such concepts as empire and colonialism, the encounters between worldviews of European and indigenous peoples, the emergence of creole and racially mixed populations, slavery, the New World voice, myths of America as paradise or utopia, the coming of modernism, twentieth-century avant-gardes, and distinctive modern episodes--the Harlem Renaissance, the Beats, magic realism, Noigandres--in unaccustomed conversation with each other.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409132
__label__wiki	0.903597	0.903597	World 1-1 Gaming through one world at a time. Start Screen Index of ads and stuff Marvelous licensing from arcade’s past – X-Men April 25, 2014 · by Reggie C. · in Ads. · Japan’s X-Men flyer (courtesy of the Arcade Flyer Archive) was illustrated with this dramatic panel. The US version had its own illustration that seemed pulled straight from the comics giving it a distinctive look, too. Compared to Capcom, Konami’s thirst for licensing ‘toons seemed to have no end and they feasted in 1992 with no less than four arcade adaptations. Granted, not all of them were as well known as the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles or The Simpsons, two properties that they already had under their belt, but that didn’t stop them. Wild West C.O.W. Boys of Moo Mesa and Bucky O’Hare entered the fray along with the French born comic hero, Asterix. But the biggest name in this lineup would turn out to be a clever adaptation of one of Marvel’s biggest power groups — the X-Men. X-Men ran on what arcade hardware museum, System 16, calls “Konami X-Men Based Hardware” which was an arcade board sharing similarities to the ones used by The Simpsons and Vendetta in 1991. Konami, like many other arcade houses back in the day, custom built hardware for their games creating a potpourri of various boards and cabinet configurations. Efforts were made by some, such as Capcom and SNK, in the late 80s and early 90s to build a standard set of hardware like the CPS or Neo Geo MVS, respectively, to power their games and cut down on costs, but Konami was one of those that seemed to pull whatever they had in stock at the time and cobble together the hardware they needed for any particular project. The board did share similar characteristics to Capcom’s and SNK’s hardware in using Motorola’s 16-bit 68000 processor for the CPU, Zilog’s Z80 as the sound CPU, and Yamaha sound chips — standard stuff back in the day. It’s just that Konami loved their custom boards. A lot. As a cartoon adaptation, X-Men very loosely followed concepts borne out in 1989’s animated pilot, X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men. Though the pilot didn’t kick off a hoped-for X-Men cartoon series (and pretty much marked the end of Marvel’s foray into animation which had started with Fantastic Four in ’78), game developers were still eager to license its characters such as when Sega brought Spider Man to the arcade in 1991 with a lavishly animated beat ’em up. Three years later, X-Men would finally get their own cartoon series in 1991 which was also the same year that their arcade game would arrive. It’s hard to believe, but the powerhouse that is Marvel today would find itself struggling to stay afloat in 1996 a few years later after seemingly doing well. Their arcade debut had a number of different configurations but its largest one allowed six players to co-0p through the adventure together on a giant cabinet equipped with a double monitor setup. One monitor was hidden below inside the cabinet and reflected up to create a widescreen effect allowing all six players to see what was going on. It was similar to the same technique used by Taito in ’87 using a three monitor setup for their Ninja Warriors to create a triple widescreen (but which only had 2-player co-op). You can see the mammoth six-player cabinet on the right of the four player version in this flyer. Six sticks, eighteen buttons, and tons of enemies. It was a far cry from Galaxian 3’s 28-player theater but small enough to fit into a local arcade with room to spare. Each player had an eight-way joystick for 3D movement and three buttons (one for jumping, attacking, and launching a special mutant attack) to wreak havoc amongst Magneto’s forces. Each mutant had similar limitations when it came to basic attacks (because X-Men had its own special button, hitting attack and jumping did a jump attack instead). Their specials, though, really helped to set them apart at the cost of three bars of health (tokens could buy more lives, or health gauges). Six X-Men vied for action. They were all on somewhat equal footing, but their special mutant attacks were tailored to what they did best helping them stand out beyond their costumes. Cyclops had his optic blasts, Wolverine launched slashing damage, Colossus’ armor exploded in a bubble of energy, Storm fired tornadoes, Nightcrawler launched a zig zagging energy teleport attack, and Dazzler fired off a bolt of energy exploding in a huge dome of death. These attacks could often annihilate lesser foes with one strike and dish severe damage against the bosses. The great animation work also helped to make all six characters stand out with dramatic moves and combos. Players could also pick and choose who they wanted to be as opposed to being locked in by which position they chose on the cabinet. Konami, as with their other cartoon adaptations, pulled out the stops when it came to presentation with this animated and voiced intro. If there was one thing Konami excelled at doing with their adaptations, it was in respecting the art of the cartoons in bringing them to life in the arcade as well as leveraging their game design know-how into transforming star villains into creative bosses much like what Sega had done with Spider Man in 1991. Konami’s artists copied the cartoon and comic style of the X-Men with the same kind of attention to detail that they paid to The Simpsons, TMNT, Asterix and others, a trait that console adaptations would also share like 1994’s The Adventures of Batman & Robin on the SNES. Story-wise, X-Men excelled with a dramatic intro, voiced cutscenes, and speaking parts for all of the bosses eschewing as much text as possible until the very end. It was certainly a step up from the text-heavy cuts that Capcom often favored in their beat ’em ups. On the other hand, the gameplay wasn’t quite as bombastic. These Sentinel-minis got a little too close to Cyclops’ optic blast. Much of the action revolved around our heroes fighting through seven stages ranging from a wrecked city to Magneto’s stronghold in orbit, Asteroid M, from where he plots to take over the world while bellowing infamous lines such as “Come, X-Chicken!” and “Come to die!”. Most enemies consisted of palette swapped Sentinel-minis and big, armored guys with huge cannons. Bosses had a lot of personality, but didn’t last very long against concerted special attack blasts. There also wasn’t a whole lot of variety later outside of a few alligator-headed mutants and critters that popped in from time to time. As far as breakables, there wasn’t a lot to interactively demolish in the environment, either. It was basic, beat ’em up action with great production values and a famous license. That by itself isn’t too much of a bad thing, but the action was something of a far cry from what Capcom’s beat ’em up direction celebrated in trying to introduce as much variety as possible with every iteration. Colossus wrecks everyone with his special ability, an explosion that pretty much kills anything in range. The enemies might not have had a lot of variety, but the work that Konami put into their deaths with flying parts and wrecked pieces rolling on the ground was impressive stuff. Like Konami’s other titles, the scoring system was based more on how many enemies you took out than raw points such as in Capcom’s beat ’em up system. Continues preserved your score by default and dropped players right back into the game with a chance to pick someone new. Finishing the game also didn’t simply end it after the credits rolled — it picked up again from the start allowing players to exhaust what was left of all of those tokens they may have dumped into the game to buff up the lives they had. Wolverine unleashes his slash special causing his enemy’s face to literally fly off. Classic Marvel villains like the Blob (the guy with the mace) and Wendigo (the ghostly white guy at the bottom) were in the game. In the last stage, they all come back and attack in groups of two. “X-Men! Come to die! Kill you! Come, X-Chicken!” X-Men didn’t die in the arcades like so many of its peers. Nearly 19 years later, it would show up on the Playstation Network and Xbox Live Arcade as a downloadable title. Players could pick between either the US or Japanese version, adjust difficulty, and up to six players could join in locally or online (though the XBLA version could only support four local). A few other changes included tweaks to Cyclops’ optic beam range and re-recording a few lines. In 2011, Konami released it on iTunes and Android as a copy that remained closer to the arcade version. Asteroid M goes up in flames saving the world…until the next playthrough. Playing the game solo wasn’t bad but X-Men is one of those games that seemed made for jumping into a group to trash some of Marvel’s menagerie in all of their spandex-wearing best. It was a standout example of Konami’s cartoony lineup and probably its best foot forward in 1992. It’s not the most involved beat down, nor does it mutate the essentials into anything too dramatic, but for X-fans, it was still an opportunity to punch Magneto in the face to shut him up. Tags: 1992, beat 'em up, come to die, Konami, Marvel, PSN, retro arcade game, X-chicken, X-Men, XBLA ← More Chinese History from the arcades – Warriors of Fate It’s true, Atari buried E.T. and a lot of other stuff in New Mexico → One response to “Marvelous licensing from arcade’s past – X-Men” Pingback: A Look at Legends: Capcom vs. Konami – The Arcade Beat Down \| World 1-1· Horror from the past – Clive Barker’s Undying RPGs in 2019, Part VII RPGs in 2019, Part VI RPGs in 2019, Part V RPGs in 2019, Part IV Bitmob Break Into Chat Gaming Angels Girls Got Game! Museum of Computer Adventure Game History Nintendo8 Scorpia’s Gaming Lair Tech-Out Virtual Apple 2 VOG – Voice of Geeks Network Wing Kong Exchange Worthplaying 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1996 action adventure action game action RPG activision ad AD&D adventure game advertisement Amiga Amstrad Apple II arcade arcade game atari Atari 2600 beat 'em up capcom Castlevania classic CRPG classic gaming classic RPG co-op Commodore 64 CRPG DOS EA FPS game gaming IBM PC Interplay Konami lucasarts MS-DOS NES nintendo Nintendo Entertainment System Origin Systems pc game platformer ps3 retro retro ad retro arcade retro game retro gaming retrogaming rpg run 'n gun sega Sega Genesis shooter Sierra On-Line snes sony SSI star wars Taito TSR video game Xbox 360 ZX Spectrum Famicomblog Sega Retro Ultima Codex	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409134
__label__wiki	0.601425	0.601425	DutchScot, Orrery menu design Also in this week’s Design Diary, our roundup of projects, events, and general design world news, we bring you some modern visual identity designs for a sparkling water that take cues from Canadian nostalgia, the newspaper that aimed to present the impartiail policy truths ahead of the recent UK general election, and more. For more along these lines (and so many others) you can follow along all day, every day on Instagram @AIGAeyeondesign, Facebook, and Twitter @AIGAeyeondesign. Lala Albert, Seasonal Shift Seasonal Shift is the first collection of Lala Albert’s illustrated short stories, created between 2013 and 2019. The Brooklyn-based artist and textile designer’s work presented here often looks at how sci-fi and erotica intersect. According to publisher Breakdown Press, Albert’s comics are an expression of her “corporeal ambivalence”—feeling at odds with her body—and are underpinned by an examination of the masks we each wear to present ourselves to the world. “Depicting vulnerability, touch, and tender moments of contact between characters injects a sense of realism to Lala’s otherworldly imagery,” says Breakdown Press. “Ethereal, unsettling, and intimate, these genre-hopping examinations of identity and nature demonstrate that Albert is a master of the formally-inventive contemporary comic.” DutchScot, Orrery bar menu design DutchScot, Orrery business card design DutchScot, Orrery coaster design DutchScot, Orrery wine menu design DutchScot, Orrery branding South London-based studio DutchScot was recently tasked with updating the branding for modern French restaurant Orrery, which was originally designed by Terrance Conran. The name is taken from the Orrery is a mechanical model of the Solar System that shows the relative positions and motions of the planets and moons, which also directly informed the branding. “For the logo, the letters orbit around the first letter of the name,” explains studio creative partner Ross Goulden. “We then took stills during different stages of the movement and printed it on various business cards and other menus.” The name is set in the geometric slab serif called Beton, chosen for its elegance and perfectly circular ‘O,’ according to the studio. The branding used across menus, stationary, and other touchpoints also references the circular way many of the dishes are presented, so DutchScot worked with Jemma Lewis to create a series of marbling prints that play off the colors and feel of various dishes. “On food menus, the marbling was printed within circles and came with small captions hinting back to one of the dishes on the menu,” Goulden explains. “The bar menu had a debossed panel to give the system some shape and the logo was foiled. Within the menu, the signature cocktails were presented with their own planets, again with the colors and feel to resemble the particular cocktail.” Vanderbrand, designs for Sapsucker Vanderbrand, Sapsucker branding Toronto, Canada creative agency Vanderbrand recently launched its new work for Sapsucker, which is an “organic, plant-based, all-natural, and sustainably sourced tree water with no added sugar,” apparently. The agency looked to the fact that the drink is tapped from Canadian trees for its look and feel, which aimed to help it stand out in an increasingly competitive sparkling water market while being consistent across the brand identity, product naming, packaging, copywriting, digital applications, social media, and art direction. It decided to align the brand with the health and wellness markets, using “a witty tone and clever messaging” to establish a no-nonsense visual language. “The brand identity for Sapsucker is strongly informed by its Canadian roots. The wordmark takes cues from Canadian nostalgia including local sport apparel and retail packaging,” says the team. Pairing the more historical-leaning Central Ave by Colophon Foundry with the modern edge of the Favorit Std Family by Dinamo meant the graphic language is appropriate for numerous scales and applications. Rory Stiff, PoliticsvPolicies We’d hazard a guess that December 13 really did feel more than unlucky for most UK (and likely global) readers of EoD with the re-election of Boris Johnson as PM, but that isn’t to say that numerous designers hadn’t been trying their damndest to make sure people were aware of the realities of the Tory (and other party) policies. One such creative was Rory Stiff, who decided to take things into his own hands upon realizing during his commute that “everyone around is being force-fed the same one sided politics from their billionaire-backed newspaper of choice.” He recognized that, in his words, “in reality this election was going to be decided upon lies, slander, and accusations rather than actually focusing on what the parties are promising to deliver to us.” As such, he pitched his idea for a simple publication that, as its name suggests, is focused simply on party policies. The only way he saw to take on the tabloids and biased free-sheets was “to fight them on their own ground.” He collaborated with Casey-Highfield Smith (who he also worked with on the thiswayup.graphics project) to produce 10,000 newspapers that were distributed across London on Wednesday December 11, the day before the election, at all major transport links. The 16-page newspaper—created with Dominic Penna and Angus Williams, who provided the copy and edited down the party manifestos, and backed by Will Thacker and Andrew Barnard of 20Something—featured the top 14 policies from the six highest contesting parties in England, with key points from each of their responses to the policies. “All the points are taken straight from their manifestos—which after trawling through hundreds of pages, we knew no one would ever read—and then presented side by side, to allow the reader to compare the policies and make an informed opinion on what they want to vote on,” says Stiff. “The idea was to create a non-biased newspapers and pass the decision making over to the public.” Obby&Jappari, work for Nike sportswear Based in Frankfurt, studio Obby & Jappari is—despite initial appearances—in fact helmed by a trio of designers, Obby, Jappari, and Pia Graf. The team works across graphic design, art direction, 3D graphics and some typographic projects that align very nicely indeed with this year’s mania for all things metallic type, but we’re digging this recent work for Nike’s Vapormax campaign. Like much of its work, it aligns a smart approach to photography, merging it with slick typography and elements of simple patterning, as well as abstract 3D images that take the flat basics into a whole new realm. A Spreadsheet Revealing Design Interns’ Pay, A Calendar That Throws Time Out the Window + More Also in this week’s Design Diary, our roundup of projects, events, and general design world news, we bring you the… The “Joyful” Graphic Novel Autobiography About Rare Diseases, Brilliant Branding for a LGBTQI Collective + More Also in this week’s Design Diary, our roundup of projects, events, and general design world news, we bring you one… A Sustainable City Guide Made with Algae Ink, a Forthcoming Archive for Chinese Type + More Also in this week’s Design Diary, a lovely new redesign for stellar publisher Sternberg Press, a fantastic looking website and… Communicating “Acceptance of Pain” Through Book Design, Rebranding Trash + More A Directory for Sourcing Sustainable Design Materials, Teaching Tools for Typographers + More Also in this week’s Design Diary, our weekly roundup of design news and projects, it’s open season for The Design… A Cover Design for American Psycho Made Using Actual Pig’s Blood, an Animation Imagining Tinder Swipes IRL + More Also in this week’s Design Diary, our roundup of projects, events, and general design-world-news, we bring you a campaign for… Typographic Tiling, a Behind-the-scenes Look Into Making the New Lapalux Record Artwork + More Fukt the Design System, Graphic Mag’s Berlin Issue, A Farewell to Anxy + More Plus, in our Design Diary this week, two websites we implore you to check out: one with an experimental approach… A Sexy New Bath Range With Sexy New Branding, Beautiful Le Corbusier-inspired Site Design for Harvard Film Archive + More Also in this week’s Design Diary, our roundup of projects, events, and general design-world-news, we bring you a rad new… An Instagram Account for Feminist Design Teaching Resources, A New Catalog On Two Legendary CalArts Programs + More Plus, a new issue of Danish Art magazine AF Art designed by Studio Jetzt-immer, the Printing Plant Art Book Fair… Celebrating the Sumptuous Typography of Soccer History, Praline’s Smart and Inclusive Campaign for Art on the Underground + More Also in this week’s Design Diary, our roundup of projects, events, and general design-world-news, we bring you some lovely lettering…	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409135
__label__cc	0.531296	0.468704	మేము మీకు ఎలా సహాయం చెయగలము? మీరు కూడా మీరు శోధిస్తున్న ఏమి కనుగొనడానికి ఈ క్రింది విషయాలు బ్రౌజ్ చేయవచ్చు. సాధారణభద్రత మరియు గోప్యతా Privacy and security is in our DNA, which is why we have end-to-end encryption. When end-to-end encrypted, your messages, photos, videos, voice messages, documents, status updates and calls are secured from falling into the wrong hands. WhatsApp end-to-end encryption ensures only you and the person you're communicating with can read what's sent, and nobody in between, not even WhatsApp. Your messages are secured with locks, and only the recipient and you have the special keys needed to unlock and read your messages. For added protection, every message you send has an unique lock and key. All of this happens automatically: No need to turn on settings or set up special secret chats to secure your messages. Important: End-to-end encryption is always activated. There's no way to turn off end-to-end encryption. What's the "Verify Security Code" screen in the contact info screen? Each of your chats has its own security code used to verify that your calls and the messages you send to that chat are end-to-end encrypted. Note: The verification process is optional and used only to confirm that the messages you send are end-to-end encrypted. This code can be found in the contact info screen, both as a QR code and a 60-digit number. These codes are unique to each chat and can be compared between people in each chat to verify that the messages you send to the chat are end-to-end encrypted. Security codes are just visible versions of the special key shared between you - and don't worry, it's not the actual key itself, that's always kept secret. To verify that a chat is end-to-end encrypted Open the chat. Tap on the name of the contact to open the contact info screen. Tap Encryption to view the QR code and 60-digit number. If you and your contact are physically next to each other, one of you can scan the other's QR code or visually compare the 60-digit number. If you scan the QR code, and the code is indeed the same, a green check mark will appear. Since they match, you can be sure no one is intercepting your messages or calls. If the codes don't match, it's likely you're scanning the code of a different contact, or a different phone number. If your contact has recently reinstalled WhatsApp or changed phones, we recommend you refresh the code by sending them a new message and then scanning the code. Learn more about security codes changing in this article. If you and your contact aren't physically near each other, you can send them the 60-digit number. Let your contact know that once they receive your code, they should write it down and then visually compare it to the 60-digit number that appears in the contact info screen under Encryption. For Android and iPhone, you can use the Share button from the Verify Security Code screen to send the 60-digit number via SMS, email, etc. Are my messages and calls with businesses end-to-end encrypted? All WhatsApp messages and calls are secured with end-to-end encryption. It's important to remember, however that when you contact a business, several people in that business might see your messages. A business may employ another company to manage its communications - for example, to store, read or respond to your messages. The business you're communicating with has a responsibility to ensure that it handles your messages in accordance with its privacy policy. For more information, please contact that business directly. Learn more in this article on end-to-end encryption for business messages. Why does WhatsApp offer end-to-end encryption and what does it mean for keeping people safe? Security is essential to the service WhatsApp provides. We completed the implementation of end-to-end encryption in 2016 for all messaging and calling on WhatsApp so that no one, not even us, has access to the content of your conversations. Since then, digital security has become even more important. We've seen multiple examples where criminal hackers illegally obtained vast sums of private data and abused technology to hurt people with their stolen information. So as we’ve introduced more features – like video calling and Status – we’ve extended end-to-end encryption to these features as well. WhatsApp has no ability to see the content of messages or listen to calls on WhatsApp. That’s because the encryption and decryption of messages sent on WhatsApp occurs entirely on your device. Before a message ever leaves your device, it's secured with a cryptographic lock, and only the recipient has the keys. In addition, the keys change with every single message that's sent. While all of this happens behind the scenes, you can confirm your conversations are protected by checking the security verification code on your device. You can find more details about how this works in our white paper. Naturally, people have asked what end-to-end encryption means for the work of law enforcement. WhatsApp appreciates the work that law enforcement agencies do to keep people safe around the world. We carefully review, validate and respond to law enforcement requests based on applicable law and policy, and we prioritize responses to emergency requests. As part of our education efforts, we published information for law enforcement about the limited information we collect and how they can make requests of WhatsApp, which you can read here. To learn more about your security on WhatsApp, please visit WhatsApp Security. ఈ కథనం సహాయకరంగా ఉందా? అవునుకాదు ఈ కథనం ఎందుకు సహాయకరంగా అనిపించలేదు? కథనం గందరగోళంగా ఉంది కథనంలో నా ప్రశ్నకు సమాధానం లేదు ఈ పరిష్కారం పని చేయలేదు నాకు ఈ ఫీచర్ లేదా విధానం నచ్చలేదు మీ అభిప్రాయానికి ధన్యవాదాలు ప్రశ్నలు హోమ్	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409138
__label__wiki	0.988183	0.988183	Scouting the Barrington Broncos Barrington's Tommy Fitzpatrick returns this season to lead the Broncos' offense. Mark Welsh \| Staff Photographer By Dick Quagliano Updated 8/24/2019 5:19 PM Barrington is looking to turn its horses loose in 2019. The Broncos are coming off a 7-4 season and were eliminated in the playoffs in the second round. But with 13 returning starters, Barrington feels it can make a deep run this season. "We were really fortunate last year," Barrington coach Joe Sanchez said. "We had a tough three-game stretch and we were able to bounce back the way we did." Sanchez said that the late season turnaround last year has carried over to this year's team. "It helped propel our offseason and summer work," Sanchez said. "It served as a motivation and we continue to build off that. Looking forward to seeing what we can do this year. The kids have come in focused and we have had very good a summer to this point. " Tommy Fitzpatrick, the latest in a long line of quarterback stars for the Broncos, returns for his senior season. Fitzpatrick put up great numbers last year as a junior, throwing for over 1,300 yards and 13 touchdowns while rushing for 483 yards. "Having a quarterback return with game experience is a tremendous asset," Sanchez said. "The game is much slower for him thanks to all the things he went through last year. That experience will pay big dividends, but it also means a higher standard of expectation." Fitzpatrick has his favorite receiver, EJ Darlington, to throw the ball to again this season. Darlington, who has explosive speed, had 47 catches for 548 yards. He also rushed for 250 yards and returned a kick for a touchdown. Darlington will be paired on the outside with Ryan Smith, who transferred from Hoffman Estates this summer. The duo will not only give defenses fits with their pass catching ability, but should open up the offense with the opportunity to get to the outside on the jet sweep. That could open up the inside for running backs Quinn Ketel and Bryan Smith, Ryan's brother, as they look to replace the 800 yards the Broncos lost when Michael Curran graduated. Barrington will also look offensively to wide receivers Jerry Doheny, David Hutson and Joey Gurskis to spread the ball around. The offensive line struggled at times last year, especially with teams that had more size. Barrington believes the group that consists of Ray Schmitz (6-4, 230), Niko Kutrombis (6-0, 235), Nathan Kohlamian (5-10, 200), Matt Berry (6-3, 215) along with Matt Blasius (5-10, 185) and Logan Ambroz (6-2, 215) should rectify that problem. The defense looks to be much stronger this year thanks to return of two of its top performers from last season. Defensive end Lukas Van Ness (6-5, 240), who garnered nearly 30 Division-I offers this offseason before choosing Iowa, will anchor the line. Van Ness, who was a force last year, will give Barrington a solid pass rusher as well as run defender on the line. Van Ness will be joined on the D-line by Matt Reedy, Paul Kondraros, Colin Cress and Matt Kolder. The Broncos also return middle linebacker Dayven Shinhoster. A three-year starter, Shinhoster will have Hayden Kraus and Evan Roper flanking him at outside linebacker. The secondary will be fast and athletic with Nick Barron, Johnny Podlesnik, Bryan Smith, Ryan Smith and Darlington playing corner. Lucas Kozlowski and Adam Brokke will be at safety. "We are really excited about our defensive group," Sanchez said. "This is a really talented and smart group and they understand what it takes out there." The first win of the 2019 campaign for Barrington will be the 500th in school history. The Broncos, who have compiled a mark of 499-313-30 since they began playing football in 1924, have a tough season-opener in Warren. "It is obviously a very special thing," Sanchez, who has been at the helm at Barrington for 17 years and has won 129 games. "It is a great accomplishment and a great feat. We have had quality coaches and assistant coaches along the way with the quality of players and great community." Barrington’s comeback falls just short vs. Notre Dame	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409147
__label__cc	0.680854	0.319146	The CMO Show Suite 1 Level 11, 495 Victoria Ave, Hijack marketing: Stealing the spotlight Filtered Media Content Producer Yael Brender explores "hijack marketing" - how marketers can leverage the hype around existing events. Remember that viral story about the guy officiating his best friend’s wedding when he stopped the ceremony to propose to his girlfriend and then reveal that she was pregnant? And then when he stood up to make his toast, he gushed about his fiancee and their bright future instead of congratulating the newlyweds? If you do, then congratulations – you now understand the pop version of hijack marketing. The key to hijack marketing is taking advantage of an already-existing event. Slipstream behind the “hype” to generate publicity for your own brand or cause. If you do it right, you could be top of mind before anyone can say, “I do.” The first step in a hijack marketing campaign is to identify an existing event that has already captured the attention of the public – think major sporting events, national calendar days like Mother’s Day, or niche awareness days like World Chocolate Day (it’s July 7, you’re welcome). Be warned: many others will be trying the same thing, so choose wisely, be authentic, and go in with your eyes open as to what the day means to people to avoid looking like a blundering, uninvited guest at the hype party. Copyright is also important obviously, as Nike learned the hard way in 1996. Sprinter Michael Johnson won gold wearing a pair of $30,000 gold Nikes, then wore them on the front cover of Time Magazine. It was as if Nike won the gold medal in marketing – except they were not an official sponsor of the Olympic Games. Since then, the IOC and AOC have tightened their game, and now even tweeting “gold medal” can get you in trouble – so be careful which event you choose to hijack. Global chocolate coma and gifting festival hype Christmas and Easter are both respected religious holidays celebrated by literally billions of people worldwide, including retailers. Without fail, thousands of brands every year will be falling over themselves to take advantage of the collective obsession with chocolate, bunnies and gifting. Many have found ways to do it in tasteful ways, literally. For instance, Cadbury capitalised on its own hype around the brand’s famous Creme Eggs in 2014 by releasing a limited edition Creme Egg-flavoured lip gloss just in time for Easter. Creme Egg Lip Goo. Go on #HaveAFling pic.twitter.com/7JSVQOzbXY — Cadbury Ireland (@CadburyIreland) January 15, 2014 If you sell something completely unrelated – like cat food – you need a little more creativity to pull it off. But it’s definitely possible. Case study: Whiskas Just ask Whiskas, which took advantage of the Easter hype in 2011 with its “Earster Cats” digital campaign. The cat food company released an app allowing users to put giant bunny ears on their pets via augmented Smartphone cameras. Users could then edit the photos and share them with family and friends on social media, eliciting maximum engagement in the campaign. It won ‘Best Use of Mobile Media in Advertising’ at the 2011 Mobile Awards and by the end of the Easter weekend, a new photo was created every ten seconds and almost 220,000 users had uploaded one or more branded Whiskas Earster Cat photos to Facebook. Source: Campaign Brief Creating ‘hype’ and ‘buzz’ For a good hijack marketing campaign, you need two things – “hype” and “buzz”. And you know, a good PR team, favourable market conditions, a healthy dose of luck and some other stuff – but let’s focus on hype and buzz. “Hype” is the extravagant or intensive publicity surrounding a product or idea. It sounds straightforward, but actually creating hype requires a carefully curated media blitz involving smart plays and experience knowing how to find the sweet spots; but by using “hijack marketing” you’re saving a motzer by taking advantage of hype and SEO terms already generated (and paid for) by someone else. Generating buzz is less expensive and time-consuming than generating hype – buzz is simply what people are saying to each other and sharing on social media. Consumers are becoming adept at filtering out hype because it feels too “slick” and pre-packaged, but they desire buzz because it connects people and makes consumers feel like they are a part of something larger than themselves. Whereas hype can lead to disappointment and disillusionment, buzz is most likely to lead to excitement and desire. Once you have buzz, you have a successful campaign on your hands. Spontaneous hijack marketing It’s all well and good to be able to capitalise on a popular event that is planned in advance – especially one that was planned almost 2000 years in advance – but hijack marketing can also be implemented on the spur of the moment. Some of the most memorable moments are the unplanned ones (think about the Janet Jackson wardrobe malfunction), which puts extra pressure on the marketing team to generate ideas almost instantly. It’s a hit and miss situation, but hits have the potential to become wildly, ridiculously successful. Case study: Oreo A shining example of the effectiveness of real-time hijack marketing is the Oreo marketing team’s response to a half-hour blackout during the third quarter of the Super Bowl in 2013. While everybody else was probably frantically searching the Superdrome light switches, the marketing execs in the Oreo war room were hatching a million dollar idea. Within minutes of the power outage, Oreo tweeted a picture of an Oreo cookie in low lighting with a caption that said simply, “Power out? No problem. You can still dunk in the dark.” Those ten words and one simple image linked the iconic brand into the conversation about the surprising blackout that was already trending on social media. Power out? No problem. pic.twitter.com/dnQ7pOgC — Oreo Cookie (@Oreo) February 4, 2013 “Seven seconds is the perfect dunking time…Same as the amount of time it took to put this ad out after the blackout,” tweeted Monica Bickford. “PR win.” Thousands of similar congratulatory tweets followed. Although the blackout was unplanned, Oreo’s response was anything but. A fifteen-strong social media team including copywriters, artists and strategists were on standby ready to respond to anything that happened during the Super Bowl in the shortest time possible. In fact, AdAge reported that the entire graphic was “designed, captioned and approved within minutes” and said, “For all the planning and millions of dollars that go into the creation of Super Bowl commercials, arguably the best ad of the game last night was [the Oreo] tweet.” Speaking to Forbes at the time, VP of cookies at Oreo’s parent company Mondelez International Lisa Mann said, “Of course we couldn’t have anticipated the blackout, but in that command center we had brand people, agency people… Because everyone was together, they had everyone in place to jump on a real-time marketing opportunity, which was, how would Oreo see the blackout? And Oreo saw the blackout as an opportunity to dunk in the dark.” The effectiveness of this campaign cannot be overstated. The post was retweeted 10,000 times in the first hour and another 5,000 times afterwards. Oreo’s Twitter following swelled by 8,000, Facebook likes shot up past 20,000 and their Instagram following leapt from 2,000 to a staggering 36,000. Not bad for a small cookie with big dreams. Case study: Snickers Similarly, Snickers pulled off a remarkably successful spontaneous hijack marketing campaign in the middle of the 2014 World Cup. The most-viewed televised event in the entire world was already surrounded by the kind of hype that only comes around once every four years, and Snickers was not about to let that opportunity go by. During a game between Uruguay and Italy, Luis Suarez was reprimanded for biting an Italian player – for the third time. Hey @Snickers! Looks like you’ve got your new spokesman! #Suarez “You’re not you when you’re hungry!” #WorldCup2014 pic.twitter.com/dKSMP7i0bd — Aaron Massey (@mrfixitdiy) June 24, 2014 Snickers seized the moment with the campaign “Snickers: more satisfying than Italian” – the tagline being both aligned with the brand and tapping into a conversation that had already taken off. Hey @luis16suarez. Next time you’re hungry just grab a Snickers. #worldcup #luissuarez #EatASNICKERS pic.twitter.com/3RAO537HjW — SNICKERS® (@SNICKERS) June 24, 2014 So whether this article inspired you to hastily change your plan to propose at someone else’s wedding or just made you hungry for chocolate, don’t forget the huge advantage of hijack marketing is that the hype has already been created for you – all you need to do is kickstart the buzz. But be warned – getting it right isn’t easy. If a brand fails to create an authentic connection with its customer base, or disrespects the essence of the event or day, their relationship with consumers can sour almost instantly. For example, the well intentioned Woolworths ANZAC Day social media campaign is a cautionary tale for aspiring hijack marketers. With the slogan “fresh in our memories”, the retail giant and its social media agency came across as out-of-touch and inauthentic, rather than patriotic and supportive. “The problem with the Woolworths campaign was that the brand was too visible, too overt. ‘Fresh in our memories’ was an incredibly crass way to link the memory of soldiers to ‘Fresh Food People’,” Mumbrella’s chief reporter Steve Jones said at the time. Keep an eye out for events you could use to your advantage and don’t forget to be topical, but pick your moment wisely since the secret of hijack marketing is well and truly out. And don’t forget – proposing on someone else’s special day could see you landed with a hefty bill for half the wedding. Let us tell your story I want to selectwork atcontact Filtered Media. Fresh content every month. Subscribe and receive the latest brand storytelling insights. Level 11, Suite 1, Tower 1/495 Victoria Ave, Chatswood NSW 2067	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409155
__label__cc	0.652361	0.347639	Controller / GL Parking Expenses 06/04/2012 Petty Cash 06/04/2012 Sales Tax 06/04/2012 Furniture 06/04/2012 Wire Transfers 06/04/2012 Payments to Foreign Nationals and Entities 06/04/2012 Purchasing Cards (Pcards) 06/04/2012 Taxpayer Identification Number Form (W9) Requirement 06/04/2012 Honoraria 06/04/2012 Per Diem 06/04/2012 Non-Resident Aliens, Payments to 06/04/2012 Check Requests 06/04/2012 Petty Cash Policy 06/04/2012 Consultant Services 06/04/2012 Vendor Validation 06/04/2012 Cash Advance for International Operations 09/18/2013 Procurement Records Retention Policy 07/06/2015 Procurement Document Images as Document of Record 07/30/2015 Columbia University Records Retention Policy 07/30/2015 Columbia University Corporate Card Policy 11/02/2016 Endowment Income Distribution The endowment income distribution for January 2020 has been processed in ARC. December Closing Is Complete 1/15/20 Update: The Controller’s Office has completed all month-end closing processes for December. This information is currently reflected in the FDS reports. Effective the afternoon of 1/15/20, FDS reports also reflect SIS data through 12/31/19. 2020 W-4 and Withholding Calculator Click the title for more information. Systems & Reports	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409156
__label__wiki	0.844164	0.844164	SHLD - Sears Holdings Corporation Morgan Stanley Bank of America Merrill Lynch Trust 2016-C30 -- Moody's affirms eight classes of MSBAM 2016-C30 Rating Action: Moody's affirms eight classes of MSBAM 2016- C30. Global Credit Research- 16 Jan 2020. Approximately $681 million of structured securities affected. DBUBS 2011-LC3 Mortgage Trust -- Moody's upgrades one, affirms five, and downgrades three classes of DBUBS 2011-LC3 The ratings on four P&I classes were affirmed because the transaction's key metrics, including Moody's loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, Moody's stressed debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) and the transaction's Herfindahl Index (Herf), are within acceptable ranges. The rating on the interest only (IO) class, Cl. X-A, was affirmed based on the credit quality of the referenced classes. The rating on the interest only (IO) class, Cl. X-B, was downgraded based on the credit quality of the referenced classes. Wells Fargo Commercial Mortgage Trust 2017-C38 -- Moody's affirms eight classes of WFCM 2017-C38 Moody's rating action reflects a base expected loss of 4.2% of the current pooled balance, compared to 4.4% at Moody's last review. For provisional ratings, this announcement provides certain regulatory disclosures in relation to the provisional rating assigned, and in relation to a definitive rating that may be assigned subsequent to the final issuance of the debt, in each case where the transaction structure and terms have not changed prior to the assignment of the definitive rating in a manner that would have affected the rating. Washington Prime Group, L.P. -- Moody's downgrades Washington Prime to B1; outlook revised to negative Moody's Investors Service, ("Moody's") downgraded all of Washington Prime Group Inc. (WPG)'s ratings, including the ratings of its operating subsidiary, Washington Prime Group, L.P.'s senior unsecured debt to B1 from Ba2. Citigroup Commercial Mortgage Trust 2015-P1 -- Moody's affirms eight classes of CGCMT 2015-P1 The ratings on seven P&I classes were affirmed because the transaction's key metrics, including Moody's loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, Moody's stressed debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) and the transaction's Herfindahl Index (Herf), are within acceptable ranges. Moody's rating action reflects a base expected loss of 3.6% of the current pooled balance, compared to 2.7% at Moody's last review. Moody's base expected loss plus realized losses is now 3.5% of the original pooled balance, compared to 2.7% at the last review. COMM 2013-CCRE6 Mortgage Trust -- Moody's affirms 13 Classes of COMM 2013-CCRE6 Moody's rating action reflects a base expected loss of 2.1% of the current pooled balance, compared to 2.2% at Moody's last review. Please see www.moodys.com for any updates on changes to the lead rating analyst and to the Moody's legal entity that has issued the rating. COMM 2014-UBS5 Mortgage Trust -- Moody's affirms nine classes of COMM 2014-UBS5 Rating Action: Moody's affirms nine classes of COMM 2014- UBS5. Global Credit Research- 11 Dec 2019. Approximately $942 million of structured securities affected. JPMCC Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust 2017-JP7 -- Moody's affirms eight classes of JPMCC 2017-JP7 Morgan Stanley Bank of America Merrill Lynch Trust 2013-C7 -- Moody's affirms eleven and downgrades two classes of MSBAM 2013-C7 Rating Action: Moody's affirms eleven and downgrades two classes of MSBAM 2013- C7. Global Credit Research- 26 Nov 2019. Approximately $1.00 billion of structured securities affected. JPMBB Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust 2014-C24 -- Moody's affirms twelve classes of JPMBB 2014-C24 Rating Action: Moody's affirms twelve classes of JPMBB 2014- C24. Global Credit Research- 25 Nov 2019. Approximately $914 million of structured securities affected. JPMBB Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust 2014-C21 -- Moody's affirms nine classes of JPMBB 2014-C21 WFRBS Commercial Mortgage Trust 2013-C15 -- Moody's affirms eight classes of WFRBS 2013-C15 The ratings on six principal and interest (P&I) classes were affirmed because the transaction's key metrics, including Moody's loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, Moody's stressed debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) and the transaction's Herfindahl Index (Herf), are within acceptable ranges. Moody's rating action reflects a base expected loss of 7.2% of the current pooled balance, compared to 6.2% at Moody's last review. Moody's base expected loss plus realized losses is now 5.9% of the original pooled balance, compared to 5.5% at the last review. Morgan Stanley Capital I Trust 2015-MS1 -- Moody's affirms seven classes of MSC 2015-MS1 UBS Commercial Mortgage Trust 2017-C2 -- Moody's affirms six classes of UBS 2017-C2 The ratings on the five P&I classes were affirmed because the transaction's key metrics, including Moody's loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, Moody's stressed debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) and the transaction's Herfindahl Index (Herf), are within acceptable ranges. Moody's rating action reflects a base expected loss of 4.4% of the current pooled balance, compared to 4.3% at Moody's last review. Moody's base expected loss plus realized losses is now 4.2% of the original pooled balance, essentially the same as at last review. Citigroup Commercial Mortgage Trust 2006-C4 -- Moody's affirms two and downgrades one class of CGCMT 2006-C4 The rating on principal and interest (P&I) Class C was affirmed because the transaction's key metrics, including Moody's loan-to-value (LTV) ratio and Moody's stressed debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) are within acceptable ranges. The rating on P&I Class E was affirmed because the ratings are consistent with Moody's expected loss plus realized losses. Moody's rating action reflects a base expected loss of 54% of the current pooled balance, compared to 45% at Moody's last review. JPMBB Commercial Mortgage Securities Trust 2013-C12 -- Moody's affirms 10 classes of JPMBB 2013-C12 The ratings on nine principal and interest (P&I) classes were affirmed because the transaction's key metrics, including Moody's loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, Moody's stressed debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) and the transaction's Herfindahl Index (Herf), are within acceptable ranges. Moody's rating action reflects a base expected loss of 3.7% of the current pooled balance, compared to 3.6% at Moody's last review. Moody's base expected loss plus realized losses is now 2.8% of the original pooled balance, compared to 3.1% at the last review. WFRBS Commercial Mortgage Trust 2013-C16 -- Moody's affirms nine classes of WFRBS 2013-C16 The ratings on seven P&I classes were affirmed because the transaction's key metrics, including Moody's loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, Moody's stressed debt service coverage ratio (DSCR), and the transaction's Herfindahl Index (Herf), are within acceptable ranges. Moody's rating action reflects a base expected loss of 5.5% of the current pooled balance, compared to 3.2% at Moody's last review. Moody's base expected loss plus realized losses is now 4.1% of the original pooled balance, compared to 2.8% at the last review. CBL & Associates Limited Partnership -- Moody's downgrades CBL's senior unsecured debt to Caa1; outlook revised to negative Moody's Investors Service ("Moody's") has downgraded the ratings of CBL & Associates Limited Partnership ("CBL"), including the senior unsecured debt rating to Caa1 from B1 and the corporate family rating to B2 from Ba3. BANK 2017-BNK5 -- Moody's affirms eight classes of BANK 2017-BNK5 Moody's rating action reflects a base expected loss of 3.6% of the current balance, compared to 3.9% at Moody's last review. Exceptions to this approach exist for the following disclosures, if applicable to jurisdiction: Ancillary Services, Disclosure to rated entity, Disclosure from rated entity. WF-RBS COMMERCIAL MORTGAGE TRUST 2011-C2 -- Moody's affirms eight classes of WF-RBS 2011-C2 COMM 2015-CCRE25 Mortgage Trust -- Moody's affirms seven classes of COMM 2015-CCRE25 The ratings on six P&I classes were affirmed because the transaction's key metrics, including Moody's loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, Moody's stressed debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) and the transaction's Herfindahl Index (Herf), are within acceptable ranges. Moody's rating action reflects a base expected loss of 7.8% of the current pooled balance, compared to 6.8% at Moody's last review. Moody's base expected loss plus realized losses is now 7.5% of the original pooled balance, compared to 6.6% at the last review. LB Commercial Mortgage Trust 2007-C3 -- Moody's affirms eight and downgrades one class of LBCMT 2007-C3 Moody's rating action reflects a base expected loss of 69.5% of the current pooled balance, compared to 46.5% at Moody's last review. For provisional ratings, this announcement provides certain regulatory disclosures in relation to the provisional rating assigned, and in relation to a definitive rating that may be assigned subsequent to the final issuance of the debt, in each case where the transaction structure and terms have not changed prior to the assignment of the definitive rating in a manner that would have affected the rating. Regency Centers Corporation -- Moody's affirms Regency Centers' Baa1 ratings, outlook changed to positive from stable Moody's Investors Service has affirmed Regency Centers, L.P.'s Baa1 senior unsecured debt rating and the Baa1 senior unsecured rating of its affiliate Equity One, Inc. In the same rating action, the (P) Baa2 preferred shelf rating of its parent REIT, Regency Centers Corporation, was also affirmed. The rating outlook has been revised to positive from stable. Briggs & Stratton Corporation -- Moody's downgrades Briggs & Stratton ratings (CFR and Senior Unsecured Debt to B2), outlook negative Moody's Investors Service ("Moody's") downgraded its ratings for Briggs & Stratton Corporation ("Briggs & Stratton"), including the company's Corporate Family Rating ("CFR") and Probability of Default Rating to B2 and B2-PD, respectively, and the rating for its senior unsecured notes due 2020, also to B2. The company's speculative grade liquidity ("SGL") rating was downgraded to SGL-4 from SGL-3. Morgan Stanley Bank of America Merrill Lynch Trust 2012-C6 -- Moody's affirms thirteen classes of MSBAM 2012-C6 The ratings on nine principal and interest (P&I) classes were affirmed because the transaction's key metrics, including Moody's loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, Moody's stressed debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) and the transaction's Herfindahl Index (Herf), are within acceptable ranges. The rating on the exchangeable class, Cl. PST, was affirmed due to the credit quality of the referenced exchangeable classes. The performance expectations for a given variable indicate Moody's forward-looking view of the likely range of performance over the medium term.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409158
__label__cc	0.602634	0.397366	Gas Import at 3.6 bcm Iran's gas import from Turkmenistan stood at 3.6 billion cubic meters in the first half of the current Iranian year (started March 21), said the director of gas supply division at National Iranian Gas Company. "Gas extraction from reservoirs also saw a 4.2% hike to reach 92.5 bcm" in that period, IRNA quoted Nasser Ebrahimi as saying. During March-September, more than 35 bcm of gas were supplied to power plants as feedstock, up by 13% from 31 bcm in the corresponding period of last year. The official said gas injection into oil reservoirs increased by more than 25% to 2.5 bcm over the past 183 days, while gas injection into gas caps increased by 34.5% vis-à-vis the previous year. Currently, Turkmenistan is Iran's sole gas import source to meet the demand of the country's northeastern regions in winter. Iran has a number of plans to reduce gas dependency, all of which target renovation of the distribution network between the northeastern and other parts of the state. Additionally, once inaugurated, Shourijeh underground gas storage facility will provide gas to the region during cold seasons. Located 25 km southeast of Sarakhs and 160 km from Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi Province, the facility is the country's largest gas storage project, and has a daily injection and withdrawal capacity of 20 million cubic meters per day. In winter, 20 mcm of natural gas can be extracted from the facility and fed into the national electricity grid. Iran holds the world’s biggest natural gas reserves, or about 17% of the world's proven gas reserves. The country's largest natural gas field, South Pars, is estimated to hold roughly 40% of Iran's gas reserves. AEOI Chief Underscores Nuclear Progress Gas Exports Reach 4 bcm in 6 Months CNG Production Can Curb Gasoline Imports Tehran Targets Ashgabat Gas Market in Winter DOE Plans to Eliminate Gas Flaring by 2019 Iran's June Onshore Oil Stocks Up 3.2m Barrels German FM Criticizes US Strategy on Iran Slight Recovery in Iran's Housing PMI Iran's Raw Silk Cocoon Production Increases 55 Percent You can also read ... Iran Power Industry: Exports Up, Imports Down January 19,2020 18:26 Freezing Temperatures Push Up Gas Consumption in Iran	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409159
__label__cc	0.664507	0.335493	Monday’s Featured (and FREE!) Kindle Book She’s lost everything. He believes she’s despised him all his life. A tragic mistake could be their only redemption. In THE ONE, Margaret Gordon was once a prominent Seattle surgeon, and after an accident returns to her hometown, the perfect spot to hide out from everyone and to lick her wounds, with no one around but her horse. Margaret never considered herself a horse person. But when the now-widowed Joe Wilde drives in one morning with a teenage boy and a horse with a problem, Margaret turns into that klutzy teenage misfit that silently carried a torch for Joe all through school. But when smooth-talking Joe convinces Margaret into working with the temperamental horse, sparks fly and sizzle between them. Only Joe believes Margaret has despised him all his life, but when life throws Joe a curveball he soon finds out the right woman he’s been looking for has been there all along. Can Joe and Margaret put aside their differences and realize that the other is, The One? Click here to pick up your free copy of The One in the Amazon Kindle store. Lorhainne lives on the sunny west-coast Gulf Island of Salt Spring Island, is the mother of three, her oldest has autism and she is an advocate for never giving up on your dreams. You can visit Lorhainne’s Amazon author page if you click here. Filed Under: Featured, Featured Book of the Day, Free Book Links, Free From Amazon Store Tagged With: contemporary fiction, free from amazon, free kindle books, romance Four Weddings and a Fiasco Boxed Set Author: Lucy Kevin This boxed set contains the first 3 books in the Four Weddings and a Fiasco series! The Wedding Gift – Book 1 After Julie Delgado’s restaurant closes, she temporarily takes over the catering position at the Rose Chalet, a full-service San Francisco wedding venue. She plans to dazzle the bride and groom, but fate has other plans for her when the bride’s brother shows up for the first food tasting. Andrew Kyle is not only the Cuisine Channel’s Edgy Eats host and chef, but his recent review of Julie’s restaurant was the final nail in its coffin. But Andrew is certain she’s playing it safe, and he wants nothing more than to be the one to break her guarded passions loose. The Wedding Dance – Book 2 Phoebe Davis, the Rose Chalet’s florist, knows nothing is permanent—not the floral arrangements she creates, not the weddings she helps produce, and certainly not her parents’ marriage which ended in a bitter divorce. But when one dance with Patrick Knight is all it takes for her to start rethinking everything she’s ever believed to be true about love, will Phoebe dare let herself risk her heart on the most fragile and precious bloom of all? The Wedding Song – Book 3 Tyce Smith, the band leader for the top wedding venue in San Francisco, hasn’t written a new song in five years. Not since the fateful night he kissed the woman of his dreams, and she left him with nothing but a first name and no way to find her. When fate steps in a second time, he can’t make the mistake of letting her run again…even if the hurdles in the way of true love seem bigger than ever. Click here to pick up your free copy of Four Weddings and a Fiasco Boxed Set in the Amazon Kindle store. When New York Times and USA Today bestseller Lucy Kevin released her first novel, SEATTLE GIRL, it became an instant bestseller. All of her subsequent sweet contemporary romances have been hits with readers as well, including WHEN IT’S LOVE (A Walker Island Romance) which debuted at #1. Having been called “One of the top writers in America” by The Washington Post, she recently launched the very romantic Married in Malibu series. Lucy also writes contemporary romances as Bella Andre and her incredibly popular series about The Sullivans have been #1 bestsellers around the world, with 5 million books sold so far! If not behind her computer, you can find her swimming, hiking or laughing with her husband and two children. You can visit Lucy’s Amazon author page if you click here. Walker Island Romance Box Set Come for a visit to Walker Island where you’ll find stunning Pacific Northwest ocean views, men too intriguing to resist…and five close-knit sisters who are each about to find their one true love. Lucy Kevin is the “sweet” pen-name of New York Times and USA Today bestselling author Bella Andre (who writes the #1 bestselling series about The Sullivans). Lucy Kevin books are fun, flirty and romantic―without the steamy scenes. BE MY LOVE (Walker Island #1) After four years on the Seattle mainland, when Hanna Walker returns to Walker Island to make a documentary about the infamous Peterson-Walker feud from the early 1950s, she’s shocked to realize that passions still run high. Especially when it comes to Joel Peterson, the one man who is totally off-limits…but that she’s never been able to stop dreaming about. The last thing Joel wants is for Hanna to dredge up the past, but when he realizes she’s determined to follow through with her documentary no matter what, he knows he has no choice but to join her. But despite vowing to hold back his growing feelings for her, as Joel works with Hanna to unravel the mystery of what really happened between their two families, he soon begins to see that love is an unstoppable force…and that sometimes two people are meant to be. NO OTHER LOVE (Walker Island #2) Morgan Walker, makeup artist to the stars, never thought she’d leave New York City to come back to Walker Island. But when she is tapped to headline her own TV makeover show, she decides it’s the perfect time to launch her organic makeup line made from flowers and plants grown on the Walker family plot of land. While she’s really excited about getting to spend a few weeks with the sisters and grandmother she doesn’t see nearly often enough, she’s equally worried about the possibility of seeing Brian Russell again. Because even though they broke up seven years ago, she’s never been able to forget him. Not for one single day… WHEN IT’S LOVE (Walker Island #3) Once upon a time, Rachel Walker longed for—and sought out—adventure. But after her boyfriend found out she was pregnant and left her to raise her daughter Charlotte alone six years ago, she put her wild child days behind her. For good. So when Rachel’s sister needs her to step in to help film a TV show with professional surfer Nicholas Quinn on Walker Island, she isn’t the least bit worried about losing her heart to him. Not until the first time she sees him smile and realizes that her heart isn’t completely closed off to promises of breathless excitement after all… Click here to pick up your copy of Walker Island Romance Box Set in the Amazon Kindle store. When Lucy Kevin released her first novel – SEATTLE GIRL – it became an instant digital bestseller. Her next two fun contemporary romance releases – SPARKS FLY and FALLING FAST – also appeared on many bestseller lists, climbing as high as #2. All of the books in her FOUR WEDDINGS AND A FIASCO series have debuted in the Top 10. Her books have been read by half a million people on their e-readers and the Washington Post has called her “One of the top digital writers in America.” She is a New York Times and USA Today bestseller under another pseudonym. If not behind her computer, you can find her reading her favorite authors, hiking, knitting, or laughing with her husband and two children. Filed Under: Featured, Featured Book of the Day Tagged With: contemporary fiction, romance Holiday Heartwarmers Trilogy Christmas is family time in small town, Carlton Grove… Three stories to lift your holiday spirits! Snow Pup A small town’s lovely deputy and a father who lost his son years ago to a vindictive wife team up to save the kid from an overzealous social worker and foster home he hates. An accident changes the lives of: a little baby girl who loses her parents, a crabby puppy who hates all men, a soft-hearted beauty who fears for her brother and also the cop who can’t escape his destiny. Stranded in an Alaskan snowstorm, strangers Hali and Terry are forced to rely on each other for survival. The frigid temperatures are brutal and when Terry falls through the ice to save a puppy, the stakes for survival become enormous. Click here to pick up your free copy of Holiday Heartwarmers Trilogy in the Amazon Kindle store. Mimi lives on the East coast of Vancouver Island with her husband and writes her various romances with tongue in cheek and a mad glint in her eye. She’s been known to say: “If I can steal a booklover’s attention away from their everyday grind, absorb them into a fantasy love story, and make them care about the ending, then I’ve done my job.” You can visit Mimi’s Amazon author page if you click here. Sunday’s Featured (and FREE!) Kindle Book The Wedding Gift Author: Bella Andre / Lucy Kevin After Julie Delgado’s restaurant closes, she temporarily takes over the catering position at the Rose Chalet, a full-service San Francisco wedding venue. She plans to dazzle the bride and groom so the Chalet’s owner will keep her around, but fate has other plans for her when the bride’s brother shows up for the first food tasting. Andrew Kyle is not only the Cuisine Channel’s Edgy Eats host and chef, but his recent review of Julie’s restaurant was the final nail in its coffin. Once he meets Julie at the Rose Chalet, he’s certain she’s playing it safe. And he wants nothing more than to be the one to break her guarded passions loose. But despite the undeniable sparks between Julie and Andrew–and the fact that he seems to believe in her when no one else does–can she afford to be taking risks with her cooking, with her career…or with her heart? Click here to pick up your free copy of The Wedding Gift in the Amazon Kindle store. When Lucy Kevin released her first novel – SEATTLE GIRL – it became an instant digital bestseller. She is a New York Times and USA Today bestseller under another pseudonym. If not behind her computer, you can find her reading her favorite authors, hiking, knitting, or laughing with her husband and two children. The Beach Wedding Would you risk everything for a second chance at true love? Liz Wilkinson has finally landed her dream job overseeing Married in Malibu, a new wedding venue for the Hollywood elite that promises perfect, paparazzi-free happily ever afters. She vows to do whatever it takes to put the new company on the map. Even if it means working with her ex-fiancé…and pretending to be in love with him again, too! Their pretend relationship feels breathlessly real… As a bestselling thriller writer, Jason Lomax writes plot twists for a living. But he never could have imagined needing his ex-fiancée’s help to arrange a secret beach wedding for his famous niece. Nor did he ever expect to fall even more in love with Liz the second time around. The wedding―and true love―they’ve both dreamed of for so long… When their fake dates―and kisses―become breathlessly, wonderfully real, will Jason be able to convince Liz that neither of them is pretending anymore? And that the love they once felt for each other never actually went away… Click here to pick up your free copy of The Beach Wedding in the Amazon Kindle store. Featured Kindle Book for Saturday November 9, 2019 by Michael Gallagher 1 Comment Irresistible at Christmas Authors: Multiple Celebrate The Heart of The Season With EIGHT BRAND-NEW, NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED CHRISTMAS STORIES From Nine New York Times & USA Today Bestselling, Award-Winning Authors. Ranging from fun and flirty romantic comedy to poignant holiday romance, this collection of semi-sweet and steamy stories will have you crying one moment while laughing the next. A premiere series featuring captivating holiday romance? You’ll find each story simply IRRESISTIBLE…at Christmas! Two Hearts’ Christmas Gift: Tamara Ferguson, USA Today bestselling author: Can a doctor whose life was once saved by her severely wounded warrior patient return the favor, by giving him back the greatest gift of all? Gifts Of Love: Natalie Ann, USA Today bestselling author: Can a self-made millionaire do-gooder earn the trust of a woman who’s been burned more than once? Charlie Saint: Suzanne Jenkins, USA Today bestselling author: When a judgment call almost cost Charlie Saint his life. Lila made a decision to stick by his side. But in order to go forward, she had to confront an issue from her past. Home For Christmas: Cynthia Cooke, USA Today bestselling author: Melanie returns to Pineville to renovate her old home and turn it into an Inn. With the help of the contractor who had taken so much from her in the past, she discovers what was lost in her old house, holds the answer to what’s been missing in her heart. Keep Me Warm: Alicia Street, USA Today bestselling author: Can a small-town working girl make it work with a wealthy jet setter, when their relationship suddenly changes from enemies to lovers? Miss Christmas: Stephanie Queen, USA Today bestselling author: Scarlet is too independent to play Cinderella, but when she enters the Miss Christmas pageant she has trouble resisting the Prince Charming of the Regal family–who happens to be running the pageant. Christmas Con: Rachelle Ayala, USA Today bestselling author: Two ex-cons pose as stellar success stories to swindle a grandfather to change his will for Christmas. Courage To Celebrate: Taylor Lee, USA Today bestselling author: Luke and Ava face their biggest challenge yet. In the past they found the courage to dare, the courage to love and the courage to triumph. Now they have to decide if they have the Courage to Celebrate. Christmas Wish: Patrice Wilton, New York Times and USA Today bestselling author: When confirmed bachelor, Byron Watts meets school teacher, Meghan Shaunessy and her 4-year-old autistic boy, he’s met his match. Can these two stubborn people overcome the pain of their pasts and learn to trust the healing power of love? Click here to pick up your copy of Irresistible at Christmas in the Amazon Kindle store. Friday’s Featured (and FREE!) Kindle Book November 1, 2019 by Michael Gallagher Leave a Comment Be My Love Author: Lucy Kevin / Bella Andre Click here to pick up your free copy of Be My Love in the Amazon Kindle store. Lucy Kevin is the “sweet” pen-name of New York Times and USA Today bestselling author Bella Andre. Lucy Kevin books are fun, flirty and romantic―without the steamy scenes. October 23, 2019 by Michael Gallagher Leave a Comment His Muse Author: Annie J. Rose Our relationship was a dirty, dirty secret… It was a huge mistake. I fell in love with my brother’s best friend. Only to get pregnant, and then abandoned. I’ll never forgive Ben. He left me when I needed him the most. I’ve survived five years without him. But my heart still races when I see him again. His eyes pierce through my soul. His touch takes me back in time. I’m tempted to make the same mistake I did back then. But what happens when I tell him my secret? And can I move past everything that he’s put me through? Click here to pick up your copy of His Muse in the Amazon Kindle store. Filed Under: Featured, Featured Book of the Day Tagged With: contemporary fiction Loving the Boss Author: Agnes Canestri It could be her fresh start. If only she can avoid falling for her boss… Eleni is in desperate need of a new beginning—preferably one that’s far, far away from her cheating ex. So when she’s offered a dance instructor gig at a remote tropical resort, she jumps at the opportunity. With a drastically clean slate like this, nothing can go wrong. At least until she meets Matteo, the resort’s handsome dive manager with eyes deeper than the ocean. But the fuzzy feelings won’t fool Eleni twice. After all she’s been through, the last thing she needs is another potential heartache. Matteo isn’t looking for love, either. He’s more comfortable in the water than out of it, and finds the depths of the ocean a lot easier to navigate than matters of the heart. Besides, he needs to stay focused if he wants to eventually open his own free diving school. All he’ll have to do now is ignore how his heart starts the funny dance whenever Eleni is close to him. Easy, right? But everything changes when Eleni is transferred to the dive center to work as Matteo’s assistant. With the new forced proximity their best intentions go out the window —and it’s not long before the line between business and pleasure blurs… Can Eleni and Matteo learn to overcome the wounds of the past and heal together, even if their ambitions and desires are oceans apart? Click here to pick up your free copy of Loving the Boss in the Amazon Kindle store. Agnes is a sweet romance & YA romance author. She’s also a psychologist and passionate about understanding what makes people tick especially when it comes to love. She adores capable heroes, witty heroines, and bone-tingling kisses. In life, she’s a hopeless romantic and has five international moves under her belt to prove it. Yes, she’s followed her husband in his crazy career moves across Europe without as much as blinking an eye. She lives currently in Frankfurt, Germany with him and their two kids. When she’s not writing, reading or traveling she experiments with vegan recipes and home-baked goods. You can visit Agnes’ Amazon author page if you click here.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409162
__label__cc	0.668721	0.331279	History for the SS-197, U.S.S. Seawolf Captain: Score (WT): JANAC 1 Frederick B. Warder Manila 12/41 18 0/0 0/0 Manila 2 Frederick B. Warder Manila 12/41 10 0/0 0/0 Darwin 3 Frederick B. Warder Darwin 1/42 22 0/0 0/0 Australia 4 Frederick B. Warder Java 2/42 51 3/14,000 0/0 Fremantle 5 Frederick B. Warder Fremantle 5/42 51 0/0 1/1,200 Fremantle 6 Frederick B. Warder Fremantle 7/42 52 2/8,100 2/4,462 Fremantle 7 Frederick B. Warder Fremantle 10/42 55 3/16,800 3/13,000 Pearl Harbor 8 Royce L. Gross Pearl Harbor 4/43 30 3/13,100 2/5,300 Pearl Harbor 9 Royce L. Gross Pearl Harbor 5/43 56 1/4,300 1/4,700 Pearl Harbor 10 Royce L. Gross Pearl Harbor 8/43 32 2/15,300 3/13,000 Pearl Harbor 11 Royce L. Gross Pearl Harbor 10/43 53 2/14,000 2/6,399 Pearl Harbor 12 Royce L. Gross Pearl Harbor 12/43 36 4/24,000 4-½/25,793 Pearl Harbor 13 Richard B. Lynch Pearl Harbor 6/44 32 0/0 0/0 Pearl Harbor 14 Albert M. Bontier Fremantle 8/44 24 0/0 0/0 Brisbane 15 Albert M. Bontier Brisbane 9/44 0/0 0/0 Lost 10/44 The SS-197, USS Seawolf sank 27 and damaged 13 enemy ships. The Seawolf received the Navy Unit Commendation after sinking an enemy transport and damaging three light cruisers, two transports and a freighter for her 4th patrol. November 3, 1942 (7th patrol) she sank the Japanese freighter-transport Sagami Maru in the Davao Gulf, sank two freighter-transports and damaged a freighter. On her 8th patrol in the Bonins-Formosa area, the SS-197 sank a large freighter, tanker, and two sampans. On 3 October 1944, it is believed the Seawolf was sank, possibly from friendly fire.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409164
__label__cc	0.66266	0.33734	Displaying 8 records. Goodenia katabudjar (Goodeniaceae), a new species from south-west Western Australia CRANFIELD, R.J. AND SAGE, L.W., Nuytsia 11 (3): 297–299 (1997) Taxonomic notes on Boronia species of north-western Australia, including a revision of the Boronia lanuginosa group (Boronia section Valvatae : Rutaceae) DURETTO, MARCO F., Nuytsia 11 (3): 301–346 (1997) Drosera paradoxa (Droseraceae), a new species from northern Australia LOWRIE, ALLEN, Nuytsia 11 (3): 347–351 (1997) A taxonomic review of Stylidium subgenus Forsteropsis (Stylidiaceae) LOWRIE, ALLEN AND KENNEALLY, KEVIN, Nuytsia 11 (3): 353–364 (1997) A taxonomic revision of the Eucalyptus striaticalyx group (Eucalyptus series Rufispermae : Myrtaceae) NICOLLE, DEAN, Nuytsia 11 (3): 365–382 (1997) A synopsis of the annual species of Cyperaceae from central and southern Western Australia Digitaria aequiglumis (Poaceae), a new weed for Western Australia LEPSCHI, B.J. AND MACFARLANE, T.D., Nuytsia 11 (3): 425–427 (1997) Brief notes on the genus Crowea (Rutaceae) WILSON, PAUL G., Nuytsia 11 (3): 429–430 (1997)	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409165
__label__cc	0.506859	0.493141	The Big Bang Theory Forums denajeanx denajeanx last won the day on October 7 2014 denajeanx had the most liked content! About denajeanx Skippy Cavanaugh -BBT -Guitar -Writing Big Bang Theory Opinions Favorite Seasons Favorite Episode The Launch Acceleration 60408 profile views Kathy2611 serena_1995 Sheldonswife denajeanx changed their profile photo August 17, 2016 Ship Zone [Spoilers] Shamy: Season 9 denajeanx replied to Tensor's topic in Season 9 That was the cutest thing I've ever seen. [Spoilers] Discussion Topic: Season 9 Do we know if anyone is at the taping tonight? Yeah, I have to agree. I find it really hard to believe Leonard made any kind of oversight, given how upset he was. I doubt they would redo their wedding. I think so, too. I really don't think anything good is going to come out of Zack making an appearance, at least in this episode. I think it will eventually lead them to sorting out their issues but it's going to be bad before it's good, just like when Shamy broke up. Not that Lenny will break up, I think they've come way too far for that but drama/conflict seems to be the writer's "go-to" for solving issues. I never said she could do no wrong, but I do think her "behavior" is grossly over exaggerated. If you'd like to show me where I said she could do no wrong, then please do. I'm simply confused as to why everyone is so angry with her when this has been consistent behavior for her character for years and also why "#freeLeonard" is now a movement, as if he's a prisoner. He is, honestly. Cheating is one of the worst things you can do to a person. He's lucky she even considered taking him back and marrying him because most women would have kicked him to the curb like yesterday's garbage. I also don't see Leonard being forced to be with her. He has free will and can leave her if he so chooses. I'm asking what she has done that so awful? I personally don't think she ignored "his needs", whatever the hell that means. I also don't see how she has belittled him, maybe I'm watching a different version of Lenny. I'm confused on what she has done to Leonard that he'd be better off? Last time I checked, he cheated on her and she didn't walk away from their relationship. We were also all told to calm the fuck down because everything was going to be fine and now it is. Lenny will be okay. It's just a tiny bump in the road. My gifs won't post, this is tragic. But just picture an ugly cry gif here: :'( I guess I must be too simple-minded because I don't see anything wrong with the show right now, except that they are kind of in a pre-finale "lull" and I assume that will pick up by the end of the season. But what do I know? ...Just what. What the hell has happened to this thread? I've spent many a night reading some good Shenny fanfic. Works of art, if you ask me. Right on, brother. TBBT v8 (Default) TBBT v8 (Desktop Mode) The Big Bang Theory Fan Site Powered by Invision Community	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409171
__label__wiki	0.674946	0.674946	June 12, 2019 June 12, 2019 by Full 10 Yards Deep Deep Deeep Fantasy Sleepers: Part 1 – by Rob Grimwood How deep? I’m talking Adele level Rolling in the Deep. Actually, even deeper. These sleepers could even be considered Sum 41 level of potentially being In Too Deep. Yes, welcome to that time of year where us analysts like to breakdown our opinions and try to work out which of the late round picks could potentially be a serviceable piece on your fantasy teams. Two years ago saw Alvin Kamara win titles for owners when being picked up in the latter rounds and last year was Phillip Lindsey’s turn. Tip of the cap to any analysts who went deep to pick him out as a deep sleeper for 2018. So which players are worth monitoring this off-season and worth either a late round flyer in re-draft leagues or picking up as a taxi squad member/final bench spot in your dynasty leagues? Take a look at these candidates that could be on fantasy radars at some point this season: Dylan Cantrell – Wide Receiver, Los Angeles Chargers From a pure talent standpoint, Cantrell was one of the best possession receivers coming out of the 2018 draft and a great under the radar pickup in the 6th round by the Chargers. Unfortunately for him, he fell into a busy depth chart of talented receivers mixed in with a leg injury he sustained during preseason meant he subsequently found himself on the Chargers practice squad for the most of last season before being promoted to the first team roster for the final two weeks. But after a less than impressive season from Travis Benjamin (186 rec yards and 1 TD) tied in with the loss of Tyrell WIlliams in the free agency, there are definitely productive receiving spots up for grabs in one of the most high powered offenses in the league. In his last 2 seasons playing for Texas Tech, Cantrell bagged 129 receptions for 1,491 yards and 15 combined touchdowns, but it’s not the stats that blow me away. After watching his highlight tape coming out of college, it is apparent that he possesses an elite set of hands and can make the most difficult catches look easy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQGyqRxhYwY A fair comparison to make for Cantrell would be Vikings star receiver Adam Thielen, not just from a talent standpoint, but from a situational one too. Thielen was a guy very much in the background of the depth chart in Minnesota before being given a chance 2 years after being picked up as a UDFA and has since become one of the leagues best, and most reliable receivers. We know Mike Williams has tremendous red-zone upside and Keenan Allen is currently one of the best possession receivers in the league, but we also know that these are the type of receiver that Philip Rivers likes to target the most. Considering Allen hasn’t had the cleanest of injury slates and the aforementioned Travis Benjamin regressing in his career, Cantrell could be in a prime spot to gain a bigger role in 2019 and could develop into a “Thielen-type” player over the next couple of seasons. Deon Yelder – Tight End, Kansas City Chiefs Another under the radar player coming into the league at the beginning of last season as a UDFA was Deon Yelder. Hailing from Western Kentucky, it’s no surprise that he wasn’t picked up in the draft, but how often do we see talented players go ignored on draft day just because they went to a small school? He was the star of Western Kentucky during his senior year after producing 688 receiving yards from 52 receptions and as a result managed to earn a place in the NFLPA Collegiate Bowl and a call up to the Senior Bowl where he caught a touchdown. Photo Credit: Steve Roberts-USA TODAY Sports He started the 2018 season on the New Orleans Saints practice squad before being released in October, but was picked up immediately the next day by the Chiefs in a bid to strengthen the tight end depth chart behind superstar Travis Kelce and was promoted to the first team towards the end of the season, albeit mainly for special team duties. As with the majority of tight ends coming into the NFL – it almost always takes at least a season for players to get acclimated into the position as it is one of the most versatile positions and therefore hardest to learn in all of football. With a full year of pro status under his belt and learning from one of the best that’s ever done it in Travis Kelce, Yelder could be primed to step his performances up a notch or two. Tie this is with the uncertainty of what is happening within the offense in Kansas City – the unknown ramifications of Tyreek Hill’s personal issues and the loss of Kareem Hunt in 2018, receiving roles could be up for grabs at Arrowhead this season. Rookie receiver Mecole Hardman comes with a lot of buzz in tow and will likely see his fair share of targets, but with question marks looming over the rest of the receiving corps, Yelder could be a candidate to share a healthy workload with fellow tight end Kelce and potentially produce fantasy relevant numbers, especially as part of an air raid offense led by the super talented gunslinger, Patrick Mahomes. Should Kelce go down with an injury too, Yelder ticks a lot of boxes to be a sure fire replacement and a hot commodity pick-up of the waiver wires. Beat the rush, grab him early and stash him away. Chris Conley – Wide Receiver, Jacksonville Jaguars I know Chris Conley hasn’t exactly moved mountains in his time in the NFL so far, but he hasn’t been terrible either. He played out his rookie contract in Kansas City and managed to finish his four years there with 1,238 yards with 6 touchdowns. It was always going to be an up-hill battle for the former Georgia receiver in Kansas with the emergence of Tyreek Hill and stalwart Travis Kelce always demanding the first reads. Still, he was able to prevail to some degree last season and took advantage of the 52 targets thrown his way by season MVP Patrick Mahomes converting 5 of those for touchdowns. Photo Credit: Ron Chenoy/USA TODAY Sports It’s his new situation which intrigues me the most. Jacksonville does not have a nailed on WR1 heading into training camp which means it will be a case of “who can impress Nick Foles the most” to see who will win the battle to become the go-to guy. Dede Westbrook seems to be the favorite among analysts to be the main target, but hasn’t really proved that he can bring superiority to the receiving ranks on the Jag’s depth chart in the two seasons he’s spent in Northern Florida (1,056 receiving yards with 6 TDs). It’s a similar story for Marqise Lee, he too hasn’t proved he can be the front-runner for the job despite a few eye-catching moments over the last 4 seasons, and of course, is coming back off an ACL tear that cut short his 2018 campaign. Last years’ second round pick D.J Chark barely saw the field last season so is somewhat of an unknown quantity whilst the ‘breakout of Keelan Cole’ in 2017 was about as short-lived as an AAF season. One thing that attracted Conley to Jacksonville was the long term signing of Nick Foles. The two have previously been teammates during Foles’ stint with the Chiefs in 2016. This could end up being a determining factor for building chemistry and winning camp battles early on in the pre-season process. In short, Chris Conley has about as much chance as any of these other receivers of being Foles’ main target in 2019. But who knows, the step up in performance after a fairly successful final season in KC may well have been the spark to ignite the fire. If he’s able to turn heads at training camp and re-kindle a ‘bromance’ with Foles’, the former superbowl MVP certainly has the ability to sustain at least one solid WR2/Flex option in fantasy. Out of all of the receivers vying for that spot, Conley also has speed (4.35 40 dash time at his combine) which is a weapon that the other receivers in Duval may lack, and may well put him a stride ahead of the others in the pecking order. Darren Waller – Tight End, Oakland Raiders The tight end position in Oakland is polarizing. From barely using the position in 2016, to steadily making it a fringe pick for fantasy rosters in 2017, to completely blowing it out of the water with 1,111 yards and 10 TD’s going to the position in 2018. So does Derek Carr like targeting tight ends, or was Jared Cook’s performances last season (896 yards, 6 TDs) an outlier for the position? Well, just in case it wasn’t, you might want to consider adding Darren Waller to your fantasy rosters. Waller started off his NFL career when drafted by the Baltimore Ravens as a wide-receiver in the 2015 draft. He was a practice squad member for the majority of his rookie campaign but switched to tight end in the 2016 off-season to join what has since become the ‘tight end circus’ in Baltimore. Waller doesn’t come without question marks though. Unfortunately he has a history of suspensions from the league for abusing it’s alcohol and drug policies. He missed the entirety of the 2017 season for a year spent in rehab along before being picked up by the Raiders mid-way through last season where he made brief appearances in the last 4 games. The off-season training camp in Oakland is buzzing around Waller though after he claims that those dark days are well and truly behind him as he focuses solely on his career as a pro. Coach Gruden, Offensive Coordinator Greg Olsen and Derek Carr have all been singing his praises through OTA’s making Waller a perfect deep sleeper candidate. In an interview after a recent training camp session he certainly sounded like he is confident with stepping up to have a bigger role in the offense and cited he’s been getting help with blocking duties and also mentioned learning from Cook last year. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dv-9jOPZNw The most impressive weapon in his arsenal is his speed. At 6’6 and 255 lbs, Waller is a physical specimen and makes it hard to believe that he recorded a 4.45 40 time at his combine in 2015. Speaking to reporters during OTA’s, Carr was quick to mentioned how impressed he is with Waller’s athleticism stating “I’m really excited about him, Darren Waller is super, super-fast, if I’m being real. And he works his tail off.” If Waller is indeed all he his cracked up to be and the buzz around Oakland is real, he could be in prime position to soak up some of the 101 targets or 896 yards that Jared Cook has left behind and could be a very nice add for your fantasy teams in a position where after the top tier, anyone can step up to fantasy relevance. Particularly coming from the receiving background that he does, this should automatically boost his fantasy stock. by Rob Grimwood – @FFBritBaller Thanks for reading this article, make sure you check back with us next week where I will be discussing 4 other deep deeep sleepers that need to be monitored this off-season in Part 2 of this mini-series. Posted in blog, Fantasy, RobTagged Chris Conley, Darren Waller, Deep Sleeper, Deon Yelder, Dylan Cantrell, dynasty, Fantasy football, NFL, NFLFantasy, nfluk, redraft, sleeper Previous Draft Déjà Vu; Byrce Hall Next Summer Positional Top 5 Rankings; Offense One thought on “Deep Deep Deeep Fantasy Sleepers: Part 1 – by Rob Grimwood” Pingback: Deep Deep Deeep Fantasy Sleepers: Part 2 – by Rob Grimwood – The Full10Yards	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409172
__label__cc	0.524959	0.475041	Fytenburg Brewing - A Little History Theodore Fyten set sail on the steamship, St. Patrick, from Antwerp, Belgium and emigrated from his native Netherlands to St. Paul in the summer of 1869. He set up shop as a teamster and harness maker, serving St. Paul's bustling Upper Levee brewery neighborhood. Two years later, his brother John joined him and set up shop near the falls of St. Anthony, in order to serve North East Minneapolis's brewing community. Thus setting the stage for the Fyten family's service to the Twin Cities brewing community for 140 years. Today, the Theodore Fyten Brewing Company dba Fytenburg Brewing Company is housed in the historic horse stables of the Jacob Schmidt and Christopher Stahlmann Breweries, which date back to the 1850's. They are also historically the brewery shops where Tod's grandfather George Fyten, Jr. worked for Jacob Schmidt. Established in 1999, by Tod Fyten, II - great, great, great grandson of Theodore Fyten - the brewery today is planning the release of its famed Fytenburg brews, on draft in the summer of 2012. Where To Find Fytenburg Fytenburg in the Media Beer-related Links St. Croix Brewing Co. Stagecoach Brewing Co. Map to Brewery Fytenburg Brewing Company 363 Webster St. www.fytenburgbeer.com info@fytenburgbeer.com Copyright (c) Fytenburg Brewing Company All rights reserved.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409178
__label__cc	0.576623	0.423377	AI War 2 is out now in Early Access! Get it on Humble Store today! Tubo-boosted AI group? Author Topic: Tubo-boosted AI group? (Read 4817 times) Elestan Full Member Mark II I'm occasionally seeing groups of AI ships moving at ridiculous speeds, with no apparent explanation For example, there's a group of Flagships, Plasma Siege, Fighters, and Missile Frigates currently showing "Speed up to 301" (more than 10x their normal speed). Any idea what might cause this? The current system does have an AI home station, which would be +100% speed, but that's not nearly enough to explain this. When the ships exited that system, they slowed to "Speed up to 153". So it seems like something is resetting their speed to 153 (regardless of starting value), and then applying the home station +100% to the boosted value. « Last Edit: October 26, 2017, 11:30:12 AM by Elestan » Chris Park, Arcen Games Founder and Lead Designer Arcen Staff Zenith Council Member Mark III Re: Tubo-boosted AI group? Is the AI type "speed racer" or something along those lines? There's one of them that gives a huge speed boost to their ships. There might also be some sort of device on that or adjacent planets that is causing the boost. I can't recall if the speed booster machine that the AI has is interplanetary (the planet it is on plus all directly linked ones) or if it's just for the planet it's on. Could be there is such a device on a planet next to the two planets you are looking at, hence you not seeing the source of it yet. Have ideas or bug reports for one of our games? Mantis for Suggestions and Bug Reports. Thanks for helping to make our games better! Quote from: x4000 on October 26, 2017, 11:39:59 AM Nope... 7/7 Bouncer/Bouncer Nope; this is a completionist game I've been playing for a while; the AI only has one planet left, with just the Home CS on it. I could simply win, but I'm intending to see what it's like when I trigger the Fallen Spire, Showdown, and Exodian Blade endings simultaneously. Should be 'fun'. :-) Hmm, okay -- I'd have to guess it's related to one of those other factions, then. Keith might have a better guess on that. keith.lamothe Arcen Games Staff Since it's only some of the AI units, and they appear to be moving as a group, it's probably the exo strikeforces coming in response to those various superweapons. Exo ships always travel at the speed of the "lead ship" (generally the strongest individual ship in the group). That's probably ~150 in this case, and the HCS is doubling it. Aha! TIL. Or TIR, anyway. Quote from: keith.lamothe on October 26, 2017, 01:11:57 PM Exo ships always travel at the speed of the "lead ship" (generally the strongest individual ship in the group). That seems like the right explanation, but it also seems like a bug to me. A group should travel at the rate of its slowest ship; that's how groups of ships work everywhere else in the game. Exos are... special in a lot of ways, heh. The interface should probably communicate it better, but they're meant to be unusually brutal. Quote from: x4000 on October 26, 2017, 08:57:07 PM Hmm....this feels like an attempt to paint a bug as not a bug by saying that it makes the game harder, thereby appealing to the AIW community's attitude of prideful masochism. Quote from: Elestan on October 26, 2017, 09:45:04 PM It is actually quite intentional, as a balance decision, to not have exos either be A) Slow or B) Bomberless My problem with it is that when a game breaks its own rules, it also breaks the illusion of the game's world, and that can be very detrimental to the enjoyment of the game. When I see a flotilla of Plasma Siege Starships magically moving like Raid Starships, my mental reaction is not the excitement of facing a new and serious challenge; it's the irritation of being stuck in a game with a cheater - the same as if those ships were given other arbitrarily superpowers like immunity to damage multipliers, or mobile autofire OMDs. It's such a departure from the game's established setting that it just feels fake. IMHO, if you really need exowaves to be fast, you can do it in a more believable way by making them from fast ships, so that you don't need to fudge their movement. If there aren't fast ships that do what you want, you can always add them to the game as a new experimental type. Quote from: Elestan on October 27, 2017, 12:23:04 AM My problem with it is that when a game breaks its own rules, it also breaks the illusion of the game's world, and that can be very detrimental to the enjoyment of the game. If a Speed Racer AI can boost all its ships to 300 (or whatever it is), why does it require further suspension of disbelief that the AI can send special strikeforces where the lead ship has the ability to speed-boost all of the ships to keep up with it? Quote from: keith.lamothe on October 27, 2017, 06:27:50 AM If a player picks (or permits) a special AI type, they're explicitly giving the AI a license to cheat in specific ways to up the challenge level - I think it would be fine if "Fast exo-waves" was an option along those lines. I've also discovered that when ships are moving this fast, gravity turrets are of limited effectiveness; the ships seem to move so quickly that they jump most or all of the way through the grav field before the game can register its effect on them. Slowing the game down to -10 and pausing frequently seems to help some. Toranth Hero Member Mark III Some Lead ships are immune to gravity effects - Spirecraft and Golems, for example. If the Lead craft of an Exowave is immune, the followers will also be immune until the Lead ship is destroyed - then they revert to normal behavior. I don't remember ever seeing Exowaves ignoring gravity effects otherwise.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409183
__label__cc	0.584003	0.415997	4 Ways We’re Investing In New Energy With Shell How do you make a company like Shell, deeply entrenched in the distribution of fossil fuels by nature, more green? Despite critics commenting “you can’t”, Shell has pushed forward and invested their time and energy into forming a name for themselves in the venture capitalist sphere – as Shell Ventures. The company focuses on supporting new technologies and disruptive business models with a focus on oil and gas, renewables, new fuels and digital. We believe there is no challenge too big for innovation. That’s why we’re working alongside Shell to tackle one of the biggest world challenges we face across the globe: energy. GLOBAL MEETUP 2019 Join to unlock business opportunities and meet the most promising innovators worldwide Did you know that within the next twenty years, the world’s energy consumption is expected to increase more than 55%? All is not lost, though, according to the WWF, the globe could get all the power that it requires from renewable energy before 2050 if the right political and societal decisions are made quickly enough. Both Shell Ventures and Get in the Ring have a deep-rooted belief that there are startups out there with solutions to tackle this very issue. We call these people our heroes. We know they exist – they just need unmasking. Alongside Shell, we are looking for heroes that can help us tackle four major pain-points in the transition to completely sustainable energy consumption. Those with truly innovative ideas will join the New Energy Challenge and get the chance to pitch to Shell Ventures investment committee and gain world-class coaching and advice from Shell’s core team. So, what is the motivation behind the challenge? And why should you be interested? Sticking to their roots: Oil and Gas. Shell, naturally, has a huge interest in developing their primary function—working in oil and gas. Their customers are at the core of everything they do. Shell want to ensure every customer at Shell has the most efficient, safe and valuable experience when it comes to oil and gas. To do so, we’re focusing on innovations that improve the safety and efficiency of such processes. We are serious about giving startups opportunities to scale, which is reflected in Shell’s investment in Halfwave Technology in 2017. Shell took a strong role in not only funding the venture, but mentoring and validating the team’s product by integrating it into their everyday safety and compliance. Their support has led to strong validation in the industry’s eyes, with Halfwave bagging the Technology Innovation Awards at the Offshore Pipeline Technology 2018. ‘Renewable energy’ has become a buzzword lately, and for good reason. Renewable energy produces five times as many jobs as fossil fuels. We want to explore renewable energy innovations for commercial and industrial customers, both remotely and urbanely. Whether this be in energy use management, generation in wind and solar, distribution or storage. Of course, Shell Ventures are strong advocates for sustainable innovations, especially those that provide clean energy to rural regions of the world. Their recent investment in Husk Power Systems for over $20 million is testament to this passion. Husk, a startup originating from India and Tanzania, currently use a flexible “pay-as-you-go” energy service to design, build, own and operate a low-cost hybrid power plant that is based in India and Tanzania. These systems are extremely reliable and operate 24/7 to contribute power to the region. Shell saw the core of social enterprise within Husk—not only a strong ethical calling but a sustainable, scalable business model that means they can continue to provide power to these rural regions. That’s what the Get in the Ring challenges are all about: connecting startups from all over the world to opportunities that can not only change the world, but give them a platform to have scale internationally. Automotive future With the evolution of the transportation industry springing from breakouts with autonomous driving, electric vehicles and other innovations, we see that there are often more efficient ways to conduct operations that can still include couriers in the process. That’s why we’re looking for innovations that are revolutionizing new fuels for transport, connected mobility and freight. Shell’s investment in tiramizoo GmbH’s same-day, last-mile delivery business model has meant that not only are they supporting efficiency, but they are in support of business models that integrate such with current, “conventional” roles in the workforce like transportation. It’s all in the data So, what about digitalisation? How can we better connect with consumer thought processes? There are so many ways to analyse and interpret data, and we want to discover them. Shell is continually looking to innovate the way that they conduct processes based on the acquisition of data. Take Veros’ “ForeSight” for example, a recent investment from Shell Ventures who provide a dashboard of real-time operating metrics with clear warning about impending failures in equipment. With this technology, engineers are able to easily identify underperforming pieces of equipment, metrics and other concerns months in advance. While these startups may have been successful without a partnership with Shell, their investment of time, manpower and money has accelerated their growth tremendously. By taking control of your future, and partnering with Get in the Ring and New Energy Challenge, you could be the next startup in Shell Ventures investment portfolio. We can’t wait to hear your pitch! Sign-up now. Work together with Startup in Residence Startup in Residence New Energy Challenge announces 12 most promising new energy start-ups in Europe and Israel The New Energy Challenge 2019: What companies made it to the shortlist? Middleweight Global Winner helps entrepreneurs do their taxes GET THE LATEST INNOVATION NEWS Be the first to know get the latest innovation news. YES, I WANT MORE NEWS! © Get in the Ring 2020 privacy policy and General Terms and Condition	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409196
__label__wiki	0.96185	0.96185	College: Southern Methodist '17 91.40 68 vs. NYJ: #22 vs opposing WR - 36.82 FPA Bye Week6 Rank34 % Owned27.7 % Change0.4 WK 16 Pts17.80 WK 17 Pts0.00 1 @NYJ 2 @NYG 3 CIN - - - - - 8 48 - - - 1 - 14.80 5 @TEN 7 MIA 9 WAS - - - - - 2 13 1 - - - - 9.30 10 @CLE 11 @MIA 13 @DAL 14 BAL 15 @PIT - - - - - 1 6 - - - - - 1.60 16 @NE 17 NYJ 1 @NYJ, 2 @NYG, 3 CIN, 4 NE, 5 @TEN, 7 MIA, 9 WAS, - - 13 1 - 9.30 10 @CLE, 11 @MIA, 12 DEN, 13 @DAL, 14 BAL, 15 @PIT, - - 6 - - 1.60 16 @NE, 17 NYJ, Out for Week 17 Beasley is among the inactives for Sunday's regular-season finale against the Jets, Chris Brown of the Bills' official site reports. Analysis: Buffalo is locked into the No. 5 seed in the AFC and several of the team's veteran starters aren't even suiting up. Get Beasley out of your lineup, and overall, Buffalo seems like one of those teams in a boat you're better off avoiding from a fantasy standpoint this week. May play only partial game Beasley and other Bills starters could be rested in the finale against the Jets, The Buffalo News reports. Analysis: Week 17 is always filled with fantasy landmines, so part of the task at hand for any owner still playing out their league is to figure out which NFL teams are playing to win and which teams are playing to keep guys healthy and fresh for the playoffs. While coach Sean McDermott tipped off that the Bills will probably use some or all of their starters for a portion of Sunday's game, it'd be a big surprise if they went the whole way or even into the second half, as the team cannot change its No. 5…read more Tops 100 yards Beasley hauled in seven of his 12 targets for 108 yards in the Bills' Week 16 loss to the Patriots. Analysis: Beasley was one of only two Bills receivers to record multiple catches and also accounted for seven of the team's 13 receptions in the contest. Though not regularly a part of his production profile, Beasley brought some big-play ability as well, gaining more than 10 yards on five of his touches. Overall, Beasley has had a productive first season in Buffalo and is nine receptions short of a new career high. However, he may not play a full complement of snaps in the team's Week 17 matchup against…read more Published: Sat, Dec 21 at 6:13pm by Rotowire.com Limited to one catch Beasley caught one of six targets for six yards in Sunday's 17-10 win over the Steelers. Analysis: After three straight weeks with a touchdown, Beasley struggled Sunday, finishing with a season-low one catch. The rest of the Bills' passing offense struggled as well against a tough Pittsburgh defense. Beasley will look to bounce back against the Patriots in Week 16. Scores for third straight game Beasley caught four of seven targets for 29 yards and a touchdown, plus a two-point conversion, during Sunday's 24-17 loss to the Ravens. Analysis: Beasley finished third on the team in targets, and although he finished second in receptions, his mark of 7.3 yards per catch was rather unimpressive. He did manage to haul in a three-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter, however, giving him three scores in his last three games. Beasley is up to six trips to the end zone on the season and will look to add to his numbers next Sunday against the Steelers. Revenge game against Cowboys Beasley caught six of seven targets for a season-high 110 yards and a touchdown in Thursday's 26-15 win over the Cowboys. Analysis: The former Cowboys slot receiver had plenty of experience playing in Dallas on Thanksgiving, and his comfort level with the national stage showed as he wound up leading both teams in receiving yards on the day. Beasley's 110 yards was only two shy of his career best, set in 2015, and he's emerged as one of Josh Allen's most trusted options since Buffalo's Week 6 bye, finding the end zone in five of the last seven games. Leads way for pass offense Beasley finished Sunday's 20-3 win over Denver having caught six of nine passes for 76 yards and a touchdown. Analysis: Beasley led the Bills across receiving categories Sunday as Denver, for the most part, attempted to take away John Brown. Beasley stepped up to the challenge, gaining 30-yards on a catch-and-run crosser to set up a second-quarter field goal and then splitting the seam during the first drive of the second half to reel in an 18-yard touchdown. Beasley is finding a groove in Buffalo with at least four catches in each of his last three games and four touchdowns in his last six outings. Thursday…read more Snags four passes in win Beasley caught all four of his targets for 38 total yards during Sunday's 37-20 win over Miami. Analysis: Beasley's biggest play came early in the third quarter in which he beat his man to the inside from the slot and went for a 15-yard gain to set up a Buffalo touchdown. The veteran receiver had a nice three-game scoring streak in Weeks 7 through 9, but he has not otherwise found the end zone this season and has topped 50 total yards just thrice. He remains at his best as a high-volume underneath target. Next up is Denver's top-five-rated pass defense. Notches 74 receiving yards Beasley caught four of six targets for 74 yards during Sunday's 19-16 loss to the Browns. Analysis: Beasley finished second on the team in catches and receiving yards in this one while ranking third in targets. He generated the team's longest play from scrimmage on the day and finished with an impressive average of 18.5 yards per target. Beasley's three-game touchdown streak came to an end, but he remains a focal point of the passing game and will look to return to the end zone in next Sunday's game against the Dolphins. Another score Beasley caught both of his targets for 13 yards during Sunday's 24-9 win over Washington. Analysis: The good news is that the little guy has now scored in three straight games. The flip side is that for some reason he only played 45 percent of the offensive snaps, an odd season low considering it was a close game for much of the afternoon and Beasley was unhurt. We'll chalk it up to the game plan for now, though his playing time and his production outside the touchdown string merit watching. Beasley hasn't caught more than three balls in any of the last four games, and he's only eclipsed…read more Published: Mon, Nov 4 at 11:53am by Rotowire.com Touchdown in two straight Beasley caught three of seven targets for 41 yards and a touchdown in Sunday's 31-13 loss to Philadelphia. Analysis: Beasley hauled in a 14-yard touchdown in the second quarter. He's found the end zone in consecutive games but has exactly three receptions in each of his last three games after totaling 24 catches in his first four games with the Bills. The slot receiver will be looking to stretch his touchdown streak to three games in Week 9 against a Redskins defense that's surrendering 24.4 points per game. Rested Friday Beasley was given a rest day Friday but does not have an injury designation for Sunday's game against the Eagles, Chris Brown of the Bills' official site reports. Analysis: The little guy scored his first TD for the Bills in last week's win over Miami, and in what figures to be a tight game against the Eagles he may be an important piece once again. Philly is far weaker against the pass compared to its strong run defense. Notches late touchdown in win Beasley secured three of six targets for 16 yards and a touchdown in the Bills' 31-21 win over the Dolphins on Sunday. Analysis: Beasley was headed for a second consecutive fantasy dud before coming down with a three-yard touchdown grab just after the midway point of the fourth quarter to help extend the Bills' lead to 24-14 at the time. The veteran possession receiver has an underwhelming 6-37-1 line over the last two games, but given his sure hands and precise routes, he should continue enjoying a pivotal role in Buffalo's air attack. Beasley will look to boost his numbers across the board in a Week 8 interconference…read more Worst game as a Bill Beasley caught all three of his targets for 21 yards in Sunday's win over Tennessee, seeing the field for 65 percent of the offensive snaps. Analysis: This was the lowest output of the season for Beasley, who remains about the most dependable receiver for modest output but one that has a low ceiling as well -- he's been used as an effective chain mover for the Bills while still looking for his first TD with the team. Beasley only has one red-zone look all season, something that probably won't change with tight end Dawson Knox emerging in recent weeks and the large, athletic Duke Williams breaking into the game plan against the Titans. Still,…read more Published: Mon, Oct 7 at 10:43am by Rotowire.com Beasley caught seven of 12 targets for 75 yards in Sunday's 16-10 loss to the Patriots. Analysis: Beasley edged out John Brown by one target, two catches and six yards for the team lead in each category. Starting quarterback Josh Allen got knocked out of the game in the fourth quarter with a concussion, but backup Matt Barkley proved capable of moving the offense effectively with 127 passing yards after coming in. While Buffalo's red-zone efficiency will likely suffer without the threat of Allen running the ball, the team's receivers could actually benefit from having a more accurate…read more Thrives underneath in Week 3 Beasley caught eight of 10 targets for 48 yards and added a two-point conversion in Sunday's 21-17 win over the Bengals. Analysis: Buffalo went for two after scoring the game's first touchdown, and quarterback Josh Allen was able to find Beasley. The slot receiver didn't have a single catch go for more than 10 yards but still delivered a quality performance for owners in PPR formats. He never caught more than 75 balls in a season with Dallas, but Beasley's on pace for 91 catches in his first year with Buffalo, having hauled in 17 passes through three games. Burns Giants for 51-yard catch Beasley caught all four of his targets for 83 yards in Sunday's 28-14 win over the Giants. Analysis: Beasley did most of his damage on a 51-yard catch in the second quarter. With nine catches for 123 yards through two games, Beasley looks like the clear-cut second option in Buffalo's passing game after John Brown. Cleared for Week 2 Beasley (illness) doesn't have a designation on the final injury report for Sunday's game against the Giants. Analysis: Beasley returned to practice Friday as a full participant, after sitting out Thursday's session. He'll now take aim at a Giants secondary that was torched by Amari Cooper, Michael Gallup and Randall Cobb last week. Beasley is dressed for Friday's practice after missing Thursday's session due to an illness, Chris Brown of the Bills' official site reports. Analysis: Perhaps the Bills will take it easy on the veteran slot receiver during the final practice of the week, but Beasley looks like he'll be good to go for Sunday's game at the Giants. He posted a 5-40-0 line in his Bills debut last week, but missed a catch that resulted in a turnover. His nine targets were a good sign, as Beasley and Josh Allen had a good rapport for much of the summer. Picks up illness Beasley didn't practice Thursday due to an illness, Jay Skurski of The Buffalo News reports. Analysis: In his first appearance with the Bills on Sunday, Beasley started and earned the second-most offensive snaps in the receiving corps. While he was targeted nine times, he managed just five catches for 40 yards. It's unclear if this illness is merely a temporary concern, but his status on Friday's injury report bears watching for his Week 2 availability. Published: Thu, Sep 12 at 11:18am by Rotowire.com New team, same role Beasley caught five of nine targets for 40 yards in Sunday's 17-16 win over the Jets. Analysis: Beasley played a familiar role with his new team, freeing himself up near the line of scrimmage while gaining no more than 10 yards on any reception. The former Cowboys slot receiver should serve as a safety valve for second-year quarterback Josh Allen, but there may not be enough volume in Buffalo's passing game for Beasley to do much more than he did in this one on a week-to-week basis. He'll face a familiar foe in Week 2, when the Bills stay downstate to take on the Giants. Published: Sun, Sep 8 at 3:43pm by Rotowire.com Hot against Panthers Beasley caught all five of his targets for 44 yards during Friday's 27-14 preseason win over Carolina. Analysis: Four of Beasley's five targets came on the Bills' opening drive as Josh Allen turned to the veteran slot man early and often. There was some question as to how a prolific underneath target like Beasley would match up with a bazooka-armed talent like Allen, who isn't necessarily known for his accuracy and touch. Friday showed that the pairing can be pretty effective, with Beasley offering opportunities for Allen to get in rhythm before taking shots deeper downfield. If Beasley is able to turn…read more Published: Fri, Aug 16 at 11:26pm by Rotowire.com Snags only target in debut Beasley hauled in his only target for 13 yards in the Bills' 24-16 preseason win over the Colts on Thursday. Analysis: Signed to a four-year, $29 million contract this offseason, Beasley is expected to reprise the slot role he was so proficient in during his Dallas days and serve as a trusted safety valve for promising second-year quarterback Josh Allen. The 30-year-old wideout played relatively sparingly in Thursday's exhibition opener, although he did see his initial catch, a seven-yard grab, wiped out by an offensive holding penalty. Beasley could see more action over the next two preseason games as Allen…read more Participating in practice Beasley (abdomen) is working with the starters at Thursday's practice, Joe Buscaglia of The Athletic reports. Analysis: The same goes for Zay Jones and John Brown, while Robert Foster and others are relegated to taking snaps with the backups. Beasley apparently is back in good health after having core muscle surgery during the offseason. Published: Thu, Jul 25 at 8:28am by Rotowire.com Limited Tuesday Beasley, who continues to recover from core abdominal surgery, is practicing on a limited basis Tuesday, Joe Buscaglia of WKBW.com reports. Analysis: Beasley was unavailable during the last round of practices, so this is a positive development, as the plan all along has been for the team's free-agent acquisition to be full-go for training camp. Published: Tue, Jun 11 at 8:28am by Rotowire.com Hopeful for training camp Beasley is working his way back from core abdominal surgery and is expected to be good to go by training camp, Mark Ludwiczak the Bills Digest reports. Analysis: The surgery was to correct his osteitis pubis, a rare groin/abdomen injury that he suffered during training camp last season. He ultimately played through it, but opted for surgery this offseason. He is now entering his eighth season and first away from Dallas. The 30-year-old pass catcher currently projects as the third wide receiver on the Bills' depth chart behind John Brown and Zay Jones. Published: Tue, Jun 4 at 4:14pm by Rotowire.com Not practicing following surgery Beasley was not participating in OTAs on Tuesday after undergoing core muscle surgery a few weeks ago, Chris Brown of the Bills' official site reports. Analysis: It's unclear exactly what led to the injury and ultimately surgery for Beasley, and it is also unknown how long the wideout will remain on the sidelines. It's all speculation at this point, so consider Beasley day-to-day until the Bills can provide a more concrete update on his timeline. Published: Tue, May 21 at 8:23am by Rotowire.com Joining John Brown in Buffalo Beasley intends to sign a four-year, $29 million contract with the Bills, Mike Garafolo of NFL Network reports. Analysis: The Bills have beefed up their wideout corps in a hurry, adding Beasley and John Brown to a group that previously had minimal depth behind Zay Jones and Robert Foster. The team now has four wide receivers who can make a legitimate case for regular snaps, though it's safe to assume Beasley will be signed with a consistent slot role in mind. Dividing playing time outside between Brown, Jones and Foster figures to be the greater challenge, and there won't be a ton of catches to go around unless…read more Published: Tue, Mar 12 at 9:56am by Rotowire.com Could re-sign despite frustration Beasley indicated Tuesday via his personal Twitter account that he will prioritize utilization over money when evaluating the market for his services this offseason, The Dallas Morning News reports. Analysis: Beasley suggested that he's open to re-signing with the Cowboys, despite asserting that the team's front office pressures the coaching staff to throw the ball to certain players. He specified that he'd like to see 5-to-8 targets per game instead of three or four, but he passed on an opportunity to place blame on recently fired offensive coordinator Scott Linehan. The 29-year-old seems to be referring to his minimal workload in the playoffs, considering he finished the regular season with his…read more Published: Wed, Jan 23 at 6:43am by Rotowire.com Slight rebound in 2018 Beasley finished the regular season with 65 catches on 87 targets for 672 yards and three touchdowns. Analysis: After a disappointing 2017, the slot receiver was able to rebound somewhat, although his numbers still didn't make him a particularly appealing fantasy asset. Beasley was in the final year of his contract, and while Jerry Jones is among the most loyal owners in the NFL when it comes to re-signing players, the Cowboys will have bigger priorities in free agency and a new offensive coordinator, so there's no guarantee the 29-year-old will be back in Dallas next season. Published: Sat, Jan 19 at 7:43am by Rotowire.com Officially active Saturday Beasley (ankle) is listed as active Saturday against the Rams, David Helman of the Cowboys' official site reports. Analysis: Upon completion of a pregame warmup that included work on resistance cords -- per Jon Machota of The Dallas Morning News -- Beasley has been given clearance to play through a high-ankle sprain from the Cowboys' training staff. Beasley handled 41 percent of the offensive snaps in the wild-card victory versus the Seahawks, but it remains to be seen if he can approach that number this weekend. Consequently, fellow wideouts Amari Cooper, Michael Gallup and even Noah Brown are better bets to be on…read more Published: Sat, Jan 12 at 3:56pm by Rotowire.com In line to play Saturday Beasley (ankle) is expected to be active for Saturday's divisional-round game versus the Rams, Jay Glazer of Fox Sports reports. Analysis: The Cowboys won't make it official until they release their list of inactives 90 minutes before Saturday's 8:15 PM ET kickoff, but Beasley is poised to play through a high-ankle sprain for a second straight contest. Seeking active status Saturday Beasley (ankle) will take part in a pregame warmup with an expectation that he'll be active for Saturday's wild-card matchup with the Rams, Adam Schefter of ESPN reports. Analysis: Beasley predictably didn't practice this week due to a high-ankle sprain suffered in a wild-card win against the Seahawks. That said, if he shows well enough in the aforementioned workout, he's expected to miss the inactive list for the Cowboys' second outing of this postseason. In the end, it's difficult to forecast his workload, which was a season-low 41 percent of the team's offensive snaps last weekend. Questionable to suit up Beasley (ankle) is listed as questionable for Saturday's game versus the Rams, David Helman of the Cowboys' official site reports. Analysis: Beasley was diagnosed with a high-ankle sprain in the aftermath of the Cowboys' wild-card win against the Seahawks, so it's easy to see why he didn't practice this week. His upcoming availability is more difficult to predict, with Helman suggesting Beasley will be a game-time decision. Earlier this week, owner and general manager Jerry Jones expressed confidence that Beasley will play this weekend, but such a call won't be made until 90 minutes before Saturday's 8:15 PM ET kickoff. Published: Thu, Jan 10 at 1:40pm by Rotowire.com No practice reps Wednesday Beasley (ankle) was held out of practice Wednesday. Analysis: Beasley was seen limping around a good portion of last weekend's victory against the Seahawks, limiting him to a season-low 41 percent of the Cowboys' offensive snaps. The culprit was later revealed to be a high-ankle sprain, an injury that typically lingers for weeks. While Beasley has yet to take the practice field this week, owner and general manager Jerry Jones said Tuesday on 105.3 The Fan Dallas that he's "positive" the wide receiver will suit up this Saturday versus the Rams. Assuming he…read more Published: Wed, Jan 9 at 2:23pm by Rotowire.com Spectator for practice Beasley (ankle) won't participate in Tuesday's practice, Calvin Watkins of The Athletic reports. Analysis: Though team owner Jerry Jones said during a radio appearance earlier Tuesday that he's confident Beasley will be ready to go for Saturday's divisional-round game against the Rams, it's expected the slot receiver's practice reps will be restricted this week while he tends to a right ankle injury. Per Todd Archer of ESPN.com, Beasley is dealing with a high-ankle sprain, an injury that often sidelines players for multiple games. However, given the high stakes of every game from here on out,…read more Published: Tue, Jan 8 at 10:20am by Rotowire.com Cowboys owner Jerry Jones said Tuesday on his weekly radio appearance on 105.3 The Fan Dallas that he's "very positive" about Beasley's (ankle) chances of playing Saturday's divisional-round matchup with the Rams, Jon Machota of The Dallas Morning News reports. Analysis: Beasley sprained his ankle during the Cowboys' wild-card victory over the Seahawks this past weekend and was limited to just 31 offensive snaps, his second-lowest total of the season. There's a good chance that he'll receive some maintenance during the Cowboys' upcoming practices as a result, but Jones' comments suggest Beasley's status for Saturday isn't in much peril. Assuming he endures no setbacks in the coming days, he should reclaim his usual role as the Cowboys' top option out of the…read more Published: Tue, Jan 8 at 8:39am by Rotowire.com Nursing ankle sprain Beasley suffered a sprained right ankle during Saturday's wild-card game against the Seahawks, Brandon George of the Dallas Morning News reports. "It's sore, man," Beasley said. "But I think I'll be alright. We'll just see how it progresses through the week. Hopefully, it feels a lot better than it does right now. I think I just need some time for it to calm down and I'll be good." Analysis: Beasley appeared to injure his ankle on the first series of the game after making a 14-yard catch. The slot man tried to play through the injury, but he left the field with an apparent limp on multiple occasions. While Beasley's optimism is encouraging, it's not necessarily a guarantee that he'll be able to suit up for the Dallas' upcoming divisional playoff game against the Rams on Saturday. The Cowboys' first injury report of the week should help clarify matters. Published: Sun, Jan 6 at 5:42pm by Rotowire.com Perfect catch rate in win Beasley hauled in all five of his targets for 50 yards in the Cowboys' 27-20 win over the Buccaneers on Sunday. He also returned one punt for 13 yards. Analysis: Beasley checked in just behind pacesetter Michael Gallup in receiving yardage and co-led the team in catches. The 29-year-old has seemingly re-established a solid role in the offense over the last pair of contests, following a downturn in involvement over a three-game stretch when he managed just five receptions for 32 yards. Beasley countered with nine receptions on 12 targets over the past two contests, and he'll look to finish the 2018 campaign strong against the Giants in Week 17. Returns to full participation Beasley (foot) was a full participant in Thursday's practice, David Helman of the Cowboys' official site reports. Analysis: Beasley opened Week 16 with a limited session Wednesday, but his advance to full participation suggests his status isn't in any peril for Sunday's game against the Buccaneers. While the wideout's health shouldn't impact his fantasy outlook, his lack of production of late -- 21 receptions for 178 yards and no touchdowns over the past seven games -- puts a cap on his fantasy upside. Published: Thu, Dec 20 at 12:46pm by Rotowire.com Still bothered by foot Beasley (foot) was a limited practice participant Wednesday, Calvin Watkins of The Athletic reports. Analysis: Beasley initially sprained his right foot in Week 13 and then aggravated the issue during Sunday's 23-0 loss to the Colts. His ability to practice Wednesday in a limited capacity suggests he'll continue to fight through the injury. Beasley hasn't scored a touchdown or topped 51 yards in a game since the Cowboys traded for Amari Cooper. Published: Wed, Dec 19 at 1:22pm by Rotowire.com Reinjures foot Sunday Beasley sprained his right foot during Sunday's 23-0 loss at Indianapolis, Brandon George of The Dallas Morning News reports. Analysis: Beasley initially suffered the injury in a Week 13 win against the Saints, and in two games in the meantime, he's accounted for six catches (on 11 targets) for 60 yards. Because he's been able to play while hobbled, he likely will continue to do so while the Cowboys seek an NFC East title for the third time in five seasons. However, his listing on injury reports this week will forecast whether that's the case. Targeted four times in win Beasley caught two of four targets for 18 yards during Sunday's 29-23 win over the Eagles. Analysis: Beasley has now failed to reach 20 yards in three consecutive games despite Dak Prescott putting together two of his most prolific passing performances of the season during that span, including Sunday's 455-yard outing. Beasley has been about half as productive since Amari Cooper joined the lineup than before him. He's averaging 2.8 catches for 22.7 yards per game since Cooper came aboard as compared to 4.7 catches and 50 yards per game without him. Expect that trend to continue Sunday against…read more Published: Tue, Dec 11 at 9:55pm by Rotowire.com Gets in full practice Beasley (foot) was a full participant in Thursday's practice, Brandon George of The Dallas Morning News reports. Analysis: As coach Jason Garrett intimated Wednesday, the sprained right foot Beasley sustained in the Cowboys' Week 13 win over the Saints was never a major concern, a notion validated by the full workout the wideout put in Thursday. Beasley should remain a regular fixture in three-receiver formations Sunday against the Eagles, but his stable role hasn't meant much for fantasy purposes lately. Over the past five contests, Beasley has hauled in 15 of 22 targets for 118 yards and no touchdowns. Published: Thu, Dec 6 at 1:25pm by Rotowire.com Limited at practice Wednesday Beasley (foot) was a limited practice participant Wednesday, Jon Machota of The Dallas Morning News reports. "I'm feeling good," Beasley told Brandon George of The Dallas Morning News. "If it was game time, I'd be able to go right now." Analysis: Beasley sprained his right foot last Thursday against the Saints when an opposing defender landed on it as he stretched for a first down. Considering his comments, he seems a good bet to take the field this weekend against the Eagles, barring a setback. Published: Wed, Dec 5 at 3:05pm by Rotowire.com Preparing to practice Coach Jason Garrett relayed that he expects Beasley (foot) to practice Wednesday, David Helman of the Cowboys' official site reports. Analysis: The release of the Cowboys' first injury report of Week 14 will specify if Beasley was a limited or full participant in practice or if his involvement was contained to working out on the side. The fact that he's at least on track to dress for practice offers optimism that the sprained right foot he sustained in the Week 13 win over the Saints isn't viewed as especially serious heading into Sunday's matchup with the Eagles. Published: Wed, Dec 5 at 8:50am by Rotowire.com Sprains foot Beasley sprained his right foot during Thursday's 13-10 win over the Saints, Kate Hairopoulos of The Dallas Morning News reports. Analysis: Coach Jason Garrett is hopeful the injury won't lead to an extended absence, though he wasn't able to make any promises. Beasley has averaged just 4.4 targets in five games since the Cowboys acquired Amari Cooper, seeing far fewer opportunities despite playing approximately the same number of snaps. Published: Fri, Nov 30 at 12:53pm by Rotowire.com Catches one pass Beasley caught one of two targets for five yards during Thursday's 31-23 win over the Redskins. Analysis: Coming off a solid showing against the Falcons, Beasley appeared to be an afterthought in the game plan. He tied the likes of Blake Jarwin and Noah Brown for targets in this one, finishing with his lowest yardage total since Week 3 of the 2017 season. Beasley has served a useful role for Dallas at times this season, but he also has a tendency to disappear from time to time, as this was his fourth time finishing with less than 20 receiving yards this season. He'll look to bounce back next…read more Catches five passes Beasley caught five of seven targets for 51 yards during Sunday's 22-19 win over the Falcons. Analysis: Beasley led the team's wideouts in targets, catches and yards, though he finished with rather modest numbers. He could've added a touchdown catch to his line, but he uncharacteristically dropped an easy one on the opening drive of the game. Beasley's output was his best since the acquisition of Amari Cooper, who was held in check while drawing five targets on the day. He isn't much of a fantasy factor outside deep PPR formats and will likely continue as such in the Thanksgiving matchup with…read more Grabs four passes in win Beasley converted five targets into four catches and 37 yards during Sunday's 27-20 win over the Eagles. Analysis: Beasley's biggest contribution came in the closing moments of the first half, when he made a lunging 21-yard grab along the sideline to help set up a Dallas touchdown. It was just Beasley's second 20-plus-yard reception of the season. Beasley is tied with Michael Gallup for second among Dallas wideouts with nine targets since Amari Cooper came to town. His touches seem to to be safe, but -- averaging just 10 yards per catch -- he doesn't figure to do too much with them. Sunday brings a trip to…read more Published: Tue, Nov 13 at 8:30pm by Rotowire.com Targeted four times in loss Beasley caught three of four passes for 16 yards during Monday's 28-14 loss to Tennessee. Analysis: Beasley was coming off a two-game stretch in which he was targeted 19 times and tallied 157 total yards and two touchdowns. What we saw on Monday looked much closer to the modest production Beasley put up earlier in the season. If you're looking for a glass-half-full view on Beasley's value with Amari Cooper now in the fold, you can point to the fact that Beasley's targets didn't absolutely tank like Allen Hurns' did. On the other hand, this is a huge step down from Beasley's past few…read more Published: Tue, Nov 6 at 8:02pm by Rotowire.com Bills' best offensive plays \| 2019 seasonMon, Jan 13 at 5:45pm Watch the best plays from the Buffalo Bills' offense in the 2019 NFL season. Every Bills TD \| 2019 seasonMon, Jan 13 at 4:47pm Watch every Buffalo Bills touchdown from the 2019 NFL season. Cole Beasley highlights \| 2019 seasonMon, Jan 13 at 4:11pm Watch the highlights of Buffalo Bills wide receiver Cole Beasley from the 2019 NFL season. Pats deny Josh Allen's fourth-down heave to force turnover on downsSat, Dec 21 at 4:38pm New England Patriots deny Josh Allen's fourth-down heave to force turnover on downs. Josh Allen uncorks cross-body laser to Cole Beasley for 25 yardsSat, Dec 21 at 4:33pm Buffalo Bills quarterback Josh Allen uncorks cross-body laser to Cole Beasley for 25 yards. Josh Allen rips sidearm dart to Beasley for 28-yard catch and runSat, Dec 21 at 3:31pm Buffalo Bills quarterback Josh Allen rips a sidearm dart to wide receiver Cole Beasley for a 28-yard catch and run. Steven Nelson returns tipped Josh Allen interception 33 yardsSun, Dec 15 at 7:20pm Steven Nelson returns tipped Josh Allen interception 33 yards. Bills' rub routes open up Cole Beasley for key TDSun, Dec 8 at 3:16pm Buffalo Bills quarterback Josh Allen throws a 3-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Cole Beasley. Josh Allen fires dart to Beasley in the flat for two-point conversionSun, Dec 8 at 1:02pm Buffalo Bills quarterback successfully converts a two-point conversion to wide receiver Cole Beasley. Every Cole Beasley catch vs. former team \| Week 13Thu, Nov 28 at 6:02pm Watch every one of Buffalo Bills wide receiver Cole Beasley catch vs. his former team the Dallas Cowboys in this Week 13 matchup. Cole Beasley WR #10 BUF \| Owner: FA	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409198
__label__wiki	0.512166	0.512166	Private Booking Reviews Trevor Rolf's birthday 1st Feb 2015 On Sunday February 1st I played a private concert which was part of a surprise birthday treat for Trevor Rolf's 65th birthday from his lovely wife June. Being part of an evening such as this reminds why I so enjoy doing these private concerts, and helping to create a long lasting memory for the people involved. The venue was The White Rabbit pub/ restaurant/ hotel in Maidstone. Hilary and I decided to travel up the night before just in case the weather was bad. Fortunately it wasn't. The birthday boy arrived at around 6-o'clock and had no idea what was going on. The interesting thing is that Trevor does bear a striking resemblance to a certain acoustic guitarist albeit much taller than the aforementioned musician. You can see by the photographs the similarity in hair and beard colour and face shape. Hilary said we could have been brothers if I had brother that is! Sue and Mike Holton were part of the invited guests along with special friends and family. I truly loved every minute of it and can only wish Trevor and June all the best for the future and many happy returns to Trevor, who is without doubt a truly loyal and staunch fan of my music. Hilary and I thank them and in fact the whole family for making it SUCH a special evening. June writes: "One day in July 2014 I had the idea that I could get Gordon Giltrap to come along and play for my husband Trevor at his 65th Birthday celebration. I contacted Sue his agent and we talked about how I saw the evening going. I said I had a vision of just telling Trevor that it was a family dinner but after dinner Gordon would walk in and play for us. This developed over the following weeks. Sue talked me through everything that I needed to provide for the evening, making it as painless as possible. Eventually this is what happened after 5 months of lying to Trevor. On the 1st February 2015 we walked into the venue (Trevor still thinking he was going for dinner with just his close family) and there were his friends, family and Gordon together with Hilary, Sue and Mike waiting for him at the table. We all ate dinner together and then after a short break Gordon began to play, the room was silent apart from his music and everyone there has said it was the most amazing night ever. And Trevor !!! Well, he will never believe a word I say again but I think we all gave him a night to remember for a very long time". "Trevor here, where do I start? On the morning of my birthday June told me not to expect a party, we will be having dinner with my parents brothers and other halves. So the cunning plan was under way, we didn't do much until it was time to get ready. We arrived at The White Rabbit me still just looking forward to a nice quiet meal with the family. I was not at all prepared for what happened... Walking into the until then quiet room, I was greeted by loud clapping and lots of laughter. My family were there so were some of my dearest friends, surprise enough I thought, then looking over to the end of the table I did a double take could it really be Gordon Giltrap? well yes it was! He was there as my birthday surprise, and what a surprise we all chatted for a while Gordon played a bit then we all had our meals, after which Gordon played for us in the way only he can, it was truly an unforgettable evening one I will never forget thank you Gordon. The meal and music finished we all chatted for a while and so the end of a perfect evening. In the morning to complete the whole thing we had breakfast with Gordon and Hilary after which more talking. We all left the White Rabbit around lunchtime, I was still pinching myself but soon realised it had happened. What a way to celebrate my 65th birthday, I would like to thank Gordon, Hilary, Sue and Mike and of course my dear wife June who I will never trust again! Many many thanks for making it so memorable hope to see you at a concert in the future". Even the cake was "themed" being a wonderful record player, and the disc? Gordon Giltrap of course! Jan and Phil G write: "What a privilege! We were fortunate indeed to be invited to a surprise special birthday event. It was lovely to meet Gordon and, on this occasion, his wife and his web-builder too. After a private dinner, with a little extra tune played for us as Gordon double-checked the sound-system after a temporary power failure - we were treated to Gordon's beautiful playing of some brilliant music interspersed with gentle and humorous repartee. One of the lovely things about this was his interaction with the audience. Gordon has a wealth of stories which are always kind and entertaining. We have seen and heard Gordon a number of times but this intimate setting has to have been the most special and the most memorable for all sorts of reasons!!" facebooktwitteryoutubeitunesnumubuicon pack by Komodo Media, Rogie King Book Gordon Giltrap Ian and Maria Beacham, 25th July 2015 Colin and Gillian McCormack 13th June 2015 David Ferraby's Birthday 21st Dec 2013 Linda and Mike Bray 2nd Nov 2013 Karl van Heeswijk 8th Dec 2012 Phil Werninck's birthday party Aug 2012 Clive and Susan's Wedding 1st Oct 2011 Malcolm and Paula's Wedding 29th Dec 2010 Diane Shorleson Oct 09 Anthony and Anne Healy Aug 2009 Supported Charities © 2020 Gordon Giltrap Information on Cookies and Privacy a [slab]site	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409200
__label__wiki	0.818525	0.818525	Fran's Watford Blog A Middle Aged Woman's Adventures Following Watford FC Legends Remembered, Football Forgotten Cate and I with GT I arrived bright and early at the West Herts where only Don was waiting outside the door. It hadn’t got properly cold at this point, but we were certainly very grateful when the doors were opened a little early and we took our seats at our usual table with our beverages of choice to wait for the rest of our party to arrive. The build-up to the game had been dominated by Dyche’s comments about Watford to the Burnley Telegraph. His statement, “The club is a radical shift from when I was there, absolutely chalk and cheese, from a community club built on the community to now built on a model,” was somewhat baffling given that Dyche was manager during Bassini’s tenure which goes down as the most depressing period off the field that I have experienced during 40 years of being a Watford supporter. The arrival of the Pozzos not only saved the club but, during their ownership, the community feel around the club has returned with a vengeance. The comparison between now and then is certainly chalk and cheese, but not in the way that was implied. I can only conclude that Sean hasn’t been paying attention to what has been happening in Watford over the past 6 years. Etienne Capoue As we arrived in the ground, I was initially surprised to see that the Rookery concourse was heaving as it is not usually like that. Then I remembered that the club had promised everyone a free drink to toast Graham Taylor two years after his passing. It was a lovely gesture. Somehow I had managed to miss my voucher, but was quite glad to escape the crowd and take my seat. Team news was that Gracia had made three changes due to injury with Kabasele, Cleverley and Sema in for Cathcart, Doucouré and Hughes. So the starting line-up was Foster; Femenía, Kabasele, Mariappa, Holebas; Sema, Cleverley, Capoue, Pereyra; Deulofeu and Deeney. I must admit that, much as I love Kabasele, the absence of Cathcart caused me some concern. Burnley had former loanee, Cork, in their starting line-up, former management, Dyche and Woan, in their dugout and lovely Matěj Vydra on the bench. As the teams took the field, the crowd (including a number of Burnley fans) raised their scarves in honour of GT (the fellow next to me was given my spare so he could join in). It really was quite a sight. That was followed by a minute’s applause for both GT and Duncan Welbourne who passed away this week. Chopper’s family were guests of honour of the club for the afternoon. Holebas preparing for a throw-in There was an early chance for the Hornets as Deulofeu went on a terrific run and found himself one on one with Heaton in the Burnley goal, but the keeper was able to keep the shot out. Another chance soon after as a cross from Femenía eluded Deulofeu and dropped for Pereyra whose cross was nodded down by Deeney to Sema, but the Swede couldn’t get a strong enough connection and the ball was cleared. Burnley’s first chance came on 10 minutes as a corner from McNeil was headed wide. Burnley then had a period of pressure without troubling Foster, the next chance falling to the Hornets on 23 minutes as the ball reached Holebas who hit a shot from distance over the target. Just before the half hour mark, the sight of Vydra warming up provoked applause from those in the Rookery, which was acknowledged by Matěj. Foster was then called into action as a cross from Westwood was headed goalwards by Barnes but Ben stood tall and blocked the effort. Burnley got closer to opening the scoring with free kick from McNeil which hit the side netting. There was another let off for the Hornets as a defensive header from Mariappa dropped to Barnes whose shot was just wide of the target. Then a rare bit of quality from the Hornets as Capoue played a through ball to Pereyra who found Deulofeu who curled a shot just wide of the far post. There was some controversy as a panicked bit of Burnley defending sent the ball back into the arms of Heaton. There were howls of “back pass” from the Rookery, but the referee wasn’t interested. Burnley threatened again through Wood but, again, the shot found the side netting. Watford could have taken the lead just before half time as a cross from Femenía found Deeney in the box, I was already on my feet as his shot flew towards the goal, but Heaton was able to make the save, so we went into half time with the game goalless. Adrian Mariappa After a bright start, it had been an awful half of football. Burnley had the better of the play without causing Foster too many concerns. At half time, the family of Thomas Sawyer, a young soldier who was killed in Afghanistan 10 years ago, were on the pitch and Thomas’s father paid heartfelt tribute to his son. Then, as the players came out for the second half, the 1881 lads unfurled the Legends banner which we held over our heads in the Rookery in the knowledge that it features both GT and Duncan Welbourne. Both events were touching tributes and a clear sign that the club has not lost its community focus. The visitors should have taken the lead in the first minute of the second half as a ball through a defender’s legs led to a shot from Barnes that rolled across the front of the goal with no Burnley player able to turn it in. The Clarets threatened again as a cross from Wood found Hendrick in the Watford box, but Foster was off his line to make the block. Then a corner was headed back by Mee to McNeil whose shot was over the target. Watford’s first chance of the half came as Femenía crossed for Deeney whose shot was blocked. Capoue waits for the ball to drop watched by Cleverley, Success and Britos The first substitution of the game was made on 56 minutes as Sema, who had been struggling playing out of position on the right, was replaced by Success. The substitute’s first action was to find Pereyra in a dangerous position, but the shot was high and wide. Soon after, Success was flattened by Mee, who was booked for his trouble. The Hornets were doing much better at this stage and Cleverley tried a shot from just outside the area, but it was an easy save for Heaton. On the 72nd minute, GT’s picture appeared on the big screen and the crowd rose to cheer him. I couldn’t quite decide whether I should be applauding or raising my scarf, so I tried to do both by applauding with the scarf draped over my arms. I probably looked very strange, but it made me feel as though I was doing my part. Gracia was then forced into a second substitution as Femenía left the field with an injury and was replaced by Britos. There followed a booking for each side. First a silly yellow for a display of petulance by Deulofeu when a throw was given to the opposition (choose your battles, Gerard). Then Bardsley was booked for a foul on Success. There was a major let off for the Hornets in time added on as, with the Rookery screaming for a foul in the build-up, McNeil’s shot was parried by Foster and fell to Barnes who found the net but was denied by the linesman’s flag. I haven’t seen the incident again, but it seems that we were a bit fortunate with the decision. Holebas readies for a corner with Cleverley in attendance The final whistle went to a half-hearted chorus of boos in the Rookery. It was a terrible game of football, but I still don’t understand the need to boo your own team. As so often this season, we cannot play against teams set up to defend. Burnley are masters of this art, but it is horrible to watch. They also have a nasty habit of backing into defenders trying to get to high balls. A dangerous tactic that won them numerous undeserved free kicks. I also couldn’t help feeling sorry for the fourth official who must have been driven to despair by the constant moaning from Dyche and Woan. To be honest, this is not a new tactic from Dyche, he honed his skills complaining to the officials from the touchline when he was in charge of our reserves (when such a team existed). But enough about the opposition. We missed Cathcart and Doucouré, so I was pleased to hear that their absence was due to minor injuries. The absence of Doucouré seems to have an adverse effect on Capoue, who has more to think about and less freedom. There is also less creativity going forward which may have played a part in Deulofeu and Pereyra having off days, although each had shots that were not that far off. If one of those had gone in, it would have been a very different story. On the way back to the West Herts I was told of a chap in the Rookery who declared that he had been watching Watford for 61 years and that this afternoon had felt as though it lasted all of those 61 years. Still, looking at the positives, we don’t have to face Burnley again this season and are still 7th in the table. So to St James’ Park next week for another crack at Newcastle. I suspect that the crowd will be much depleted, but I hope that the lads give those who do travel something to cheer. We owe Newcastle a beating, let us hope that it comes next week as a cup run would be rather good fun. This entry was posted in Watford FC and tagged Adrian Mariappa, Ashley Barnes, Ashley Westwood, Ben Foster, Ben Mee, Burnley FC, Charlie Taylor, Chris Wood, Christian Kabasele, Dwight McNeil, Etienne Capoue, Gerard Deulofeu, Isaac Success, Jack Cork, James Tarkowski, Javi Gracia, Jeff Hendrick, Jose Holebas, Ken Sema, Kiko Femenia, Miguel Britos, Phil Bardsley, Roberto Pereyra, Sean Dyche, Tom Cleverley, Tom Heaton, Troy Deeney, Watford FC on January 20, 2019 by franelynn. ← Honouring GT at Selhurst Park Gorgeous Goals Brighten a Poor Game → 3 thoughts on “Legends Remembered, Football Forgotten” Ants January 20, 2019 at 6:50 pm Hi Frances. Lovely piece as usual – I always enjoy your build up to the game stories. Anyway, specific reason for commenting is that backing in thing that you mentioned. I made a strong point about this on the Watford Mailing List yesterday because there will be a major/tragic injury at some point. The referees need to rule the other way in obvious instances like this. Red cards and/or sin bins always apply for unbalancing a jumping player in rugby by going under his centre of gravity. Thanks again for bring a great day and a poor match to life. A. franelynn Post author February 3, 2019 at 8:28 pm Cheers, Anthony. Pingback: 19th January 2019- Premier League, Watford 0 Burnley 0 – Old Watford	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409203
__label__cc	0.567934	0.432066	Mega Magic Theme Park Show Production Casino Show Production Magic / Illusion / Effects Theme Park Attraction Design Concert Effects MAGIC CONSULTANT MAGIC / ILLUSION / EFFECTS DESIGN FRANZ HARARY’S ILLUSION DESIGNS HAVE REDEFINED THE ART OF MAGIC Harary’s work on pop and rock concerts has made him magic’s premier illusion designer, beginning with Micheal Jackson and Janet Jackson, and now with superstars like Justin Bieber, the Grammy’s, the Super Bowl, Broadway musicals, TV specials and theme parks, including Disney and Universal Studios. He’s been called upon to work with Steven Spielberg and the most respected names in the entertainment industry. Even David Copperfield and Criss Angel have featured Harary’s original illusions. franz harary has proven himself to be a world class artist Harary’s achievements in magic feature iconic Mega Illusions like causing NASA’s Space Shuttle to vanish into thin air, the live teleportation of a person across continents and over 20 original magic effects that have forever shifted the boundaries of impossibility. Franz Harary’s magic has become a global phenomenon. His designs have been featured on television specials, in TV commercials, at concert venues, corporate events, in Broadway productions and at exclusive private events for royalty. harary has created A HOT NEW CATEGORY OF MAGIC Partnering with Gem Effects (the world’s #1 fire effects company) Harary created a new kind of magic based on fire and high-impact pyrotechnic effects. This “hot magic,” as it’s known in the industry, has been used to astound audiences at theme park attractions and high profile events around the world. Gem Effects is the company responsible for such shows as Universal Studios’ Back-Draft, Indiana Jones, and the Volcano at the Mirage Hotel in Las Vegas. Designed by Presto productions	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409204
__label__cc	0.562131	0.437869	You are at:Home»Paris»Arrondissements of Paris»12th Arrondissement of Paris»Discover the Quais de la Seine in Paris Quais de la Seine, Paris © French Moments Discover the Quais de la Seine in Paris By Pierre on 9 June 12th Arrondissement of Paris, 13th Arrondissement of Paris, 15th Arrondissement of Paris, 16th Arrondissement of Paris, 1st Arrondissement of Paris, 4th Arrondissement of Paris, 5th Arrondissement of Paris, 6th Arrondissement of Paris, 7th Arrondissement of Paris, Île-de-France, Paris, Unesco Sites The banks of River Seine (Quais de la Seine) in Paris have been listed by Unesco as a World Heritage Site since 1991. Along the Seine are found some of Paris’ most famous monuments and landmarks: the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, Notre-Dame, the Conciergerie, the City-Hall, the Bibliothèque François Mitterand… The Quais de la Seine: a bit of history From the 9th to the 19th centuries, bridges were built in Paris, and the city’s banks were established by raising quays and drying the marshlands. Little by little, the original appearance of the river was transformed by human development. Banks were built up either side of the river which narrowed it, but kept its significant role as centre of urban activity. Water-related activities and houses concentrated along its banks. The Seine has always played a historic part in the making of Paris. Dating back to when the Parisii tribe first established a fishing village along its banks, the waters of the River Seine have always been the heart and soul of Paris. The construction of the quays started in 1312 when King Philip IV (the Fair) commissioned development of today’s Quai des Grands Augustins (Left Bank) in the interest of the river trade. The example was soon followed on the Right Bank with the layout of Quai de la Mégisserie and Quai des Célestins. King François I in 1530 and King Henri IV at the beginning of the 17th century had the discontinued quays connected to each other with the constructions of additional quays. On the Île de la Cité, the first developed quays appeared much later (between 1580 and 1600) as its ports were of less importance. In the 19th century, the quays were restructured to feature two levels: the “quais hauts” (high quays) and “berges” (low quays). In the 1960s, a controversial development of the quays introduced expressways on the low quays in favour of car traffic. Today, the Paris authorities are inclined to limit car access along the Seine. Significant efforts have been initiated from the 1990s to reclaim the banks of the river back for pedestrians. Book a cruise to see the most beautiful bridges of Paris! A cruise on the River Seine, Paris © French Moments Fancy discovering the bridges from the river? Book one of the following cruises with our partner Tiqets. Choose from a day time promenade to a dinner cruise! Seine River Cruise by Bateaux Mouches Batobus – Riverboat Shuttle Service Champagne Cruise on the Seine Lunch Cruise on the Seine Gourmet Dinner Cruise on the Seine Dinner Cruise on the Seine The Seine in Paris The River Seine rises at Source-Seine in the Langres Plateau, 30 km northwest of Dijon, Burgundy. 776 km long, it crosses Troyes, Paris, and Rouen before flowing into the English Channel at Le Havre. Over the centuries the Seine has become an important commercial waterway within the Paris Basin, particularly between Paris and Le Havre. The Seine runs through Paris on a curve over 13 kilometres long cutting the city into two parts: the Left Bank (rive gauche) and the Right Bank (rive droite). With a depth varying between 3.40 m and 5.70 m and a width between 30 and 200 m, the river is crossed by 37 bridges, including 4 footbridges. The Banks of the Seine in Paris For nearly 2 km, the river is bordered on both sides by double-decker quays. Lined above by knobbly plane trees and below by cool, green poplars, the quays are wonderful places for walking and picnics. The most impressive part of the banks is found around the two islands of Île de la Cité and Île Saint-Louis. Île de la Cité The ship-shaped island is the historical heart of Paris which was known as Lutetia (Lutèce) during the Roman era. It is linked to the Right and Left Banks by eight bridges, and a ninth leads to the smaller Île Saint-Louis. The Île de la Cité includes three major medieval monuments: the Conciergerie, the Gothic Sainte-Chapelle and cathedral of Notre-Dame. Find out more about the Île de la Cité. Île Saint-Louis The calm little Île Saint-Louis has nothing in common with its larger neighbour Île de la Cité. Named after King Louis IX (Saint-Louis), it includes no great monuments except a few interesting mansions such as Hôtel Lambert. Nevertheless, the island is appreciated for its beautiful quays and peaceful residential district in the centre of Paris. Find out more about Île Saint-Louis. The Quais de la Seine: a Unesco World Heritage Site The Banks of the Seine in Paris became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991. The listed area extends over 365 hectares between Pont de Sully and Pont de Bir-Hakeim including their surroundings. The protected zone also covers the islands of Île de la Cité and Île Saint-Louis, and 23 of the 37 bridges across the Seine in Paris. It includes some of Paris’ most famous monuments such as the Eiffel Tower, the Hôtel des Invalides, the Louvre, and Notre-Dame. Quais de la Seine © French Moments UNESCO justifies the listing by the distinction between two parts of the Seine in Paris, upstream and downstream: “Upstream, beyond the Arsenal, begins Paris the port and river transport town; downstream is the royal and subsequently aristocratic Paris, which had only limited commercial activity. It is this latter section of the city which was selected for the World Heritage List. The powerful hand of the state is extremely visible here through its constructions and the legislation in effect. It can be seen how the site and the river were gradually brought under control with the articulation of the two islets, Île de la Cité and Île Saint-Louis with the bank, the creation of north-south thoroughfares, installations along the river course, construction of quays, and the channelling of the river. Similarly, although the successive walls of the city have disappeared (the ramparts of Philip-Augustus, Charles V, and the Fermiers Généraux), their traces may be read in the difference in size and spacing of the buildings (closer together in the Marais and the Île Saint-Louis, more open after the Louvre, beyond which are a greater number of major classic constructions laid along three perpendicular axes: Palais Bourbon-Concorde-Madeleine, Invalides-Grand and Petit Palais, Champ-de-Mars-École Militaire-Palais de Chaillot. The ensemble must be regarded as a geographical and historic entity. Today it constitutes a remarkable example of urban riverside architecture, where the strata of history are harmoniously superposed.” (source: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600/) The bridges of Paris Pont Marie, Paris © French Moments No less than 37 bridges span the Seine in Paris. Five of them are pedestrianised and two are rail bridges (métro and RER). The Left and Right Banks of Paris are linked by eight bridges to Île de la Cité and four to Île Saint-Louis. One bridge (Pont Saint Louis) links the two islands to each other. The list below takes an inventory of all the bridges from upstream to downstream of Paris with the year of construction and/or re-construction: Pont amont (part of the Boulevard Périphérique – 1969) Pont National (1853) Pont de Tolbiac (1882) Passerelle Simone-de-Beauvoir (pedestrianised – 2006) Pont de Bercy (for road traffic and another level for the line 6 of the métro – 1991) Pont Charles-de-Gaulle (1864 and 1998) Viaduc d’Austerlitz (for the line 5 of the métro – 1904) Pont d’Austerlitz (1807) Pont de Sully (crosses the eastern tip of Île Saint-Louis – 1638 and 1877) Pont de la Tournelle (from the Left Bank to Île Saint-Louis – 17th c and 1930) Pont Marie (from Île Saint-Louis to the Right Bank – 1635) Historic Monument Pont Louis-Philippe (from Île Saint-Louis to the Right Bank – 1834 and 1862) Pont Saint-Louis (pedestrianised, from Île Saint-Louis to Île de la Cité – 1634 and 1970) Pont de l’Archevêché (from the Left Bank to Île de la Cité – 1828) Pont au Double (from the Left Bank to Île de la Cité – 1626) Pont d’Arcole (from Île de la Cité to the Right Bank – 1828 and 1856) Petit Pont (from the Left Bank to Île de la Cité – 1st C BC and 1853) Pont Notre-Dame (from Île de la Cité to the Right Bank – Ancient Times and 1914) Pont Saint-Michel (from the Left Bank to Île de la Cité – 1378 and 1857) Pont au Change (from Île de la Cité to the Right Bank – 9th C and 1860) Pont Neuf (crossing the west tip of Île de la Cité – 1607) Historic Monument Pont des Arts (pedestrianised – 1804 and 1984) Historic Monument Pont du Carrousel (1834 and 1939) Pont Royal (1550 and 1689) Historic Monument Passerelle Léopold-Sédar-Senghor (1869 and 1999), formerly known of Passerelle de Solférino until 2006 Pont de la Concorde (1791) Historic Monument Pont Alexandre III (1900) Historic Monument Pont des Invalides (1829 and 1856) Pont de l’Alma (1856 and 1974) Passerelle Debilly (pedestrianised – 1900) Historic Monument Pont d’Iéna (1814) Historic Monument Pont de Bir-Hakeim (for road traffic and another level for the line 6 of the métro – 1878 and 1905) Historic Monument Pont Rouelle (crossing Île aux Cygnes, RER C viaduct – 1900) Pont de Grenelle (crossing Île aux Cygnes – 1827) Pont Mirabeau (1897) Historic Monument Pont du Garigliano (1966) Pont aval (part of the Boulevard Périphérique – 1968) If you are interested in learning more about the bridges of Paris, check out this beautiful coffee table book: Bridges of Paris by Michael Saint James. We love it and our copy of the book is set on a favourite part of our bookshelves at home! Order your copy on Amazon (affiliate link): The Bouquinistes of Paris The Bouquinistes of the Quais de la Seine © French Moments The banks of the Seine would not be the same without the established “bouquinistes”. The booksellers and their green painted boxes have truly become one of the many iconic symbols of Paris. It was once said that the Seine is the only river in the world that runs between two bookshelves! Always in the open air during any weather “by the wind, the rain, the frost, the snow, the fog, and the great sun, that they end by looking much like the old statues of cathedrals” (Anatole France, The Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard). Find out more about the Bouquinistes of Paris. Quotes about the Seine and Paris The quais de la Seine near the Paris City Hall © French Moments “Admirable, however, as the Paris of the present day appears to you, build up and put together again in imagination the Paris of the fifteenth century; look at the light through that surprising host of steeples, towers, and belfries; pour forth amid the immense city, break against the points of its islands, compress within the arches of the bridges, the current of the Seine, with its large patches of green and yellow, more changeable than a serpent’s skin; define clearly the Gothic profile of this old Paris upon an horizon of azure, make its contour float in a wintry fog which clings to its innumerable chimneys; drown it in deep night, and observe the extraordinary play of darkness and light in this sombre labyrinth of buildings; throw into it a ray of moonlight, which shall show its faint outline and cause the huge heads of the towers to stand forth from amid the mist; or revert to that dark picture, touch up with shade the thousand acute angles of the spires and gables, and make them stand out, more jagged than a shark’s jaw, upon the copper-coloured sky of evening. Now compare the two.” Victor Hugo, The Hunchback of Notre-Dame “Paris is the city in which one loves to live. Sometimes I think this is because it is the only city in the world where you can step out of a railway station—the Gare D’Orsay—and see, simultaneously, the chief enchantments: the Seine with its bridges and bookstalls, the Louvre, Notre Dame, the Tuileries Gardens, the Place de la Concorde, the beginning of the Champs Elysees—nearly everything except the Luxembourg Gardens and the Palais Royal. But what other city offers as much as you leave a train?” That awakens Paris The highest poplar on the bank On The Eiffel Tower A tricolored cock Sings to the flapping of his wings and several feathers fall As it resumes its course The Seine looks between the bridges For her old route And the Obelisk That has forgotten the Egyptian words Has not blossomed this year Vicente Huidobro, The Cubist Poets in Paris: An Anthology “La Seine a des Bourbons, le Tibre a des Césars.” “Le destin de la Seine est-il d’arroser Paris ou bien d’aller à l’Océan?” Paris est né, comme on sait, dans cette vieille île de la Cité qui a la forme d’un berceau. La grève de cette île fut sa première enceinte, la Seine son premier fossé. Victor Hugo, Notre-Dame de Paris “Les bouquinistes déposent leurs boîtes sur le parapet. Ces braves marchands d’esprit, qui vivent sans cesse dehors, la blouse au vent, sont si bien travaillés par l’air, les pluies, les gelées, les neiges, les brouillards et le grand soleil, qu’ils finissent par ressembler aux vieilles statues des cathédrales. Ils sont tous mes amis et je ne passe guère devant leurs boîtes sans en tirer quelque bouquin qui me manquait jusque là, sans que j’en eusse le moindre soupçon.” Anatole France, Le crime de Sylvestre Bonnard “Sous le ciel de Paris Coule un fleuve joyeux Il endort dans la nuit Les clochards et les gueux Les oiseaux du Bon Dieu Viennent du monde entier Pour bavarder entre eux” From the song: Sous le Ciel de Paris – Lyrics: Jean Dréjac – music: Hubert Giraud – sung by Jean Bretonnière in 1950 and Édith Piaf in 1954. Quais de la Seine: English-French Vocabulary (f) for féminin, (m) for masculin and (v) for verbs bank = quai (m) banks of the River Seine = quais de la Seine (m,p) bridge = pont (m) island = île (f) Left Bank = Rive Gauche (f) Lutetia = Lutèce monument = monument (m) Right Bank = Rive Droite (f) river = rivière (f) World Heritage Site = Site du Patrimoine Mondial (m) Will you consider visiting the Quais de la Seine soon? Share it with us! Inspired? Pin it for later… Previous ArticleWhy you should discover the Marais District in Paris Next Article Montagne Sainte-Victoire, Provence The secrets about the Moulin Rouge in Paris 4 September 0 Arc Héré, the triumphal arch of Nancy The Dome church of Les Invalides and Napoleon’s tomb	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409209
__label__cc	0.709814	0.290186	FSFE Newsletter - December 2012 UK: Small and major steps towards more Free Software On 7th November, several political candidates standing in the Manchester Central By-election participated in the "Manchester Digital Debate", organised by our UK coordinator Sam Tuke and the Open Rights Group (ORG). The event is part of FSFE's "Ask Your Candidates" campaign, which aims to provide an opportunity to engage (local) politicians with digital concerns that they typically do not address. Besides these important steps at the local level, last month the UK government has released a new Open Standards policy. In future all UK Government bodies must comply with the Open Standards Principles or apply for an exemption.FSFE welcomed this step, and particularly its strong Open Standards definition. It also includes another long-standing FSFE demand: to take into account the software exit costs. From now on, when UK government bodies buy a software solution, they have to consider in the price a calculation of what it will cost them to get out of this solution, in the future. This means that government bodies could not simply avoid buying Free Software solutions because they are locked into one particular vendor's proprietary file formats. FSFE president Karsten Gerloff analysed the new policy in detail. Secure Boot: FSFE welcomes German Government's White Paper on "Secure Boot" We want to make sure that you are in control of your computing. This control is, currently, restricted by "Secure Boot". On 19th November, as the first government, the German Ministry of the Interior published a white paper about "Trusted Computing" and "Secure Boot". The white paper states that "device owners must be in complete control of (able to manage and monitor) all the trusted computing security systems of their devices." This has been one of FSFE's key demands from the beginning of the debate. The document continues that "delegating this control to third parties requires conscious and informed consent by the device owner". Another FSFE demand is also addressed by the government's white paper: Before purchasing a device, buyers must be informed concisely about the technical measures implemented in this device, as well as the specific usage restrictions and its consequences for the owner: "Trusted computing security systems must be deactivated (opt-in principle)" when devices are delivered. "Based on the necessary transparency with regard to technical features and content of trusted computing solutions, device owners must be able to make responsible decisions when it comes to product selection, start-up, configuration, operation and shut-down." And "Deactivation must also be possible later (opt- out function) and must not have any negative impact on the functioning of hard- and software that does not use trusted computing functions." Though all of what the German Government stated, should be self-evident, unfortunately it is not. FSFE will continue talking to other governments about this issue, to improve their understanding of the political and economic consequences of this technology. German Cities: Two good news and a bad one First the bad news: The city of Freiburg has decided to switch back, from OpenOffice.org, to Microsoft Office. The study they based their decision on was published one week before the decision, which we and other Free Software organisations had criticised before. Unfortunate news, but as IBM's Rob Weir wrote in his article in the Free Software community we tend to look at the bad news, and forget about the good news. So, some good news: on the one hand, the City of Leipzig has just migrated 4200 working stations to OpenOffice (DE), and on the other hand, Munich announced they are saving over 10 Million Euro with Free Software. If you want to be updated with good news from the public administrations in Europe, the European Commission's Join-up Portal is a good place to check out. LWN has a good summary of Karsten's talk "All watched over by machines of loving grace", which is about society, power, and control. Besides, Karsten recommended the German authorities to publish the code of mobile phone apps. Our Finnish team coordinator Otto Kekäläinen and the Danish hacker Ole Tange received the 2012 Nordic Free Software Award. With this recognition, the Swedish Association for Free Software and Free Culture (FFKP, Föreningen Fri Kultur och Programvara) honours people and projects who have made important contributions to software freedom. Congratulations Otto! "Fuck you, this is my culture!". This statement ended Amelia Andersdotter's (Swedish Pirate Party) speech at the Internet Governance Forum wearing a European Parliament Free Software User Group (EPFSUG) t-shirt. Matija Šuklje, Jürgen Kneissl, Peter Bubestinger and Martin Gollowitzer (all FSFE) were interviewed by Radio Orange about Free Software, software patents and other connected topics. In 2010 Radio Orange was awarded with the German Document Freedom Award, because they provide OGG Vorbis for all their radio shows. Also on software patents, Richard Stallman wrote an interesting article on the WIRED, suggesting to change the effect of patents: "We should legislate that developing, distributing, or running a program on generally used computing hardware does not constitute patent infringement." Former KDE president Aaron Seigo pleads to end the cults of personality in Free Software. Mark Lindhout published the default Fellowship blog theme Pome on his Github account, and invites everyone to contribute! Do you remember the time of the browser bundling? Or the Samba antitrust case? You might also enjoy XKCD's comic strip named "Microsoft". From the planet aggregation: Looking for a self-made Christmas present for your grandmother? What about a one button audiobook player? Michael Clemens described how he build such a device with a Raspberry Pi for his 90 year old Grandma. FSF begins to accept scanned copyright assignments from Germany. [Update: Removed one link] Erik Albers wrote about his experience with Ubuntu running on a Nexus 7 while he and Torsten Grote gave a Free Your Android workshop at SFSCON in Bolzano. Albert Dengg gave talks in Austria, and in our upcoming events you will find upcoming Free Your Android related events. Otto wrote about the WOW effect, and a wishlist for future mobile devices while Henri Bergius wrote an extensive blog post about Jolla's Sailfish OS". How to open computed tomography (CT) scan pictures (DICOM)? Our president, Karsten Gerloff, broke his foot just for you to find out. What can you learn out of the Skolelinux pilot in Rhineland Palatinate? Guido Arnold wrote a summary about Kurt Gramlich's in English, so more people can learn what happened after the first euphoria and the reasons why the pilot may be considered a failure. There were several reports from events: Erik Albers organised the Free Your Android workshop during FSCONS, where Fellow Bjarni Einarsson rescued an (almost) bricked phone. Ana wrote about her high expectations to FSCONS and how a perfect weekend looks like. Isabel Drost wrote 11 reports about the ApacheCon Europe, Mirko Böhm reported (in German) about the summit of Newthinking (day 1, and day 2), and about our workshop at an event from the Green party about Internet Policy. And finally, read Leena Simon's blog post to find out why South Park failed on copyright. Get active: New year, new donations It is the end of the year, and like FSFE's financial officer Reinhard Müller your editor would like to start 2013 with a good money buffer. So this month, please help us to fill our war chest: If you are not yet a Fellow, please join now and support us with your donation. Check out our support programs to find out if the webshops you already use for your Christmas shopping are listed there, and install our plugins. (If you need some suggestions for books, take a look at your editor's recommended books about Free Software. And please convince your employer to support us, and join our list of donors. (If you do not want to talk to your employer on your own, please contact us, and suggest whom we should talk to.) Thanks to all the Fellows and donors who enable our work, Matthias Kirschner - FSFE FSFE News Upcoming FSFE Events Fellowship Blog Aggregation Free Software Discussions Subscribe to FSFE's monthly newsletter	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409213
__label__cc	0.743649	0.256351	2017 in Invertebrates Bees and butterflies have had a blog post to themselves, but here are a few other invertebrate encounters from 2017 I thought I’d share on the penultimate day of the year! Wood Ants These were taken in Great Wood in the Quantock Hills. We spent a while being amazed at the ability of these tiny creatures to pull twigs and other materials into position around their nests, joining others to give assistance where required or simply tugging with amazing tenacity until they got where they were going. Soon we also noticed the guard ants, who were trying their hardest to intimidate us into backing away and leaving the nest in peace! Great Diving Beetle – Dytiscus marginalis We came across this beast when doing great crested newt surveys in the springtime – the bottle traps used to catch and count the courting newts also work for other species such as this, one of our largest beetles. They can have quite a nip, so I’m told, so this one was handled with care before being returned to its pond in a pasture field. Sawfly in a buttercup I came across this little sawfly – its head dusted with pollen – settled in a buttercup flower in Muston Meadows in early summer. It didn’t move as I got into position to take a photo, and I could only assume it had settled there for the night. Wasp – Gasteruption jaculator This amazing looking creature was feeding on the fool’s water cress flowering at the edge of our garden pond. The amazing ovipositor is so much larger than the wasp itself which made it look for all the world like a radio-controlled insect as it flew between flowers! Wasp – Ectemnius sp. I came across this little wasp feeding on the hogweed flowers on a walk through Cheddar Gorge and thought it deserved a portrait – the rounded head with the eyes wrapped around looks as though it could have been the inspiration for a number of sci-fi aliens! Ornate-tailed digger wasp – Cerceris rybyensis I was walking through the Hills and Hollows above Grantham one afternoon and came across a series of holes in the bare earth – I watched a while and saw several heads peeking out before one of the insects arrived from outside and I could get a proper view. This is a species of digger wasp whose prey is bees such as this solitary bee held beneath its body. The wasps bring the bees back and pull them underground to provide food for their larvae. Darter dragonfly – Sympetrum sp. This dew-bejewelled dragonfly was resting on a flower stem in Muston Meadows in August. Taken just after sunrise, this shows the roosting behaviour where the dragonflies will find a safe place to spend the night, waiting for the sun to warm them in the morning and get them up to temperature so that they can take to the wing once more. This little snail was crawling across the roof of my car when I got back from a dawn bat survey in late summer. I’m not sure how it made its way all the way there, but I liked the reflection in the early morning sunshine. I popped it back into the vegetation in the verge before heading home! Wolf spider (Lycosidae) This photograph was taken in the Grantham Hills and Hollows in late summer as the grasses were beginning to turn from greens to browns. I had bent down low to get a photograph of one of the wildflowers, and then my eye was caught by how many invertebrates were active just in the grasses beside it. This grasshopper was taken on the same afternoon as the wolf spider above – I’m afraid I haven’t attempted an ID on this little character but would welcome any suggestions! The camouflage of this grasshopper amongst the greens and browns of the aging summer grassland meant I only spotted it when it hopped to another location. Minotaur beetle – Typhaeus typhoeus This amazing beetle was trundling across a forest path in the Quantocks in autumn. Despite the fearsome looking horns, they are not predatory but are in fact a species of dung beetle which feeds on rabbit droppings amongst others. They nest in deep tunnels and will pull the dung back down with their powerful legs in order to provision the larvae. ant, beetle, dragonfly, grasshopper, snail, spider, waspbottle trap, buttercup, Cerceris rybyensis, darter, digger wasp, dragonfly, dung, Dytiscus marginalis, Ectemnius sp., Gasteruption jaculator, Grantham, grasshopper, Great Diving Beetle, guard, hills and hollows, Lycosidae, Minotaur beetle, Muston Meadows, nest, night, Ornate-tailed, quantock hills, roost, sawfly, snail, solitary bee, sunrise, Sympetrum sp., Typhaeus typhoeus, wasp, wolf spider, wood ant Victoria: Humpbacks to Hummingbirds November 7, 2017 November 7, 2017 Grantham Ecology2 Comments Our final stop on Vancouver Island itself was in Victoria – out on the eastern tip. The highlight of our stay there was the opportunity to see orcas and humpback whales on a trip out into the straights between Victoria and the mountains of the Olympic National Park beyond. We went out on a zodiac and bounced across the waves – not the ideal transport for the seasick ecologist but I soon forgot when we found a pod of orcas moving gracefully through the open seas. The waters around here play host to resident orcas who are present all year round; but this pod was passing through; these are referred to as transient. Interestingly, the two groups have different feeding habits – the resident pods are largely salmon-eaters whilst transient pods tend to eat seals and other marine mammals. Members of a transient pod of orcas After spending 20 minutes watching the orcas, we moved on to watch a pair of humpback whales which were perhaps even more impressive. I know that ‘whales are big’ is about the most basic fact you can learn about them, but I’d never seen one up close before to be able to appreciate just how big they are! They would break the surface to spout at regular intervals of 20-30 seconds and repeat this 5-6 times before arching their backs for a deep dive which results in their tail breaking the surface and following them down to the depths where they would hunt for 5 minutes before returning to the surface for air. On the way back, we got some great views of the sealions on a small island just off the coast – the smell caught up with you soon afterwards! Steller sealions seen on the way back to harbour in Victoria I had made some assumptions about the ethics of whale watching, in that it must be OK to be sanctioned, but after returning to dty land, I did a little research on the potential impacts upon these species. From the work I do in the UK with bats, I know that a species which relies upon echolocation for navigation and hunting will change their behaviour in response to noise – this is seen through avoidance behaviour or changes in hunting or foraging tactics. It turns out that there is evidence that whale watching can have a similar impact upon whales. The sites I found which deal with this issue didn’t really give me a satisfactory final answer. Partly this is because these trips occur worldwide, with different regulatory regimes and some wildly different ideas of appropriate practise. And partly because the research simply isn’t there to assess the significance of an impact – the mechanism is understood and an impact demonstrated in some circumstances but the real impact of this growing industry may only become apparent in the long term. The whale watching tours leaving from Victoria do follow a strict code of practise, and the various boats we saw watching the orcas observed these well. This would significantly reduce the impact in comparison to unregulated tours, but whether it is enough is still questionable. It was an amazing experience, but I would think twice before going out again. The Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society express concerns over trips from Vancouver Island to visit the resident population as, by definition, they are much more likely to suffer from the repeated visits from boats on a daily basis whereas the transient pods are likely to receive much more short-term disturbance. Humpback whales spouting off Victoria, BC with the mountains of Olympic Park in the background. One unexpected reminder of home was walking through the streets at dusk and hearing the trees alive with song. We had watched starlings descending into the city as the day drew to a close and there, in the middle of Government Street amongst the lights and cars, was an evening roost! A free concert for all those who passed by. The other creature I was really hoping to see was a hummingbird. Victoria gets a number of species through the summer, but their reliance on the seasonal resource of nectar means that most migrate for the winter to seek food. With such a fast wingbeat, their energy expenditure means that they can’t go too long without a sugary refill! We were too late for most, but one exception is Anna’s hummingbird – these have the northernmost year-round range of any hummingbird and are regularly counted in Christmas bird lists for the city. On the last day, I read a tip which suggested listening for the male singing from the top of a tree. I had been sitting a few moments listening to what I assumed was some sort of machinery in the street outside our apartment, before realising that this series of buzzes, chips and whistles was the bird I was hoping to see! Looking for all the world like a pair of outsized bumblebees, a pair were skittering around the top of a street-tree, settling briefly before buzzing onwards and out of sight. Anna’s Hummingbird settled in a street tree in Victoria, BC. The final stop was a few days in Vancouver itself before heading back home – final post coming soon! Canadaanna's hummingbird, british columbia, Canada, humpback whale, is whale watching ethical?, orca, resident, roost, starling, steller sealion, transient, victoria, whale watching, Wildlife Bats hang in the belfry… right? Video December 13, 2013 December 13, 2013 Grantham Ecology3 Comments We were carrying out a building inspection earlier this week, looking into nooks and crannies to see if we could find bats, or evidence of their presence. To reach these features safely, a cherry-picker was hired to lift us into place. The operator was very friendly and interested in what we were doing. When I asked him to take me up to a crevice above a window, he said; ‘You’ll never get a bat in there’ ‘You will…’ ‘No way… how small are they? I thought they hung up in the rafters?’ The ‘hanging bat’ stereotype is very widespread but really not true of many of bat species in this country. The two horseshoe species will always be found hanging upside-down in the classic pose and some other species will also hang upside down, including the brown long-eared and some of the myotis species. However a number of UK species, including the common pipistrelle – the species you are most likely to see flying in gardens – prefer to roost in crevices where they wedge themselves in quite tightly. Other species falling into the ‘crevice dwelling’ category include the other two pipistrelle species – soprano and Nathusius – the Daubenton’s bat, the larger noctule, serotine and Leisler’s bats, and the rarer woodland dwelling barbastelle bat. The common pipistrelle bat is often found roosting in crevice-type features in houses, such as beneath lifted hanging tiles or roof tiles, in gaps around windows, in gaps in brickwork or underneath lifted flashing. The gaps they can squeeze into are really very small – 2cm is quite enough for them to get inside. Last week I was lucky enough to spend a few days climbing trees and inspecting potential roosting features up in Cumbria where we found a common pipistrelle bat roosting in a hollow in a tree limb over a stream. The video quality isn’t fantastic because it is filmed using an endoscope – this invaluable piece of kit is a camera and light mounted on a long flexible ‘snake’ attached to a hand-held screen which you can feed carefully into potential roosting features and look for the bats in places you could never otherwise inspect. Although the quality isn’t great, I think this clip gives a nice insight into the kind of places these bats will choose to roost. For many more video clips of bats roosting in trees, I would recommend you to check out the Bat Tree Habitat Key page on Facebook. Batsbat, climb, common pipistrelle, cumbria, endoscope, inspect, inspection, roost, sessile oak, tree @lincsociety @RadioHumberside @Dougthegardener @LizzieRose_Hull Looks like an European hornet to me - the queens hi… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 5 hours ago A few examples of cow parsley in flower along the River Witham in #grantham - these are all plants which have been… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 17 hours ago First celandine of the year for me - growing at the base of a willow along the River Witham in #Grantham… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 17 hours ago Winter heliotrope putting on a spectacular flowering display along River Witham in #Grantham this year!… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 18 hours ago Marsh marigold, also known as king cup, flowering in the newly created marginal habitat along the River Witham in… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 18 hours ago Follow @GranthamEcology	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409214
__label__wiki	0.721433	0.721433	Where Comic Books and Politics Meet Indie/Small Press Games & RPGs The Comics Are All Right Comics Herstory Demo-Graphics Euro Comics Gotham Weekly If/Then Kickstarting Comics People’s History of the Marvel Universe Underrated Wednesday Rally GP Radio & TV Fear the Walking Fanboys GP Radio GP TV Jonesing for Jessica Tales From The Flip-Side! The Venture Bros. Podcast Contact, Tips, Advertise Support Graphic Policy Preview: Time & Vine Posted on January 26, 2018 by Graphic Policy Team Time & Vine (W) Thom Zahler (A/CA) Thom Zahler From the creator of the Harvey-nominated Love and Capes comes the story of a magical winery where every glass of wine takes you back in time to the year it was bottled. From the Civil War to the Roaring Twenties to yesterday… it’s all available with just one sip. Megan is looking for a break from taking care of her Alzheimer’s afflicted mother and finds the ultimate escape when Jack, the owner of the Aeternum Winery, reveals its time-traveling secret to her. Together, they drink their way through history, both the winery’s and their own. In time, Megan learns a family secret that her mother may not even remember and discovers that Jack is keeping one of his own about his late wife. Thom Zahler (Love and Capes, Long Distance) brings his trademark sweetness and humor to distill a story of magic and romance told across the two hundred year canvas of New York’s Hudson Valley. tagged with idw publishing, thom zahler, time & vine, trade paperback, trade paperbacks Get the news, reviews, and interviews delivered directly to your inbox! Graphic Policy Radio Graphic Policy Tweets! Fashion Spotlight: H·E·R·O·E·S, Space Friends, and Dragon Haku #StarWars graphicpolicy.com/2020/01/20/spa… https://t.co/gZOBpHQIfI 53 minutes ago Check out some comic news and reviews from around the web in our morning roundup #comics #comicbooks… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 1 hour ago Mighty Morphin Power Rangers #47 preview. After a shocking betrayal, the Omega Rangers are forced to return to eart… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 2 hours ago Lumberjanes #70 preview. Longheld secrets are revealed about the history of the Lumberjanes, the founding of camp,… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 3 hours ago Heartbeat #3 preview. After a thrilling encounter with Donatien, Eva finds herself becoming more interested in his… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 4 hours ago Follow @graphicpolicy Graphic Policy believes in journalistic integrity and transparency. We will disclose when a product has been given for free for review and/or when no cost has been incurred to the staff so that you may be able to make a fully informed decision as to the opinions provided. When a product has been provided for free you will see disclosure at the bottom of the article. When such a disclosure does not exist, you can assume that the items have been purchased for review.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409215
__label__wiki	0.799825	0.799825	Z-For-All: A Modified Datsun With an Old-School Look Nov 21, 2017 \| Datsun \| Posted in Features \| From the April 2013 issue \| Never miss an article Story and photos by Zachary Mayne Dave Scholz’s friends tell him he’s lucky when it comes to acquiring Datsun Z-cars, and it’s easy to see why. Not one, but two classic 240Zs have wandered into his life with minimal effort on Dave’s part—and for very little cash. “My first Z came to me by luck,” he explains. “I had brought a magazine from Japan called Nostalgic Hero along to work with me one day that had an orange Z on the cover. I left it sitting on my desk. Someone noticed and said, ‘I think my neighbor has one of those lying around. Give him a call.’” So Dave did just that. The owner was an older Japanese gentleman, and the two immediately hit it off. “By the end of our conversation, he had decided to gift the car to me, and unbelievably, by the next day, I had a beautiful green ’72 240Z in my garage,” says Dave, who to this day still can’t believe his luck. While he’s owned a variety of cars over the years—everything from CRXs to a BMW 335i has passed through his garage—Dave has an affinity for ’60s and ’70s classic cars. “I keep coming back to my love of vintage cars, the visceral sensation of cranking up a triple—carbureted motor, the smell of racing fuel and brakes heating up.” Granted, the free Z wasn’t ready for the road when he got it, but it wasn’t far from streetworthy either. “All it needed was a new transmission and off it went,” he says. “I enjoyed many years with that car.” Unfortunately, Dave’s financial situation began to deteriorate some time later, so he sold the Z to a good friend, who is also an avid Datsun enthusiast. “A couple years later, I decided finances were better and I wanted to get another Z,” Dave continues. “I checked the usual spots—craigslist, the whole deal. Nothing seemed right.” The search continued, though it had become somewhat casual by that point. Then, one day in October 2009, Dave received a forwarded email from the same friend who bought his first Z. “The email had no details at all—simply, ‘Car for sale. Moving back to Japan,’” says Dave. “There were some attached photos of a faded red 240Z with a battery charger cord coming out of the hood and—oh, of course, a phone number. From the photos, I saw that it was a 1970, and I knew right away that I wanted it—badly.” When he contacted the owner, it was again a friendly, older Japanese gentleman who was selling the Z. “We spoke for a few minutes and he gave me a price that I still can’t believe to this day,” Dave recalls. “Most Z enthusiasts drop their jaws when I tell them.” Dave ran to the nearest bank and grabbed the cash to pay for his new Z-car. When he showed up to see the car in Torrance, California, the owner had charged the battery and had the Z running. “The car was, frankly, in great shape, and I knew right away all it needed was a good, deep polish to look great,” says Dave. To this day, the Z has not been repainted. “It was a little bit out of tune, but I was no stranger to Z-cars under the hood.” Once he had the car back at his West Hollywood home, Dave immediately began revitalizing the old coupe. Rather than keep it original, he decided to build a high-performance 240Z that would remain correct in spirit. “Doing most of this build very period-correct and keeping the vintage look and feel was very important to me,” he says. The first step was polishing and waxing the Z’s Persimmon-colored flanks. Sure enough, the paint came back to life and was soon glowing like almost-new again. The interior had seen better days, however, so Dave tackled that next. “That first wash of the car, that first lifting of the carpets and vacuuming of the floorboards had my brain working overtime,” he recalls. “I had a pretty clear vision, and I knew I wanted it to have the look and feel of a car that could have been parked in a Yokohama, Japan, parking lot back in the ’70s.” New carpeting was installed, along with a new shift knob and boot. The rest of the interior panels simply had to be scrubbed clean. Dave’s long-term goals for the car involved a significant upgrade in performance, so he also installed a Recaro Profi SPG race bucket that uses a Willans five-point harness to hold him in place; the passenger’s seat was replaced with a Recaro LS bucket. Dave also installed a Nardi Classic steering wheel in place of the 240Z’s large, thin-rimmed wheel. Monitoring the engine's health is a Stack Clubman tach as well as Stack water temperature, oil pressure and voltage gauges. An Innovate DB2 wideband oxygen sensor has also been added. Rounding out the interior upgrades is a purposeful-looking Autopower six-point, SCCA-approved roll cage made of DOM tubing and complete with door bars. “It’s great to sit in the driver’s seat and have things feel just right inside,” says Dave. “I think the 240Z has a great cabin—very much suited to the driving experience.” A big breakthrough in the build came when Dave sourced the rolling stock he had long envisioned for this project. “I always wanted a perfect set of RS Watanabe wheels,” he says, “and when I found them, it just immediately transformed the car to me to the right feeling. It was a real shot in the arm to get the rest of the project going.” The Japanese-made alloys measure 15x8 inches at all four corners and feature zero offset; super-grippy 225/50R15 Yokohama ADVAN A048 rubber completes the look. Dave rounded out the exterior upgrades with eggshell-white vinyl number roundels on the doors, acrylic headlight covers, a fiberglass front air dam, and a Classic Datsun Motorsports 432-style fiberglass rear spoiler. On the Edge of His Seat While the 240Z remains mostly period correct, the monster 3.0-liter engine under the hood is a far cry from anything that was available for a Z-car circa 1970. The Rebello Racing-built powerplant is actually the second one to pass through the car. Dave rebuilt the original L24 himself, but it developed a nasty rod knock two days after he got it back on the road. “That was the impetus for going to Rebello: to make sure I had the best I could get—and, of course, more power,” he adds. Starting with an L28 block from a 280Z, Rebello slipped one of their trademark 3.0-liter stroker cranks into the freshly machined block. The crank actually bumps the displacement of the inline-six a bit higher—to 3048cc. Sturdy H-beam connecting rods were then bolted to the crank. The small ends of the rods actuate JE pistons with an 11:1 compression ratio, and everything is held together with ARP hardware. A Kameari race-spec oil pump ensures that the engine’s internals stay reliably lubricated. On top of the block is a fully race-prepped head that has been ported and polished. It uses a 63DI Rebello camshaft and black nitride intake valves. Fuel delivery is handled by an epic trio of freshly rebuilt Mikuni PHH44 side-draft carburetors that are fed by an internally regulated fuel pump. The carbs use 39mm venturis and are bolted to a port-matched and polished TWM intake manifold featuring Kameari insulators. A 280ZX distributor and MSD 6AL ignition box take care of spark delivery. Spent engine gases travel through an MSA six-into-one header and then into a 3-inch exhaust that terminates in a Magnaflow muffler. The exhaust tips are some utterly cool-looking, upturned center-exit numbers that Dave says were inspired by ’70s road-racing Zs. A Koyo Racing Series aluminum radiator ensures that the motor stays cool. After the engine was built, it dyno-tested to the tune of 300 horsepower and 275 ft.-lbs. of torque, so it was job one to get way more power to the Z’s rear wheels. “When I drive the car now, I’m paying a lot more attention to what’s happening with it,” Dave says of the reborn Z. “I watch gauges and listen for sounds. The change in the sound of the lumpy engine and the glorious sound of the triple Mikuni 44s at wide-open throttle—well, anyone who knows will tell you there’s no replacement for the sound of side-draft carbs. It just gives you goose bumps each and every time.” For the time being, the Datsun’s original four-speed—matched now with an R180 3.364 rear end—is still being used, though upgrading to a five-speed is on the to-do list. A Jim Wolf Technologies Turbo-spec clutch and pressure plate were installed to cope with the added oomph. Because the chassis is currently harnessed with much more power than the Datsun engineers ever intended, Dave has worked some magic to keep the aging Z-car on terra firma. Stiffer Tokico struts and lowering springs have replaced the original suspension. Aluminum lower control arms and tension rods have been installed at the front and rear. The Z’s steering is sharpened by quick steering knuckles and heavy-duty ball joints, along with roll center adjusters. Further adding to the car’s quick responses are polyurethane bushings wherever applicable as well as a solid steering coupler and steering rack bushings. To reduce body roll, Dave installed roll bars from MSA: a 1-inch bar up front and 7/8-inch bar in the rear. “Night and day doesn’t even give contrast with this build,” he says. “I went from a soft chassis that rolled about like a small fishing boat, with 150 horsepower when new, to a stiff, fully caged chassis, quick steering response and 300 horsepower.” On the stopping end of things, the front calipers have been rebuilt and now contain Project Mu HC-Titan Kai racing brake pads. The calipers clamp slotted Power Slot rotors, while braided steel brake lines firm up the pedal feel. At the back end, carbon metallic brake shoes were installed in the original drums, along with rebuilt wheel cylinders. With all the hard work that’s gone into the old Datsun, it would be understandable if Dave were averse to wheeling it out of the garage and onto the mean streets of Los Angeles. Luckily, that scenario couldn’t be further from the truth. This is one car that gets street time, and Dave has even driven it to the annual Monterey car weekend—a solid 4- to 5-hour trip. “Getting in an old car on a cool morning and going out to grab a cup of coffee on a quick canyon drive while the dew rolls off the window—well, I mean, it’s every true car enthusiast’s drug, and I am addicted,” says Dave. Not to mention a bit lucky. Join Free Join our community to easily find more Datsun articles. Datsun 510: The Do-Everything Dime The Sleeper Z: The 1984-'89 Nissan 300ZX Which Nissan Z-Car Is Best? Bluebirds Fly Persistence of Time: Datsun 240Z Nissan's Motorsports Milestones Datsun Rising: Peter Brock on the BRE Datsun 240Z tlott01 10/21/17 10:17 a.m. Wow. Just WOW! Trackmouse SuperDork This happened to me (kind of). I was at a customer’s House with a co worker. The coworker and customer are a few decades older than me, so naturally they are ignoring the young guy in the room. Out of the blue, the customer says “hey do you want a car?” My coworker (a man with zero knowledge of cars and zero passion for it) says “SURE!” We go to the garage, there sits a ‘73 S30! I begin oozing my knowledge of these cars and how I’ve owned several and was looking for one to restore. The customer gives it to my coworker. My coworker oinks like a pig the whole way back to the shop. He hallucinates about restoring the car and I offer to help him with that. I also told him if he wants to sell it, LET ME KNOW! Six months goes by, and the ass sells it to some guy on Craigslist after doing absolutely nothing with the car other than allowing to sit in the rain and further the rust out. /rant. bobpink New Reader 10/24/17 1:01 p.m. Nice to get more of the story behind this car. It's also featured here: https://petrolicious.com/films/dare-to-be-different-in-a-datsun-240z I1Re3ZhHAHENVLySQpLGvyg1Iz3agYMIAxLwJ2OldBE52uX9Sy2q44RSenD7agiW	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409217
__label__wiki	0.928652	0.928652	Home Great Neck News Erin Lipinsky Holds Car Wash To Raise Funds For Special Olympics Erin Lipinsky Holds Car Wash To Raise Funds For Special Olympics Sheri ArbitalJacoby Erin Lipinsky (center), who kicked off his fundraising for Special Olympics New York by holding a car wash, is flanked by (from left): First Assistant EMS Chief Joseph Oginsky, Supervisor Judi Bosworth and Steve Shapiro. Special Olympic athlete Erin Lipinsky raised more than $1,200 at his car wash fundraiser for Special Olympics New York, topping last year, with the support of Vigilant Engine Hook & Ladder Company at Vigilant’s firehouse on Sunday, Aug. 12. “This was the third year that Erin asked the Vigilants to help with his car wash fundraiser,” said Josh Charry, Vigilant fire chief. “We have been happy to help him every year, as we know this is very important to him and we want his efforts to succeed—and succeed he has. Erin has raised at least $1,200 each year of the car wash.” Lipinsky has been the number one individual fundraiser for the Town of North Hempstead Polar Plunge benefiting Special Olympics New York for the past several years. The annual car wash is the kick off event for Lipinsky’s fundraising for the March 2019 plunge, which will help support 7,000 Special Olympics New York–Long Island athletes. “He has taken to this task with a passion,” said Charry. “Special Olympics holds a very special place in Erin’s heart and he is committed to helping their efforts in any way that he can, now that he no longer actively competes.” For the plunge that was held in March 2018, Lipinsky raised the impressive sum of more than $14,000, and has been described as the “mayor of Great Neck,” who walks up and down Middle Neck Road, asking businesses and neighbors to support a cause that’s dear to him. “Amazingly, Erin does a very large part of the promotional work himself—putting posters up in town and telling everyone he meets about it,” said Charry. “We have helped Erin get the word out beyond Great Neck, hanging posters in the greater area and using social media to help spread the word even farther.” Supervisor Judi Bosworth presented a citation to Erin Lipinsky in recognition of his dedication to raising money for Special Olympics New York. Town of North Hempstead Supervisor Judi Bosworth presented Lipinksy with a citation to recognize his outstanding efforts in bringing awareness to the Special Olympics New York and for his fundraising efforts. “We look forward to helping Erin with this very worthwhile cause again next year, as well,” noted Charry. “I don’t do it for awards. I do it for the kids,” said the enthusiastic, devoted and modest Lipinsky, who was grateful for the community support. “I thank my family, my coach Rebecca Strickland [associate director of development for Special Olympics New York–Long Island Region], the Alert Fire Company, especially [Chairman of the Board] Mike Green, and the Vigilants, with special help from Joe [First Assistant EMS Chief Joseph Oginski], for everything they’ve done the last three years. Without them, we wouldn’t have been able to do this.” Previous articleCapturing Love Through Art Next articleEditorial: Use Your Bleeping Blinker Sheri ArbitalJacoby brought more than three decades of publishing experience at national magazines to her former position as editor of the Great Neck Record. She also wrote decorating, travel, food and green articles for Long Island Weekly and Anton Media Group's special sections.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409220
__label__cc	0.712293	0.287707	Greek for beginners Greek intermediate / advanced Private lessons Greek Greek for holidays Greek for kids CEFR Exam Training Discover unknown Greece Traditional Greek Dances Greek Cooking Workshops About Lato Cooperation with Amsterdam Zuid Exams of Attainment / CEFR The books we use Below you can see extensively the books we are going to use during our courses, a suggestion where you can buy them and their indicated prices. Ellinika A’ This first book in a series of four corresponds to the first level of language skills. Each teaching module focuses on specific grammatical phenomena and specific thematic vocabulary, which are gradually taught. The book is suitable for preparation classes for the exams of attainment, but can also be used for self-study. Emphasis is placed on the parallel development of skills of understanding and production of oral and written speech. It is richly illustrated and is user-friendly. The book is accompanied by CDs. Read more and Buy Ellinika B’ The second book of the series, Greek B, corresponds to B1 level of the KEG. Like Greek A, which quickly emerged as one of the most popular Greek instruction manuals in Greece and abroad, this book contains rich illustrations, written and oral exercises of all kinds (phonological, grammatical, editorial, text comprehension, etc.) as well as cd-audio with dialogues and acoustic exercises. The sections of this book have been tested for several years in adult preparation classes and introduce students to the reality of modern Greek language and society. Communicate in Greek 1 Communicate in Greek is one of the oldest methods for the learning of Greek as a foreign or second language, which takes the student from a beginner to a post-intermediate level. Books 1 consists of 24 lessons, four of which are review lessons. Structure and language functions are introduced through dialogues and texts; oral practice through everyday situations. It also contains grammar tables, structure and vocabulary exercises; listening comprehension exercises; vocabularies in English and keys to written exercises. Textbook plus CD included. Followed by 2 exercise books. Communicate in Greek 1 – Workbook 1a Τhis Workbook contains: Supplementary written grammar and vocabulary exercises Answers to the exercises.It covers units 1- 12 of the book Communicate in Greek 1. Communicate in Greek 1 – Workbook 1b Answers to the exercises.It covers units 12- 24 of the book Communicate in Greek 1. Book 2 consists of 24 units, four of which are review units. Structure and language functions are introduced through dialogues and texts; oral practice through everyday situations. It also contains grammar tables, structure and vocabulary exercises; listening comprehension exercises; vocabularies in English and keys to written exercises. New Greek Language for foreigners and migrants C’ & D’ The book addresses repatriated Greeks, the younger generations of expatriate Greeks and foreigners who wish to learn Greek and to obtain the Certificate of Attainment in Greek for Level C. Fygame gia ellinika (Off we go to learn Greek) Φύγαμε για ελληνικά! is intended for adult learners of Modern Greek who are at an intermediate level. This book can be used either in the classroom or for self-study. It covers a wide range of everyday life topics and it also provides information on various social and cultural aspects of life in Greece. The first part includes a text or a dialogue written in simple, contemporary language followed by a reading comprehension and a vocabulary exercise. The second part aims to help you to practise and improve your aural comprehension skills. Our Greek Courses	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409222
__label__cc	0.650292	0.349708	Pewdiepie says “f#ck Twitter” as he slams social media virtue signalling YouTuber PewDiePie has sensationally quit Twitter, explaining in a video that the site rewards disingenuous virtue signalling and actually prevents people from being virtuous. (Article by Paul Joseph Watson republished from Infowars.com) In a 7 minute video entitled ‘I hate twitter’, Pewds, real name Felix Kjellberg, explains the concept behind Aristotle’s understanding of virtue and what it takes to be truly virtuous. He slammed social media for gamefying dishonesty and fakery by encouraging the expression of fake virtue. “You get rewarded for saying things that make you virtuous, rather than acting on it…this is why (Twitter) has become a cesspool,” said Kjellberg “More often than not the people who boast about being virtuous are hiding the fact they’re not,” he added. Shortly after the video was released, Kjellberg all but shut down his own Twitter account, deleting all its content and replacing his bio with the words, “I dont use Twitter, this account is just to prevent fake accounts.” Over the weekend, PewDiePie also announced that he was taking a break from YouTube following the Google-owned video giant’s announcement that it would begin treating insults as a form of harassment in a vague policy update that was slammed by numerous large creators. Is this the beginning of a wider exodus? Read more at: Infowars.com Tagged Under: Big Tech, free speech, Glitch, Google, Pewdiepie, Social media, tech giants, Twitter, virtue, YouTube	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409223
__label__wiki	0.899697	0.899697	Lucas hat-trick takes Tottenham to Champions League final and breaks Ajax hearts 08 May 2019 \| 9:44 pm Relief for Barcelona as Messi ensures Setien enjoys winning start 3 hours ago Sport 1 hour ago Sport Tottenham’s Brazilian forward Lucas kicks the ball to score during the UEFA Champions League semi-final second leg football match between Ajax Amsterdam and Tottenham Hotspur at the Johan Cruyff Arena, in Amsterdam, on May 8, 2019. Adrian DENNIS / AFP Lucas Moura’s last-gasp strike took Tottenham Hotspur to the Champions League final for the first time in their history on Wednesday, completing his hat-trick and sealing an incredible 3-2 win over Ajax to leave the Dutch side heartbroken. Ajax’s improbable European run seemed set to go on all the way to the final as they led 3-2 on aggregate deep in stoppage time in the second leg of the semi-final at the Johan Cruyff Arena. That was when the ball broke to Lucas in the box and the Brazilian sent a low shot beyond the despairing dive of Ajax goalkeeper Andre Onana to seal their comeback, making it 3-2 to them on the night, 3-3 on aggregate, and taking Mauricio Pochettino’s men through on away goals. The Ajax players slumped to the turf, their fans stunned, as they go out and Spurs advance to face fellow comeback kings Liverpool in an all-English final in Madrid on June 1. Leading 1-0 after the first leg, the thrilling young Dutch side appeared to have killed the tie after captain Matthijs de Ligt and Hakim Ziyech both scored in the first half here. That left Tottenham needing a comeback to match that of Liverpool against Barcelona the previous night, but in an even shorter amount of time. A quickfire brace by Lucas early in the second half gave them something to cling to, before he struck the decisive blow, denying Ajax a first final since 1996. Erik ten Hag’s team, who had already eliminated the holders, Real Madrid, and Cristiano Ronaldo’s Juventus this season, were applauded by their devastated fans at full-time and must now somehow lift themselves to try to win the Dutch title. They had been dealt a blow just minutes before kick-off when Brazilian winger David Neres pulled out of their starting line-up after the warm-up, his place taken by the young Dane, Kasper Dolberg. Whirlwind start That last-minute switch did not perturb the Dutch club, though. Far from it. Dusan Tadic moved to the left wing, and Ajax set about tearing into their opponents right from the off, just as they had done in the first leg. They won a corner after Hugo Lloris had stretched to his left to beat away a Tadic shot, and from the delivery that followed from Lasse Schoene, De Ligt rose to head home a fifth-minute opener. Spurs — without Harry Kane but with Son Heung-min back after missing the first leg due to suspension — did threaten an immediate reply as a Son cross hit the near post, but Ajax escaped and came again, a Tadic shot that fizzed just past the far post acting as a prelude for what was to follow in the 35th minute. This time Tadic, the former Southampton player, cut the ball back for Ziyech, whose first-time shot on his left foot flew into the far corner from a difficult angle. It was a wonderful goal, and it had surely killed the tie. The Spurs fans were understandably subdued, and they would not have harboured too much hope in Fernando Llorente as the big striker replaced Victor Wanyama for the second half. Yet the way Pochettino’s side came back out after half-time echoed what Liverpool had done at Anfield 24 hours earlier. They scored their first in the 55th minute, Lucas combining with Alli and slotting low past Onana. Four minutes after that Onana made an improbable save from Llorente’s effort inside the six-yard box, but the ball came back to Lucas and the Brazilian turned and managed to find a corner. He wheeled away in celebration, all too aware that Tottenham were now just one goal away from completing the turnaround. With such tension, Ajax no longer appeared so liberated, but Ziyech twice nearly scored again, grazing the post with a first-time shot and then hitting the same upright in the 79th minute. Jan Vertonghen hit the bar at the other end, but just when it looked like Ajax would hang on, Lucas delivered the killer blow. Andre OnanaChampions LeagueLucas MouraMauricio PochettinoVictor Wanyama	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409226
__label__wiki	0.990015	0.990015	Transfer Talk: Real Madrid ready to bid £60m for Eriksen Stones criticism at Man City 'unfair' - Guardiola The Premier League transfer window has closed, but the rest of Europe remains open for business. Plus, it's never too late to look forward to January! Click here to view the latest transfers and keep up to date with the latest gossip below. TOP STORY: Eriksen still on Madrid radar Real Madrid are expected to make a £60 million bid for Christian Eriksen before the European transfer window closes on Sept. 2, according to The Sun. Transfer grades: Rating every major signing from Europe Why did Prem teams spend less this window? European transfer review: Successes and failures It's thought that the Spanish giants will tactically wait until closer to the end of the window before making a bid, in an effort to force Tottenham's hand. Last season, Spurs chairman Daniel Levy gave the go-ahead for Moussa Dembele to leave the club rather than run down his contract and depart on a free transfer. With just 10 months remaining on Eriksen's Tottenham deal, the north London club may be forced to take that approach again. A week ago, Mauricio Pochettino admitted that Eriksen's whereabouts beyond the summer transfer window remain uncertain and, when asked on Friday if the Denmark international would still be at the club after the European window closes, the Spurs coach replied bluntly: "I don't know. "My point is to help all of the players. My job is to support them all until they maybe decide to take a different way in their career." - Miller: How Spurs have been able to keep stars 23:00 BST: That's it for our live blog folks, but as the transfer window rumbles through the month of August we'll be back every day with more live updates on all the latest rumours and news. 22.40 BST: Former England international Ashley Cole has retired at the age of 38. The left-back, who last played with Derby County, won the Champions League, Premier League, League Cup and Europa League throughout his career, as well as a record seven FA Cups. 21.35 BST: Paris Saint-Germain have set their sights on Milan and Brazil attacking midfielder Lucas Paqueta, according to Calciomercato. There's only one issue, the former Flamengo players has no desire to leave the San Siro. PSG sporting director Leonardo brought Paqueta to Milan before he made the move to Paris, but his reported hopes of a reunion with the 21-year-old look unlikely unless the player has a change of heart. 20.41 BST: Barcelona right-back Nelson Semedo is open to being included in a deal that would take him -- and a large pile of cash -- to Paris Saint-Germain in exchange for Neymar, according to Mundo Deportivo. 19.34 BST: While Juventus have been monitoring Lyon duo Lucas Tousart and Houssem Aouar, Calciomercato reports that the Bianconeri have added a third OL star to their list of potential targets: striker Moussa Dembele. 18.27 BST: While we brought you news earlier in the day out of Germany denying any bid from Bayern Munich for Emre Can, who's become surplus to requirements at Juventus, the Mail cites Tuttosport as reporting that Paris Saint-Germain have made an approach for the former Liverpool midfielder. 17.20 BST: Bayern Munich have announced the signing of Mickael Cuisance. The 20-year-old joins the Bundesliga champions on a five-year deal from Borussia Monchengladbach, who have reportedly received a sum of €10 million for the midfielder. Not a bad signing for FC Hollywood, but fans are waiting on the announcement of a much more well-known name... 17.00 BST: Inter Milan have registered their interest in Alexis Sanchez with Manchester United, sources have told ESPN FC. The Serie A side, who have already signed Romelu Lukaku from Old Trafford this summer, are hoping to negotiate a loan deal for the Chile international before the European transfer deadline on Sept. 2. Sanchez is open to talking to Inter if the two clubs can agree a deal, with the forward having fallen down the pecking order at United under Ole Gunnar Solskjaer. Inter are hoping to reach an agreement that would see United pay a portion of Sanchez's wages this season before buying the 30-year-old next summer, but sources have told ESPN FC that an agreement has not yet been reached. In his 18-month spell at Old Trafford, Sanchez has scored just three league goals -- a mark dwarfed by his impressive feat of 60 league goals in 115 Premier League appearances for Arsenal. - Lukaku hits back at critics: "Not bad for a fat boy" 16.30 BST: Christian Falk of Sportbild in Germany has confirmed that Emre Can will not be making a return to Bayern Munich. The Juventus midfielder has reportedly been deemed surplus to requirements in Turin, but he won't be leaving for the Bundesliga champions, according to Falk. Can joined Juve last summer after four years at Liverpool, whom he signed for after a season-long spell at Bayer Leverkusen. 16.00 BST: In what seems like a complete 180, Real Madrid manager Zinedine Zidane has claimed that Gareth Bale will stay at the club! The Wales international looked destined for a Bernabeu exit this summer after Zidane claimed that it would be best if the winger left, but a number of injuries forced the coach to start Bale in Real's La Liga opener on Saturday. Bale put in an impressive performance and even provided an assist as Madrid beat Celta Vigo 3-1, leading Zidane to say: "He's going to stay and we all have to think of that as a positive thing." 15.40 BST: Italian publication Corriere dello Sport have reported that Fernando Llorente could find himself donning a Lazio shirt this season, with the Serie A club apparently closing in on a deal for the striker. Llorente, who has been a free agent since leaving Tottenham in July, previously played in Serie A between 2013 and 2015, scoring 27 goals for Juventus in 92 appearances. The 34-year-old played a huge role in Spurs' journey to the Champions League final last season, grabbing a crucial goal against Manchester City in a chaotic quarterfinal second leg. 15.00 BST: Former Manchester City and Liverpool striker Mario Balotelli is still technically without a club, but an announcement regarding the Italian signing for Brescia is expected any moment over the next day or two. La Gazzetta dello Sport have reported that the 29-year-old signed a deal with the Serie A club on Friday at 23:45 p.m., because club president Massimo Cellino wanted to avoid the date Aug. 17 cropping up in the contract... Cellino is notoriously superstitious when it comes to the number 17, allowing no No. 17 jersey at the club and no No. 17 seat in the team's stadium! 14.10 BST: As Philippe Coutinho arrives at Bayern on a season-long loan, Renato Sanches is looking for a way out of Munich. Speaking after his side's 2-2 draw against Hertha Berlin on Friday -- a game in which the Portugal midfielder arrived late off of the bench -- Sanches said: "Five minutes is not enough. "The situation is not good for me; this is the second time I have wanted to leave the club and they have not let me go." 13.15 BST: French publication Le Parisien have reported that Barcelona's apparent efforts to sign Neymar are nothing more than a bluff to appease Lionel Messi. PSG star Neymar has been linked with a return to Barca all summer, and some in the Brazil international's entourage have suggested for months that Messi has been pressuring his club to get the deal done. Barca have long insisted that Messi -- the La Liga champions' captain -- has no say in transfers, however. 12.40 BST: On the topic of Coutinho, the Brazil international's former club Liverpool look set to receive €16 million, should the player complete his loan move to Bayern Munich today. Catalan publication Diario Sport have reported that part of Barcelona's deal for the midfielder in January 2018 dictates that Liverpool will get some compensation for future transfers. That clause will come into play this week, assuming the signing of Coutinho is announced at the Allianz Arena in Germany in the coming days. 12.00 BST: Philippe Coutinho has been pictured in Germany ahead of his likely loan move to Bayern Munich. The Brazil international is set for a season-long loan, with the Bundesliga champions having an option to buy the Barcelona midfielder thereafter. Coutinho, 27, has made 76 appearances for Barca since January 2018, scoring 21 goals and providing 11 assists. 11.10 BST: Manchester United's newest arrival Hannibal Mejbri has the club's No. 7 shirt in his crosshairs. The shirt has been worn by a number of United icons -- including David Beckham, Cristiano Ronaldo, Eric Cantona, George Best and Bryan Robson -- and 16-year-old Hannibal fancies himself as the next player to inhabit it. The midfielder uploaded an Instagram post of a United shirt with his name and the number seven on the back this weekend, suggesting that he will wear the jersey while representing the club's youth team this season. Mejbri joined United from Monaco this summer and will sign a professional contract with the club in January, once he has turned 17. By then, the No. 7 shirt in the senior team may have been vacated, as rumours around Alexis Sanchez's future at the club continue to swirl. Inter Milan appears to be a possible destination for the Chile international, according to Gianluca Dimarzio. 10.30 BST: Marcos Rojo is pushing for a loan exit from Manchester United, with Fenerbahce appearing the most likely destination, according to The Sunday Times. The Argentina centre-back was left frustrated on the Premier League's deadline day this month, when United refused to let him join Everton, and the 30-year-old is still looking for a way out of Manchester. United value Rojo at £25 million, with two years remaining on the most recent contract that the defender agreed with the club in March 2018, but the specifics of a deal with Turkish side Fenerbahce are as yet unclear. Since Harry Maguire joined United as the world's most expensive defender ever this summer, Rojo has slipped further down the pecking order at the club. 10.00 BST: Italian publication Calciomercato have reported that AC Milan are interested in Tottenham's Serge Aurier. Milan have apparently enquired about a loan deal with an option to buy the right-back, who joined Spurs from Paris Saint-Germain two summers ago. The Serie A club already have Andrea Conti and Davide Calabria at right-back, but may be looking to add some extra depth to the squad. That said, Spurs are not renowned for their own depth, so selling the Ivory Coast international may not be something that manager Mauricio Pochettino feels inclined to do. 09.45 BST: Everton could have a shot at signing former Bayern Munich and France winger Franck Ribery, according to 90Min. Ribery became a free agent this summer and is yet to find a new club, but 90Min have reported that Everton have been offered a chance to acquire the 36-year-old. Everton owner Farhad Moshiri has a liking for big-name players -- having long chased striker Diego Costa -- but sporting director Marcel Brands and manager Marco Silva have not yet come to a decision on pursuing the Frenchman. 09.25 BST: Real Madrid are preparing to test Paul Pogba's willingness to remain at Manchester United by going back in for the France international, The Sunday Times have reported. The midfielder's agent, Mino Raiola, has apparently been working on facilitating the move for months, but United are unlikely to sell, having allowed both Ander Herrera and Marouane Fellaini to leave in the past year. Pogba, 26, has been one of Real manager Zinedine Zidane's key targets this summer, alongside Neymar and Eden Hazard, who signed for the La Liga side in June. PAPER TALK (by Stephen Wright): Patient Madrid prepare Eriksen bid ESPN Luck Index ESPN's Luck Index: Man City, Aguero unlucky? Man United lucky? Marcotti: Luck Index 2019 lessons A week ago, Mauricio Pochettino admitted that Eriksen's whereabouts beyond the summer transfer window remain uncertain. Lozano's Napoli arrival around the corner After rumours all summer long, Calciomercato is reporting that PSV Eindhoven and Mexico winger Hirving Lozano will finalise a more than $45 million move to Napoli. Lozano, 24, is expected to undergo a medical at Napoli on Wednesday and if all goes well will sign with Carlo Ancelotti 's side. - When is the Champions League group-stage draw? The Pachuca product known as "Chucky" has set the Eredivisie ablaze since arriving in 2017, amassing 40 goals and 23 assists in 79 games with the Dutch outfit. At $45m, Lozano would become PSV's record sale and also the most expensive Mexican transfer ever, surpassing Raul Jimenez's recent permanent move to Wolves. Lozano has scored nine goals in 35 games for El Tri and has been tipped for a move to a bigger club, with Barcelona and Chelsea previously linked. Tap-ins - Everton winger Yannick Bolasie has got Turkish clubs Besiktas and Trabzonspor asking after his services, The Sun reports. Toffees boss Marco Silva does not include Bolasie as part of his plans at Goodison Park, but his £10 million release clause has proved somewhat problematic, putting both Southampton and Crystal Palace off making the investment earlier this summer. - With Philippe Coutinho on his way to Bayern Munich from Barcelona for a season-long loan, the Brazilian star's ex-club Liverpool are set for a £18 million windfall. The German club have agreed to pay Coutinho's £11m wages as well as the loan fee, but the Daily Mail reports that the latter amount will go to the Merseysiders.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409237
__label__cc	0.522519	0.477481	News > Blog Dungeons, Dragons, and Resilience: Role playing as a thought model for complex resilience March 9, 2018 \| by Howard Smith Gamemaster (GM): You start climbing the cliff and one of the storm giants drops a rock on you. What’s your armor class? Player: Full plate armor, so 18! That’s good, right? GM: <rolls a 20-sided die> I rolled a 19…so…not good enough. <rolls more dice> You take 15 points of damage. Player: That’s two more than my current hit points. GM: You’re incapacitated. If your cleric can heal you before the giant climbs down to finish you off, you can get back into the fight. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Howard Smith, PhD is the Integration Team Lead at Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA). In the 1970’s, game designer (and former insurance underwriter) Gary Gygax invented a game for simulating medieval combat he called Chainmail. This basic system then became the melee mechanics for his next game, Dungeons and Dragons. Almost every role-playing game since, in-person or online, has drawn inspiration from or elaborated on this model. Today and every day around the globe, millions of people (both affectionately and derisively called ‘gamers’) play in-person or online role-playing games. They simulate repeated interactions between attackers (which can be intelligent adversaries or forces of nature) and defenders. They roll dice or depend on computers to do the dice rolling, and they fret and argue the details about how to best prepare for, resolve, and ‘survive’ these encounters. The core elements of armed combat simulation involve two essential characteristics of the defender called statistics (or stats) by gamers: Armor class (AC): Armor represents the ability to resist the effect of an ‘attack.’ Characters with a lot of armor can wade into the thick of battle and emerge unscathed. Hit points (HP): Hit points represent the ability to sustain damage without becoming incapacitated. Frail characters have fewer HP than hardy characters. A third critical characteristic is healing. This isn’t typically a represented as a single number, because it often takes the form of external aid: the magic of clerics or potions in fantasy games; or bandaging and natural recovery in more ‘realistic’ games. The way that role players have approached these three characteristics have spawned standard archetypes designed maximize the value of each element: The first archetype, a tank is a highly armored character. Players create high AC tanks to be as impervious as possible to physical damage. The trade-offs are usually reduced agility (all that armor weighs you down…let’s hope it doesn’t rain), and often, high monetary cost. And no type of armor is impervious to all forms of attack. A crafty GM or simulation can and will exploit the weakness of the strongest armor. In The Hobbit, Tolkien’s book that inspired both Gary Gygax’s and Peter Jackson’s subsequent (much longer) creations, the Dwarven King Thorin Oakenshield (his AC is so high it’s even part of his name) and his band of warriors are the embodiment of this tank archetype. The second archetype, a barbarian often clad in nothing but a loincloth, eschews AC in favor of HP. This character is the Timex of role-playing. It can take a licking and keep on ticking. But, if the attacker is as stubborn as a Dwarven king, eventually even the hardiest of barbarians can be laid low by repeated, persistent attacks. Again in The Hobbit, specifically as retold by Peter Jackson, Azog the Orc Chieftain (clad in nothing but a loincloth) is the embodiment of the high HP barbarian. In the Five Armies film, his ultimate duel with Thorin (spoiler alert) kills them both, but not quickly. Thorin deflects much of Azog’s damage, and Thorin just can’t get seem to pile up enough damage to get Azog to die (and stay dead). The third archetype, the troll, is a character that rapidly regenerates HP. A troll doesn’t need costly AC or a (comparatively) burly frame, because it can heal faster than an attacker can pile it on. Too much burst damage from an attack can overwhelm even the troll’s rapid healing so much that it can’t keep up. In a different film universe, Marvel’s Wolverine character (and his hipster version with apparently lower HP: Deadpool) exemplifies the remarkable resilience value of almost instantaneous healing. Even atomic bomb blasts aren’t an insurmountable challenge for a fully-functional Logan. If you’re in the resilience field (and you’ve read this far), you already realize the parallels. AC, HP, and healing are all fundamental types of resilience possessed by individuals, communities, and systems. When I drew the original version of the resilience analogy picture in the header of this article on a whiteboard three years ago, I was able to easily convert a number of divergent concepts from varying resilience models to this analogy. For resilience professionals, many of our conversations and definitions of resilience emphasize one or more of these elements. At the recent DC launch of Northeastern University’s Global Resilience Institute (GRI), luminaries in our field gathered to talk about the topic. It was interesting to me that several of the cocktail party conversations focused on alternate definitions of the core concept of our gathering. The meaning of resilience was discussed at various times throughout the evening: “Resilient infrastructure is engineered to keep functioning despite catastrophic damage.” “Resilience is everyone in the neighborhood putting out sandbags to brace against the storm surge, because a single house with sandbags still can’t resist a flood.” “Resilience is the ability to get back up again after you’ve been pushed down.” Well which is it? It’s all three. It’s AC, HP, and healing. Dr. Stephen Flynn, founder of GRI, said resilience to him is the idea of ‘evolutionary adaptability’ in the face of changing risks and threats. That’s a sensible approach that can include multiple dimensions of resilience, and gives us a conceptual paradigm that acknowledges and facilitates trade-offs between the dimensions. But Steve’s adaptability paradigm, to be actionable, requires persistent and meaningful engagement by a broad array of stakeholders. It requires creativity and critical thinking about the elements of resilience across a varied system of interests and equities. It requires committed investments of time and resources to solve the problems of infrastructure and systems that often contain critical vulnerabilities. That kind of engagement is a hard problem for policy analysts who work in cross-cutting, predictive issues like resilience. Maybe harder than the technical problem of determining optimal solutions. The highest hurdle for us is often holding policy makers’ and stakeholders’ attention to issues of long-range preparation for future possible crises in the face of more pressing competing demands. Add to this challenge the fact that policy discussions about risk and resilience can quickly get pretty esoteric and technical for laypeople. These laypeople are the constituents, stakeholders, and decision-makers who will ultimately be responsible for resourcing and executing resilience-building activities. Imagine yourself telling those stakeholders: “Let’s all sit around a table today for an indefinitely long time, and deal with an unknown number of problems of increasing complexity and adversity, some apparently intractable, all taxing your limited community resources and collective problem-solving skills. Oh, and I am going make you deal with intricate mathematical issues of joint statistical probability and risk.” Tell a gamer that same thing and hand him a 20-sided die and a character sheet, and he’ll gladly buy a full night’s supply of soda, chips and pizza to be allowed to join the fun. Because that’s the definition of a role-playing game. Put that online, and she’ll happily pay a monthly subscription fee and use the simulated world as a source of relaxation and recreation to get away from the urgent stresses of her everyday world. Why? Because role-playing is storytelling, and, at its core, humorous. The value of this proposed fantasy role-playing analogy for real-world resilience is found in both elements: narrative and humor. In this context, humor is not trivializing, it’s not undermining. Humor is found in the harmless violation of preconceived expectations. A joke leads you in one direction, and then makes you laugh by tugging you quickly in the other, with pleasant surprise and without harm. A GM puts fictional characters (that the gamers care about) in absurdly perilous conditions. The rationally expected successful resolution to all that peril in the story (because you don’t keep playing with a GM that keeps killing your painstakingly envisioned characters, unless it’s advertised as a Game of Thrones storyline) is nonetheless an emotionally humorous surprise to the players. When you expect things to be one way, and instead of it being that way it turns out to be different in an enjoyable way, your body reacts with a release of chemicals that stimulate your mind to emphasize the salience of that moment. You feel it as positive reinforcement of the novelty of the situation and express it as laughter. You laugh to signal that, in that moment, you learned something new and it didn’t hurt you to learn it. I was sitting on a plane reading one of my favorite books on my tablet. I frequently laughed out loud, so often that the woman sitting next to me finally said “That must be really funny. What are you reading?” She was probably expecting I would respond with a book by Chelsea Handler or an essay by Dave Barry or a work of some other humorist. Instead I said, “It’s a book by Daniel Kahneman, called, Thinking, Fast and Slow” ‘Aha!’ moments are often ‘haha!’ moments. One of the most pleasant and humorous violations of expectations is when you discover you can solve a problem you didn’t think you could solve. People who are intensely curious (in both senses of the word) are addicted to that pleasurable rush of the ‘aha!’ They’ll toil for years in painstaking studies and careful experiments, and suffer personal hardships in search of that unique, cerebral burst of pleasure. So as a professor or a policy analyst, when I address a complex and challenging subject and I am trying to help people learn a new way to address that subject, I strive to find the humor in it…maybe too often for some of my students and colleagues (and certainly too often for my children). I also look for a way to make a story out of it. Here’s where the anthropomorphic element of this role-playing analogy comes into play: it turns resilience concepts into visceral (literally…concerned with the viscera) depictions. It embodies and personifies concepts that are too often merely abstractions. Now, complete with bodies, resilience characters can emerge. Those characters can improve and change with changing conditions. In Steve Flynn’s resilience paradigm, they can evolve and adapt. In narrative terms, they can have adventures. If you want resilience to improve across the complex system-of-systems where it resides, you need to engage people to actively learn about it and work with it to the point that they want to do it themselves (in their free time for fun would be optimal, but lets not push it). As Miss Frizzle of Magic School Bus says, get them to want to “take chances, make mistakes, and get messy.” It’s surprising to me how much probability and statistics people can understand if you can make it into a game. Students who don’t seem to understand a probability distribution can provide you with a pretty exact intuitive description of the likely frequency of totals from three six-sided dice. To modify the old adage: You can give a woman a fish, and she can feed herself for a day. But if you teach a woman to fish, she can feed herself for a lifetime. But, if you can teach a woman to learn to fish, then she can also learn to build boats, and predict weather, and protect fisheries, and she’ll create a resilient fishing community that can feed itself for generations. That’s evolutionary adaptability at work. If you want her to learn, turn your lesson into a story and she’ll feel it. Turn it into a funny story and she’ll feel it, and remember it, and retell it at every opportunity. Stories need characters. This model has characters—tanks and barbarians and trolls (oh my)—funny characters who can teach you serious things. If she can learn to fight a storm giant, and win, she can also learn to be resilient against a coming storm. Editor’s note: This blog was originally published by Dr. Howard Smith on LinkedIn on June 18, 2017 and has been reposted with permission from the author.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409241
__label__wiki	0.793017	0.793017	Home » Atariba and Niguayona: A Story from the Taino People of Puerto Rico (Tales of the Americas) More Sharing Services Share Share on email Email this Page Share on print Print Atariba and Niguayona: A Story from the Taino People of Puerto Rico (Tales of the Americas) By Harriet Rohmer Reading Level: Early Elementary School Publisher: Children's Press 1988 Find this book in a library near you, using WorldCat.org. A legend about a young Taino Indian and his search for the Caimoni Tree. Martin's Big Words Ballet for Martha My Brother Sam Is Dead Seven Brave Women Jingle the Brass Keep the Lights Burning, Abbie Puerto Rico, Puerto Rican history, culture, Caribbean, collecting, geography, United States history, tradition, folklife, folklore, Taino, Award Key Most distinguished American picture book for children (annually). Distinguished books by authors and illustrators of African descent which promote an understanding and appreciation of the American dream (annually). Golden Kite Award Outstanding examples of text, illustration, fiction and nonfiction (four awards annually). Most distinguished contribution to American literature for children (annually). Scott O'Dell Historical Fiction Award Outstanding work of historical fiction published by a U.S. publisher set in the New World.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409247
__label__wiki	0.579921	0.579921	Log in via BSG Treatment of intestinal Behçet's syndrome with chimeric tumour necrosis factor α antibody S P L Travisa, M Czajkowskia, D P B McGoverna, R G P Watsonb, A L Bellc aGastroenterology Unit, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK, bGastroenterology Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital and Queen's University Hospital, Belfast BT9 7JB, UK, cMusculoskeletal Education and Research Unit, Royal Victoria Hospital and Queen's University Hospital, Belfast BT9 7JB, UK Dr S Travis, Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. simon.travis{at}orh.nhs.uk Few patients with Behçet's syndrome have gastrointestinal ulceration. Such patients are difficult to treat and have a higher mortality. Faced with refractory symptoms in two patients with intestinal Behçet's, we used the tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) monoclonal antibody infliximab to induce remission. Both women (one aged 27 years, the other 30 years) presented with orogenital ulceration, pustular rash, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea due to colonic ulceration, weight loss, and synovitis. One had thrombophlebitis, digital vasculitis, perianal fistula, and paracolic abscess; the other had conjunctivitis and an ulcer in the natal cleft. Treatment with prednisolone, methyl prednisolone, and thalidomide in one and prednisolone, colchicine, and cyclosporin in the other was ineffective. After full discussion, infliximab (3 mg/kg, dose reduced because of recent sepsis in one, and 5 mg/kg in the other) was administered. Within 10 days the ulcers healed, with resolution of bloody diarrhoea and all extraintestinal manifestations. A second infusion of infliximab was necessary eight weeks later in one case, followed by sustained (>15 months) remission on low dose thalidomide. Remission was initially sustained for 12 months in the other but thalidomide had to be stopped due to intolerance, and a good response to retreatment lasted only 12 weeks without immunosuppression, before a third infusion. The cause of Behçet's syndrome is unknown but peripheral blood CD45 γδ T cells in Behçet's produce >50-fold more TNF-α than controls when stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and anti-CD3. Infliximab could have a role for inducing remission in Behçet's syndrome. Behçet's syndrome infliximab http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.49.5.725 British Society of Gastroenterology Submit an article paper Copyright © 2020 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & British Society of Gastroenterology. All rights reserved.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409252
__label__cc	0.594741	0.405259	1. Introduction: Gender and the History of War (Hagemann) Karen Hagemann Handbook chapter "Introduction: Gender and the History of War" in the Oxford Handbook on Gender, War and the Western World since 1600. For an Abstract and the Keywords click here. Table of Contents \| Next Chapter (2) Export Chapter One (1) to RTF Hart, Julie Putnam. Pathways to Pacifism and Antiwar Activism Among U.S. Veterans: The role of moral identity in personal transformation. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2017. Read more about Pathways to Pacifism and Antiwar Activism Among U.S. Veterans: The role of moral identity in personal transformation Integrating and Editing Entries Read more about Table of Contents Santoni, Pedro. Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Latin America: From the Wars of Independence to the Central American Civil Wars. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008. Read more about Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Latin America: From the Wars of Independence to the Central American Civil Wars Moses, A. Dirk. "Raphael Lemkin, Culture, and the Concept of Genocide." In The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, edited by Donald Bloxham and A. Dirk Moses, 19-41. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Read more about Raphael Lemkin, Culture, and the Concept of Genocide Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War, Edited by Stewart Lone. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007. Read more about Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Africa: From Slavery Days to Rwandan Genocide, Edited by John Laband. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007. Read more about Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Africa: From Slavery Days to Rwandan Genocide Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Modern America: From the Indian Wars to the Vietnam War, Edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007. Read more about Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Modern America: From the Indian Wars to the Vietnam War Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Early America: From the Colonial Era to the Civil War, Edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007. Read more about Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Early America: From the Colonial Era to the Civil War Cornish, Paul. "The Changing Relation Between Society and Armed Forces." In The Oxford Handbook of War, edited by Yves Boyer and Julian Lindley-French, 17-29. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 212. Read more about The Changing Relation Between Society and Armed Forces Clodfelter, Michael. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1494–2007. Revised 3rd ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008. Read more about Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1494–2007	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409253
__label__cc	0.622191	0.377809	I'm a digital strategist and online engagement specialist living on Vancouver Island. How To Destabilize Enemy Nations On A Tight Budget (Explained) Since the 2015 US election and 2016 Brexit referendum upsets, foreign influence on democratic elections has become a hot topic. On John Oliver’s Last Week Tonight, a segment explained the ease of tampering with voting machines which inspired me to write this article. Before I get into how easy and inexpensive it is to propagate disinformation on the internet, I’d like provide some background on why and how more nations will be entering the digital warfare space in the coming years. Foundations of Geopolitics, a book drafted by the International Department of the Russian Ministry of Defence back in 1997, paved the way as a philosophical instructions manual for dismantling and dethroning enemies and super-powers alike, with the ultimate aim of “Finlandization” for all of Europe. According to Wikipedia’s summary on the strategy: “Military operations play relatively little role. The textbook advocates a sophisticated program of subversion, destabilization, and disinformation spearheaded by the Russia special services.” During the 2015 US election and with a meagre monthly budget of only $1.25M (estimated $15M per year), Russia’s Internet Research Agency was able to deliver the US election to the Republican Party. In terms of return-on-investment (ROI), Russia spends $36M per Mi-35 helicopter. It is no surprise then, that as Russia gains more territory and influence, its actual military spending is decreasing. Military power is clearly a very costly ongoing expense where destabilization is relatively cheap and plentiful. But how exactly is this done? Tactic 1: Find The Fractures Then Divide & Conquer Using the example of the US, this fracturing tactic was exquisitely executed by fuelling instability and actively supporting all dissident groups simultaneously to inflame tensions and divide communities. Enemies of the USA have been fanning the flames of white nationalism, gun rights groups, stoking anti-immigration sentiment and the vilification of refugees and Muslims have been most visible. Yet this only scratches the surface. But more subtle and vicious domestic attacks have been in support of fringe and other right-wing religious groups attacking women’s reproductive rights, gay marriage equality, homelessness and mental health. We are seeing generational divisiveness growing between Baby Boomers and Millennials. There is a growing demonization of environmental stewardship (see baseless attacks and other trolling of Greta Thunberg) and attacks on democratically-held values in general. Long-term, inter-generational damage from the exploitation of these existing divides is seen in the gutting of the US education system, diminishing access to healthcare for all, ballooning deficits that future generations will be saddled down by are just some of the long-term consequences to be felt by this surprisingly inexpensive destabilization warfare technique. What were once cracks in an overarching national unity have become red line fractures in an artificially created, cold civil war. Many are now asking what was done to exploit these existing social divides? Tactic 2: Leverage the digital age intersection between behavioural economics, social media loopholes and the relative ease of search engine exploitation As a digital strategist and online marketer I have observed that many of the tactics available to civilians were modified to be weaponized against competing nations. Boosting social media reach on divisive posts and influencers gave fringe groups a false sense that they held popular yet controversial views. Social media has a lot of loopholes which I often share to my online marketer followings so they can get more bang for their buck with clients. It’s important to remember social media platforms’ #1 goal is to keep you on the platform as long as possible so they can make ad revenue. They do this by showing you content they think will keep you on just a little bit longer. They are all literally designed at some level to be addictive to us. I discuss in my marketing content the various exploitation opportunties that trick these social platforms into thinking your content is viral by fooling the algorithm they rely on to distribute to users. For example, with less than $100 I can buy 10,000 twitter followers, automatically getting 1,000 retweets and favourites on 10 posts. For $100 of paid ads on twitter, you barely get any results. That’s because Twitter under-reports bot activity in order to convince its shareholders that site engagement is increasing. It’s not just Twitter — Facebook, Instagram, Youtube (Google), Snapchat and even Linkedin all have the same fundamental vulnerability. It has become very easy to give false social proof to almost anything. Humans are hardwired with cognitive biases that are easily and regularly exploited by social media platforms and search engines to make us think that things are more (or less) popular than they truly are. Increasingly we seem to be getting stuck in our own social echo chambers and believe most people see things the same as us. There were legitimate grievances around the US economy like job losses from globalization and artificial intelligence resulting in increased economic inequality. But US citizens were manipulated and sentiment hijacked by populist narratives of being the victim of the government, elites, experts, Democrats, Mexicans, Muslims, and foreign allies. Tactic 3: Erode Trust & Global Alliances What’s worse, not only was the goal achieved to destabilize the US by facilitating the turning of a nation on itself, but also have its internal damage bleed Anti-Americanism into US-global relations. The surprise betrayal of the American-Kurd alliance will have lasting consequences on American credibility, leaving American soldiers and civilians more vulnerable than ever. France, the first and the oldest international ally of the United States, is now questioning how much it can rely on the US after the abrupt pulling of US forces from Northern Syria without any consultations from NATO partners. As reported by the BBC, “Russia, which sees Nato as a threat to its security, welcomes the French president’s comments as “truthful words.”” It’s hard to say when exactly this second Cold War started, but one thing is for sure: we’re woefully prepared to defend ourselves from disinformation and have been taught to avoid difficult political conversations. Continue to Why Election Hacking Will Be As Common As Email Spam [Yet Harder To Filter] Election Hacking Brexit Cognitive Bias Marketing Tricks Election Interference Digital Strategy Us Election Hackernoon Top Story Continue the Discussion More by Darragh Grove-White Airbnb Hosting Tips: SEO Strategy Walkthrough Saying No to Bots is Saying No to Automation AIRBNB HOSTING TIPS: SEO STRATEGY TO IMPROVE YOUR LISTING RANKING Airbnb Business The Truth About Social Media Engagement Pods How to Rank a Youtube Video on The First Page of Google Why Election Hacking Will Be As Common As Email Spam [Yet Harder To Filter]	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409255
__label__cc	0.571465	0.428535	Public Bank Solution Public Banking Blog WEB OF DEBT BLOG PUBLIC BANK SOLUTION, 2013 WEB OF DEBT 2012—also on Audible! Bail-ins (the Big Disaster Coming), GMO Foods, Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) The Public Bank Solution California Dreamin’: Why I’m Running for State Treasurer in 2014 Ellen Brown, author, attorney, speaker, activist Fixing the Economy with State Owned Banks Foreclosure Relief PBI.org Time for an Economic Bill of Rights Translated Articles and Books WHAT ARE PUBLIC BANKS AND HOW DO THEY OPERATE? AN INTRODUCTION Roger Calven on Two power points: “A Deep Dive into Money and Banking” and “Funding the Green Transition with Public Banks” chdwr on Desperate Central Bankers Grab for More Power The market in this new decade on The Fed Protects Gamblers at the Expense of the Economy The Fed Protects Gamblers at the Expense of the Economy — Ellen Brown \| The Web of Debt Blog \| Taking Sides on The Fed Protects Gamblers at the Expense of the Economy Repo Madness by Ellen Brown – Dandelion Salad on The Fed Protects Gamblers at the Expense of the Economy CASINO CAPITALISM: The Fed Protects Gamblers at the Expense of the Economy – By Ellen Brown \| RIELPOLITIK on The Fed Protects Gamblers at the Expense of the Economy Federal Reserve Banksters Gambling Your Tax Dollars Away at Expense of Pensions – Brutal Proof on The Fed Protects Gamblers at the Expense of the Economy The Fed Protects Gamblers at the Expense of the Economy - on The Fed Protects Gamblers at the Expense of the Economy Marco Saba on The Fed Protects Gamblers at the Expense of the Economy The Fed Protects Gamblers at the Expense of the Economy - LA Progressive on The Fed Protects Gamblers at the Expense of the Economy Gary Amstutz on The Key to the Environmental Crisis Is Beneath Our Feet Chris Hoff on The Key to the Environmental Crisis Is Beneath Our Feet Mark J Williams on Interview with Max Keiser Nov. 2019 ErnieM on The Key to the Environmental Crisis Is Beneath Our Feet Ajax the Great on The Key to the Environmental Crisis Is Beneath Our Feet AUSTERITY FAILS IN EUROLAND: TIME FOR SOME “DEFICIT EASING”? Posted on December 22, 2010 by Ellen Brown “Doubtful it stood, as two spent swimmers that do cling together, and choke their art.” –Shakespeare, “Macbeth” The Greek bailout was supposed to be an isolated case, a test of the EU’s ability to quarantine an infected member, preventing it from spreading “debt contagion.” But that was before Ireland failed. Ireland was the poster child for how to conduct a successful austerity program. Unlike the Greeks, who were considered profligate spendthrifts, the Irish did everything their creditors asked. The people sacrificed to pay for the excesses of their banks, but still the effort failed. Ireland was the second domino to fall to an IMF/EU bailout. On December 17, Moody’s Investors Service rewarded it for voting to accept the “rescue” package with a five-notch credit downgrade, from AA2 to BAA1, with warnings that further downgrades could follow. Spain is rumored to be the next domino poised to fall. If it falls, it could bring down the EU. A Design Flaw in the Euro Scheme? Richard Douthwaite is co-founder of an Irish-based economic think tank called FEASTA (the Foundation for the Economics of Sustainability). He reports that the collective deficit of eurozone countries was a very acceptable 1.9% in 2008. It shot up to 6.3%, exceeding the cap imposed on EU members (3% of GDP), only in 2009. This spike was not due to a sudden surge in government spending. It was due to the global financial crisis, which shrank the money supply globally. Douthwaite writes: [A] shrinking money supply means shrinking business profits simply because there is less money available to appear in corporate accounts at the end of the year. This means less tax is paid. When taxes go down, revenues go down; but budgets don’t. In an article called “Understanding Modern Monetary Systems,” Cullen Roche explains that the Euro system is the modern equivalent of the gold standard. Both are “revenue constrained.” Countries on these restrictive systems cannot expand their revenues because there is nowhere to get the money. They cannot get more Euros except by borrowing from each other, and all the member countries are in debt. In June 2010, 26 of 27 EU countries – all but Luxembourg — were on the “debt watch list” for exceeding the 3% cap. Euros can get shuffled around to keep the game going; but in the end, as Shakespeare said, the eurozone countries are “as two spent swimmers that do cling together,” pulling each other down. Douthwaite writes: [I]ndividual eurozone countries [cannot] create money out of nothing by quantitative easing. Only the European Central Bank has that power but it has not yet used it to inject money into the system without withdrawing an equal amount. Consequently, every cent in use in eurozone economies has to have been borrowed by someone somewhere, at home or overseas. As a result, while countries with their own currencies can handle a debt-to-GDP ratio of over 100% because they have the tools to do so (Japan’s is approaching 200%), countries using a shared currency must keep well below that figure unless they can agree that their shared central bank should use its interest rate, exchange rate and money creation tools in the way that a single country would. Roche comments: The Euro system, which is also a single currency system (like the gold standard) adds significant confusion to the current environment and is often confused as a flaw in fiat money. In reality, the Euro proves why single currency systems are inherently flawed. By a “single currency system,” Roche means multiple nations sharing a single currency (whether Euros or gold). Governments need the ability to expand their own money supplies as required to meet the needs of their own economies. Without that flexibility, they are reduced to trying to balance their budgets through brutal austerity measures. In a November 19th article in the UK Guardian called “There Is Another Way for Bullied Ireland,” Mark Weisbrot observed: The European authorities could . . . allow for Ireland to undertake a temporary fiscal stimulus to get their economy growing again. That is the most feasible, practical alternative to continued recession. Instead, the European authorities are trying what the IMF . . . calls an “internal devaluation”. This is a process of shrinking the economy and creating so much unemployment that wages fall dramatically, and the Irish economy becomes more competitive internationally on the basis of lower unit labour costs. . . . Aside from huge social costs and economic waste involved in such a strategy, it’s tough to think of examples where it has actually worked. . . . If you want to see how rightwing and 19th-century-brutal the European authorities are being, just compare them to Ben Bernanke, the Republican chair of the US Federal Reserve. He recently initiated a second round of “quantitative easing”, or creating money – another $600bn dollars over the next six months. And . . . he made it clear that the purpose of such money creation was so that the federal government could use it for another round of fiscal stimulus. The ECB could do something similar — if not for its rightist ideology and politics. Deficit Easing For Ireland, Douthwaite recommends a modified form of quantitative easing he calls “deficit easing.” He explains: Both approaches involve central banks creating money. With quantitative easing, the new money is generally used to buy securities from the banking system, thus providing the banks with more money to lend. Unfortunately that is where problems have been arising in the US and the UK. Because the public has been unwilling to borrow, or the banks have been unwilling to lend, quantitative easing has not increased the supply of money in circulation in the US, where M3 began to decline in the second half of 2009 and was still falling a year later. . . . Deficit-easing avoids this ‘won’t-borrow-won’t-lend’ bottleneck by giving the new money to governments to spend into use, or to pass on to their citizens to reduce their own debts or to invest in approved ways. The U.S. Federal Reserve may be considering a similar approach. So says Professor David Blanchflower, a former member of the Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee, who stated on October 18 that he had been at the Fed in Washington for one of its occasional meetings with academics. “Quantitative easing remains the only economic show in town,” he said, “given that Congress and President Barack Obama have been cowed into inaction.” What will the Fed buy with its quantitative easing tool? “They are limited to only federally insured paper,” said Blanchflower, “which includes Treasuries and mortgage-backed securities insured by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. But they are also allowed to buy short-term municipal bonds, and given the difficulties faced by state and local governments, this may well be the route they choose, at least for some of the quantitative easing.” The Fed could buy short-term municipal bonds from the states, easing the states’ budget crises. It could set up a facility for bailing out the states at very low interest rates, along the lines of those facilities set up to bail out the Wall Street banks. A similar plan might be pursued in the eurozone. The European Central Bank (ECB) has already engaged in something equivalent to “quantitative easing.” In a post titled “ECB credit easing by buying debt from Greece and Spain analogous to Fed buying California and Illinois munis,” Ed Harrison remarks: When the European experiment threatened to unravel, the ECB chose the nuclear option and stepped into the breach to start buying up the debt of its weakest debtor states. Now, the ECB claims these actions are unsterilized i.e. it is not just printing money. But I have my doubts. In any event, the ECB is the New “United States of Europe” as Marshall Auerback puts it. Douthwaite adds: The neatest solution would be for the European Central Bank to create money and to give it (rather than lend it) to governments in proportion to their populations. This would allow further public spending cuts to be avoided and, in countries with relatively small budget deficits, national debts to be reduced. Printing Euros and giving them rather than lending them to the member countries would be akin to the “Greenback solution” – simply allowing governments to issue the money they needed directly, interest-free and debt-free. As Thomas Edison observed: If the Nation can issue a dollar bond it can issue a dollar bill. The element that makes the bond good makes the bill good also. The difference between the bond and the bill is that the bond lets the money broker collect twice the amount of the bond and an additional 20%. Whereas the currency, the honest sort provided by the Constitution pays nobody but those who contribute in some useful way. To avoid inflating prices when the economy reaches full employment, the money could be taxed back to the government or returned as user fees for public services. Restoring Credit with a Publicly-owned Bank: The Model of the Bank of North Dakota There is another possible solution to this dilemma. Neither states in the U.S. nor those in the eurozone can print their own money, but they CAN own banks, which can create bank credit on their books just as all banks do. Most of our money is now created by banks in the form of bank credit, lent at interest. Governments could advance their own credit and keep the interest. This would represent a huge savings to the people. Interest has been shown to make up about half the cost of everything we buy. Only one U.S. state actually owns its own bank – North Dakota. As of last spring, North Dakota was also the only U.S. state sporting a budget surplus. It has the lowest unemployment rate in the country and the lowest default rate on loans. North Dakota has effectively escaped the credit crisis. The Bank of North Dakota (BND) is a major profit generator for the state, returning a 26% dividend in 2008. The BND was set up as “North Dakota doing business as the Bank of North Dakota,” making the assets of the state the assets of the bank. The BND also has a captive deposit base. By law, all of North Dakota’s revenues are deposited in the BND. Municipal government and private deposits are also taken. Today, the BND has $4,000 in deposits per capita, and outstanding loans of roughly the same amount. Extrapolating those figures to Ireland’s population of 4.2 million, a publicly-owned Irish banking system might generate credit of $16.8 billion. That would be enough to fund most of Ireland’s deficit of 14.4 billion Euros (19.6 billion USD), and this money would effectively be interest-free, since the government-owned bank would return its profits to the state. Funding through its own bank would remove most of Ireland’s deficit from the private bond market, which is highly vulnerable to manipulation, speculation and crippling downgrades. Alternatively, this bank credit for building sustainable infrastructure and putting people back to work. Governments everywhere are artificially constrained by having to borrow at market interest rates, which means whatever interest banks can extract. Governments can throw off the shackles of this scheme, in which private banks create the national money supply and lend it at interest, by forming publicly-owned banks. These banks can then advance the credit of the nation to the nation, interest-free. And if this credit is advanced against future productivity, prices will not inflate. Supply (goods and services) will rise along with demand (money), keeping prices stable. Ellen is an attorney and the author of eleven books. In Web of Debt: The Shocking Truth About Our Money System and How We Can Break Free, she shows how the Federal Reserve and “the money trust” have usurped the power to create money from the people themselves, and how we the people can get it back. Her websites are webofdebt.com, ellenbrown.com, and public-banking.com. Filed under: Ellen Brown Articles/Commentary \| « CENTRAL BANKING 101: WHAT THE FED CAN DO AS “LENDER OF LAST RESORT” THE FED HAS SPOKEN: NO BAILOUT FOR MAIN STREET » Joseph Danison, on December 22, 2010 at 7:01 pm said: I have tried to post this comment at Huffington Post without success: “One doesn’t hear much about Iceland’s solution to the financial crisis. I wonder why? The people of Iceland decided to let the bankers go hang themselves at their own little bondholder picnic in hell. And guess what? The Iceland economy began to grow again in the last quarter without any need for quantitative easing, which has so far in the US benefited only the financial players who created this mess in the first place. It has been a bail out of the financial rogues, considerably easing their distress over their lack of quantities of money. We shall see if the Wizard Bernanke will choose to ease the distress of the states over their lack of quantities of money. And, in the end, what will we have? Best case scenario is that we will have pretty much what we had before fecal matter encountered the fan. And that’s why we need to listen to what the bird is singing, the bird being Ellen Brown. The tune: public banking. If this financial crisis is resolved without some fundamental reform, then we have lost the true opportunity this crisis offered, and we will go sailing obliviously into the next financial storm. The next one will be a perfect storm. This has been decreed by the gods of common sense. ” Now, is this comment offensive, Ellen? Birch, on December 24, 2010 at 10:18 am said: I’d like to know more details about what happened in Iceland. Can you recommend any good links? The only offensive part is that Iceland is, as far as I know, the only country that has allowed the banks to realize the risk that they will happily charge a “risk premium” for. I still can’t buy the rhetoric that failing banks will throw an economy into turmoil. It must be the other way around: a tumultuous economy will cause banks to fail. Let ’em fail and lets get on with it. Birch, no doubt that the incestuous interconnections of the big players would have brought the system down. The terror of the situation for them was the potential loss of control which they ( the oligarchs ) have maintained in this country since its inception. Unlike the Icelanders, the American people, middle class and up, are tied into the speculative casino. Iceland is small and the speculative class rather isolated so that their failure was not the “two spent swimmers” scenario for them as it would have been here. Ian k, on December 22, 2010 at 10:50 pm said: This all seems like the fable of “The Emperors New Clothes” Somehow the general public have been bamboozled into accepting austerity as necessary. It is only necessary to protect the wealth of those who have lent money to the bankrupt governments and banks. These are the very ones who deserve to lose out on the poor lending decisions they have made. Go Iceland. The Dork of Cork, on December 23, 2010 at 7:08 am said: We once had 2 state banks in Ireland – the Agricultural and Industrial credit corporation. I had advocated the creation of a new infrastructural bank using our surplus state pension fund as a deposit base and therefore reducing the fiscal spend on all state investment projects but unfortunately the ECB,IMF deal has insured that most of these funds get sucked into recapitalising black holes – I am now really concerned that the state equity pumped into these dead institutions will be junior to the ECB purchases and the remaining senior private bonds when the inevitable collapse happens. I believe the ECB has a policey of superiority of Bank bonds over “sovergin” debt as they have now exchanged cash to banks to pay bonds off and prevent rollover- they have received mortgage collateral in return – this shows up in the asset side of their balance sheet. I believe they now have 135 billion of irish crap while the irish central bank has bought 40 billion + while the total purchase of goverment bonds is in the region of 70 billion for all of Europe ! The limiting mechanism for Euro monetory inflation seems to be the price of Gold which appears on its asset side of its balance sheet , also the mechanisms used for cash injection for banks in exchange for collateral are also on their assets , obviously Euro cash and other liabilties are on the other side. If the ECB wants to reliquify its host economies then it needs to buy or bid up the price of euro gold and therefore be in a postion to take a hit on assets purchased and extend more cash into the system. Mary Rose, on December 24, 2010 at 11:21 am said: The lesson of the BND is so dramatic;I’m happy to see it in another article. It needs to be emphasized and emphasized until people finally get it. Link777, on December 24, 2010 at 5:21 pm said: Another possibility for community banking is the JAK interest free banking model pioneered in Sweden. I first read about it in the book, Short Circuit by Richard Douthwaite. It was quite an eye opener in 2004 and it still is today. An overview of the JAK banking model can be found at: http://www.feasta.org/documents/review2/carrie2.htm Thanks for the link, 777. While Christmas dinner is cooking, this is a pleasant appetizer. If there is sufficient savings in a group of people, the JAK model seems like a good system of cooperative finance. But it is only for those who have savings, isn’t it?. It does not seem to offer a way out for those caught in the web of debt. But, as the writer says, it has the potential for being part of broader financial reform. Strictly speaking, the JAK substitutes annual user fees in the place of interest charges, which could be figured as minuscule interest charges on the total of all loans made……the larger the number of JAK members, the lower these fees would be, since the operating cost of the system would be relatively stable. Simon, on December 25, 2010 at 1:37 pm said: Nice article. I have just one question for you. Richard Koo, chief economist of Japan’s largest consulting firm, explains that we are in a “balance sheet recession” and that no amount of liquidity injection by the Fed will get the economy back on its feet because over-leveraged business and households are paying off their debts to correct their balance sheets. So although the banks (state or commercial) have greater reserves of cash to lend as a result of quantitative easing, few businesses and households will actually be willing to take on new debts. Given his experience during the Japanese lost decade, what do you think about his thoughts? Thanks and keep up the great work. Ellen Brown, on January 8, 2011 at 4:00 pm said: Thanks! I’ve been out of town and slow to respond to these. Japan was originally advised to aim their “quantitative easing” directly at productive enterprises, but instead they beefed up the banks, which then failed to lend for the reasons you’ve stated. QE1 had the same effect. QE2 is more promising, since the money at least goes to the federal government for its deficit. Better yet would be to fund municipal bonds, but it looks like that won’t happen. Simon, on January 12, 2011 at 4:24 pm said: J.D., you are correct. The JAK system does include fees. An examination of how those fees differ from interest can be found here: http://www.feasta.org/documents/review2/interest_panel.htm. The JAK banking model does not offer an immediate way out for those caught in the web of debt. The web of debt is based on policy decisions by businesses and governments. These two sectors are in the final stages of integrating into one sector that considers the opinions of citizens irrelevant. For that to change would require either revolution or evolution. I prefer evolution. In a 1995 book by Margrit Kennedy, Interest and Inflation Free Money, (http://www.margritkennedy.de/pdf/BUE_ENG_Interest.pdf) Kennedy ends her book with how to evolve or transition into a monetary system that takes into account the needs of disparate groups: the poor, the rich, women, farmers and the natural world itself. This evolution will take time. After all, the current system was built up over the course of decades. It will take decades to replace it with a system that is more equitable. There are steps that can be taken over the next five years to lay the foundation for deep change. State banks, Local Exchange Trading (LET) Systems, Insurance Cooperatives and Community Land Trusts could all be a part of the mix. We have to start somewhere. Perhaps the deepening pain of our concurrent crises will provide the impetus we need. Birch, on December 26, 2010 at 7:52 am said: The JAK bank sounds like an amazing way to save up for starting a small business. I hope it catches on an spreads. I like the other Feasta idea: Cap and Share. Way to combine carbon emission reduction and equitable wealth re-distribution http://www.capandshare.org Atticus, on December 28, 2010 at 6:35 am said: One more installment in my continuing series: Gary North is a moron. http://strikelawyer.wordpress.com/2010/12/28/free-market-gold-standard-gary-norths-folly/ Richard Bond, on December 31, 2010 at 6:14 am said: ELLEN BROWN on the Keiser Report with MAX and Stacey Herbert on RT recently shows that people around the world want to know more about the American made crash of 2008. The case of the Bank of North Dakota is not included in WEB of Debt which provides some light into the cracks in the whole rotten facade . Ron Paul seems to be gaining momentum in his crusade to unwrap the mystery of the FED controlled by the former Wall Street investment bankers fraternity. Maybe 2011 will be the big test if GERMANY is prepared to carry the rest of EUROPE. That ungrateful lot…. Dibbles, on January 5, 2011 at 3:04 pm said: According to this article Spain will not become another looted and privatized IMF austerity victim like Ireland: China and Spain: A brighter future through win-win cooperation http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-01/03/c_13675031.htm I suspect that there are still many Spaniards alive today who remember all too well the fascist brutality and austerity of the Franco regime. Spaniards apparently aren’t accepting citizen suffrage for bankster gambling debts. The cult-like embrace of free-market profiteering is not their willing, ideological commitment. And of course, seeing decades of poor Latin American countries ravaged in the same manner to privatize pensions and natural resources didn’t go unnoticed by so many Spaniards who maintain some degree of kinship with their former colonies. Also, given that in 1957, Luxembourg – a tiny country with around 500K citizens became one of the six founding countries of the European Economic Community (later the European Union), it’s no small coincidence that it is the only EU country that isn’t in debt. As a global banking center, it profits from others’ debt obligations. Ellen Brown has picked up on Smart Taxes / Feasta ‘Deficit Easing’ and adds her own idea.. – Smart Taxes Network, on January 8, 2011 at 8:00 am said: […] Brown of Web of Debt blog writes on the eurozone crisis picking up on ‘Deficit Easing’ and some MMT links… She concludes with a novel […] randy, on January 8, 2011 at 1:43 pm said: Sat, January 8, 2011 3:49:23 PMFw: states need to issue their own currency From: Randy Newland View Contact To: blendininn@yahoo.com Subject: states must create and issue their own money the only fix is to abolish the illegal federal reserve banksters money monopoly and it can be done without an E.O. or a Congressional vote.. the 49 statwes must establish a state/ national honest money system similar to N.Dakota’s where unemployment is 3% and the state controls,issues,and creates their own money/currency the fix is so simple it really boggles the mind.. we absolutely must get back control of OUR money/currency state by state by state scew the fed and the criminal politicians in the Washington D. C. district of criminals.. all the individual 49 states[minus N.Dakota] must do is create their own currency/money which they CAN LEGALLY do based on each states individual constitution.. yes…every state has their own constitution and CAN ISSUE,CONTROL,and create their own state currency.. it doesn’t even need be backed by anything.. lend the money out at 2% interest and put the interest payments right back into the states coffers, just as N’Dakota is doing to pay for social programs,road repair,Medicaid,food stamps…etc ,etc ,etc.. as the states return to prosparity,the outflow of money for social programs will slow down drastically as good new jobs return, and new factories are built as we modernize our manufacturing and goods/products into the 21st century..America doesn’t need one dam thing from the 3rd world! PROSPARITY can be returned to every single state and the Federal reserve will wither away on its own.. the fed doesn’t even have to be abolished with an executive order or by a Congressional vote we the people simply stop using the non-federal no-reserves parasitic conterfeit debt notes as the new state issued currency becomes available.. its so simple a 5 year old could do it.. there is 6,500,000,000 of us on the planet.. and 100,000 of the master elite..maybe you one of the 100,000 elite? chances are 60,000 to 1 YOU ARE NOT! that means you and your children and your childrens chilren[if the NWO lets you survive as they plan on elimination 6 billion of us] will be a slave in the elites new world order/one world government/one world religon/one world leader L hole they are putting in place at this very moment.. and another incredible plus to the states controlling their own currencies is inflation will be a thing of the past, just as it was from 1800-1913 when there was ZERO inflation.. Zarepheth, on January 8, 2011 at 7:31 pm said: The U.S. Constitution prohibits the states from issuing their own currencies – unfortunately… Short of real monetary reform, the next best thing is to copy North Dakota’s model for a state owned bank. This would let those states issue U.S. Dollars the same way as the banks do. It would take a large chunk of the private profit from the big banks and return it to the states, allowing everyone to benefit. Calgacus, on January 15, 2011 at 5:23 pm said: Agree about Bank of North Dakota. I had a very unexpected need to drive back and forth the length of ND in early 2008, before the global financial crisis. I was astonished at the bustling and obvious recent prosperity of a state that still was being called a ghost town that people fled from. If one understands banking, the extent modern economies leave this state function in private hands seems absurd. There is one more thing that can and should be done. States could issue financial instruments like California IOUs which could be used by the bearer to extinguish their tax liabilities. With the current crazy ideas of what money is, this might pass the courts’ constitutional muster, and to all intents and purposes the states would be issuing their own dollars. If the courts ruled the other way, then there would be a legal ruling that dollars are nothing but tax credits – which should be seen as a win too in the long run. Zarepheth, on January 15, 2011 at 6:13 pm said: I recall reading an article about someone trying to challenge the constitutionality of those IOUs. I never saw a followup article, so I don’t know what happened. Erin Willour, on May 27, 2011 at 5:52 am said: Great blog here! Also your web site loads up very fast! What web host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host? I wish my site loaded up as fast as yours lol. Ellen Brown, on June 2, 2011 at 7:12 am said: Thanks! It’s called 1&1, and it’s pretty inexpensive! Ellen Wednesdays at 3 pm est; click for link Interviews/Speaking Engagements 1051. Jan. 8, interview with Marcus Ruiz Evans, 1 pm PST 1050. Jan. 2, interview with Kevin Barrett, truthjihadradio, 5 pm PST 1049. Dec. 2, Interview with Jeff J. Brown, China Rising Radio 1048. Nov. 24, 7 pm, presentation sponsored by Agenda for a Prophetic Faith, Claremont Presbyterian Church, Claremont, CA, “Why We Need Public Banks” 1047. Nov. 24, 11 am, public banking presentation for “Growing Christians” class, Claremont United Methodist Church, Claremont, CA 1046. Nov. 23, public banking presentation, Pilgrim Place, Claremont, CA 1045. Nov 16-17, speaker, Soil & Nutrition Conference, Southbridge, MA. 1044. Nov. 12, interview in New York with Max Keiser, Keiser Report, “Repo Markets and UBI” 1043. Nov. 6, 5 pm EST, The CivicLab Show with Tom Tresser, live@www.facebook.com/tomtree 1042. Oct. 23, 11:30 am-1:30 pm, luncheon presentation on public banking, League of Women Voters of San Diego, Tom Ham’s Lighthouse Restaurant, 2150 Harbor Island Dr., San Diego 1041. Oct. 22, Presentation on public banking, DSA San Diego, Unite Here Union Hall, 2436 Market Street, San Diego, 6-7:30 pm. 1040. Oct 16-18, keynote speaker, Economics of Happiness conference, Jeonju, South Korea 1039. Oct. 6, 6 pm pst, interview, Jeff Rense Radio. 1038. Sept 30, noon EST, radio interview with Pauline Salotti, WUSB, Stony Brook, NY, 90.1 FM, wusb.fm. 1037. Sept. 26, 7 pm presentation, “Exploding the Myths of Money and Banking,” New Paradigm College, Lake County, CA 1036. Sept. 20, podcast interview, Silver Doctors 1035. Sept. 19, 8-9 pm pst, interview, Jeff Rense Radio. 1034. Interview, Sept. 13 at 5 pm–6 pm on KPFZ, Lake County community Radio, 88.1 FM. 1033. Sept. 6, Live with Ernest Hancock, 11 am EST (at 2 hour mark on video) 1032. Aug. 26, interview with Jason Hartman, Creating Wealth Show, 12:00 pm PST. 1031. Aug. 9, interview with Lauren Steiner, youtube 1030. July 25, youtube podcast with Sarah Westall, “This is Why China Is Winning” 1029. July 23, interview with Steve Bhaerman, Wiki Politiki Radio Show, 2 pm pst. 1028. July 19, interview with Kevin Barrett, truthjihadradio, 5 pm PST 1027. July 12, 11 am pst, interview with Annie Esposito and Steve Scalmanini, “Corporations & Democracy,” Mendocino County, CA, www.KZYX.org 1026. Interview with Crystal Arnold, Money-Wise Women, posted July 10 1025. July 9, interview with Liz Lane, “It’s the Economy,” KGNU Boulder/Denver/Ft. Collins, 6 pm MDT/8 pm EDT. 1024. June 23, interview with Mark Anielski, “The Economics of Well-being” 1023. June 15, interview with Tom Allen, “This Week in Money,” HoweStreet.com 1022. June 13, Interview with Sinclair Noe, “Financial Review,” MoneyRadio1510.com (pre-recorded) 1021. June 12, 2 pm, interview on Princeton Community TV, Princeton NJ, “The Public Banking Solution” with Walt McRee 1020. June 1, interview with Sylvia Richardson, “Latin Waves” radio podcast. 1019. Apr. 5, interview with Phillip Watt, healbyhypnosis.com, 3 pm, PT 1018. April 3, panel discussion on Green New Deal, BBC World Service, “The Balance” 1017. March 28, interview on Thom Hartmann show. 1016. March 22, interview with Sinclair Noe, Money Radio 1510 1015. March 11, interview with Phillip Farruggio, greanvillepost.com, 11 a.m. EST 1013. Feb. 9, interview with Sylvia Richardson, Latin Waves, 8 a.m. PT 1012. Feb. 8, interview with Kevin Barrett, truthjihadradio, 6 pm, PST 1011. Jan. 31, interview with Lee Camp, LeeCampComedySpecial.com 1010. Jan. 3, interview with Robert Stark, The Stark Truth with Robert Stark, re The Green New Deal https://www.starktruthradio.com/?p=8534 1009. Dec. 17, interview with Scott Harris, WPKN radio, Bridgeport, CT, Between the Lines Radio Newsmagazine, 9:30 ET 1008. Nov. 2, Interview with Mike Prysner on Real News Network, https://therealnews.com/stories/will-public-banking-free-la-from-wall-street 1007. Oct. 31, interview on Real News Network, Student Debt Dogs Millenials for a Lifetime and Drags Down the Economy, https://therealnews.com/stories/student-debt-dogs-millennials-for-a-lifetime-and-drags-down-the-economy 1006. Oct. 22, speaker with Gar Alperovitz at Praxis Peace Institute, “Changing the System: California’s Strategic Role in National Strategic Change,” Sonoma, CA, 276 E. Napa St, Sonoma. 7:00 pm. 1005. Oct 19-21, Bioneers Conference, panelist on Oct 20, 2:45 pm, Marin Center, San Rafael, CA.997. 1004. Oct. 18, 350Marin.org, speaking along with Susan Harman, 750 Lindaro Street, San Rafael CA, 6:30pm. 1003. Oct. 17, video interview with Abby Martin, work in progress. 1001. Oct. 11, Interview with Harvey Wasserman, Greenpower and Wellness, prn.fm, KPFK Los Angeles, 2 pm 1000. Oct. 9, speaker, State Bank Forum, University of Washington, Kane Hall, 7-9pm http://sdc.wastateleg.org/hasegawa/state-bank/ 999. Oct. 7, panel, Americans for Democratic Action of Southern California Annual Garden Party, 2-5:30 pm, Santa Monica, CA 998. Oct. 4, 7:30 pm, Living Economy Salon, panelist, Public Bank LA: “Solutions for Social and Environmental Justice”, 3110 Main St., Annex Building C 2nd Floor, Santa Monica, CA 90405 997. Oct. 3, interview on Unmediated, podcast of Reader Magazine, episode title: Making Money The Public’s Slave (The Public Banking Solution), 10 a.m. PT 996. Oct. 1, radio interview, “The Power Hour,” www.thepowerhour.com, 2 pm 995. Sept. 28, interview with Sinclair Noe, Money Radio 1510, pre-recorded for a later date 994. Sept. 20-22, California Vision 2020 Conference, speaking at 11 am on Sept 20, Sheraton Grand Hotel , Sacramento. 993. 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__label__wiki	0.537137	0.537137	Talk:American Journal of Anatomy 29 (1921) Skip to main content web texts movies audio software image logosearch upload UPLOAD person SIGN IN ABOUT PEOPLE Full text of "The American journal of anatomy" See other formats THE AMERICAN JOURNAL CHARLES R. STOCKARD Cornell University Medical School ASSOCIATE EDITORS Clarence M. Jackson Harold D. Senior University of Minnesota New York •University Henry McE. Knower George L. Streeter University of Cincinnati Carnegie Institution VOLUME 29 MAY, 1921— NOVEMBER, 1921 THE WISTAR INSTITUTE OF ANATOMY AND BIOLOGY ^ns^(3) No. 1. MAY Charles R. Stockard. Editorial Announcement I William H. F. Addison and Harold W. How. The development of the eyelids of the albino rat, until the completion of disjunction. Three text figures and two plates (thirteen figures) 1 E. J. Stieglitz. Histochemical studies on the mechanism of renal secretion. Six figures and one colored plate 33 Eben J. Carey. Studies in the dynamics of histogenesis. IV. Tension of differential growth as a stimulus to myogenesis in the limb. V. Compression between the accelerated growth centers of the segmental skeleton as a stimulus to joint formation. VI. Resistances to skeletal growth as stimuli to chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Nine figures 93 H. E. Jordan. Mitochondria and Golgi apparatus of the giant-cells of red bone-marrow. Two plates (fourteen figures) 117 No. 2. JULY T. H. Bast. Studies on the structure and multiplication of bone cells facilitated by a new technique. One plate (six figures) 139 John Stephens Latta. The histogenesis of dense lymphatic tissue of the intestine (Lepus) : a contribution to the knowledge- of the development of lymphatic tissue and blood-cell formation. Four plates (sixteen figures) Ifc. 159 R. R. Humphrey. The interstitial cells of the urodele testis. Seven text figures and four plates (figures eight to thirty-nine) 213 Ruth Stocking Lynch. The cultivation in vitro of liver cells from the chick embryo. Twenty-five figures 281 No. 3. SEPTEMBER G. B. WisLOCKi AND T. J. Putnam. Absorption from the ventricles in experimentally produced internal hydrocephalus. Four figures 313 •T. H. Bast. Various types of amitosis in bone cells. Two text figures and one plate (twelve figures) 321 Eben J. Carey. Studies in the dynamics of histogenesis. Tension of differential growth as a stimulus to myogenesis. VII. The experimental transformation of the smooth bladder muscle of the dog, histologically into cross-striated muscle and physiologically into an organ manifesting rhythmicality. Twenty figures (seven plates) • .' 341 H. E. Jordan. The comparative histology of the enamel organ of the mammalian tooth, with special reference to its blood supply. Three plates (six figures) 379 No. 4. NOVEMBER Ralph Faust Shaner. The development of the pharynx and aortic arches of the turtle, with a note on the fifth and pulmonary arches of mammals. FoUr plates (fifteen figures) 407 Vera Danchakoff. Digestive activity of mesenchyme. A. The Ehrlich sarcoma cells as object. Eight plates (seventeen figures) . . .• 431 ) (ol* \ EDITORIAL ANNOUNCEMENT With the present volume The American Journal of Anatomy enters a new phase of its history. A transfer of actual ownership occurred some months ago, but only now have the results of this change actually expressed themselves. The first most noticeable effect is a partial transformation in the personnel of the Board of Editors of The Journal, and a word of explanation and statement of intentions seem proper.^ The Journal was originally founded by a small group of Anatomists who up to the past year retained ownership and the responsibility for its editorial management. These trustees, along with other members of their Editorial Board, a number of years ago delegated the business arrangements and the publication of The Journal to a central ofhce estabhshed by The Wistar Institute of Anatomy. The advantages of this arrangement, both in facilities for publication and distribution of The Journal, have been manifold. The trustees realizing these advantages finally deemed it proper to actually transfer their ownership of The Journal to the Wistar Institute of Anatomy, with the understanding that the editorial management and scientific policy would be arranged for between The Wistar Institute and the American Association of Anatomists. An agreement has been reached between The Wistar Institute and the Association of Anatomists whereby a Journal Committee of the Anatomists has been established, and a proper cooperation of the Institute and the Association in the future affairs of The American Journal of Anatomy is assured. In the scientific policy and purposes of The Journal no change has occurred. The aims and ambitions of the present editors are none other than those of their predecessors. We purpose 1 The articles appearing in this number, and a few others yet to be published, were received by the former Editors. only a fresh pffort to maintain the degree of excellence attained by tlie Founders of The Journal and its first Editorial Board. In accomplishing this aim progressive changes must frequently be made. As a present means of facilitating promptness in publication and allowing space for a larger nmnber of articles, authors are urged to condense their communications as far as possible. Many papers may readily be improved by shortening the text, and })y this curtailment they may often become more widely read. We might initiate a new era of direct and concise scientific style and lend much to the value of The Journal. As the science of Anatomy advances from the purely descriptive to the more analytical and experimental phase, it may further adopt a briefer method of recording its discoveries. The condensed style may not always be possible, but where it can be used the apprehension of the main points at issue is greatly facilitated. The precarious situation in which scientific publication abroad now finds itself, becoming almost impossible in certain cases, should not only impress us with our more fortunate position in this regard, but should stimulate an improvement both as to ciuality and directness of style in scientific writing. No doubt many other possible improvements in the character and usefulness of The Journal will present themselves as time goes on, but a realization of these must in all cases depend upon the sincere efforts and cooperation of the Anatomists whom The Journal was founded to serve. The Editors pledge their most vigorous efforts to the duty they have undertaken, and earnestly desire the support of those interested in the future development of Anatomical Science in any or all of its phases. Charles R. Stockard, Managing Editor. THE AMEBICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMT, VOL. 29, NO. 1 MAT, 1921 Resuinen por los autores, William H. F. Addison y Harold W, How University of Pennsylvania y Wistar Institute of Anatomy El desaiTollo de los parpados de la rata albina, hasta la termin aci6n de la disyunci6n. Los autores han seguido paso a paso el desarrollo de los parpados, desde el momento en que aparecen por primera vez hasta el tiempo de la disyunci6n. Los parpados se fusionan durante el decimo-octavo dia de la vida fetal (cuatro dias antes del nacimiento) y se separan durante al d6cimo-cuarto al decimoseptimo dia despues del nacimiento. Midiendo el epitelio de uni6n se encuentran tres estados desde la fusi6n hasta la disjoincion de los parpados: (1) Fusi6n activa, durante la cual la dimensi6n conjuntivo-epidermica de la uni6n epitelial aumenta de extensi6n; (2) la uni6n estaeionaria; (3) la separaci6n gradual. El primer estado comprende desde la primera union de los parpados por una membrana epitelial hasta cuatro dias despues del nacimiento, el segundo hasta los seis o siete dias y el tercero hasta la terminaci6n de la disyunci6n. El principal factor en la separaci6n del epitelio de uni6n durante el tercer estado es el proceso de queratinizaci6n, que contimia hacia dentro desde las celulas epidermicas superficiales del rafe hasta que alcanza el lado conjuntival de este ultimo. Otros factores concurrentes que juegan un papel menos importante en el proceso de la disynnci6n son los centres de queratinizaci6n en; (1) los fol culos pilosos, que se han originado en el epiteho de uni6n: (2) Los conductos de las glandulas tarsales, y (3) el surco conjuntival, un poco antes de la disyunci6n. El periodo de uni6n de los parpados esta relacionado temporalmente con: (1) La maduraci6n de la piel, desde la primera aparici6n de los foliculos de los pelos ordinarios hasta el recubrimiento completo del cuerpo por los pelos, y la erupcion de los pelos en los hordes de los parpados, y (2) Con la meduraci6n de la retina, desde una condicion embrionaria temprana hasta que presenta todas las capas definitivas de la retina funcional. Translation by Josfi F. Nonidez Cornell Medical College, New York ATTTHORS' ABSTRACT OF THIS PAPER ISSUED BY THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICE, MARCH 28 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EYELIDS OF THE ALBINO RAT, UNTIL THE COMPLETION OF DISJUNCTION WILLIAM H. F. ADDISON and HAROLD W. HOW Anatomical Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, and The Wistar Institute of THREE TEXT FIGURES AND TWO PLATES (THIRTEEN FIGURES) WTien the eyes are first formed no lids have yet appeared. Then, following the formation of the lids, there is a definite period when they are fused together by their epithelial margins. This period varies with the different mammalian species, but is more or less constant for the individuals of any one species. In all, the time of formation and fusion occurs during fetal life, while the subsequent separation or disjunction of the lids occurs, in some species, during a later stage of fetal development, and in others it does not occur until after birth. The time of disjunction is related, in general, to the state of development of the entire organism, and in particular to the development of the retina. In the form we have studied, the albino rat, the gestation period averages twenty-two days, and it is during the eighteenth fetal day that the eyelids fuse. After birth the lids remain closed usually for fourteen to fifteen days, and sometimes for one to two days longer. In our stiidy, we have followed the histological changes involved in the fusion and disjunction of the lids, and have attempted to correlate the time period of this process with the development of related organs. For the histological study sections were prepared of the eye regions of fetuses from the seventeenth to the twenty-first days of gestation, and of young animals from birth to fifteen days, at 2 WILLIAM H. F. ADDISON AND HAROLD W. HOW one-day intervals. For stages up to one week old parafRn embedding was satisfactory, but after the appearance of the hairs double embedding in celloidin and paraffin gave better results. In preparing for embedding the material to show the later stages, especially from seven days onward, sometimes the lens was removed, and in some stages only the eyelids were embedded. For routine staining hematoxylin and eosin were used. Seventeen-day fetus At this stage there are protruding ridges in the position where the lids are about to develop, but one cannot say, as yet, that the lids have been formed. As a consequence, the eye is uncovered (fig. 1) and shows plainly on inspection. In sections across the eye region the ridges are seen, as shown in figure 2. When examined under the microscope, both the epithelial cells of the skin of the head and the epithelial cells covering the ridges above and below the eye are found to be two or three rows in thickness, but the epithelium at the margins of the ridges is thicker than the epithelium elsewhere. This is because the cells of the basal row have here a greater height than elsewhere, and are of a distinctly tall columnar shape, while the cells of the basal row in regions near by are of a lower columnar type. The cells of the superficial row or rows everywhere are seen to be flattened in form. Of course, at this stage growth is active everywhere and mitoses are abundant, but at the time under consideration the epithelium at the margin of the ridges has the appearance of being the site of relatively greater activity than in the skin near by. The margin of the ridge constitutes, in fact, an apical line of growth. Eighteen-day fetus Inspection of fetuses at this stage (fig. 3) shows that the eyelids have developed rapidly in the preceding twenty-four hours and now cover the eyeball completely. Examination of sections through the eye region (fig. 4) usually shows that the two lids have already fused together by their epithelial margins. DEVELOPMENT OF EYELIDS OF ALBINO RAT 6 This was found to be the condition in sections of fetuses from three different litters, except in the case of two individuals. In one of these (fig. 5) the development of the Uds was less advanced and fusion had not everywhere taken place. The illustration is taken from the middle region of the eyelids, and laterally to this section the epithelial margins are in much closer approximation. Evidently in the albino rat, as in other species, the middle region of the lids is the last to completely fuse. As the figures show, the two lids are of somewhat different proportions, the upper being thicker and shorter and the lower more compressed and longer. Microscopic examination of sections, from which figure 5 was taken, shows that the skin epithelium now has four or five layers of cells, the basal row being columnar in type, the remaining ones flattened. On the margin of the eyelid the epithelium is much thicker than elsewhere, and forms, in section, a conicalshaped projection about IOOaj in length. The basal row of cells is taller than on the neighboring skin and there are many more rows of superficial , cells. These superficial cells are rounded or polyhedral for the most part, arranged with their longer axes at right angles to the margin of the lids, and are stained lightly. On the external surface of the epithelial projection, however, the cells are more flattened and are darkly staining, as in the superficial cells of the epithelium of the skin. In another series of sections, from a fetus about eighteen days of age, where the lids were in practically the same stage of development as in this, the part played by the epithelial portion of the eyelid in the primary closure is seen still more distinctly. In the middle of the lid the epithelial margins are still separated by a short space, but immediately adjacent to this region the epithelium forms a thin narrow connecting membrane 350^t in extent, between the mesenchymal portions of the two lids. The plane of section cuts the lids shghtly obliquely, but in this case, as in the preceding, the evidence is conclusive that the epithelium grows out actively beyond the mesenchymatous portions of the lid, to bridge the gap between the two approaching lids. After the primary union is established, the framework structures of the lids continue to grow and to approximate until the epithelium forms only a narrow band between the two lids. As the two lids come together, it appears that the greater part of the intervening epithelium is pressed aside. This is to be seen as little irregular groups of epithelial cells attached to the junction epithelium, either on the outer side or on the conjunctival side (figs. 4 and 6). In figure 4 the epithelium between the two lids measures 63^. Here the basal row of epithelium on each lid margin is again columnar, while the intervening cells are rounded and vesicular. The length of the band of epithelium measured in the direction of the line of fusion is about 90ac. At this period, as before, the vibrissae buds of the face are distinct, but now for the first time other hair buds are beginning to develop in the skin, and occasionally one is found on the surface of the lid itself. The muscle fibers in the lid are plainly to be seen and the mesenchyme is distinctly more condensed on the conjunctival side of the lid. Nineteen-day fetus At this stage the proportions of the band of epithelial cells forming the junction have already become somewhat altered (fig. 6). By the growth of the opposing mesenchymatous structures the junction epithelium now measures only about 50/x from the basement membrane of one lid to that of the other. While in the direction from the conjunctival surface to the outer surface it has doubled in extent and measures about 180/x. This junction epithelium consists of a basal layer of columnar cells resting on the mesenchymatous portion of each lid, and three or four irregularly disposed rows of pale-staining, rounded, vesicular cells intervening. Both on the inner and outer sides of the junction epithelium are seen clumps of epithelial cells (fig. 6, ep) which have been pressed aside by the opposing growth of the two lids. Twenty-day fetus The cells of the epithelium on the outer surface of the lids are now arranged in three strata. The basal layer is columnar. deep-staining, and shows abundant mitoses. The intermediate layer is composed of one or two rows of pale, vesicular cells, while on the surface are two or three rows of flattened cells showing the beginning formation of keratohyalin granules. The junction epithelium consists of the same three varieties of cells, but arranged in the following manner. On the basement membrane of each lid margin is a layer of columnar epithelium, and, filling the intervening space between these two layers, are rounded cells of a pale-staining, vesicular appearance. While on the outer surface of the junction epithelium are two or three layers of flattened, dark-staining cells, containing keratohyalin granules, and continuous with the similar cells of the adjacent skin surface. The progress of the keratinization process in the superficial cells of the epithelial junction will constitute one of the chief features to observe in watching the changes leading up to the final disjunction of the lids. At the outer margin of the lids are found buds of hair follicles, but as yet no distinct proliferation of epithelium to form the tarsal glands has appeared. The muscle tissue of the lids is now more apparent and the mesenchyme is becoming more differentiated, so that it has a denser texture immediately beneath the epithelium both of the skin and of the conjunctiva with a looser texture intervening. Examination with the binocular microscope shows that a few of the vibrissae of the snout region have already advanced through the epidermis and are now apparent on the outside of the skin. Twenty-one day fetus At this age the beginning of the tarsal glands is shown by the proliferations of epithelial cells at the inner angle of the margin of the eyelid (fig. 7, t). Thus the tarsal glands follow closely, in point of time, the appearance at the outer angle of the eyelid of the hair-follicle buds which are noted at the twenty-day stage. This was also the order of appearance observed by Ewetsky (79) in fetuses of domestic cattle. He saw the anlage of the cilia at the 6-cm. stage and of the tarsal glands at the 8.5-cm. stage. The hair-follicle buds are increasing in number and are seen in various early stages of development. The oldest ones have a papilla at their basal ends, but none yet show the hair shaft within. Many of the vibrissae follicles, however, are completely differentiated and contain a well-defined hair shaft. Examination of the outside of the head region shows that many vibrissae are protruding above the surface of the skin and that some of them are nearly 1 mm. in length. Measurements of the junction epithelium, both at this and the preceding stage, show that the adjoining parts of the lids have continued to grow and that there is an increase in the dimensions of the junction epithelium as compared with the nineteen-day stage. Measured from the basement membrane of one lid to that of the other, it was 54/i, while in the conjunctivaskin direction it was 240At. Newborn rat In the newborn rat (fig. 8) the epidermis shows a differentiation into stratum germinativum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum. The stratum germinativum is composed of a basal layer of cells with deeply staining nuclei and of several rows of paler staining cells. The stratum granulosum is very distinct, by reason of keratohyalin granules in the cytoplasm of the cells (fig. 8, k), while the stratum corneum is composed of flat scale-like cells. At the junction the epithelium consists of cells similar, for the most part, to those in the stratum germinativum, i.e., a basal layer of cells with dark staining nuclei on each basement membrane and polyhedral vesicular cells intervening. On the outer surface of the junction, however, the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum of the surface epithelium continue uninterruptedly. The dimensions of the junction epithelium are found to be less than those at the preceding stage. This is to be associated, probably, with the change of environment at birth. The length from the conjunctival surface to the outer limit of the stratum granulosum measures 180/x, while at the narrowest point between the two lids it measures 40/z. Inspection of figure 8 shows that there is a slight indentation of the outer surface of the junction epitheUum, a feature which becomes progressively more marked at later stages. In the skin are more hair follicles than before. These are of various ages, some just beginning, others already differentiated and containing a hair shaft (fig. 8, h). But none of the hair shafts can be traced beyond the epidermis. The vibrissae on adjoining parts of the head are already well-developed structures, projecting as much as 3 mm. beyond the surface of the skin. The hair follicles of the outer angle of the lid, however, are mostly in a young condition, and only in the largest ones can be seen a developing shaft. The longest follicles measure 175^. The tarsal glands at the inner angle are still short, solid, flask-shaped epithelial buds, measuring about 70yu in length. The voluntary muscle fibers in the lids are growing in size and now have their nuclei peripherally placed. Two-day rat Considerable advance is seen in the structures within the lids as compared with the condition in the newborn. The hair follicles are more numerous and the older ones have increased both in diameter and in length. Many of the largest follicles contain a hair shaft, and an occasional one of these begins to protrude through the epidermal surface. Those in the lids nearest the junction are, however, not so far advanced as those farther away from the junction, and while some of the former show beginning differentiation of the hair shaft, they are not yet fully formed. Midway between the follicles at the external angle of the lid, and the tarsal glands at the internal angle are seen very small buds of hair follicles which are just beginning to develop from the junction epithelium. The junction epithelium now measures 250m in length from the conjunctival surface to the outer epidermal surface, as compared with ISOfjL at birth. The diameter of the junction epithelium at its narrowest point is about 30^. The indentation on the outer surface of the junction epithelium is slightly more 8 WILLIAM H. F. ADDISON AND HAROLD TV. HOW pronounced than before and both the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum are a little thicker at that point than in the adjacent skin epidermis. Three-day rat Although sections show that hair follicles are now a prominent feature of the skin of the lid and that many of them contain definite hair shafts, very few of the latter have yet appeared above the surface of ths skin. Coincident with the differentiation of the hair shaft within the basal part of the follicle there is a keratinization process going on within the outer part of the follicle where it is continuous with the surface epithelium. This process results in the formation of a canal or outlet to the follicles, through which the developing hair shaft will grow. At this period the process is only partly completed in many foUicles. The most evident change in the junction epithelium is the slight deepening of the outer groove. Its measurements are 250m in the conjunctival-epidermal length and about 40^ at its narrowest part between the two lids. The hair-follicles at the outer angle of the margin of the lids are in several stages of development. The longest, measuring 200 to 250ai, show a distinct papilla at the base and a growing shaft within the root sheaths. Near the mouth of the follicles are small oval outbuddings of epithehal cells to form sebaceous glands. Where these longest follicles are connected with the outer part of the junction epithelium, the cells in the line of future progression of the hair shaft have become more cornified and their nuclei are no longer apparent. These cells show the situation of the mouth of the follicle, and the stratum granulosum of the epidermis is seen to be dipping in to form the boundary of the mouth of the follicle. It is thus easy to be seen that the formation of the mouths of these follicles has a distinct effect upon the outer part of the junction epithelium in the way of tunnels being formed through it in preparation for the hair shafts growing out. The tarsal glands now measure 175/^ in length, whereas at birth they measured only 70/jl. Four-day rat Hairs are beginning to show on the outside of the Hd epidermis as well as on the other parts of the head and body, but these are barely visible on casual inspection with the naked eye, and in consequence the pink color of the skin is very slightly affected by the white color of the sparse short hair. In sections, however, hairs are readily found projecting from the longest follicles (fig. 9). At the margin of the lids it is noticeable that the follicles are not as far advanced as in other parts of the Uds. In figure 9, h, are shown hair follicles still in an early stage of development from the junction epithelium. In some of the follicles near the margins of the lids, as at the three-day period, there is a beginning differentiation to form the shaft at the basal end, and there is a keratinization process going on in the outer ends of the follicles leading to their canalization. Where this cornification is seen there the stratum granulosum of the epidermis dips inward and the stratum corneum of the epidermis forms a narrow strand or plug where the outlet of the follicles will appear. As we follow the further development of the young hair folhcles, which are now attached to the junction epithelium (fig. 9, h), it will be seen that when they reach this stage of differentiation, just described for follicles on the epidermal surface, the expansion and separation of the lids will have brought their points of attachment to the free margins of the lids (figs. 12 and 13). So that when their hair shafts begin to form and to grow out, they will find a ready passage to the exterior. The junction epithelium is shghtly increased in its longest diameter, now measuring 270 to 288//, while the shortest distance between the two lids is practically the same as at the three-day stage, viz., 40^. Five-day rat With the continued growth of the lid margins a slight change in the form of the junction epithelium is now seen. In addition to the deepening groove on the outer stirface there is now dis 10 WILLIAM H. F. ADDISON AND HAROLD W. HOW tinctly seen a slight concavity of the conjunctival surface of the junction epithelium. The actual dimensions measured from the conjunctival concavity to the epidermal groove are, however, practically the same as at the four-day stage, viz., 270 to 288m by 40m. The conjunctival groove which is now first becoming definite is due to the expansion of the substance of the lid, while the junction epithelium remains stationary. This difference in the rate of growth is entirely responsible for the concavity on the conjunctival surface of the junction epithelium, and is partly responsible for the groove on the epidermal surface. In the latter case, the gradual keratinization of the epithelium is the other factor. This keratinization proceeds in the same manner as in ordinary surface epithelium by the preliminary formation of keratohyalin granules and final cornification of the cells, and has two loci. One is in the midline of the junction epithelium, forming a groove, and the other is in the mouths of the hair follicles attached to the junction epithelium when they are beginning to form hair shafts. The progress of the keratinization in these two loci combines to effect the major part of the disjunction process. The first, in the midline of the junction epithelium, is a continuous process, depending probably on the distance the surface epithelium is from the source of nourishment derived from the vessels of the tunica propria, and the second, in the marginal hair follicles, is associated with their arriving at a certain definite stage in differentiation. The resultant effect — the splitting of the epithelium — appears to be due to the same keratinization process manifesting itself jointly in these two situations. The time relations of the process in the two situations are closely interrelated, with the canalization process in the hair follicles usually slightly in advance. As a marginal hair follicle approaches the condition where it is about to become canalized, its point of attachment to the junction epithelium is found near the outer margin of the lid. In consequence, the line of canalization of the epithelium is usually through the outermost part of the junction epithelium and often ending in the outer groove. The presence of these little canals in the outer part of the junction epithelium seems to lead the DEVELOPMENT OF EYELIDS OF ALBINO RAT 11 way for the deepening of the outer groove, and they serve as numerous little independent centers from which the cornification process extends into the adjoining junction epithelium. Six-day rat At this stage the epithelial proliferation at the margins of the eyelids appears to have reached its maximum effect in the production of the junction epithelium. This is shown by the dimensions of the junction epitheHum, which now measures 288At X 40/i. From this time onward it will be seen that the actual measurement of the junction epithelium diminishes in its conjunctival-epidermal dimension, and, conversely, from the eighth day onward, the interpalpebral dimension increases. Henceforth, although epithelial proliferation and growth continue at the margins of the hds, no epithelium is added to the length of the midline of the junction epithelium. Since, however, the epidermal and follicular keratinization continues, the deepening of the epidermal groove continues, and the result is the beginning of the disjunction process. Seven-day rat The conjunctival-epidermal length of the junction epithelium is now slightly diminished as compared with that found at six days, while the interpalpebral length remains the same. At the outer angle of the lids are long hair follicles, some containing distinct hair shafts. The tarsal glands have grown greatly in length and measure 540^, but are still soHd structures. But between the long well-developed follicles at the outer angle and the tarsal glands at the inner angle are again seen small follicles in early stages of development growing from the junction epithelium. This area of the lid is evidently still growing and differentiating and is still at an earher stage of its developmental history than either the epidermal or conjunctival part of the lid. As the succeeding stages are studied, it will be seen that the disjunction process is concurrent with the further differentiation and growth of this part of the lid. Eight-day rat At this stage the process of separation of the hds may be regarded as definitely beginning, inasmuch as the form and measurements of the junction epithehum are distinctly altered (fig. 10). The shapes of the Hds themselves are also modified at their margins. Under low-power magnification, it is seen that the width of the lid nearest the junction is distinctly thinner than the rest of the lid and that each lid tapers to its narrowest point at the place of junction with the opposing lid. The form of the junction epithelium is altered chiefly by reason of the deepening of the outer groove. The measurements are now 21 Cm X 50 n, and if these be compared with the preceding stage, it is found that the conjunctival-epidermal length has decreased and the interpalpebral distance has increased. Thus it is seen that while the epithelial proliferation at the margins of the lids continues and new cells are being constantly added, the effect now is to thicken the marginal epithelium on each lid, and not to increase the conjunctival-epidermal dimension, as measured in its midline. There are still a few marginal fol icles attached to the junction epithelium which are solid cylinders of cells, and consequently have not advanced to the stage of canalization and do not contain hair shafts (fig. 10, h). The rest of the folHcles at the margins which are attached to the free epithelium are conspicuously long structures, containing hair shafts which project beyond the epidermis. It is noticeable that the cells of the midline of the junction epithelium are very pale staining, as compared with cells in a similar position in the preceding stage, and this change in appearance indicates that they are about to become keratinized. Nine-day rat The length of the junction epithelium in the direction of the line of fission is only about half what it was at eight days, now measuring 108-126/x (fig. 11). This difference is principally by reason of the increased depth of the epidermal groove. The interpalpebral distance at the narrowest region of the epithe lium is practically the same as before, 50m. The ducts of the tarsal glands show a well-defined lumen in the region near where the duct epithelium is continuous with the junction epithelium, but they have as yet no outlet to the outside. The alveolar out-pouchings of the glands are becoming well developed and their glandular cells begin to show their characteristic pale-staining mature appearance (fig. 11, t). By this time all the immature hair follicles which were seen at seven days attached to the junction epithelium now show hair shafts beginning to grow out. In the interval since seven days, however, the epidermal groove has also deepened so that the outlet of the hair follicles now open into it, and the hair shafts grow through the epithelium of the outer margin of the lid, not into the junction epithelium. There is, in a way, a process of eversion of the growing margin of each lid, which goes on all through the stage of separation of the lids. « Ten-day rat Both the inner conjunctival furrow and the outer epidermal groove have become deepened, and in consequence the junction epithelium as measured between the two depressions is now reduced to a thickness of 90m. In the epithelial cells lining the conjunctival furrow are now seen for the first time keratohyalin granules. These are in the form of small deep-staining particles, arranged in a linear fashion in the flattened, superficial, four or five rows of cells. The deepest layers of these cells at the bottom of the furrow come into a close relation with similar cells of the epidermal groove. The result is that keratohyalin granules are seen practically all through the midHne of the junction epithelium. This represents a definite stage of advance in the disjunction process, inasmuch as it shows active progress in the keratinization of these cells. The interpalpebral distance is about 75fJL at the narrowest region, and this is a considerable increase as compared with the nine-day measurement of 50;u. Although the lumina of the ducts of the tarsal glands are widely open even up to the marginal epithelium, no patent outlets were seen. The hair follicles at the margin of the lids have all attained 14 WILLIAM II. F. ADDISON AND HAROLD W. HOW a mature condition, containing hair shafts and having outlets through the surface epithelium (fig. 12, h). At this ten-day stage some variation in the condition of the junction epithelium was noted in animals from different Utters. The description as given above was taken from the most advanced specimen and from a region of the lid about midway between the inner and outer canthi. In other specimens which were not quite so far advanced, the junction epithelium as measured from the inner to outer groove was greater in extent, and no keratohyalin granules were seen in the epithelial cells of the conjunctival furrow. Eleven-day rat Along the midline of the junction epithelium some of the cells, which contained the keratohyalin granules in the preceding stage, have now advanced to the stage of complete cornification. The connecting epithehal cells constitute a narrow eosin-staining band, bounded on each side by flattened cells, containing numerous keratohyalin granules. The granules are large and few in number within each of the cells of the one or two rows nearest the cornified zone and are smaller and more numerous in the cells of the succeeding two or three rows. Twelve-day rat The narrow keratinized band in the junction epithelium is becoming more distinct (fig. 13). This is the result of more of the cells containing keratohyalin granules becoming cornified. The dimension measured from conjunctival to epidermal side is lessened, and at the midpoint of the lid is about 75ij.. Laterally to the middle region of the Ud, this measurement is considerably greater. As the process of disjunction approaches an end, a shght but appreciable difference is seen in the appearance and dimensions of the keratinized band of epithelium in different parts of the same hd. At the middle of the eyelids the process of disjunction is more advanced, as compared with the condition laterally. This is to be correlated with the observation DEVELOPMENT OF EYELIDS OF ALBINO RAT that the first opening between the two palpebral margins will appear about the median portion of the lids. From here the opening process continues toward both the inner and outer canthus, usually reaching the former first. Outlets of some of the tarsal glands were open at this time, while in other cases a plug of cornified epithelium still occluded the mouths of the ducts. '^^r Fig. A Photograph of section through margins of lids of albino rat thirteen days old, showing the lids connected by only cornified epithelium, and hence nearly ready to separate. Hair follicles occupy the entire thickness of the lids, except for a narrow zone on the conjunctival side where the tarsal glands (t) are situated, x marks position of outlet of duct of tarsal gland. X 50. Thirteen-day rat The loosely arranged keratinized epithelium still connects the two lids (fig. A), but forms an extremely thin membrane. Its texture is less compact than at the preceding stage, its elements being curled and irregular and spread apart. The outlets of THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY, VOL 29, NO 1 the tarsal glands are distinctly open. The hairs and hair follicles of the marginal region of the lids are large and numerous. The whole ajipearance suggests the completed eyelids. Fourteen-day rat In some animals the final separation takes place on this day; in others, on the fifteenth day, and in a relatively small number the process is delayed until the sixteenth or seventeenth day. As mentioned above, the first o])ening usually a]:)pears in the middle region of the lids and proceeds in both directions, but usually reaches the inner canthus first. For some hours after the margins have separated at the inner canthus the lateral fourth of the lids may still be fused. The time necessary for complete opening after the first slit appears is often twelve hours. The lids on the tw^o sides of the head of an animal do not necessarih' separate at the same time. One may be entirely open before the first slit appears in the other. According to the observations of Dr. H. D. King, it often happens that in the same litter the eyelids of the females open before the eyelids of the males (Donaldson, '15). This circumstance is in line with the general precocity of the female at this period, as compared with the male. It sometimes happens that the eyelids are only partially separated for days after the usual time, and this gives them the appearance of being 'small-eyed' animals. In such cases, according to Dr. J. M. Stotsenburg, of The Wistar Institute, the separation may be easily completed by gentle pressure upon the lids with the tips of one's fingers. Structure of retina at time of fusion and of opening of lids At the time of fusion of the lids in the rat, on the eighteenth fetal day, the retina shows an early stage of development. The cells derived from the inner layer of the optic cup still form one continuous layer, but arranged in two zones (fig. B). This is also the condition present in the human retina at the time of fusion of the lids (Bach and Seef elder, '14). Of the two strata, the outer one is composed of closely arranged deep-staining cells, and the inner one has its cells more palely staining and not so compactly arranged. No definitive visual cells are differentiated and no rods have yet developed. During the period of the rat's development, when the lids are joined together, the retina undergoes its histogenesis. By the r>4 .fr:o. Mi<-->;^ 0^;-. .gi^r? ,/(p ^•■/? lilM 1bjs^J^'.^KJ.^j-^^i Pigs. B and C Two drawings to show comparison of states of development of retina at time of formation of lids and at time of their opening. In both the internal margin of the retina is shown toward the top of the page. X 250. Fig. B Retina of eighteen-day albino rat fetus at time of formation and fusion of lids, showing a very early stage of development and consisting principally of two broad zones of epithelial cells. Fig. C Retina of fourteen-day albino rat at time of disjunction of lids, showing all the definitive layers of the functional retina. The proportions of the various layers, however, change with the further growth of the entire eyeball. time of opening of the lid all the layers of the mature retina are clearly delimited (fig. C), though subsequent growth changes alter their relative proportions somewhat. Thus it is seen that there is a close correlation between the time of opening of the lids and the arrival of the retina at a functionally active condition. Though the mechanism by which the lids form and separate is entirely apart from the visual organ, yet the processes of development in the lids and in the retina are so coordinated that their definitive end-results are contemporaneous. DISCUSSION OF OBSERVATIONS In the albino rat two noticeable features in the formation of the eyelids are the late period in gestation at which the eyelids develop and the rapidity of their formation. The gestation period averages twenty-two days, and not until the eighteenth fetal day are the eyes covered by the lids (fig. 3). At the seventeenth fetal day the lids are represented only by ridges above and below the eyeball (fig. 2), but so rapidly does the process of formation proceed that in the space of a day the Hds have grown across the eye, and have met and fused by their epithelial margins (fig. 4). As the hds approach one another in their growth, the epithelium of the margin of the developing hds is the site of especially active proliferation. In consequence of this, it grows out noticeably beyond the mesenchymatous portions of the lids (fig. 5), and first bridges the space between the approximating hds as a thin epithelial membrane. As the mesenchymatous portions of the hds continue to grow toward each other, this thin epithelial membrane is pressed together and portions of it are pressed aside as groups of epithehal ceUs (figs. 4 and 6), which are soon lost. After fusion occurs, the junction, epithelium continues to increase in the conjunctiva-skin dimension until about four days after birth. There is a temporary diminution in this measurement in the newborn, and this may be associated with the drying of the epidermis and the more rapid keratinization of the superficial epidermal layers of cells then beginning. After the fourth day the junction epithelium remains stationary until the sixth or seventh day. During this time the measurement is 270-288m. Then, due to the deepening of the epidermal groove, the length of this line of fusion becomes progressively less, and at the twelfth day is only 75m . On the thirteenth and fourteenth DEVELOPMENT OF EYELIDS OF ALBINO IL\T 19 days only cornified epithelium connects the two lids in the region midway between the inner and outer canthi. The measurements of the junction epithelium in the interpalpebral direction at the various stages are in a general way the reverse of those in the conjunctiva-skin direction. Immediately after fusion at eighteen days, the interpalpebral measurements is 63m, and as the mesenchymatous portions of the lids press together, this becomes less, so that at two days after birth it is only 30 to 38//. It remains about the same until the seventh day, and then gradually increases, so that at ten days it is 73^, and at twelve days 90m . As the two lids continue to separate through the cornification of the epithelium in the midhne of the junction epithehum, half of the epithelium belongs to each Hd, constituting its surface layer. Thus during the period of attachment of the lids, there are three stages, as indicated by the measurements of the junction epithelium: 1) Increase in length of line of fusion; 2) stationary attachment; 3) gradual separation. The first stage lasts until four days after birth, the second until the sixth or seventh day, and the third until final disjunction ensues at fourteen to seventeen days. The period of attachment of the hds is related in time with especially two other developmental processes, the maturing a) of the skin and b) of the retina. Being specialized integumentary structures, the lids in their developmental history follow the same general course as the skin. Hair folhcles are developed both from the epithehum of the skin and from the junction epithehum. By following the development of the hair folhcles which grow from the latter situation, one gets a sure guide to the time when the separation process is going on. For, as has been shown already, by the time the hair shafts form in these folhcles, the sphtting of the junction epithelium has proceeded far enough for the hair shafts to grow out directly through the epidermis of the margin of the lid. It is found that new hair folhcles continue to arise from the conjoined epithelium for several days after most of the follicles have begun in adjoining parts of lid and head. As a THE AMERICAN JOUBNAL OF ANATOMY, VOL. 23, NO. 1 result, one finds the hair shafts first showing in these youngest follicles several days later than in the follicles elsewhere. Now in the albino rat the ordinary hair follicles begin on the lids during the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth days, and the largest of these first show shafts within at birth. These begin to protrude through the skin at two and three days, and by the end of a week after birth there is a complete covering of short hairs. In comparison with this, we find that hair folhcles not yet showing hair shafts within are found in connection with the conjoined epithelium as late as eight days after birth. At nine days these, too, begin to show differentiation of their internal cells, and by twelve days the hair shafts begin to appear above the epidermal surface. At this period a narrow band of keratinized epithelium has developed in the midline of the junction epithelium, and the final disjunction of the lids soon after occurs by the splitting of this keratinized epithelium. So the time of eruption of the youngest hairs at the margins of the lids is closely connected with the time of keratinization of the middle of the last remaining junction epithelium, which is the prelude to final disjunction. From this survey it is seen that the period of time from union to disjunction of the lids may be correlated with a fairly definite period of development of the general integument of the body. Thus, the time of formation of the lids is just prior to the beginning of the epithelial proliferations which develop into hair follicles of the ordinary small hairs of the skin. One has to make an exception of the special large types of hairs, such as the vibrissae of rodents and the hairs of the eyebrows, upper lip, and chin of man. For in both rats and rabbits the vibrissae follicles make their appearance just before the time of formation of the eyehds. The above general statement holds true for man also, for while we find that both the lids and the hair folhcles of the ordinary lanugo have their beginning during the third month of fetal life, the former practically always antedate the latter. But an exception has to be made of the follicles of the larger types of hairs of the eyebrows, upper lip, and chin, which begin toward the end of the second month. After the lids are fused they remain in this state until after the arrival of the skin at the stage of cornification of its superficial epithelial layers, the formation of the hair shafts, and their appearance above the surface of the skin. In the rat this is about seven days after birth and ends the stage of stationary attachment. The final stage, that of gradual separation, is associated with the maturing of the hair folHcles which have originated from the junction epithelium. When the hair shafts of those which are nearest to the tarsal glands have erupted at about 12 days, the midHne of the persisting junction epithelium has become cornified, and often in two days more final separation occurs. The duration of this separation process in common with other developmental processes is widely different in different species. Thus, in the rat, where the animal attains a complete coat of hair at about a week after birth, the separation process is completed at the expiration of another week or ten days. But in man, where the lanugo appears during the fifth fetal month and completely invests the body during the sixth month, disjunction usually takes place at the end of the sixth (Contino, '07) or the beginning of the seventh fetal month (Ask, '08). The period of attachment of the lids is related in time also with the maturing of the retina. Functionally, the lids are a protective part of the ocular apparatus, and their separation does not take place until the retina has passed through its histogenesis. Thus, in the rat, at the time of formation and fusion of the lids, the wall of the optic cup has a relatively simple structure, with its cells arranged in two broad bands. During the period of attachment of the lids differentiation proceeds, so that at the time of disjunction, at about fourteen days, all the layers of the mature retina are recognizable. The same holds true for man, where at the time of fusion of the lids, about seventy days (Contino, '07, and Ask, '08), the retina has a simple structure corresponding to that of the rat at the eighteenth fetal day (Bach and Seef elder, '14). Separation of the lids occurs at the end of the sixth month or beginning of the seventh, and by that time the retina has structurally all the elements and layers of the mature retina. After this time there is continued growth of the eyeball which alters the proportions of the several layers, but one can at least say that the retina at the time of disjunction of the lids is histologically mature. The chief single factor in the separation of the lids is the keratinization process which appears in the surface cells of the epidermal side of the junction epithelium, as in epidermal cells everywhere (figs. 7 and 8). For a time the process does not manifest itself more actively here than elsewhere (fig. 9), but at a certain period, which we may associate with a definite stage in the maturing of the hair follicles of the skin, this process continues to progress inward in the midhne of the junction epithelium (figs. 10 to 13), until it reaches the conjunctival side. The mechanism of cornification in the junction epitheHum is probably comparable to that taking place elsewhere over the integument. The history of the junction epithelium is, however, somewhat different from that of the ordinary epidermis, inasmuch as for some days after the lids fuse it becomes progressively thinner in the interpalpebral direction, then has a stationary thickness until the seventh day, and finally gradually increases. It is only when the last stage is reached that keratinization proceeds rapidly in the epidermal groove. This accounts for the delay in the process within the junction epithelium as compared with the general surface epidermis. Connected with these circumstances, causing delay, is also the fact that the margins of the lids are in a younger developmental condition than the remainder of the Hds. At least, one may infer this from the fact young stages of hair folHcles are still seen there when the adjoining follicles of lids and general skin show welldeveloped shafts. The increase in thickness in the junction epithelium goes slowly, probably because of the concurrent expansion of the marginal area of the lids. There is rapid proliferation of the epithelium, but many of the new-formed cells are necessary to keep up with the expanding marginal surface of the lid, and are distributed laterally. This is the condition up to six or seven days, by which time most of the hair follicles of the adjoining part of the lid are mature and their hair shafts are visible on the outside. As is well recognized, hair folhcles are the seat of numerous mitoses, and they are evidently now able to help supply the necessary cells for expansion and growth, each in its own local area. At any rate, it is at this time that the junction epithehum begins to increase in its interpalpebral dimension, and it is apparently this increase in the mass of epitheUal cells which removes the cells of the midline of the junction epithelium farther from the source of nourishment in the mesenchymatous portion of the lids, and so favors the progress of the keratinizing process. The tarsal glands are also considered to take a part in the opening of the Hds, but they are found to participate to a comparatively shght degree in the albino rat. These glands have their beginning in the twenty-first fetal day, as epithelial proliferations from the conjoined epithelium, near the inner angle of the eyehd (fig. 7, t). At birth they measure 70m m length and at seven days have increased to 540m, but are still sohd throughout. At nine days the ducts show a distinct lumen, but it is not until the twelfth day that some of the ducts are found to have a direct opening to the outside, while most of the duct mouths are still obstructed by plugs of cornified epithelium. It is just before this last stage that the changes in the developing duct outlet may play a part in aiding the separation of the lids. For at this time the terminal part of each duct where it is continuous with the junction epithehum is still a sohd mass of cells, although the greater extent of the duct is canahzed. In the cells lining the duct immediately adjoining the unopened part some keratinization is going on, and as this process extends out to meet the similarly changing cells of the junction epithelium, the cornification of the conjunctival side of the raphe is accelerated. Schweiger-Seidel ('66), who was one of the first to study the process of lid separation in man, emphasized the formation of secretion in the sebaceous and tarsal glands as assisting in the opening of the hds, but this does not appear so important in the rat. It is seen by comparing figures 7, 11, and 13 that the points ot attachment of the tarsal glands to the surface epithelium remain constant at the inner angle of the Ud margin. By this comparison one may judge that the inner groove in the junction epitheHum, which is so marked at late stages (figs. 12 and 13), is mostly the result of the expansion of the lid itself. It is true that there is some formation of keratohyalin granules in the superficial cells of the groove, but the changes do not usually go on to complete cornification before the epidermal keratinizing process reaches them, and so can help but little in the separation of the lids. Previous investigations of the developing eyelids have been made principally on human material, and of these the most complete are the studies of Contino ('07) and of Ask ('08). These contain many references to previous literature, beginning with Bonders ('58) who was apparently the first to picture a thin section across the fused lids of the human fetus. The observations on the eyelids of mammals, aside from man, are comparatively few, and are for the most part incidental to other studies on the developing eye. Ewetsky ('79) found in fetuses of domestic cattle that the fusion of the lids took place in fetuses of 5.5 to 6 cm. long, and that they separated in fetuses of 40 to 47 cm. In his figures of the approximating lids he shows the epithelium on the margins of the lids, growing out as a ridge in advance of the mesenchymatous part of the lid, as is shown in our figure 5. Seller ('90), who studied the development of the conjunctival sac, also examined the eyelids of young puppies at one, four, eight, and nine days after birth, as well as Talpa embryos. In the puppies he observed the formation of a broad cornified cell plate between the lids, leading to their separation. Nussbaum ('08), in the course of his resume of the process in man, refers to having also examined mice of two stages — at two days and at ten days after birth. In the two-day animal the stratum corneum of the epidermis showed no depression over the junction epithelium, but at the ten-day stage the process of cornification had advanced into the lid fissure, forming a groove which was funnel shaped in cross-section. Schweiger-Seidl's observations on the process of separation in human fetuses were long quoted, and the figure illustrating the fused lid margins, which was pubhshed in 1866, is still m use in text-books of embryology. He regarded as the chief agencies in the separation, 1) the keratinization within the hair folhcles developing from the conjoined epithelium and, 2) the formation of spaces between the cells of the junction epithelium by the secretion from the sebaceous and tarsal glands. Contino ('07) studied a larger series of human fetuses, and considered that the separation of the corners of the hd margins was due to the secretion from the sebaceous and tarsal glands and that the separation of the intermarginal epithelium was due to the cornification of the central layers of cells. Ask ('08), in addition to human fetuses, examined also a series of kittens, of which, however, he gives no description or figures, but says he found the conditions in both practically the same. He places the cornification process in the junction epithelium as the most important factor in separation. Cornification also proceeds from the hair folhcles into the junction epithelium, and, thirdly, there is an independent cornifying process in the posterior part of the junction epithelium. In our study of a consecutive series of rats of known ages, both fetal and postnatal, we have made measurements of the junction epithelium, and thereby have been able to attempt an analysis of the growth stages of the junction epithehum, and we have also correlated the period of fusion of the hds with certain stages of development of the skin and hair and with the histogenesis of the retina. The time of formation and fusion of the eyehds in the albino rat is a definite one, occurring during the eighteenth day of fetal hfe; hence observation of the presence or absence of the fused hds in a fetal rat will determine whether the fetus is older or younger than eighteen days. The formation of the hds in this animal is a relatively rapid process; at the seventeenth day of fetal hfe there are only slight ridges indicating the beginning of the Hds, but in the succeeding twenty-four hours the Hds have grown over the eyeball and have fused by their epithelial margins. As the lids approach each other the epithelium at the margin of each lid grows actively in advance of the mesenchymatous portion. By measurements of the conjoined epithelium, three stages are observed during the period of attachment: 1) increase in length of fusion; 2) stationary attachment, and, 3) gradual separation. The first stage lasts until four days after birth, the second until the sixth or seventh day, and the third until final disjunction at fourteen to seventeen days. The period from union to disjunction of the lids may be correlated with a fairly definite period of development of the skin and hair. Thus the time of formation of the lids is slightly in advance of the first appearance of hair follicles of the ordinary small hairs. Then the lids remain completely fused until after the arrival of the skin at the stage of cornification of its superficial epithelial layers, the formation of the hair shafts, and their appearance above the surface of the skin (about seven days after birth). Finally, the stage of gradual separation is associated with the maturing of the hair follicles, which have originated from the junction epithelium. The chief factor in the sphtting of the junction epitheUum during stage 3 is the process of keratinization, which continues inward from the surface epidermal cells of the raphe until it reaches the conjunctival side of the junction epithelium. During stage 3 the interpalpebral dimension of this junction epithelium gradually increases, and it is apparently this increase in the mass of epithelial cells which brings the cells of the midhneof the raphe farther and farther away from the source of nourishment, and so favors the progress of the keratinization process within them. The inception of increase in the interpalpebral dimension is correlated in time with the arrival of the skin of the lid at its mature condition, while the margins of the lid are still in a younger developmental condition. By the time the folhcles of the latter have developed hair shafts, the keratiniza tion process has penetrated the entire thickness of the junction epitheUum, and disjunction soon follows. The separation is also aided by the process of keratinization manifesting itself in, 1) the developing hair folhcles derived from the junction epithelium, and to a less degree, in, 2) the ducts of the tarsal glands, and, 3) the cells lining the conjunctival furrow, just prior to disjunction. Functionally, the period of attachment of the lids is related to the maturing of the retina. At the time of formation and fusion of the lids the retina has a very simple structure, consisting principally of two broad bands of cells, while at the time of disjunction all the layers of the mature retina are recognizable. Ask, F. 1908 Ueber die Entwicklung der Lidrander, etc. Anat. Hefte, Bd. 36, S. 189-279. Bach, L., und Seefelder, R. 1914 Atlas zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des menschlichen Auges. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig and Berlin. CoNTiNO, A. 1907 Ueber Bau und Entwickelung des Lidrandes beim Menschen. Arch. f. Ophthalmologie, Bd. 66, S. 505-577. Donaldson, H. H. 1915 The rat. Data and reference tables for the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) and the Norway rat (Mus norvegicus). Memoirs of The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, no. 6, Philadelphia. EwETSKY, Th. 1879 Beitrage zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Auges. Arch. f. Augenheilkunde, Bd. 8, S. 305-356. NtrssBAUM, M. 1908 Entwickelungsgeschichte des menschlichen Auges, Graefe Samisch Handbuch der Gesammten Augenheilkunde, 2nd edition, vol. 2, part 1, pp. 52-53, Leipzig. Schweiger-Seidl 1866 Ueber die Vorgange bei Losung der miteinander ver klebten Augenlider des Foetus. Virchow's Archiv. f. Path. Anat. u. Phys., Bd. 37, S. 228-230. Seiler, H. 1890 Zur Entwickelung des Conjunctivalsackes. Archiv. f. Anat. u. Entwickelungsgeschichte, S. 236-249. (Anat. Abth. of Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys.) EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 1 Seventeen-day albino rat fetus, showing eye not yet covered by lids. Orth's fixation; photographed in 80 per cent alcohol. X 3. 2 Section across eye region of seventeen-day albino rat fetus, showing eyelids represented by ridges above and below. Wistar Institute collection, no. 15370. X 30. 3 Eighteen-day albino rat fetus, showing eye covered by lids. Fixation in 10 per cent formaldehyde solution; photographed in same. X 3. 4 Sections across eye region of eighteen-day albino rat fetus, showing lids covering eye and fused together by their epithelial margins. Wistar Institute Collection, no. 15371. X 30. 5 Section across eye region of another eighteen-day albino rat fetus, showing lids not yet in continuity, but their epithelial margins extending out as narrow ridges and closely approximated. The upper lid is thicker and shorter, while the lower is thinner and longer. X 30. 5 ^^ Drawings of series of sections across junction epithelium of eyelids of albino rats at various ages, from nineteen days fetal stage until twelve days after birth. In all, the skin surface of the lids is shown toward the top of the page. X 160. 6 Nineteen-day fetus. Eyelids fused together by their epithelial margins; (cp) groups of epithelial cells, which formed the projecting marginal ridges of epithelium in the approximating lids (fig. 5), and which have been turned aside by the lids pressing close together; (/t) beginning development of hair follicle at outer angle of lid. 7 Twenty-one-day fetus. Increased thickness of junction epithelium in conjunctiva-skin direction; hair follicles (h) developing at outer angle of lid and on skin surface; (t) epithelium at inner angle of lid beginning to proliferate to form tarsal gland. 8 At birth. Junction epithelium somewhat decreased in longest diameter; hair follicles (h) in different stages; (k) keratohyalin granules very distinct in cells at outer surface of junction epithelium. 9 Four-day. Junction epithelium increased in length; (h) hair follicle buds beginning from middle of junction epithelium; a hair shaft is seen projecting through skin of lid; granules (A:) of stratum granulosum very evident. 10 Eight-day. A distinct groove on outer surface where lids join; (/) cells of alveoli of tarsal glands are differentiating, but duct is still solid cord of cells; (h) young hair follicles developing from epithelium near outer angle of lid; (s) sebaceous glands of older hair follicles, which open on the skin surface. 11 Nine-day. The epidermal interpalpebral groove has deepened; {t) ducts of the tarsal glands are canalized. 12 Ten-day. A groove has appeared also on conjunctival side of junction epithelium; (/i) hair follicles and developing sebaceous glands; (t) alveoli of tarsal glands; keratohyalin granules are seen not only in cells of epidermal groove, but also in junction epithelium and in cells lining conjunctival groove. 13 Twelve-day. Area of epithelial junction is much lessened and shows keratohyalin granules throughout; point of attachment of ducts of tarsal glands (0 is now opposite last remaining conjoined epithelium; owing to this diminution of the junction epithelium, the hair follicles which developed from it now open upon the epidermal surface of the lid. ■60 /9 Day Fetus. 7 2/ Day Fetus. •atoms' «v .«»■'■• <^ "^ ^^tStoi^^JV^ At Birth. ^Day. •>/^5l 8 Day. 10 Day. Resumen por el autor, Edward J. Stieglitz Hull Laboratory of Anatomy, University of Chicago. Estudios histo(\|iiimicos sobre el niecanisnio de la secreecion renal. El prcsente estudio del niecanisnio de la funcion renal fue llevado a cabo siguiendo el curso de una sal de hierro (citrato amonico fcrrico), inyectada en las venas, a traves del riiion, desde el plasma sanguineo hasta la orina, comprobando la presencia del hierro con diversos intervalos mediante la reaccion que produce el azul de Prusia. El autor ha comprobado que el hierro es segregado por los tubulos plegados, pero nunca pudo hallarle en los espacios glomerulares. Despues de inyecciones multiples el hierro se acumula en las celulas. Esta retencion renal del hierro evita de un modo marcado y progresivo la secreecion ulterior del hierro despues de nuevas inyecciones y tambien reduce la produccion renal de la fenosulfoneptale na. Durante el periodo de eliminacion del hierro disminuye el volumen de la orina, asi como su peso especifico, con una reduccion en la cantidad de los carbonatos, demostrando esto una activadad inhibidora del hierro. Esta inhibicion puede explicarse tomando como base el efecto del ion ferrico sobre la capacidad de hidratacion de los coloides del cuerpo, cuyo efecto evita el paso del disolvente, el agua, y por esta causa se disuelven, particularmente a consecuencia del hierro que se transforma en intracelular en las celulas secretoras. La inhibicion o antidiuresis no se debe a cambios en la presion sanguinea, a consecuencia de la inyeccion del citrato amonico ferrico. La nefritis tubular experimental interfiere de modo muy marcado con la secreecion del hierro. La concentraci6n de la orina tiene lugar probablemente, principalmente por la secreecion tubular mas bien que por un proceso de reabsorcion del agua y algunas sales. Translation by Jos=6 F. Nonidez Cornell Medifal College, New York. author's abstract of this paper issued bt the bibliographic service, aprii. 11 HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF RENAL SECRETION^ EDWARD J. STIEGLITZ Hull Laboratory of Anatomy, University of Chicago SIX FIGURES AND ONE COLORED PLATE The minute structure of the kidney required almost three hundred years of investigation before its intricate relations and delicate structure were clearly revealed. As yet the mechanism of urine formation by this highly complex biological apparatus is very poorly understood. A vast amount of work has been done in an effort to throw light upon the subject of renal function, but the results have been so varied, conflicting, and incomplete that we have not as yet arrived at a true understanding of the basic factors. The present investigation was undertaken to analyze the mechanism of renal secretion by means of histochemical studies. The work included: 1) A historical survey of the literature having direct bearing on the experimental studies and their interpretation. 2) The development of experimental methods. 3) A series of experiments tracing the course of a salt from the blood stream into the urine by microchemical methods. 4) A series of experiments dealing with secretory curves. 5) A series comparing the different behavior of two salts. 6) An investigation of functional changes in experimental nephritides. 7) A critical consideration of the results obtained. This report will first outline the main problem and then will discuss the various parts of the investigation in the order just given. 1 This is a report of a series of investigations started in June, 1918, as the basis of a dissertation offered for the degree of Master of Science at the University of Chicago (1919), and continued through September, 1920, because of the interest of the work. The author wishes to express his deepest gratitude to Dr. R. R. Bensley for his generous and inspiring guidance and aid. Thanks for aid in some of the technical work are due to Mr. I. D. Siminson. 34 E. J. STIEGLITZ Bowman (1) in his memorable paper on the activity of the malpighian body in 1842, first conceived the idea that water and salts entered the urine from the blood through the squamous epithelium surrounding the glomerulus and that the organic substances of the urine were secreted by the convoluted tubules. This theory, greatly supported by the researches of Heidenhain (2, 3, 4) on the passage into the urine of sulphindigotate of soda, is in direct opposition to the conception postulated by Ludwig (5, 14) ('43), and now largely supported in a much altered form by Cushny. This theory in its original state assumed that water and salts, and, in fact, all the urinary constituents, passed through the malpighian body in the form of a dilute filtrate, which, as it passed down the uriniferous tubules, was concentrated by the reabsorption of water by the cells lining these tubules. At present, the theory, as modified and expanded by Cushny (6), includes the reabsorption of certain of the salt constituents which form the 'threshold bodies.' Of these bodies sodium chloride is perhaps the best example. It appears in the urine only when its concentration in the blood stream is above a specific level. In other words, there is a limit at which its elimination stops, the physiologic threshold. It is supposed by Cushny that this threshold is maintained to some degree by the reabsorptive activity of the cells of the convoluted tubules; he points out that such substances as belong to this group appear to be essentials in metabolic economy. Cushny (6, p. 50) conceives the two processes, that of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption, as being independent, but coordinated by the related common blood supply and by the rapidity of flow down the tubule. The last-named factor he deems especially important in connection with diuresis. Kliss (7) in 1881 suggested an amplification of the theory of Ludwig, namely, that the filtrate which came through the glomerulus was nothing less than blood serum in the form of a transudate, and that under normal conditions the serum albumin and globulin and other protein constituents were removed by the convoluted tubules. Despite the supporting observations of Posner (8) and Ribbert (9), this conception must be discarded, MECHANISM OF RENAL SECRETION 35 as urine is by no means serum minus its albuminoid bodies (Sobieranski (10)). The basic possibilities of a mechanism of renal secretion fall therefore under two main opposing views. The one places on the malpighian body the function of secreting or filtering by far the greater portion of the urine, which is later supposedly concentrated on its passage downward by reabsorption of the excess of water. On the other hand, the opposing view states that the concentration of the urine as it passes through the tubules is the result of secretion of salts and organic constituents into the lumen by the cells of the convoluted tubules. There is a third possibility to be considered, namely, that both mechanisms may play a role and are in a sense in equihbrium with each other. The literature on experimental and anatomic evidence in connection with the mechanism of renal function is exceedingly voluminous. Most of the work that has been done can be classified under three general headings: Those studies dealing with the total renal function and the general effects of altered conditions; secondly, those pertaining to the function of the various units of the uriniferous apparatus and the localization of function, and, thirdly, the functional alterations occurring with distinct renal pathology. As examples of the first group of experiments there are the studies of salt concentration under varying conditions, the effects of diuretic stimulation (10), varying intraureteral pressures (11, 12), and variations in blood pressure and vascular supply (6, p. 99; 13). The localized studies on the function of the various elements of the uriniferous system concern us more in this paper. Among these investigations Nussbaum's justly famous work (15) of partially obliterating the circulation of the frog's kidney and noting the effect upon urine formation is perhaps the earliest which clearly recognizes the necessity for obtaining evidence of local function instead of studying the organ as a whole, as the function of the organ is nothing more than the composite function of its parts. Considerable work along similar, but modified, lines has been done since (16, 17). The work of Nussbaum and others is defective inasmuch as the experimental method necessitates the production of a renal circulation nearly devoid of arterial blood and therefore introduces the unfortunate factors of asphyxia and malnutrition interfering with normal cellular activity. How essential these two factors are, Martin Fischer (18) has demonstrated. A second type of investigation is that started by Heidenhain (2, 3, 4, 19) on the route of colloidal dyes in their elimination through the kidney. Gurwitch and many others have continued and elaborated such studies. Gurwitch (17, 20), working with 'indifferent' aniline dyes, agrees with Disse, v. d. Stricht, V. Gehuchten, and Nicolas in having demonstrated the presence of these dyes in the form of granules or masses contained in vacuoles which migrate toward and burst on the surface. Sauer (21), in opposition to such a conception, claims that the secretion is diffuse in the cells and is never in an aggregated form in cells or lumina of normal tissue. However, in such a discussion it would seem that the reaction of the tissue at fixation is a matter of considerable moment in determining the apparent physical nature of the secretion. Sobieranski (10) lays stress upon the inconclusiveness of their negative findings for the dye in the glomerular capsules, saying that such negative evidence is not proof, and offers three other explanations for such findings: 1) That there the dye may be too dilute to be detected microscopically ; 2) that the dye may be reduced and decolorized at this point; 3) that the dye may pass through too rapidly to be detected morphologically. Goldman (22, 23) and many others, among them Evans (24), have devoted much investigation to the use of colloidal, so-called 'vital' and protoplasmic dyes. But all these experiments deal with the elimination of a foreign colloidal material which the kidney normally does not eliminate and which in its physical properties differs considerably from the normal urinary ingredients. Some very excellent work has been done, however, using electrolytic salts instead of the dyes. Quincke (25) demonstrated iron in the uriniferous tubules and their epithelium, but does not localize this finding. Leschke (26) studied by microchemical methods the excretion of sodium chloride, urea, phosphates, uric acid, and other purines. He found that all these sub stances are detectable in quantity only in the convoluted tubules. According to his results, the glomeruli have no share in the excretion of these substances in any histochemically demonstrable quantity. Leschke's work was extended and confirmed by Oliver (27) in her work in connection with experimental uranium nephritis. Pure cytologic studies of morphologic differentiation of the various parts of the uriniferous system belong in this group of investigations of local function, for morphologic specialization is always a criterion of specific function. This correlation is so universal that one can not discard such strictly anatomic data. Lastly comes the group of investigations concerned with the altered function in conditions of renal pathology. To attempt to include any form of discussion of nephritis in this paper is impossible in view of the limited space, but as some of the most essential evidence of the true nature of renal secretion arises in the study of the experimental nephritides, a certain amount of discussion of this phase of the subject will be necessary. The work of Aschoff (28) and his student Suzuki (29) deserves especial comment, as they demonstrated the extreme specificity of various levels of the tubules in their reaction toward renal poisons. Their work will be taken up more in detail at a later point. The works of others, such as Potter and Bell (30), Pearce (31, 32, 33), Dickson (34), Lyon (35), Schneider (36), and Underbill, Wells and Goldschmidt (37), are all very valuable contributions to a clear understanding of renal activity. In connection with the results recorded in this paper these investigations will be discussed later. The problem presents therefore the question: In which direction through the cells of the convoluted tubules are the urinary constituents passing; are they being secreted or reabsorbed? This was the original question upon which this work has been based, but the scope of the investigation broadened somewhat as it progressed. Wishing to avoid the use of colloidal dyes because their properties are foreign to the organism, as did Leschke (26) and Oliver (27), and desiring to use an electrolytic salt normally present in the body and yet detectable microchemically, we made iron the substance of choice. Iron, for the purpose of tracing its course in the kidney, from the blood to the urine, has many advantages. In the first place, it forms ionized salts whose presence may be detected by very delicate but intense color-precipitation reactions leading to the formation of Prussian blue. This precipitation test is so delicate and so specific for iron that it may be used as a microchemical test in the finest histologic work. Furthermore, ferric salts, being electrolytes, should resemble in their excretion the behavior of other salts found in the urine. Iron is normally to be found in urine, and it increases greatly in those diseases involving the hematogenic apparatus. The normal presence of iron was first pointed out by Tiedemann and Gmelin in 1820 and afterward confirmed by a host of observers, although Becquerel, Herberger, Lehman, and Schlemmer denied its normal elimination via the urine because their methods were inadequate to detect the minute amounts. The accepted normal estimation for iron equals 1 mgm. per twenty-four hours for a human being (Neumann (38), Neumann and Mayer (39) and Kennerkneckt (40)). A further advantage in the use of salts of this element is that normal kidney does not contain any free (ionized) iron to cause a recognizable color reaction. This was determined by control experiments. Macallum (41) makes especial note of the absence of iron in renal cells. Therefore, any iron seen in the sections in the form of Prussian blue comes from the iron that has been administered to the animal. It was suggested that phosphates be used in place of the ferric compounds, but the objection that there were already phosphates present, which would interfere with the tests, ruled them out (42). The use of iron in investigations of the mechanism of renal activity is not new. Glaevecke (43) as early as 1883 employed ferric citrate for such work. This salt was administered by subcutaneous injection. The first appearance of the iron in the urine, following such an injection, was one-half hour later. The iron concentration remained at its height from two to four hours following the injection, while the urine became negative only after a period of twenty-five hours. He also reports nega tive findings for iron in the glomeruli and Bowman's capsule, but records iron as present in the lumen of the convoluted and collecting tubules and in the cytoplasm of the cells of the convoluted tubules, along their free edge. As will be seen by the results described below, such findings are entirely in accord with those of our experiments. The chief, and serious objection to this work of Glaevecke lies in the method of administration of the salt. The subcutaneous injection does not allow of any accurate time relationship. An extra and unnecessary unknown factor is introduced in this way, namely, the rate of absorption of the salt into the blood stream and the equally indefinite period of administration to the blood. Throughout our experiments intravenous injection has been employed. Kobert (44) also, in his study of the pharmacology of iron, has attempted an explanation of the mechanism of its elimination from the body, but his renal investigations have been so incomplete and inconclusive that the conclusions drawn are really not warranted. More will be said of this work at a later point. Quincke (25) also used iron. The iron salt first employed in this investigation was the simple ferric citrate in the form of brown scales. But the salt is only sparingly soluble and required boiling before any clear solution could be obtained. Such a solution w^as always very dilute. As such a dilute solution requires the injection of large amounts of fluid to carry sufficient iron for histologic work, it would alter materially the activity of the kidney through its diuretic action. Therefore an attempt was made to use the compound salt, ferric ammonium citrate. The Kahlbaum preparation of the brown scales was first used. It was found to be freely soluble in water and in doses of 0.15 gram per kilo body weight was not noticeably toxic. But a series of experiments (K9, Kll, K12, K13, and K14) of injection with larger doses (0.4 gram per kilo weight) demonstrated that the dose was invariably fatal in from one-half to nine hours. Repeated injections of the smaller dose of 0.2 gram per kilo weight were not fatal, but they led to albuminuria and the presence of casts in the urine. Therefore, this form of iron had to be discarded because of its toxic properties. We THE AMERICAN JOJRNAL OF ANATOMY, VOL. 29, NO. 1 were able, however, to procure a less toxic form of ferric ammonium citrate from Parke, Davis & Co., in the form of green scales. This salt caused no immmediate toxic symptoms, even when as much as 0.8 gram was injected intravenously into a 2-kg. rabbit. In most of the subsequent experiments this form of ferric salt was used. For some time we were unable to get this product, and tried Merck's green salt, but found that it too was toxic in much the same manner as the brown scales. Several experiments were carried out to determine the chemical differences between these salts in an attempt to explain their marked difference in behavior in animal experimentation. It was at first suspected that the difference was due to some free ammonia in the brown salt because of the similarity of the symptoms to ammonia intoxication as recorded by Rachford and Crane (45). But the quantitative chemical analyses proved this supposition to be incorrect. Experiments K23, K44, K45, K48 are included in this series. The brown salt is described in the United States Dispensatory and the United States Pharmacopoeia as having about 16 per cent of iron. On analysis it was found that the green salt contained 16.4 per cent iron. The ammonia determination, by the Kjeldahl method showed the brown salt to contain 5.7 per cent NH4, and the green 8.8 per cent. These percentages then show that the more toxic salt contains the smaller amount of ammonia. The composition of the two salts can be roughly calculated from these results. Taking for the green salt the composition as being two ferric citrate molecules plus one of triammonium citrate, the calculated percentages are 7.3 per cent for ammonia and 15.2 per cent for iron. Therefore: Calculated NH4 = 7.3 per cent. Analysed NH4 = 8.8 per cent. Calculated Fe = 15.2 per cent. Analysed Fe = 16.4 per cent. This checks as closely as need be for the purity of a commercial products. In the same way, if we take two ferric citrate molecules, plus one of diammonium citrate, for the brown salt, the calculated percentages are: 5.03 per cent for NH4 and 15.65 per cent for iron. Therefore : Calculated NH4 = 5.03 per cent. Calculated Fe =15.65 per cent. Analysed Fe = 16.0 per cent (U. S. Dispensatory). These later figures check even more closely, and therefore we conclude that the green salt is composed of two ferric citrate molecules combined with one of triammonium citrate, while the other contains a diammonium citrate. In the brown diammonium salt there is left one free carboxyl group which probably is the point of difference determining the toxicity. This view is further supported by the fact that on the addition of a slight amount of ammonium hydroxide to the toxic green salt, the toxicity is lost. Further, the green salt loses ammonia slowly, as determined by an examination of the air above the salt in the bottle containing it, and then shows toxic qualities. Therefore, we believe the green salt to be unstable, tending to lose ammonia and thus, through freeing a carboxyl group, becoming more toxic, and that the brown salt is merely a stage of more complete loss of the one molecule of ammonia. In experiments K73, K75, K76, K77, K78, K79, K81, and K82 all the animals died from the decomposed green salt. In all instances, as with the brown salt, there were marked nervous symptoms, convulsions, and respiratory distress. The convulsions appeared suggestive of vestibular disturbance, but no apparent change could be found in sections of the brain stem of K81, and the other tissues also seemed normal. The fixation of the kidney tissues to be studied required a dual reaction. First, the tissues themselves must be fixed in a satisfactory manner and, secondly, the iron must be precipitated in the cell in the exact position that it had at the time of death. Any diffusion of the iron during the fixation would of course obscure any attempts to localize the iron. Aqueous reagents, such as plain Zenker's fluid, formol Zenker, formalin, and acetic acid Zenker, were first used, but although these yielded good results in tissue fixation, the iron was diffuse. Therefore 95 per cent alcohol was tried as a fixative, and it was found to yield the most satisfactory result, as diffusion of the salt was apparently eliminated entirely. There was some shrinkage due to the rapid dehydration, but control fixation with Zenker's fluid was always used to check the normal condition of the tissue. Hall (46), in a series of experiments on the fixation of inorganic iron in tissues, found that pure alcohol fixes the iron in the same position as was demonstrated by the ammonium-sulphide reaction in similar fresh tissues. The suggestion is made that ammonium sulphide (NH4SH) be added to the alcohol to insure the precipitation of the ferric salts. Tartakowsky (47) is in agreement with the findings of Hall and made extensive use of the sulphide alcohol as a reagent in fixation. In his estimation, formalin is as good a preserver of the original relations of the iron as pure alcohol. Abderhalden (48), on the other hand, states that it is his belief that alcohol destroys the localization of the iron. Such a conclusion has not been found valid in the present work. Macallum (41) states that ordinarily inorganic iron, as it is found in cells, is so slightly soluble in alcohol that the diffusion, if any, is not appreciable. He states that the forms of inorganic iron most frequent in the body are the phosphate, hydrate, and oxide. In his estimation, the use of ammonium sulphide in the alcohol increases the experimental error, as it may cause the liberation of organically combined iron already present (49). The staining technique that was employed is very simple. Equal parts of freshly prepared 2 per cent potassium ferrocyanide and 2 per cent hydrochloric-acid solutions were used in the precipitation of the Prussian blue in the sections. A uniform counterstain was obtained with acid carmine, or better with the paler alum cochineal. The tissues were all imbedded in paraffin and sections cut with a rotary microtome. The routine technique employed called for two thicknesses of section : one of 6m for the intracellular localization of the iron and the other for sections of 24/x for the anatomic localization of the salt. One other method was used with considerable success in making the Prussian-blue preparations. A mixture of equal parts of green ferric ammonium citrate and sodium ferrocyanide was injected intravenously and the tissues then fixed in 5 per cent trichloracetic acid. The hydrogen ion concentration of this solution is sufficiently high to cause the precipitation of the Prussian blue directly in the block of tissue and the reagent is at the same time a good protoplasmic fixative. Combinations of trichloracetic acid with other reagents were not as successful, although Carney's fluid with crystaUine (anhydrous) acid, in place of the glacial acetic acid usually added, proved very satisfactory. The substitution of trichloracetic acid in Bensley's A. O. B.2 fixative proved a failure, as the efficiency in the preservation of the mitochondria was destroyed (47). In making the injections of the mixture of sodium ferrocyanide and the green ferric ammonium citrate, chemical equivalent amounts were used, with a dosage of the ferric salt equal to 0.2 gram per kilo body weight. By calculation it was determined that the ratio of equivalent weights was as 1 is to 1.06, and therefore in the work equal weights of the two salts were utilized. Rabbits were the animals chiefly used, although some work was done with dogs, cats, and guinea-pigs. In all instances the salt w^as administered intravenously to insure more accurate time relations and eliminate the uncertainty of the time required for absorption. This forms a distinct improvement over the method of Gaevecke (40). A few experiments were also done with sodium ferrocyanide. The investigations reported on in this paper may now be classified under several headings or series. The first of these (series I) was the original nucleus of the work and consisted in a series of preparations of the kidney from animals which had received intravenous injections of iron salts and had been killed at varying periods of .time after the end of the injection. By such a series it was expected that one could note the direction of movement of the iron through the cells of the convoluted tubules, as the consecutive photographs of the cinema reveal motion. This series was carried out in full with the rabbit and shorter sets of experiments performed with tiie dog, cat, and guinea-pig. Series II consists of a group of experiments pertaining to the retention of the iron by the organism and especially by the cells of the kidney and the physiologic eft^ects of such retention. Series III includes a set of observations dealing further with iron ^ Bensley's A. O. B. fluid consists of: 2 per cent osmic acid 6 cc. 2.5 per cent potassium dichromate 24 cc. Glacial acetic acid 1 drop elimination through a study of the secretory curves obtained by catheterization and of the effect of the iron injections upon the circulation. Series IV represent the investigations dealing with sodium ferrocyanide in contradistinction to the fate of ferric iron. In the next group, series V, experimental nephritides, as produced by the almost specific renal poisons, tartrates, chromates, mercuric bichloride, uranium salts, and diphtheria toxin, are studied as to their effect upon the elimination of iron and it is attempted, through the localized pathology to support further the conception of localized, specialized, and specific secretion by the various units of the uriniferous tubule. RESULTS Series I In this group of experiments iron salts, usually the green ferric ammonium citrate, were injected intravenously into rabbits and the animals killed at time intervals varying from two to five hundred and sixty (560) minutes later. The kidneys were immediately fixed and histologic preparations demonstrating the iron in the form of Prussian blue prepared. The histologic localization of the iron in the kidney showed several constant characteristics, noted in every, preparation. The first, most conspicuous and uniform factor was that the iron tended to be concentrated along the free border of the cells next to the lumen. In the earlier stages (two and three minutes) this was not so marked, but those preparations taken from experiments where the interval had been over thirty minutes showed the concentration quite conspicuously. The second common characteristic was that, in no case, if the technique of staining was carefully carried out, was there any evidence of iron in the connective tissue or any diffuse staining with the reagents. In regard to this notable absence of iron in the interstitial tissues a very interesting side issue developed, inasmuch as sodium ferrocyanide was demonstrated to be present (Prussian blue precipitate with trichloracetic acid and ferric chloride or the latter alone) in a diffuse form and in the connective tissues all over the body. This marked difference in behavior will be discussed under series V. A most striking characteristic of the sections of series I was the entire absence of iron in the lumina of Bowman's capsules. In over three hundred fifty Prussian-blue preparations studied, iron was found in no case in the spaces of Bowman's capsules, although iron was often present in quite marked amounts in the capillaries of the glomerular tufts, and separated from the lumen only by the endothelium and the glomerular epithelium (43). On the other hand, iron was found in considerable amounts in the cells and lumina of the convoluted tubules. In brief outline form, the histologic findings of iron in the above series is as follows: One-half minute (K83). Female rabbit. Weight = 1550 grams. Injected 0.3 gram ferric citrate intravenously. The animal died immediately at the end of the injection, without a struggle, apparently as a result of embolism. Kidneys were fixed in: 95 per cent alcohol. Zenker's solution. Histologic findings: There was much iron in the blood-vessels and glomerular tufts, but none in any of the capsular spaces or in the convoluted or collecting tubules. With the Zenker control sections semiscattered areas of round-cell infiltration and slight dilation of some of the medullary tubules were observed. Two minutes {KS5). Young male rabbit. Weight = 1450 grams. Injected 0.3 gram green ferric ammonium citrate plus 0.3 gram sodium ferrocyanide intravenously. Animal killed two minutes after the injection. Kidneys fixed in: 5 per cent trichloracetic acid. Carney's fluid with trichloracetic acid. Zenker's fluid with trichloracetic acid. Zenker's fluid. 95 per cent alcohol. The bladder urine was negative for iron at death. Histologic findings: In this experiment the major part of the iron was found in the blood-vessels, especially noticeable in the glomerular tufts of the malpighian bodies. There was no iron in the lumen of Bowman's capsule. There was some iron in the cytoplasm of the cells of the convoluted tubules, distributed in both borders of the cells and in every position in the cytoplasm in different cells. In the greater number of cases, however, the iron was in the portion of the cells away from the lumen. There was also some iron present in the thick limbs of Henle's loop, where there was some slight diffuse cytoplasmic staining. In the medulla there was iron present in the lumina of the collecting tubules and blood-vessels. Two and one-half minutes (K42). Adult female rabbit. Weight = 1970 grams. Injected 0.4 gram' green ferric ammonium citrate intravenously. Animal killed two and one-half minutes later. Kidneys fixed in: Zenker's fluid. The urine in the bladder at death w^as negative for iron. Histologic findings: The preparations from this experiment gave nearly the same picture as those from experiment K35. Iron was found in considerable amount in the blood-vessels, but not conspicuously in the glomerular tufts as in the previous experiment. In the convoluted tubules, the iron was in every location in the cells in different individual tubules. Sometimes it was nearly confined to the border of the cells approximating the lumen, and in other examples it was to be found at the opposite periphery of the cell. There was some iron in the lumen of the convoluted tubules, in the form of distinct granules. In the medulla the iron was confined to the lumen of the collecting tubules and the blood-vessels. Three minutes {K38). Adult female rabbit. Weight = 2300 grams. Injected 0.44 gram green ferric ammonium citrate intravenously. Animal killed three minutes after injection. Kidneys fixed in: The urine in the bladder at the time of death was negative for iron. Histologic findings: In this specimen there was again considerable Prussian blue in the blood-vessels, but not so much in the glomerular tufts as before. In the case of the convoluted tubules, the iron was nearly entirely confined to the peripheral portion of the cytoplasm, aw^ay from the lumen. There was some iron in the lumen of the tubules and in the medullar} rays and collecting tubules of the medulla. Ten minutes {K32). Small male rabbit. Weight = 1620 grams. Injected 0.3 gram green ferric ammonium citrate, plus 0.3 gram sodium ferrocyanide intravenously. Animal killed ten minutes later. Ivid neys fixed in: Zenker's fluid plus trichloracetic acid. Carnoy's fluid plus crystals of trichloracetic acid. The urine in the bladder at death was positive for iron. Histologic findings: In both the 95 per cent alcohol and 5 per cent trichloracetic acid specimens of this experiment nearl}^ all the iron was present in the lumen of the collecting tubules and those of the medullary raj-^s. There was some little iron to be seen in the bloodvessels. The iron in the convoluted tubules was present in the cytoplasm of the cells, especially near the free border of the cells at the lumen. In some cases there was rather distinct Prussian blue staining of the intercellular membranes. Ten minutes {K39). Adult female rabbit. Weight = 2350 grams. Injected 0.43 gram green ferric ammonium citrate intravenously. Animal killed ten minutes after the injection. Kidneys fixed in: 95 per cent alcohol. Zenker's fluid. The urine in the bladder at death contained iron. Histological findings : In this experiment iron was present in considerable, amounts in the blood-vessels. This was markedly noticeable in the glomerular tufts. There was very little iron present in the convoluted tubules and this was located primarily in the cytoplasm between the free border at the lumen and the nucleus. The lumina of the collecting tubules of the medulla and the pelvis of the ureter also contained Prussian blue in rather considerable amounts. Twelve minutes {KS4)- Adult male rabbit. Weight — 1600 grams. Injected 0.3 gram green ferric ammonium citrate plus 0.3 gram sodium ferrocyanide intravenously. Animal killed twelve minutes later. Kidneys fixed in: 95 per cent alcohol. 5 per cent trichloracetic acid. Zenker's fluid. The urine in the bladder at death contained iron. Histological findings: Nearly all the iron in the preparations of this experiment was in the lumen of the collecting tubules of the medulla and in the medullary rays. Iron was also present in the lumen and cells of the convoluted tubules. In the cell the iron was scattered in the cytoplasm in the half of the cell toward the lumen of the tubule. Fifteen minutes {K25). Adult male rabbit. Weight = 1970 grams. Injected 0.4 gram green ferric ammonium citrate intravenously. Animal killed fifteen minutes later. Kidneys fixed in: Absolute alcohol. Zenker's solution. Urine in the bladder at death contained considerable iron. Histological findings: There was a great deal of iron in the lumen of the collecting tubules. In the cortex the iron was found present in the medullary rays and diffusely in the cells of the convoluted tubules. There was also some Prussian blue in the lumen of the convoluted tubules. Twenty minutes {K28). Adult male rabbit. Weight = 2300 grams. Injected 0.46 gram green ferric ammonium citrate plus 0.46 gram sodium ferrocyanide intravenously. Animal killed twenty minutes later. Kidneys fixed in : 95 per cent alcohol. 5 per cent trichloracetic acid. 4 parts Zenker plus 1 part trichloracetic acid. Plain Zenker's solution. Carnoy's fluid plus trichloracetic acid. The urine in the bladder at death was strongly positive for iron. Histological findings (fig. 1): In the cortex of the kidney preparations of this experiment the Prussian blue was found to some extent in the lumina of the convoluted tubules and in a finely granular form in the cytoplasm of the cells, just under the brush border. There was also considerable iron in the lumina of the thick limbs of Henle's loops and also in the lumina of the medullary collecting tubules. None was found in the blood-vessels in the sections. Thirty minutes {K26). Adult female rabbit. Weight = 1770 grams. Injected 0.4 gram green ferric ammonium citrate plus 0.4 gram sodium ferrocyanide. Animal killed thirty minutes later. Kidneys fixed in: Absolute alcohol. Carnoy's fluid plus trichloracetic acid. Zenker's fluid plus trichloracetic acid. 5 per cent trichloracetic acid. Histological findings: There was more iron to be seen in the cortex of the sections of this experiment than in the medulla; the greater portion of this cortical iron was in the form of finely granular clumps in the cytoplasm of the cells of the convoluted tubules, in the half toward the lumen, and in some cases apparently stuck to the brush border. Very little indeed was in any other position than this in the cells of the so-called secreting tubules. Prussian blue was also present in the lumen of collecting tubules, both of the medullary rays and of the medulla proper. Thirty-seven minutes (KIO). Large albino male rabbit. Injected 0.7 gram brown ferric ammonium citrate intravenously. Animal killed thirty-seven minutes later. Kidneys fixed in: 95 per cent alcohol. Zenker's fluid. The urine in the bladder was strongly positive for iron. Histological findings: Practically every collecting tubule in the medulla of the sections of this experinient contained much iron in its lumen. The straight tubules of the medullary rays also gave a strong Prussian-blue reaction. It was noticeable that many of the convoluted tubules in the section were negative for iron, and that those which did contain iron varied greatly in the extent of their reaction. In some cases the cells were heavily laden at their peripheral border at the lumen, while others retained only a smaller amount. The localization of the iron in the cells was the same as described just above. Three hundred and thirty minutes (K13). Medium-sized female 0.8 rabbit. Injected 0.8 gram brown ferric ammonium citrate intravenously. The animal showed toxic symptoms from the brown salt. Died five and one quarter hours later. Autopsied at once. Kidneys fixed in: 95 per cent alcohol. Zenker's fluid. The urine aspirated from the bladder was negative for the iron test. Histological findings: The medullary portion of this kidney was entirely negative for iron, as one would expect, as the urine of the animal had been negative before death occurred. But there was an appreciable amount of iron in the section. This was confined entirely to the cytoplasm of the cells of the convoluted tubules, at their border toward the lumen. Here again, there appeared to be iron right in the brush border of the cells in some cases, and it was noted that in some tubules the cells were heavily laden, while in others the cells did not contain any iron at all. This important point will be more fully discussed later in the paper. Five hundred and sixty minutes {K12). Large albino male rabbit. Injected 0.8 gram filtered brown ferric ammonium citrate solution intravenously. Animal showed toxic symptoms. Died in nine hours and twenty minutes. Autopsied at once. Ividneys fixed in: 95 per cent alcohol. Zenker's fluid. The urine in the bladder was negative for iron. Histological findings: In the histologic preparations of this experiment the localization of the iron was exactly the same as noted in the previous experiment (K13). It was further noted that in both this period and the shorter interval of 330 minutes, those tubules which contained the iron in large amounts were distinctly grouped together and localized. The reasons for this will be discussed later. The above-described type of experiment was repeated in shorter sets in three mammalian species other than the rabbit, namely, with the guinea-pig, cat, and dog. Essentially the same technique was employed except that a light ether anesthesia aided in making the intravenous injection. With each species three experiments, of typical time intervals of three, ten, and twenty minutes, were carried out. In the series with the cat the section fixed in Zenker's fluid and stained with hematoxylin and eosin in routine to check the normality of the tissue, showed all the animals to have been nephritic and therefore the results must be completely discarded. The same was unfortunately true of two of the dog experiments. The guinea-pig series, however, was normal throughout, as were all the rabbits used in the observations recorded above. Three minutes {KJ^O). Female guinea-pig. Weight = 740 grams. Injected 0.15 gram green ferric ammonium citrate into the femoral vein, exposed under light ether anesthesia. Animal killed by bleeding three minutes later. Kidneys fixed in: 50 . E. J. STIEGLITZ 95 per cent alcohol. Zenker's solution. Histological findings: Prussian blue was present in the cells of the convoluted tubules, and appeared in all parts of the cells in different instances. In many tubules the brush border was deep blue and the intercellular membranes demarcated. There was some iron in the blood-vessels (glomerular tufts) , but none in any of the capsular spaces. There was only an occasional trace of blue in the lumina of the collecting tubules of the medulla. Ten minutes {K50). Female guinea-pig. Weight = 720 grams. Procedure and dose identical with those of the preceding experiment, except that the animal was allowed to Uve ten minutes. Histologic findings: In the medullary portion iron was present in the lumina of the collecting tubules. In the cortex the glomeruli and their capsular spaces were negative. In the lumen and also in the free border of the cells in occasional convoluted tubules granular iron was found. Those tubules containing the iron were grouped (K37), while many of the convoluted tubules showed no iron at all. Twenty minutes {K51). Female guinea-pig. Weight = 655 grams. Procedures identical with those above. Dose = 0.13 gram (0.2 gram per kilo body weight, as was used as a standard), and the animal killed after twenty minutes. Histologic findings: The medullary collecting tubules contained iron in their lumina. There was also some in the lumen and along the brush border of some of the convoluted tubules. The glomeruK and capsular spaces were negative. All in all, there was Httle iron in the tissue, less than with a rabbit. Thus we have again, in a different species, results similar to those seen in the rabbit and differing only in the quantity of iron appearing, as the dosage is the same per kilo weight. There is no deviation from the trend of progress as more completely illustrated in the rabbit investigations. Such a series of consecutive pictures, illustrating the trend of the iron to be from the periphery of the cells of the convoluted tubules toward their border approximating the lumen, and the presence of iron in the brush border only in the later periods of time, indicates very strongly that the passage of iron from the blood into the urine is by a mechanism of secretion through these cells, rather than as a filtrate from the glomerulus. In no instance was there a deviation from the general trend of the movement as witnessed by the localization of the Prussian blue. The negative evidence in regard to the finding of iron in the glomerular capsule and the capsular space is of little value alone, because, as v. Sobieranski (10) and Brodie (14) have pointed out, the flow of fluid from the malphighian body may be very rapid indeed. Furthermore, negative evidence alone never carries conclusive weight. But, this fact, coupled with the evident localization of the intracellular iron, seems to warrant the conclusion that iron enters the urine through the secretion of the cells of the convoluted tubules. Glaevecke (43) records similar findings and arrives at the same conclusion. The last example of the above series in the rabbit showed that iron remained in the kidney for some time after the urine had become negative. This fact led to the work upon another series of experiments on the nature, both anatomic and physiologic, of this renal retention of iron. Aschoff (28) believes it important to differentiate the period of secretory activity and the 'Speicherungs phase.' The phase of secretion (for the dyes Aschoff used) reaches its height in an hour and then slowly falls, while the phase of storage only reaches its height after twelve to twenty-four hours. He concludes that storage or, as we have termed it, retention is an independent process from secretion. The results of our work, reported below, do not support such a contention. The first fact sought for was the duration and behavior of the retention following a single injection of iron. In experiments K12 and K13, recorded above, we have seen that the cells of the convoluted tubules, especially along their brush border, contain the iron as long as 9.5 hours after the urine is negative with the very delicate Prussian-blue test. How long this iron would remain in the kidney following a single administration has not yet been exactly determined, but one experiment (K37) was carried out for the sake of an estimate, the animal being killed eighty- three hours after an injection of the usual dose of the green salt. It was about seventy-five hours after the urine had become free of iron. The sections displayed a little iron present in the form of granular masses in the kimina of a few of the tubules of the medullary rays, somewhat after the nature of early casts. In a few cases small scattered granules of blue were to be seen in the cytoplasm of the cells of the convoluted tubules. The liver preparations w^ere negative for iron, but the Kupffer cells were more numerous in the stellate form than normally found (51, 52). In the spleen, the macrophages contained much iron, but the splenic corpuscles were free thereof. In K52, where the animal was killed twenty-four hours after the injection of a corresponding dose, there was not apparently any more iron present. Therefore the rate of disappearance of this iron must be a slow one. Any retention of the salt in the secretory cells would indicate that the cells are not able to pass on all the iron as they receive it, and that therefore, if the cells were made to receive still more iron, the retention should be >^cumulative. In experiment K30 three injections of the less toxic green ferric ammonium citrate were given in intervals of about thirty-six hours, thus permitting the urine to be free of iron for some twenty-four to thirty hours before the next injection. The animal was killed ninety- two hours after the last injection, or seventy- two hours after the urine had become negative. Histologically, a considerable retention of iron was demonstrated. The iron was confined to the cytoplasm of the cells of the convoluted tubules. It was again noted that certain tubules were entirely free, while others contained considerable quantities of Prussian blue. The phagocytic cells of Kupffer in the liver and the splenic macrophages also contained much of the reagent. Experiments K87, K88, K89, and K91 are of a similar nature. The routine Zenker control fixation revealed the kidneys of K87 and especially K88 to be pathologic, the former showing focal and diffuse areas of roundcell infiltration and the latter a distinct chronic fibrous interstitial nephritis. Therefore these two experiments must be discarded. In K89, in which the animal had received four injections of iron, the cells of the convoluted tubules were found to be diffusely blue, with a slight concentration of the color at the free margin of the cells, and the findings in K91, after the same number of injections, were similar. In all cases considerably more iron was observed than following a single injection. Having noted the evident accumulative nature of the iron retention in the secretory cells, it was believed that frequent long-continued, multiple injections might lead to a condition of, block in the passage through the cell. Considering the iron to be passing by absorption from the urine to the blood, such a block should make the elimination of iron in the urine more complete and more rapid. But, on the other hand, if the block, either complete or partial, obstructs the passage of the iron through the cells from the blood to the urine, the elimination of iron should be both decreased and delayed. This question was investigated in a series of experiments on rabbits in which the animals were kept in metabolism cages and each sample of urine studied during a course of injections, and we were able to obtain a point where the block to iron elimination was very marked. The first indication of an obstruction to the passage of iron was in the prolongation of the period of elimination. Following an intravenous injection of the iron salt, the normal period during which the urine remains positive is from four to six hours, but varies somewhat with each animal. In K30 (see above) the first period of iron elimination was approximately fifteen hours (the animal was not normal), the period following a second injection was forty-eight, and the third period forty hours. In K36, in which a normal male rabbit weighing 2350 grams was given nine intravenous injections over a period of twenty-eight days, the record of the tests for iron in the urine, taken every time a sample was voided, showed a constantly increasing period of elimination, until, following the last injection, it took 68.5 hours for the urine to become free of iron. This result might well be due to a block or impairment of activity on the part of the glomeruli; but if this were the case, the urine volume should show a progressive fall from day to daj as the block increased. But such was not true, as the volume curve showed a very irregular secretion of urine, but without any progressive fall or rise in the amount. The suspected absence of any glomerular injury and the presence of an injury of, or an accumulation of iron in, the convoluted tubules, was confirmed by the histologic study of this experiment. In the material fixed with Zenker's fluid, as control, the malpighian bodies were perfectly normal, but the cells of the convoluted tubules were small, surrounding enlarged lumina, and in some places there was desquamation. Hyaline casts were found in the collecting tubules of the medulla, but none was noted in the cortex. In the last days of the experiment casts were also noted in the urine. The cells of the convoluted tubules showed a more than normally granular cytoplasm, but the nuclei were apparently normal. With Bensley's aniline-acid fuchsin, methyl green mitochondria stain (50) the sections showed a loss of the mitochondrial content of the cells in the convoluted tubules. In the tissue fixed in 95 per cent alcohol the kidney showed a great retention of iron. This was confined entirely to the cells of the convoluted tubules, and again showed the peculiar localization noted in the previous experiments (K12, K13, K30, K37, K89, and K91) (fig. 2). Some of the tubules were entirely free of iron and in others the cells were heavily laden. This same fact was observed in K102 (six injections) andK105 (five injections), although less iron was present. Those tubules containing the iron were distinctly grouped together. The tubules free of iron also showed the enlarged lumina and cells of decreased size described above. The significance of such a localization is not clear, but two possibilities are suggested. It may be an indication of a selective activity on the part of the different tubules, or on the other hand the localization may be due to some vascular change involving the afferent or even the efferent glomerular arteries, and thereby causing local constriction and an altered and reduced amount of blood to certain tubules. Kobert (41), in his paper on the pharmacology of manganese and iron, records the same type of findings for iron retained in the kidneys, but concludes that the difference in the tubules is due to a difference in the phases of activity in the various cells. Such a conclusion appears invalid in the light of the fact that this selective localization remains over a period of twenty-eight days. Recognizing that it was quite possible that either the proximal or distal convoluted tubules alone retained (and therefore secreted) the iron, and being unable to differentiate them accurately in the alcohol-fixed preparations, two attempts (K72 and K89) were made to apply Huber's technique of tubule isolation to the iron-loaded ducts (53, 54). The animal of experiment K72 had received five injections. The Huber method of injection of concentrated hydrochloric acid into the renal artery was slightly altered by the addition of some sodium ferrocyanide to the acid to make possible the immediate precipitation of the Prussian blue. The kidneys became very dark blue, especially in the cortex. All the proximal convoluted tubules that could be identified with certainty contained iron, but not necessarily uniformly, for some cells were deep blue, while their immediate neighbors in the same tubule apparently contained no inorganic iron. In a similar preparation from K89, the animal of which had received four injections, the Huber micro-dissection showed many convoluted tubules containing no blue and small areas of blue in both the proximal and in some distal convoluted tubules. In K72 the findings in the distal tubules were not certain, as they were chiefly negative for iron. The glomeruli in both experiments were all uniformly devoid of blue. In other words, these experiments gave corroborative results which show that the iron is carried by individual cells in probably either the proximal or distal convoluted tubules (certainly in the former), but that these cells must be specialized and differentiated in some manner from their neighbors which do not retain and probably therefore do not secrete iron. In search of further evidence some kidney tissue containing iron (K96) was fixed in Bensley's A. 0. B. reagent (50) for mitochondria and stained by Altmann's technique, but the iron was in a diffuse form, demonstrating the A. 0. B. reagent as unsuitable for the fixation of iron. We believe that this subject of apparently highly localized special function warrants further investigation and that it is to be closely correlated with the studies of specific renal pathology of Aschoff (28) and Suzuki (29) (series V) . Besides prolonging the period of elimination of iron, the accumulative retention block decreases the quantity excreted. K72 was the first experiment which convincingly demonstrated this. Normally, the first sample of urine after an injection shows a very deep blue reaction with hydrochloric acid and ferrocyanide, a reaction read as + + + , followed by one of + + intensity, and then one of + about five hours after the injection. After the last administration (the fifth) in K72 only one sample showed iron and that was a single plus, 1.5 hours after the injection. Apparently very little iron was excreted, despite the fact that the usual dose was given intravenously. This decrease in the amount secreted was also noted in experiments K89, K91, K102, and somewhat in K105. No exact quantitative studies were made, but the colorimetric estimation is amply delicate to indicate the marked decrease. Together with the increased duration of the elimination, this fact is significant in yielding further support to the conception of secretion in contradistinction to reabsorption by the convoluted tubules. Use was made in some of these investigations on the nature of iron retention of the phenolsulphonephthalein functional test of Rowntree and Geraghty (55, 56), which has been shown to be secreted by the convoluted tubules (55, 30, 57) and is extensively used clinically with considerable confidence and success and has proved far superior to other test substances, such as methylene blue (58), indigocarmine (3), rosaniline (59, 60, 61), potassium iodide (62, 63), and hemoglobin. At best, however, the introduction of such foreign substances for an estimation of functional renal efficiency is inconclusive, and a study of secretion of the normal constituents of the urine by the newer methods of biochemistry is perhaps a better indicator of the functional condition in disease. (Austin, (57)). In the rabbit a dose of 0.5 cc. or 0.03 gram of phenolsulphonephthalein given intravenously was used. The average normal excretion in eight tests was 61 per cent lor the first, 8 per cent for the second, or 69 per cent for the two hours. In K72 the first normal reading was 33 per cent, 7.5 per cent, or 40.5 per cent for the total of two hours, while a test made after three injections of iron read 17 per cent, 4 per cent and 21 per cent for the two hours, showing a striking decrease in the excretion. Not only does the accumulation of iron interfere with the further elimination of iron, but it greatly reduces the ability to pass the phenolsulphonephthalein, known to be secreted by the convoluted tubules. The normal urine of rabbits is usually rich in carbonates; so rich, in fact, that it is generally turbid. This turbidity is lost and carbon dioxide generated by the addition of acid to the urine, which is alkaline to litmus. The carbonates are chiefly in the form of the calcium salt, for otherwise the turbidity would not exist. It was noted from the outset of the work that following an injection of iron the urine became clear for several samples. It also became brown (often quite dark) and gradually returned to its normal pale and cloudy condition as the concentration of iron diminished. The brown color was undoubtedly due to the presence of ferric hydroxide (Fe(0H)3), as the urine was alkaline and the color was lost on the addition of acid. It is difficult, however, to explain the disappearance of the carbonate (iron containing urine did not give carbon dioxide with acid) during iron excretion. Whether calcium elimination is also inhibited at this time we cannot be certain, for it may have been present in other forms and no specific tests for calcium were made. According to Roehl (64), calcium is detected in the outer two thirds of the cells of the convoluted tubules following an intravenous injection of lime salts, and he concludes that these granules are in close relation to the excretion of the salt. This is a conclusion further supported by the accumulation of lime and the formation of soaps (Klotz (65)) when the kidney is damaged experimentally. Therefore it is quite possible that if calcium follows the same route as iron in its excretion, the presence of iron might interfere with and inhibit the passage of calcium, as it certainly does with the carbonate ions. A further factor to be considered here, and also in connection with the other inhibitions resulting from the presence of iron, is its possible effect upon the physical condition of the cytoplasmic colloids as a trivalent cation. Loeb (66) has shown that bivalent cations, such as Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, do not cause excessive swelling of colloid membranes as do the univalent ions and that this effect is primarily a surface one. It is his belief that any diffusion of electrolytes depends not only upon the osmotic pressure, but also upon the 'salt effect' upon the surface of the proteins on the membrane. Fischer (18, p. 51) states that iron (ferric) is the most effective electrolytic basic radical inhibiting the swelling of fibrin in water and acid. This is said to be equally true for other proteins. Calcium is considerably less effective in this connection, but among the acid radicals the citrate is the strongest. As both ferric and citrate ions are present during the period of secretion of such substances as phenolsulphonephthalein, carbonate, and probably calcium, they are directly associated with changes in the colloidal condition of the cytoplasm of the secretory cells. This effect is directly proportional to the concentration of the ions up to certain limits, an observation coinciding with the fact that with decreasing iron concentration the cloudy carbonates of calcium may gradually reappear in the urine before it is completely free of the ferric radical. Assuming the Fischer theory of the physicochemical nature of water absorption, retention, and secretion by tissues on a basis of changes in the cell colloids (18, pp. 151 to 171), and realizing that the different parts of a single cell contain colloids of different natures, we find it is possible to explain the inequalities in water content (and similarly, salt content) of different parts of the same cell. An example of such inequalities is the accumulation of iron under the brush border in the first series. Fischer states (18, p. 165): " Concentration differences can be maintained in different parts of the same cell, between different cells or between cells and their surrounding media even in the absence of 'membranes' because of inequalities in distribution, determined by solubility, adsorption or chemical differences, or all three together." Meyer (67) and Overton (68) have pointed out that the rate of adsorption of substances by a cell is dependent upon the relative solubility in water and lipoids, or, in other words, upon its partition coefficient, and in the same way this controls the intracellular distribution. The adsorptive power of charcoal is universally known, and colloids, also having tremendous surface areas, similarly are able to adsorb substances and so control their distribution. The adsorptive power of such colloids is greatly altered by environmental condition, as, for example, the hydrogen ion concentration, and therefore a given cell may adsorb, retain, or secrete depending upon the various influences at work upon it. Similarly, chemical combinations may bind a substance locally within a cell, but this is perhaps the least essential of the three factors. Such a conception is entirely in agreement with that of cell polarity, both morphologic and physiologic. Direct evidence of such polar differentiation as seen in this work is the evident tendency for iron to accumulate under the brush border in the convoluted tubules. The idea of cell polarity is by no means a new one, and has long been recognized as an important factor in any epithelial secretory mechanism (69). The excellent work of Child (70) on metabolic gradients in unicellular and other low forms of animal life is an important contribution in this connection. In the higher forms Tashiro (71) demonstrated quantitatively different metabolic rates in different levels of a nerve fiber and changes in rate with the passage of an impulse from the higher to the lower level of activity. Alvarez (72, 73, 74) in a grosser way demonstrated a functional gradient of the alimentary tract which is independent of its anatomic units. And so it is not without precedent to suppose that within the individual cell the two poles may behave quite differently. In the routine of the retention experiments the specific gravity of each sample was determined among the other tests. In thirteen retention experiments twenty-nine examples of the effect of iron secretion on the specific gravity of the urine were studied and in every instance the specific gravity was greatly lowered during the iron elimination. The average reading in fifty-seven observations on urine containing iron was 1.012 and the average for seventy-one readings of normal, iron-free urine, 1.0183. In many instances the difference was much more marked, as in K72: a reading of 1.006 when iron was present as contrasted to 1.018, 1.020, 1.022, when absent. This characteristic of lowered specific gravity appearing when iron is present in the urine was such a constant one that it cannot be without considerable significance, particularly as it is correlated with the inhibitory or block effect of iron on the passage of phenolsulphonephthalein, carbonates, probably calcium, and certainly of iron itself. Were there a diuresis during the iron excretion one might assume the urine to be diluted because of the more rapid glomerular filtration of water, but no diuresis exists at this time. In fact, the findings are to the contrary, as there is a diminished elimination of water during iron excretion, as recorded and discussed under series III. Therefore, the urine cannot be diluted by the addition of an excess of water, and the only remaining explanation is that the presence of iron obstructs the secretion of an appreciable proportion of the urinary solids by the mechanism discussed above. Therefore, we believe to have shown in this series of retention experiments that the cells of the convoluted tubules do not secrete all the iron that reaches them from the blood, but retain an appreciable quantity. This retention is accumulative with multiple injection of iron, and such an accumulation not only interferes with the secretion of iron as evidenced by a prolongation of the period of elimination and a diminution in the quantity excreted, but also inhibits the passage of other substances, and is therefore associated with a fall in the specific gravity of the urine. It is quite certain that this block or inhibition is essentially correlated with, and probably due to, an altered state of the cytoplasmic colloids brought about by the presence of the trivalent active ferric ions. A closer study of the changes in the urine and their relation to the interval after injection during the period of iron elimination promised to throw more light upon the mechanism of iron secretion by the kidney, and further investigations by means of catheterization experiments were carried out. The technique of these experiments was as follows: a rabbit, tied to the table in the dorsal position, is catheterized and the bladder emptied; the usual dose (0.2 gram per kilo weight) of iron salt injected into the marginal ear vein and specimens of urine continuously collected, measured, and tested for iron at frequent intervals. The same quantity of urine and reagent were used in each test reaction, so that the colorimetric results could be read as trace, one, two, or three plus. The resultant data were charted. The first of these experiments (K9) failed because the toxic brown ferric ammonium citrate was used and the animal died. In experiment K43 the following curve was obtained (chart 1) : This experiment was twice repeated (K46 and K60) with very similar results (chart 2). All three of these curves agree so uniformly that the results may be considered as not due to chance or individual variation. The plateau of the iron secretion curve in reality probably should be a uniform rise and fall, but the triple plus readings were of such a dark blue that it was impossible to make higher readings. All the measurements of volume have been corrected, inasmuch as the intervals between taking samples are not uniform. The volume in cubic centimeters was divided by the number of minutes since taking the previous specimen and that figure multiplied by ten, putting all the reading upon an equivalent basis. One of the striking characteristics of the iron-excretion curve is that the salt does not appear earlier than ten minutes after the end of the intravenous injection. In several other experiments of the type recorded under series I and II where the animals were kept in metabolism cages, and also in K9, this fact was also conspicuous when the animals incidentally urinated immediately or soon after the injection. In no such instance could a positive test for iron be obtained before ten minutes. A part of this latent period may be due to the time necessary for the urine to reach the bladder, for the delivery of the iron to the kidney is virtually immediate in an intravenous injection. This latent period alone contraindicates any passage of iron through the glomeruli, for other substances may appear in the urine in less than a minute. However, such evidence is only of value in the E. J. STIEGLITZ light of the many other indications of secretion by the tubules. Furthermore, such curves correspond almost exactly with those found by Rowntree and Geraghty (55) for phenolsulphonephthalein, known to be secreted by the tubules. The most essential result of these experiments, however, is the decrease in the amount of water passed during the height of the iron elimination and the fact that as soon as there is a fall in the quantity of iron there is a corresponding rise in the volume excreted. This relation was also noted, but not so accurately or conspicuously, in many other experiments in which the urine KJfS TIME AFTER INJECTION VOLUME AS READ CORRECTED VOLUME was obtained without catheterization, and therefore at more infrequent intervals. Indirectly, such a fall in the volume is further support for the view against the glomerular filtration of iron, as one should expect, an increase in the volume at the height of iron elimination, or an excessively active removal of water back from the uriniferous tubules into the blood would be required. Associated with the antidiuresis is the finding that in several of the retention experiments (K72, K87, K89, K102, K105) a condition of ascites was noted at autopsy immediately after the animal was killed. This was especially marked in experi MECHANISM OF RENAL SECRETION = Iron = Volume in cc. Chart 1 Catheter secretion curve of experiment K43 ments K102 and K105, in which the iron injections were pushed and the interval between administrations diminished. The presence of such ascites might possibly be correlated with the TABLE 2 KJf6 (+) Trace TABLE 3 K60 effect of the ferric ion on the hydration of tissue colloids, particularly those of the renal cells. However, the data at hand in this connection are far too few to be of any conclusive value. i i i i ■ ' ' 1 1 '" '• i 1 1 ; i i 1 1 . ' : ' 1 : 1 ; I I i TiT M ' ' ^ '+ti:~~^ ±^ • .u- X TE " + __^ .1 -)-t--i 1-^ -<- -Tx X-Litx X it tr " xt -- - - _ X _ n_ . "r± _i_ + _i_ " ■ -^H — 1- -f- -1- -j T-4- It -^ -1- X _iX _i_ ' xL 'it X Tr~r I X" it i - j- -+- - -jH -It It X - - it XT X - -^ x - It iiL X " -- - - - - ti itJi itt it _ :__ I ±t^ it " -X _ X J -+- X 1 Hi - - - itit it it it " ' X " It - -- -J- -}- --^ --I-J-- . X ^ ..X I - - -r 1 ' 1 i T "■" ■ "■" "■ _: ■ r R / " i i 1 ititx x it it it X itit - "^ ^. X _\|_ xX _ljl X -t -f- -f- ^ -^ -- -X - ~^ ix -+- " X - lb " 1 ^ -,--4--! t-t--i-i- -^ - -i' - xt; II / 1 ■ i -H - - - - -r ^- -J- l^ -^ -1- _L ^ _?."■■■"" f +^_t:i---Xi Xl±.._.^___ + ± j^+t . -- ^ - y -^ X ^ 4- 3>!4j^ ^ — -I---T X -r:± iJ-—\ \ 1 r-'--=>±H--t— H- 1 ^ iji H 1 T' i\ T^ '1 1 # ' ' ""^^^ 1 rt^ ' i ?n ' t 1 •% ' r-< ' - - ■ iX /SV I 1 M r>-.ftiJj 1 ' 1 ; ! j-.^-^ [ 1 1 T^-«>., 14kli4llt^-mp-i4l\|l4-^f\|4 ' i ift-\| t IfHTitr^tp-^j . i ! [ i 1 1 ' h^iixiilT^pmblp lO 20 30 40 50 60 70 8090 100 120 lAO 160 160 200 220 240 260 280 300 Minutes = Iron Chart 2 Catheter secretion curve of experiment K46, in which the green ferric ammonium citrate was used, as also in the other experiments of this type ■t-T"' -1 1 : 1 ' , 1 ' ■ ' 1 1 1 . W i i ' 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 J ■ ! , • . ... 1 ' ' '1 i 1 ! li 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' ' ' : . ■ ' ' \ ■ \ ' ■ . ■: . ■ ■ , : \'[> -n+i ' ' 1 1 1 ! , 1 1 i-p ri — n — ti ! 1 11»^H 4- :' rrTi4 ' ' i ' -t^M-M^-Vr^ =HfFHtF™tf"='"T "ilTi 1.1 -H=^ 1 ! , -r Ml '11 ~j^-^M^^ -fH+-T^+i-b^^rT— -^- 1 ; ; 'ijiX^ 1 r • ' ' ' 1 ' 1 ' ' ' ' I ! i 1 1 ; 1 L! I ^. 1 ■ ( .^- X -j- -f- -1 ' ; : i ii «i. 1 -tl-l-X^ i ' i 1 ' 1 1 1 1 4--r- X -J" 1 i 1 ; 1 / i 'i^, I'M 1 1 ! ! 1 » i 1 ^ 1-fI -Mfr^ ,„'r.,LL . 1 i 1 1 II' .f \ ! -f-T" ■i T > -J 1 III -H-\|_ ^ - ___ 'V 1 X 1 ' 1 _i-X ^ "^s ' ' y' 1 ^x^ — X +-T 4^=Cik!^> iL-44X- Ui 1 1,' , .L--. r4t W^TI X"": +t^'lT^ ^^x5S 't; y' ill I - -t-H XT XI I! 4-^ X -^r^. i-^-j-f -4r-H — ! PfflStB l< i^xJ-^J \ ij 1 1 X _ ^x I'll 1 X^> ' 10 203C > 40 5C 7O 8C 40 160 lao z Chart 3 Catheter secretion curve, experiment K60 Realizing that this conspicuous antidiuresis or inhibition to water ehmination might be due to some vasodilator, depressor effect of the ferric ammonium citrate interfering with the normal circulation to the kidney, we performed two experiments (K84 and K85) to ascertain this point. Dogs were used; the animals put under light ether anesthesia and cannular connections made from the carotid artery to a manometer set to record on a kymograph. The tracings obtained showed a prompt, very brief drop in the blood pressure of about 20 to 40 mm. when large doses were injected very quickly into the femoral vein. Both experiments gave the same results. This fall in pressure lasted only for a few seconds, never as long as a minute, and following that, the pressure remained at normal. Therefore it is impossible to ascribe the decrease in urine flow following iron injections to any depressor actions of the salt. Another possibility which suggested itself in this connection was some change in the blood plasma, binding the 'free' water and manifesting itself by disturbance of the thermoregulatory processes and the production of fever, as recorded and discussed by Balcar, Sansum and Woodyatt (75). Therefore throughout the two above-described blood-pressure experiments the rectal temperature was taken at frequent intervals. However, no change in the slight and gradual fall of temperature, which invariably accompanies ether anesthesia, was discovered; the temperature curve fell uniformly, irrespective of the iron injections. Thus it is evident that the inhibition to the passage of water due to the iron salt is neither the result of a depressor action of the drug nor of changes in the blood plasma binding the 'free' water. Moreover, the presence of iron, tending to dehydrate rather than to hydrate the colloids, should increase rather than decrease the 'free' water. However, Fischer (18, p. 295), in discussing saline diuresis, makes the following statement: "the saline diuretics are nothing but those salts which without being markedly poisonous are the most powerful dehydrants of the body colloids. They owe their action primarily not to any effect upon the kidney, but to an effect upon the body as a whole. By diffusing into the tissues MECHANISM OF EENAL SECRETION 67 of the body they Uberate water from them and their diuretic activity is but an expression of the amount of water they are thus able to hberate." Iron (18, p. 51) being the most active cation and the citrate radical the most powerful anion in dehydrating colloids, ferric ammonium citrate should be an efficient diuretic. How, then, can one conceive of the above results, shovring considerable inhibition to water elimination, being compatible with Fischer's theory? They are, however, quite compatible therewith, as is clear from the f ollovring considerations. In all three of the catheterization experiments there is a slight and very transient rise in the rate of flow at the very outset of the iron elimination. This may be due to any one of several factors; one of the simplest being the nervous and vasomotor stimulation occasioned by the fright and excitement of the animal during the injection. Such an explanation would not hold for the later, greater and permanent rise occurring with the decreasing concentration of iron, for at that time the animal is not disturbed. The brief rise might also be due to the increased blood volume due to the addition of the injection fluid to the circulation (dose usually dissolved in 10 cc. distilled water), but that is unlikely; or, lastly, to the fact that at that time, immediately after the intravenous injection of iron, the system is freely reacted upon by the ferric ion, the colloids altered so that they tend to lose water and then this excess of water must be eliminated by the kidneys. Series I having shown how quickly the iron became localized intracellularly, the question arose as to how long the iron remxained in the blood stream. Several experiments are included in this group, (K33, K38, K39, K40, K43), but in none was a conclusive result obtained, partly because the hemoglobin of the blood obscured the test by forming brown methemaglobin with the acid in the reaction. If iron Vv^ere present it would be in very dilute solution and therefore a trace of blue would be lost in the deep brown. Furthermore, it is possible that the iron, when in the blood stream, is in combination with one or more of the serum proteins, and therefore insensitive to the test employed (49). From a study of the histologic preparations in series I we have seen that the blood-vessel lumina give a positive Prussian-blue reaction up to a point of twelve minutes after the injection. Harvey and Bensley (76) record somewhat similar findings in their work on the gastric secretion of hydrochloric acid. Therefore, the duration of the free circulation of uncombined iron is probably quite brief, although it is quite possible that it circulates in a masked form, combined with serum colloids (proteins) with either chemical or physical bonds. Such iron would probably be inactive, as it is already bound to protein. With the disappearance of the free and active iron from the circulation, the tendency for the body colloids to liberate water stops. Therefore, there is consequently no more stimulation to diuresis. Furthermore, the increasing accumulation of iron intracellularly in the walls of the convoluted tubules of the kidney begins to take effect. As we have just stated, we see that either the ferric or citrate ions alone, or more so together, reduce the tendency of colloids to adsorb water, and therefore the presence of either substance, but especially the ferric ion, in the cytoplasm of any secretory cell would tend to inhibit the passage into that cell of water or other substances, for the solutes cannot well enter if their solvent, water, is repelled. Such is the mechanism we believe to be responsible for the initial, very transient diuresis and the later obvious inhibitory action of the iron to water secretion, and also to the solids of the urine, as evidenced by the decreased specific gravity during iron elimination. The apparent contradiction of Fischer's conclusions and results is due to two factors: 1) The fact that his injections of diuretic salines were slow and long continued, the body plasma therefore having a continuous supply of the saline, while in our experiments the administration of iron was by a single, rapid injection of the ferric salt, and, 2) that iron is conspicuously a salt w^hich rapidly and thoroughly becomes localized intracellularly — a characteristic not described for the cations which Fischer worked with. In one experiment (K67) similar to those showing the secretion curves of iron and water, 1 grain of caffeine sodiobenzoate was injected in the same solution with the ferric ammonium citrate and the following results obtained (table 4 and chart 4). -p.- _ _ . >. ^ _ . . . ._ . . ZL ~ ' _U . .-_..- - ' - '-+■ - 1 ^ f i T : i i ---... - _) — - - -- ^ -j_ -- -- - - - 43 -- - ^ ^ t ± . _ . T it_ . _ X - — i .. . ^ - j: t - - T .... JL - i it 3 - » X -^ X ' . -J ± ± ± 1^ : : S it :S ± ; 1 : ± fc it ^ :j ± _ _ _i. j; .. _ . X 4t _u ^ - - jT 3: . -i -1 -< ' j ^ 4>.j' : .a. .h. ..;.«..- - __!:--; _. . " .* ».. 2 " z I >v. / 4_ - ^ ^- . -l-Cn^ 4-^ f ' . - - !/ sL ;: : t .S-. I it ^"5., it .,.. ^. , .5- . !:! : n:.: ' ^s: .. 1 1 '• ' * ^ 1 I it Sk- .i^.-^uii "^i .— t-ii + iiii-!-Tq- T Xit^ ^ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90I00 120 140 160 ISO 200 - - = Volume in cc. Chart 4 Secretion curve for experiment K67. With the ferric ammonium citrate injected was 1 grain of caffeine sodiobenzoate. Note the more rapid rate of secretion. Scale is the same as in the other figures In comparing this curve with the results for iron injections without the addition of caffeine as a diuretic, one notes that the most striking feature is the much more prompt appearance of the iron in the urine and the greater brevity of the period of ehmination, being 160 instead of 300 minutes. In all other respects the curves are similar. Corresponding with the shortened time of iron excretion, the rise in urine volume appears much earlier, but it is in the same relative position as before. The caffeine, although a diuretic known to increase the flow of urine, is unable to neutralize the inhibition of the iron, but as soon as that is removed a delayed diuresis occurs, as evidenced by the great volume of the last sample. It is not within the scope of this paper to enter into a detailed discussion of the pharmacodynamic action of caffeine and its related diuretics, but it is apparent, from the increased speed of iron secretion, that in some way it stimulated the cells of the convoluted tubules to greater activity and that there was a true diuresis, therefore, despite the decreased secretion of water. Iron is secreted more rapidly, water inhibited bj^ the iron. That the caffeine can do this indicates that the route of the two substances, solvent and solute, is possibly not the same. Series IV The behavior of ferrocyanide in the body when introduced intravenously is quite different from that of the trivalent ferric ion. This was first demonstrated in this work by experiment K29 and later checked by a similar experiment, K49, both of the type of investigation described under series I. Prussian blue, precipitated by means of ferric chloride, was found in a diffuse form throughout the connective tissue, the renal pelvis and sinus and lymphatic spaces in the kidney sections and never in distinct granular form. Biberfield (77, 78) and Easier (79) record finding the Berhn or Prussian blue in the interstitial tissues only and support their statements with figures. They are unable to draw any conclusions as to the pathway through the kidney, but find, as our experiments also show, that it appears in the urine in abundance. Similar differences in behavior of the two compounds of iron in the animal body were recorded by Ranvier, as acknowledged by Miss Fitzgerald in her w^ork on the secretion of hydrochloric acid by the gastric tubules (80). In testing for ferrocyanide in the fresh tissues at autopsy, we found that the salivary glands, stomach wall and gastric contents, the liver and subcutaneous as well as retroperitoneal connective tissue gave strong Prussian-blue reactions twenty minutes after the injection. Such a diffuse and non-specific distribution is quite the opposite of that of the ferric iron, which appeared in a granular form, never in interstitial spaces and only intracellularly or in the blood-vessel lumina. In the introduction to this paper we made the statement that iron (ferric) was used because it is an ionizable salt giving a delicate microchemical color reaction. It is true that the salts employed are ionized when in aqueous solution, but when mixed with blood plasma the iron may become colloidal, possibly as ferric hydroxide, or be in loose physical or chemical combination with the serum proteins. That the latter alternative is the case is indicated by the particulate, granular nature of the intracellular Prussian blue, by the absence of a diffuse iron reaction in the interstitial tissues, and by the presence of the retained iron in the phagocytic cells of the liver and spleen, known to take up particulate matter (51, 52). Furthermore, the marked effect of the iron upon cytoplasmic physiology points toward some form of binding between the iron and the tissue colloids. Realizing this, it is not logical to generalize as to the mechanism of secretion of all electrolytes, and our conclusions are confined therefore to the modus operandi of iron elimination. What, then, is the nature of the factors altering in vivo the distribution of the ferrocyanide? As it was suspected that it might be a purely physical factor, the diffusion rates into solidified gelatin were determined as follows: Solutions of ferri-ammonium citrate and sodium ferrocyanide were allowed to stand above gelatin in test-tubes for forty hours, and then, the solutions having been poured off, the gelatin was washed and treated THE AMERICAN JODRNAL OF ANATOMY, VOL. 29, NO. 1 with acid and ferrocyanide and ferric chloride, respectively. Prussian blue was readily formed in both cyhnders of gelatin, and the diffusion had proceeded to approximately the same depth in each instance. From the physical standpoint, therefore, there is no apparent cause for the difference in behavior discussed above. From a chemical point of view, it is at once apparent that the ferrous iron has nothing to do with the actions of the salt, for it is firmly bound in the complex ferrocyanide radical. That this binding is firm and stable in the body is shown by the fact that the salt is non-toxic. Were the complex ion split, the free cyanide would be extremely poisonous. Neither can we lay to the sodium ion the responsibility for such behavior, and therefore we must assume that some characteristic of the ferrocyanide complex is the cause. Thus, as it was thought that the cyanide radical might be, at least in part, responsible for this difference in behavior, potassium thiocyanate, which gives a very delicate, intense (red) color reaction with ferric chloride, was sutstituted (K62) . But, to our surprise, no red color was detectable anywhere in the body ten minutes after an intravenous injection. In further tests (K64) it was found that the presence of either egg albumin or blood serum prevents the formation of the red Fe(SCN)3 and even decolorizes it after it has been formed. The action of the albumin was solely upon the thiocyanate, as the ferric chloride was shown to be free and uncombined by the addition of a little sodium ferrocyanide, which gave a liberal precipitate of Prussian blue. The presence of the sulphur atom in the cyanide radical made it so unstable that combination with protein resulted. However, such combination does not free a cyanide group, for the salt is non-toxic. Such a binding with proteins is not true with the ferrocyanide. Two experiments, of the nature of those discussed under series III, were carried out, using a corresponding dose of sodium ferrocyanide in place of the green ferric ammonium citrate for injection. • Charts and tables 5 and 6 give the results. Two conspicuous differences between these results and those found for ferric iron stand out. The first of these is the much longer period of elimination (about 100 minutes, or one-third, longer), and the second the fact that the secretion of water is less inhibited, while the initial diuresis is quite marked. In connection with the prolongation of the period of elimination we can offer as explanation the fact that the ferrocyanide, being diffusely distributed through the tissue spaces all over the body, and probably retained there for some time, is more gradually delivered to the kidneys. The obvious tendency for the ferrocyanide salt to be scattered in the body, in contradistinction to the localization of the ferric ion, makes such an explanation conceivable, particularly as we have no clue to the exact and specific route of the ferrocyanide from the blood to the urine. From the histologic preparations (K29, K49) its entrance into the urinary passages appears quite incidental to its general diffusion, while the ferric iron is specifically focused and secreted. Sollmann (81), in a discussion of diuresis, states that sodium ferrocyanide lowers the per cent of chlorides in the urine, but the absolute amount is increased, and concludes that the essential factor in the mechanism of chloride retention is the lowered quantity of the unbound sodium chloride in the serum. Sodium chloride is freed from its combination by NO3, I, and SCN, all of which raise the chloride concentration, but acetate, ferrocyanide, phosphate and sulphate ions, urea and glucose do not free the NaCl and therefore repress its excretion. In another paper (82) on comparative diuresis of different salines he states: 'the diuretic effect is proportional to the dissociation and a specific diuretic action." That 'specific diuretic action' is, in all probability, the alteration of the hydration capacity of the body colloids. Fischer (18, p. 51) includes in his series of anions inhibiting the hydration of colloids phosphate, sulphate, acetate, and sulphocyanate, all of which are also reported by Sollmann (81) as freeing sodium chloride from its combinations. Likewise, among the non-electrolytes, glucose decreases the hydration capacity, but urea increases it. Therefore, with the exception VOLUME AS RECORDED • + TABLE 6 K104 ++ + ' 30 (n ^> II 11 3 o c a; o . rt ^ c o t^ 7G E. J. STIEGLITZ of urea, all of Sollmann's series are inhibitors of colloidal adsorption of water. Therein probably lies the explanation of the similarity of the water-secretion curve, with its initial transient rise and later fall, to that obtained with the ferric iron injections. In summarizing the results of these investigations concerning ferrocyanide, the essential points to be emphasized are: 1) The diffuse distribution of this salt in distinction from the conspicuous tendency toward intracellular localization of ferric iron; 2) the probable responsibility of the complex ferrocyanide ion for this diffusion; 3) the prolongation of the period of elimination, resulting from the first characteristic; 4) the relation of those substances stimulating sodium chloride excretion to those inhibiting colloidal hydration; 5) the peculiar susceptibility of sodium thiocyanate to become bound to albuminoid bodies. The literature on nephritis is as voluminous as that on normal renal secretion. In this paper we will not attempt to broach the subject of pathologic renal function. However, through the means of experimentally produced renal lesions we are able to obtain a clearer insight into the normal physiologic processes. The great variation in susceptibility of the cells of the different units of the uriniferous tubules makes this possible. The collecting tubules are much more immune to injurious agents than the secreting tubules (35), as one would expect the much more highly specialized, differentiated cells to be far less resistant. Pearce (31) makes the following excellent generalizations: "The fundamental problem of experimental nephritis is the influence of the glomerulus as contrasted with the influence of the tubule." "The dual structure of the kidney is responsible for the difficulty which we have in interpreting the physiology as well as the pathology of this organ." Clinically, the essential classification of nephritis is into acute and chronic forms. The latter are very difficult to produce experimentally, as the acute lesions tend to heal and return to normal, particularly if the cause is no longer active. Lohlein, Leyden, Mann, and Councilman, all report large series of acutenephritis cases which are followed by a quiescent period of several years and later the appearance of a chronic form of nephritis responsible for death. These, however, were of infective origin. Dickson (34) was able to reproduce chronic nephritis with prolonged administration of uranium nitrate. However, from the point of view of the present investigations on the mechanism of renal secretion, the acute nephritides are the important class. They may be divided into those in which tubular damage plays the essentially important role and those in which the glomeruli are chiefly interfered with. Thus we speak of a 'tubular' and 'glomerular' or 'vascular' nephritis (83). These two types of lesions we may produce at will. However, the terms are merely relative, and in the glomerular nephritis there is undoubtedly some slight degree of tabular injury. The cause for the different localization of the deleterious effects of the various poisons used is that the lesions undoubtedly occur in that part of the uriniferous apparatus through which they are eliminated; the reaction of a cell to an intracellular poison is many times more violent than if the cell were merely bathed in an extremely dilute solution of the same poison. Glomerular nephritis may be produced with arsenic, cantharidin, diphtheria toxin, or snake venom. Arsenic paralyzes the capillaries, causing marked functional changes with little or no anatomic evidence thereof. Catharidin causes a reaction both in the tuft and the capsular wall; from the latter there is considerable desquamation, and the convoluted tubules are also damaged. Diphtheria toxin causes the production of hyalin thrombi in the glomerular tuft and some necrosis there, with a mild degeneration noted in the convoluted tubules. The typical tubular nephritis is produced by uranium salts, mercuric bichloride, chromates, and tartrates, the latter in large doses. It is with the tubular form that we are concerned. Aschoff (28) and his student Suzuki (29) have carried the work on locahzation of the poisonous effects one step further, and claim that the convoluted tubule may be divided into three portions, each reacting quite specifically to certain poisons. This remarkable special ized susceptibility to such poisons strongly indicates a difference of function for the different divisions (upper, middle and lower) of the proximal convoluted tubule. For example, Aschoff states that uric acid is mainly secreted by the first and second divisions and that the glycogen in diabetes is chiefly stored and secreted by the last portion. It is on the basis of such remarkable localization of damage that the studies of this series were made, for with the tubules functionally destroj^ed, any alteration in secretion would indicate the route through the kidney of the substance excreted. Of all the nephritis substances uranium is the most interesting. Not only is it the only poison with which chronic nephritis has been produced, but it is the only one which causes edema. The latter characteristic was first demonstrated by Richter (84, 85) and has been since confirmed by numerous investigators. The first microscopic evidence of uranium nephritis was recorded by Leconte in 1854 and the earliest careful observations reported by Chittenden and Lambert in 1889. Richter showed that there was more edema when salt and water were given than when water was given alone, and believed the chloride retention the essential feature of the edema. However, Georgapulos (86) found more water than chlorides retained while Schirokauer (87) reported a rise in the sodium chloride concentration of the tissue. Whether or no the salt retention is primary is still in doubt. Schneider (36), working with Petromyzon fluviatilis, was able to trace the source of the uranium through the cells of the convoluted tubules by precipitating a brown salt with potassium ferrocyanide, picric acid, and hydrochloric acid. Furthermore, in many of his specimens he found ferric iron, and reported similar pictures to those we have described under series I. In connection with uranium nephritis from the functional and regenerative points of view, the work of Oliver (27, 88) is of great value. In the series of pathologic studies the experiments may be arranged into five groups — those dealing with the effects of uranium, tartrates, chromates, mercuric bichloride, and finally diphtheria toxin. These groups will be described separately. Group A {uranium nephritis). That uranium salts attack especially the cells of the convoluted tubules we have just seen. The pathology is evidenced by granular and fatty degeneration and by necrosis of large groups of tubules (28). In our experiments (K95, K99, KlOO, K98) with uranium the Zenker-fixed material gave similar findings and the glomeruli were normal in appearance. The technique of all the experiments in this series followed a uniform course: An injection, either subcutaneous or intravenous, of a dose of poison big enough to cause a severe acute nephritis (0.02 gram uranium nitrate for a 3 kg. rabbit intravenously), followed twenty-four hours later by an intravenous injection of the iron salt. The animals were all kept in metabolism cages and the urine studied after each voiding. In both K95 and KlOO the second injection was the green ferric ammonium citrate, and a great diminution in the amount secreted was noted. In K95 there was only one sample containing iron and that was a mere trace, while in KlOO the iron-positive sample was reported as 'positive (faint).' Normally, the iron appears in liberal amount through two or more specimens of urine at intervals of one to two hours. In K99 the animal received sodium ferrocyanide intravenously instead of the ferric salt. The one positive sample contained a considerable quantity of the salt. Following this voiding there was anuria until death, forty-four hours later. From the diffuse nature of the ferrocyanide distribution in the kidney, as elsewhere, one would expect little interference with its passage into the urine, whatever the pathology. But the distinctly locahzed passage of ferric iron should be greatly inhibited, as was found to be the case. Confirming Richter's observations (84, 85), we observed ascites at autopsy in K95, K99, and KlOO. Thus we see a block to the secretion of iron in tubular nephritis, as produced by uranium. Similarly, there is a decrease in nitrogen elimination of from 9 to 14 per cent of normal (89) — a reaction the reverse of that found in glomerular nephritis, where the tubules must be hyperactive to compensate. In fact, in arsenic intoxication the urinary nitrogen is increased from 7 to 16 per cent, due to the increase in metabohc rate. THE AMEBTCAN JOURNAL OP ANATOMY, VOL. 29, NO. 1 Siegel (90) confirmed these results. Green (91) also reported a fall (20) per cent) in urinary nitrogen in tubular nephritis when using chromates as the poison. Furthermore, Pearce (92) recorded the disappearance of a distinct depressor substance from the urine in tubular nephritis, but not following glomerular injury, and concluded the retention to be due to the loss of tubular function. Jane way corroborated this by observing a definite fall in blood pressure in acute renal insufficiency. Thus we see that tubular nephritis not only blocks the secretion of iron, but also that of other urinary constituents. Group B {tartrate nephritis). That large doses of tartrates, either as the acid or in the form of Rochelle salts, when injected subcutaneously, produce a localized tubular nephritis is well known. Associated with this specific damage there is a diminution of urinary volume and a fall in the secretion of some of the solids (Underbill (93)). The alterations in renal function in tartrate nephritis were further studied by Underbill, Wells and Goldschmidt (37), and they conclude that the administration of alkalies modifies the severity of the reaction. It is a peculiarity of this type of experimental lesions that the severity of the reaction is frequently not in proportion to the dose, although large doses invariably cause a grave reaction. However, with the smaller doses the effects are present, but pass unnoticed when studied merely by routine pathologic methods, for in K22 we found that by the A. 0. B. technique of Bensley (50) the mitochondria had been profoundly affected, although in routine material the cells looked perfectly normal. From a functional point of view the reaction in tartrate nephritis is similar to that of uranium nephritis. With a relatively small dose (0.5 gram per 2 kg. body weight) the secretion of iron twenty-four hours later was not much interfered with (K20, K22), but with the severe reaction (2.0 grams subcutaneously) obtained in K94 only a very slight secretion of iron was recorded. One can conclude, therefore, that these results, associated with the findings in uranium nephritis, further support the conception of secretion of ferric iron by the cells of the convoluted tubules. Similar findings with phenolsulphone phthalein are recorded by Potter and Bell (30) in rabbits and Pearce and Ringer (94) in dogs. Group C (chromate nephritis). Chromates, as do uranium and tartrates, cause damage to the convoluted tubules. The effects produced are practically the same as by uranium nitrate. In our experiments (K90 and K92) a granular degeneration with some vacuolization was virtually confined to the convoluted tubules, although there was some swelling of the cortical rays. Suzuki (26) believes that this poison affects only the proximal convoluted tubules. The functional analysis of these experiments is greatly handicapped by the introduction of a complicating watery diarrhea from the subcutaneous administration of sodium chromate. The animal of experiment K90 died before iron was given. In K92 only one sample of urine positive for iron was obtained and that contained only a very slight amount. Apparently, therefore, the block to iron secretion with chromates is similar to that with uranium and tartrates, but this series cannot be used as giving conclusive results. Green (91) demonstrated a fall in urinary nitrogen in chromate nephritis corresponding to that of uranium poisoning (89, 90). Group D (sublimate nephritis). Mercuric bichloride or corrosive sublimate is a well-known nephritic agent. It also affects the convoluted tubules (Wandervelde (95), Pearce (31)). Suzuki (29) states that the lower part of the proximal convoluted tubules is affected and Pearce (31) adds that there is also some damage to the ascending loop of Henle. There is rapid necrosis and cast formation with little previous change noticeable. Clinically, sublimate poisoning is characterized by a severe degenerative parenchymatous nephritis which locks the door to further elimination of the poison and therefore diuretic stimulation is of little avail in ridding the system of the bichloride. In the first sublimate experiment the rabbit died three and three-quarters hours after the injection of iron, having had a convulsion similar to those arising spontaneously from the toxic, unsaturated form of ferric ammonium citrate. Usually these convulsions did not appear for from nine to thirty hours after the injection. No iron passed through into the urine in this experiment (K97), and therefore we can conchide that the more rapid appearance of the convulsion is associated with the fact that the animal was unable to get rid of the ferric salt through the kidneys. In the other sublimate experiment carried out (KlOl) one specimen of urine contained a very little iron four hours after the injection of the ferric ammonium citrate. This was a great deal less than normally passes. Therefore, in association with the results from the other groups of this series, we have further proof that the route of iron secretion is through the cells of the convoluted tubules. Group E (diphtheria toxin nephritis). Diphtheria toxin produces primarily a vascular or glomerular nephritis with hyalin thrombi in the glomerular capillaries and cortical arterioles, leucocytic infiltration and slight necrosis in the tufts, and a certain amount of degeneration in the convoluted tubules (31). Lyon (35) claims that diphtheria toxin produces almost wholly a glomerular nephritis. In K106 of our series besides the glomerular vacuolization the convoluted tubules appeared swollen and granular, but there was no necrosis thereof. In experiments K106, K107, K108, we determined the maximal non-lethal dose (0.01 cc). In two experiments (K109, KllO) the injection of iron followed that of the toxin twentyfour hours later. In both cases there was a liberal secretion of iron, recorded as triple plus in K109 and triple plus one and one-half hours after the injection and plus four and a half hours after the injection in KllO. Thus we see that the elimination of iron is very little interfered with in this form of vascular or glomerular nephritis. From the above results we may conclude that the presence of a distinctly localized tubular nephritis greatly interferes with the secretion of iron, but a glomerular disease has relatively little effect. Thus this series of experiments offers further corroborative proof for the fact the iron (injected in the form of a true ionized salt) is specifically secreted by the cells of the convoluted tubules. In summary of the results directly concerned with renal secretion recorded above, the following facts have been established: 1. There is a definite movement of iron from the periphery of the cells of the convoluted tubules to the lumina of the tubules, as evidenced by the Prussian-blue reaction. a. No iron was at any time seen within the lumina of Bowman's capsules, even when it was present in the blood of the glomerular tuft. h. The iron remains longest in the cells at their free periphery, just under, or in, the brush border during the period of iron elimination. c. The ferric iron appears in a particulate form intracellularly; it is never found diffusely in the interstitial connective tissues. d. Similar findings were observed in guinea-pigs as in rabbits. 2. Iron is retained in the cells of the convoluted tubules of the kidney after the actual secretion has ceased. a. This retained iron remains present for at least eighty-three hours following a single injection, and probably remains longer, especially under the brush border. h. The retained iron is confined to certain tubules and primarily to the proximal portion of the convoluted tubules; some cells contain much, while their immediate neighbors are free thereof. c. The retention is accumulative with multiple injections. d. The intracellular accumulation of iron produces an increasing block to its secretion into the urine; this block is evidenced by prolongation of the period of elimination and by diminution of the amount excreted. e. The secretion of phenolsulphonephthalein is similarly interfered with by the iron retention in the convoluted tubule cells, and apparently also the elimination of calcium carbonate. /. The intracellular presence of iron inhibits the excretion of water, evidenced in this series by the decreased volume during iron elimination and the appearance of ascites in retention animals. g. During the period of iron elimination the specific gravity of the urine is distinctly lowered, demonstrating that less solids are being secreted at that time. 3. During the period of iron secretion there is an initial transient rise in the rate of water excretion, followed by a considerable inhibition which persists until the quantity of iron in the urine declines. a. The initial diuresis is in accord with the physicochemical experiments of Fischer. b. The inhibition to water secretion is due to the rapid and thorough intracellular localization of the ferric ions which are active in preventing colloid hydration. c. The inhibition to water elimination cannot be explained on a basis of vascular depressor action of the drug or to the binding of 'free' water in the blood plasma. d. Iron does not appear in the bladder urine earher than ten minutes following intravenous injection of the salt. e. With the simultaneous injection of caffeine similar results occur except that the initial and final diuresis are more marked and the duration of iron elimination is diminished. 4. The ferrocyanide complex ion is very diffusely distributed in the body. a. The actions of this compound differ from those of ferric iron in the diffuse distribution, in the longer period of elimination and in the slighter effect upon the body colloids in connection with the adsorption of water by them. b. The differences in behavior are due to the complex ferrocyanide ion. 5. The presence of a distinct acute local tubular nephritis greatly interfered with the secretion of iron. a. Uranium nephritis, tartrate nephritis, chromate nephritis, and sublimate nephritis inhibit a block iron elimination. b. Diphtheria toxin nephritis, which is primarily vascular (glomerular), produces very little interference with the elimination of iron. The mechanism of the renal secretion of iron, which we conceive to be the true one, on the basis of the above-recorded results, is one which permits of the actual secretion of iron from the blood into the urine by the cells of the convoluted tubules. This conception is therefore more in agreement with the original theory of Heidenhain than with the ideas of Ludwig and their modifications. That there is an actual biologic and vital secretion of the salt by the cells and not a mere mechanical filtration we beheve to be clear not only from the above-recorded experimental results, but from the unanimously uniform results of other workers, among whom Oliver (27, 88), Quincke (25), Lescke (26), Gurwitch (17), and Glaevecke (43) deserve especial note, as they worked with true salts. Although it is well known that the kidney functions primarily as an excretory organ, removing substances from the blood stream, but not elaborating new ones, its conspicuous greed for oxygen is equally renowned. This rapacious appetite for fresh arterial blood indicates a rapid metabolic activity such as would be required by secretory cells, but not by those functioning chiefly as membranes for mechanical filtration. The functional dynamics of secretory cells, in fact of all cells, undoubtedly rests upon a purely physical and chemical basis, but their structure and composition are so extremely complex that the explanation of their mechanics requires more elaborate study and understanding before we can speak of simple filtration, osmosis, or adsorption in connection with cells. Even the recent work on organic colloidal gels and sols must be interpreted as being fundamentally different from the existing conditions in cells where we have a highly complex and organized mixture of truly innumerable different colloids and solutes, all differing both in physical and chemical properties. To conclude that such an involved mixture behaves identically with a preparation of a single pure colloid is erroneous, but we may conclude that it will behave similarly. The proximal portion of the convoluted tubule is the unit which is active in secreting iron. Whether or not the distal portion is at all concerned therewith is not absolutely certain, but if it is, the secretion is minimal. We do not believe that this work has at all proved that there is no resorption of substances along the course of the uriniferous tubule, as postulated by Cushny, but it is clear that it is not the sole function to be ascribed to the tubules. The remarkable localization of function demonstrated in the process of iron secretion and similar specific locahzation of susceptibihty to injurious agents (Aschoff and Suzuki) are facts of extraordinary interest, for they show us that two cells with identical appearance histologically may be endowed with different physiologic properties. Too much stress has been laid in the past upon mere apparent relationships and similarities and the conception of cellular and tissue specificity is a relatively new field, but one of vast importance. To the bacteriologists and serologists, not to the physiologists, belongs the credit for the earliest recognition of its importance. In this connection it is right to mention the illuminating work on chemical-tissue specificity done with the Abderhalden reaction (96). We cannot overemphasize the importance of the whole field of investigations dealing with such specificity. Iron, probably through its active tendency to dehydrate colloids, produces significant functional changes in the renal cells. Not only is it accumulated, but its presence causes an inhibition of the secretion of further iron, of water, of carbonates, of phenolsulphonephthalein, and of other urinary solutes (as evidenced by the lowered specific gravity). Thus we must consider that excessive iron retention prolonged over a considerable period must be injurious through preventing the normal elimination of the body's waste products. Therefore, although in the test-tube experiment iron should be an active diuretic, in the body it actually suppresses renal activity because of its conspicuous tendency to become concentrated intracellularly. Such prolonged retention damages the renal cells, and we believe that it is through such gradual, readily controlled and mild poisoning that we will eventually be able to arrive at conclusions regarding the mechanics of 'cloudy swelling.' Furthermore, the ferric iron is active in inhibiting the excretion of water. That this is accompUshed through its action upon the cytoplasmic colloids there is little doubt. Were the Cushny theory of renal secretion completely correct, the blockage to water in the cells of the convoluted tubules should greatly increase the volume passed, because the reabsorption of water would be checked. It is obvious that this is not actually the case. But it is equally clear that the urine is concentrated in its passage down the tubules, and we believe this to be accomplished by the addition of urinary solids, saline as well as nitrogenous, by secretion through the convoluted tubules. If there is any reabsorption of water, as is quite possible, there is little evidence that the convoluted tubules are involved. More likely is it to be associated with the loop of Henle. 1 Bowman 1842 Philos. Trans, mi. 57. 2 Heidenhain 1874 Arch. f. mik. Anat. Bd. 10, S. 1. 3 Handbuch der Physiologie (Hermann) Bd. 5. 4 1874 Pfltiger's Arch. f. die gesammte Physiol., Bd. 9, S. 1, 335. 5 LuDwiG 1843 Mechanismus der Harnsecretion, Marburg. 6 Cushny 1917 The Secretion of Urine, Monographs of Physiology. 7 Kijss 1881 Citrit. nach Beaunis, Physiologie humaine, Paris, T. 2, p. 814 8 PosNER 1880 Virchow's Arch. f. Path. u. Physiol., Bd. 79, S. 311. 9 RiBBERT 1881 Nephritis v. Albuminuie, Bonn. 10 V. SoBiERANSKi 1894-95 Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., Bd. 35, S. 144. 11 Brodie Proceedings Roy. Soc, Section B, vol. 87, p. 571. 12 CuLLis 1906 Jour, of Physiol., vol. 34, p. 250. 13 Grxjtzner 1875 Pfltiger's Arch. f. d. gesammte Physiol., Bd. 2, S. 370. 14 LuDwiG 1844 Wagner's Handworterbuch, Bd. 2, S. 637 15 NussBAUM 1886 Arch. f. mik. Anat., Bd. 27, S. 442. 1866 Anatomische Anzeiger, Bd. 1, S. 67. 16 Bainbridge AND Beddard 1906 Bio-Chem. Jour., vol. 1, p. 255. 17 GuRwiTSCH 1902 Pfluger's Arch. f. d. gesammte Physiol., Bd. 91, S. 71. 18 Fischer 1915 Edema and Nephritis, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 19 Heidenhain 1874 Arch. f. mik. Anat., Bd. 10, S. 1. 20 GxjRwiTSCH Morphologie u. Biologie der Zelle, 192. 21 Sauer 1895 Arch. f. mik Anat., Bd. 46, S. 143. 22 Goldmann 1909 Beitr. z. klin. Chirurgie, Bd. 64, S. 192. 23 1912 Beitr. z. klin. Chirurgie, Bd. 78, S. 1. 24 Evans 1914 Science, vol. 150, p. 443, March 27. 25 Quincke 1868 Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., Bd. 10, S. 757. 26 Leschke 1915 Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., Bd. 81, S. 14. 27 Oliver 1916 J. Exp. Med., vol. 23, p. 301. 28 AsCHOFF 1913 Arch. Int. Med., vol. 7, p. 723. 29 SuztTKi 1912 Zur Morphologie der Nierensekretion unter physiologischen u. pathologischen Bedingungen. G. Fischer, Jena. 30 Potter and Bell 1915 Am. Jour. Med. Sci., vol. 149, p. 236. 31 Pearce 1909-10 The problems of experimental nephritis, Harvey Lectures. 32 1909 Arch. Int. Med., vol. 3, p. 422. 33 1908 Arch. Int. Med., vol. 2, p. 77. 34 Dickson 1909 Arch. Int. Med., vol. 3, p. 375. 35 Lyon 1903-04 Jour. Path, and Bact., vol. 9, p. 400. 36 Schneider 1903 Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., vol. 14, p. 383. 37 Underbill, Wells and Goldschmidt 1913 Jour. Exp. Med., vol. 18, p. 38 Neumann 1903 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., Bd. 37, S. 114. 39 Neumann and Meyer 1903 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., Bd. 37, S. 143. 40 Kennerknecht 1911 Virchow's Arch. f. Path. u. Physiol., Bd. 205, S. 89. 41 Macallum 1908 Ergeb. der Physiol., Bd. 7, S. 522. 42 Bensley 1906 Biol. Bull., vol. 10, p. 46. 43 Glaevecke 1883 Arch. f. Exp. Path. u. Pharm., Bd. 17, S. 466. 44 Kobert 1882 Arch. f. Exp. Path. u. Pharm., Bd. 16, S. 361. 45 Rachford and Crane 1902 Med. News, vol. 81, p. 778. 46 Hall 1896 Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., Physiol. Abt., Bd. 110, S. 49. 47 Tartakowsky 1903 Arch. f. die ges. Physiol., Bd. 100, S. 856. 48 Abderhalden 1900 Zeitschr. f. Biol., Bd. 39, S. 193 und 483. 49 Macallum 1897 Jour. Physiol., vol. 22, p. 92. 50 Bensley 1911 Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 12, p. 297. 51 Kyes 1914 Internationale Monatschr. f. Anat. u. Physiol., Bd. 31, S. 543. 52 1915 Proc. Am. Assn. of Anatomists, Anat. Rec, vol. 9, p. 97. 53 HuBER 1909-10 The mammalian renal tubule, Harvey Lectures. 54 1911 Anat. Rec, vol. 5, p. 189. 55 RowNTREE AND Geraghty 1909-10 Jour. Pharm. and Exp. Therap., vol. 1, p. 579. 57 Austin 1915 Progres. Med., vol. 4, p. 131. 58 AcHARC AND Castaigne 1897 Bull, et Men. soc. med. d. hop. de Paris, T. 13, p. 837, April. 59 Lepine 1898 Lyon Medical. 60 Dreyfus 1898 These de Lyon. 61 PuGNAT and Revilliod 1902 Arch. g(5n. de Med., T. 8, p. 19. 62 ScHLAYER and Takaysu 1910-11 Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., Bd. 101, S. 63 Duckworth 1867 Bartholomew's Hosp. Rep., vol. 3, p. 216. 64 RoEHL 1905 Zeigler's Beitr. z. path. Anat., Supplement, Bd. 7, S. 456. 65 Klotz 1905 Proc. Am. Physiol. Soc, Am. J. Physiol., vol. 12, p. 21. 66 LoEB 1917 Jour, of Biol. Chem., vol. 31, p. 343 (see also other papers in the same Journal). 67 Meyer 1899 Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., Bd. 42, S. 109. 1901 Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., Bd. 46, S. 338. 68 Overton 1907 Nagel's Handbuch der Physiologic, Bd. 2, S. 744. 69 Bensley 1916 Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 19, p. 37. 70 Child 1916 Individuality in organisms. University of Chicago Science Series. 71 Tashiro 1917 A chemical sign of life. University of Chicago Science 72 Alvarez 1915 J. A. M. A., vol. 65, p. 388. 73 1917 J. A. M. A., vol. 69, p. 2018. 75 Balcar, Sansum, and Woodyatt 1919 Arch. Int. Med., vol. 24, p. 116. 76 Harvey and Bensley 1912 Biol. Bull., vol. 23, p. 225. 77 BiBERFiELD 1904 Pfliuger's Arch. f . d. gcsammtc Physiol., Bd. 105, S. 308. 78 1907 Pfliiger's Arch. f. d. gesammte Physiol., Bd. 119, S. 341. 79 Basler 1906 Pfliiger's Arch. f. d. gesammte Physiol., Bd. 112, S. 203. 80 Fitzgerald 1910 Proc. Roy. Soc, London, B, vol. 73, p. 346. 81 Sollmann 1903 Am. J. Physiol., vol. 9, p. 425. 82 1903 Am. J. Physiol., vol. 9, p 454. 83 Schlayer and Hedinger 1907 Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., Bd. 90, S. 1. 84 Richter Cited from Pearce (31). 85 1905 Berlin, klin. Wchnschr., Bd. 42, S. 384. 86 Georgopulos 1906 Ztschr. f. klin. Med., Bd. 40, S. 411. 87 ScHiROKAUER 1907 Ztschr. f. klin. Med., Bd. 64, S. 745. 88 Oliver 1915 Jour. Exp. Med., vol. 21, p. 425. 89 Pearce, Hill, and Eisenbrey 1910 Jour. Exp. Med., vol. 12, p. 196. 90 Siegel 1907 Ztschr. f. exp. Path. u. Therap., Bd. 4, S. 561. 91 Green 1909 Jour. Path, and Bact., vol. 13, p. 296. 92 Pearce 1910 Jour. Exp. Med., vol. 12, p. 128. 93 Underbill 1912 Jour. Biol. Chem., vol. 12, p. 115. 94 Pearce and Ringer 1913 Jour. Med. Research, vol. 29, p. 57. 95 Adami and Nicholls 1911 Principles of Pathology, vol. 2. 96 Retinger 1918 Arch. Int. Med., vol. 22, p. 234. 1 Experiment K28. Twenty minutes following injection. High-power view of the cortex, showing the granular intracellular distribution of the Prussian blue under the brush border of the cells of the convoluted tubules. Note also the entire absence of iron in the glomerular capsule. 2 Experiment K36. One hundred and sixteen hours following injection. Low-power view of the cortex showing the patchy distribution of iron in certain convoluted tubules, typical of the retained iron. MECHAXLSM OF RENAL SECRETION PLATE 1 'H- <sv-"'^^'^-^ • ^v -^ ^^ ■■ "v cs' '>•» ^ .^w .—> ^■-^^e/ >;■:.'? '■ l.p tt;'-. « . -, .h '■f^^'C u ^ ^v> • * •A \ ^:'^ i<^> ^.^ ^ » • • « • f -^: »----? • /^' .>^:"^:' t^iSM^v.. '}:'.'.>'• ..>'"'■■ Resumen por el autor, Eben James Carey Marquette University Medical School, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Estudios sobre la diniimica de la histogenesis. IV. Tension del crecimiento diferencial como un estimulo para la miogenesis del miembro. V. Compresi6n entre los centros de crecimiento acelerado del esqueleto segmentario como estimulo para la formacion de las articulaciones. VI. Las resistencias al crecimiento esqueletico como est mulo para la condrogenesis y osteogenesis. De las pruebas presentadas en el trabajo ad junto se desprende que los diversos estados del desarrollo esqueletico son los resultados de resistencias mecanicas al crecimiento. El miembro posterior presenta dos zonas principales que crecen longitudinalmente con diferente velocidad. El area esqueletica central se acelera en su crecimiento, mientras que se retarda el crecimiento del mesenquima periferico. El alargamiento de los fasciculos musculares en vias de desarrollo en el miembro, sigue la direccion del crecimiento longitudinal acelerado del segmento esqueletico domin ante proximo. Este alargamiento se produce por la tensi6n inducida en las masas premusculares por el segemento esqueletico de crecimiento acelerado, rodeado por aquellas. El cartilago y el hueso no son autodiferenciados, ni son tampoco productos autocristalizados, sino que son las respuestas celulares inmediatas a la intensidad variable de las presiones y tensiones producidas por resistencias (presi6n) que contrarestan el crecimiento del esqueleto blastemico. Este ultimo, en apariencia cont nuo, es en realidad segmentario y esta compuesto de centros de crecimiento acelerado de accion opuesta. El contorno del la superficie opuesta que forma una articulaci6n depende de la intensidad de la fuerza de crecimiento por milimetro cuadrado de seccion transversa de los segmentos que forman una articulaci6n, y tambien de las resistencias al crecimiento de los segmentos. Las resistencias, producidas por la interaccion del crecimiento diferencial del miembro posterior, son activas y formativas en el ori'gen y elaboracion del esqueleto, articulaciones y musculatura. Translation by Jos6F. Nonidez Cornell Medical College, New York AUTHOR 8 ABSTRACT OF THIS PAPER ISSUED BY THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICE, APRIL 11 STUDIES IN THE DYNAMICS OF HISTOGENESIS IV. TENSION OF DIFFEKENTIAL GROWTH AS A STIMULUS TO MYOGENESIS IN THE LIMB V. COMPRESSION BETWEEN THE ACCELERATED GROWTH CENTERS OF THE SEGMENTAL SKELETON AS A STIMULUS TO JOINT FORMATION VI. RESISTANCES TO SKELETAL GROWTH AS STIMULI TO CHONDROGENESIS AND OSTEOGENESIS EBEN J. CAREY Marquette University Medical School, Department of Anatomy, Milwaukee, Wisconsin NINE FIGURES The writer has presented facts ('19-'20 a; '20 b) which prove that the elongation of the developing muscular fasciculi of the digestive tract is in the direction of a dominant growth mechanical-energy extrinsic to the zone of myogenesis. This elongation is dependent on the fact that the primitive gut presents two zones of differential rates of growth. The inner epithelial tube is accelerated in growth, as compared with the outer splanchnic mesenchymal tube, which is retarded in growth. The growth of the inner tube is after the mode of a left-handed spiral, and is at first relatively more rapid in diameter than in length. The inevitable mechanical resultant of this differential growth is a tension of the outer tube in the same direction as the growth of the inner one. The inner close spiral muscle coat of the colon, in embryos of 14-25 mm. in length, begins to form during this initial transversely accelerated growth of the epithelial tube. This initial muscle coat reacts upon the epithelial tube, thus restricting growth in diameter. This resistance causes the inner 94 EBEN J. CAREY tube to grow more rapidly in a longitudinal direction than in a transverse. The force of the growth of the inner tube during the period of its rapid longitudinal extension, in embryos 30-50 mm. in length, exerts a longitudinal, spiral tension upon the outer tube which had been retarded in growth. Concomitantly with the epithelial tube's period of rapid growth in length, the outer elongated spiral muscle coat is being derived from the splanchnic mesoderm. According to the evidence, muscle formation in the gut is not due to a self-differentiation, nor to a spontaneous self-elongation of the myoblast, but is a dependent modification of the mesenchyme, due to the tension elicited by an extrinsic growth force. In view of other evidence yet to be presented, the writer is confident that this is the fact as regards all musculature. As an example, we may cite the spiral direction of the cardiac fasciculi corresponding to the changes in the vortical tension caused by the helicoidal blood stream flowing through the embryonic heart. In regard to the lingual musculature, an extrinsic force is found in the accelerated growth of the entodermal epithelium of the tongue. The facts of direct observation prove that the formation of muscle tissue is a function of its position. Muscle tissue is formed in situ and is dependent upon an optimum tension, elicited by a dominant zone of accelerated growth, forcing by traction a connected zone retarded in growth. The direction of the resultant muscular fasciculi serves as a criterion of the direction of the dominant accelerated force which exerted the tension of differential growth. In view of the evidence supporting the conclusion, that muscles arise through traction exerted upon the mesenchyme by a force extrinsic to the zone of myogenesis, it is as logical to claim that they self-elongate as it is to assert that a rubber band can stretch itself or a balloon can self -dilate. In the latter cases extrinsic forces are implied. As regards muscle origin, these forces are elicited by extrinsic zones of accelerated growth, inevitably drawing by traction retarded zones of growth, this being due to their relative positions to each other. DYNAMICS OF HISTOGENESIS 95 The reason for incorporating the three headings, involving the development of the muscles, joints, and modifications of the segmental skeleton, in this paper is the fact that the dynamic view-point, as regards limb development, necessitates the consideration of concomitant changes, in order to present the sequence of phenomena and evaluate cause and effect. The cause of the fundamental idea, first expressed in this paper, having been overlooked by previous observers is the fact that each tissue has been studied intensively as an entity isolated from the organism as a whole. The entire field of embryology must be reworked from the dynamic view-point of interaction, before a clean-cut idea of the physicochemical endowments of the primordial germ cell may be distinguished from that which is the mechanical resultant of the interaction of differential growth forces. The purpose of this paper is to present facts of direct observation which prove that the formation of the skeletal muscles of the hind limb of the pig is dependent upon a tension of the somatic mesenchyme elicited by a force extrinsic to the region of myogenesis. The hind limb, like the gut, possesses two zones growing longitudinally but at different rates. There is an inner blastemal skeleton of accelerated growth and an outer somatic mesenchyme of retarded growth syncytially continuous with the skeleton. By the tensional interaction of this differential growth of the limbs, the skeletal muscles arise. 2. DIRECT OBSERVATIONS ON THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE HIND LIMB OF THE PIG (SUS SCROFA) In embryos 6 to 10 mm. in length (fig. 1) the hind limb is represented by a convex bud covered with ectoderm and filled with a nass of uniform cells manifesting no signs of differentiation. As development advances, in embryos 10 to 14 mm. in length, a rapid condensation of the blastemal skeleton, proximodistally is occurring pari passu with limb extension. The nuclei of the syncytial skeletal core undergo rapid mitotic division. The first increase in size of the blastema is relatively more rapid in width than in length (fig. 2 and table 2). This apparently continuous blastema! skeleton is in reality segmental in nature (fig. 2). The segments appear progressively from the proxmial to the distal end, much in the same manner as that found in the successive caudal formation of metameres in the chick embryo. In contradistinction to the idea that segmentation of the continuous skeleton does not appear until joint formation occurs, the evidence at hand proves that centers of accelerated growth, segmentally arranged in the apparently continuous blastemal skeleton are prior in time to the formation of joints. This observation confirms that made by Bardeen ('10) on human embryos as noted in the following statement: "These cartilaginous anlages are embedded in a dense blastema which shows lighter areas in the vicinity of the future joints." The same fact is recorded by Schulin (79). With the relatively greater increase in width than in length of the incipient femoral blastemal center, the peripheral cells of this rapidly proliferating zone show signs of retarded growth. They become elongated in the direction of the radial force of growth, forming an encircling constricting periblastemal membrane. With the formation of this limiting membrane, more rapid growth in length subsequently ensues in embryos 14 to 25 mm. in length (figs. 3, 4, 5 and table 2). This is due to the shifting of the planes of mitosis from a parallel to a transverse position, as regards the long axis of the limb. The significant feature of the relatively and absolutely greater femoral growth in length during this period is the concomitant elongation of the nuclei of the premuscle masses in the direction of the skeletal growth. There is a subsequent stretching of the cytoplasmic myofibrils in the same direction. This inception of muscle differentiation of the thigh is more than a mere coincidence. It is an effect, a mechanical cellular response to the traction or tension to which the syncytially continuous and peripheral mesenchyme is subjected during the rapid growth of the femur in length. It would be as impossible for the femur to extend rapidly in length without elongating the continuous surrounding mesenchyme as it would be to expand a rubber balloon Vvithout stretching the limiting membrane. During this period of rapid interstitial growth in length of the femoral blastemal center of the segmental skeleton, resistances are met with, first, at the proximal end in the centers of opposed growth for the ilium, ischium, and pubis; next, at the distal end in the centers of opposed growth for the tibia. The less condensed region, between the centers opposed in growth, becomes more and more condensed until a compression of the blastemal cells occurs along the line of juncture of the centers opposed in growth. Certain observers consider the segmentation of the skeleton as taking place at this stage and view the compression line as representing the beginning of the hereditary joints. The appearance of the joints, however, is the mechanical result of the opposed growth of antecedent, contiguous accelerated growth segments, and not the spontaneous cause of the segmentation. With the inception of the outlines of, first, the hip and, next, the knee-joints, the contour of each skeletal segment becomes more defined. During this period the blastemal cells toward the center of the femoral segment become chemically changed by the intercellular formation of a cartilage matrix. This gives each cell the clean-cut appearance of a cell membrane. At the same time the primordial femur is bent, with its convexity toward the quadriceps extensor muscle and the concavity toward the hamstrings. The resistance to interstitial growth in length of the femur, due to the opposed centers at the acetabulum and at the knee, together with muscular contractility now manifested in the inception of the normal rotation of the hind limb, causes this characteristic bend of the /emoral rod. The attention of the observer is directed especially to the significant fact, that all cellular differentiation and degeneration occur first on the convex aspect at the center of the bent beam (fig. 5, no. 4). The first change from the blastema is the transformation into cartilage. Soon a dense perichondrial strain fibrosis is formed, followed by the degeneration of the cartilage cells and a calcification of the cartilage matrix. These retrogressive changes are due to the constriction of the blood supply, readily proved by injecting the embryos with india ink while the heart is beating. All capillaries are then found peripherad to the perichondrium. The last change in the above sequence of events on the convex aspect of the bent femur is the initial step in the formation of bone. The perichondrial fibrosis which effectively strangled the cartilage cells becomes modified into a periosteal membrane. Where the cartilage cells are degenerating a proliferation of the osteoblasts from the deep aspect of the periosteum is seen. These cells replace the dead cartilage cells. The osteoblasts form a matrix which is mechanically situated to serve effectively as a cellular reaction to the great strain to which the bent femoral beam is subjected. This appositional growth of bone serves to strengthen the femoral beam at its weakest part. The direct mechanical result of this cellular reaction is the progressive formation of a more stable base for the application of muscular forces. The various steps in the increase of skeletal density, first, from the blastemal to the cartilage period, and, secondly, from the cartilage to the osseous period, in skeletal condensation is next to be considered simultaneously with those changes extrinsic to the zone of skeletal formation. During the early stages of development, the weight of the entire limb is supported by the femur acting like a cantilever beam. The weight of the limb rapidly increases (table 1 and chart A). In an 18-mm. pig embryo the femur constitutes one-fifth of the volume of the limb and supports a weight of 0.013 mg. ; in a 38-mm. embryo the femur constitutes one-sixth the volume of the limb and supports a weight of 0.125 mg., whereas, at the 50-mm. stage of the developing embryo, the femur constitutes one-seventh of the volume of the limb and supports a weight of 0.25 gram. Later, at the 20-cm. stage, the femur constitutes only onesixteenth of the volume of the limb, yet it supports the greatly increased weight of 30 grams. In addition to sustaining the above weight, the femur is opposed in growth by the accelerated growth centers located proximally and distally. Finally, as development continues, the resistance presented to longitudinal femoral growth by the contracting and elastic reacting muscula DYNAMICS OF HISTOGENESIS ture is an opposing factor to be considered as extrinsic pressures limiting the relative volume of the femur to the thigh. With the rapid increase of limb weight and with increase of opposition to growth at the ends of the femur, together with the resistances manifested by muscular reaction, the density of the femur progressively increases (tables 2 and 3 and chart B). This increase in density is going on simultaneously with the relative decrease in femoral volume as the growth of the limb advances. In an 18-mm. embryo, the volume of the femur constitutes one-fifth that of the entire limb, whereas its density is 1.025. In a 38-mm. embryo, femoral volume is one-sixth that of the limb and its density is 1.055; whereas, in the 50-mm. embryo, the volume of the femur is one-seventh and the density 1.075. The density of the femur in a 20-cm. embryo is 1.6 and the volume is one-sixteenth that of the limb. (Chart B.) TflTn. Vim. l.CO T.ABLE 3 EMBRYO LENGTH FEMUR VOLUME HIND LIMB VOLUME RATIO OP FEMORAL VOLUME TO LIMB VOLUME PER CENT OF FEMORAL VOLUME TO LIMB VOLUME 1: 7.5 DYNAMICS OF HISTOGENESIS 101 With the progressive increase of femoral density the definitive muscles of the thigh become split from the dorsal and ventral premuscle masses. Those myoblasts favorably located along lines of optimum tension for continued muscle differentiation advance in development; whereas, those not so favorably situated revert to embryonal connective tissue. This split into the separate muscles begins with the first compression line forming the hip-joint. Those mesenchymal cells previously drawn out opposite the location of the future joint by the indefinitely outlined blastemal femur retrogress with the progressive cleancut development of the joints. This is due to the fact that the lines of optimum tension become more definite with the formation of the joints and with the continued development of the definite contour for the femur. The premuscle mass for the quadriceps extensor (fig. 3) is seen to present a cleavage line opposite the dorsal aspect of the developing hip-joint composed of retrogressive myoblasts. With the continued morphogenesis of the femur and hip-joint, the dorsal premuscle mass is seen to split into its derivatives. The two muscle derivatives clearly seen in figures 4, 5, and 6 are the vastus intermedins and the rectus femoris. Note that the cleavage separating these muscles in the dorsal premuscle mass begins opposite the hip-joint (fig. 4) and progressively advances toward the patella (figs. 5, 6, 7). The progressive elaboration of the hip-joint advances pari passu with the increasing density and the interstitial growth of the femur, together with the developing definitive thigh muscles. The head of the femur advances farther and farther into the acetabulum formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis. By reference to figures 3, 4, and 5, it is seen that the growing segment forming the femur possesses a greater longitudinal growing force per square millimeter of cross-section than that of the elements forming the acetabulum. By actual measurement at the 20-mm. stage of the embryo, the length of the longitudinally growing femur is 2.40 mm., whereas the acetabulum possesses a depth of 0.195 mm. This is significant, for the force of longitudinal interstitial growth of the femur per square millimeter of cross 102 EBEN J. CAREY section is twelve times greater than that of the primordial acetabulum. This fact, together with the muscular restrictions to longitudinal femoral growth, and with the fact that the femur is becoming a more stable bar by the appositional growth of bone at its center of ossification, must be considered in order to understand the continued elaboration of the hip-joint by the femur acting like an electric trip-hammer. With these dynamic points in view, the omnipresent puzzle to the student of anatomy, as to the processes by which one segment of a movable joint possesses the socket and the other the ball, is solved. Joints, according to this evidence, are not hereditary; they are the mechanical resultants of the opposed centers of accelerated growth, segmentally distributed in the apparently continuous, blastemal skeleton. It is evident that the ultimate differentiation of muscles, joints, and skeletal components from the uniform mass of mesodermal cells in the hind limb of 10-mm. embryos is dependent upon one of two factors or a combination of both. These factors are, first, an intrinsic self-differentiation of the cells and an extrinsic mechanical interaction due to differential growth. At the present time, the majority of the students of development consider the genesis of the structures enumerated above as a spontaneously hereditary and self-differentiating process, intrinsic to each cell involved. If such is the case, the solution of the problem of development of the limb goes by default. But the writer takes a decided stand to the contrary. Thoma ('07) considered the first formed bone as the resultant of mechanical factors, but the evidence presented was deductions primarily based on the stress and strain of the mature femur supporting the body weight in the erect position. Thoma was right in his mechanical idea, but his evidence was not convincing. The femur is not formed in anticipation of the stress and strain to which it will be subjected in the future, but is an immediate mechanical resultant of the force of its own interstitial growth and the immediate resistances encountered to this growth. These resistances may be enumerated as follows : first, the weight of the hind limb ; second, the reacting muscular force of elasticity of traction of the surrounding mesenchyme retarded in growth; third, the active muscular contractility manifested during the rotation of the hind limb, and, fourth, the restriction to longitudinal, interstitial growth of the femur at the proximal acetabular accelerated growth center and at the distal tibial accelerated growth center. These resistances to femoral growth are active and formative during development. They are just as efficient in causing femoral differentiation as the intrinsic accelerated growth of the femoral center itself. Intrinsic growth of the femur and extrinsic resistance are factors pari passu in the genesis, growth, and perfected maturity of the femur. Growth and resistance are inseparable; one is just as important as the other. The formative influence of this resistance has been hitherto entirely overlooked. In embryos 10 to 14 mm. in length, the skeletal condensation of the central core of mesodermal nuclei is purely a mechanical function of position (fig. 2). The syncytial nuclei, located at the center of the limb, have less volume to expand in and a greater resistance to overcome than those located more peripherad. The less volume and the greater resistance are the two factors determining the compactness of the skeletal nuclei. Once the limb begins to grow rapidly in length, the apparently continuous, compact skeletal core presents two centers of accelerated growth. These centers, dense with nuclei, are separated by transverse zones lighter in texture. The lighter zones are the indefinite lines of demarcation between the centers of accelerated growth of the primordial and segmental blastemal skeleton. The ultimate external form and internal structure of the various components of the mature skeleton are dependent upon the following factors: First, the varying continuation of the differential intensity of the force of each accelerated growth center of the segmental blastemal skeleton, and, second, the varying resistances encountered by this force. Starting with these two factors, the muscles, joints, and various degrees in the condensation of the skeleton are mechanical resultants of the interaction of the forces of differential growth. The intensity of the force of the accelerated growth segment of the femur, together with the resisting reactions of the elongated mesenchyme and the restrictions offered to femoral longitudinal extension by the acetabular and tibial centers at the ends, interact to cause the following definite results: First, the definitive muscles tend to split opposite the joints from the premuscle masses along lines of specific optimum tension. Second, the traction to which the primitive muscles are subjected causes an increase in the volume of this tissue. This is manifested by cytoplasmic differentiation of myofibrils and the mitotic reaction of the myoblasts. Third, the definitive muscles now present a definite point of application in reacting to the traction to which they are subjected by the rapid longitudinal growth of the femur. This tends to outline definitely a more stable base or framework on which the muscles act. Fourth, in addition to the force of elasticity of traction presented by the embryonal muscles, the femoral growth center meets resistance at the proximal and distal ends by the acetabular and tibial growth centers, respectively. This tends more and more to outline, then elaborate, the opposed surfaces entering into the formation of the hipand knee-joints. Fifth, all the above factors converge to cause the femur to assume a characteristic bend. At the center of this bend the mechanical stimulus is first applied, causing the cells to react by forming, first, cartilage, then bone, in the initial differentiation of a progressively more rigid skeleton. Sixth, the differentiation, first, of cartilage at the center of the femoral beam; next, of degeneration of the cartilage, and, finally, periosteal (former perichondrium) bone formation at this center shifts the growing points of the femoral rod to the extremities. The differentiation of cartilage and its subsequent degeneration at the center of the femoral beam is a critical stage in joint formation. Once a skeletal segment begins to show alteration of its cellular components at the center, they cease to proliferate in the active elongation of the segment. The growth of the femur in length is then due to the proliferation of the cells constituting its extremities. This terminal growth of a skeletal segment opposes the active growth of the cells of a contiguous skeletal segment. The first objective evidence in joint formation is significant. There is seen (fig. 4) a linear flattening of the blastemal cells along the line representing the zone of juncture between opposed zones of accelerated growth of neighboring segments. The contour of this linear condensation of cells, which outlines the subsequent position of the incipient or primordial joint cleft, is dependent upon the intensity of the mutual forces of growth opposed in action. That particular skeletal segment presenting the greater intensity of growth force per square millimeter of cross-section will bore into and possess the convex component, constituting a diarthroidal joint, whereas the component presenting the lesser force of growth per square millimeter of crosssection will possess the concave component of a ball-and-socket joint. The formation of a joint, therefore, is a resultant along the lines of juncture between the zones of accelerated growth of neighboring segments opposed in action. The segment presenting the greater force of growth possesses the convex element, whereas, the segment presenting the lesser force possesses the concave element entering into a movable joint. If the opposed forces are equally distributed between the surfaces of the two segments, a joint with more or less opposed plane surfaces, as the intervertebral joints, is the result. According to this evidence, muscles, bones, and joints are not hereditary nor do they spontaneously crystallize out of embryonic tissue by some unknown, non-biological method of self-differentiation, but they are the mechanical resultants of an apparently continuous blastemal skeleton, possessing segmental centers of accelerated, longitudinal growth opposed in action. This segmental skeleton is in an environment with which it is syncytially continuous. The effect of longitudinal skeletal growth is traction of the surrounding mesenchyme along the lines of optimum tension evidenced by muscle origin. The perfected THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY, VOL. 29, NO. 1 limb represents a continuance of this interaction between skeletal segments and developing musculature until equilibrium is established. This is reached at maturity when the forces of growth are counterbalanced by the resistances to growth. This active interaction of a dominant growth force and its concomitant resistances, playing a dynamic role in histogenesis and morphogenesis, has never been heretofore considered in ontogenetic development of the limb. 4. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS From the facts presented in this paper, the generalization is clearly apparent that the volume of a skeletal segment decreases relatively to the increase of the intensity of the external pressure or resistance. The less the extrinsic resistance to growth early in development, the greater the relative volume of the growing skeletal segment is found to be. With the decrease in the relative volume of the skeletal segment as development advances, another fact is self-evident, namely, there is an increase in density. The greater the resistances overcome by the growing skeletal segment, the greater the density becomes; conversely, the less the resistance encountered in growth, the less the density, the more gelatinous the consistency. These facts may be summarized in the following law^s : The law of density of a growing tissue: The density of a growing tissue is directly proportional to the resistances (pressure) encountered during growth. The law of relative volume of growing tissue: The relative volume of a given quantity of growing tissue is inversely as the resistances (pressure) which it bears. From the evidence leading to these laws it is conclusive that the various stages of the developing skeleton are resultants of the mechanical resistances to growth which, interpreted, means that cartilage and bone are not self-differentiated, nor are they spontaneously self-crystallized products, but they are the immediate cellular responses to the varying intensity of the stresses and strains produced by resistances (pressure) counteracting the growth of the blastemal skeleton. 1. In an embryo 10 mm. in length the hind limb bud is filled with a uniform mass of unmodified mesenchjonal cells. 2. The central condensation of the nuclei forming the blastemal skeleton is due to two factors: first, the less volume centrally in which these cells have to expand; second, the resistance of the surrounding mesenchyma. 3. The blastemal skeleton at first grows relatively more rapid in width than in length in embryos 10 to 14 mm. long. 4. With the formation of the periblastemal membrane the subsequent growth of the femur is relatively and absolutely greater in length than in width in embryos 14 to 25 mm. long. This is due to the shifting of the planes of mitosis on account of the compression of the periblastemal membrane. A central skeletal core of accelerated longitudinal growth is now clearly demarked from the peripheral mesenchyme retarded in longitudinal growth. 5. The interaction of these differential growing zones results in a tension of the peripheral mesenchyme. The nuclei of the latter are drawn out in traction, thus resulting in the first step of myogenesis. The direction of the elongated cytoplasmic myofibrils is arranged, therefore, in the line of longitudinal skeletal growth. 6. The formation of skeletal muscle is a dependent differentiation, relying on the accelerated longitudinal growth of the skeleton for its genesis, growth, and continued differentiation. The tension of differential growth is the efl&cient interacting stimulus to myogenesis in the limb. 7. The following law of direction of the skeletal muscular fasciculi may be formulated from the evidence presented : The elongation of the developing muscular fasciculi of the limb is in the direction of the accelerated longitudinal growth of the related dominant skeletal segment. As regards developing muscles in general, the elongation of muscular fasciculi is in the direction of a dominant force extrinsic to the zone of myogenesis. C. CONCLUSIONS 1. The apparently continuous blastemal skeleton is in reality segmental and composed of centers of accelerated growth opposed in action. 2. By the continued opposition to growth between the contiguous centers of the segmental blastemal skeleton, mechanical compression occurs, revealing the location of the future joint cavities. 3. The contour of the opposed surfaces constituting a joint is dependent on the intensity of the force of growth per square millimeter of cross-section of growing segments opposed in action, together with the force of muscular pull. That segment will possess the ball of a ball-and-socket joint, which possesses the greater force of interstitial growth longitudinally per square millimeter of cross-section. 4. Joints, therefore, are not the cause of skeletal segmentation; they themselves are the mechanical resultants of compressive and shearing stresses of prior centers of accelerated growth opposing each other in action in the segmental blastemal skeleton. 5. Law of joint formation: The contour of the opposed surfaces forming a joint is dependent upon the intensity of the force of interstitial growth per square mUlimeter of cross-section of the skeletal segments forming the joint and upon the force of muscular pull. 1. Skeletal condensation, varj^ing through the different degrees of density, beginnmg with the blastemal period, progressing through the cartilaginous, and terminating in the osseous period, is a direct resultant of the varying intensity of the resistances (pressure) encountered during the period of growth. 2. The resistances to femoral growth are as follows: 1) Weight of the hind limb; 2) reactive force of elasticity of traction of the foiming muscles ; 3) active muscular pull; 4) opposition to interstitial femoral growth at the ends by the acetabulum proximally and the tibia distally. The evidence presented in this paper warrants the formulation of the following laws: 3. The law of density of a growing tissue: The density of a growing tissue is directly proportional to the resistances (pressure) encountered during growth. 4. The law of relative volume of a growing tissue : The relative volume of a growing tissue is inversely as the resistances (pressure) which it bears. 5. Cartilage and bone do not self-differentiate, but they are the cellular reactions to the varying mechanical resistances (pressure) encountered by groups of cells in a field of differential growth. 6. The evidence supports the conclusion that resistance to growth is active and formative during development, and that the processes of histogenesis and morphogenesis of the skeleton and muscles are as much dependent upon the mechanical factors extrinsic to the region of the specific developing structure as upon the intrinsic faculty of the modifying tissue to grow. The modifying growing cells receive and respond to the mechanical stimulus. The stimulus, however, is a function of position. LITEIL\TURE CITED Bardeen, Charles R. 1910 Keibel and Mall, Human Embn-ologv, vol. 1, p. 320. Carey, E. J. 1919-20 J. Gen. Physbl., (a) vol. 2, p. 357; (b) vol. 3, p. 61; (3) Anat. Rec, vol. 19, p. 199. ScHULix, K. 1873 Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol, Anat. Abth., S. 240. Thoma, R. 1907 Virchow's Archiv, Bd. 188, S. 248. 1 Middorsoventral, longitudinal section of hind limb bud of a pig embryo 10 mm. in length. X 40. 5 Middorsoventral, longitudinal section of the thigh of a pig embryo 20 mm. in length. X 40. d.p.m., dorsal pre-muscle mass v.p.m., ventral pre-muscle mass a, acetabulum il., ilium is., ischium s.n., sciatic nerve /., femur .n., femoral nerve 1, rectus femoris muscle 2, vastus intermedius muscle 5, tensile perichondrial strain fibrosis (periosteum) 4-, Osteogenetic tissue 6, tensile osseous trabecula 6, degenerating cartilage cells arranged along tensile and compressive stress lines 7, proliferating cartilage cells in advance of degenerating zone. 8, abductor magnus muscle 9, pyriformis muscle 10, semimembranous muscle 11, compressive osseous trabecula 12, compressive perichondrial strain fibrosis (periosteum) dorsal angle, angle formed by a line through the dorsal aspect of the longitudinal axis of the limb with a dorsoventral line through center of hip-joint pre-axial angle, angle formed by preaxial aspect of limb with lateral body wall. By reference to the various changes in these angles the rotation of the hind limb is exemplified on a plane surface. Since the aspect of the limb cannot change in these figures, the body axis is represented as changing. The attention of the observer is specifically directed to the following facts: 1. The volume of the central condensed blastemal skeleton (fig. 2) occupies relatively more space of the thigh than the femur in figures 4, 5, 6, and 7. It is immediately evident that as development advances the relative volume of the femur to thigh decreases. At the same time, the density increases as exemplified by the progressive deposition of bone (figs. 6 and 7, nos. 5 and 11). The bone on the convex side is drawn out in tension, that on the concave side is compressed. The first deposition of bone, therefore, follows mechanical laws. 2. The width of the femoral segment is relatively greater in figure 2 than that in figures 4, 5, 6, and 7. The femur grows relatively more rapidly in length than in width in embryos 14 to 25 mm. in length. Note that during the accelerated {Continued on p. 112) //f^e/tZi^ longitudinal growth of the femyr the progressive appearance of more and more definite traction lines is seen in the surrounding mesenchyme retarded in longitudinal growth. Along these lines the fasciculi of the developing muscles form, due to the tension of differential longitudinal growth. The determination of accelerated and retarded growth is based on the number of mitotic figures and the compactness of the nuclei per square millimeter of cross-section in a field of differential growth. 3. The force of longitudinal growth of the femur is from ten to fifteen times greater than that of the acetabulum. Compare along the line labeled 'limb axis.' Note, at the same time, the inevitable mechanical effects of muscular pull. These factors, together with the strengthening influence of femoral ossification, determine the location of the convex ball of the hip, ball-and-socket joint, on the femur and not on the region of the acetabulum. 4. The tensile perichondria! strain fibrosis is clearly detected as a limiting membrane, first appearing on the convex aspect of the bent femur (figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, no. 3). Figure 4 represents the limb of a living embryo injected with india ink. Note that the injected capillaries are outside of the perichondrium. This membrane strangles the cartilage cells at the center of the bent femur and later becomes modified into the periosteum from which the osteoblasts proliferate. The osteoblasts, by appositional growth, replace the degenerating cartilage scaffold with a more rigid bony base. These cellular reactions are elicited by the progressive intensity of the strain to which the femur is subjected by the resistances to advancing femoral extension. Longitudinal femoral accelerated growth and extrinsic resistances to this growth are interactions that must be intensively studied in order to appreciate the competition and the resultant products of differential growth. Chart A Curve of relative decrease of femoral volume with increased resistance due to hind-limb weight. WEIGHT OF HIND LIMB IN GRAMS (one resistance to fehoral giwwth) .OOZ .018 .126 .ZIO ZSO 75 1.5 1.75 2jO 4.0 1J) 7.5 40 laO 11.0 IJ.O 240 270 28.0 i0.0 (u p< ^05 THE CEUTIVE VOLUME OF A GROWING TISSUE IS INVERSELY PROPOOTIONAL TO THE RESISTANCES (PRESSURE) ""■o^ (9l ■^ ^N V, ■v '^ »n ? o< ? <> — ( 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 U 13 14 15 16 17 13 19 ^0 LENGTH OF EMBRYO IN CENTIMETERS Chart B Curve of increase of femoral density with increased resistance due to hind-limb weight. The resistances to femoral growth are as follows: 1) Weight of the hind limb; 2) reactive force of elasticity of traction of the forming muscles; 3) active muscular pull; 4) opposition to interstitial femoral growth at the ends by the acetabulum proximally and the tibia distally. The specific gravity of these femora was determined by immersion in various concentrations of benzene (sp. gr. 0.879) and chloroform (sp. gr. 1.499). The specific gravity of that solution in which a certain femur would neither rise nor sink was determined by means of the pyknometer; this method gave the specific gravity of the femur. The details of this method will soon be published, with my colleague in biochemistry, Dr. Joseph C. Bock. WEIGHT OF HIND LIMB IN GKAMS (one resistance to femoral gpowth) OjOIO 013 045 D90 .115 .150 .160 .170 .185 200 Ui 5.5 4 475 5.00 5.5 65 7 7.5 8.00 I.'20 ^ . '/ THE DENSITY OF A OIMWING TISSUE IS DIRECTLY PPOPOCTIONAL TO THE l!f5l5TANCE5(PI!ESSUI!()WHICH IT BEARS i 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1(> 17 18 19 20 LENGTH or FEMUR IN MILLIMETERS Resumen por el autor, H. E. Jordan, University of Virginia Medical School. Mitocondrias y aparato de Golgi en las celulas gigantes de la medula 6sea roja. Las celulas gigantes hemogenicas de la medula roja de los huesos, las llamadas megacariocitos, contienen abundantes mitocondrias granulares y unas pocas de forma bacilar. En los estados j6venes de estas celulas predominan las mitocondrias bacilares; en los estados mas avanzados existe un exceso de mitocondrias granulares. Las mismas celulas contienen tambien un aparato de Golgi relativamente pequeno, el cual aparece bajo la forma de un ovillo mas o menos complicado, localizado en la vecindad de los centrosomas. El aparato de Golgi se fragmenta y desaparece en los estados multinucleados avanzados de las celulas en cuesti6n. Ambas estructuras pueden observarse en las mismas celulas despues de un tratamiento prolongado con una soluci6n de acido 6smico al 2%. El aparato de Golgi asi puesto de manifiesto es una estructura completamente diferente del reticulo canalicular o "trofospongio," descrito primeramente por Retzius en estas celulas, fijadas con las soluciones de Rabl o Carnoy. Los resultados de este estudio indican que el llamado trofospongio en estas celulas, tal como aparece despues de la fijaci6n en Hquido de Carnoy, es un artefacto; que la red de Golgi consiste de fibrillas varicosas y bastoncitos anastomosados, y que el aparato de Golgi y las mitocondrias son esencialmente prociones, diferentes morfol6gicamente, de la misma substancia, resultando el primero de la fusi6n de aquellas cuando se agregan en la veciandad de la centrosfera. Translation by Jos6 F. Nonidez Cornell Medical College, New York author's abstract of this paper issued bt the bibliogkaphic service, april 11 MITOCHONDRIA AND GOLGI APPARATUS OF THE GIANT-CELLS OF RED BONE-MARROW H. E. JORDAN Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Virginia Medical School TWO PLATES (fourteen FIGURES) This investigation was undertaken with the view mainly of adding to our knowledge of the giant-cells of red bone-marrow. Whatever information might accrue with respect to the significance of mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus was a secondary and incidental consideration. Only giant-cells of the hemogenic series come within the scope of this investigation. This work has no reference to the osteoclasts. In connection with previous studies of the medullary giantcells, numerous unsuccessful efforts were made, extending over several years, to demonstrate in the extensive cytoplasm of these giant-cells, by various standard technics, mitochondria, an internal reticular apparatus of Golgi, and the trophospongium of Holmgren. A recent more intensive application to this specific aspect of the general problem of the structure and significance of the hemogenic giant-cells, consisting mainly of experiments with modifications of the several fixing fluids in more general use for the demonstration of these structures, has yielded positive results with respect to both mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus, and more or less provisional results regarding the so-called trophospongium. The material employed was the femoral marrow of the rabbit and guinea-pig, both infantile and adult. The method that 118 H. E. JORDAN finally gave the most satisfactory results was a modification, with respect to time of fixation, of the Kopsch technic. This consists of immersion of very small pieces of the marrow in a 2 per cent solution of osmic acid for a period of four weeks. The tissue must be kept in the dark in an air-tight glass-stoppered vial during the entire period of fixation. This technic reveals both mitochondria and a Golgi apparatus in the same sections and in the same cells. Only two references occur in the literature concerning mitochondria in medullary giant-cells. Dubreuil ('10) records observations on both the osteoclasts (myeloplaxes of Robin) and what he terms the cells of Bizzozero. The latter are identical with the megakaryocytes of Howell. In tissue fixed with Regaud's potassium bichromate-formol solution and stained with iron hematoxylin, Dubreuil describes a great abundance of minute granular mitochondria in the osteoclasts. The same technic revealed occasional, very minute, deeply staining granules in the megakaryocytes. Dubreuil is only willing to say that these latter granules are probably of the nature of mitochondria. Prenant ('11), presumably using the Benda technic, claims to be able, with considerable difficulty, to demonstrate granular mitochondria of varying abundance in what he terms megakaryocytes. He does not state what marrow was used in his investigation. Neither Dubreuil nor Prenant give any illustrations in connection with their descriptions. It is therefore uncertain whether these investigators in all cases of cells called 'cells of Bizzozero' and 'megakaryocytes,' respectively, were actually dealing with the hemogenic giant-cells, or that all the polykaryocytes were actually osteoclasts. One becomes especially suspicious in the case of Dubreuil, for he describes osteoclasts as giant-cells with either a single giant nucleus or with multiple nuclei. The cells of Bizzozero, or megakaryocytes, he correctly describes as cells with a nucleus with many buds, that is, cells with a complex or polymorphous nucleus. As a matter of fact, osteoclasts exist only as cells with more than one, usually many GIANT-CELLS OF BONE-MARROW 119 nuclei, and the hemogenic giant-cells include also cells with many nuclei, that is, polykaryocytes. Prenant apparently considers all multinucleated giant-cells of marrow as osteoclasts, and he describes their mitochondria as consisting of three morphologic varieties: granules, rodlets, and vesicles. These three varieties I can demonstrate also in the hemogenic giant-cells, polymorphonucleated as well as multinucleated. In two other recent important contributions the results are likewise vitiated by failure to make a distinction between osteolytic and hemogenic giant-cells. Perroncito ('20) speaks of the predominant function of the giant-cells of red bone-marrow as one of phagocytosis, especially for bacteria, erythrocytes, and leucocytes. Pianese ('20), while correctly interpreting the polykaryocyte (of the hemogenic series) as an advanced stage of development of the mononucleated giant-cells ('megakaryocytes'), holds erroneously that it can function also as an osteoclast. Both Perroncito and Pianese hesitate to accept Wright's conclusion that blood platelets are fragments of giant-cell (hemogenic) cytoplasm, but they are unable to furnish any conflicting evidence. In view of the prevailing confusion with regard to the giantcells of red bone-marrow in growing and mature bones, it seems desirable to summarize in this connection my general conclusions, based upon an extensive study of osteolytic and hemopoietic foci, regarding two types of giant-cells. Giant-cells of bone-marrow belong to two ontogenetically, cytologically, and functionally distinct categories: the hemogenic and the osteolytic (Jordan, '18, '21). The former develop, both in red bone-marrow and in the yolk sac, from mononucleated, lymphocyte-like cells, the hemoblasts (Jordan, '18, '19 a). They may exist as giant mononucleated cells (giant hemoblasts), and as such are properly called megakaryocytes. They may suffer a nuclear modification, leading to a complex polylobulated 'basket' nucleus, and at such a stage are more correctly designated polymorphokaryocytes. This polymorphous nuclear condition indicates a stage in amitotic nuclear division, and leads to a multinucleated condition, when the cell may be termed a polykaryocyte (Jordan, '20). The osteolytic giant-cells, on the contrary, arise by the fusion of originally discrete cells of the bone-marrow, including osteoblasts and reticular cells, and are accordingly always and only multinucleated. After Wright's technic, the hemogenic giant-cell, whether mono-, polymorpho-, or multinucleated, and even in the condition of the ancestral hemoblast, is seen to contain a granular endoplasm which takes on a reddish lilac (red to purple) color. The granules are variously designated as metachromatic and azurophil granules. From this granular cytoplasm, by segmentation of pseudopods and by fragmentation of larger areas, are formed the platelets. The cytoplasm of the osteolytic giantcell does not react in this same way to Wright's technic, nor does it produce platelets (Jordan, '18). Furthermore, the hemogenic giant-cells are not phagocytic. The occasional inclusion of erythrocytes must be interpreted as the result of an intracellular differentiation in these potential erythroblasts, comparable to blood islands, and the included granulocytes as the result of an invasion of the disintegrating giant-cell cytoplasm (Jordan, '20). The chief function of the hemogenic giant-cells is the production of platelets. The osteolytic giantcells, on the contrary, are distinctly phagocytic. They ingest bone, senile erythrocytes, effete osteoblasts, bone cells, and various other types of debris. The giant-cells here to be considered are accordingly only of the hemogenic type, that is, the platelet-forming variety. An effort was originally made to stain the mitochondria of the giant-cells in fresh preparations of marrow with janus green. Various dilutions were employed, including the standard one of 1 part of the stain to 10,000 parts of a normal salt solution. In such preparations the endoplasm appears granular, the minute granules staining a pale green color. The green-staining granules are presumably mitochondria, but originally such interpretation seemed not quite certain for three chief reasons: 1) the granules did not stain as intensely as did the mitochondria of certain other tissues similarly treated, e.g., those of the cells of the onion membrane; 2) the granules seemed too minute for mitochondria of such presumably highly differentiated cells, and the possibility presented itself that they might be the metachromatic granules revealed with Wright's technic; 3) it seemed probable that these cells should contain some bacillary and filar mitochondria. Accordingly, experiments with various fixing and staining technics were next undertaken. The only technic which gave acceptable results was fixation in a 2 per cent osmic-acid solution applied for four weeks. This method reveals abundant granular and annular (vesicular) mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the giant-cells (figs. 5 to 11). An occasional small bacillary mitochondrion also appears, but no filar mitochondria are present in my preparations. It seems, therefore, that the granules revealed by the j anus-green solution in the fresh material are actually the mitochondria. The slightly larger size of the mitochondria in the fixed preparations may be the result of a slight swelling action of the osmic acid. Moreover, the metachromatic granules revealed by Wright's technic are more minute, irregular, frequently clumped, and to some extent of a dust-like nature. The relation of the mitochondria to the metachromatic granules has not been determined. Cowdry's ('14) illustrations of living blood platelets stained with janus green, showing granular mitochondria, support my conclusion that the granules of the giant-cells revealed by the Kopsch technic are mitochondria. The platelets illustrated by Cowdry showing bacillary mitochondria may be of the sort derived from hemoblasts, or even from lymphocytes. In the red bone-marrow of the frog it has been shown that all varieties of leucocytes may produce platelet-like bodies, and it seems altogether probable that in mammals also lymphocytes may to a variable extent contribute to the sum of blood platelets formed predominantly by hemogenic giant-cells ('19 b). In my best set of preparations mitochondria are revealed only in the hemoblasts and the hemogenic giant-cells. No mitochondria are discernible in the granulocytes. Nor are the several varieties of specific granules preserved. These granules of granulocytes are represented, with few exceptions, only by vacuoles, the negatives of the dissolved granules. In certain other sets, prepared by the same technic, the hemoblasts and giant-cells, with rare exceptions, lack mitochondria; but in these cases the granules of the granulocytes are deeply stained. They are spherical and annular in shape (fig. 13), and appear identical with the mitochondria of the giant-cells of the other sets of preparations. They can, however, be definitely identified as non-mitochondrial granules by other than morphologic and tinctorial criteria, and not the slightest confusion exists betw^een the cytoplasmic granules of blood granulocytes and the mitochondria of hemoblasts and giant-cells. In certain sets only the former are preserved, in others only the latter. The point of special importance here concerns only the fact that even the Kopsch technic is not specific for mitochondria. This technic stains in the same way also the specific granules of the amphophil (special) and eosinophilic granulocytes, and in such manner as to closely simulate mitochondria. The large eosinophilic granules stain generally only a deep brown (fig. 13 b), while the granules of the special leucocytes stain black (fig. 13 a). Error and confusion are obviated by the fact that only one of the elements, that is either the specific granules or the mitochondria, stain, with an occasional exception, in the same preparation. This fact emphasizes also the extreme capriciouness of the action of this most favorable mitochondrial technic. Moreover, the reaction to osmic acid suggests that the amphophil and eosinophil granules also contain a lipoid constituent. The ring-shaped character of especially the eosinophilic granules results most probably from the solution of the central, less resistant, portion of the granules by this technic, or it may perhaps result from the rarefaction of the center of the granule due to a swelling action of the osmic acid. In hemoblasts appear only relatively few mitochondria, and a large number of these are of the short bacillary variety (figs. 1 to 4) . In general, as the giant-cell progresses in development, that is, as it passes to the more complex polymorphonucleated, and ultimately to the polynucleated condition, the bacillary and granular types of mitochondria relatively decrease numerically and the vesicular or annular type increases (compare figs. 5 and 7) . Since the Kopsch technic preserves the nuclei only poorly, a minute seriation of successive stages cannot be determined. Accordingly, giant-cells, apparently closely similar with respect to nuclear condition, contain in one case predominantly granular mitochondria, in other cases predominantly vesicular forms (figs. 6 to 8). According to the Lewises, in cultures of young connective tissue ring-shaped mitochondria represent a stage in degeneration and are characteristic of the older cells (p. 395). This agrees with my original conclusion with regard to these giant-cells. Duesberg ('20), however, interprets mitochondria of vesicular form (in older spermatids of opossum) as the result of 'defective fixation.' In living cells in teased preparations he could see no vesicles, but only solid granules. He states further that during this particular period of spermogenesis the mitochondria are especially sensitive to the action of fixing reagents, while at the same time exhibiting an increased resistance to the dissolving action of acetic acid (p. 64). N. H. Cowdry ('20) finds that in plant cells the form of the mitochondria varies in the same type of cell without discernible cause, developmental, preservative or pathologic. He says that 'it is impossible to find two rootlets, although growing under precisely similar conditions, in which there is not some difference in the mitochondrial contents of cells from similar portions.' He finds 'also that there is much variation in the manner in which mitochondria react to experimental conditions in different parts of the same rootlet and also in rootlets of different stages of growth' (p. 197). Nicholson ('16), on the contrary, records for certain types of neurons of the brain of white mice a fairly specific qualitative difference in the mitochondrial content, as well as a fairly constant variation in form of mitochondria in different parts of the same cell (p. 342). Moreover, in the eosinophilic leucocytes preserved in the marrow fixed with osmic acid, many of the granules appear vesicular (fig. 13) . I come to the tentative conclusion that as these giant-cells progress in development beyond the hemoblast stages bacillary mitochondria give way to granular, and that in the older stages of the polymorphokaryocytes the granular mitochondria react to this technic in such a manner as to give the appearance of a vesicle or ring. Apparently the less resistant center of the eosinophilic granule, and of the granular mitochondrion, is dissolved or rarefied by the Qsmic acid of this technic. The mitochondria qbviously increase enormously in number as the young giant-cells grow in size, but I have seen no indication of the manner of mitochondrial formation. The most obvious conclusion would seem to be that in these cells new mitochondria arise from out of the cytoplasm rather than by segmentation of preexisting mitochondria. Only occasionally are the mitochondria arranged in definite lines, simulating in this condition varicose or segmenting fibrils (fig. 9). In certain giant-cells the segregation of the mitochondria within the endoplasm is striking (figs. 5 and 7). In this respect the mitochondria are disposed like the metachromatic granules shown in preparations according to Wright's technic. In these cases there appears a clear, narrow, non-granular exoplasmic layer. However, no evidence appears in my preparations bearing on the question of the genetic relation between mitochondria and the metachromatic granules. The number of mitochondria also varies greatly in different cells (compare fig. 7 with figs. 10 and 11). As regards mitochondria, therefore, the definite result accrues from this study that the hemogenic giant-cells of red bonemarrow are characterized by a type of mitochondria predominantly of the small granular form. THE GOLGI APPARATUS The sole recorded observation on the internal reticular apparatus of Golgi in giant-cells of red bone-marrow is a brief reference by Retzius ('01). Retzius used the bone-maiTow of young rabbits and cats. At least in so far as he dealt with the bonemarrow of rabbits, he was almost certainly concerned exclusively with the hemogenic giant-cells. His results may therefore be properly compared with mine for this tissue. Retzius used as fixing fluids Rabl's mixture (sublimate-picricacetic-acid) and Carnoy's fluid. In preparations stained with iron hematoxylin and various counterstains, including eosin, he claims to be able to demonstrate the Golgi apparatus. Since Retzius' contribution includes no illustrations, and since the modified Kopsch technic gives a picture very different from that described by Retzius, I repeated Retzius' technic with a view to observing the specific appearance that he interpreted as a Golgi apparatus. The condition that seems least likely to represent a fixation artifact, while at the same time corresponding fairly closely to the description of Retzius, appears in the preparations fixed with the Carnoy fluid no. 1 (absolute alcohol 60 cc, chloroform 30 cc, glacial acetic acid 10 cc). Rabl's mixture, as also the Carnoy's fluid no, 2, produces results which are obviously exaggerations of the condition seen in the tissue fixed with the unmodified Carnoy's fluid, and which seem clearly to be fixation alterations. As illustrated in figure 12, the Carnoy fluid (no. 1) discloses a collection of anastomosing canals, in general parallel with the surface, and apparently opening onto the periphery. The system, as revealed by changing the level of focus, is rather more complex than could be shown to advantage in the illustration. This system answers to Retzius' description of a structure of 'peculiar canal-like character apparently similar to the trophospongium described by Emil Holmgren in spinal ganglion cells.' Influenced, however, by Heidenhain's idea regarding the function of these giant-cells, namely, 'that they serve solely to imbibe and alter proteids taken either from the lymph or the blood stream to be again returned to them' (cited from Retzius), he inclined to interpret this system of canals as 'similar to the secretory canals of gland cells rather than nutritive canals.' He states further that 'these canals of giant-cells appear to be a mechanism for the elimination of products of metabolism of these cells.' This conclusion he regards as favored also by the fact that the canaliculi open upon the periphery. It seems important to record the fact that the appearance of the cytoplasm differs greatly in different cells of my preparations fixed with Carnoy's fluid. In some cells it appears homogeneous or very finely granular, without indication of either canalicular network or mitochondria; in other cells the cytoplasm is filled with black-staining granules and varicose threads, the granules being apparently identical with the mitochondria of the Kopsch preparations. In the cells in which the cytoplasm is canalized as above described, the black-staining granules and threads are either extremely rare or entirely lacking. I am unable to decide, on the basis of available data, whether this difference in the constitution of the cytoplasm represents a genuine functional and structural difference or a variable effect of the fixing process, or whether it is correlated with a difference in the stage of development, showing itself in a difference of reaction to the Carnoy mixture. The latter interpretation seems to me the most probable. It is of prime interest that Retzius states that he was unable to demonstrate 'this canalicular apparatus of giant-cells by the application of Golgi's chrom-osmium-silver method so favorable for revealing this apparatus in gland cells.' This was also my experience. In fact, I was unable to demonstrate such a canalicular apparatus of Holmgren or a genuine Golgi reticulum by any of the standard methods, other than the Kopsch method in the case of the Golgi net, in general use for the preservation of these cell contents. In my experiments with various fluids for the demonstration of mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus in the giant-cells of bone-marrow I used in practically every attempt also testicular tissue. With the Kopsch method it was a sijnple matter to demonstrate in the same sections of the testis (rabbit and opossum) structures identical with what have been described and illustrated many times by many workers with various technics,, both mitochondria and Golgi apparatus (fig. 14). With the time modification the Kopsch method revealed similar structures in the giant-cells of the red bone-marrow (figs. 5 and 7). I therefore feel justified in concluding that a structure, entirely different from that described by Retzius, and agreeing in essential particulars with the reticular apparatus of Golgi described in many other cells, occurs typically in these giant-cells of red marrow. In short, the technic employed by Retzius does not reveal the Golgi apparatus, but does disclose a system of anastomosing canals that may correspond to what Holmgren has described as a trophospongium; but which seem to me, at least in this tissue, to be of the nature of a fixation artifact. The conception that I have acquired of this 'canalicular apparatus' in these giant-cells of my preparations fixed in Carnoy's fluid is that of a result produced by a condensation (coagulation) of the cytoplasm along certain planes, leaving thus an irregular system of intervening layers of more fluid substances simulating canals. In this field of cytology it is especially unsafe to make unquahfied statements, and I would not be understood to even intimate that all so-called trophospongium and canalicular apparatus is artificial, either the result of fixation or temperature changes. But I feel quite in accord with Duesberg's ('20) conclusion that the closed, locahzed Golgi apparatus is a structure distinct from the diffuse canalicular apparatus, opening at certain points on the periphery, commonly described as Holmgren's trophospongium, in spite of Holmgren's ('14) insistence that these two structures are one and the same thing. At any rate, in these giant-cells the canalicular apparatus revealed by the Carnoy's fluid, and first described by Retzius, has no direct relation to the much smaller and sharply localized network as revealed by the Kopsch technic. Moreover, this network, which I am designating as the Golgi apparatus, consists, as revealed after the osmic-acid treatment, of solid elements, not of canals. The Golgi apparatus of the hemogenic series of giant-cells appears already in the hemoblasts as a closed loop of somewhat irregular form, closely applied to the surface of the centrosphere (figs. 1 to 4). I have not succeeded, as I had hoped to do, in tracing the detailed steps of its development concomitant with the assumption of the polymorphonucleated and the multi nucleated conditions of these giant-cells. But the Golgi apparatus clearly enlarges and becomes more of the nature of a closed network, always located close to the area which contains, as deduced from other preparations, the fragmenting centrosomes (fig. 5). In the later polynucleated stages, determined as accurately as the poorly preserved nuclei of this technic will permit, the reticular apparatus is lacking. It apparently breaks up and disappears coincidently with the partition and disappearance of the centrosomes (fig. 9) . The question of relationship between Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, seeing that they react in similar fashion to the osmic acid, presents itself for consideration. On the basis of staining reaction in osmic acid, one might conclude that Golgi apparatus and mitochondria are only different portions or different morphologic expressions of a chemically identical, certainly similar, cytoplasmic element. Such conclusion would seem to receive support from the fact that, when closely analyzed, the Golgi apparatus, especially in male germ cells, appears to be composed of elementary rods and granules, fused into a more or less intricate and continuous network; and further, from the additional fact that the mitochondria tend to aggregate about the centrosphere, the vicinity of which is frequently the site also of the Golgi apparatus (fig. 14). In the hemoblasts and their giant-cell derivatives the Golgi apparatus is located close to the position of the centrosome (figs. 1 to 4) . If the mitochondria which have congregated about the centrosphere fused, a network would presumably result very similar to the network of this location called the Golgi apparatus (fig. 5). However, there is no crucial evidence to prove that the granules scattered throughout the cytoplasm, and which appear identical with mitochondria, are not actually derived by fragmentation from the Golgi apparatus. Determination of relation, on the basis of staining reaction to osmic acid, is made to appear still more uncertain when we recall the close similarity, amounting apparently to an identity, between the special (amphophil) and eosinophilic granules of the granulocytes of this marrow and the mitochondria of the giant-cells. Both the conclusion of an identity of these elements and that of a dissimilarity have had numerous supporters. Perroncito ('10), Cajal ('14), and Gatenby ('19), for example, regard these elements as genetically distinct structures; Deineke ('14) and Monti ('15), among others, regard them as only different morphologic expressions of the same substance. Duesberg ('20) originally regarded the two elements as different structures. In his latest consideration of this question, he seems unwilling to state a definite conclusion, while apparently inclining to a belief in a close genetic relationship. When one recalls the illustrations (figs. 5 and 9) of the Lewises ('15) showing the granular mitochondria of connective-tissue cells in tissue cultures fusing to form bacillary and filar mitochondria, which latter anastomose to form a comphcated network, one sees a series of events which has been actually observed in living cells paralleling in a measure the steps that would most conceivably be taken by mitochondria in the process of transformation into a Golgi apparatus. We know as yet too little definitely about the chemistry of the Golgi apparatus, and of the chemically different substances and mixtures which may give an identical color reaction with osmic acid, to warrant anything approaching a final statement with regard to the genetic relationship between the mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus. In this material, considering the practically innumerable granules in the cytoplasm, and the localized distribution and the relatively small size of the Golgi apparatus, we are on safe ground when we interpret the granules of the giantcell cytoplasm as mitochondria, rather than as portion of a diffuse Golgi apparatus. As regards the physical constitution of the Golgi apparatus, Pappenheimer ('16) inclines to accept the conclusion of Cajal that the apparatus consists of a system of canaliculi which are filled with a lipoid-containing substance. The canals are thought to be relatively rigid and of permanent form in certain fixed cells, but more plastic in secretory and embryonic cells (p. 138). Duesberg ('20) expresses some skepticism regarding such an interpretation (p. 76). Bensley ('14) interprets the apparatus 130 H. E. JOEDAN in the islet cells of the pancreas of the guinea-pig as a network of canals (p. 365), while Gatenby ('19) considers both Golgi apparatus and mitochondria to consist of a substance of living protoplasm denser than the surrounding medium in which they lie (p. 115). E. V. Cowdry ('21) suggests the terminology 'reticular material' for the so-called Golgi apparatus, in view^ of our limited knowledge regarding its intimate structure. He describes it as a restricted area of fluidity in the cytoplasm (p. 8). His observations on this 'material' in the erythroblasts, leucocytes and lymphocytes of the red marrow of the guinea-pig lead him to the tentative conclusion that it is of a 'watery consistency, being even more fluid than the general ground substance, and is probably changing its form continually as it plays its obscure part in the activities of the cell, for no two networks as seen in fixed preparations of blood cells, or any other kind of cell, are exactly alike' (p. 7) . jNIy own observations incline me to an interpretation of the Golgi apparatus in terms of solid fibrils rather than of canaliculi; at least 'solid' in a manner similar to the constitution of the mitochondria and that of the eosinophilic granules of the leucocytes. In some of the preparations the latter granules are deeply stained by the osmic acid, like the mitochondria of other preparations, and appear solid. In other preparations, where the mitochondria have become visible by the reaction to osmic acid, the eosinophilic granules have been dissolved, leaving only spherical vacuoles. In a similar fashion, the presumably solid Golgi net may be conceived to become in certain instances a system of canaliculi by the solution of fibrils, leaving behind the cytoplasmic mold of which the 'fibrils' formed the cast. The changing form and character of the Golgi apparatus would be the consequence of the continual addition of new portions (mitochondria?) and the continual destruction or resorption of other portions. 1. The hemogenic giant-cells of the red bone-marrow, the so-called megakaryocytes, contain abundant granular and a few bacillary mitochondria. In the earlier stages the bacillary forms predominate, in the later stages the granular are in excess. 2. The same cells contain also a relatively small Golgi apparatus in the form of a more or less complicated skein localized in the vicinity of the centrosomes. The Golgi apparatus fragments and disappears in the later multinucleated stages of these cells. 3. Both of these structures can be demonstrated in the same cells after prolonged treatment with a 2 per cent solution of osmic acid. 4. The Golgi apparatus thus demonstrated is an entirely different structure from the canalicular network or trophospongium first described by Retzius in these cells fixed with either Rabl's or Carnoy's solutions. 5. The results of this cytologic investigation of these giantcells in the red bone-marrow of the rabbit and the guinea-pig lead to the tentative conclusions that the so-called trophospongium of these cells as demonstrable in Carnoy-fixed tissue is an artifact, that the Golgi network consists of anastomosing varicose fibrils and rods, and that the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria are only morphologically different portions of the same substance, the former resulting from a fusion of the latter while aggregated in the neighborhood of the centrosphere. Bensley, R. R. 1910 On the nature of the canalicular apparatus of animal cells. Biol. Bull., vol. 19, pp. 179-194. 1914 Studies on the pancreas of the guinea pig. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 12, pp. 297-388. Cajal, R. 1914 Algunas variaciones fisiologicas y patalogicas del aparato reticular de Golgi. Trab. del Lab. de Invest. Biol., T. 12, p. 127 (cited from Pappenheimer). CowDRT, E. V. 1914 The vital staining of mitochondria with janus green and diethylsafranin in human blood cells. Internat. Monatschr. Anat. u. Physiol., Bd. 31, S. 267-286. 1918 The mitochondrial constituents of protoplasm. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. no. 271 (Contributions to Embryology, no. 25), pp. 41-160. 1921 The reticular material of developing blood cells. Jour. Exp. Med., vol. 33, pp. 1-11. CowDRY, N. H. 1920 Experimental studies on mitochondria in plant cells. Biol. Bull., vol. 39, pp. 188-207. Deineka, D. 1914 Beobachtungen ueber die Entwicklung des Knochengewebes mittels der Versilberungsmethode. Anat. Anz., Bd. 46, S. 97-126. DuBREUiL, G. 1910 Mitochondries des osteoclastes et des cellules de Bizzozero. Comptes rendus, Soc. Biol., T. 69, pp. 71-73. DuESBERG, J. 1920 Cytoplasmic structures in the seminal epithelium of the opossum. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. no. 272 (Contributions to Embryology, no. 28), pp. 47-84. Gatenby, J. B. 1919 The identification of intracellular structures. Jour. Roy. Micr. Soc, vol. 247, part 2 (June), pp. 93-118. Holmgren, E. 1914 Trophospongium und Apparato reticolare der spinalen Ganglienzellen. Anat. Anz., Bd. 46, S. 127-138. Jordan, H. E. 1918 A contribution to the problems concerning the origin, structure, genetic relation and function of the giant cells of hemopoietic and osteolytic foci. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 24, pp. 225-269. 1919 a The histogenesis of blood-platelets in the yolk-sac of the pig embryo. Anat. Rec, vol. 15, pp. 391-406. 1919 b The histology of the blood and the red bone-marrow of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 25, pp. 437-479. 1920 Further studies on red bone-marrow. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 27, pp. 287-313. 1921 Further evidence concerning the function of osteoclasts. Anat. Rec, vol. 20, pp. 281-295. Lewis, M. R., and Lewis, W. H. 1915 Mitochondria (and other cytoplasmic structures) in tissue cultures. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 27, pp. 339-401. Monti, R. 1915 I condrisomi e gli apparati di Golgi nelle cellule nervose. Arch. ital. di Anat. e di Embriol., T. 14, pp. 1-45. Nicholson, N. C. 1916 Morphological and microchemical variations in the mitochondria in the cells of the central nervous system. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 19, pp. 329-349. Pappenheimer, a. M. 1916 The Golgi apparatus. Personal observations and a review of the literature. Anat. Rec, vol. 11, pp. 107-148. Perroncito, a. 1910 Contribution a I'etude de la biologie cellulaire. Mito chondries, chromidies et appareil reticulaire intere dans les cellules spermatiques. Le phenomene de la dictyokinese. Arch. ital. de Biol., T. 54, pp. 307-845. • 1920 Sulla derivazione della piastrine dai megacariociti. Haemato logica, Archivio italiano di Ematologia e Sierologia., T. 1, pp. 111-125. Pianese, G. 1920 Per una miglior conoscenza dei megacariociti. Ibid., pp. 61-110. Prenant, a. 1911 Preparations relatives aux mitochondries. Comptes ren dus, Assoc. Anat., pp. 333-337. Retizus, G. 1901 Ueber Kanalchenbildungen in den Riesenzellen des Knock enmarkes. Anat. Anz., Bd. 19, S. 92-95 (Erganzungsheft, Verhand lungen der Anatomischen Gesellschaft, Bonn). All figures were drawn with a Leitz 1/16 objctive, a no. 1 ocular, and a camera lucida. The magnification is about 1600 diameters. 1 Hemoblast. The nucleus appears as a central, pale, homogeneous, circular area. Above the nucleus is a small, clear, circular area, the centrosphere, closely applied to which at the left is a deeply staining, collapsed loop-like structure, the Golgi apparatus. Throughout the cytoplasm, for the most part near the nuclear wall, are scattered granular and bacillary mitochondria. 2 Hemoblast. In this cell the Golgi apparatus encircles the centrosphere, and appears to consist of several fused rods and granules. The cytoplasm contains a few vesicular mitochondria. 3 Later hemoblast, or young mononucleated giant-cell, apparently in ameboid motion. The mitochondria are largely of bacillary form. Along the upper border the mitochondria are aggregated into spherical group suggesting either a forming or a disintegrating Golgi apparatus. 4 Hemoblast. The Golgi apparatus consists of a large, apparently continuous, bilobed net, closely applied to the nucleus. The mitochondria are predominantly of the bacillary form. A few mitochondria are shown scattered over the central nucleus. 5 Young polymorphokaryocyte. The enlarged nucleus is still relatively simple, consisting of two large lobes connected by a narrow bridge of nuclear material. Within the nuclear concavity, slightly to one side, the usual location of the now fragmenting centrosome, is situated an intricate network of delicate and deeply staining threads, the Golgi apparatus. The cytoplasm contains mostly short, rod-shaped mitochondria, with a few granules and vesicles. A narrow, clear, non-granular exoplasmic layer is here very conspicuous. 6 Older polymorphokaryocyte (megakaryocyte). The Golgi apparatus is not here shown. The cytoplasm is packed with exclusively granular mitochondria. 7 Older hemogenic giant-cell with complex polymorphous nucleus (polymorphokaryocyte). The Golgi apparatus is shown to the left. It consists of an intricate skein of deeply staining threads. The mitochondria are predominantly vesicular. 8 Section of preceding cell, 15m beyond the section of figure 7. The mitochondria are very abundant, including both granules and vesicles. GIANT-CELLS OF BONE-MARROW 't f-^ • -: »<» o I,- oo O' »_ ^ o o o f • o o '« o o •oo„o ir:v:i^ ^.? - o • n O O 9 ■^ Op.' O OOD » , O ' O „ •* oOo^.5o.»oooooo.„o '. o • o.-o o o-oOo^o," „ • o:•O o O Oo PLATE '1 9 Later stage of hemogenic giant-cell. At opposite poles of the nucleus are located two small, irregular, deeply staining networks, presumably the remnants of the originally single Golgi apparatus. Each moiety of the Golgi net lies peripheral to a cytoplasmic vacuole. The vacuole may have been produced by a contraction of the Golgi nets during dissolution or during fixation. The mitochondria are exclusively of the minute granular type. Above, in a clearer circular area, the mitochondria are so alined as to simulate varicose and segmenting threads. 10 Polykaryocyte of the hemogenic series. Several blunt pseudopods occur on this cell. The mitochondria include short rods, granules, and vesicles. 11 Similar giant-cell with relatively few mitochondria, the majority in the form of vesicles. 12 Giant-cell from marrow of rabbit, fixed with Carnoy's fluid no. 1 and stained with iron hematoxylin. The cytoplasm contains an anastomosing system of canals, corresponding to the so-called trophospongium of Holmgren. Similar appearances in these cells fixed in the same way were described by Retzius as a Golgi apparatus of the cells. The presumption would seem to be justified that in these cells the 'canals' are fixation artifacts. 13 a and b Special (amphophil) and eosinophilic granulocyte, respectively, of marrow of the guinea-pig as they appear in Kopsch preparations. Note the similarity of the granules to mitochondria. 14 a, b and c Primary spermocytes of testis of rabbit, preserved by the Kopsch method. The central nucleus appears as a pale, circular area. The cytoplasm contains a number of granular and bacilFary mitochondria. About the centrosphere is located a deeply staining network of varicose threads, presumably formed by fusion of rods and granules. In b and c occurs a third structure simulating somewhat a smaller Golgi apparatus. It is usually located at the nuclear I)ole opposite to that occupied by the centrosphere and the Golgi apparatus. It may however be located close to the larger network (as in c), and some cells contain two such groups. This third structure is tentatively interpreted here as resulting from the aggregation of mitochondria in certain regions. ■ -^ ^ ^ .-:l> • t. ■' • * V -f ■ >. '* •.^: .":•'.'•.. • . /• ■■:>. V . . li-v^?; • , ' »\ * ••• -:\ ;■•'• '.'/'. ••..•;,. '• •* ■'• .'• ' i • • • t , ," ' .'. '-f- \ • '.. •' ) ;. • »' ' ' / ' • «.. • \ » . •V , f » * * X' 'w; %* • .••"? -^, ('«< ?"' v;.;,: .'.' ' ^>^^ '.a'\:>.-' « o „ o -.,-.£> , • • o ' • \ '■ • o I .O . "o'o " o'o' 2.0o,.o„ i ^ oo^o" f"^ PROMPT PUBLICATION The Author can greatly assist the Publishers of this Journal in attaining prompt publication of his paper by following these three suggestions: 1. Abstract. Send with the manuscript an Abstract containing not more than 250 words, in the precise form of The Bibliographic Service Card, so that the paper when accepted can be scheduled for a definite issue as soon as received by the Publisher from the Editor. 2. Manuscript. Send the IManuscript to the Editor prepared as described in the Notice to Contributors, to conform to the style of the Journal (see third page of cover). 3. Illustrations. Send the Illustrations in complete and finished form for engraving, drawings and photographs being protected from bending or breaking when shipped by mail or express. By assuming and meeting these responsibilities, the author avoids loss of time, correspondence that may be required to get the Abstract, Manuscript and Illustrations in proper form, and does all in his power to obtain prompt publication. Resumen por el autor, T. H. Bast. Estudios sobre la estructura y multiplicacion de las celulas oseas facilitados por una nueva tecnica. En el estudio de un tejido es de gran import ancia que la fijaci6n reproduzca exactamente la estructura viva. En el estudio de las celulas 6seas los mejores resultados pueden obtenerse en preparaciones hechas del siguiente modo: Una lamina delgada o delgadas astillas de hueso se fijan en alcohol, se tifien en violeta de genciana, deshidratando mediante el alcohol y pasandolas por benzol; y despues de separar cuidadosamente el periosteo, se montan in toto en balsamo neutro. Tales preparaciones presentan la cromatina nuclear intensamente tenida, el citoplasma mas claro y una matriz 6sea incolora. Este metodo elimina el empleo delos acido que siempre ejercenuna acci6n disgregante sobre el tejido. Permite el estudio del hueso in toto, facilitando el adquirir un concepto mas verdadero de las relaciones y forma de las diversas estrucutras, una virtud que no poseen los cortes, a menos que sean seriados. La matriz 6sea de estas preparaciones es tan clara y transparente que las granulaciones citoplasmicas, centrosomas, prolongaciones protoplasmicas y sus anastomosis, la ausencia de espacios lacunares y canaliculos, la forma y estructura del nucleo y el tipo de divisi6n nuclear, que es siempre la amitosis, pueden determinarese sin dificultad. Esta multiplicaci6n de las celulas junto con el hecho de que en el hueso muy j6ven estan mas proximas entre si que en el mas viejo indican que las celulas 6seas no son corpusculos inactivos, sino que estan relacionados de alguna manera con la producci6n de tejido 6seo. Translation by ,Ios6 F. Nonidez Cornell Medical Collgee, New York author's abstract of this paper issued by the bibliographic service, june 27 STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURE AND MULTIPLICATION OF BONE CELLS FACILITATED BY A NEW T. H. BAST Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin ONE PLATE (six FIGURES) Technique 140 Observations on cell structure 142 a. Shape and size of bone cells 143 b. Relation of cells to lacunae 144 c Protoplasmic processes of bone cells 144 d. The cytoplasm 145 e. The nucleus 145 /. The centrosomes 145 g. Multiplication of bone cells 146 Literature and discussion of bone cell 147 a. Relation of cells to lacunae and canaliculi 148 b. Multiplication of bone cells 149 c. Discussion 150 Functional consideration 151 According to the generally accepted view, a bone cell may be defined as a modified, functionless or senile osteoblast. The osteoblast or bone-former is a characteristicly changed fibroblast. Certain fibroblasts become rounded and are transformed into osteoblasts which arrange themselves on the surface of the bone spicules where they deposit osseous substances. The origin of the fibroblast is somewhat different in the two types of bone. In membranous bone the fibroblasts arise in situ from the mesenchyme while in cartilaginous bone they are carried by the osteo 139 140 T. H. BAST genetic buds into the areolae of Sharpey from the perichondrium. T. W. Todd, however, beUeves that the fibroblasts of cartilage bone arise in situ. Thus he says: "Osteoblasts do not enter skeletal tissue along the blood vessel's tracks, but are fibroblasts or connective tissue cells which have undergone certain characteristic modifications and may not have passed through the chondroblast stage." This view is also held by Macewen. The stages passed through by the fibroblast in becoming an osteoblast, do not directly concern us, the transformation of the osteoblast into a bone cell is the point of immediate importance. According to current views the osteoblast deposits bone only on that surface which is in contact with bone spicules. When one of these osteoblasts becomes aged, worn out, or inactive it is gradually surrounded by the osseous product of other osteoblasts which remain active. At this stage the term osteoblast (bone former) no longer applies and the name bone cell is used. Thus bone cells are passive protoplasmic bodies lying in bone pockets called lacunae. It is to this cell lying within the lacunae that we shall turn our attention. The material for this paper presented itself in an entirely unlooked for manner. While investigating the glands of a dog's nose the thin lamina of bone of the turbinates and the ethmoid attracted attention. Curiosity led to a number of experiments which proved interesting. After trying many stains and manipulations in order to obtain differential preparations the following procedure gave satisfactory results : 1. Fix small pieces of thin bone in 95 per cent alcohol. 2. Wash in water. 3. Stain for 8-24 hours in a dilute aqueous solution of Gentian Violet. (The stain should be diluted until it is transparent when viewed in a test tube.) 4. Dehydrate as rapidly as possible in 75 per cent, 95 per cent and absolute alcohol. 5. Clear in benzol. STRUCTURE AND MULTIPLICATION OF BONE CELLS 141 6. Place in a watch glass of benzol and carefully scrape off all of the periosteum under a binocular microscope. 7. Mount in balsam. The advantage of Gentian Violet over other stains lies in the fact that bone cells stain very intensely while the matrix remains unstained. The deep stained cells with all their protoplasmic processes within the clear white bone gives a very striking picture. The older the bone the greater the contrast. This is probably due to the fact that the bone cells are farther apart and the abundant and more compact bone is less prone to absorb the stain. Among other stains that were used, neutral red gave similar results but the contrast is not as great because the cells are not stained as intensely as with Gentian Violet. When bone from which the periosteum has been removed, is stained the picture is not as clear. The denuded bone apparently^ absorbs some of the dye. With the periosteum intact the stain will not diffuse through the osseous matrix. Before attempting to study such sections it is very important that the periosteum be carefully removed. The outer or limiting membrane is easily removed but the inner part of the periosteum is not membranous but more granular and adheres firmly to the bone. It is this inner layer that takes the stain deeply and unless removed obscures the details of the bone itself. The bones employed in these investigations were thin lamina from the turbinates and ethmoid bones of both young and adult dogs; the parietal and nasal bones of young cats and rabbits; the parietal bones of mice and rats; thin pieces of young rat femur; and the thin lamina of bone from the human ethmoid and from the walls of the human sphenoidal sinuses. A complete series of parietal bones of 15 rats ranging from one to fifteen days old were studied. This series was taken from two litters, one of eight and the other of seven young. Fresh bone was also studied with good results. The refractive indices are sufficiently different to permit one to distinguish between cells and matrix. All of these preparations even the parietal bones of half grown rats and three week old kittens are thin and transparent enough to permit examination with oil immersion lenses. The value of this type of preparations may be summed up as follows: 1. Bones need not be decalcified to obtain preparations fit for oil immersion study. 2. No sections need be cut but bone can be .studied in its entirety. 3. Bone can be examined fresh with water immersion lenses. 4. The bone cell and its processes can be viewed with great clearness without being subjected to the severe and distorting action of acids. OBSERVATIONS ON BONE CELL STRUCTURE We shall not describe the osteoblast but the bone cell only. However, it is often rather difficult to determine where the osteoblast stage ends and the bone cell stage begins. Lewis and Stohr describe the beginning of the bone cell as follows; Osteoblasts .... form bone only along that surface which is applied to the matrix. As the strand of bone grows broader through their activity, it encloses here and there an osteoblast, which thus becomes a bone cell." Since this seems to be the generally accepted view we shall take as a criterion the point where the rounded osteoblast is replaced by the star-shaped body completely surrounded by an osseous matrix. The pieces of bone for this study varied in thickness from one to four times the thickness of the bone cells. In such preparations cells are found at various levels. With a 16 mm, objective the cells appear very small, and since a low^ power lens permits a considerable depth of focus several layers of cells are brought into view often confusing the true relationship. The 4 mm. and the oil immersion lenses are used to better advantage, the oil immersion giving the most satisfactory results. The depth of focus is much less than the diameter of the cell and so a clear focus can be obtained on any part of the cell. The structures lying below or above a given focus appear quite transparent when a strong light and an open diaphram are used. Only those cells which lie in the same plane of focus are visible. By slowly changing the focus the relation to other cells at other levels can be established. Since the osseous matrix is unstained or only slightly tinted, the deeply stained bone cells with their anastomosing protoplasmic processes produce the picture of a syncytium. a. Shape and size of bone cells The shape of the bone cell is usually stellate with a more or less elongated body, but difference in shape depend on the age of the cells. Cross sections of the parietal bone show that the bodies of bone cells are not flat but round or oval. Very young cells are more rounded much like the osteoblast and the processes are short or sometimes even absent. In older cells the stellate shape is very marked The cell body varies from 10 to 18 micra in diameter although some polynucleated cells measure more. In young cells the average diameter is greater than in older cells. The young cells are usually preparing to divide, and this may be the reason for the difference. This seems to be substantiated by the fact that in very young parietal bone of the rat some groups of cells are very large while other groups are rather small. The nuclei of the large cells usually have divided or are about to divide (fig. 6). The groups of smaller cells show signs of having passed through a stage of rapid division (fig. 2). Both of these groups of young cells can be found near the periphery of the growing parietal bone. The difference in size, however, is not. entirely explained by the stage of proliferation because a difference in size also exists in older cells of different ages. In the one day old rat the cells at the center of the parietal bone^ — these are the oldest cells — are large, measuring from 15 to 16 micra in diameter (fig. 4). On the other hand the cells near the center of a 15 day old rat measure about 12 to 13 micra (fig. 3). Figures 3 and 4 also show the interesting fact that the oldest cells of the 15 day old rat are about 20 micra apart while those of the one day old are separated by only 16 micra. The difference is usually greater than is shown by these figures. This difference can also be seen between the peripheral and central cells of a given young bone. Thus the central cells of a one day old bone (fig. 3) are 16 micra apart while those more peripherally located are separated by only 4 micra, (figs. 2 and 6). Figm'es 2, 3, and 6 are drawings from the parietal bone of a rat fifteen days old. A series of young rats, up to three and one-half weeks old including the series already mentioned, bear out these observations. The younger cells as a rule are large and close together while the older cells are small and far apart. 6. Relation of cells to lacunae In all of the preparations, fixed in alcohol and carefully passed through the steps of the technique outlined above, the cells completely fill the lacunae. In preparations which were carelessly handled or allowed to become dry at any time the cells were retracted from the bony wall. It appears therefore that the term lacunae has no significance other than a place occupied by a tissue cell. Thus in any tissue when a cell is removed a pocket is left which might be called a lacunae with the same degree of correctness as in bone except that due to the plasticity of most tissues the space would collapse. c. Protoplasmic processes of bone cells Not only do the cell bodies completely fill the so-called lacunae but the cell processes fill the so-called canaliculi also. This is especially apparent in figures 2, 5 and 6. In older bones these communicating processes are much finer but there is no indication that they are retracted. In young cells the processes are short and broad at the base and the protoplasmic continuity is unmistakable. The protoplasmic continuity and ^anastomosis is also shown in older bone (figs. 3 and 4). These figures further show large protoplasmic masses destitute of a nucleus, connected to the cell body by a narrow process. In older bone such masses are rare; but in their places one finds slight enlargements at the points where the anastomosis of several processes occur (figs. 1 and 3). Figure 1, which is a drawing from the ethmoid bone of a dog, shows an unusual anastomosis between the protoplasmic processes. It appears all the more unusual because they are represented as seen under a shifting focus. Normally many of the processes do anastomose but end blindly as seen in the remaining figures. These mounts of entire bone also make clear the fact that the processes do not lie in one plane only, but that they radiate in all directions to anastomose with the surrounding cells. •■b d. The cytoplasm The cell protoplasm is of a finely granular nature. ]\Iost preparations show a lightly stained, less gra.nular cytoplasm immediately surrounding the nucleus. External to this is an area containing numerous coarse, highly refractive granules. These large granules become fewer toward the periphery but some of them can be found even in the larger protoplasmic processes (fig. 3). There is no sign of lacunar spaces or empty canaliculi but the granular cytoplasm is everywhere in contact with the clear bony matrix, e. The yiucleus The nucleus is normally of an oval shape and is eccentrically placed. Many of the nuclei are shaped differently but such shapes depend on the stage or type of amitosis which they represent. The nucleus is very rich in chromatin which is grouped into smaller or larger masses and irregularly distributed. /. The centrosomes Centrosomes can be seen in many of the preparations. Gentian violet is not a specific stain for these structures but very good results are often obtained. Iron hematoxylin is a more specific stain but it can not be used for this purpose because it corrodes and stains bone. Further details including their position will be considered later. (J. Multiplication of bone cells A detailed account of bone cell division will be taken up in a subsequent paper on amitosis. In the present paper we shall only attempt to establish the fact that bone cell multiplication does actually occur. In all preparations, — including nasal bones of dogs, cats, and rabbits; ethmoid and sphenoid of man; parietals of the mouse, rat, rabbit and cat; and the femur of young rats,^ — some stage of either nuclear or cytoplasmic division or both can be seen. The different stages of nuclear divisions are very common and cytoplasmic division is common in young bone. From a previous statement that bone cells form a syncytium it will be clear that cytoplasmic division is not complete in most cases. Since many of the protoplasmic connections break early it is conceivable that all such connections between two sister cells might break. However I am unable to show such a condition. The constriction however is so real that the process of cell division is complete except for a fine connecting process. In all observed cases of nuclear division the method, without exception, was that of amitosis. The constricting or dividing nucleus showed no signs of chromatin rearrangement and the nuclear wall was complete at all stages. In the region of newly formed bone, multiplication is rapid and often forms strings of cells (fig. 2). These rows of cells are especially seen along the walls of blood vessels radiating toward the periphery as in the parietal, or lying parallel to the long axis of the bone as in the femur. A number of stages of division are shown in figure 6. In figure 4 several masses of cytoplasm without nuclei are separated from the main cell except for a narrow cytoplasmic connection. The largest of these masses is interesting because it contains a small amount of nuclear material and a faint strand of nucleoplasm extends from the main cell nucleus toward this outlying mass of protoplasm. Most of these masses contain no nuclear material. They seem to be pinched off from the main cell by rapidly forming bone matrix in the region of the constriction. The mass containing the nucleus may have been formed in such a way but carrying with it a portion of the nucleus, or it may be the result of cell division followed by degeneration. This latter interpretation is in accord with Haour's statement that many bone cells degenerate to form phosphoric acid which is essential for the deposition of bone. LITERATURE AND DISCUSSION OF THE BONE CELL In the study of bone two types of preparations have been employed in the past, namely, decalcified and ground bone. Embryonic bone has been cut without decalcification but the study of such preparations has apparently failed to contribute anything to the knowledge of bone cells. For the study of the bone cells the ground bone method is of little use except to show where the cells were. The method upon which is based our present knowledge of the bone cell is the decalcification and section method. It is upon this decalcification method that the following accounts are based. In the textbook of Histology by Lewis and Stohr, the following statement is made: Active osteoblasts tend to be cuboidal or columnar, but as bone production ceases they become quite flat. They form bone only along that surface which is applied to the matrix. As the strand of bone grows broader through their activity, it encloses here and there an osteoblast, which thus becomes a bone cell (fig. 72). Apparently bone cells do not divide, and if they produce matrix, thus becoming more widely separated from each other, it is only to a slight extent and in young bones; the}^ are therefore quite inactive. Each bone cell occupies a space in the matrix, called as in cartilage, a lacuna, but unlike the lacunae of cartilage those in bone are connected by numerous delicate canals, the canaliculi. In ordinary specimens the canaliculi are visible only as they enter the lacunae, which are thus made to appear stellate. The matrix around the lacunae resists strong hydrochloric acid which destroys the ordinary matrix, and so may be isolated in the form of 'bone corpuscles.' The 'corpuscles' correspond with the capsules of cartilage, which may be isolated in the same way. The bone cells nearly fill the lacunae and send out very slender processes into the canaliculi. These may anastomose with the processes of neighboring cells, as can be seen in the embrj^o, but it is doubtful if this condition is retained in the adult. The processes, moreover, are so fine that ordinarily they are invisible. Jordan makes the following statement: Both in and between the lamellae are many small ovoid spaces which are partially filled by small flattened cells, the bone cells; these spaces are known as lacunae. From each lacuna minute canals, the canaliculi, radiate in all directions, thus placing the lacuna in open communication with its neighbors, and eventually with the lymph spaces of the central Haversian canal. The branching processes of the bone cells frequently project for a short distance into the canaliculi. These cytoplasmic branches are more numerous in newly formed bone, later they are retracted and the cells become more or less shriveled in appearance. These two accounts typify in general the accounts given in other texts of Histology. Such views are based on preparations of decalcified bone. The picture by Joseph of a bone cell partly filling a lacuna is taken by most authors as the ideal. a. Relation of cells to lacunae and canaliculi The view that the bone cells partly fill the lacunae and that the canaliculi are for the most part empty is also held by Schaffer. In his textbook of Histology, he refers to Joseph's picture as a typical example. He says, The cell almost fills the lacunae and may send processes through the canaliculi to anastomose with neighboring cells." It is interesting, however, to note that in commenting on Virchow's statement that the capsules of bone cells were homologus with those of ordinary connective tissue cells, he remarks, "To this may be added that the enclosing lacunae and canaliculi are to be looked upon as corresponding to the cell-space of that tissue." Ranvier thinks that the canahculi are hollow tubes. Ch. Robin writes that processes extend nto the canaliculi in primitive bone but that in old bone the canaliculi are empty. In Keibel and Mall, Bardeen, whose observations were on embryonic tissue, states, "The endoplasmic units, or bone corpuscles, have branched processes which anastomose freely through the canaliculi with those of neighboring cells." Renaut presents results which affirm the theory of protoplasmic continuity. He fixed bone in alcohol and also in osmic acid fumes and decalcified in chromic acid or picric acid. In such preparations he found that most lacunae were filled by the bone cells. He obtained his best results with the operculum of Cyprins which he fixed in alcohol, decalcified and delaminated. In this way he was able to see the relationship of cells within the lamina. Apparently he got results from the decalcified, delaminated operculum similar to those obtained from the thin bones of man, dog, cat, rabbit, rat and mouse which were subjected to no chemical treatment except alcohol fixation. Retterer realized that acid treatment of bone destroyed the actual structure of the cell. He made various attempts to overcome this. He studied small fragments in glycerine and then compared them with sections properly fixed. He observed that the cells and processes completely fill the cavities in the bone. With his description of the structure of the cell, however, I am not able to agree. He found that the central portion of the cytoplasm is dense containing a large amount of chromatin while the peripheral portion is clearer with some strands of chromidial substance radiating from the central portion. Such pictures are common in total bone preparations which have been scraped or also in chips of bone. However, they are always found at the surface where air and fluids came in direct contact with them or sometimes in cases of improper fixation. Such pictures give the impression of protoplasmic coagulation or shrinkage. In fresh bone examined in normal salt solution or in well preserved cells the picture is always hke that shown in figure 3. 5. Multiplication of bone cells In Lewis and Stohr's textbook of Histology we read, Apparently bone cells do not divide." Haour tells us that bone cells degenerate but he says nothing of their multiplication. Apparently Schaefer did not beheve in bone cell division for he writes, The canihculi, which are at first short, are afterwards extended by absorption so as to anastomose with those of neighboring lacunae." If cells came from a mother cell but never completely separated then the protoplasmic or canilicular connections would be present from the beginning of bone formation. Bonome claims that under certain conditions where a rich supply of blood is present, bone corpuscles may give rise to osteoblasts. Bonome made his observations on regen erating bone. Macewen agrees with Bonome on this point. Macewen beheves also in the multiphcation of osteoblasts but it is difficult to determine whether this proliferation occurs in the osteoblast only or in the bone cell also. According to the following account the actual bone cell does not multiply but has the proliferating potentiality. The osteoblast is the embryonic or free form of the bone cell, and once formed, is capable of great and rapid proliferation, it has also the power of producing matrix which becomes calcified .... The bone cell has the function of surrounding itself with a calcareous zone, which it controls, under the agency of the trophic nerves. As long as the bone cell remains embryonic, it exhibits the power of proliferation; but when it reaches maturity, it assumes the fixed tissue type and becomes stationary. " Thus according to him adult bone cells do not divide but possess the proliferating potentiality which property is made use of by cells bordering on an injury. c. Discussion It may be hard to comprehend how bone cells enclosed in a prison wall of bone can multiply. It is still more difficult to interpret the many stages of nuclear and cytoplasmic cleavage as any other thing than cell multiplication. When we consider however that young bone is quite soft and pliable and not so extremely different from other dense tissues, except that some lime salts are deposited in it, it will become apparent that cell division and expansion is not as impossible as it at first seemed. The fact that cell bodies are further apart in the old than in the young bone adds to the evidence that a change or movement, such as occurs in growing tissue, must take place. It might be argued that the tissue which I have described as young bone is not bone at all but only unossified matrix. To this we must reply that these preparations conform to mechanical tests for bone. The staining specificity also supports this view. Gentian violet, which stains most tissues intensely does not stain bone at all or only very slightly. All of the illustrations were taken from parts of the preparations where, according to these methods, bone was present. Thus in figure 2, as in all other figures, the matrix between the cells and processes was unstained just as in figure 1 which is bone from an adult animal. This point is still further estab ished by the fact that toward the periphery of young parietal bones the cells were close together but the matrix which surrounded them was stained so deeply that they w^ere recognizable only with difficulty. Most of these cells are more rounded and at least partly surrounded by uncalcified matrix. Macewen's observations apparently were much like the above except that he considered the cell an osteoblast as long as it was dividing. If this be the case he failed to recognize that ossification set in before proliferation of cells ceased. The above observations of bone cell division are, however, not entirely new. They are only an extended confirmation of the observations of Nowikoff in the bone of the new-born mouse. He states definitely that bone cells completely surrounded by matrix really divide. He gives two figures on page 369 of his article. Figure 'a' is a very good picture of both cytoplasmic structure and nuclear division but figure 'b' shows signs of cytoplasmic coagulation. It corresponds to Retterer's description of the cytoplasm. The reason for these two different pictures is without doubt due to the fixation. The former was fixed in alcohol while the latter was fixed in sublimate. FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATION The foregoing description and discussion of structural details and relationships lead to the question of function. No attempt is made here to answer this important question of bone cell function, however, it is important that certain observations should be reviewed which are suggestive in this connection. Among earlier writers nothing is said regarding the function of bone cells, these cells are rather regarded as functionless, senile osteoblasts. This view is held by Gegenbaur, KoUiker and Schaffer. They hold that the osteoblast secretes the matrix. Waldeyer and Retterer describe the matrix as a differentiation of the peripheral protoplasm of the osteoblast. Lewis and Stohr believe that the osteoblast is the active bone former, but they also attribute a possible function to the bone cell in the following statement: Apparently bone cells do not divide, and if they produce matrix, thus becoming more widely separated from each other, it is only to a slight extent and in young bones; they are therefore quite inactive." As early as 1873, Z. G. Strelzoff showed that under certain conditions slight interstitial growth may take place. Jean Haour expressed the view that osteoblasts are not the active bone formers, that they together with the fibroblasts produce a hyaline matrix; but that the engulfed bone cells are concerned with the bone formation. He claims that many of these bone cells degenerate and hberate phosphoric acid which has a special afhnity for calcium. Haour states that Gardner has shown that certain highly refractive granules in bone cells liquefy and that this liquid is directly concerned n the process of ossification. In 1901 Fujinami in his paper on 'Tissue changes in healing of Bone Fractures' writes, "In sparrows I saw at times a nucleus in the middle of an elongated spicule of ossific ground-substance, both sides of which were closely lined by osteoblasts. The nucleus, whose shape very nearly resembled that of the spicule, showed a rim of finely granular protoplasm, which, without a sharp boundry, graduallj^ passed over in all directions, especially in the long axis, into the ground substance." He also found in his stained preparations that the osteoblasts were differentiated very sharply from the spicule on which they were lying. He implies in this description that the bone cell rather than the osteoblast is the active bone former. That the bone cell is not entirely inactive is certainly brought out by many of these observations. Its exact relation to bone formation however, is differently expressed by the observers. Haour attributes bone formation to the degenerating cell. Gardner attributes it to the granules in the cell. According to Fujinami the peripheral protoplasm gradual y passes over into bone. Many of the observations presented in this article affirm the position that the bone cells are actively concerned in bone formation. What the exact relationship between matrix and bone cells is I am unable to say at the present time. The structures which I have observed that indicate that bone cells are active in bone production may be enumerated as follows : 1. Bone cells are much farther apart in old than in young bone. 2. Bone cells as a rule are somewhat smaller in old than in young bone. 3. The large protoplasmic masses which lie in the matrix of young bone are almost absent in old bone. This may either indicate that they are used up in bone formation or it may have some bearing on Haour's degeneration theory. 4. The fact of cell multiplication certainly indicates cell activity, 1. Bone cells are elongated or rounded bodies with protoplasmic processes radiating in all directions. The cells with their processes completely fill the so-called lacunae and canaliculi. Many of the processes anastomose with similar processes of neighboring cells. 2. The cell protoplasm is finely granular with highly refractive or deeply stained granules distributed through the more peripheral portion. 3. The size of the cell depends on the state of proliferation and on the age of the cell. Old cells are usually a little smaller than young cells. 4. Bone cells are further apart in old than in young bone. 5. The large protoplasmic masses, lying in the bony matrix of young bone and which are connected to the main cell by narrow strands of protoplasm have almost entirely disappeared in old bone. 6. The nucleus is rich in chromatin which is grouped in small masses and irregularly distributed. 7. Bone cells multiply. The multiplication is rapid in young bone and slower in old bone, but division is always by amitosis. 8. Bone cells are not senile, functionless osteoblasts but observations indicate that they are active cells which are in some way related to bone production. BoNOME, A. 1885 Zur Histogeneseder Kiiochenregeneration. Virchow's Arch., Bd. 100. Ellenberger, W. 1906 Handb. d. vergl. mikros. Anat. der Haustiere, Bd. 1. FuJiNAMi, A. 1901 Uber die Gewebsveranderung bei der Heilung von Knochen fracturen. Ziegler's Beitr. zur Pathol. Anato. u. AUg. Path., Bd. 29, s. 432-485. Gegenbaur, C. 1864 Uber die Bildung des Knochengewebes. Jen. Zeitschr. f.'Med. u. Naturw., Bd. 1, s. 343-359. Gegenbaur, C. 1867 Uber die Bildung des Knochengewebes. Jen. Zeitschr. f. Med. u. Naturw., Bd. 3, s. 206-246. Haotjr, Jean. 1920 Donnas actuelles sur la Regeneration Osseuse Aseptique chez I'adulte. Univ. de Lyon, Travaux du Laboratoire d'histologie. Joseph, H. 1870 Uber Zellen und Nerven der Compactem Knochensubstanz. Archiv. f. Mikr. Anat., Bd. 6, page 182. Jordan, H. E. Textbook of Histology. Keibel and Mall. Human Embryology. Kolliker, a. 1873 Die normale Resportion des Knochengewebs und ihrer Bedeutung fur die Entstehung typischen Knochenformen. Leipsig. Lewis and Stohr. Textbook of Histology. Macewen, W. The Growth of Bone. NowiKOFF, M. 1910 Zur Frage nach der Bedeutung der Amitose. Arch. f. Zellforsch, Bd. 5. Ranvier Traite technique, p. 257, 2nd edition. Renaut, J. 1888 Traite D'Histologie Pratique, vol. 1. Retterer 1905 Structure et histogeneses de I'os. Jour, de I'Anat. et du Phys., p. 561. Robin, Ch. Diet. Encycl. des sciences medicales. Serie ii, t. 18, p. 18. ScHAEFER, E. A. Textbook of Histology. Strelzoff, Z. G. 1873 Uber die Histogenese der Knochen. Unters. a. d. Inst, zu Zurich. Herausgegeben von C. J. Eberth, Leipsig. Todd, T. W. 1913 Preliminary Communication on the Development and Growth of Bone and the Relations thereto of several Histological Elements Concerned. Jour, of Anato. and Physiology, Manchester, 47, pp. 177-188. Waldeyer, W. 1865 Uber den Ossifikationsprocess. Arch. f. Mikr. Anat., Bd. 1, s. 354-374. Camera lucida drawings from entire bone which was fixed in 95 per cent alcohol and stained in gentian violet. The original magnification as indicated for each figure was reduced in reproduction two fifths. 1 Relationship of cells in the ethmoid bone of an adult dog. The protoplasmic processes show an unusual degree of anastomosis. This is partly due to the fact that the anastomosis is indicated as seen under a slightly shifting focus. X 567. 2 Group of young cells near the periphery of parietal bone from a 15-day old rat. Cells arranged in rows and show signs of rapid division. Some nuclei are still in the process of division. X 720. 3 Group of cells from the center of a 15 day old rat parietal. Centrosomes can be seen in a number of these cells. X 720. 4 Three cells from the center of parietal bone in a one day old rat. The striking features of this picture are the large protoplasmic masses almost separated from the main cell bodies. The mass to the left contains nuclear fragments. X 720. 5 Cells from the parietal of a new born rat. Note broad protoplasmic bands connecting the different cells. X 720. 6 Cells from the peripheral portion of a 15 day old rat parietal. These cells are younger than those in figure 2. They have small protoplasmic processes and resemble osteoblasts. The matrix is slightly tinted by the stain which indicates that not much bone is deposited. Several nuclei are already dividing. X 7.20. STRUCTURE AND MULTIPLICATION OF BONE CELLS T. H. BAST Resumen por cl autor, John Stephens Latta La histogenesis del tejido Unfiltico denso del intestino (Lepus) : Una contribucion al conocimiento del desarrollo del tejido linfatico y de la formacion de las eelulas sanguinea. El objecto de la presente investigacion es determinar con la mayor exactitude posible el origen y desarrollo de los diversos tipos de eelulas sanguineas alrededor y dentro de los nodulos linfaticos del intestino y sus proximidades, en la region cecal del conejo. Las primeras eelulas libres que aparecen son los pequefios linfocitos, los cuales se desarrollan in situ a expensas de las eelulas del mesenquima. Unos pocos hemoblastos linfoides se desarrollan tambien por transformacion directa de las eelulas mesenquimatosas. Estos dos tipos son aparentemente estados diferentes del crecimiento de una misma celula; los pequefios linfocitos, mediante crecimiento y ligera transformacion, se convierten en hemoblastos linfoides, y estos liltimos mediante divisiones repetidas se reducen a pequenos linfocitos. La presencia de grandes macrofagos acidofilos que deri\'an mediante diferenciaci6n ulterior de los hemoblastos linfoides y la de pequenos linfocitos en vias de degeneracion indica que el llamado centro germinal es mas bien un centro de degeneracion que de proliferacion. Los eosinofilos de forma binucleada se desarrollan en el tejido conectivo cerca de los nodulos, especialmente en la tunica propia. La abundante eritropoiesis extravascular se encuentra en el conectivo subnodular o internodular, diferenciandose las eelulas eritroblasticas a expensas de los hemoblastos linfoides. El desarrollo de los tres tipos de eelulas sanguineas parece estar en cierto modo relacionado con la abundancia de capilares. La formacion de tejido linfatico nodular puede depender de condiciones nutritivas, susministradas por la sangre. La diferenciacion ulterior de los hemoblastos linfoides depende probablemente de la proximidad de asociacion con los vasos sanguineos, la lentitud de la corriente y el espesor de las paredes vasculares; la relacion muy intima de los hemoblastos y la corriente sanguinea produce eritropoiesis, y una conexion mas remota da lugar a granulopoiesis. Translation by Jos6 F. Nonidcz Cornell Medical College, New York author's abstract op this paper issued by the bibliographic service, june 27 THE HISTOGENESIS OF DENSE LYMPHATIC TISSUE OF THE INTESTINE (LEPUS) : A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LYMPHATIC TISSUE AND BLOOD-CELL FORMATION JOHN STEPHENS LATTA Department of Histology and Embryology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York FOUR PLATES (SIXTEEN FIGURES) Historical 160 Materials and methods 161 Lymphopoiesis 165 Granulopoiesis 182 Erythropoiesis 189 Discussion of relations, etc 196 The origin, development, and fate of the various cellular elements of the blood, their relation to the loose connective tissue of the body, and the conditions associated with, or causing their production, are still unsettled and debatable questions despite the vast amount of previous investigation of hematological problems. Some of the most perplexing of these problems arise in discussion of the production of lymphatic tissue, or lymphopoiesis, as found in various places in the body, more particularly in the tonsils of the mouth and intestine. Just what are the conditions which bring about or are associated with the formation of lymphatic tissue? Are these conditions controlling its formation the same, wherever it occurs, e.g., in the tonsils as in the lymphatic nodes? Or are there different conditions, the presence of any one of which may initiate and control lymphopoiesis? Does lymphopoiesis, wherever occurring in the body, always serve the 160 JOHN STEPHENS LATTA same purpose? Is the function of the tonsils of the mouth and intestine the same as that of the lymphatic nodes? These questions and others, in view of the evidence set forth in previous investigation, make the intrepretation of the lymphatic tissue difficult. This confusion, regarding questions of lymphopoietic processes is added to, in the study of the histogenesis of tonsillar tissue, by the close relationship existing between the lymphatic tissue of the tonsils and the overlying epithelium. This relationship in fact, when the development of the tonsillar lymphatic tissue first became a matter of investigation, led to the conclusion bj^ some authors that the lymphocytes in these regions were of epithelial origin. This belief was most vigorously defended by Retterer, who, in a series of papers ('91, '92, '93, '09, '13) on the development of the various tonsils, in each case declared the lymphocytes of these structures were derived by downgrowths from the overlying epithelium. Von Davidoff ('86-'87), working on the formation of lymphatic nodules in the jejunum of man and the appendix of the guinea-pig, and Klaatsch ('92), studying the histogenesis of Peyer's patch in the Echidna, are among those who, like Retterer, thought the lymphocytes thus formed were of epithelial origin. The majority of authors concerned with problems relative to the histogenesis of tonsillar lymphatic tissue, however, disagreed with these conclusions. Chief among these was Stohr, who, in studying practically the same material as Retterer did, arrived at very different conclusions He found the epithelium remaining inactive in the formation of the tonsillar lymphatic tissue, the elements of which were derived from the mesenchyme of the tunica propria. Others agreeing with Stohr in ascribing to these .cells in tonsillar structures a mesenchymal origin include Flesch ('88), Zwarykin ('89), Tomarkin ('93), Kiickenmeister ('95), and, more recently, Mollier ('13) and Hartman ('14). THE HISTOGENESIS OF DENSE LYMPHATIC TISSUE 161 This diversity of opinion among earlier investigators as to the development of tonsillar lymphatic tissue (i.e., in the intestine) and the practical omission of such study by more recent investigators, together with the great amount of doubt and uncertainty concerning questions of the origin and development of lymphatic tissue in general, seem to warrant further study of the intestinal tonsillar tissue (Peyer's patch and the appendix) in an attempt at some interpretation of these structures. As material for the pursuit of such investigation, the rabbit was considered as well suited, chiefly because of the great concentration and remarkable development of lymphatic tissue in Peyer's patch in the lower portion of the ileum, causing an abrupt enlargement in it at its point of junction with the caecum, the sacculus rotundus, or iliac tonsil (Muthmann, '13). Also, by use of this form, abundant material was easily obtainable in all stages of the development of these intestinal tonsillar structures. It was found after short study that in newborn animals or earlier stages that there were no indications of the formation of lymphatic nodules either in the region of Peyer's patch or the appendix, so no embryonic material was collected. Females were secured, either in late pregnancy or just following the birth of the litter, and the young rabbits removed from the litter at desired intervals. The first indications of nodular lymphatic tissue were found to be at an age of from two to three days, free cells beginning to be massed in the location of future nodules. From this time growth and differentiation proceed at a rapid rate, until at an age varying from five to seven weeks the nodules have assumed a structure like that found in the adult individual (except for size). During this time of very rapid development, stages were secured at very frequent intervals to be sure to get an uninterrupted developmental picture. In practically all cases two or three individuals of the same age were secured, to correct any deviation which might occur in any single instance. Animals were secured at daily intervals, and sometimes half-day intervals, ranging from newborn to individuals of fifty-six days postpartum; that is, to a time after the intestinal tonsils had assumed an adult structure. Tissues from older individuals at less frequent intervals, were also obtained, up to an age of about two and one-half months. Helly's fluid (Zenker-formalin) was used almost exclusively as a fixing reagent, as did most recent investigators of hematological problems. With it, in the writer's experience, is given the best general fixation, without in any way interfering with desired subsequent staining with the compound blood stains. In a few instances a fixer suggested by Downey ('15) was used. This was a 0.9 per cent normal salt solution saturated with HgCl2, to which 10 per cent of formalin was added at the time of using. This gave results apparently equally as good as Helly's, but there being no advantages held over the latter, it was seldom The tissues were all imbedded in paraffin and cut in sections from 5 to 7 At in thickness. The stain used most extensively in this study w^as Hasting 's modification of the Nochts-Romanowsky blood stain. Wright's blood stain was also used to some extent, but the HastingsNochts combination was equally as selective as Wright 's for cells of the blood series, and gave a more brilliant, intense and a sharper nuclear stain. The sections were first stained six to ten minutes in the concentrated stain, and then removed, without washing, to a solution of the stain diluted one-half with distilled water for ten to fifteen minutes. The sections were then differentiated and dehydrated in 95 per cent and absolute alcohol, cleared in several changes of neutral xylene, and mounted in neutral xylene damar. A combination composed of a 1 per cent solution of eosin in methylic alcohol, followed by a weakly alkaline, aqueous solution of methylene blue (Gage, '17), was found to be almost as selective a stain for blood cells as Hastings-Nochts, and to gwe a still more brilliant, sharp picture. Therefore, this stain was quite extensively used. The sections were carried immediately from 95 per cent alcohol into the 1 per cent methyl alco liolic eosin, washed in water, then carried into the methylenebkie solution, after which they were differentiated, dehydrated, cleared, and mounted as for the Hastings-Nochts stain. Another stain, proving of no little value in bringing out certain specific features, was a mixture composed of equal parts of 1 per cent aqueous solutions of methyl green and pyronin (after Pappenheim). After staining in this solution for ten minutes, the sections were washed in water, and carried immediately into a 1 per cent solution of resorcin in absolute alcohol for differentiation and dehydration, cleared in xylene, and mounted in xylene damar. For the purpose of sharply differentiating the reticular tissue from the free cells of the lymphatic tissue, Mallory 's connectivetissue stain was used, after first mordanting the sections for a few minutes in picro-acetoformalin. Other special methods were used at various times to bring out or make clear certain specfic features of these structures. These methods will be discussed as the features made clear by their use are spoken of. In the study of the histogenesis of the elements of the connective tissue (tunica propria and submucosa) in the region of the formation of the intestinal tonsils, it is noted that, coincident with the formation of lymphatic tissue, other cellular elements of the blood may be developing also. It has long been a matter of common knowledge that, in the connective tissue of the wall of the digestive tract, varying numbers of cells are found, in the cytoplasm of which are granules of either an eosinophilic or basophilic character. As has been stated, the granules of basophilic character are readily soluble in water and consequently were not found in any of the preparations used, being dissolved out in the course of the preparation. But the cells with eosinophilic granules are found present, often in extraordinary abundance, in the connective tissue in the neighborhood of the lymphatic nodules, more particularly in the tunica propria (figs. 9, 10, 11, 14, 16). Also, at certain stages in the development of the tonsillar lymphatic tissue, there may be found, in apparent association with its formation in the subnodular and internodular connective tissue, groups of cells in developmental stage of the formation of erythrocytes (erythroplastids) . These erythroblastic cell groups are not of constant appearance, and, when present, vary greatly in number, sometimes there being but a few erythroblastic cells scattered about in the connective tissue and, again, large masses of them, or foci, were found. These erythropoietic foci were found in largest extent in the region of the iliac tonsil (Peyer's patch), but in a few cases erythropoiesis was noted to be occurring to a very limited extent in the connective tissue of the wall of the appendix (figs. 7, 14, 15). This phenomenon of erythropoiesis is not confined to any exact, definite period of development, but it does, however, occur most frequently and in greatest amount in animals from two to six weeks after birth. Even though, as before stated, the presence of erythropoietic centers is not of absolute constancy, they are found present so frequently (and in such number) as to render improbable the thought that they arise because of some particular pathological condition in each case. It is apparent, therefore, that in the study of the histogenesis of elements of the connective tissue in the region of the intestinal tonsils of the rabbit, one is confronted with the problems concerned with the formation of all the types of blood cells, which may be divided into three phases, according to the character of the resulting cells: 1) lymphopoiesis, the development of the components of the lymphatic tissue, the lymphocytes and reticulum; 2) the development of cells containing in their cytoplasm acidophilic granules, or granulopoiesis, and, 3) the development of red blood cells, or erythropoiesis. The origin, development, and the fate of these three different types of cells, and conditions causing and controlling their production, as well as interrelations which might exist between the three phases of development, are questions for which this material gives opportunity for study. LYMPHOPOIESIS The most extensive formation of blood cells in the region of the intestinal tonsils is, of course, that of Ij^mphocytes. The free cells, or lymphocytes, which make up the bulk of the nodular tissue of the tonsils have been classed by hematologists into two groups, 1) small, round cells, with a round or slightly oval nucleus, the heavy chromatin particles of which are arranged just within the nuclear membrane so as to appear somewhat as the spokes of a wheel, inside a definite nuclear membrane, covering which is a thin rim of densely basophilic cytoplasm, the small lymphocytes, and, 2) comparatively much larger cells potentially round, but evidently possessing some ameboid tendencies, with a clear vesicular nucleus, round or oval in form, containing a very scanty amount of chromatin, lying for the most part just within the nuclear membrane, and usually a prominent nucleolus. Surrounding the nucleus is a varying amount of densely basophilic cytoplasm. These are the so-called large lymphocytes, or lymphoid hemoblasts. The relationship between these two types of cells, and their potentialities, distinction as permanent cell types, etc., have long been perplexing and debatable questions. The majority of present-day hematologists seem to consider the small lymphocyte as the more distinct permanent cell type, with no potentialities other than the production of others of its kind, while they ascribe to the other type of cell a more blastic nature, with potentialities of differentiation into cells of any of the three types, given the correct environmental conditions. The question of the origin of these lymphocytes, especially as occurring in the tonsils, has long been a matter of much controversy. The somewhat spirited debate between Retterer and Stohr, already mentioned, may be recalled. Retterer insisting upon an epithelial origin for the lymphocytes, and Stohr equally sure that the epithelium remained passive in their formation, the cells of origin being of the mesenchyme. These and others of the earlier authors did not recognize the two typos of lymphocytes. The recognition of these two types complicates the question of their origin still further. The large (clear-nucleated) cells of the lymphatic nodules, lymphoid hemoblasts, have been described under various names by investigators of problems of blood-cell formation. This type of cell is identical, morphologically at least, with the free wandering cells of the loose connective tissue, the so-called primare Wanderzellen of Saxer ('96), the primitive large lymphocyte or wandering cell of Maximow and others, hemogonia of Mollier ('13), lymphoblast of Naegeli, mesameboid of Alinot, lymphoid hemoblast or hemocytoblast of Danchakoff, etc. The term, proposed by Danchakoff, seems to be the most descriptive of this type of cell, for, as she pointed out when suggesting this term, it is essentially of a lymphoid nature, and it is quite generally accepted (monophyletic theory) that this type of cell possesses potentialities capable of transforming into any of the many difTerent cellular elements of the blood under favorable environmental conditions. Although environmental conditions are normally such, in lymphatic nodules, that this type of cell remains as a cell of the lymphocyte series, it is believed to retain this potentiality of further differentiation into other types of blood cells (as in one instance, noted by the writer, in which all the lymphoid hemoblasts of a lymphatic nodule of Peyer's patch in a twelve-day-old rabbit had transformed under pathological change of environmental conditions into eosinophilic granular leucocytes). The term, lymphoid hemoblast, will in this article refer to this type of cell. Hematologists are practically united in ascribing to this cell an origin from the fixed cells of the body mesenchyme, or embryonic connective tissue, Danchakoff maintaining that they may also derived from cells of the vascular endothelium. But the origin of the small lymphocytes, their potentialities, and relation with the lymphoid hemoblasts are yet much debated questions. Macimow thought the small lymphocytes and lymphoid hemoblasts or large lymphocytes were one and the same cell in different growth stages. Badertscher ('15) found, in the developing thymus, that the small lymphocytes were derived by repeated divisions of ' large lymphocytes, ' but is not sure whether the small lymphocytes may again grow into the other type or not. Downey and Weidenreich ('12) found, in lymphatic nodes, the small lymphocytes were developed from the large reticulum cells of the node. These small lymphocytes, they thought, by growth became 'large lymphocytes. ' Danchakoff (' 16) found that small lymphocytes in the spleen arose by differentiation of dwarfed lymphoid hemocytoblasts, which had arisen because of intense proliferation and poor nutrition of normal lymp]ioid hemocytoblasts. The small lymphocyte she considered a distinct, stable cell form, incapable of growth into the lymphoid hemoblast. Aside from this question of relationship in connection with the study of the formation of lymphatic tissue, in the lymphatic nodes and the tonsils, the question still remains as to whether these Ij'mphocytes arise in situ, wander in from the mesenchyme in other places, or are carried in and dropped by the blood vessels. Those studying the development of lymphatic nodes are. not united on this question. Gulland ( '94) thought the first lymphocytes to appear in developing nodes were filtered from the blood stream. Saxer ( '96) considered that they arose in situ from the 'primare Wanderzellen ' of the mesenchyme. Sabin ('05) also favored this view, although she considered the evidence at hand insufficient to definitely determine the origin of the lymphocytes. Downey and Weidenreich, as before stated, also thought they arose in situ by differentiation of the reticulum cells of the node. Hartmann ('14), who studied the development of the intestinal tonsillar tissue of the rabbit, considered that the lymphoid hemoblasts, at least, arose in situ by differentiation of mesenchymal cells, but he did not state any definite conclusions as to the origin of the small lymphocytes. A study of the connective tissue in the region of the intestinal tonsils of the newborn rabbit, as stated before, revealed no traces of nodular lymphatic tissue. First evidences of future nodules are seen at an age of two to two and one-half days, at which time there is an apparent heaping up or condensation of mesenchymal or embryonic connective-tissue cells of the mucous membrane underneath the epithelium between the bases of the villi. These condensations are due to the appearance of free cells in the meshes of the mesenchymal reticulum. The free cells are, for the most part, small round cells, with a round nucleus, fairlydense with chromatin, surrounded by a thin rim of densely basophilic cj^toplasm. These are considered to be true small lymphocytes or late developing stages of the same, for they are morphologically identical, except that the chromatin particles are not always so heavy in the free mesenchymal cells as in the typical adult small lymphocyte. Many developmental stages are found, showing every possible transition between the fixed mesenchymal cell to the free small lymphocyte (figs, 1 and 2). The small lymphocytes vary somewhat in size, due, doubtless, to varying sizes of the mesenchymal cells from which they develop. Developmental stages between fixed mesenchymal cells and lymphoid hemoblasts are only occasionally seen. It is exceedingly difficult to classify some of the free cells, as many intermediate stages between typical small lymphocytes and lymphoid hemoblasts are found. Typical adult lymphoid hemoblasts are very rarelj^ found in the lymphatic tissue during the first week of postfetal life. The small lymphocytes increase in number quite rapidly, both by transformation of mesenchymal cells and by proliferation of those already formed. JMitotic figures in small lymphocytes are numerous. During the first few^ days of postfetal life, a few mitotic figures can be seen in the ordinary mesenchymal cells also. The larger lymphoid hemoblasts do not begin to be present in any quantity until some time during the second week of postfetal life. When they become present to any extent, frequent mitoses may be seen to occur in them. It seems reasonable to assume that, if these divisions are repeated at frequent enough intervals, the size of the resulting cells would be much decreased; i.e., to the size of a srriall lymphocyte. The small lymphocytes, rather than the lymphoid hemoblast, seem here to be the first type to develop. Their origin seems threefold; those first appearing developing only by direct transformation from mesenchymal cells and by proliferation of those already formed, and later on appearing also as a result of repeated rapid divisions of lymphoid hemoblasts. It is also apparent that there are also two sources of origin for the lymphoid hemoblasts; first, by direct transformation of larger mesenchymal cells and, secondly, by growth of small and mediumsized lymphocytes, which have previously been formed from the mesenchyme. These facts are added evidence to the view held by several authors (Maximow, Weidenreich, and Downey, etc.) that small and large lymphocytes (lymphoid hemoblasts) are not distinct cell forms, but merely difffrent growth stages of the same cell, there being here a growth cycle, the small lymphocytes, by growth, becoming lymphoid hemoblasts, and the latter, by repeated divisions, forming small lymphocytes. Because of the characteristic wheel-like arrangement of nuclear material in the small lymphocytes (which arrangement is not as characteristic of small lymphocytes in the rabbit as in some other forms), one is inclined to regard them as a definite cell form. The difference in the appearance of the nuclei of the two forms is, however, partially explained by the crowding together of the nuclear material into smaller area, which would also tend to obscure a nucleolus, if such were present. But in case it is accepted that small lymphocytes and large lymphoid hemoblasts are different growth stages of the same cell form, it must be remembered that the cell as found in the small lymphocyte stage possesses different potentialities than when in the lymphoid hemoblast stage. The small lymphocyte may produce, by division, others of its kind, or by growth, a lymphoid hemoblast, which is the limit of its potentialities. It cannot possess the potentiality of producing other cells of the blood series without first development and growth into a lymphoid hemoblast (i.e., a small lymphocyte will never produce directly a granuloor erythroblast without, first, growth into a lymphoid hemoblast). In studying the relations causing or associated with the formation of lymphatic tissue, it is found that this tissue always develops in places where there are rich lymphatic plexuses, and also in close relationship with the blood capillaries.. These relationships were noted by Gulland ('94), Saxer ('95), and Sabin ('04) in developing lymphatic nodes. Hartmann ('14) decided THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMT, VOL. 29, NO. 2 that the submucosal lymphatics of the intestine do not serve primarily in the transportation of chyle, but are, in a certain sense, related to the formation of follicles. As evidence of this he finds the first large groups of lymphocytes arranged about vessels, as in lymph glands, and the tonsils of the mouth." In the present study of the region of the intestinal tonsils, it was found that in the newborn animals and late fetuses before there were any evidences of lymphatic tissue and before absorption of food had started, that lymph vessels had formed quite extensively in the submucosa, making quite a rich submucosal plexus, such as the plexuses Gulland, Sabin, and Saxen found in regions of developing lymphatic nodes. This plexus connects with the retroperitoneal sac and through it with the thoracic duct and the venous system by means of lymphatics of the mesentery. (Heuer, '09; Sabin, '14). When the lacteals and the mucosal plexus form, they become connected with the submucosal plexus, the latter then becoming a part of the system for the transportation of chyle. None of the lymphatic vessels, then, which are found in the wall of the intestine are connected with any entering vessels, the lymph flow being all directed away from the intestine. Consequently, any lymphocytes which may be found in the lymph vessels in the intestine wall have probably entered them from the surrounding lymphatic tissue rather than have been carried in by the lymph stream. Thus the theory that lymphocytes of the intestinal tonsillar lymphatic tissue have been carried in and left by the lymph stream seems highly improbable. It is noted, however, that there is also a close relationship between the blood capillaries of the mucosa and submucosa and the developing lymphatic tissue of the intestine. The first lymphocytes to appear, however, bear very little or no definite relation to the blood vessels, and only after they become present in considerable numbers do they appear to gather in clumps about the blood capillaries. This seems to the writer to indicate that the part played by the blood vessels should be considered as a nutritive one rather than a source of lymphocytes, as was thought by Gulland. One factor apparently common to the formation of lymphatic tissue anywhere is that of an extensive supply of lymph vessels or lymph plexuses. It seems probable, therefore, that there is some influence exerted by the lymph or lymph vessels on the surrounding mesenchymal or loose connective tissue to induce lymphopoiesis. These lymph plexuses are always found in places where the blood supply is also very extensive. This very rich blood supply affords excellent nutritive conditions for the growth and multiplication of lymphocytes after the lymphocytopoietic reaction has been initiated by the lymph plasma or the lymph vessels. Coincident with the differentiation of mesenchymal cells of the mucosa into free lymphocytes, there occurs a formation by other cells of the mesenchymal reticulum of connective tissue. This is at first a richly cellular, embryonic connective tissue. As the formation and proliferation of lymphocytes proceeds, the free cells separate the fibers of the connective tissue so that a branching, reticular network of fibers, reticular tissue, is formed, a skeletal framework, in the meshes of which the lymphocytes proliferate. The first masses of .cells formed in the region of the future Peyer's patch and of the nodular tissue of the appendix, composed mainly of small lymphocytes and transitional stages between them and mesenchymal cells or those of the embryonic connective tissue, bear little resemblance to adult lymphatic nodules (fig. 1). Lymphoid hemoblasts appear first to any extent at an age of eight days or later. Until this time the formation of most of the free cells has been by differentiation from mesenchymal cells. Many transitional stages between mesenchymal cells and free lymphocytes were seen in all preparations of tissues studied up to this time in development. At about the ninth or tenth day after birth mitotic figures begin to appear with some frequency, especially in the small lymphocytes, and the masses of cells at the same time begin to assume a more definite nodular shape. Lymphoid hemoblasts constantly increase in number, both by differentiation from mesenchymal cells and by growth from small lymphocytes. These lymphoid hemoblasts assume no definite position in the nodules, but are found scattered throughout (figs. 3 and 4). As the number of lymphocytes in a nodular mass increases, the connective tissue surrounding it tends to become pushed back and piled up or condensed apparently by outward pressure of the increasing number of lymphocytes, and the fibers and connectivetissue cells (fibroblasts) tend to assume a, circular or concentric arrangement about the mass of lymphocytes, thus giving rise to a fairly dense sheath or capsule, which gives the nodule more definite limits and outline. This sheath or capsule is by no means as complete and definite a structure as is found, for example, in the capsule of lymphatic nodes, but is rather a physical expression of the proliferation of lymphocytes in regions of unusually rich vascularity. Lymphocytes are always found to some extent among and outside of the connective-tissue fibers of the sheath, being by no means strictly confined within it. In the process of the proliferation of lymphocytes and the formation of the connective-tissue sheath, reticular fibers and cells are gradually forced outward from the center of the mass, so that in later stages of nodular development few or no fibers or reticular cells can be demonstrated except near the periphery of the nodule. Although the nodular sheath does not form an impassable barrier for the passage of lymphocytes, its presence and the fact that the reticulum is so much closer meshed at the periphery tend to inhibit the spreading of lymphocytes which are rapidly increasing in number. This inhibition causes the lymphocytes to become more closely packed at the periphery of the nodule than in the center. Thus the center of the nodule, because of the lesser number of cells there, appears lighter than at the periphery. This lighter appearance of the center of the nodule was noted by Flemming ('85) and named by him the ' Keimzentrum, ' or 'germinal center,' for he considered this lighter central area a center of proliferation of lymphocytes. Later investigators have followed Flemming in calling this area the germinal center of the nodule, a term which, as will be shown later, must certainly be considered as non-descriptive of existing conditions. Flemming, in studying the structure of nodular lymphatic tissue found the lighter appearance in the center of the nodules was due largely to the fact that the cells making up that center were mostly those containing comparatively large, rather lightly staining nuclei with a relatively large amount of cytoplasm about them (germinal center cells, lymphoid hemoblasts), so that the nuclei were farther apart, while, on the other hand, those cells at the periphery were those with much smaller, more dense nuclei, with a smaller amount of cytoplasm surrounding them (small lymphocytes) , so that when seen en masse the more closely packed, dense nuclei gave a darker appearance to the outer portions of the nodule than that of the central portion. Although the evidences of proliferation, mitotic figures, were not confined strictly to the lighter colored central area, he found them occurring most frequently there, and not all in the dark, peripheral zone. Therefore, he called the lighter central area of the nodule, the germinal center. Other authors holding to this theory advanced by Flemming include Baum u. Hille, Baumgartner and Ribbert, Saxer, etc. Others believed the germinal center was an expression of the rapid proliferation of lymphocytes, which proliferation, however, was scattered throughout the lymphatic tissue (Weidenreich and Downey, '12, also Maximow, Mollier, et al.). Several authors noted the preponderance of cells of the lymphoid hemoblast variety in the lighter colored center, and some, consequently, named them 'germinal center' cells. Hartman ('14) found the germinal centers of the nodules of the intestinal tonsils to be due to this fact. In the present investigation of the tonsillar lymphatic tissue of the rabbit it was found that the lightly staining central area in the nodules appeared at no very definite time, this depending, apparently, somewhat upon conditions which varied according to the individual. However, there is usually some little evidence of the lighter colored center at about the age of two weeks, but it does not become well marked till an age of twenty-one days or older. Invariably the nodules of the appendix are further advanced in this respect than are those of Peyer's patch. At an age of twenty-four days, however, the lighter area is very definite both in nodules of the appendix and of Peyer's patch. A study of all developmental stages and of adult nodules clearly indicates that these so-called 'germinal centers' are not centers of proliferation. In young animals mitotic figures are numerous in both the lymphoid hemoblasts and the small lymphocytes, but these mitotic figures are not confined to the center of the nodule, being apparently scattered throughout the nodule. In fact, in older stages, if anything, they seem more abundant out near the periphery of the nodule than in its center (figs. 3 and 4). Mitotic figures are surely not confined to large or mediumsized lymphoid hemoblasts, for mitoses are very frequent in the small lymphocytes. The grouping of lymphoid hemoblasts or germinal center cells in the center of the nodule to produce its lighter appearance could not be seen. In nodules in which the so-called 'germinal center' was most prominent, the lymphoid hemoblasts and the small lymphocytes were scattered equally throughout the nodule. At no time was there noted a special grouping of lymphoid hemoblasts in the center of the nodule or of small lymphocytes about the periphery. The proportion of small lymphocytes to lymphoid hemoblasts is great, but that proportion is the same throughout the nodule. The so-called germinal center, then, should not, as that name would indicate, be considered a center of proliferation of the lymphocytes. Its lighter appearance is due merely to a different concentration of lymphocytes here than at the periphery of the nodule. The reason for the concentration of lymphocytes at the periphery is the purely mechanical one of the lymphocytes being held there in greater concentration by the denser reticular network and the surrounding capsule of connective tissue. In any mass of proliferating cells the natural tendency is to spread outward, which tendency is, in this case, checked somewhat by the surrounding connective tissue causing the cells to pile up at the periphery. Careful examination of the central portions of the nodules reveals the fact that the different concentration of cells is not alone responsible for the lighter appearance of the center. There are found among the elements making up a nodule, certain large cells, whose abundant cytoplasm is acidophilic in character, surrounding a fairly large nucleus, which also has a tendency to react to acid stains or stains only weakly basophilic. Some of these large acidophile cells were observed to contain in their cytoplasm bodies of various sizes and reacting variously to basis stains (fig. 5). These cells have been quite differently described and interpreted by authors who studied them. Flemming ('85) described, cells in the germinal center of lymphatic nodules, the nuclei of which were identical with the ' large lymphocytes, ' containing in their cytoplasm various deeply staining bodies, which he designated stainable bodies. The nature of these bodies he did not know. Downey and Weidenreich ('12) also found in the germinal centers large free cells, derived from cells of the reticulum which possessed phagocytic powers. The phagocytized elements they thought comparable to the stainable bodies of Flemming, which were possibly cellular, particularly nuclear remnants. Hartmann ('14) also saw large acidophile cells in the nodules of the intestinal tonsils, which did not occur in lymphatic tissue elsewhere in the body. These were large, free, irregular shaped cells, which were derived from cells of the reticulum, with cytoplasmic inclusions. The inclusions he found to be always round or oval, and concluded they must be of a fluid or gelatinous nature. Because they stained a 'braunrosa' color with sudanlll he thought them to be of a lipoid nature. The large acidophile cells found present in the intestinal lymphatic tissue are, morphologically, very similar to the cells described by Flemming, Weidenreich and Downey, and Hartmann. The cytoplasmic inclusions certainly do not, however, react as lipoids, as according to Hartmann, but in appearance and staining reactions are identical with the 'tingible Korper' as described by Flemming. The nature of the inclusions, if they are such, and the origin, fate, etc., of these acid-staining cells have not been satisfactorily determined. If these deeply staining bodies are foreign bodies, phagocytized by the non-granular acidophile cells, what, then, are the foreign bodies derived from? If these bodies are inclusions and the cells containing them phagocytic, the cells should then take up particles of colloidal dyes if solutions of the dye are injected into the animal's body. In order to determine whether the acid-staining cells possessed any phagocytic power or not, solutions of the acid azo colloidal dye, trypan blue, were used. Large quantities of a 5 per cent aqueous solution of the dye were injected into the peritoneal cavity of rabbits. In these instances all the dye was phagocytized by the large free cells in the peritoneal cavity and cells of the subperitoneal connective tissue. In order, then, to get the dye in a position where it could be acted upon by cells in the intestinal lymphatic nodules, operations were performed in which the peritoneal cavity was opened and a 5 per cent aqueous solution of the dye injected directly into the lymphatic tissue of Peyer's patch and the appendix, and the wound sewed up. After twenty-four to forty-eight hours the animals were killed and the tissue fixed in the usual way. Examination of this tissue revealed the fact that large quantities of the dye had been phagocytized by the acid-staining cells and by the connective-tissue cells outside the nodules, the lymphocytes being free of it, except immediately about the point of injection, where they were diffusely stained, the cells at this point being apparently killed by the shock of injection. This shows clearly that these cells possess phagocytic powers .and belong to the group of cells called macrophages (Evans) (fig. 6). As to the nature of the inclusions, or Hingible Korper,' found in these cells, it might be assumed from their appearance and staining reaction that they were nuclei of degenerated small lymphocytes in this region, and such, indeed, is the case. The 'tingible Korper' of Flemming, then, are remnants of nuclei of small lymphocytes which have been phagocytized by the acidstaining macrophages (fig. 5). These macrophages, when first making their appearance in the nodules (ten to twelve days after birth) , seem scattered about throughout the mass of lymphocytes, but as the nodule assumes a more definite shape and as the light central area becomes more prominent, it is seen that the macrophages tend to become confined to the central area. The so-called ' germinal center, ' then, is an expression of two things: first, the lesser number of cells found here as compared to the peripheral portion of the nodule, and, secondly, the presence of acid-staining cells in greater abundance in this central portion (figs. 3, 4, 5). As to the origin of these macrophages, no transitions between them and cells of the reticulum could be found (as by Weidenreich and Downey, and Hartmann). But, on the other hand, many transitional forms between cells of the lymphoid hemoblast type, with a basophilic cytoplasm and a large clear distinct nucleus, and the macrophages with an acid-staining cytoplasm and a nucleus somewhat indistinct because of its weak basophilic or almost acidophilic character. This change in nuclear and cytoplasmic staining reaction indicates, I believe, beginning degeneration of the cell. It is well known that many kinds of cells during a degenerative process acquire phagocytic powers. Maximow has proved, in study of tissue cultures of lymphatic nodes, that large lymphocytes (lymphoid hemoblasts) upon further differentiation acquire phagocytic powers. Therefore, it is considered that acid-staining macrophages in the light staining nodular center are the results of further differentiation and degeneration of lymphoid hemoblasts in that region. Rather than being a place of special cell proliferation, then, the so-called germinal center seems to be a place of degenerative change. It is here where the degenerating small lymphocytes are found, the nuclear remnants of which are phagocytized by the macrophages, which themselves are apparently further differentiated, degenerating lymphoid hemoblasts. The reasons that seem to the writer most plausible for this degenerative change are those of nutrition. The nodule arises in a place of abundant blood supply, but as the nodule increases in size, due to differentiation and proliferation, the capillaries traversing the nodule become insufficient to nourish the larger amount of lymphatic tissue. The cells nearer the periphery, then, are better nourished than those more centrally located, because they receive nourishment also from blood vessels of the tunica propria and the submucosa. Therefore, degenerations are more numerous in the more centrally lying cells in a completely formed nodule. The relationship between the system of lymph vessels and the nodules of lymphatic tissue in the intestinal tonsils is much the same as the relationship between the nodules of lymphatic and hemolymph nodes and the surrounding secondary sinuses. But in the lymphatic nodes the lymph in the sinuses bathes the lymphatic tissue directly, while there are no lymphatic sinuses in connection with the intestinal nodes. Injection of the lymphatic vessels (Berlin blue gelatin mass) shows, however, that there is a dense network of lymphatic capillaries just outside the connective-tissue sheath of the nodule. This is, of course, part of the submucosal plexus, which is, in turn, part of the system for transportation of the chyle (Heuer, Sabin). No lymphatics could be found penetrating the nodule in any case. Among the things which must be considered in an interpretation of intestinal tonsillar tissue is the relationship existing between the lymphatic tissue and the overlying epithelium. Lymphatic nodules of the intestine do not remain restricted to definite areas, but spread in all directions from the point of formation. Thus the tunica propria in villi directly over lymphatic nodules become of infiltrated with lymphocytes to such an extent . as to form enlarged 'lymphatic villi.' After a certain stage in development (about fourteen days) has been reached, the lymphocytes begin to wander into the epithelium covering these lymphatic villi. It is, doubtless, this close association between the epithelium and the lymphatic tissue which led some of the earlier authors (as Retterer and von Davidoff) to the belief in an epithefial origin of these lymphocytes. Most authors, however, consider the relationship between the lymphocytes and the epithelium to be secondarily acquired, due to the rapid growth of the lymphatic tissue. Jolly ('11), who noted the extraordinary infiltration of the epithelium over the intestinal tonsils, included them (i.e., the infiltrated epithelium) with the tonsils of the mouth and the thymus in one group, the ' lympho-epithelial organs, ' in which he believes there exists a symbiotic relationship between the epithelial cells and the lymphocytes. The lymphocytes, as stated above, first began to invade the epithelium to any extent about fourteen days after birth. Of course, from the very first appearance of lymphocytes in the tunica propria, some may be found in the epithelium but they do not invade it in great numbers till an age of two weeks or more has been reached. Until that time the basement membrane of the epithelium is quite complete, making a definite boundary between the epithelium and the underlying tissue, clearly indicating the impossibility of any of the elements of the lymphatic tissue taking origin from the cells of the epithelium. As more and more lymphocytes crowd into the epithelium the basement membrane becomes gradually less distinct, and the epithelium, at first was of a simple columnar type, gradually acquires the appearances of a heavily infiltrated, stratified epithelium, because of the displacement of the epithelial cells by the invading lymphocytes. Its thickness from cuticular border to basement membrane is greatly increased, but it really resembles an epithelium very little because of the huge number of contained lymphocytes. The invading cells, for unknown reasons, are all of the small lymphocyte variety. About each lymphocyte soon after it enters the epithelium is found a clear area, indicating some chemical activity by the lymphocytes upon the epithelial cells immediately surrounding them (fig. 12). Not all of the lymphocytes found in the epithelium have wandered in from the underlying tissue, as there is evidence of proliferation of those which have already invaded it (fig. 12). Mitotic figures are occasionally seen in lymphocytes in this location. The spaces among the epithelial cells in which the lymphocytes rest are seen to often contain in later stages several small lymphocytes which have doubtless been derived by succes sive divisions of one which had invaded the epithehum. The lymphocytes in the intestinal tonsils, as opposed to those in the tonsils of the mouth and pharjmx, rarely, if ever, wander through the epithehum into the intestinal lumen. An interesting feature of the epithelium covering the lymphatic villi is the lack of goblet cells, which are so plentifully found elsewhere in the intestinal epithelium (Muthmann, Hartmann). In a study of the early developmental stages, it is found that goblet cells are numerous in the epithelial covering of all the villi. Glands (crypts of Lieberkiihn) are not present as such until later (showing that goblet cells are not, necessarily at least, derived from the intestinal glands), but the epithelium between the bases of the villi is of a different character. In these regions no goblet cells were found. The places of nodular formation are in the tunica propria directly below places where there is an epithelium of this nature, and from these places the lymphatic villi arise usually, the epithelium being gradually forced upward between the ordinary villi as the lymphatic tissue increases in amount, the original character of the epithelium between the bases of the villi being maintained (i.e., without goblet cells). In a few instances, goblet cells were found in the epithelium of some of the lymphatic villi before its infiltration with lymphocytes occurred. The lack of goblet cells in the epithelium covering the lymphatic tissue is doubtless due to change in function of the epithelium, brought about by its relation to the lymphocytes (fig. 12). The fundamental reasons for the development of lymphatic tissue, especially of the tonsillar lymphatic tissue, and the complete function performed by it are perplexing problems. The only definite function which has been ascribed to lymphatic nodes is the production of lymphocytes. This surely is a function, but whether it is their only one is doubtful. Then the question arises as to whether tonsillar lymphatic tissue has other function than does the lymphatic tissue in other places. Some authors consider that, in the light of our present knowledge of tonsillar tissue, the only function that can be accurately ascribed to it is that similar to the function of lymphatic nodes; i.e., the production of lymphocytes (Briicke, '51; Hartmann, '14). In view of the fact that lymphatic tissue develops in places of degenerating body material, such as degenerating glands, rudimentary organs, etc., many authors thought the tissue as developing in these places assisted in absorbing and doing away with this degenerating material (GuUand, '91; Stohr, etc.). Still others noted some relationship in the intestinal tonsils between the intestinal glands and the formation of lymphatic tissue, but were not sure of the nature of this relation (Flesch, '88; Klaatsch, '92). It is well known that, in the presence of regressive structures, mesenchymal, or embryonic connective tissue shows a 4ymphocytopoietic' reaction. Accumulations of lymphocytes are encountered in glands of various kinds, as kidney, thyroid, salivary glands, minor digestive glands, etc., these accumulations being accompanied by degeneration and infiltration of certain of the glandular acini (Kingsbury, '15). Stohr also calls attention to the fact that 'leucocytes' collect in places where organs are degenerating, as the pronephros of lower forms, gills of anura, thymus, processus vermiformis. In the case of the rabbit, it is quite clear that the degeneration of any structures in the region of the intestinal tonsils does not initiate the formation of lymphatic tissue there. For no crypts of Lieberkiihn are formed until lymphopoiesis is well underway. However, as the nodules of lymphatic tissue increase rapidly in size, they often include in their midst portions of intestinal glands, which are usually degenerating, this degeneration probably due to the infiltration of the lymphocytes, rather than the opposite. Any association observed here between the crypts of Lieberkiihn and the lymphatic nodules is accidental, being due to the very rapid growth of the lymphatic tissue. If the lymphatic tissue were to be interpreted as a lymphocytopoietic reaction of mesenchjrnie to regressive or degenerating structures, these structures must have been present at some time in the ancestral history, which in the animal, as existing now, do not appear at any time in its development. It certainly seems as though the presence of a lymphatic plexus in the submucosa is insufficient to account for the extraordinary development of lymphatic tissue in Peyer's patch and the appendix, for this plexus is found throughout the small and large intestine and the stomach. It is noted that tonsillar tissue is greatly concentrated in and about the caecum. There may be some relationship existing between fecal matter in the caecum and appendix and the great development of lymphatic tissue here. In discussing the functional possibilities of the intestinal tonsils, it may be recalled that the lymph vessels of the submucosal plexus form a fairly dense network of capillaries about the nodules. Lymphocytes are found quite abundantly in these vessels. The only source of these lymphocytes could be the lymphatic nodules of the tonsils, for there are no entering lymphatics which could carry them on. As the submucosal plexus is a part of the system for transportation of the chyle, it is evident, then, that the tonsillar tissue here serves, in part at least, in forming elements of the chyle. GRANULOPOIESIS It has already been pointed out that sometimes certain cells with granular content are abundantly present in the connective tissue of the wall of the intestine, especially in the region of the intestinal tonsils in and about the caecum. We are here able to study only the significance of those with acidophihc granules, as the basophilic granules of the mast cells have been dissolved out by the methods of tissue preparation used. Alcoholic fixation, which was found to preserve the basophilic granules, did not furnish material upon which their histogenesis could be determined. The free eosinophile cells occur in varying abundance in the connective tissue of the submucosa and the tunica propria in the region of the intestinal tonsils, being found, however, most extensively in the deeper portions of the tunica propria, above and between the nodules of lymphatic tissue. They are often found in quite large numbers in the villi, closely associated with the intestinal epithelium, to a less extent in the connective-tissue sheath of the nodules and in the submucosa, and very rarely in the midst of the nodules. They are usually found in quite intimate association with the blood vessels of the mucosa. In the appendix they are found in greater abundance than in the iliac tonsil of the same individual. Modern hematologists are practically united in declaring for eosinophile leucocytes (granulocytes) an origin, either directly or indirectly, from cells of a lymphoid character. But, in respect to eosinophile cells of the intestinal mucosa, it must yet be decided whether they arise by local differentiation of lymphoid cells or have been carried in and dropped there by the blood stream. Hartmann ('14) observed the large groups of granulocytes in the region of the intestinal tonsils, and he considered the majority of them to be true eosinophile leucocytes, with somewhat rodded granules, and a polymorphous nucleus. He found, rarely, mononuclear forms with a light staining nucleus. He considered the eosinophils found here as having been carried in by 'the blood stream. Weill ('19), on the other hand, in studying the formation of the eosinophiles of the intestinal mucosa, favored the view that they were differentiated in situ from cells of a lymphoid character (lymphoid hemoblasts). He found transitional stages between the non-granular lymphocytes, through mononuclear granular forms, the ' eosinophilic myelocytes, ' to a polymorphonuclear eosinophilic leucocyte. He declared that the young mononuclear forms, at least, could not have been carried in by the blood stream, for no cells of that type were found in the blood, all there being of the polynuclear or polymorphonuclear type. Although hematologists are practically agreed as to the lymphoid origin of granulocytes, the question of the origin and significance of the acidophihc granules of the eosinophiles is still a much debated one. Several authors are of the opinion that eosinophiles are derived from neutrophils or other special cells by change in the granular character (van der Stricht, Gulland, Thayer, Arnold, Jolly, et al.). Others considered that neutrophils might transform into eosinophiles after taking up exoge nous material such as hemoglobin from extra vasated red blood corpuscles (Klein) or products of degenerating muscle (Brown). That the eosinophile granules of eosinophile leucocytes are phagocytized exogenous material of a hemoglobin nature is a belief held by many. This theory was followed by Schott, Giitig, Th. Lewis, Badertscher, and many others, but has been most vigorously defended by Weidenreich ('01, '08, '11, etc.). His conclusions were based on observations in hemolymph nodes and the spleen, and also on a series of experiments in which quantities of erythrocytes were injected into the peritoneal cavity of animals, where they undergo degeneration, breaking up into small particles which are phagocytized by large lymphocytes (lymphoid hemoblasts) of the peritoneal cavity and of the taches laiteuses of the omentum (Weidenreich, '08; Schott, '09). In case there is no evidence of erythrocyte fragmentation, which Weidenreich admits is possible, he assumes the hemoglobin is released in solution, absorbed by the lymphocytes, and deposited in them in the form of granules. Badertscher ('13) found elso that fragments of degenerating muscle may be phagocytized by lymphocytes, which then undergo a series of changes to become identical with blood eosinophiles. Some authors consider eosinophilic granules as related to hemoglobin in their nature, but they think are formed endogenously, and not introduced from without (Marwedel, '97; Pappenheim, '05). Many of the recent investigators of this problem disagree with Weidenreich in his belief that the eosinophilic granules were exogenous material, but consider them true endogenous formations. Even here there is considerable difference of opinion as to the method of formation of the granules. Some (Danchakoff, Weill) thought the eosinophile granules were formed directly as such, appearing in the midst of the basophilic cytoplasm of lymphoid hemoblasts (according to Danchakoff, about the periphery of a slightly acidophilic centrosphere) , the cytoplasm gradually losing its basophilic character as the granules increase in number. Maximow ('10) thought that the eosinophile leucocytes were not formed directly from lymphoid hemoblasts, but that first cells with ' pseudeosinophil ' granules were formed ('Promyelozyten' of Pappenheim) , the granules of which later transformed into true eosinophile granules. Still others found the granules in these cells when first formed to be of a basophilic character, direct transformation and change later taking place, the staining reaction of the granules changing from basophilic to eosinophilic character, at the same time as other changes necessary to produce the adult eosinophile leucocytes are occurring (Downey, '15; Ringoen, '15). The eosinophiles, occurring in the connective tissue of the tunica propria and submucosa of the digestive tract, in the region of the intestinal tonsils, occur in varying numbers, sometimes there being but a very few widely scattered, and again being found as large, concentrated masses, or granulopoietic foci. There is no definite time in development at which they appear in greatest abundance, this being apparently controlled by local conditions, varying according to the individual. They are, however, never present in great numbers until after the first week of postfetal life. Also, as stated before, they are almost invariably more abundant in the wall of the caecum and the appendix than in the iliac tonsil. Their distribution in the connective tissue has already been spoken of. They are usually in greatest abundance in the tunica propria, especially around the bases of the typical, ordinary villi (figs. 10, 11, 16) (except isolated cases where large granulopoietic foci were found in the subnodular connective tissue). A careful study of the eosinophile granulocytes as found in these places makes evident the fact that they are morphologically of two types, 1) the blood eosinophile and, 2) the connective-tissue eosinophile. The first type, as the name given indicates, closely resembles the eosinophile leucocytes found in the blood stream. The cell is of a rounded form and contains a very polymorphous richly chromatic nucleus. The contained granules are rounded or slightly elongated (as those of the blood stream), and are packed quite closely together' within the cytoplasm of the cell. With blood stains (as Hastings-Nochts) these granules stain a bright red color. The other type of eosinophile found here is quite variable in shape according to its immediate surroundings, being sometimes rounded and again quite elongate, spindle-shaped, or irregular in contour. The nucleus is of an entirely different appearance than that of the first type, never being of an extreme polymorphous shape. It does, however, present variations in shape, sometimes appearing as one dense, round nuclear mass, and again appearing as two round masses, lying either side by side in the cell or widely separated at opposite sides of the cell. The cell body of these cells is very closely packed with particles, which are definitely rod-like and elongated. These rod-like particles stain a,n intense dark red when compound blood stains (Nochts Hastings, eosin-methylene blue) are used. The first type, the blood eosinophile, is very evidently the same as Hartmann found in the neighborhood of the intestinal tonsils (of the rabbit). It is the first type to appear in the connective tissue at this place, the connective-tissue eosinophile not being found until between the first and second weeks of postfetal life. The blood type of eosinophile is never found in large numbers, except under pathological conditions (such as presence of parasites, etc.). It seems very evident that they, as Hartmann thought, are carried into the connective tissue and dropped there by the blood stream. No developmental forms are found to indicate a possible local formation of this type of cell. On the other hand, there is evidence to indicate that the connective-tissue eosinophiles, found so abundantly in close relationship with the intestinal tonsils, are formed in situ at the expense of lymphoid hemoblasts also developing there (figs. 9, 10, 14, 16). This process of development was found to be exceedingly difficult to follow because of the scarcity of developmental stages. This is accounted for by the great rapidity of the formation of the eosinophile granules after they have begun to differentiate out. Quite a few cells were found, however, the cytoplasm of which was only slightly basophilic, or colorless, which contained a few scattered, round eosinophihc granules (dark red). The nuclei of these cells were identical with those of lymphoid hemo blasts or slightly smaller (fig. 9). The mononuclear forms of rodded eosinophiles present the next step in nuclear differentiation, being similar to the 'hemoblast' type, but smaller and with more condensed chromatin material. By division of this nuclear material into two parts the binucleated rodded eosinophile leucocyte is produced. All transitional stages between mononuclear and binuclear forms can easily be found. First the round nucleus assumes an oval form, then an indentation appears in one side, and soon the two parts thus divided begin to pull apart, forming two lobes with a connecting strand. This connection seems gradually to disappear, so that there are apparently two distinct nuclear masses in the cell (figs. 10, 16). In the production of granulocytes, then, the cytoplasm of involved lymphoid hemoblasts, the cells of origin, partially (as Maximow states) or entirely lose their basophilic character. After the basophilic character of the cytoplasm is lost, rounded eosinophile granules are formed endogenously in it, the nuclei at the same time decreasing in size. These granules increase rapidly in size and number, at the same time changing into a rod-hke shape (in the rabbit). Soon .the eosinophile particles fill all available space in the cytoplasm of the cells. Coincident with this is noted a continued decrease in the size of the nuclei with correspondingly increased density of the chromatin material. The change from the mononuclear to the binuclear form, as described above, apparently occurs after the cytoplasmic changes have been completed. This binucleated form is, as far as can be determined, the adult forpi of the connective-tissue eosinophile as occurring here. Concerning the possibilities of homoplastic formation of eosinophiles, it certainly does not occur in the blood eosinophiles found in the connective tissue. No mitotic figures were seen in this type, as might be expected, for they are only present here in the adult condition. Mitotic figures in adult connective-tissue eosinophiles are never seen. They have been reported (by Danchakoff and Weill) in developing granulocytes or granuloblasts. The writer found no eosinophiles showing evidences of mitosis after granules had begun to be formed. This, then, as a source of eosinophiles must be considered negligible; the main sources being by the heteroplastic differentiation of lymphocytes and from the blood stream. The conditions causing or related to the phenomenon of granulopoiesis have not as yet been clearly brought out. The close association of granulopoietic foci with the blood vessels, which can usually be seen, indicates the probability that the blood in some way plays an active part in the formation of the eosinophiles. It is noted also that when parasites (as Coccidia) are present in any abundance that eosinophiles tend to become very numerous, especially in the tunica propria in the immediate vicinity of the parasites. The Coccidia may be found in groups near the bases of the villi, either imbedded in the tunica propria, just under the lining epithelium, in among the epithelial cells, or in the intestinal lumen, just outside the epithelium. The eosinophiles being formed locally or migrating from the blood vessels may invade the epithelium, or in case the parasites are found in the intestinal lumen, may break through the epithelium into the lumen where they gather about the parasites. The eosinophiles often invade the epithelium in such numbers that it is entirely broken up and loses its identity as such. The eosinophiles of both types always gather about and in the midst of the groups of Coccidia in an apparent effort to destroy them or combat their influence. Other inflammatory or irritating conditions other than the presence of parasites may also be associated with extensive development of granulocytes. The fact that eosinophiles are more abundant in the appendix and caecum than in other parts of the intestinal tract may possibly be accounted for by the irritation caused by the presence of fecal matter in the intestinal lumen. There is, therefore, surely some relationship existing between the presence of irritating substances, pathogenic organisms, etc., and the production of eosinophile cells. It is well known that eosinophiles from the blood collect in and about places of inflammation, but, in addition to that, inflammation or irritation of some kinds in the intestine seems to initiate granulopoiesis locally or the production of connective tissue eosinophiles. The more ex tensive the inflammation, the greater seems the production of eosinophiles. The close association of blood vessels of the connective tissue with the groups of eosinophiles has already been mentioned. This is partially explained when it is recalled that some of these eosinophiles in the connective tissue are of the type found in the blood stream, which have wandered out through the capillary endothelium into the surrounding tissue. But there is an equally close association between the blood vessels and the granulopoietic foci of connective-tissue eosinophiles. Groups of granuloblasts (eosinophilic myelocytes) are always in the immediate neighborhood of some of the blood vessels pf the mucosa. When the blood supply is increased as under inflammatory conditions of any nature, as caused by some irritant, such as presence of pathogenic organisms, the number of eosinophiles increases correspondingly. The greater the blood supply, the greater becomes the granulopoietic activity. It is very probable, therefore, that some agent in the blood stream (possibly in the plasma) plays an important role in the process of granulopoiesis. It may be suggested, therefore, that the underlying cause for excessive granulopoiesis is, then, the presence of some irritation bringing about essentially inflammatory conditions, the direct cause being some constituent of the blood stream (plasma?), the exact nature and action of which influence is unknown. The possibility of erythropoiesis occurring in the mesenchyme in various regions in the embryonic body has been noted by many hematologists. Some of the earlier authors found in the subcutaneous connective tissue in some animals what they considered as intracellular development of red corpuscles. (Schafer, '74; Ranvier, '74; Le Boucq, '75.) This apparent intracellular development is now usually considered as an instance of the reverse process, atrophy of already formed vessels and breaking down of the contained erythrocytes by phagocytosis. Typical erythropoiesis, however, has been observed by many authors in the mesenchyme or embryonic connective tissue in various places in the embryonic body. Saxer ('96) found it occurring in the mesenchyme in and about the musculature of the neck, in subcutaneous tissue, and various other places. Maximow found in rabbit embryos, it might be found in practically any place in the body mesenchyme, especially of the head region. Badertscher ('15), in study of pig embryos, found developing red blood cells in portions of the neck and upper thorax, as well as in the cortex and medulla, and interlobular septa of the thymus. Danchakoff also described erythropoiesis in the mesenchyme of the head in younger embryos, and in older stages also in the mesenchyme in other parts of the body. Erythropoiesis, as occurring in these places, is mainly extravascular, although Danchakoff found it occurring both intraand extravascularly. This, however, she does not consider as true, typical erythropoiesis for few or none of the thus formed erythrocytes get into the blood stream. Aside from erythropoiesis occurring in the body mesenchyme, it is well known that it occurrs in, or at least among, the mesenchymal or reticular cells in the embryonic liver and also in the embryonic spleen to some extent (in a few animals also in the adult spleen). But the process of erythropoiesis, according to our present knowledge, is in postfetal life, limited to the red bone-marrow, with the exception of the first few days after birth, before the erythropoietic activity of the liver and of the spleen has ceased, and of the spleen, which may under pathological conditions (and in some animals, as the skunk, normally) reassume or continue its embryonic erythropoietic activity. With this fact in mind, that, normally, after the second week of postfetal life, the sole seat of erythropoiesis known is the red bone-marrow (except in the spleen as stated), it is interesting to observe that, in studying sections from the appendix and the iliac tonsil of rabbits of an age varying from two to six weeks postpartum, there may be found in the connective tissue of the submucosa of these regions groups of cells in different stages of the formation of erythrocytes. These erythropoietic foci are found mainly in siibnodular and internodular connective tissue of the submucosa, just the opposite of the principal granulopoietic foci which are, in large part, found in the tunica propria above and between the lymphatic nodules. Erythropoietic foci are also of more frequent occurrence, and more extensive when present, in the region of Peyer's patch than in the appendix, again just the opposite of the granulopoietic activity. Scattered erythroblast cells were also found in the subnodular and internodular connective tissue in stages both younger than two weeks and older than six weeks, but only during this period were erythropoietic foci of any extent found. This close assciation between erythropoiesis and lymphoiesis is of exceptional interest because of the exceeding rarity of redcell formation in connection with lymphatic tissue. One case of erythropoiesis occurring in lymphatic nodes was described by Pappenheim. This was found under pathological conditions, however, being associated with an acute case of hemorrhagic macrolymphocytic leukemia. Scattered erythroblasts have also been noted from time to time in hemolymph nodes. In the ileum and occasionally in the appendix of the rabbit one finds erythropoiesis occurring in no uncertain manner under apparently normal conditions in close relationship with the lymphatic tissue there present (figs. 7, 14, 15). The developmental history of the three types of blood cells and possible relations between them has long been a perplexing question. The "relation in origin between cells of the erythrocyte and granulocyte series has been particularly a matter of spirited controversy. On this question hematologists are divided in opinion into two groups. The first group, believing in a monophyletic origin of blood cells, consider the erythrocytes and granulocytes are derived from a common stem cell, which, under certain environment, will develop in to the other type of blood cell. The second group, on the other hand, believing in a polyphyletic origin of blood cells, consider that all types of cell of the blood series arise from stem cells of different character, which, under any conditions of environment, will give rise to one type of cell only. The monophyletic theory, first advanced by Saxer ('96) and Brj^ce, is, in some form, accepted by most of the more recent hematological workers. Among those who most vigorously defend this monophyletic theory are Maximow, who made careful study of hematopoiesis as occurring in various places in the mammalian embryo, and Danchakoff who made investigations similar to those of Maximow in chick embryos, and also, more recently, studied experimentally produced erythro- and granulopoiesis in the spleen of the chick, Weidenreich, Pappenheim, in part, and many others also uphold this view. With the histogenesis of erythroblastic tissue so clearly established by Saxer, Weidenreich, Pappenheim, and especially by Maximow and Danchakoff, it is unnecessary to discuss this in detail. A study of the regions in the connective tissue about the intestinal tonsils, where erythropoietic foci are forming, clearly indicates that the stem cells from which the cells of an erythroblastic nature develop, are identical, morphologically, with the lymphoid hemoblasts, or so-called germinal center cells of the lymphatic nodules, and, therefore, morphologically identical with the stem cell producing connective-tissue eosinophils; i.e., a cell with a large, rounded or oval clear vesicular nucleus, with scanty chromatin, and one or more prominent nucleoli, and a variable amount of basophilic cytoplasm. Subsequent changes of this type of cell to form an adult erythrocyte involve both the nucleus and cytoplasm. These changes of nucleus and cytoplasm are possibly not interrelated in any way, but they do occur simultaneously, and are brought about by conditions affecting the cell as a whole. Cytoplasmic changes are the gradual change from a basophilic to a brilliant acidophilic character, due to the laying down of hemoglobin in it. Nuclear changes are a gradual shrinkage in size, assumption of a pycnotic condition, and finally its extrusion from the cell. Many of the non-nucleated adult erythrocytes (erythroplastids) are found free in the connective-tissue spaces as well as developmental stages. Presupposing the stem cells of the erythroblastic line of development to be elements of a lymphocytic nature (lymphoid hemoblasts) which are morphologically the same as the stem cells of the granuloblastic line of development, the question is raised as to what the factors are causing morphological similar cells to difTerentiate in such entirely different ways. Do the stem cells, as some polyphyletists say, possess only morphological similarity, with some inherent differences in them, by reason of which each must develop along a certain line? It seems more feasible to attempt to explain this difference in development by changes in environmental conditions, which would affect the metabolic activity of the cell. In forms below the mammals a decided difference in environmental conditions is noted . Maximow has shown that erythrocytes develop intravascularly and granulocytes extravascularly in amphibia and selachians. It has been observed in studies of blood-cell development in birds and reptiles that almost invariably the erythropoietic foci are located intravascularly, the granulopoietic foci extravascularly (van der Stricht, Bizzozero, Danchakoff, and others). This relationship has been most carefully studied by Danchakoff. She did not, however, as van der Stricht, think the presence of an endothelial wall as sufficient evidence of the separate origin of these two types of cell. If this were invariably true that erythropoiesis occurs intravascularly and granulopoiesis occurs extravascularly, that difference in environmental conditions would surely be sufficient to account for the different development of these cells; but, unfortunately, there seems to be an exception to this rule in the case of mammals, for it is a commonly accepted fact now among hematologists (except van der Stricht and a few others) that erythropoiesis occurs in large part extravascularly in mammals. But if one finds similar cells under exactly the same environmental conditions developing into totally different types of cells, it strengthens the belief that there must be some inherent differences between these apparently similar stem cells. Stockard ('15) arrived at this conclusion after noting the extravascular formation of both types of blood cells in mammals. He found also, in Fundulus, that erythropoiesis occurred only extravascularly, and that as soon as the erythropoietic tissue became included in a vessel, the process shifted to other regions of the embryo. The intravascular conditions he considered inadequate and inhibitory, rather than active factors for erythropoiesis. As a partial solution of this apparent discrepancy in mammals might be advanced the results of Mollier ('13) in his study of erythropoiesis in the human embryonic liver. He found the endothelial walls of the sinusoidal vessels to be reticulated so that communication was made between the lumina of blood vessels and the immediately surrounding mesenchymal spaces in which the erythrocytes develop. Thus conditions in these spaces would be essentially intra- rather than extravascular. Secondary extravascular erythropoiesis was also found to occur in birds (chick) by Danchakoff in the allantois following splenic grafts upon it. Some of the walls of allantoic blood vessels degenerated allowing the contents of the vessel, early stages of erythroblasts, to wander out into the mesenchyme forming extravascular erythropoietic foci. The cells thus liberated did not revert to lymphoid hemoblasts, but continued their development as begun intra vascularly. Using Maximow's experiments on the formation of bonemarrow in the kidney of the rabbit following ligature of the renal vessels, she applies this theory to mammals. Maximow found large groups of lymphoid hemoblasts collecting in the vessels due to the slower current caused by ligation which began erythropoietic differentiation intra vascularly, and wandered out into the surrounding tissue at the normoblast stage. With this evidence at hand she thinks it probable that all extravascular erythropoiesis, whenever found, is only secondarily so, the process outside of the vessels being a homoplastic difTerentiation of specific cells (erythroblasts), irreversible in their development. Erythropoiesis, as occurring in the submucosa in the region of Peyer's patch, in the rabbit, is definitely extravascular Erythropoietic foci of very large proportions are often found at certain developmental stages of the tonsillar tissue, sometimes apparently filling most of the available space in the subnodular and internodular connective itssue. Most of these foci do, it is true, contain cells in the later stage of erythroblastic development (normoblasts). But megaloblastic, extravascular foci may also be found. Cells in the same group are often at various stages of erythroblastic development (figs. 8, 14, 15). If this extravascular erythropoiesis were secondarily so, one would expect to find at some developmental stage intravascular megaloblastic foci, or at least intravascular groups of lymphoid hemoblasts, but at no time were such found. The entire process of erythropoiesis as it occurs here is apparently extravascular. No evidences were found to indicate that the walls of the submucosal blood vessels were reticulated so as to make the mesenchymal spaces connected with the lumina of the blood vessels. This is true extravascular erythropoiesis, and not secondarily so, nor occurring under conditions of intravascularity (as Mollier described). Though this erythropoiesis is extravascular, erythropoietic foci are always seen to be in very close relationship with the blood vessels of the submucosa. There is little doubt but that some action of the plasma or some element contained in it upon lymphoid hemoblasts locally developed incites them to further differentiation along the erythroblastic line of development. This seems to be very similar to the granulopoietic relations before described, but it is found that this relationship between erythropoietic foci and the blood vessels is much closer than between the granulopoietic foci and the blood vessels. There certainly is, however, very great similarity between granulopoiesis and erythropoiesis, and only a slight difference in environmental conditions must exist. Both granulopoiesis and erythropoiesis are found to occur in largest extent when the blood vessels are gorged with erythrocytes (i.e., when the current in the blood stream is slow). If one considers the various places in the body of the embryo and adult where these two phenomena are known to occur, as in the liver, spleen, bone-marrow, etc., these are found to be invariable places where the blood current is slow, the slowing of the current usually being due to the sinusoidal nature of the vessels. This slowing of the current, together with the thinness of the vascular walls, usually only a lining endothelium, affords excellent opportunity for the transudation of substance^ from the blood stream to the outlying near-by lymphoid hemoblasts. It seems very probable, though, that the complete explanations for these erythropoietic tendencies are deeply seated. Elements are present in the blood stream in certain definite proportions. A disturbance of this balance between elements in any way, as by change of conditions, destruction of some of the elements, etc., causes initiation of erythropoiesis to restore that balance. The submucosal connective tissue in these regions affords an excellent place for this to occur, for here stem cells (lymphoid hemoblasts) are being produced, the current of the blood stream is slow, the blood vessels are numerous, and the vascular walls, to a great extent, quite thin. Then, too, the connective tissue is here performing no very active function, and ample space is provided between the bases of the nodules and the muscle coats (especially in Peyer's patch) for the development of erythropoietic foci. DISCUSSION OF THE RELATIONS CONCERNED WITH THE FORMATION OF THE BLOOD CELLULAR ELEMENTS The formation and development of the three different types of blood cells, then, and relations causing or connected with the appearance of each type evidently are very closely associated. Lymphopoiesis, granulopoiesis, and erythropoiesis are all closely associated with the vascular system. Lymphopoiesis, of course, must be the first process to occur, for it is from stem cells of a lymphoid nature that the cells of the granuloblastic and erythroblastic series are developed. This lymphopoietic process is, apparently, in some way, initiated by the lymphatic vessels, free lymphoid cells (lymphoid hemoblasts and small lymphocytes) forming by differentiation of mesenchymal cells. The subsequent fate of these cells, thus formed, is dependent upon the blood supply and the closeness of their relation with the blood vessels. If there seems to be no particular association with the blood vascular system, these free cells continue to develop in a somewhat random fashion, and the result is a diffuse lymphatic tissue. If there is a very good blood supply giving excellent nutritive conditions for growth and proliferation, there is a rapid increase in the number of free cells in regions immediately about the blood vessels, so that dense, nodular lymphatic tissue is formed. After cells of the lymphocyte series are formed (lymphoid hemoblasts and small lymphocytes), some of them may become more intimately associated with some of the large thin-walled blood vessels of the mucosa or submucosa, in which the current of the blood stream is quite slow^, and differentiate further into either granular leococytes (eosinophilic) or erythrocytes, according to the closeness of this relationship, and the degree to which the conditions of the vascular w^all and the current of the blood stream make the transudation of the necessary materials from the blood stream possible. This is also governed by the distance of the hemoblasts from the source of materials, the blood vessels, those farthest from the vessels having granuloblastic tendencies and those nearer to them erythroblastic tendencies. No small lymphocytes, however, develop directly into either granuloblasts or erythroblasts, always first by growth, developing into cells of the lymphoid hemoblast type. These factors influencing further development and differentiation of lymphoid hemoblasts may account for the greater concentration of granuloblastic cells in the tunica propria and the greater concentration of erythroblastic cells in the submucosa in the region of the intestinal tonsils. For the submucosal vessels are larger and more sinusoidal and comparatively much thinner walled than those in the tunica propria. The slower current, due to the more sinusoidal character of the vessels, coupled with the comparative thinness of the walls, affords better opportunities for transudation of materials from the blood stream, so that conditions are better for erythropoiesis in the submucosa. Similar conditions, to a lesser degree, exist in the tunica propria, so that here the process most usually taking place is granulopoiesis. 1. The first free cells appearing in the process of the formation of Ij^mphatic tissue in the intestinal tonsils are mainly small lymphocytes, which arise by differentiation of fixed mesenchymal cells. A few of the large mesenchymal cells, however, transform directly into large lymphoid hemoblasts. These two types are apparently different growth stages of the same cells, the small lymphocytes by growth and slight differentiation becoming o lymphoid hemoblasts, and the latter by repeated divisions becoming reduced to small lymphocytes. Further indication of their close relation is the fact that either type may arise by transformation of mesenchymal cells, according to the size of the transforming cell. 2. The so-called 'germinal center' is not really a center of proliferation of lymphocytes as that name would indicate. The lighter appearance of the central portion is partially due to the looser arrangement of cells there than at the periphery where the cells pile up as a result of their outward spread being limited by the surrounding connective tissue. The other factor producing this lighter appearance is the greater number of large acid-staining cells in this position. 3. The acidophilic cells are found to arise by further differentiation and degeneration of lymphoid hemoblasts. Experimentation proves that they possess phagocytic powers. Inclusions found in their cytoplasm ('tingible Korper' of Flemming) are considered as nuclear remnants of degenerating small lymphocytes which have phagocytized by the degenerating lymphoid hemoblasts, the acid-staining macrophages. Indications are, then, that this this lighter central area is essentially a degenerative center, brought about possibly by poorer nutritive conditions in the center of the nodule. 4. The intestinal epithelium overlying the lymphatic tissue begins to be infiltrated with lymphocytes at an age of about fourteen days. The number of invading cells rapidly increases both by proliferation of those already in the epithelium and by continued invasion from the lymphatic tissue. The nature of the relation between the epitheHal cells and the lymphocytes is not definitely known. The lymphocytes rarely, if ever, pass through the epithelium into the intestinal lumen. 5. The granulocytes (eosinophilic) as found in the region of the intestinal tonsils are of two types, 1) blood eosinophiles, wandering into the connective tissue from the blood stream, and, 2) connective-tissue eosinophiles, being derived in situ by differentiation of lymphoid hemoblasts. The granules of the connective-tissue eosinophile are endogenous formations. They appear first as round bodies, later changing to a rod-like form. The formation of granules is preceded slightly by loss in the basophilic character of the cytoplasm. No change in staining reaction of the granules during the course of their development was noted. Nuclear changes follow those of the cytoplasm. The nucleus first becomes smaller and finally divides into two, the binucleated condition being, apparently, the adult condition. 6. Granulopoiesis is most active in animals infected with parasites, as Coccidia. It also occurs most abundantly in and about the caecum, where there may be assumed to be a constant irritation due to the presence of fecal matter. It may be suggested, then, that inflammatory conditions may be associated with a granulopoietic reaction. 7. Extravascular erythropoietic foci occur in abundance at certain stages in the development of the lymphatic tissue. These are extravascular throughout their entire development, at no time being within the blood vessels. No groups of lymphoid hemoblasts or megaloblasts were found intravascularly at any time of development. These erythroblastic cells also arise by diff'erentiation of lymphoid hemoblasts. 8. It is evident that conditions associated with the development of the three types of blood cells are closely interrelated, all being doubtless in some manner associated with the vascular supply. The initiation of lymphopoiesis is apparently brought about by some influence of the abundant lymph vessels or the lymph upon the mesenchyme. The formation of nodular lymphatic tissue may possibly be controlled by the nutritive conditions furnished by the blood supply. The further differentiation of lymphoid hemoblasts into cells of the granuloblastic or erythroblastic line of development may be conceived as dependent upon the closeness of association between the blood vessels and the lymphoid hemoblasts, the slowness of the current of the blood stream, and upon the thinness of the vascular walls. If the association between the lymphoid hemoblasts and the blood vessels is very close and the conditions necessary for the transudation of materials from the blood stream (plasma) are very good, erythropoiesis occurs. If the association is not so close or the transudation conditions present to a lesser degree, granulopoiesis results. In conclusion, the writer wishes to express his appreciation of the courtesy of the Department of Histology and Embryology, Cornell University, in furnishing facilities and materials for this study, and also of the generous help and encouragement of Dr. B. F. Kingsbury. Arnold, J. 1895 Zur Morphologie und Biologie der Zellen des Knochenmarks. Arch. f. path. Anat. u. Phys., Bd. 140, S. 411-448. Badertscher, J. A. 1913 Muscle degenerati(/n and its relation to the origin of eosinophil leucocytes in amphibia (S. atra). Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 15, pp. 69-86. 1915 The development of the thymus in the pig. II. Histogensis. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 17, pp. 437-493. BizzozERO 1883 Formation des Corpuscles sanguins rouges. Arch. Ital. de Biologie, T. 4, pp. 309-345. BRtJCKE 1851 tlber den Bau und die Bedeutung der Peyer's schen Driisen. Denksch. der Wiener Akad. (quoted from Hartmann). Burnett, S. H. 1917 The clinical pathology of the blood of domesticated animals. Macmillan Co., New York. CzERMACK, N. 1893 Einige Ergebnisse liber die Entwickhmg, Zusammen setzung, imd Function der Lymphknotchen der Darmwand. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 42, S. 581-632. Danchakoff, V. 1909 ITber die Entwicklung des Knochenmarks bei d«n Vogeln, usw. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 74, S. 855-926. 1915 The wandering cells in the loose connective tissue of the bird, and their origin. Anat. Rec, vol. 10, pp. 397-414. 1916 The equivalence of haematopoietic anlages. I. Am. Jour. Jour. Anat., vol. 20, pp. 255-308. 1918 £^ell potentialities and differential factors, considered in relation to erythropoiesis. Am. Jour. Aat., vol. 24, pp. 1-35. 1918 The equivalence of haematopoietic anlages. II. Amer. Jour. Anat., vol. 24, pp. 127-189. V. Davidoff, M. 1886 Ueber das Epithel des Darines und seine Beziehungen zum lymphoiden Gewebe. Sitz. Gesellsch. Morph. und Physiol. Mimchen 1887 Untersuchungen iiber die Beziehungen des Darmes epithels zum lymphoiden Gewebe. Arch, fiir mikr. Anat., Bd. 29, S. 495-525. Downey, H. 1915 The origin and development of eosinophile leucocytes, and of haematogenous mast cells in the bone-marrow of adult guinea-pig. Folia Haemat., Bd. 19, Heft II. 1919 Further studies on the reaction of blood- and tissue cells to acid colloidal dyes. Anat. Rec, vol. 15, pp. 103-133. Evans, H. M. 1915 The macrophages of mammals. Am. Jour, of Physiol., vol. 37, pp. 243-258. Evans, H. M., and Schulemann 1914 The action of vital stains belonging to the benzidine group. Science, N. S., vol. 39, no. 1004, pp. 443-454. EwiNG, J. 1919 Neoplastic diseases. W. B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia and London. Flemming, W. R. 1885 Studien liber Regeneration der Gewebe. Arch, fur mikr. Anat., Bd. 24, S. 50-91. Flesch, M. 1888 Uber Beziehungen zwischen Lymphfollikeln und secer nierenden Driisen in Oesophagus. Anat. Anzeiger, Bd.-3, S. 283-286. Gage, S. H. 1920 The microscope (13th ed.). The Comstock Publishing Co., p. 356. Goodall, A. 1908 Haematogenesis in the foetal sheep. Jour, of Path, and Bact.,vol. 12, pp. 191-210. Gruner, O. C. 1914 The biology of the blood cells. Wm. Wood & Co., New York. GtJLLAND, G. L. 1894 The development of lymphatic glands. Jour, of Path. and Bact., vol. 2, pp. 447-485. 1896 On the granular leucocytes. Jour, of Physiol., vol. 19, pp. 385-417. Haff, R. 1914 Bindgewebe und Blutbildungsprocesse in der embryonal Leber des HuhneB. Arch f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 84, S. 321-350. Hartmann, a. 1914 Neue Lintersuchungen iiber den lymphoiden Apparat des Kaninchendannes. Anat. Anz., Bd. 47, S. 65-90. Jolly, J. 1907 Recherches sur la formation des globules rouges des Mam mifere. Arch. d'Anat. micr., T. 9, pp. 132-314. 1911 La bourse de Fabricius et les organes epitheliaux. C. R. de 1 Assoc, des Anatomists., p. 164. Kingsbury, B. F. 1915 The development of the human pharynx. I. The pharj^ngeal derivatives. Amer. Jour. Anat., vol. 18, pp. 329-397. Klaatsch, H. 1892 Ueber die Beteiligung von Driisenbildungen am Aufbau der Peyer'schen Plaques. Morph. Jahrb., Bd. 19, S. 548-552. Klein, St. 1899 Die Herkunft und die Bedeutung der Eosinophilie der Gewebe und des Blutee. Zentralblatt. f. innere Med., Jahrg. 20, No. 4 u. 5. Lewis, Th. 1904 Further observations on the function of the spleen and other hemolymph glands. Jour, of Anat. and Physiol., vol. 38, pp. 144-157. Marwedel, G. 1897 Die morphologischen Veranderungen der Knockenmark zellen bei der eiterigen Entzlindung. Beitr. zur Path. Anat. u. allg. Path.,Bd. 22, S. 507-586. Maximow, a. 1906 Uber die Zellformen des lockenen Bindgewebes. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 67, S. 680-757. 1907 Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur postfotalen Histogenese des myeloidcn Gewebe. Beitr. z. Path. Anat. u. allg. Path., Bd. 41, S. 122-166. 1907 Uber die Entwicklung der Blut- und Bindgewebezellen beim Saugetierenembryo. Folia Haemat., Bd. 4, S. 611-626. 1909 Untersuchungen fiber Blut und Bindgewebe. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 73, S. 444-561. 1910 Die embryonal Histogenese des Knochenmarks der Saugetiere. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 76, S. 1-113. 1916 The cultivation of C. T. of adult mammals in vitro. Arch. Russes d'Anat. d'Hist. d'Embryol. T. 1, Fasc. 1 (quoted from Downey) MoLLiER, S. 1909 Die Blutbildung in der embryonalen Leber des Menschen und der Saugetiere. Arch, f mikr. Anat., Bd. 74, S. 474-524. 1913 Die lymphoepithelialen Organe. Sitz. d. Gesellsch. f. Morph. u. Physiol., Miinchen 29. MuTHMANN, E. 1913 Beitrage zur vergleichenden Anatomic des Blinddarms und der lymphoiden Organe des Darmkanals bei Saugetieren und Vogeln. Anat. Hefte, Bd. 48, S. 65-114. Pappenheim, a. 1898 Abstammung und Entstehung der roten Blutzelle. Arch. f. path. Anat. u. Physiol., Bd. 151, S. 89-158. 1905 Zur Frage der Entstehung eosinophiler Leukozyten. Folia Haemat.,Bd. 2,8.166-175. Retterer, E. 1891 Origine et developpment des plaques de Peyer chez le lapin et le cobaye. C. R. d. S. et Memoirs de las Soc. de Biol., Series 9, T. 3, pp. 871-873. 1892 Origine et developpment des plaques de Peyer chez les ruminants et les solipedes. C. R. d. s. et Memoirs de la Soc. de Biol., Series 9, T. 4, pp. 1-11. 1893 Des glandes closes, derives de I'epithelium digestif. Jour, de I'Anat., T. 29, pp. 534-563. 1909 Amygdales et follicles clos du tube digestif. Jour, de I'Anat., T. 45, pp. 225-275. Retterer, E., et Lelievre 1913 Origine et valeur cellulaire des elements qui constituent les follicles clos tegumentaires. C. R. de la Soc. deBiol.,T. 74, no. 65. RiNGOEN, A. 1915 The origin of eosinophil granules. Anat. Rec, vol. 9, pp. 683-701. RtJDiNGER 1891 Ueber die Umbildung der Lieberkiihnschen Driisen durch die Follikeln im Wurmfortsatze des Menschen. Anat. Anaz., Bd. 6, Erganzungsheft, S. 65-68. Sabin, F. R. 1905 The develojiment of lymphatic nodes in the pig and their relation to the lymph hearts. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 4, pp. 355-389. 1913 Der Ursprung und die Entwickclung des Lymphgefiisssystems. Ergebn. der Anat. und Entwickelungsgesch., Bd. 21, S. 1-98. Saxer, Fr. 1896 Uber die Entwickelung und den Bau normalen Lymphdriisen, etc. Anat. Hefte, Bd. 6, S. 347-532. ScHOTT, E. 1909 Morphologie unci experimentelle Untersuchungen liber Bedeutung und Herkunft der Zellen der serosen Hohlen, und der sog. Makrophagen. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 74, S. 143-216. ScHRiDDE, H. 1907 Myeloblasten, Lymphoblasten, und lymphoblastischen Plasmazellen. Beitr. z. path. Anat. u. allg. Path., Bd. 41. S. 223-238. Stockard, C. R. 1915 The origin of the blood and vascular endothelium in embryos without a circulation. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 18, pp. 227-327. Stoehr, Ph. 1889 Ueber die Lymphknotchen des Darmes. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 33, S. 255-283. 1897 Ueber die Entwicklung der Darmlymphknotchen, und iiber die Rlickdilung von Darmdrlisen. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 51, S. 1-55. ToMARKiN, E. 1893 Lieberkiihn'schen Krypten und ihre Beziehungen zu den Follikeln beim Meerschweinchen. Anat. Anz., Bd. 8, S. 202-205. Van per Stricht, O. 1892 Nouvelles recherches sur la genese des globules rouges, etc. Arch, de Biol., T. 12, pp. 199-344. Weidenreich, F. 1908 Beitriige zur Kenntniss der granulierten Leukozyten. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 72, S. 209-325. 1908 Morphologische und experimentelle Untersuchungen iiber Entstehung und Bedeutung der eosinophilien Leukozyten. Verh. de Anat. Gesellsch. Berlin, S. 81-87. 1909 Zur Morphologie und morphologischen Stellung der ungranulierten Leukozyten, Lymphozyten des Blutes, und der Lymphe. Arch, f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 73, S. 793-882. 1910 Die Morphologie der Blutzellen und ihre Beziehungen zueinander. Anat. Rec, vol. 4, pp. 317-340. 1911 Leukozyten und verwandte Zellformen. Wiesbaden: J. F. Bergmann. Weidenreich, F., und Downed, H. 1912 Uber die Bildung der Lymphozyten in Lymphdriisen und Mihz. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 80, S. 306-395. Weill, P. 1919 Ueber die leukozytaren Elemente der Darmschleimhaut der Saiigetiere. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 93, S. 1-81. 1 Rabbit, age five days. To show the position of the first masses of free cells appearing in the region of Peyer's patch. Photo X 180. 2 Rabbit, age nine days. To show the consistency of these masses. With the exception of one lymphoid hemoblast, all shown are of the small lymphocyte type. Photo X 750. 3 Rabbit, age thirty-two days. A portion from the center of an intestinal lymphatic nodule of Peyer's patch. Note how loosely packed the cells are here as compared with the peripheral portion of the nodule (fig. 4), also the scarcity of mitotic figures. 4 The same as figure 3. From the peripheral portion of the nodule. The lymphocytes of both types are very densely packed here. Mitotic figures are numerous. THE HISTOGENESIS OF DENSE LYMPHATIC TISSUE ?>^'^ i& v^ £""«' , ^^5^?' :-% rfe^-»^^.~^- ^i 5 Rabbit, age forty-six days. A portion from the center of a nodule of Payer's patch, showing the abundance of acidophilic macrophages (degenerating lymphoid hemoblasts), some with nuclear remnants of small lymphocytes as inclusions. Other degenerating small lymphocytes are also found. Photo X 750. 6 Rabbit, adult. To show the appearance of a nodule of Peyer's patch, following injection of a 5 per cent trypan blue solution into the intestinal wall. The acidoi)hilic macrophages which are found chiefly in the central portion have lihagocytized large quantities of the dye. Photo X 180. 7 Rabbit, age twenty-eight days. Showing very extensive erythropoietic foci in the sub- and internodular connective tissue in the region of Peyer's patch These foci appear as dark masses of cells. Photo X ISO. •'.■^' .•..■.i'. . ! • J ■■-■ 'If . "l^' ^ ;•„ • •• E:?vPLANATrON OF FIGURES 8 Rabbit, age forty-four days. Erythroblastic cells in close association with a small blood vessel in the region of Peyer's patch. Photo X 750. 9 Rabbit, age forty-four days. Mononuclear eosinophiles in the tunica propria of the caecum near its junction with the ileum. Early developmental stages in their formation are seen. Photo X 750. 10 Rabbit, age twenty-one days. Mononuclear and binuclear eosinophiles in the tunica propria, directly underneath the epithelium, in the region of the appendix. In some cells the eosinophilic granules are so densely massed as to make the cytoplasm appear in the photograph as almost homogeneous. Photo X 750. 11 Rabbit, age twenty-one days. Eosinophiles in the tunica propria and in among the epithelial cells in the region of the appendix. Photo X 750. THE HISTOGENESIS OF DEXSE LYMPHATIC TISSUE JOHX STEPHENS LATTA 12 Rabbit, adult. Showing the heavy infiltration of small lymphocytes in a portion of the epithelium covering a lymphatic nodule of Peyer's patch (B). These invading cells occupy spaces in the epithelium, with a varying number of cells in each space. The nuclei of four epithelial cells are indicated. The upper part of the drawing shows a portion of the epithelium of a neighboring villus (C) ; with numerous goblet cells pouring their secretion out upon the free surface (A). Note the absence of goblet cells in the epithelium covering the nodule (B). Wright's stain. X 1400. 13 Rabbit, adult. Cells from the center of a lymphatic nodule of Peyer's patch following an injection of a 5 per cent aqueous solution of trypan blue. Two acidophilic macrophages which have phagocytized particles of the dye are shown. Two normal lymphoid hemoblasts are also indicated. Stained with safranin. X 1500. 14 Rabbit, seventeen days. Erythroblastic and granuloblastic cells in the subnodular connective tissue in the region of Peyer's patch. The nuclei of the erythroblasts are pyknotic. Several erythrocytes which have lost their nuclei are seen. Two lymph vessels and one arteriole are present. The erythroblastic cells are in close association with them, while the granuloblastic cells are more distant from them. Stained with eosin-methylene blue. X 1400. 15 Rabbit, seventeen days. A portion of a large erythropoietic focus in the subnodular connective tissue in the region of Peyer's patch. Several lymphoid hemoblasts from the adjacent nodule are indicated in the drawing. Stained with eosin-methylene blue. X 1400. 16 Rabbit, forty-four days. Mononuclear (granuloblasts) and binuclear (granulocytes) eosinophiles in the tunica propria of the intestine in the region of Peyer's patch. Note the rod-like appearance of the granules. Several lymphoid hemoblasts are also present. Hastings-Nochts stain. X 1400. ( r» ^ ..,., •■) ,-;« ^ <■?. ■•i ;i <& ^ ■-^.i ® * g^ ^ £, <:> ^ ■% ■ ■ ? 9 & -^' ^ ^ % Pru:ss WORK BY FRED K GOER Resumen por el autor R. R. Humphrey. Las celiilas intersticiales del testiculo de los Urodelos. El testiculo de los Urodelos constituye un material particularmente favorable para el estudio de las correlaciones entre el desarrollo de las celulas intersticiales y las fases del ciclo espermatogenetico: en el los cambios progresivos y regresivos de la espermatogenesis estan separados en un grado raras veces veces o nunca aproximado en el testiculo de los vertebrados superiores. El desarrollo de las celulas intersticiales en los urodelos adultos esta asociado con cambios regresivos en el testiculo al final del ciclo espermatogenetico. Durante la espermatogenesis los lobulos estan rodeados solamente por celulas estromales aplanadas o fusiformes. Cunado son expulsados los espermatozoides estas celulas aumentan en numero y volumen, acumulando lipoides en su interior y trans-formandose en celulas intersticiales tipicas, persistiendo como tales celulas durante tiempo variable en diferentes urodelos, asociadas con las porciones vacias y degeneradas de los lobulos. Su degeneracion final o reversion al tipo de celulas del estroma tiende a seguir mas o menos estrechamente la desaparicion de tales lobulos en vias de degeneracion. Es evidente que las celulas intersticiales no pueden desempenar funcion trofica aguna durante las fases progresivas del ciclo sexual siguiente puesto que su degeneracion o reversi6n puede ocurrir muchos meses antes de comenzar la espermatogenesis (es decir el desarrollo de los espermatocitos primarios). Tampoco establece este estudio relacion causal alguna entre su desarrollo y la aparicion de los caracteres sexuales secundarios o instintos de copulacion. Su desarrollo alrededor de los lobulos en vias de degeneracion despues de la expulsion de los espermatozoides es el rasgo mas saliente de su historia en todos los urodelos estudiados. Translation l)y Jos6 F. Nonidez Cornell Medical College, New York ADTHOR S ABSTRACT OF THIS PAPER ISSUED BY THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICE, JUNE 27 THE INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF THE URODELE TESTIS^ R. R. HUMPHREY Department of Histology and Embryology , Cornell University , Ithaca, New York SEVEN TEXT FIGURES AND FOUR PLATES (FIGURES EIGHT TO THIRTY-NINE) Cyclic changes 215 Significance of variation in correlations 218 Present investigation 220 Material and technique 221 Structure of the urodele testis 223 Spermatogenetic cycle and mating period of Necturus 229 Interstitial cell cycle in Necturus 230 a. Absence of such cells in summer months 230 b. Differentiation of interstitial cells; their mitoses 232 c. Condition in late fall and winter months 235 d. Details of cell structure 241 e. Final degeneration or reversion of the cells 247 /. The testis in immature males 250 The interstitial cells of other urodeles 251 a. Desmognathus f usca 251 b. Diemyctylus viridescens 255 c. Salamandra atra, Cryptobranchus, etc 258 Discussion 260 Summary '. 267 Literature cited 269 The frequent occurrence of the term 'interstitial gland of the testis' in the extensive current Uterature on internal secretions indicates that the secretory function of the interstitial cells of Leydig has become widely accepted as a demonstrated fact. 1 Expenses incurred in the course of this investigation have been partially met from the Mrs. Dean Sage Research Fund; this assistance is hereby gratefully acknowledged. 214 R. R. HUMPHREY The assumption that the 'secretion' of this 'gland' is responsible for the development of the secondary sex characters or sexual instincts, or both, follows. The mass of evidence supporting such an assumption is, however, entirely indirect, and is frequently conflicting w^hen several forms are considered. The difficulties lying in the path of the worker will be suggested by the following comments upon several lines of investigation and experiment. The effects of castration are too well known to need description, but the operation removes all testicular structures; the injection of testicular extracts, though demonstrating clearly the presence of elements capable of influencing sex characters and instincts, does not limit the source of this element to the interstitial cells ; vasectomy as practiced on laboratory animals and man (Myers, '15) does not result in complete exclusion of other possible sources of the secretion which causes retention of the sex characters and instincts in animals so treated, since Sertoli cells as well as interstitial cells are found to survive. The same may be said of x-ray treatments, which, like vasectomy, destroy the germinal epithelium, but do not eliminate the cells of Sertoli.- But as histologic studies, in such cases, show apparent increases in number or size of the interstitial cells, and partial or even complete- degeneration of the Sertoli cells, it has been concluded that the former rather than the latter must produce the secretion, if any be produced. So, too, do the studies of cryptorchid testes and the organs of hermaphrodites fail to give clearly convincing evidence. Hanes ('11) believed that in cryptorchid pigs the evidence from the sex characters of animals and histological studies of the testes warrants the belief in the secretory function of the interstitial cells; Whitehead ('08), from studies on a cryptorchid stallion, inclined to the same opinion, and, further, considered that the Sertoli cells had been ruled out as a possible source of secretion because of their degenerate condition in the animal studied. 2 Biedl, page 396, lists numerous workers in this field and summarizes their findings. 3 Tournade ('03-'04) has shown that degenerative destruction of the Sertoli cells ultimately results from ligature of the vas deferens in rats. INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF URODELE TESTIS 215 Bell ('16), on the other hand, is emphatic in the statement of his belief that the interstitial cells cannot be responsible for secondary sex characters, as he finds these cells developed '4n the testes of tubular partial hermaphrodites with feminine secondary sex characters .... to a degree that is rarely seen in the undescended testis and never in the normal testis;" Boring and Pearl ('18) conclude from their study of hermaphrodite fowls that interstitial cells are clearly shown to have nothing to do with any of the secondary sex characters." Considerable attention has been given to the embryonic development of these cells, as w^ell as to the periods at which, in the life of the individual, their maximal development is attained. Their prominence in human embryos and their relatively smaller bulk in the eight-year-old boy were noted by Hofmeister ('72). Kasai ('08), in a very complete series of 130 human testes, found that the increase in the interstitial cells which occurs at puberty is followed by an apparent decrease; the reduced number peculiar to the period of sexual activity is then followed by an increased number during old age. Such a condition is difficult of explanation if one assumes the responsibility of these cells for the development of sex characters or instincts; neither is the complete disappearance of these cells in adult male fowls, as reported by Boring and Pearl ('17), and confirmed by Nonidez ('20), in accord with such an assumption. CYCLIC CHANGES The cyclic changes of the cells in animals which mate only at widely separated periods have recently attracted the attention of investigators. Studies have been undertaken to determine in what relation their maximal development stands to the periods of the sexual or spermatogenetic cycle; a constant relation, if established, might serve as evidence of the production of an internal secretion or give a clue to its possible influences. These investigations are here briefly reviewed in order that the varying results thereof may be more clearly brought before the reader. Hanseman ('95), the earliest worker in this field, reported few or no interstitial cells present in the marmot during hibernation, when spermatogenesis is not active. In the spring, after several weeks of active life and the resumption of spermatogenesis, they are greatly increased in numbers. Ganfini ('03), on the other hand, declared the interstitial cells of the marmot during hibernation to be fully as numerous as during the animal's active period, but to be smaller and of different structure and staining reactions. He did not consider these differences as in any way correlated with spermatogenesis, but thought them due to changed conditions of metabolism, such as might affect any other tissue during hibernation. Regaud ('04), Lecaillon ('09), and Tandler and Grosz ('11) worked on the testis of the mole (Talpa europea). They found that spermatogenesis goes on during the autumn and winter months, during which time the interstitial cells are at their minimal size and number. After the spermatozoa leave the testis in March, the tubuli contorti become reduced in size, while the interstitial cells increase greatly in size and number, their vacuolated cytoplasm at this time indicating the presence of lipoids. With the increase in spermatogenesis in the early autumn, a reduction in the size and number of interstitial cells occurs. Marshall ('11), examining the testes of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europeus), found no spermatogenesis during winter, but a rapid enlargement of the testis in the spring preceding the rutting period, this enlargement being due to growth of the interstitial tissue even more than to increase in size of the tubules. Regressive changes begin in October, and the cells soon become so reduced in quantity as to bring the tubules into contact. Rasmussen ('17) found that in the woodchuck (Marmota monax) spermatogenesis is proceeding very slowly during the period of hibernation. The interstitial cells are then smallest in size and probably reduced in number; following upon the renewal of activity in the tubuli contorti, in the spring, the interstitial cells undergo a period of rapid development, not, however, attaining their maximum until several weeks after free sperma tozoa have appeared, and then persisting in this greatly developed condition fully two months after the spermatogenetic cycle has ended. It would appear from the above-cited results that considerable variation occurs in the relations between interstitial cell growth and spermatogenesis in the testes of mammals: the two may appear directly correlated, as in the marmot and hedgehog; regressive changes in the germinal tissue may be accompanied by the maximal development of the interstitial tissue, as in the mole; or interstitial cell development may follow rather closely after the period of greatest activity in the tubuli contorti, as in the w^oodchuck. Regarding this variation, Rasmussen says: This seems to be the most striking correlation, namely, that the interstitial cells follow with renewed growth somewhat behind the spermatogenetic cycle. ' ' He considers it possible^ in this connection, that in the mole they are only somewhat more than usually behind." The same lack of uniformity is found in any of the higher vertebrate classes of which enough members have been studied to render comparisons possible. Very little has been done among birds. The only complete study of a member of this class was made by Stieve ('19), who worked on the testis of the corvus, an European bird of the raven type. He found that the interstitial tissue appeared more prominent in the testis in the months following the breeding period, when the tubules had become relatively shrunken; but he concluded that there was no actual increase in the bulk of the interstitial cells at this period. No observations on the seasonal changes in reptiles have been encountered save the statement of Mazetti ('11) that interstitial cells were abundant in the testes of hibernating snakes. Several investigators have published accounts of the cyclic changes in the testes of anurans. Friedmann ('98) found the development of interstitial cells running parallel with the progress of spermatogenesis in the frogs (Rana fusca, Rana viridis, Hyla arborea) and the toad (Bufo vulgaris). When spermatogenesis has practically ceased, the interstitial cells tend to become re THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OP ANATOMY, VOL. 29, NO. 2 duced to their minimal size and number. When, on the other hand, spermatogenesis is at its height and free spermatozoa most numerous, the interstitial cells are of maximal size. ]Mazetti ('11) confirms these observations of Friedmann with regard to the frogs Rana fusca and Rana viridis. Champy ('08, '13) found in another species of frog (Rana esculenta) that the maximal development of the interstitial cell occurs when spermatogenesis is at its lowest, and vice versa. This condition would appear to differ greatly from that reported by Friedmann and jVIazetti in the three species of frogs studied by them. Champy found in the toad (Bufo vulgaris) a condition similar to that in Rana esculenta and quite the opposite, of that described by Friedmann. He also states that in Rana temporaria the interstitial cells develop only after mating and disappear entirely during the progress of spermatogenesis. Sigmficance of variation in correlations There is, then, in the higher vertebrates, a decided lack of uniformity in the relations between interstitial cell growth and the progress of spermatogenesis, the variation existing even between closely related members of the same class. The explanation of this condition, doubtless, is to be sought in the complex relations within the tubules of the testis. In mammals, birds, reptiles, and anurans, the tubuli contorti are lined at all times by a germinal epithelium, from which the germ cells are proliferated. In animals which breed at any time of the year spermatozoa are being matured constantly and shed into the lumen of the tubule. Around the periphery of the tubule, between the lumen and the basal layer of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia persist through all the changes involved in the maturing of the spermatozoa, and before the ripe spermatozoa at any one point have been shed into the lumen, these will already have differentiated, so that spermatocytes will be developing between basal spermatogonia and the lumen. In closely adjacent parts of the tubule will be found other stages, so that spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and free spermatozoa, as well as the Sertoli cells, will all be present in a limited area of the tubule. Progressive and regressive changes, therefore, must go on side by side, rendering impossible any accurate analysis of conditions which may affect interstitial cell development. Animals which have but one rutting period yearly offer more favorable material for study, since in these the various stages of spermatogenesis are more widely distributed as to time. But even in testes of such animals (when we deal with mammals, birds, reptiles, or anura) there is no absolute separation of the progressive from the regressive changes such as would enable one definitely to know with which the interstitial cell growth is correlated. Degenerative changes, for example, occur when the transforming spermatids cast off a part of their cytoplasm, but such changes cannot affect adjacent testicular structures which may not at the same time, be subject to influences due to the progressive changes in the spermatogonia, or be profoundly affected, also, by the varying processes transpiring in the omnipresent Sertoli cells. If, then, the interstitial cell status at any period is the expression of conditions wdthin the tubules, it must be the expression of several influences acting synchronously rather than of one influence acting without interference. These combinations of influences may be thought of as acting as do the combinations of forces of the physicist: opposing forces tend to neutralize each other, and variations in the relative strengths of forces to change appreciably the direction or extent of the resulting movement. That different animals should differ in details of metabolism is inevitable. A degenerative change, for example, may be slightly delayed in one species and accelerated in another; such a change, then, considered as a force capable of affecting interstitial cell development, is differently applied in the two animals and may lead to a difference in their interstitial cell development — a difference, it is true, subject both to increase and diminution by the action of other influences in the combinations. It is, I think, to some such explanation as this that we must turn if we are in any way to harmonize the apparently varied results of previous investigations of cyclic changes. 220 K. R. HUMPHREY The fact remains that such variations in cyclic changes do exist, as well as other differences, more or less difficult of explanation. A survey of the situation leaves one with these questions : 1. Are the variations noted due to fundamental differences in the cells themselves in different animals, or are they due to the varying 'balance' of many conditions, each one of which is more or less obscured in complex testes? 2. Do the testes of any lower vertebrate forms not yet investigated possess a structure in which the processes are more separated, so that the correlations of the interstitial cells may be more easily interpreted, and, if so, to what is their maximal condition in such forms related? It is with the questions last stated that this investigation is chiefly concerned, for a satisfactory answer thereto may be expected to throw some light upon the difficulties encountered in testes of the more complex type. PRESENT INVESTIGATION Kingsbury ('14), at the conclusion of a paper on the interstitial cells of the mammalian ovary, discussed briefly the corresponding cells of the testis. He called attention to the greater difficulty involved in the male than in the female organ in analyzing the conditions underlying their appearance; he further insisted upon the need for work on testes of lower forms in which the progressive and regressive changes are more widely separated in time and place, as they are in the ovary of the female. The urodele amphibian possesses such a testis. In it, as will be made apparent subsequently, the growth processes and degenerative changes are isolated to an extent not found in any higher vertebrate, no matter how widely separated its rutting periods may be. To Dr. Kingsbury the writer is indebted for suggesting this problem and for the generous contribution of the urodele material he had collected. His helpful suggestions and criticisms during the course of the investigation, as well as those of Prof. S. H. Gage, are gratefully acknowledged.^ The material upon which this investigation is chiefly based consists of the testes of fifty-two specimens of Necturus maculosus, of which forty-nine animals were sexually mature. The three immature animals were each of about 21 cm. body length; the sexually mature animals ranged in length from 22 to 37 cm. Twenty-five of these animals, including the three sexually immature specimens, were taken from Cayuga Lake; the remaining twenty-seven were secured from Lake Erie at Venice, Ohio, and shipped alive to Ithaca. These latter animals were larger than the specimens taken locally, ranging from 30 to 37 cm. body length, while the sexually mature specimens from Cayuga Lake were from 22 to 30 cm. long. The Lake Erie animals seemed also to be slightly in advance, seasonally, of the Cayuga Lake specimens in point of changes in the interstitial cells — a difference presumably due to a difference in temperature of the two environments. The animals were killed at intervals throughout the year, specimens being sacrificed in every month save February. The numbers of animals by months are as follows: January one, March one, April ten, May eleven (two immature), June seven, July six (one immature), August three, September three, October four, November three, December three. Several methods of fixation and staining were employed. The two fixers most extensively used were the dichromate-aceticosmic mixture of Bensley ('11) followed by his acid-fuchsin and As this work was nearing completion, my attention was called to an article by Champy ('13) who describes and figures interstitial cells in the testes of several European species of urodeles. Champy is struck by the resemblance of the interstitial tissue to the corpus luteum of the mammalian ovary, going so far as to term it a 'veritable corps jaune testiculaire.' His results are largely in harmony with my own findings, although he is led to the statement of certain general conclusions which are manifestly inapplicable to all urodeles. His results, together with the brief comments of Friedmann and Ganfini, on the occurrence of interstitial cells in Urodeles, will be considered in greater detail in the following pages of this article. methyl-green staining technique, and the modified Zenker's fluid followed by dichromate mordantage and Weigert staining as recommended by Kingsbury ('11) for the demonstration of lipoids. In addition to the above, portions of the testis were fixM in Benda's and Regaud's mixtures for the demonstration of mitochondria. Regaud's IV B mixture was most used for this purpose, fixation for twenty-four hours being followed by mordantage in 3 per cent potassium dichromate solution for two to three weeks, and staining by the Weigert method Fixers less frequently employed were the mixtures of Hermann and Flemming, Bouin's picro-aceto-formol, Carnoy's 6-3-1, concentrated mercuric chloride, 10 per cent formol, ordinary Zenker's fluid, Helly's fluid, and copper dichromate-sublimateacetic. The testis of Necturus being an elongated organ, it was ordinarily cut transversely into pieces of 2 to 5 mm. length for fixation AA'hen studies of the organ indicated it possessed cephalocaudal regional differences, testes were fixed entire, at frequent intervals, and sectioned longitudinally in order that such differences might be conveniently studied in a single preparation. Frequently, also, when material was limited, and studies of longitudinal sections fixed with a number of fluids seemed desirable, the testes were cut in halves longitudinally with a sharp razor instead of being fixed entire, a single animal thus affording four portions, from each of which complete longitudinal sections might be obtained. Serial sections were not considered necessary. All sections were cut as thin as practicable; for more detailed studies sections 3 to 6m thick were used. In addition to this very complete series of Necturus material, there has been available for comparative study material from several other urodele amphibians. The series of testes of Desmognathus fusca was especially complete, including specimens taken during every month of the year except January. The greater part of this material had been fixed in Hermann's or Flemming 's fluid and stained with iron hematoxylin. The Diemyctylus viridescens material in the collection represented animals killed in nine months of the year, and included testes of the immature red land phase as well as those of the mature aquatic viridescent animal. Through the courtesy of Dr. Bertram G. Smith, a somewhat less complete series of testes of Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis was at my disposal — a series including immature males as well as sexually mature animals taken in the months of ]May to September, inclusive. Some material from Plethodon erythronotus, Plethodon glutinosus, Spelerpes bilineatus, Amblystoma punctatum, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus and an European form, Salamandra atra, was also examined, but of none of these last-named animals have sufficient specimens as yet been secured to constitute even a partially complete series. For comparison, however, with conditions in the other animals at similar stages of the spermatogenetic cycle, this material has proved of no little value. Structure of the urodele testis The testes of urodeles, as of all amphibia, are abdominal in position. They are more or less elongated structures attached to the dorsal body wall by a mesorchium in which are the vasa efferentia, leading from the testis to the vas deferens, as well as the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the organ. The testes of Desmognathus, Plethodon, and Spelerpes are highly pigmented externally; Salamandra, Amblystoma, and Diemyctylus have testes free, as a rule, from pigmentation; Necturus has an irregular mottling of pigment splotches, varying with the individual animal, from almost complete pigmentation (rare) to complete absence of pigment (rare). There is apparently, in Necturus, no definite relation of pigmentation to period in the spermatogenetic cycle as there is in the deeply pigmented testes of Desmognathus, in which pigmentation diminishes with the expansion of the organ, to increase as the organ shrinks during the regressive changes following the completion of the cycle. The structure of the urodele testis requires detailed consideration, since as has been stated it is an organ exhibiting, in comparison with the testes of higher animals, a much more complete isolation of the different stages of the spermatogenetic process. Spengel (76) describes the testis as consisting of ^capsules'* opening by means of collecting tubules to a large collecting duct. The lobules vary in their relations to the main collecting duct, and on the basis of this variation, Spengel recognized three structural types. The testis of his first type has a longitudinal collecting duct central in position, around which the lobules occupy a radial position; this type is seen in Batrachoseps, Gyrinophilus, Plethodon, and Spelerpes. In this type the lobules are of a fairly uniform conical or pyramidal shape, each with its base extending to the periphery of the organ and its apex lying adjacent to the central collecting duct, to which it opens directly by a single short unbranched tubule. The testis of this type, as might be expected, is cylindrical, though varying in diameter in different portions at different seasons, for reasons which will become apparent later in this discussion. In the second type of organ the longitudinal canal is superficial, and, when seen in a transection of the testis as in figure 3, the lobules appear arranged in the fashion of an open fan, as in Necturus and Crj^ptobranchus. As in testes of the first type, each lobule extends from the periphery to the vicinity of the longitudinal collecting duct; the latter is located in the connective tissue at the hilus, which runs the full length of the testis. In Necturus this longitudinal duct has more the nature of a series of enlarged irregular chambers, connected, however, by narrower passages into a continuous chain, from which smaller tubules are given off; each smaller tubule branches irregularly, the terminal branches finally connecting with the apices of the elongated, conical lobules. In Spengel's third type the lobules are described as being more spherical and terminating the numerous divisions of a muchbranched collecting duct; here, as may be seen in figure 7, not all the lobules extend from main duct to periphery, but many are entirely peripheral in position, being supplied by long branches running out to them, between the more centrally placed 5 1 shall use in this discussion the preferable term 'lobules' introduced by Kingsbury ('02). He considered them as being, probably and essentially, homologous with the lobules of the mammalian testis, though not differentiated into tubuli contorti in the urodele as in the mammal. lobules, from the main collecting duct. This type of testis is seen in Salamandra atra and Diemyctylus; it is due to the elongation of the duct branches referred to above that the organ assumes the more rounded form seen in these urodeles; in Diemyctylus, in particular, the transverse diameter of the testis may at times be nearly equal to its length. Between the three types of structure recognized by Spengel there may be transitional forms. Kingsbury ('02) describes the testis of Desmognathus as being a combination of two of these types, the longitudinal collecting duct, central in position through most of its extent becoming peripheral toward the ends of the organ. In passing, it might be mentioned that Hoffman (78) suggests the homology of this central duct and its branch tubules with the rete testis and vasa recta of higher vertebrates. Though differing in their arrangement and relation to the collecting duct, the lobules in the testis of all urodeles are fundamentally the same. They are the structural units of the testis. Each, as has been noted, is connected to the central collecting duct, or to one of its larger branches, by a short tubule. Each is separated from its neighboring lobules by an investment of connective tissue, which is much less apparent when the lobules are in their most distended condition. The development of the lobule, as described by Meves ('96) in Salamandra, McGregor ('99) in Amphiuma, and Kingsbury ('02) in Desmognathus, applies, in general, to the lobule of all urodele testes observed in this study. It begins as a group or vesicle of large primarj^ spermatogonia at the end of a cord of cells representing the branch tubule. (The term 'cord' is used because the lumen may not always be evident.) Each primary spermatogonium (fig. 1) has surrounding it one to several cells of epithelial type, forming a 'follicle.'^ By increase in number these spermatogonia form a hollow vesicle — the young lobule (fig. 2) ; the walls of this lobule later become made up of groups or cysts of cells, each group representing the product of several divisions of one of the early ® The follicle cells of the urodele testis are similar in function to the Sertoli cells of the mammal, and will be referred to frequently in this paper as Sertoli cells. spermatogonia, and remaining enclosed in its original follicle whose cells have divided to keep pace with the increasing number of germ cells. The lobule is in addition invested by its sheath or membrane of connective tissue. By the growth and maturation divisions of these cysts of 'secondary' spermatogonia the lobule, now much distended, becomes made up of masses of spermatids, which no longer enclosed in the follicle cells though Fig. 1 Longitudinal section of the extreme anterior end of a Desmognathus testis. The central collecting duct is shown, bordered by primary spermatogonia with their surrounding follicle cells. Fig. 2 Longitudinal section of a Desmognathus testis, showing a region somewhat posterior to that pictured in figure 1. The developing lobules are here well defined, although containing as yet only primary spermatogonia. Their connection with the central collecting duct is now evident. Only flattened stromal cells appear between the lobules. in close relationship thereto, undergo the well-known transformation changes, and eventually pass out of the lobule as the spermatozoa. The development of the lobule needs for the present no more detailed consideration than that given above; for greater detail the various papers on the spermatogenesis of urodeles may be consulted. It should be emphasized, however, that all the cells of the lobule undergo the various developmental changes synchronously, or approximately so; hence the lobule, in successive periods. will be filled entirely with spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, or ripe spermatozoa, but will never at any time contain all of these stages, as happens in the mammalian tubuli contorti. Finally, after the spermatozoa have left the lobule, it will contain only the Sertoli cells. These do not persist, but rapidly undergo degenerative changes and are in time absorbed. The degenerating portion of the lobule does not contain developmental stages of the germ cells ; these occur in the apex of the lobule, developing as a new structure. Since the only structure common to the two parts is the connective-tissue wall, the emptied portion will be referred to as the emptied or degenerating 'lobule,' while the mass or vesicle of spermatogonia in the apex will be termed the young or regenerating 'lobule.' The former is pushed to the periphery of the testis by the rapid development of the young lobule in some urodeles. This McGregor ('99) states as the case in Amphiuma, in which "a testis examined shortly after the breeding time shows a rapid cell proliferation from the center, which is to form the new 'tubules,' while the remains of the old 'tubules,' filled with the debris of degenerating tissue, are seen in the peripheral portion. " A brief discussion of the changes in external form of the testis seems not inappropriate at this point. It is evident that both size and shape of the organ at any time will depend upon the state of development of its component lobules. Urodeles possess a decided cephalocaudal differentiation of the testis; a spermatogenetic 'wave,' as noted by numerous investigators, passes from the caudal to the cephalic end of the organ. This Svave' may be rapid in its progress, in which case there results comparatively little regional differentiation of the testis, as in Necturus ; it may, on the other hand, be comparatively slow in its movement, in which event regional differences become more pronounced. This latter condition prevails in the testis of Salamandra maculosa (Meves, '96), Salamandra atra, and Diemyctylus, in which at the proper time of year in cephalocaudal succession, may be found 'lobes' (regions composed of few or many lobules) filled with spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, or mature spermatozoa, with perhaps some of the most caudal lobules 228 * R. R. HUMPHREY empty and their follicle cells degenerating. The separation of these 'lobes' may be well marked externally, both by intervening constrictions (usually not decided) and color differences. In Diemyctylus one may easily recognize the enlargement containing developing germ cells by its transparent blue-gray color; the lobe containing spermatozoa by its pale yellow color. In Desmognathus there are similar regional differences, but division into lobes is less apparent. The anterior portion of the testis (fig. 6) in which are only primary spermatogonia, is elongated or thread-like, and the caudal shrunken portion, in which lobules are degenerating, is usuall}^ distinguishable because of its reduced size; otherwise there is recognizable no division into lobes. There are, however, in larger Desmognathus males, and in Diemyctylus and Salamandra as well, divisions of the organ which are in structure separate testes, each possessing the differentiation characteristic of the single testis as described above. These divisions, although termed 'lobes' by many investigators, are not to be confused with the lobes previously mentioned. They have been thought of as being of segmental origin. In my opinion they are but the expression of the pattern of growth and degeneration peculiar to the testes of those species in which they occur; since this problem is hardly within the scope of this paper, it is reserved for separate and more detailed discussion in another article. The caudocephalic progress of a spermatogenetic wave, which results in such distinct lobation in some urodeles, has, because of its comparative rapidity, much less effect upon the form of the testis in Necturus. The caudal portion of the organ enlarges earliest in the season, due to its earlier ripening of spermatozoa; it becomes smaller when its spermatozoa are extruded, but prompt regeneration of the lobules brings it back to a condition such that by late winter the testis is of fairly uniform diameter, though tending to taper somewhat toward the anterior end and to present a more blunt or rounded aspect caudally. The structure of the organ at different seasons will be discussed in greater detail in connection with the description of changes in the interstitial cells. Sufficient regional differentiation occurs SO that to some extent successive developmental stages may be obtained for study in a single longitudinal section. The wave of spermatogenesis is clearly much more rapid, however, than in Desmognathus, Diemyctylus, and Salamandra, tending to cause the germ cells of all parts of the testis to be in more nearly the same stage of development at any particular time. Regardless of the arrangement of the lobules in the testis and the varying rapidity of the degenerative and regenerative changes they undergo at the close of the spermatogenetic cycle, the testes of all urodeles examined show, in common, this fundamental feature: the lobule develops as a unit; its germ cells all mature and leave the testis as spermatozoa, after which the lobule, more or less as a unit, degenerates and disappears. And since the developmental and degenerative processes of the urodele testis are widely separated in this way in point of time, only one spermatogenetic cycle being completed each year, or isolated regionally in the organ through the cephalic movement of a spermatogenetic wave, we can turn to a study of these lower forms to more clearly demonstrate with which phases of spermatogenesis, if any, interstitial cell development may be most closely correlated. Spermatogenetic cycle and mating period of Necturus Necturus males killed in November and the winter months following show few or no spermatozoa in the testis. Those present occupy a few lobules in the most cephalic portion of the organ. They represent the last-matured germ cells of the recently ended sexual cycle, and entirely disappear from the testis before the end of the following April. During the winter months primary spermatogonia occupy the apices of the lobules, which are now partially filled with secondary spermatogonia. Cell divisions may be seen during these winter months, spermatogenesis evidently proceeding, however, at a much reduced rate in winter as compared with later spring months. In the spring and early summer rapidly succeeding divisions result in the secondary spermatogonia occupying the entire testis by July. The period of growth follows; maturation divisions occur in July and August, and in the latter month transforming spermatids are present in the caudal lobules. By October spermatozoa are mature throughout the testis; animals killed late in the month showed the greater portion of the testis empty and the caudal lobules well advanced in degenerative changes, while the spermatogonia were growing to produce the lobules of the next sexual cycle. The mating period presumably occurs in the autumn at the close of the spermatogenetic cycle, since it is at that time that the greater part of the spermatozoa are extruded from the testis. The spermatozoa present in the spermathecas of the female in the fall and winter months (Kingsbury, '95) are doubtless acquired in autumn rather than held over from a spring mating, if such should occur. Interstitial cell cycle in Necturus a. Absence of such cells in summer months. During July and August one finds throughout the testis the spermatocytes in various growth and maturation stages, with transforming spermatids in a few caudal lobules of the testis perhaps before the end of the last-named month. The testis, during these months and in September, is at the greatest size it attains at any time in the sexual cycle. The increase is in the diameter more than in the length of the organ. The individual lobules retain their customary fan-shaped arrangement about the superficial longitudinal collecting duct; each lobule extends from the hilus, in which this duct lies, to the periphery of the testis. The lobules, by their increased length, have brought about the increase in diameter so noticeable at this period, and though each elongated lobule will now contain germ cells in some one of the late stages of spermatogenesis, in the centrally located apex of each lobule, as shown in figure 3, will be found the primary. and even some secondary spermatogonia from which later will develop the regenerated lobule of the next sexual cycle. The elongated lobules during this period are greatly distended, so that they come to press closely one upon the other; their shape is modified accordingly. A tangential section of the testis, as in figure 8, shows the lobules in cross-section as several-sided polygons rather than as circles, with the blood vessels occupying spaces where angles of three or more polygons join. The lobules, then, are at this time pyramidal rather than conical, and fit quite closely together, with the result that the interlobular tissue or stroma is subjected to considerable compression, if appearances of fixed material are at all indicative of conditions in the living animal. Careful study of the interlobular tissue at this period (July, August) reveals as a rule no cells recognizable as interstitial cells by the usual criteria (i.e., rounded nucleus, polyhedral cell form, plentiful cytoplasm with lipoid or other accumulations). Between the lobules, either as they are cut in cross or longitudinal Section, appear nuclei of an elongated form, (figs. 9 and 25) from 25 to 35 At in length, and 5 to 8 m in thickness. From the fact that they are elongated when seen in either of these planes, one would infer that they are of a flattened or disk shape rather than of the true spindle type. This is confirmed by seeing them in a surface view where a lobule chances to be cut tangentially; they then appear either circular or broadly oval with their diameter then approximating the 'lengths' observed for the elongated nuclei. These nuclei contain numerous coarse masses of chromatin, which stains more deeply and holds its stain more tenaciously than the chromatin of the germ cells; no nucleoli are apparent. There are no definite cell boundries to be detected between adjacent nuclei. In some cases, a small amount of cytoplasm can be seen at one or both ends of the nucleus; any cytoplasm present must be flattened out between lobules as are the nuclei. And finally, though the lobules themselves may contain considerable fat blackened by osmic acid, such blackened droplets are not seen in the interstitial tissue in constant, definite association with these nuclei; being, indeed, rarely seen there at all. The application of a mitochondrial technique indicates the presence of occasional fine granules in the cytoplasm; but after fixation with Bensley's fluid, and staining with acid fuchsin and methyl green, the larger fuchsinophile granules so numerous in later stages do not appear. The granules present are presumably mitochondria, and will be referred to as such. It was, doubtless, from a study of the testes of Triton cristatus and axolotl at periods such as this that Friedmann ('98) came to the conclusion that no interstitial cells were formed in these two urodeles, he stating that only ordinary connective tissue could be found between the lobules. That a study of these species in a different season of the year might have caused him to modify these conclusions would appear from the work of Champy ('13) and Ganfini ('02). The latter described and figured 'granular cells' in the testis of Triton cristatus, but his work is somewhat inconclusive, as he does not state when and in what part of the testis these cells appear. Champy undoubtedly observed the interstitial cells in both triton and axolotl, and recognized the fact that they do not appear between lobules during the progressive phases of spermatogenesis. One would certainly seem justified in concluding that no interstitial cells existed in Necturus if he limited his observations to the period during which the maturation divisions and the transformations of the spermatid are taking place; neither would he be able to detect them in the testes of Cryptobranchus, Plethodon, Diemyctylus, Spelerpes, and Gyrinophilus, nor in Desmognathus except in the caudal shrunken portion of the testis in which spermatozoa had matured in the preceding summer. To the fact that interest in the urodele testis has centered chiefly about this maturation period and its all-absorbing problems may be ascribed the failure of the majority of investigators to note that in a later season interstitial cells become extremely numerous and prominent. Their presence in the urodele testis, however, is rarely mentioned by workers on the problems of spermatogenesis. b. Differentiation of interstitial cells ; their mitoses. In September and October spermatozoa are maturing and leaving the lobules. During the period when the lobules are still distended with transforming spermatids, the interlobular tissue remains in the condition characteristic of the preceding months. With the formation of the spermatozoa, however, the balance of metabolic conditions within the testis is disturbed; physical condi tions, such as the intralobular pressure, are likewise altered; profound changes follow. Even before all the spermatozoa have yet left them, the diminution of the intralobular pressure causes the lobules to appear, in cross-section, somewhat less angular .than previously, with the interlobular tissue increased in prominence, as is seen in figures 10 and 11. The interlobular nuclei present in previous months, compressed greatly by the distention of the lobules, now begin to round out. Numerous transitional forms are seen. The flattened disks become thickened, typical nuclei now being from 18 to 24 /x in diameter and 9 to 12 /x in thickness. These finally are seen as spherical nuclei of from 15 to 18 m in diameter. Figures 26 to 30 illustrate stages in this transformation. The cytoplasm increases also as the nucleus rounds out, and fuchsinophile granules and lipoid droplets are soon apparent. These transforming interlobular or stroma cells will henceforth be referred to as interstitial cells, since their succeeding stages leave no doubt as to the correctness of their interpretation as such. It is these cells, doubtless, that Champy has described as forming a ' corpus luteum of the testicle,' since he states that this develops around emptied lobules at the close of the spermatogenetic cycle. The increase in quantity of the interlobular tissue is not due entirely to the apparent increase which would result from a shrinkage of the lobule, both in length and diameter, as the spermatozoa being to leave it. Neither is it due entirely to increase in the size of the cells present earlier in the summer. Both the above factors operate to bring to any particular interlobular position a greater bulk of tissue. A third factor, however, contributes; I refer to cell division. The flattened nuclei of the July and August period evidently are not under favorable conditions for multiplication, as evidence of only one or two mitoses was seen in these months. The study of the interstitial cells of late October was made before any mitoses whatever had been discovered. The great number of cells then present surrounding cross-sections of lobules, as compared with the few widely separated cells seen earlier, suggested that divisions must occur. (Compare figures 8 and 12.) Search for mitoses among the cells with rounded nuclei and much cytoplasm proved fruitless; neither could satisfactory evidence of amitosis be secured. Finally, turning to an intermediate period, I found that in animals killed September 25th and October 7th and 21st, in the caudal portion of the testis, between lobules then occupied by mature spermatozoa, mitoses were to be frequently found among those nuclei just beginning to thicken or become rounded. Figures 10, 11, and 27 show such mitoses. It would appear, then, that the most favorable time for mitosis is before the cell has become burdened with lipoid accumulations and increased cytoplasmic content. More rarely divisions are found in later periods; one each was observed in animals killed October 30th, December 10th, and December 12th. In each of these cases the mitotic figure was found in a group of lipoid-filled cells, the accumulations in the dividing cell being pushed to one side, away from the spindle. In no material killed in later winter or spring months have mitoses been noted. That mitoses are most to be expected in the earlier growth period of the interstitial cells would appear from the fact that mitotic figures are found to occur regularly in corresponding regions of the testis in Salamandra atra, Cryptobranchus, and Desmognathus, while in none of these three forms were mitoses seen at earlier or later periods, i.e., in regions of the testes where conditions in Necturus had resulted in an occasional cell division. Mitotic division of the interstitial cells in adult mammals is of infrequent occurrence. B. M. Allen ('04) found mitoses in the interstitial cells of pig embryos up to the stage of the 7.5 cm. embryo, and in the rabbit testis as late as eight days after birth." Both Allen and Whitehead ('04) found no mitoses in older pigs; Duesberg ('18) found none in his extensive studies on the opossum, though Jordan ('11) reports seeing them in this animal; Rasmussen saw none in the woodchuck. Though several workers — Hansemann ('95), Reinke ('96), Von Lenhossek ('97), and Pick ('05) — have found mitotic figures in adult human material, other workers comment upon their absence, Kasai, among these, seeing but one mitotic figure in a series of 130 human testes — the youngest from a four months' fetus, the oldest from a man of eighty-four years. The occurrence of interstitial cell mitoses in numbers in any mammal, then, seems limited to its embryonic stages or early postnatal life, as compared with the periodic (annual) multiplication of these cells in the urodeles. It is suggested that in the testes of young mammals a cessation of growth of the seminiferous tubules, or possibly degenerations occurring within them, must furnish conditions favorable to interstitial cell differentiation and multiplication similar to those in the urodele testis at the close of its spermtogenetic cycle. Allen, indeed, has stated that the interstitial cells in embryos are formed contemporaneously with the appearance of fatty degeneration in both peritoneum and seminiferous tubules;" Whitehead, however, believes that they appear before any such degeneration occurs. The latter, in describing in pig embryos the development of interstitial cells from intertubular tissue of mesenchymal structure, states that mitoses are seen in the early stages of their differentiation. From a similar interlobular tissue in the urodeles — a tissue with a syncytial arrangement and scant cytoplasm, typically a mesenchymal structure — ^the interstitial cells of urodeles differentiate, with numerous mitoses marking the earlier stages of their transformation. The close time relations of multiplication to differentiation from a connective-tissue type of cell is the same in the embryonic mammalian testis as in the testis of the urodele, and it seems not unreasonable to suspect the operation of fundamentally similar metabolic conditions in both at the time these occur. As noted above, Allen and Whitehead disagree as to what these conditions may be in the embryonic testis. Whitehead reaching the conclusion that the hypothesis which attributes the growth of Leydig's cells to fatty degeneration in these situations is incorrect;" in the urodele testis the favoring conditions are clearly those resulting from the beginning of regressive changes in the lobules at the close of the sex cycle. c. Condition in late fall and winter months. As the spermatozoa mature first in the caudal portion of the testis, and first leave that portion, it is there that the differentiation and mitoses of the interstitial cells begin, as has already been stated. As the wave of spermatogenesis moves toward the cephalic end of the organ, leaving behind it a trail of emptied lobules at the close of the cycle, the development of interstitial cells follows in its wake. It cannot be said that at a certain time of year these cells are in a certain condition; there exists in the testis, from late October to the following spring, a succession of stages in their development corresponding with the caudocephalic succession in which the lobules were emptied, the youngest stages present being most cephalically located and the oldest caudally, with intermediate stages between the two. Hence a study of complete longisections of the testis (rather than of cross-sections through any one region) is necessary if one wishes to determine the extent of development of the interstitial cells at a given time. A longisection of the .testis of an animal killed on October 30th shows that the anterior portion (about a third) of the organ is still occupied by spermatozoa. This anterior third of the testis is somewhat larger than the caudal portion, which has shrunken to about two-thirds or less of its previous diameter following the emptying of its lobules. Each sperm-filled lobule is distended so as to press upon its neighbors; cross-sections are polygonal in shape. The interstitial nuclei are as previously described for lobules in such a stage; they have become somewhat thickened, but are still disk shaped, with occasional small spherical mitochondria in their scant cytoplasm. The region immediately caudal to this shows the lobules which have been but recently emptied. In these there is evidence of rapid degeneration of the Sertoli cells, which have now completed their period of usefulness. Nuclei pass through the usual degeneration stages, finally to undergo solution and disappear. Fat demonstrable with osmic acid appears within the lobule. Though it may be present in small droplets in the lobule during the summer, the total quantity appearing then is comparatively small; now, however, the lobule becomes crowded with lipoid droplets of various sizes. Around such degenerating lobules the flattened nuclei rapidly round out, their cytoplasm increases in quantity, and cell boundaries soon become distinguishable. These transformed cells at first invest the lobule in a sheath one cell layer in thickness; but the shrinkage of the lobule in all its dimensions and the rapid increase in bulk of the cells themselves result in some of them being pushed out, until the sheath becomes two or more cells in thickness. The sheath maintains its position about the lobule. It is seen, in a cross-section of the lobule (fig. 12) as an 'epithelioid ring' of varying thickness. Lobules with their surrounding rings do not now press against each other. On the contrary, each maintains its rounded outline, the interlobular spaces outside the interstitial cell sheaths now being filled with a loose meshwork of connective tissue, in which are blood vessels and 'fixed' connective-tissue nuclei.^ In the caudal third of this same testis (of October 30th) the lobules are found to be much more reduced in size and the interstitial cells increased. Each lobule has its surrounding sheath (ring in transection) of two, three, or even more cells in thickness. The regularity of the rings now tends to become obscured by the pressure of one against another; groups of the cells, also, tend to break away from the thickened rings and occupy the spaces earlier filled only by the loose connective tissue. This, in its extreme, results in cords and irregular masses of cells as contrasted with the symmetrical epithlioid rings of the middle of the testis. The cells, 35 to 45 ^ in their greatest diameter, are irregularly polyhedral with round nuclei, and contain numerous fuchsinophile granules and lipoid droplets, which will be considered in greater detail presently. The degenerating lobules and interstitial cells have, of course, been pushed somewhat toward the periphery by the growing lobules, and occupy a place in the testis similar to that indicated in figure 4. The yellow color they now give this region in freshly cut testis is in decided contrast to the pale bluish-white color of the central portion occupied by the lobules of growing spermatogonia. ^ The term 'fixed' may be applied only rather guardedly here, since one frequently sees among these, cells with more or less resemblance to the cells of the lobule sheath. The difference between cells which remain 'fixed' and those which assume the interstitial cell type is probably not so much a difference in the nature of the cells themselves as in the conditions they have encountered. R, R. HUMPHREY The wave of spermatogenesis, then, has brought into existence in the testis, at one time, a complete series of stages in the development of the interstitial cells; one can, by going from the cephalic to the caudal lobules, see the complete history of their development from stromal cells. In addition, the related changes in the lobules can be seen at a glance. As some of the most anterior lobules, the number varying with the individual animal, may contain spermatozoa until March or early April, the testis at any time between October and the succeeding spring shows a similar succession of stages when examined in longisection. The portion of the testis occupied by spermatozoa is of course gradually reduced, with a corresponding cephalic shifting of any particular stage of development of the interstitial cells. x\s long as the spermatozoa remain in the lobule and the Sertoli cells do not undergo degeneration, there is no development around the lobule of the enlarged interstitial cells. When the spermatozoa leave a lobule, however, and degeneration within it begins, the surrounding cells then become modified accordingly. The modification, then, occurs always in relation to changes within the lobule — changes which can readily be seen to be regressive, since the contents of the lobule undergo degeneration and disappear from the testis. That the interstitial cells are in any way concerned with the growth processes of the new spermatogenetic cycle is not evident. The developing lobules of spermatogonia during the winter months grow out from the hilus or region of the longitudinal Figs. 3, 4, and 5 Cross-sections (diagrammatic) of the testis of Necturus, to illustrate the seasonal variations in its size and structure. All X 11. Fig. 3 The testis as it appears in August. The lobules are distended with spermatids. No interstitial cells are present at this period, c, longitudinal collecting duct; d, branch of the collecting duct; p, primary spermatogonia at lobule apices; m, mesorchium; b, blood vessel. Fig. 4 The testis (caudal portion) in late December. The regenerating lobules contain primary and secondary spermatogonia, while the peripheral half of the testis is occupied by degenerating lobules and interstitial cells, d.l., degenerating lobule; ?', interstitial cells. Other abbreviations as above. Fig. 5 Testis in June shortly before the final disappearance of the interstitial cells, which at this time are seen as scattered hypertrophied cells at the extreme periphery of the organ. Abbreviations as above. collecting duct toward the periphery of the testis (figs. 4 and 5). During such growth in Desmognathus there are no interstitial cells present, since in this urodele as well as in Salamandra atra and Diemyctylus lobule regeneration is delayed until after complete disappearance of interstitial cells from the region. The lobule development clearly could not, therefore, in these urodeles affect directly the interstitial cells or be affected thereby. Though in Necturus the interstitial cells are still present, whenever they chance to be included between the outer ends of adjacent growing lobules they either degenerate or revert to the stromal cell type from which they arose, never persisting long as interstitial cells between lobules of spermatogonia (figs. 15 and 16). This condition is quite the contrary of what one would expect if they were to serve the ' trophic' function ascribed to them by some investigators (e.g., Plato, '97). The modification of stromal into interstitial cells, therefore, is clearly a temporary response to conditions within the lobule; when such favoring conditions no longer prevail, the original cell type may be resumed or the cells may degenerate, the proximity of the regenerated lobules in Necturus apparently hastening these processes. A peculiar aspect of the modification of stromal into interstitial cells is to be noted in the anterior end of the testis, in which spermatozoa may remain in some animals as late as April. When the lobules are finally emptied or the spermatozoa within them undergo degeneration, the stromal cells surrounding each lobule begin their usual changes; and, in the case of the lobules earlier emptied, may form a sheath of enlarged cells one cell layer in thickness. The tendency, however, is for cells surrounding these late-emptied lobules to undergo comparatively little change, the majority of them never progressing beyond the earlier stages of modification. In May, instead of a complete ring of interstitial cells around cephalic lobules, one finds perhaps two or three enlarged cells laden with fat droplets, as in figure 13, the other surrounding stromal cells have the flattened form and few or no fat droplets. That mitoses in this region have been suppressed also may be inferred from the comparatively small number of €ells around each lobule. Between the cephalic and caudal lobules intermediate ones present a series of intermediate types; €ven in the middle of the testis interstitial cell development does not reach the limits set in the most caudal region. It is suggested that the explanation of the above lies in the modifications in this region of the conditions under which the interstitial cells develop. The caudal lobules are emptied early in the fall; their degeneration begins at a time when the stream of nutritive material no longer used by the reproductive cells is still being brought to the testis, undiminished by any decreased metabolism of the animal due to the onset of colder weather. Since the lobules of the next sexual cycle are as yet little developed, there is but slight opportunity for them to affect, either by mechanical pressure or diversion of the nutritive material, the modification of the stromal cells around the emptied lobules. The cephalic lobules, which are emptied more slowly during the winter months, undergo their degenerative changes during the period of the animal's lowest metabolic activity. The developing lobules of 'the anterior end of the testis are but little behind those of the caudal end; and, before the spermatozoa have left all the anterior lobules, these regenerated lobules are of such size that they very possibly affect, both by their growth pressure and demand for nutritive materials, the course of development of the interstitial cells around the degenerating lobules. Though factors other than those named mS^y contribute to the difference, the reduced number of interstitial cells of the cephalic region stands at any rate as the expression of a less favorable environment rather than as an indication of intrinsic differences of the stromal cells of the two regions. That those of the cephalic region possess the same potentialities as those in any other is evidenced by the changes many of them undergo. d. Details of cell structure. The finer details of cell structui'e in successive developmental stages require a more extended description than that previously accorded them. In cells around recently emptied lobules (or even earlier) fuchsinophile granules of a size considerably larger than the minute mitochondria appear (figs. 27 and 28). Though the mitochondria are also stainable with fuchsin, they do not hold their stain so tenaciously as do these granules. The latter, though more easily preserved than mitochondria, are similarly destroyed by fixation in alcohols, or Bouin's fluid (picro-aceto-formol), and poorly preserved in Zenker's fluid with the usual percentage of acetic acid. They may be demonstrated excellently by Regaud's fixation and subsequent staining by the Weigert method. With this technique, they are much more resistant to differentiation than are the mitochondria in adjacent spermatogonia of the same section, remaining a deep black after treatment with the borax-ferricyanide differentiator has rendered the mitochondria colorless. The mitochondria of the germ cells are, similarly, not well demonstrated in Bensley preparations in which these granules are excellently preserved and intensely stained. The suggestion is strong that they differ sensibly from mitochondria, presumably by having a larger proportion of lipoid in their make-up. It is found after osmic-acid fixers that the granules do not usually blacken as do the larger lipoid droplets. They are more perfectly preserved than the latter by such fixers as Regaud's or the modified Zenker's. This less perfect preservation of the larger droplets may, indeed, be ascribed to their greater size and fluidity; the failure of the granules, however, to blacken with osmic acid suggests some chemical difference as well and the greater activity of their substance in reducing dichromates bears out this suggestion. The greater solubility of the larger lipoid droplets is apparent after osmic-acid fixation (Bensley 's). In stained preparations mounted with cover-glasses the blackened droplets may be entirely dissolved while the fuchsinophile granules appear undiminished in numbers. That the fuchsinophile granules arise from the smaller mitochondria might be inferred, since they appear gradually in cells in wTiich mitochondria are already present, and upon first appearance are of much smaller size than they subsequently become. Later, too, when they are maximal in number as in figures 29 and 30, sizes intermediate between the largest granules and the mitochondria may be distinguished. Other than this, I have secured no evidence of their mitochondrial origin. The granules of inter mediate sizes resemble the larger in their fuchsinophile nature. I have not succeeded in staining them and the mitochondria differentially, though the latter do, of course, retain their stain less tenaciously. Several attempts to stain the mitochondria intra vitam with janus green after the method of Cowdry ('16) proved unsuccessful. Mitochondria were faintly stained, if at all, and other structures, such as some of the larger granules or even lipoid droplets, took the stain, appearing to have a film of stainable substance at their periphery. The specificity of janus green as a mitochondrial stain would appear, from my results, somewhat questionable; Bensley ('11) similarly describes it as staining small granules in the islet cells of the pancreas as well as the mitochondria of those cells. Even as the origin of the larger fuchsinophile granules from smaller mitochondrial ones is suggested by their sizes 'and order of appearance, so, too, is there a suggestion that these granules may in turn give rise to the droplets which blacken with osmic acid. The smallest of these droplets in Bensley preparations are often of the same size as the larger fuchsinophile granules (figures 29 and 30) ; frequently blackened droplets seem to stain with the red as well ; the droplets usually appear first in that region around the centrosphere in which the granules are most numerous; with the increase in numbers of the droplets, fuchsinophile granules may be much less numerous — in some cells, indeed, almost none at all may remain. The lipoid droplets blackening with osmic acid appear early in the transformation of the stromal into interstitial cells, some often being seen before the nuclei have assumed the rounded form. They increase in size, some attaining diameters of 6 to 8 m; they increase in number as well, until the cell, except in the region of the centrosphere, may be fairly packed with them, the fuchsinophile granules then appearing much less numerous. The lipoid droplets of the interstitial cells, after osmic-acid fixers, are much more difficult to retain than are those in the degenerating lobules. The latter droplets are retained, as a rule, in covered sections from which the interstitial cell lipoids are dissolved either wholly or in part. The lipoids of the degenerating lobules do not (except for a short time immediately after the emptying of the lobule) reduce potassium dichromate sufficiently to be preserved by modified Zenker techniciue, which demonstrates the interstitial cell lipoids, though without preserving perfectly the form of the droplets. After staining with copper or iron hematoxylin, material thus fixed shows the degenerating lobules entirely unstained while the interstitial cells are deeply colored, due to their chromated lipoids. No chemical analyses of the testis were made by the wTiter, but from the characteristics of these lipoids it may safely be assumed that they are similar to the phosphatid lipoids and cholesterinesters described by Whitehead ('12), Hanes ('11), and other workers as occurring in the interstitial cells of mammals. Neither intracellular masses of secretion product (other than the fuchsinophile granules and lipoid droplets already described) nor accumulations of such a product in spaces between cells have been encountered in my material. Such intercellular accumulations have been reported by Lenhossek ('97) for man, Senat ('00) for the rat, Bouin and Ancel ('03, '04) for the fetal horse, and Duesberg ('18) for the opossum. Duesberg describes an intercellular space filled with a secretion substance from which he could see, on the one hand, processes extending back into adjacent cells and, on the other hand, a connection with a small capillary. This is surely, as he says, one of the clearest instances in which the secretion product of a gland with internal secretion actually could be followed from the gandular cell into the vascular system." Had there been present in Necturus such prominent masses as he and other workers describe, they w^ould doubtless, after some of the great number of fixers and stains I have employed, been easily detected. Degeneration products, which I mention subsequently, are seen in the cells, but could not be mistaken for a product of regular glandular activity. Crystals, as described by Reinke ('96) in the interstitial cells of man, and by Duesberg ('18) in the opossum, have not been encountered in Necturus. Neither do I find pigment, such as Rasmussen ('17) describes in the woodchuck. The region occu pied by interstitial cells is in a freshly cut testis, particularly in spring, of a yellow or orange color, but this seems due to coloring matter in the lipoids, since no pigment is found after fixation. A peculiar network frequently appears, often filling the entire cytoplasm. Its trabeculae and meshes vary greatly in size in different cells. This network has the same staining reactions as the fuchsinophile granules. It appears best, as a rule, after Bensley's Benda's, or Flemming's fixation, but may be seen also after Zenker's with high percentage of acetic acid. Since the individual fuchsinophile granules are not seen in cells when the net is present and since the network is not seen in the cells of the outer part of the tissue block where fixation of granules is most perfect, I have concluded that this feature is a fixation artifact rather than a characteristic cell structure. This is borne out* by preparations with well-fixed peripheral cells. Between such cells and the centrally located ones with networks appear transitional forms. First are cells with only a few of the granules fused, then cells with a partial net and perhaps half of their granules well preserved, and finally cells in which only a very few granules retain their identity. The explanation of this clearly lies in the slow penetration of the osmic acid in the fixers named. This permits the more rapidly penetrating acetic acid to reach the interior of the tissue block first and there act alone upon the fuchsinophile granules, which are particularly sensitive to it. They appear to undergo solution and spread out into the cytoplasm; droplets thus come in contact with adjoining ones, and an irregular net results. The poorly preserved lipoid droplets dissolve out in embedding or in staining the sections, and the open meshes of the net result. Particularly coarse trabeculae are seen in regions where the granules are most numerous and fat droplets few and small: in the spring in cells which have become filled with lipoid droplets, among which are but scattered granules, the net produced has correspondingly fine trabeculae and open meshes. A similar network has been described by Duesberg ('18). Like myself, he considers it a fixation artifact, but states that it arises from poorly preserved mitochondria, which, according to his description and figures, are very nmnerous in the interstitial cells of the opossum. In Necturus, however, the fuchsinophile granules must be responsible for the artifact, as it never occurs prior to their being present in considerable numbers. In the primary spermatogonia of Necturus, moreover, in which mitochondria are particularly numerous, I have not been able to find such an artifact, even in sections showing it best in the interstitial cells. The granules and lipoid droplets, from their early appearance, are not distributed uniformly throughout the cytoplasm. In cells cut in the proper plane, as in figures 28 and 30, a small area at one side of the nucleus appears free from granules, 'which, however, are often far more numerous at the immediate periphery of the area than in other parts of the cell. The nucleus, as soon as cell boundaries are distinguishable, is seen to lie at one side or end of the cell; the area mentioned, clearly an idiozome, lies on that side of the nucleus toward the center of the cell. In early stages this idiozome is relatively very small, and centrioles are difficult to distinguish except when seen during mitosis, at which time they stain sharply. As the cells increase in size, however, the centrosphere becomes greatly enlarged. In the cells of the caudal third of the testis, on October 30th, are centrospheres from half to three-fourths- the diameter of the nucleus. The material composing them is gathered about a distinct centriole as a center; two centrioles may be seen occasionally. It often appears to differ from the other cytoplasm of the cell in its tendency to st'ain faintly with the basic stain. Immediately around the centriole there appears a small area of rather dense homogeneous material, outside which are faint cytoplasmic radiations extending to the periphery of the centrosphere. In earlier stages there is no sharply defined boundary between the centrosphere and the surrounding granules, but in the spring months centrospheres frequently appear to have a peripheral zone of more dense material inside which the granules are .not seen (fig. 31). The centrosphere is then more clearly delimited. In a few of the most extreme cases this peripheral zone has the appearance even of a' distinct membrane. Child ('97) has called attention to the occurrence of. similar giant centrospheres in the ovarian stroma (interstitial cells) of the dog and rabbit. Allen ('04) pictm-es them also in his figures of the interstitial cells of the mammalian testis and ovar3\ Champy ('13) describes them in the interstitial cells of the European tritons and axolotl. Their occurrence in interstitial cells, therefore, is probably more or less common. Such giant centrospheres have been very carefully studied by W. H, Lewis ('20), who finds them of frequent occurrence in living mesenchyme cells of tissues cultivated in vitro. He found that cells containing them die sooner than the more normal cells, and concluded that their presence may be regarded as a degenerative change. In my material, likewise, the giant centrospheres are seen in the older rather than the younger, more active cells. The arrangement of fuchsinophile granules and lipoid droplets around them suggests the action of the centrosphere as a center of metabolism — a dynamic center of the cell; nevertheless, the accumulation of such material largely occurs before the centrospheres attain their maximal enlargement. Though the enlarged condition doubtless indicates a regressive change, it does not seem, in my material, to represent an irreversible degeneration. Cells possessing giant centrospheres become included between growing lobules of spermatogonia, where they may be seen with their granules and lipoids partially absorbed and the centrospheres more or less reduced, while their nuclei, still normal in appearance, are more or less flattened. Some of these unquestionably revert to the stromal cell type; other cells whose regressive changes have been more pronounced, may not be able to do so, as the large number of degenerations late in the season indicates (figs. 18 and 33). €. Final degeneration or reversion of the cells. The growth of the regenerating lobules, which has proceeded slowly during the winter, is greatly accelerated by the more favorable conditions of the warmer spring months. As the lobules extend farther and farther toward the periphery of the testis, the degenerating lobules and interstitial cells come to occupy a proportionately smaller space in that region. The degenerating lobules of the posterior part of the testis by this time are very much reduced in diameter; they stand out in osmicacid preparations, however, because of the large droplets of fat they contain. Though the Sertoli cells within these lobules have largely degenerated, some few of them are found in apparently normal condition late in the spring. The connectivetissue membrane which surrounds the emptied lobules does not degenerate in Necturus, but persists, and within this the cysts or groups of spermatogonia push toward the periphery. During the course of the growth changes, the interstitial cells become closely compressed between lobules which contain rapidly growing spermatogonia (figs. 15 and 16). They earher become so numerous in the more caudal parts of the testis as to crowd closely together, rendering less apparent their original epithelioid ring arrangement around the lobules. Now, as illustrated by figure 15, they become closely packed between lobules, fihing all those spaces which were earlier occupied by the loose connective tissue. The changes that follow are the reverse of those by which they originated. Their cytoplasm decreases in quantity and its fuchsinophile granules and lipoids gradually disappear, while the nucleus changes from a spherical to a flattened form. The cells thus, after a time, are no longer recognizable as interstitial cells; but such a series of stages is present, often around a single lobule, as to enable one readily to follow the transformation. The typical interstitial cells are of course at the periphery, while intermediate types appear in regions which were but a short time previously subjected to the pressure of the growing spermatogonia. Since an increase in the number of these cells by mitoses, as I have already described, occurs preceding and during their modification, a compensating reduction of their numbers through cell degenerations is to be expected. Degeneration figures,, in fact, appear early in the fall in the caudal region among cells which have attained their maximal enlargement. Degenerations may be frequently observed during the winter months as well. In the spring months, however, they become especially prominent. The earlier degenerations were noticeable chiefly through the nuclear changes; the hpoid droplets and fuchsinophile granules present were as in neighboring cells or were reduced in numbers. In several animals killed in April and May, however, the type of degeneration observed is quite different, Many of the interstitial cells now enlarge, as shown in figures 33 and 34, attaining diameters of from 50 to 80yu ; in these the nucleus, rounded in the normal type, becomes shrunken and flattened at one side of the cell, frequently appearing very irregular in shape, and sometimes staining with the acid rather than the basic stain. The lipoid appears in much larger droplets than heretofore, and after fixation in Bensley's fluid becomes noticeably more resistant to solution than were the lipoids present in earlier stages or, for that matter,, those now contained in adjacent interstitial cells not similarly changed from the earlier type. The enlarged centrospheres seen previously disappear from these cells; in a few cases what might perhaps be a remnant of it could be seen as a mass, staining with the basic stain, lying near the eccentric nucleus. There appear in most of these cells masses of varying size and form which stain with the acid fuchsin. These masses are derived from the granules seen previously. In many of the cells there can be no doubt of this, for the mass (as in fig. 33) can be seen to be made up of cytoplasm in which individual granules are yet distinguishable; in one case the granules were grouped around what must formerly have been the giant centrosphere, to judge by its size and staining reaction. In still other cases small blackened droplets were included in the mass with the granules. In many cells, however, the identity of the granules becomes lost and only solidly staining fuchsinophile globules or masses appear. All appearances indicate that the cytoplasm has undergone partial solution, for lipoid droplets and granule masses stand out in fixed material with clear, unstainable spaces intervening, presenting quite a different appearance from that of the normal cells adjacent to them in the same section. Cells of this type do not long persist; they are rarely found in the testis later than July. Through the numerous degenerations of the interstitial cells as well as by their return to the stromal cell type, the number of lipoid-containing cells is reduced, by July, to a few scattered cells between the ends of the lobules at or near the periphery of the testis. These cells are hypertophied, rounded or oval, with eccentric and often irregular nuclei. They are packed with lipoid of a comparatively insoluble nature; fuchsinophile granules and mitochondria are reduced in numbers. The enlarged centrospheres previously described cannot be seen. These cells resemble the degenerate type already described; they seem, however, to have nuclei of greater vitality, and to disappear more slowly. Although an occasional specimen killed in autumn may possess hypertrophied, fat-laden cells which have doubtless persisted through the summer months, in most animals such cells are entirely lacking in August. In July, however, cells derived from this type are fairly numerous; such cells range from the size and content of the hypertrophied cell down to cells with shrunken nuclei and but a single lipoid droplet or one or two redstained granules in their scant cytoplasm. Frequently, one finds fragments representing the last stages of the nuclei of such cells. Figures 35 to 39 show such a series of degenerate forms as is mentioned above. With the passing of these cells the testis may be said to contain no interstitial cells; the cells seen only as flattened nuclei between lobules are, of course, capable of again becoming modified at the now approaching close of the spermatogenetic cycle. /. The testis in immature males. Testes of three sexually immature males have been examined. These were all fairly wellgrown animals, about 21 cm. in length, in which the wolffian ducts were still small, straight, and empty, though two were examined at a time (May) when the ducts of mature animals are yet full of spermatozoa. The testes show no indication that spermatozoa were formed in the preceding autumn; i.e., there are present no traces of degenerated lobules. The testes are filled with lobules of secondary spermatogonia. As would be expected after a study of the interstitial cells in the adult, there are between these lobules only cells of the flattened type. Some of these, in one animal, show small blackened droplets, though these are by no means so numerous here as within the Sertoli cells. This same animal possesses a few enlarged, fat laden cells in the connective tissue about the primary spermatogonia, where interstitial cells in the adult are never developed. Such cells, however, were not seen in the others. In none of these immature animals were interstitial cells found comparable in position, size, numbers, and contents with these cells in the adult. That testicular degenerations in still younger males may give rise to such cells is not impossible, such cells then disappearing as do the interstitial cells of adults. Examination of numerous younger stages, such as have not been available for this study, would be required to settle this point. Extensive spermatogonial degenerations, in one immature animal, had apparently not resulted in interstitial-cell development. The interstitial cells of other urodeles a. Desmognathiis fusca. The presence of interstitial cells in the testis of this urodele was recognized by Kingsbury and Hirsh ('12), who, in their paper on the degenerations in the secondary spermatogonia of Desmognathus, suggest the growth of the interstitial cells as a possible factor in determining the inception of such degeneration. No further mention of these cells in Desmognathus has been encountered, Kingsbury and Hirsh outline the spermatogenetic cycle in this Urodele as follows: It may be said to begin in the fall or late summer after the extrusion from the testis of the spermatozoa formed during that season. During the fall and winter months there is a multiplication of spermatogonia and a tardy growth of the spermatocytes I, , . , In the spring the growth of the spermatocytes begins actively, characterizing particularly the months of March, April, and May, while divisions of the spermatocytes occur in May, June, and July, The transformation of the spermatids into spermatozoa preponderates in August and September." During the occupation of the lobules by spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids there are, as under like conditions in Necturus, no interstitial cells present between them. Flattened nuclei, which, however, seem to be of more nearly a true spindle shape, may be seen as in Necturus; little or no lipoid appears between lobules even at times when there is much of it within them. Pigment commonly occurs, but apparently in extensions of the branched chromatophores rather than in relation to the interlobular nuclei of ordinary flattened or spindle type. In August or September the spermatozoa of the most caudal lobules become mature and begin to leave the testis. The lobules become reduced in size; the cells surrounding them now appear larger, less flattened, and more numerous (fig. 21). Though shrinkage of the lobule brings nuclei closer together and thus causes an apparent increase in their numbers, an actual increase takes place as well, for mitotic figures may frequently be seen at this time. As described by Kingsbury and Hirsh, a number of lobules in the cephalic end of the testis degenerate during the summer; this region marks the 'boundary plane' up to which the lobules mature and discharge their spermatozoa during the current season. Figures 6 and 21 indicate the location of this 'boundary plane.' Cephalad of this the germ cells are held over for development in the succeeding season. The lobules caudad of the 'boundary plane' usually are all free from spermatozoa by February or March, as indicated by figure 6 D, only a very few of the most cephalic, indeed, not being emptied by December (fig. 6 C). The enlarged region filled with spermatozoa which is seen posterior to the 'boundary plane' in September (fig. 6 B) appears in the following winter and spring as a greatly shrunken region now only a third to a half the diameter of that part of the testis anterior to it. This shrunken region is filled with degenerating lobules, each of which is surrounded by its greatly thickened sheath of enlarged stromal cells, now with the usual characteristics of interstitial cells. Lipoid droplets are numerous in their cytoplasm, the eccentric nuclei are oval or rounded, and the cells are of an irregular polyhedral type, tending, however, to remain somewhat elongated. At one side of the nucleus is a more or less rounded mass of cytoplasm surrounded by small granules; this contains the centrioles and appears quite similar to the enlarged centrospheres seen in the interstitial cells INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF URODELE TESTIS Fig. 6 Diagrammatic longisections of the testis of Desmognathus to illustrate the changes, in form and content of the organ, resulting from its slow spermatogenetic wave and delayed lobule regeneration. (A) Early June. (B) Late September. (C) Late November. (D) March. (E) July. The 'boundary plane' in each figure is represented by the line immediately above its title letter. To the left of the boundary plane is the region maturing spermatozoa in the first season; to the right of this boundary plane is indicated the region producing spermatozoa in the following season. Diagrams A and B show the caudocephalic movement of the spermatogenetic wave; diagrams C, D, and E illustrate the changes that follow the emptying of a region. 1 , slender cephalic region containing only primary spermatogonia; 2, secondary spermatogonia; 3, spermatocytes I; 4, divisions of spermatocytes I, and spermatocytes II resting or dividing; 5, spermatids; 6, transforming spermatids and immature spermatozoa; 7, mature spermatozoa; 8, emptied lobules degenerating, surrounded by interstitial cells; 9, caudal region from which the interstitial cells have disappeared and only primary spermatogonia appear around the central collecting duct. (Note: The central collecting duct, immediately surrounded by a few primary spermatogonia, extends throughout the length of the testis. Regions 2 to 8 inclusive, therefore, all contain such primary spermatogonia in addition to the elements indicated above.) of Necturus. The peripheral cytoplasm is filled with larger lipoid droplets or vacuolated when these have not been preserved. Figure 22 shows a group of these cells at their maximal size. The Sertoli cells of the emptied lobules degenerate, lipoids first accumulating within them as in Necturus. Their degeneration proceeds rapidly, so that in the late spring the lobules hre practically empty. The residual spermatogonia in the lobule apices, instead of beginning multiplication as soon as the lobules are emptied, or even before, as in Necturus, and so bringing about their prompt regeneration, remain quiescent for several months.. As a result of this delay in lobule regeneration, the caudal portion of the testis becomes very much reduced in size, as has been previously stated. After the degeneration of the emptied lobules in this shrunken region, its* interstitial cells, though persisting for a time, also disappear. Finally this portion of the testis (fig. 6 E) is reduced to a slender thread-like structure, made up chiefly of the central collecting duct and the residual spermatogonia surrounding it — a structure similar to that shown in figure 1. The primary spermatogonia do not begin multiplication until some time after the disappearance of the interstitial cells; by their growth the lobules of the region are eventually regenerated. Although such regeneration of the lobules in any region does not occur until after the disappearance of the interstitial cells therefrom, this is more probably a part of a regulated growth plan than a result of any inhibitory influence the interstitial cells may exert. In Necturus, in which regeneration of the lobules occurs more promptly, their growth takes place while interstitial cells are still present in their maximal number. Far from being inhibited by the presence of the interstitial cells, the growth of the lobules, on the contrary, appears instrumental in hastening the disappearance of these elements from the testis. The interstitial cells of Desmognathus doubtless owe their longer period of existence to their freedom from such influences. Though tending to disappear when the degeneration of the lobule they surround is completely effected, their disappearance is not hastened by growth pressures and such other influences as may be brought to bear in an organ full of rapidly developing germ cells. b. Diemyctylus viridescens. The interstitial cell cycle in Diemyctylus bears a marked resemblence to that just described for Desmognathus, the two differing of course in minor details. The time relations in Diemyctylus are somewhat more difficult to determine, especially from examination of but a small number of animals presenting more or less individual variation. The spermatogenetic cycle may be briefly outlined as follows: The maturation divisions and the transformation of the spermatids are accomplished during the summer months. Some of the spermatozoa leave the lobules in the fall; a mating at that time is known to occur frequently (Gage, '91). The testis in November or December, as in the following spring (fig. 7, showing a longitudinal section of the testis as it appears in May), consists of a cephalic region containing spermatogonia and a caudal region containing mature spermatozoa. The two regions are so separated by a constriction and marked by color difference as to be easily recognized upon gross examination. There may appear at the point of constriction numerous degenerating lobules such as Kingsbury and Hirsh describe in Desmognathus ; these appear to mark a 'boundary plane' cephalad of which the spermatogonia hold over till the following season. During the winter the mature spermatozoa remain in the lobules, to be extruded when mating is resumed in the spring. One animal killed May 30th had practically all lobules then emptied, as shown in figure 7, while another killed June 7th had fully as many spermatozoa as animals killed in winter. In one case mating had presumably occurred; in the other all appearances indicated the contrary. Another animal killed June 30th showed maturation divisions in progress, spermatids transforming and spermatozoa yet immature, but no mature spermatozoa of the previous cycle present. The stromal cells surrounding lobules during the progress of spermatogenesis are of the ordinary flattened type, rarely containing lipoids demonstrable with osmic acid. During the several months that the spermatozoa remain in the testis numerous lipoid droplets may appear between lobules, though the cells do not then, as a rule, round out to a polyhedral form because of the continued pressure of the distended lobules. The appearance of typical interstitial cells, as in other urodeles, occurs only when the lobules have been emptied and degeneration Fig. 7 Longitudinal section of the testis of Diemyctylus after the spring mating season. Only a few of the lobules still contain spermatozoa. The recently emptied lobules are surrounded by interstitial cells, whose lipoids have been blackened by the osmic acid of the fixing fluid (Bensley's). c, central collecting duct; b, branch of central collecting duct; s, lobules filled with secondary spermatogonia; sp., lobules filled with spermatozoa; i, interstitial cells; fi, boundary plane. X 16. has begun. As this happens in the case of the more caudal ones during the fall mating, there are present during early winter numerous lobules surrounded by well-developed interstitial cell sheaths. The lobule appears to degenerate rapidly; sometimes cords and masses of interstitial cells appear within which but little trace of the lobule remains, although in other cases its connective-tissue wall, thickened, convoluted, and hyaline, persists even after the interstitial cells have largely degenerated or undergone reversion. That scattered interstitial cells and such traces of degenerated lobules appear in the testis in November and December is indicative of the short time required for the completion of lobule degeneration and the disappearance of the interstitial cells. Two animals killed in January and February show comparatively few interstitial cells present, though in all probability they had been numerous earlier in the winter. There is never a definite, elongated, shrunken, caudal region occupied by interstitial cells and degenerating lobules as in Desmognathnis. The emptying of the remaining lobules of spermatozoa during the spring mating period is followed by lobule degeneration and interstitial cell development as in the autumn. Usually the larger number of lobules empty and degenerate in the spring, making the picture a trifle more striking. As in the autumn, the disappearance of lobule and interstitial cells is rapid. An animal killed June 30th had traces of but one or two degenerated lobules still distinguishable and a few scattered interstitial cells; this perhaps represents the extreme of early disappearance. In an animal killed in early August no interstitial cells or degenerating lobules could be found. My study on this form has not included cytological detail of the cells; they resemble those of Desmognathus, though tending, perhaps to possess a greater number of lipoid droplets. The cell form is irregularly polyhedral; the eccentric nucleus is usually somewhat oval; centrospheres have been seen, but not in the enlarged condition noted in Necturus. Mitoses were not observed, though an increase in the number of the cells is apparent and suggests their multiplication as observed in Desmognathus, Necturus, Salamandra atra, and Cryptobranchus. It is apparent, I believe, without further description, that in Diemyctylus the interstitial cells as in other urodeles are closely related to lobule degeneration. Their early disappearance is of course in decided contrast with their longer cycle in Desmognathus. Such a difference, however, only shows more clearly that they have no functional relation to the progressive phases of spermatogenesis. Never absent in Desmognathus, they are entirely lacking during the summer months in Diemyctylus, to reappear in the fall, as in Necturus, when degeneration of the emptied lobules begins. c. Salamandra atra, Cryptobranchus, etc. Testes of several other urodeles have been examined. Although an account of the interstitial-cell cycle in these must be reserved for a later writing, a brief report of observations on the material already at hand will indicate points of agreement with those urodeles of which more complete studies have been possible. The testis of Salamandra atra,^ an European form, shows considerable resemblence to that of Diemyctylus. In larger males it consists of two or three enlargements, which, as in Desmognathus, are in effect separate testes. The constricted regions between these contain primary spermatogonia ranged around the collecting-duct system. Each enlargement or ' testis' in the material examined consists of two portions of approximately equal size, separated by a slight constriction at which degenerated lobules are commonly seen. In front of the ' boundary plane' thus established, the 'testis' contains only spermatogonia; caudal to it, only spermatozoa or lobules recently left empty through their extrusion. The cells between lobules of spermatogonia are flattened and without interstitial-cell characteristics. Around the most cephalic lobules of spermatozoa they are somewhat thickened and possess distinctly granular cytoplasm. They are far more numerous here as well. The presence of mitotic figures (fig. 23) indicates clearly their manner of increase. Still farther toward the caudal end of the enlargement or 'testis,' around emptied lobules, interstitial cells appear in rings two or more cells in thickness as shown in figure 24. They are now more or less polyhedral in form; their cytoplasm is most dense at one side of the nucleus, where in a centrosphere free from other granules 8 The material loaned me for this study by Dr. B. F. Kingsbury had been collected in Germany some years previously. It had all been taken in the summer months, at the close of the sexual cycle, but no record of dates of killing had been kept. a centriole is seen; the peripheral cytoplasm appears less dense and is occupied by lipoid droplets of larger size. Tn the most caudal part of the ' testis' the rings of cells become reduced in size and numerous degenerating nuclei appear; Indications are that the degeneration and reversion of the interstitial cells occupy a relatively short period, as in Diemyctylus. Champy ('13) states that in the related form, Salamandra maculosa, the interstitial cells are likewise temporary. The association of interstitial cells with lobule degeneration and their absence from other regions of the testis are as apparent in Salamandra as in other urodeles. The testis of Cryptobranchus is essentially the same in structure as that of Necturus. The spermatogenetic wave, however, passes over its entire extent miich more rapidly. In early September, for example, the entire length of the testis is filled with spermatozoa, though the caudal lobules may at that time be beginning to emptj^ This condition is in decided contrast with that in Desmognathus, Diemyctylus, and Salamandra, in which the testis is markedly polar and the wave moves forward over only a part of the organ during any one sexual cycle. During June, July, and early August the growth of the spermatocytes, their maturation divisions, and the transformation of the spermatids occur in rapid succession. During this period the lobules are greatly distended, and, as in other urodeles, only flattened nuclei appear between them. These are round or broadly oval when seen in surface view, or of spindle form when cut across, as they more frequently are seen. In late August and early September, when the lobules are filled with spermatozoa, occasional mitoses may be seen, even as at a similar period or one slightly later they are common in Necturus. Developments after complete extrusion of the spermatozoa have not been followed. Animals killed in early September either showed no empty lobules or none sufficiently long emptied for interstitial cells to have developed. These observations, therefore, merely show that Cryptobranchus agrees with other urodeles in lacking interstitial cells in association with the earlier or progressive phases of its spermatogenetic cycle. The testis of but one specimen of Amblystoma punctatum has been examined. This animal was taken from a pond in late INIarch during the mating season. The lobules had presumably been emptied or partially emptied some time earlier, for regeneration was well under way. Many lobules were almost entirely filled with secondary spermatogonia. - The interstitial cells had reached a late stage of development. They were, indeed, well on their way toward total disappearance around the apices of the lobules, and even where most numerous, near the periphery of the testis, an extremely large number of them had nuclei with the chromatolytic figures indicative of degeneration. They, as well as the degenerating portions of the lobule, contained numerous lipoid droplets. Fuchsinophile granules were also present in large numbers The cells were arranged in sheaths around lobules; these cut in cross-section gave the usual 'epitheleoid ring' picture. Testes of Plethodon glutinosus, Plethodon cinerius erythronotus, Spelerpes bilineatus, and Gyrinophilus porphyriticus have also been examined. All of these were taken prior to the formation of spermatozoa. No interstitial cells were present between the lobules of developing spermatogonia ; neither were any present in an extensive shrunken caudal portion of the testis, such as is found in Desmognathus during the summer months. Interstitial cells, if formed in these animals, probably persist but a short time, as in Diemyctylus. Material for a further study of the testes of these forms is now being collected; this will be reported separately at some later date. That interstitial cells were not found in the specimens examined bears out the statement already made: that they show no constant, definite relation to the progressive phases of spermatogenesis, but are absent from regions in which developmental processes are in progress. ■ DISCUSSION Throughout the preceding description the relation of interstitial cell development in urodeles to the condition within the lobule has been emphasized. This, briefly stated is: 1) that throughout their period of development, from their early mitoses and beginning enlargement to their period of maximal development, they are associated with the degeneration of lobules which have completed a spermatogenetic cycle; 2) that their regressive changes, whether degeneration or return to a stromal cell type, unless occurring before the lobules of the region regenerate (as, for example, in Desmognathus) , take place invariably if they become crowded between lobules of developing germ cells, or are crowded to the periphery of the testis by such growth. Similar correlations between interstitial cells and the tubuli contorti have been described for mammals, atrophic changes in the tublues being accompained by hypertrophy of the interstitial cells. Durck found hyperplasia and hypertrophy as accompaniments both of imperfect development and secondary atrophy of the tubules. Such, one would infer, is the usual condition in cryptorchidism; it is the normal occurrence, too, after vasectomy or treatment with Roentgen rays. Simmonds^ finds that in case of the regeneration of the tubules after this latter treatment (which frequently fails to entirely destroy all of the germ cells) the hypertrophied condition of the Leydig's cells disappears. His inference was that maintenance of the sex characters, by means of an internal secretion, is a function of both the spermatic cells and the cells of Leydig; that under normal conditions the cells of Leydig are few in number, but, after the destruction of the spermatic cells, there is vicarious intervention on their part, in consequence of which they undergo proliferation." It is, of course, interesting to note that in cryptorchid testes, such 'vicarious intervention,' according to Bouin and Ancel, may be insufficient, and the animals then are subnormal in secondary sex attributes, sexual instinct, or development of the genital tract. It may be questioned whether such interstitial cell 'intervention' can persist alone for any length of time after complete atrophy and disappearance of the tubules from the testis. The cells do not long persist in the urodeles after complete disappearance of the lobules they surround, but, according to Smimonds' interpretation, this would be because the germ cells 9 Quoted by Biedl, page 397. of the next cycle are by that time sufficiently developed so that interstitial cell 'intervention' is not required. What might occur if all germ cells in the urodele were destroyed is, of course, problematic. In cases of extreme atrophy of the testis there is a more or less complete disappearance of the interstitial cells (Cushing's Case XXXII, p. 277, and Biedl, p. 396). The work of Steinach, who claims to have 'restored' old male rats to youthful vigor and activity, is suggestive in this connection, as the stimulation was induced by causing testicular degeneration. Steinach ligatured the testis of one side, leaving the other intact. The ligatured testis of the 'restored' animal was found to contain greatly developed interstitial cells, while its geriTiinal tissue had atrophied. The period of persistence of the ' restored' condition was not stated, the animals presumably having been sacrificed before a return of senility. The association of the interstitial cells with degenerative changes, in the urodele testis, is I think, clearly demonstrated, both by my own observations and those of Champy. The significance of such as association is another question. Though the absence of typical interstitial cells from regions where spermatogenesis is going on precludes the possibility of their serving the 'trophic' function sometimes ascribed to them, the stromal cell, from which they develop, may serve some such purpose. As these cells always surround the lobule in such a way as to be between it and the blood vessels, the nutriment reaching the germ cells must either pass through their cytoplasm or traverse intercellular spaces adjacent to it. Conversely, if products formed within the lobule are absorbed through blood or lymph channels, such products must first pass through or between these stromal cells. These might, therefore, be expected to react (as they do) to changes in the metabolic condition of the lobule. What, then, is the source of the products (granules, lipoids) seen when these stromal cells begin hypertrophy? Are they derived from substances from within the lobule or are the materials forming them taken from the flow of nutriment passing from blood vessel to lobule? To my mind, both sources seem possible and probable. The hypertrophied cells doubtless receive end products of intralobular degeneration; their position around the lobule, rather than around the blood vessels, suggests this. There is no evidence that the products of degeneration find their way out of the testis via the collecting duct and ductuli efferentes. Their return to the circulatory system by way of the stromal cells seems probable, with the consequent assumption by the latter of the interstitial-cell character. The disappearance of the interstitial cells shortly after the degeneration of the lobule is completed is further indication of their dependence upon its influence. On the other hand, the hypertrophy of stromal cells around the lobule may be in part due to their accumulation of substances normally passed on into the lobule, but now piled up just short of their former destination through the inability of the Sertoli cells to utilize the accustomed quantity. This, presumably, is the explanation of the occasional presence of lipoids in the stromal cells during the progressive phases of spermatogenesis, when degeneration within the lobule is relatively improbable. Supply and consumption are so balanced, as a rule, during these phases that there is little or no lipoid demonstrable in the stromal cells. Consumption being curtailed, lipoids accumulate. It is suggested that the accumulation of lipoids within the lobule is, similarly, an expression of the acquisition by the Sertoli cells of materials which they can no longer utilize. A comparatively enormous amount of lipoid is seen in the lobule, in Necturus especially, before the interstitial cells reach their maximum. That the diminished ability of the Sertoli cells to receive materials, after the germ cells which utilize them have left the lobule as spermatozoa, should result in a secondary 'backing up' of the incoming supply into the stromal or interstitial cells, seems within the realm of possibility. There is the further possibilitj^ that by their accommodating hypertrophy at this time these cells may help preserve the nutritive balance for the region in which they occur, and, by so doing, prevent disturbance of the normal growth processes of the testis. The interstitial cells of urodeles may also serve to avert a too sudden collapse of the greatly distended lobules, thus preventing interference with the normal circulation through the interlobular vessels. In other animals (e.g., woodchuck, mole, corvus) in which there is a marked change in the volume of the testis following spermatogenesis, the reduction in size of the tubules is accompanied by such growth of interstitial cells as to prevent complete collapse of the organ. In the mammalian ovary, similarly, the development of interstitial cells around atretic follicles and the hypertrophy of follicular and stromal elements during the formation of the corpus luteum may meet a mechanical need, even though the existence of such a need is not of itself sufficient to initiate the growth processes mentioned. Chemical as well as mechanical factors are involved, and the impossibility of separating the two stands in the way of any determination of their relative importance. Biedl says: If we summarize all that is known concerning the internal secretory tissue of the male genital gland, we are led to the inevitable conclusion that the hormone which gives to the organism its male characteristics, is elaborated in the cells of Leydig in the interstitial tissue. . . . We are justified in describing them in their totality as an interstitial gland." The writer does not wish to be understood as asserting the inapplicability of this statement to urodeles. Other structures of the vertebrate body having, in their original state, as little adaptation for glandular activity, develop into endocrine organs of more or less recognized status. Hence, despite the conditions which invariably call the interstitial cells of urodeles into being, there is yet the possibility that their lipoids or degeneration products, after entering the circulation, are capable of influencing the organism in specific ways, either alone or in combination with other testicular elements. It seems desirable, however, to offer a few brief comments on the relations of the interstitial cells to which one might look for confirmation of their supposed secretory function in the urodeles. Morphologically, they do not possess the usual relations of an endocrine gland with respect to blood vessels. They develop primarily around the lobule; any relation to the blood vessel is secondary and incidental — i.e., through crowding. Though the cells possess noticeable polarity (nucleus toward one end, enlarged centrosphere, granules, etc., toward the other, in Necturus), they show no particular orientation of the cell body with respect to either lobule or blood vessel. The inconstancy of the interstitial cells in urodeles would further tend to preclude their recognition as a gland in the morphologic sense of the term. Lacking for several weeks in Necturus and Diemyctylus, and probably for several months in Gyrinophilus, Plethodon, and Spelerpes, they persist in Desmognathus until those of the succeeding year develop, and hence in the mature male are, as a rule, never absent. In any event, in the animals in which they appear, the individual cell is of transitory character — a mere temporary modification of a stromal cell. The absence of the cells from the sexually immature animals I have studied is further evidence of their lack of individuality as a cell type. If the cells subserve the purpose of elaborating an internal secretion of specific action, that is, if they constitute a gland in the physiologic sense, their absence from the sexually immature, and temporary absences from the adult, seem anomalous, to say the least. A constant relation of their development to phases of the sex cycle (other than to lobule degeneration, in which relation all urodeles agree) seems difficult to ascertain, as in many urodeles so little of the life-history and mating habits is known. It would appear that in Necturus and Cryptobranchus, and perhaps in Diemyctylus as well, the late summer or fall matings occur at a time when interstitial cells have been absent for several weeks, and too soon after the emptying of the lobules for the new interstitial cells to have reached any conceivable state of secretory activity. A spring mating in Necturus, if it should occur, would take place when the cells were at or somewhat past their maximum; the spring mating of the one Amblystoma male I have examined must have occurred toward the later part of their cycle. That interstitial cells in each of these cases regulate the appearance of secondary sex characters, as well as the instincts of the mating season, can hardly be given credence. 26G R. R. HUMPHREY The absence of these cells from the sexually immature anhnals I have examined prevents faith in the potency of their influence on development of the secondary sex characters, male sexual organs, etc. If their appearance is delayed until after the first extrusion of spermatozoa, one might well question their influence upon any of the phenomena of sexual maturity. The number of sexually immature animals I have examined is so small, however, that the possibility of an interstitial cell proliferation at some other stage of development has not been absolutely excluded, though conditions under which interstitial cells appear in the adult render such a proliferation in the sexually immature animal improbable. That the cells act to regulate growth processess in the germ cells seems improbable. The phenomena of maturation, for example, would occur in Necturus, Cryptobranchus, and Gyrinophilus during their absence. That their disappearance from the testis removed an inhibitory influence, thus permitting maturation to proceed, is also improbable, since in Desmognathus they are yet numerous through the entire period in which this occurs, though of course isolated in the caudal shrunken portion of the testis. Champy ('13) inclines strongly to the beUef that the regression of the interstitial cells, i. e., the resorption of their 'secretion' products, coincides with the onset of spermatogenesis." The persistence of the interstitial cells throughout the entire year in Desmognathus indicates that spermatogenesis may be initiated without the resorption of these elements. In the forms Champy has examined, the spermatozoa are matured in autumn, but retained in the testis until the mating period in the following spring; the interstitial cells, therefore, develop only in the spring and undergo regression immediately preceding the onset of spermatogenesis. In Diemyctylus, which has a fall as well as a spring mating, numerous lobules are emptied in autumn and interstitial cells develop around them. These apparently undergo regression within a sho'rt time after their formation, exactly as they do when developed in the spring. '" Champy, in his graphs, fixes the curve of spermatogenesis by the number of spermatocytes I in prophase. Spermatogenesis, however, is not initiated by this autumnal development and regression. Similarly, it is not apparent that the development of the interstitial cells is responsible for the checking of the spermatogenetic processes toward the close of the cycle. In those urodeles with a slow spermatogenetic 'wave' (Desmognathus, Diemyctylus) a 'boundary plane' is established early in the season through the degeneration of the germ cells in lobules near the anterior end of the testis; only the germ cells caudal to this 'boundary plane' then mature as spermatozoa during the current season. The 'boundary plane' is established, however, before any lobules are emptied, and hence its appearance does not coincide with any proliferation of interstitial cells. Neither is there any marked change at this time in those interstitial cells of Desmognathus which were formed at the close of the preceding cycle; in Diemyctylus such cells have already disappeared from the testis. On the whole, therefore, this study of the Leydig's cells in urodeles adds little or no weight to the evidence in favor of their interpretation as an endocrine organ. It does, however establish — and more clearly than can he determined in the anuran, sauropsid, or mauwialian testis — the close relation of the cells to regressive and degenerative changes in the lobules. The part, if any, these cells may play in the organism, during their temporary hypertrophy or transformation from stromal cells, remains more or less problematic. 1. In higher vertebrates the interstitial cells of the testis have been found to vary greatly in their corrrelations with the phases of the spermatogenetic cycle, though as a rule their greatest development appears to be correlated with the later or regressive phases. 2. Such variations as appear are believed to result from the complexity of the testis in these higher forms rather than from intrinsic differences in the cells themselves in the different animals investigated. 268 R. R. HUxMPHREY 3. The testes of urodeles are more favorable for the determination of interstitial cell correlations. a. In the individual lobule the germ cells are all at the same stage of development at any one time, or approximately so. b. The caudocephalic movement of a ' spermatogenetic wave' gives a succession of developmental stages in a single testis, each stage localized in a region in which the germ cells are all similarly developed. c. At the close of the cycle the spermatozoa are extruded and only the Sertoli cells remain in the lobule; these soon degenerate. d. The lobules are regenerated from residual spermatogonia persisting only in their apices; degenerating and regenerating portions of the lobule are therefore distinct. e. Regeneration is so long delayed in some urodeles that it begins only after the degeneration of the emptied lobule has been completely effected ; this results in an even more complete separation of the progressive and regressive phases of spermatogenesis. 4. The development of the interstitial cells in urodeles is correlated with the regressive phases of the spermatogenetic cycle. a. During the initial stages of spermatogenesis only flattened or spindle-shaped cells of the connective-tissue-cell type appear. b. These cells may increase in number by mitotic division, this occurring usually before the spermatozoa have completely left the lobule. c. Following the extrusion of the spermatozoa, these cells round out, increase greatly in bulk, accumulate lipoids, and become typical interstitial cells. d. Such interstitial cells in any urodele have been found to develop chiefly in association with lobules undergoing degeneration at the close of the spermatogenetic cycle. 5. The urodele interstitial cell is but a temporary modification of a stromal cell. a. Interstitial cells developed around an emptied lobule disappear when the degeneration of the lobule is effected or soon thereafter. Though many of them degenerate, others clearly revert to the original stromal-cell type. b. The absence of interstitial cells in the sexually immature male further precludes their recognition as a distinct cell type. c. These cells cannot be considered as constituting a gland in the morphologic sense of the term. 6. There has been found no evidence that the interstitial cells constitute a gland of internal secretion. a. Secretion products other than lipoid substances have not been observed. h. Interstitial-cell development bears no constant relation to the mating period and its phenomena. c. The maturation phenomena appear in no way dependent upon the presence of interstitial cells; neither do they always immediately follow the disappearance of these elements. 7. The value of the interstitial cells to the organism during their period of hypertrophy remains problematic. Allen, B. M. 1904 The embryonic development of the ovary and testis of the mammals. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 3, p. 89. Bell, W. Blair 1916 The se.\ complex. New York. Bensley, R. R. 1911 Studies on the pancreas of the guinea-pig. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 12, p. 297. BiEDL, Arthur 1913 The internal secretory organs: their physiology and pathology. English translation. Wm. Wood & Co., New York. Boring, A. H., AND R. Pearl. 1917 Sex studies. IX. Interstitial cells in the reproductive organs of the chicken. Anat. Rec, vol. 13, p. 253. 1918 Sex studies. XI. Hermaphrodite birds. Jour. Exp. Zool., vol. 25, p. 1. BouiN, p., et Ancel, p. 1903 Recherches sur les cellules interstitielles du testicle des mammiferes. Arch, de Zool., exp. et gen., nouv. ser., T. 1. 1904 Recherches sur la structure et la signification de la glande inter- — stitfelle dans le testicule normal et ectopique du cheval (Note prelimi naire). Arch, de Zool. exp. et gen., nouv. ser.. Notes et Revue, T. 2, p. 144. Champy, C. 1908 Note sur les cellules interstitielles du testicule chez les batraciens anoures. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., T. 64, p. 893. 1912 Recherches sur la spermatogenese des batraciens et les elements accessoires du testicule. Archiv. d. zool. exper., T. 52, p. 13. 1913 De I'existence d'un tissu glandaulaire endocrine temporaire dans le testicule (corps jaune testiculaire). Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., T. 65, p. 367. Child, C. M. 1897 Centrosome and sphere in cells of the ovarian stroma of mammals. A preliminary communication. Biol. Bull., vol. 1, p. 87. CowDRY, E. V. 1916 The general functional significance of mitochondria. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 19, p. 423. Gushing, H. 1912 The pituitary body and its disorders, clinical states, etc., p. 277. J. B. Lippincott & Co. Dtjesberg, J. 1918 On the interstitial cells of the testicle in Didelphys. BioL Bull., vol. 35, p. 175, DtJRCK 1907 Atrophic und Hypoplasie der Hoden. Miinch. Arztever., Ref. in Munchen medizinische Wochenschrift, Marz, 1907 (quoted by Biedl, p. 398). Eycleshymer, a. C. 1906 Habits of Necturus maculosus. Am. Nat., vol. 40,^ p. 123. Friedmann, F. 1898 Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Anatomic und Phj^siologie der mjinnlichen Geschlechtsorgane. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 52, p. 856. Gage, S. H. 1898 Life history of the vermilion-spotted newt (Diemyctylus viridescens Raf.). Am. Nat., Dec, 1891, p. 1084. Ganfini, C. 1903 Les cellules interstitielles du testicule chez animaux hiber nants. Arch. Ital. d. Biol., T. 40, p. 323. 1902 Struttura e sviluppo delle cellule interstiziali del testicolo. Arch. Ital. di Anat. e di Emb., vol. 1, p. 233. Hanes, F. M. 1911 The relations of the interstitial cells of Leydig to the production of an internal secretion by the mammalian testis. Jour. Ex per. Med., vol. 13, p. 338. Hansemann, D. von 1895 Uber die sogenannten Zwischenzellen des Hodens und deren Bedeutung bei pathologischen Veranderungen. Arch. f. path. Anat. u. Physiol, u. f. klin. Med., Bd. 142, S. 538. Hoffmann, C. K. 1878 Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreiches. Bd. 6, 2^ Abth. Amphibien, S. 432-475. HoFMEiSTER 1872 Untcrsuchungen liber die Zwiechensubstanz im Hoden der Saugethiere. Sitzungsberichte der K. Akad. der Wissensch. Mathem naturw. Classe, Wien., Bd. 65, Abth. 3, S. 77. Jordan, H. E. 1911 The spermatogenesis of opossum (Didelphys virginiana), with especial reference to the accessory chromosome and the chon driosomes. Arch. f. Zellf., Bd. 7, S. 41. Kasai, K. 1908 liber die Zwischenzellen des Hodens. Arch. f. path. Anat. u. f. klin. Med., Bd. 194, S. 1. Kingsbury, B. F. 1895 The spermatheca and methods of fertilization in some American newts and salamanders. Proc. Am. Mic. Soc, vol. 17, p. 261. 1902 The spermatogenesis of Desmognathus fusca. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 1, p. 99. 1911 The histological demonstration of lipoids. Anat. Rec, vol. 5, 1914 The interstitial cells of the mammalian ovary: Felis domestica. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 16, p. 59. Kingsbury, B. F., andHirsh, P. E. 1912 The degenerations in the secondary spermatogonia of Desmognathus fusca. Jour. Morph., vol. 23, p. 231. Lecaillon', a. 1909 Sur les cellules interstitielles du testicule do la taupe (Talpa europea) considere en dehors de la periode de reproduction. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol, T. 66, p. 599. Lenhossek, M. von 1897 Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Zwischenzellen des Hodens. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., Anat. Abth., Jahrgang 1897, S. 65. Lewis, W. H. 1920 Giant centrospheres in degenerating mesenchyme cells of tissue cultures. Jour. Exp. Med., vol. 31, p. 275. McGregor, J. H. 1899 The spermatogenesis of Amphiuma. Jour. Morph. , vol. 15, supp. p. 57. Marshall, F. H. A. 1911 The male generative cycle in the hedgehog; with experiments on the functional correlation between the essential and accessory sexual organs. Jour. Physiol., vol. 43, p. 247. Mazetti, I. 1911 I caratteri sessuali secondari e le cellule interstiziali del testicolo. Anat. Anz., Bd. 38, S. 361. Meves, F. 1896 Uber die Entwicklung der mannlichen Geschlechtszellen von Salamandra maculosa. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 48, S. 1. Myers, B. D. 1915 Histological changes in the testis following vasectomy. Anat. Rec, vol. 10, p. 228. NoNiDEZ, J. F. 1920 Studies to the gonads of the fowl. I. Hematopoietic processes in the gonads of embryos and mature birds. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 28, p. 81. Pick, L. 1905 tjber Neubildungen am Genitale beim Zwitter, nebst Beitragen zur Lehre von den Adenomen des Hodens und Eierstocks. Arch. f. Gyn., Bd. 76, S. 191. Plato, J. 1897 Zur Kenntniss der Anatomie und Physiologie der Geschlechts organe. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 50, S. 640. Rasmussen, a. T. 1917 Seasonal changes in the interstitial cells of the testis in the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 22, p. 475. Regaud, C. 1904 Etat des cellules interstitielles du testicule chez la taupe pendant la periode de spermatogenese et pendant I'etat de repos des canalicules seminaux. Compt. Rend. d. I'Assoc. d. Anat., p. 54. Reinke, F. 1896 Beitrage zur Histologie des Menschen. I. tJber Krystal loidbildungen in den interstitiellen Zellen des menschlichen Hodens. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 47, S. 34. Sen'at, L. 1900 Contributions a I'etude du tissu conjonctif du testicule. These de Lyon, p. 65. Spengel 1876 Das Urogenitalsystem der Amphibien. Arbeiten des zoolog zootom. Instituts in Wiirzburg, Bd. 3, Heft 1, 1897. Steinach, E. 1920 Review in Jour. Am. Med. Assn., vol. 75, p. 490. Stieve, H. 1919 Das Verhaltnis der Zwischenzellen zum generativen Anteil im Hoden der Dohle (Colaeus monedula). Arch. f. Entw. der Organ., Bd. 45, S. 455. Tandler, J., UND S. Grosz 1911-1912 Uber den Saisondimorphismus des Maulwurfhodens. Arch. f. Entw. der Organ., Bd. 33, S. 297, and Bd. 35, S. 132. TouRNADE 1903-1904 Etudes sur les modifications du testicule cons^cutives k I'interruption du canal deferent. These de Lyon. Whitehead, R. H. 1904 The embryonic development of the interstitial cells of Leydig. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 3, p. 167. 1908 A i)cculiar case of cryptorchi.sni and its bearing upon the problem of the function of the interstitial cells of the testis. Anat. Rec, vol. 2, p. 177. 1912 A microchemical study of the fatty bodies in the interstitial cells of the testis. Anat. Rec, vol. 6, p. 65. 8 Testis of Necturus July 31st; cephalic portion tangential section, cutting the lobules in cross-section. Shows the distention of the lobules characteristic of this period. The lobules are filled with spermatocytes I. Bouin's fluid; 8^; copper hematoxylin. X 120. 9 Portion of above section under higher magnification, to show the interlobular nuclei of elongated form. X 300. 10 Testis of Necturus October 7th; caudal region. Lobules cut in crosssection. Compare with figure 8 as to shape of the lobules, from which now the mature spermatozoa have been partially extruded. Groups of spermatozoa within the lobules are deeply stained. A mitotic figure is seen in the interstitial-cell sheath, near the upper edge of the photograph. Zenker's fixation; 6(1] iron hematoxylin. X 154. 11 Same section as in figure 10, but showing the lobules cut in longitudinal section. Interlobular tissue greatly increased in prominence; nuclei less flattened than in figures 8 and 9; mitotic figures abundant (one appears near bottom of photograph). X 120. 12 Testis of Necturus October 30th; tangential section of caudal region. The lobules, which are here cut in cross-section, contain only degenerating Sertoli cells and are surrounded by prominent epithelioid rings of interstitial cells. Regaud's fixation; copper hematoxylin; 5^. X 154. 13 Testis of Necturus April 8th; extreme anterior portion. Shows considerable lipoid, blackened by osmic acid, within the degenerating lobules, but only a few scattered interstitial cells (as at x). Bensley's fixation; 5m ; nostain. X 120. '^iS? '^^ ®.^ •^^^z r^ 4P ♦^ .t' • ,fi^ « t 4I& 3^. ■A N^ ^ . 14 Testis of Necturus April 28th; transection through the middle portion. Regenerating lobules contain secondary spermatogonia. The lipoid in the degenerating lobules is blackened by osmic acid. Interstitial cells with a coml)aratively small lipoid content occupy the spaces between these lobules. This section is comparable to one through the caudal portion of the testis in the fall or early winter. Hermann's fixation; 8;u; no stain. X 36. 15 Testis of Necturus June 9th; caudal portion of the organ. The photograph includes the distal ends of two regenerating lobules, between which are compressed many interstitial cells, some of which will doubtless revert to the original stromal-cell type. At the end of the lobule at the right is a bit of a degenerating lobule, now greatly reduced in size, but containing considerable lipoid. Bensley's fixation; 6/^; no stain. X 120. 16 Same as figure 15, but with the lobules cut in cross-section through their distal ends; interstitial cells are here crowded between lobules instead of being arranged in distinct rings as during their developmental stages illustrated in figures 10 and 12. At the left is a region into which the tips of the developing lobules have not yet extended. The large fat droplets here are in a degenerating lobule. X 120. 17 Testis of Necturus July 21st. Median sagittal section. A few hypertroi)hied, fat-laden interstitial cells are scattered along the periphery of the testis (right). The fat droplets in the center are in the Sertoli cells of the lobule. Only very rarely are any interstitial cells found between lobules at this time. Flemming's fixation; 5m ; no stain. X 120. 18 Testis of Necturus April 3rd ; caudal portion. Shows the massing of interstitial cells near the periphery of the organ; degenerated lobules and blood vessels are crowded between masses and cords of these cells. A group of degenerating nuclei appears in the upper left of the photograph. Giant centrospheres, now at their maximal size, are seen as lightly stained areas associated with the normal nuclei. Allen's fluid; 10;u; iron hematoxylin. X 154. 19 A portion of the same section shown in figure 18, but under higher magnification (X 300). A blood corpuscle in the upper left corner of the photograph indicates the position of a blood vessel; the interstitial cells, through crowding, may become intimately associated with blood vessels at this time, although not so associated in the earlier part of their cycle. »XVr 1 --,-" ■^. 20 Testis of Desmognathus. Longitudinal section of a single enlargement to show the condition in early autumn, after some of the lobules have been emptied. A, region occupied by spermatogonia; B, boundary plane; C, lobules yet filled with spermatozoa; D, empty lobules surrounded by various stages in the development of interstitial cells. X 16. 21 Testis of Desmognathus. Caudal portion of the section shown in figure 20, under higher magnification (X 43). Stages in the enlargement of the stromal cells are readily seen; typical interstitial cells are present in the caudal region first emptied. Note the condition of the interlobular tissue while spermatozoa are present in the lobule as compared with that following their extrusion. 22 Interstitial cells of Desmognathus at their maximal enlargement, during the summer months. An area of dense cytoplasm containing the idiozome appears at one side of the nucleus as in the interstitial cells of Necturus. The smaller granules and mitochondria are largely grouped aroimd this idiozome; the peripheral cytoplasm of the cell is left vacuolated through the solution of larger lipoid droplets. Flemming's fixation; iron hematoxylin. X 600. 23 Testis of Salamandra atra; lobules are yet partially filled with spermatozoa, but the interlobular nuclei are rounding out and increasing in numbers. At the lower left is a mitotic figure, bulging somewhat into the adjacent lobule. Zenker's fixation; 10^; iron hematoxylin. X 120. 24 Testis of Salamandra atra; section of a region caudal to that shown in figure 23. The interstitial cells here form prominent rings around the degenerating lobules. Their osmicated lipoids make them especially prominent structures in this preparation. No stain. X 120. Interstitial cell types from the testis of Necturus. All figures in this plate were outlined with the camera lucida; magnification, 750 diameters. All are taken from preparations fixed in Bensley's fluid (osmic-dichromate-acetic) and stained with acid fuchsin and methyl green. Lipoid droplets appear black, mitochondria and fuchsinophile granules red, nuclei green. 25 Stromal-cell type seen during the summer months between lobules of spermatogonia or spermatocytes. The nuclei may be even more flattened, as is shown in figures 8 and 9. 26 Cells surrounding partially emptied lobules in the caudal end of the testis in early October. Numerous mitochondria have now appeared; no cell boundaries are as yet distinguishable. At the upper right is a connective-tissue cell which has not begun transformation to an interstitial-cell type. 27 One of the mitotic figures so numerous in early October among developing interstitial cells. Among the red granules are a few of larger size than those shown in figure 26. 28 Cell in a more advanced stage of development than are those shown in figures 26 and 27. The nucleus is more rounded, cell boundaries are distinct and many fuchsinophile granules are decidedly larger than the granules (mitochondria?) in figure 26. 29 Cell from the caudal end of the testis in late October. Lipoids blackening with osmic acid have appeared, many of them of the same size as the fuchsinophile granules. Nuclei are now approximately spherical and cell boundaries are distinct. 30 Cell from the same section as figure 29, but showing the idiozome, surrounded by numerous fuchsinophile granules and blackened lipoid droplets. 31 Cell from the caudal portion of the testis in April, showing giant centrosphere with idiozome and centrioles. Interstitial cells of this type predominate in the early spring. 32 Degenerating cell lying adjacent to the cell shown in figure 31. Cells of this type are comparatively few in number in the earlier part of the spring. 33 Degenerating cell (or cell mass?) common in the testis in May. The bodies at the right are apparently masses of cytoplasm containing small fuchsinophile granules (mitochondria?). It is suggested that these may give rise to such solidly staining fuchsinophile masses as the one at the left. 34 to 39 Cell types seen in the testis in June and July. Occasionally cells of the type of 35 or 36 may persist through the summer, but in the majority of the animals examined their disappearance is complete. Figures 38 and 39 show colls of a tyjie frequently encountered at the periphery of the testis at the time the larger cells are becoming few in number. R. R. HUMPHREY E>.D. AOiHJ. »« »JS2il' PRESS WORK BY FRED K GOES Resumen jior la autora, Ruth Stocking Lynch. El cultivo in vitro de las celulas del higado del embrion de polio. Los mejores cultivos de celulas del higado en la solucion de Locke-Lewis se obtienen utilizando embriones desde los 5 a los 12 dias de la incubacion. Las celulas emigran sin dividirse a lo largo del cubreobjetos, desde el trozo depositado en el cultivo, formando una lamina o membrana. Las mitocondrias aparecen en abundancia bajo forma de granulos mas o menos irregulares de tamano variable. En algunas ocasiones puede observarse la presencia de granulos de bills de color verde brillante. Dichos granulos presentan una marcada afinidad hacia el rojo neutro. En las celulas se acumulan gradualmente granulos citoplasmicos o de degeneracion, asi como vacuolas; se tinen rapidamente con el rojo neutro y mas despacio con el azul trypan, y cuando mueren pierden rapidamente el rojo neutro, conservando el azul durante major tiempo. Cuando se emplean simultaneamente ambos colorantes cada granulo fija ambos variando su coloracion (roja, violeta, lavandula, azul) segun la cantidad relativa de ambos colorantes. Los globules de grasa son mas numerosos en las celulas de los embriones mas viejos, pero no aumentan con la edad del cultivo. La degeneracion tiene lugar mediante vacuolizacion o formacion de ampollas. El mesenquima (probablemente endotelio) aparece a menudo bajo la forma de un reticulo laxo en los cultivos. Celulas emigrantes aisladas (clasmatocitos?) son relativamente escasas. Las membranas mesoteliales se observan muy raras veces. En el medio de cutltivo se acumula gradualmente fibrina o un producto semejante a dicha substancia, procedente del trozo cultivado, la cual a veces oscurece mas o menos el crecimiento. Translation by Josfi F. Nonidez Cornell Merlii-al College, New York THE CULTIVATION IN VITRO OF LIVER CELLS FROM THE CHICK EMBRYO RUTH STOCKING LYNCH Carnegie Laboratory of Embryology, Johns Hopkins Medical School TWENTY-FIVE FIGURES The liver of the chick embryo is composed of at least two different types of cells, the parenchyma or liver cells proper and the endothelial cells of the sinusoids [Minot']. In addition, much of the surface is covered by the mesothelial cells of the peritoneum. According to Minot, after 96 hours of incubation the embryonic chick liver contains no mesenchyme. In our cultures four types of cells were found growing out from the explants: liver cells, endothelium, mesothelial cells, and wandering cells. The liver cells migrated out from the explant as a membrane or sheet of cells somewhat similar to the membranes formed by the endodermal cells from cultures of the intestine though less extensive. The growth of the endothelium was more or less reticular. In some of the successful cultures only liver cells proper and wandering cells were present (fig. 1), but in most of them endothelium was also found (figs. 19, 20, 23). A few cultures showed mesothelial cells as well. The endothelium grew either in close association with the liver cells or more or less isolated from them. In many cultures the liver cells overgrew a reticulum of endothelium which lay next to the cover-glass (fig. 20). In others there was complete separation between the two types of cells, endothelium only growing out from one part of the ex 1 Minot, C. S. 1900 On a hitherto unrecognized form of blood circulation without capillaries in organs of vertebrata. Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. 30. 282 RUTH STOCKING LYNCH plant, or from one explant when more than one was present, liver cells only growing out from another part of the same explant or from another explant. Wandering cells occurred anywhere in the cultures, on or among the other cells or entirely isolated from them. They were much more abundant in cultures showing little or no growth than in those actively growing. According to Beck^ clasmatocytes are rare in the liver of a seven-day chick embryo, and the wandering cells which appeared in our cultures seem to differ somewhat from them. Explants were made from embryos of five to eighteen days' incubation. These were examined at all stages of cultivation from the time of planting to the death of the culture. The culture medium used, Locke-Lewis solution (Locke's solution plus 0.5 per cent dextrose plus 10 to 20 per cent chicken bouillon), was the same throughout the entire series of experiments. The living cultures were studied with and without the use of the various vital dyes. Janus green, neutral red, and trypan blue were used. Cultures at various stages of growth were fixed in osmic acid vapor, in Zenker without acetic acid, in Zenkerformol, in Schaudinn, Bouin, and in iodine vapor. The first two fixatives were the most successful. Preparations were stained in hemateine and hematoxylin alone and in combination with eosin, carmine and methyl green; in carmine, iodine, crystal violet and Gram's stain; in safranin and licht griin, and in acid fuchsin and methyl green. The results obtained with carmine, iodine or crystal violet were unsatisfactory. Neither of the two glycogen stains, carmine and iodine, gave definite staining of the granules; with each of them the nucleus, nucleolus, and debris stained deeply and the cytoplasm lightly. All drawings were made with the camera lucida, from the living cell. The photographs are of the fixed preparations. 2 Beck, C. S. 1919 The relative distribution of clasmatocytes in the various organs of the seven-day chick embryo. Anat. Rec, vol. 16, p. 143. LIVER CELLS FROM CHICK EMBRYO 283 LIVER CELLS Migration The time at which migrating cells first appeared varied greatly. In some instances the first cells appeared within 4 hours after planting; in most cases within 24 hom's; in a few not before 48 or more hours had elapsed. One culture, which eventually gave rise to an extensive growth, had only a few migrating cells 72 hours after planting. There appeared to be some correlation between the age of the embryo and the beginning of growth, the explants from younger embryos tending to show migrating cells earlier than explants from embryos of nine or more days' incubation. Trypan blue cultures also were characterized by early and rapid migration of liver cells. These cultures gave extensive growth much more quickly than cultures grown in media without the dye, one trypan blue culture reached the climax of its growth within 18 hours after planting. In most cultures the climax occurred 48 to 72 hours after planting; in some cases, however the best growths appeared much later, even as late as 144 hours. The best growth of liver cells obtained was 27m wide and occurred 120 hours after planting. It was one of a set of ten cultures taken from an embryo of eight days' incubation, which gave the best growth results in the entire series of experiments. Fresh bouillon was used in making up the Locke-Lewis solution for this set. Of these ten cultures, eight showed extensive livercell growth within 24 hours after planting; one showed extensive growth only after 48 hours had elapsed; the tenth showed only endothelium. Of the eight which showed wide growth within 24 hours, one was infected while staining with neutral red and had to be discarded, and one did not grow any further. Of the other six, one began to degenerate on the fifth day, four on the sixth day, and the sixth was in fine condition on the sixth day when it was fixed (figs. 19, 20). The one which did not show good growth until 48 hours after planting did not begin to degenerate until the seventh day. In many cultures degeneration began at 72 hours ; in others the cells were in good condition after four days of cultivation. In the majority death had occurred by the sixth day; in some not until the ninth day (figs, la to If). Character of growth In their manner of growth, and to some extent in character, the liver cells resemble endodcrmal cells from explants of the intestine, although they grow out from the explant much less readily and much less rapidly. The first liver cells appeared at the edge of the explant in one of three ways: as individual projecting cells, as a small triangular sheet of cells, or as a long narrow sheet along the margin of the explant (figs. 1, 3, 4). The second arrangement was the most common. The cells shifted somewhat and changed shape, drew back into the explant, or extended farther out (figs. 3, 4). In many cases individual cells or groups of cells became entirely isolated from the rest of the growth, and would creep out some distance from it (figs, le, 24, 25) . These were usually greatly flattened and therefore afforded an excellent opportunity to observe behavior and details of structure. In the best growths, before degeneration set in, the membrane had a fairly regular contour with a finely serrated edge (figs. 3, 4, 19). When degeneration began this edge became ragged, holes formed in the body of the membrane, and the whole sheet began to break up (figs. Id, le). In a few cultures this irregularity of contour was present from the beginning (figs, la, lb). Many growths obtained from explants made in the culture medium plus trypan blue, were ragged and had numerous isolated cells. Relation of migration to other factors Age of embryo. Growth was obtained from explants of five to sixteen day embryos, good growths from explants of five to twelve day embryos. No migrating liver cells were obtained from explants of embryos older than fifteen days. Seventythree series with a total of 450 cultures, were made from embryos of five to twelve days' incubation. Of these 250 (55 per cent) showed migration of liver cells and 91 (20 per cent) gave good liver-cell growth. Nine series with 33 cultures were made from LIVER CELLS FROM CHICK EMBBYO 285 embryos of thirteen to sixteen days' incubation. Of these 23 (70 per cent) gave some hver-cell growth, but in none was it very extensive. Two series with a total of 12 cultures were made from seventeen to eighteen day embryos. In these no liver-cell growth was obtained. Size of explant. The length and width of fifty-one explants were measured and their areas roughly computed. The explants varied in area from approximately 300 to 12,000 square fx. No correlation was found between the area of the explant and successful growth; good growths occurred from explants of all sizes. Although endothelial cells divided actively in many of the cultures, no division of liver cells was observed. In the living cultures and on the fixed slides they frequently showed elongated nuclei and nucleoli, and one amitotic division of the nucleus without subsequent division of the cytoplasm was observed in a living culture. Many liver cells of the living cultures and of the fixed preparations contained two and sometimes three or four nuclei. General cell characters The liver cells in that part of the growth membrane near the explant were thick, polygonal, and opaque, having a greenishgray color due to the dense packing of their cytoplasm with mitochondria. The marginal cells and the cells entirely isolated from the explant were flattened and much clearer than the other liver cells, but were never as clear as the endothelium. Their processes, although quite short, were usually free of mitochondria as were also the free edges of the cell (figs. 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 22, 24, 25). In most of the cells ectoplasm and endoplasm could be distinguished. In the endoplasm were seen the nucleus, the mitochondria, bile granules, neutral red granules, and fat globules, all closely packed together and showing only slight shifting movements. In the ectoplasm there were usually some neutral red granules, and here they were very active, even large ones moving about to a considerable degree. The nucleus was spherical and clear with a very distinct boundary which made it conspicuous under all magnifications. In the isolated cells and in the compressed cells of the interior of the growth membrane the nucleus was usually central, while in the marginal cells it was more proximal, with the greater mass of the cytoplasm lying between it and the free edge of the cell (figs. 3, 4, 21, 22, 23). As has been stated, cells with two or more nuclei occurred quite frequently (figs. 6, 12). The nucleolus was usually single and its location varied greatly. In some cases it was even in contact with the nuclear boundary. Sometimes two or more nucleoh were present (figs. 6, 13, 14, 17, 18, 22). The nucleolus of the liver cell was shorter and stouter than that of the endothelial cells and often had a granular appearance. The cytoplasm of the thick compressed cells of the interior of the growth membrane was packed with mitochondria, the outlines of the individual granules being for the most part indistinguishable. In the cells at the margin of the growth and in the isolated cells the clear ectoplasm of the processes and of the free cell edge was easily distinguishable and did not appear to contain mitochondria, while the endoplasm was full of them. They were somewhat scattered, especially in the flattest cells (figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 24, 25). They were not constant in shape, size, position or number. In some cells most of the larger mitochondria occurred near the periphery of the endoplasm, but large granules were often found in contact with the nucleus or scattered in the endoplasm. The mitochondria varied in length from 1.5 to 4 m- and in width from 0.5 to 1.5 m- In shape they were spherical, oblong, triangular, pear-shaped or entirely irregular. Large blocks sometimes occurred. In some cultures they were quite long and bent (figs. G, 8, 21), but were never thread-like as in the endotheUum. The smallest granules were often arranged Unearly, and when not quite in focus had the appearance of a long knotted thread. The mitochondria usually varied in size and shape in a single cell (fig. 21); but on the other hand, all the mitochondria in a cell, or LFV^ER CELLS FROM CHICK EMBRYO 287 even in all the cells of a culture, were sometimes much alike in size and form (figs. 22, 24). No correlation between size, shape or number of mitochondria and any other factor was found. All variations occurred in cultures of all ages, from embryos of all stages of incubation. Cells lying side by side and having, as far as possible, the same history and the same environment sometimes showed wide differences in character and amount of mitochondrial content (figs. 6, 8). Some of the mitochondria seemed to be quite fluid, as they bulged first in one place and then in another. The longer ones alternately bent and straightened and all moved about to a considerable extent. In many cells, especially flattened ones, individual mitochondria could be followed for some time and their successive changes in form and position observed. When vacuoles developed the mitochondria lay in strands of cytoplasm around them (figs. 22, 25). As the cells degenerated and died the mitochondria lost their clear-cut outlines, becoming swollen, shadowy, indistinct bodies of irregular spherical form, filling the whole cell and giving it the appearance of a mass of grayish granules (figs. 18c, d, e). If they had been previously stained with janus green they lost their color during this process. The living mitochondria stained a uniform, deep greenish-blue with janus green; they did not stain satisfactorily with janus black no. 2. Only two fixatives — Zenker without acetic acid and osmic acid vapor — gave entirely satisfactory results for the mitochondria. The stains which gave good results after Zenker, were haematoxylin and hemateine alone, hemateine and carmine, and Bensley's stain (figs. 21, 22). After osmic acid vapor, safranin, licht griin and hemateine gave excellent results (fig. 24) . The successfully fixed and stained preparations include cultures from twenty hours to eight days old, from embryos of six to ten days' incubation. The picture presented by the fixed preparations (figs. 21, 22, 24, 25) is quite similar in all essentials to that of the living cell, unstained or stained with janus green. The cytoplasm of the fixed compressed cell is packed full of mitochondria, their out lines being" more or less lost in their crowding. In the flattened cells the mitochondria appear separated and even somewhat scattered, and are distributed throughout the endoplasm without apparent plan, differing markedly in size and shape even within the same cell. They all stained alike, however, with each stain, just as in the living cell they all took up the janus green in a uniform manner. Bile granules In the liver cells and wandering cells of these cultures there sometimes occurred bright green masses of irregular form, usually about the size of the nucleolus or a little larger. These were probably bile granules. They were observed in cultures of two, three, four, and five days' cultivation, from chick embryos of seven, eight, and eleven days' incubation. The number of liver cells showing them was always few; often only two or three in an entire growth membrane. Wandering cells containing them were much more numerous; in one culture made from an eleven day embryo all the wandering cells showed large, bright green masses on the second day of cultivation. It is probable that these macrophagic cells took up these bile granules from the broken down liver cells of the explant. The bile granules were evidently situated in the endoplasm of the liver cells; they exhibited no movement and usually lay close to the nucleus. They were never observed near the cell periphery. No staining of these granules with trypan blue was observed; in trypan blue cultures, cells containing both blue and green granules were found. With neutral red, however, they stained very deeply, more deeply than any other cell inclusion observed. When a dilute solution of neutral red was added to an unstained or a trypan blue culture the green granules changed to orange, then to brown, to reddish-brown, and finally to a very dark red. In cultures grown in a neutral red medium no green granules were to be found. When neutral red cultures were treated with potassium permanganate these masses gradually lost their red color until after a time, varying from a half to one and a half hours, they became a dark brown or even a brownish LIVER CELLS FROM CHICK EMBRYO " 289 green. In one case most of the mass faded to a dark green except one small spot which remained red and another small spot brown. When trypan blue cultures were treated with potassium permanganate neither the green color of Ihe bile masses nor the blue color of the stained cytoplasmic granules had shown any change three and a half hours later, when the observations were discontinued. Similar bright green granules and masses were found in the mesenchymal cells of a few cultures made from the gallbladder of a nine-day embryo. The explants and the debris in these cultures were also bright green. Other cytoplasmic granules Other granules were found in both the endoplasm and ectoplasm and also in vacuoles when these were present. Many of them seemed to lie in the transition region between the ectoplasm and endoplasm where they moved about very actively. These bodies were of various shapes and easily distijiguishable from the mitochondria by their different refractivity, by their rough irregular contour, and by their affinity for neutral red and trypan blue (figs. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18). They varied in size from granules barely visible with the highest magnifications to masses as large as the nucleolus and in a few cases as large as the nucleus. Their form was very different from that of the corresponding granules found in the mesenchyme cells, being peculiarly angular and irregular. The smaller granules moved about very actively, often passing swiftly along the entire edge of the cells, or the full length of their enclosure. For this reason they were easily seen without staining. The larger bodies moved less rapidly and less extensively. These granules were observed in cultures from embryos of from five to twelve days' incubation. In a few cultures they were not present in the first cells which projected from the edge of the explant, but in most cases they were found in all stages of cultivation from the appearance of the first migrating cell to the death of the culture, in some instances as long as nine days after planting. In early stages of incubation the granules were few and small, increasing in both number and size as cultivation progressed until, in cultures four or more days old, they were often large and numerous (figs. 11, 17). When neutral red was added to the culture medium these bodies took it up at once, becoming a bright yellow-red within a few seconds after the addition of the dye. If the solution of neutral red was very weak their progressive staining could be w^atched. Other granules not visible in the unstained cell also appeared at the same time as yellow-red bodies in the ectoplasm or in the endoplasm among the unstained mitochondria. Before the dye was added it was not possible to distinguish all the granules scattered among the mitochondria nor to see nearly so many granules in the ectoplasm or intermediate region. It is believed, however, that neutral red is only taken up by pre-existing granules and that, although some of them were not seen because of their unfavorable position, all of the granules were present before the neutral red was added. Those which appeared after the addition of the neutral red had the same characteristics of size, shape, and behavior as the granules which were visible before staining. Their staining reaction was identical and they had much the same distribution. Moreover, they increased in size and number with the aging of the culture, as was the case with the unstained granules. When neutral red was added to the culture medium at the time the culture was made, the first cells to project from the explant did not contain any unstained granules but they almost always contained a few small yellow-red granules. These showed the same characteristics of shape, size, distribution, and behavior as the unstained granules in ordinary cultures and the granules in the cells stained supra- vitally with neutral red. As the neutral red cultures aged the granules increased in both size and number until in some cultures several days old they nearly filled the cell and completely hid the mitochondria, giving the same picture as the older cultures stained supra-vitally with neutral red. This correlation between the age of culture and the size and number of granules could be best worked out in those cultures grown in media with the dye, as the same culture could be noted at different stages, whereas in supra-vital staining comparisons are dependent upon different cultures at different ages, individual differences affecting the results to some extent. When trypan blue was added to the medium at the time of planting, deep blue granules were seen in all the cells from the time of their first appearance. As trypan blue enters the cells very slowly, it cannot be successfully used supra-vitally and staining of the granules by it cannot be watched as in the case of neutral red. It is therefore difficult, perhaps impossible, to be sure always that the trypan blue granules are pre-existing granules to which the dye has become attached. We believe, however, that the trypan blue, like the neutral red, is deposited only in pre-existing granules. The granules stained by trypan blue resembled the neutral red granules in every way. When explants from the same embryo were cultivated in the same medium, except that one lot contained trypan blue and the other lot neutral red, the blue and the red granules were alike in shape, distribution and behavior. In size and number there was often some difference; the trypan blue cultures were usually 18 to 24 hours ahead of unstained or neutral red cultures in rate of growth, , and showed more and larger granules than the neutral red cultures of the same age. When explants were cultivated in media containing both neutral red and trypan blue, there appeared in the cells granules varying in color from a rose-red to a purple, depending on the relative amounts of the two dyes present. These granules had the same characteristics of shape, size, distribution and behavior as the yellow-red granules of the neutral-red cultures and the blue granules of the trypan-blue cultures. Three sets of cultures from the same embryo were made at the same time, one with neutral red, one with trypan blue, and one with trypan blue and neutral red in the media. The red, the blue and the lavender granules of the three sets of cultures at a given age were alike in every way except in number and size ; the trypan-blue granules usually exceeded the others in these respects; the doubly-stained ones were second, and the neutral red the smallest and fewest. When a very dilute solution of neutral red was added to a trypanblue culture no yellow-red granules appeared, but the blue granules could be seen to change to purple, then to lavender, and, if enough neutral red were present or if more were added, to g rose-red, very different from the yellow-red color they exhibited when stained with neutral red alone. These color changes occurred first in the cells at the very edge of the growth and progressed inward toward the explant, which finally became tinged with the neutral red, usually, however, not going beyond the purple stage. The granules in all the cells of the culture showed these color changes. The granules in the endothelial cells showed the same degrees of staining with the two dyes. The wandering cells usually took up more of the neutral red than the other cells, their granules being rose-red when the granules of the other cells w^ere lavender, and lavender w^hen the others were purple. When the cells of such doubly-stained cultures died, the neutral red color disappeared first, the trypan blue later, so that in a degenerating culture there might be at the same time cells showing lavender granules, others showing blue granules, and debris which was colorless. Much the same effect was obtained when the cultures were treated with potassium permanganate. Blebs often appeared very soon after the permanganate was added to the culture, and the red color was gradually lost, sometimes being entirely gone after two hours, at which time the blue staining had not usually been affected. Often it was not possible to recognize colorless granules after the neutral red or trypan blue had disappeared from the cell, probably owing either to their disintegration or to the generally contracted, degenerate condition of the cell. The distribution of these cytoplasmic granules was not at all constant. Although most young cultures showed them, not all did; nor did all the cells of a culture behave similarly in this respect. Frequently one liver cell would show granules while a neighboring cell showed none at all (figs. 12a, 12b). When vacuoles were present in the cells some of them always contained one or more granules in • active Brownian movement, while in some vacuoles no granules were visible (figs. 2, 9, 10, 11, 17a, 17b). In the marginal cells the greater number of the granules usually lay in the distal portion of the cell (fig. 9), but this was probably merely the result of the position of the nucleus which was usually near the base of the cell, most of the cytoplasm being therefore in the distal part. A few granules often occurred in or near the base of the cell. Frequently there was an accumulation of the granules in some one part of the cell (figs. 11, 13); the position of this accumulation however, was not constant, and the granules were also often found scattered throughout the cytoplasm (figs. 9, 10, 14, 18). Fat globules and mitochondria were present in usual amounts. These granules seem to be similar in all respects to the granules described in the fibroblasts of cultures by Dr. Lewis^ and called by him degeneration granules. As in the fibroblasts, they tend to accumulate in the liver cells in proportion to the age of the culture and are most numerous in the cells which are degenerating. Free fat globules derived from the explants were present in the media of all the cultures and were distributed throughout the entire drop. They were especially abundant about the explant and diminished sharply in number as their distance from the explant increased (fig. 15). Considerable correlation was found between the ages of the embryos from which the explants were taken and the amount of free fat present in the medium. Increasing amounts of free fat globules accumulated in the media with the increasing age of the embryo from which the explants were taken. Explants from five day embryos gave up very little fat, while explants of sixteen day embryos gave up an enormous amount (figs. 3, 15). Occasionally the number of fat globules was so great as to make impossible the examination of the liver cells. After the first twenty-four hours of cultivation there was no perceptible increase in the amount of free fat in the medium. A similar correlation was found between the age of the embryo and the number and size of the fat globules in the liver cells of the growth (figs. 2, 3, 7, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18). The cells of cultures of five day embryos had very few fat globules, some none at all. The cells of cultures of six to twelve day embryos showed in ' Lewis, W. H. 1919 Degeneration granules and vacuoles in the fibroblasts of chick embryos cultivated in vitro. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., vol. 30, p. 81. creasingly more fat (figs. 2, 7, 12, 14, 17, 18), and the cells of sixteen day embryos usually contained numerous large globules (fig. 16). There was no correlation between the amount of fat and the age of the culture. The number or size of the fat globules in the cells did not change as the culture aged. In general, degeneration of the liver cells took place either by vacuolization or by bleb formation. These two processes never occurred together in the same culture: a culture which degenerated by bleb formation never showed any vacuolization of its cells (fig. 18); on the other hand, the cells of a culture in which vacuoles were found never showed any tendency to form blebs (figs. 2, 10, 11, 17, 22, 23, 25). In two cultures vacuoles were observed on the first day after planting; in one case the first vacuoles appeared on the eighth day after planting; in most cases they appeared on the third day. The first vacuoles were single and small, approaching the nucleolus in size, and were present in only a few cells of the culture. Vacuolization in these cultures was progressive in extent as well as in degree, not all the cells becoming vacuolated at once. Most of the vacuoles observed were smoothly spherical in form and did not change in shape or position. Some, however, were very irregular and constantly changing form, extending first in one place and then in another and consequently shifting about considerably in the cell. In some cases the vacuoles merely bulged out in various places (figs, 2, 11); in others definite processes were thrown out and withdrawn (fig. 9b). Sometimes these processes were very long and slender, forming vacuolar channels similar to those described by Lewis and Lewis'* and W. H. Lewis.3 The vacuoles and their processes stained with neutral red, varying in color from a very light pink to a red, according to the concentration of the solution. No staining with any of the trypan-blue solutions used was observed. Lewis, M. R. and W. H. 1915. Mitochondria and other cytoplasmic structures in tissue cultures. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. XVII. Granules in active Brownian movement were observed in most of the vacuoles; in a few none could be made out. The first granules to appear in the vacuoles were small and single; as the culture aged the granules within the vacuoles increased in size or in number, or both. In some older cultures a large number of small granules were sometimes present in a vacuole; in most, however, there were two or three large irregular masses to a vacuole. All of these bodies showed active Brownian motion as well as more extensive moving about within their enclosure. The early vacuoles appeared in any part of the cell midway between the nucleus and the cell edge, in contact with neither. As they increased in number they remained grouped about the nucleus so that in the marginal cells there was a clear edge of normal appearing cytoplasm with a proximal mass of vacuoles surrounding the nucleus (fig. 25). Their increase in size and number continued until finally the whole cell was changed into a foamlike mass surrounding a more or less distorted nucleus (fig. 23). At this stage the cell stained very deeply with neutral red. Eventually the whole growth fragmented and broke loose from the coverslip, what was left of the degenerated cells being represented by small, granular, irregular masses no longer showing any signs of vacuolization and floating free in the medium. In a few untreated degenerating cultures, and in those treated with potassium permanganate or janus green, the fluid in the degenerating cell did not form vacuoles throughout the cell substance but collected along the periphery, forming clear blebs. In the untreated cultures this form of degeneration occurred a little later than the average time for vacuolization; bleb formation was not observed in any untreated cultures before the fourth day of cultivation and many cultures did not show it before the seventh day. In some cultures treated with potassium permanganate blebs formed within five minutes after treatment ; in those treated with janus green, blebs appeared in a half to one and a half hours after the addition of the dye. The first indication of this type of degeneration was the contraction of the cells. A few minutes later clear spaces appeared between contiguous cells. Very soon clear, blister-like sacs or blebs began to protrude from the free cell edges and were alternately retracted and extended from various parts of the free edge of the cell. These blebs often contained one or more granules in active movement. Meanwhile the boundaries between contiguous cells disappeared and the granular contents of the cell became greatly crowded. Granules in cells at this stage could be stained with neutral red and if previously colored with either neutral red or trypan blue, or both, still retained their color. After a varying length of time (never more than three hours) the neutral red color faded, and if more was added to the culture it was not taken up (figs. 18a, 18e). Very soon after the neutral red faded the blebs disappeared and the cells were left as irregular masses of shadowy granules surrounding more or less misshapen and compressed nuclei. The trypan blue staining was retained for a much longer time than the neutral red. WANDERING CELLS The wandering cells found in these cultures were usually small, contracted, irregular cells with many clear, pointed processes. Their cytoplasm was packed with fat globules which generally hid all other details. Sometimes a few of these cells were flattened; in these the clear nucleus and many angular granules of all sizes could be made out. In the wandering cells of some of the cultures irregular green masses were also present; these were interpreted as bile granules which the cells had taken up from the degenerating liver cells of the explant. In one culture from an 11 day embryo every wandering cell found on the second day of cultivation contained one or more bright green bodies. These macrophagic cells occurred in considerable abundance in the cultures, especially in those which showed little or no growth of liver cells or endothelial cells. They were scattered all through and over the explant and growing edge, and usually many were free in the culture, isolated from the other cells and from each other. They moved about actively, throwing out and retracting their processes. The granules in these cells showed the same color reactions as those of the liver cells, except that the colorless ones took the stains much more deeply, making the wandering cells the most prominent features of the cultures. The granules stained an intense red with neutral red, a deep blue with trypan blue, and a good purple or lavender when both dyes were present in the culture medium. They took up neutral red more readily than trypan blue when both were present, so that when the other cells had lavender granules the wandering cells had rose-red granules, or lavender granules when the other cells had purple ones. They were the last cells to lose their staining when the culture degenerated. The green bile masses in the cells stained slowly but intensely with the neutral red, but apparently they did not take up the trypan blue. In trypan blue cultures both blue and green granules were present in the same wandering cell. In neutral red cultures all the granules were stained red. These cells are much more satisfactory for study when stained with trypan blue than when stained with neutral red, as the granules when stained with the latter dye mask the fat globules and the nucleus to a much greater extent than when stained with the blue. In many liver cultures a large amount of debris accumulated, sometimes entirely obscuring the details of the growth. This debris occurred either as groups of long anastomosing threads stretching out from the edges of the explant and finally overgrowing the whole field, or as a fine granular or flocculent precipitate deposited all over the field. The long, rough, interlaced threads often had the granular debris caught in among them; sometimes long, single, isolated threads stretched out from the explant to a considerable distance. The two types stained alike, taking hemateine, hematoxylin and Gram's stain very deeply. In no other kind of cultures made in this laboratory has debris of this sort occurred so frequently or in such large amounts as in these liver cultures. Tn twent3'-eight cultures made from embrj^os varying from six to twelve days' incubation an unusually large amount of debris was present. These cultures included ten planted in media without any stain, nine planted in trypan blue media, eight planted in media containing both trypan blue and neutral red, and one in a neutral red medium. The cultures showing debris were usually discarded on the third day after planting as worthless for liver cell growth. They seldom showed growth of any kind, still more rarely any growth of liver cells. One culture showed a good growth of liver cells which was finally entirely hidden by debris. In eight sets plants were made of the subcutaneous tissue of the same embryo from which the liver tissue was taken and planted at the same time in the same media, for comparison with the liver in regard to the occurrence of debris. These sets were made from embryos of seven to twelve days' incubation and the tissues were washed in three dishes of media before planting in order to remove all free blood. Sixty-three per cent of the liver cultures and ten per cent of the connective tissue cultures showed debris. In the liver cultures the debris, which was often present on the first day after planting, increased with the age of the culture. In the five connective tissue cultures in which it was present on the first day after planting, no increase in amount occurred as the culture aged ; on the contrary, no debris was to be found on the second day after planting in any of these five cultures. This debris behaves in man}' respects like fibrin but we are still uncertain as to its exact nature. Cultures were made from the liver of chick embryos from 5 to 18 days' incubation. The best growths were obtained from embryos of 5 to 12 days. No liver cells proper were obtained from embryos older than 1() days. Four types of cells (liver cells, endothelial cells, mesothelial cells and wandering cells) migrated out from the explants in varying numbers; some cultures contained only one, or two, or three types. The liver cells migrated out in the form of a membrane or sheet. No cell division was observed in them. The liver cells showed ectoplasm and endoplasm, and in the latter were seen mitochondria, bile granules, neutral red granules and fat globules. The ectoplasm sometimes contained a few neutral red granules. The mitochondria were very numerous and in the form of more or less irregular granules, varying in size even in the same cell. Bile granules (bright green masses) were only occasionally seen in the liver cells. These showed a great affinity for neutral red and changed to orange, brown, reddish-brown and finally to a very dark red color when this dye was added to the culture medium. The cytoplasmic or 'degeneration' granules varied in number; only a few were seen in the cells of young cultures. They gradually increased in number and size in the older cultures. A few were seen in the ectoplasm where their movements were more marked. They had a great affinity for neutral red and trypan blue, taking up the former rapidly, the latter slowly, and losing the neutral red rapidly and trypan blue slowly as the cells died. The granules took up the two dyes at the same time, the color varying between red and blue according to the relative strength of the dyes. Neutral red and trypan blue seem to be taken up only by pre-existing granules and by the same granules. Fat globules increased in number with age of the chick, but not with the age of the culture. They were seen in the liver cells and also free in the media. Degeneration occurred either by vacuolization or by bleb formation. The endothelial cells formed the usual loose, reticular-like outgrowths. Since the embryonic liver contains little or no mesenchyme, it is very probable that many of the so-called mesenchyme cells were from the endothelium of the sinusoids. Wandering cells occurred frequently and often contained bile granules. Debris ( or fibrin?) from the explant often occurred in large amounts, at times obscuring the outgrowths. 1(7-1/ Six views of a culture, explant from a 16 day embryo. No growth on the third day. X 37. la Fourth day of cultivation; 12.00 Noon. Explant and four small groups of migrated liver cells. 1/* Fifth day of cultivation; 10.30 a.m. Growth membrane of considerable size around almost the entire edge of the explant. Fifteen wandering cells have migrated out from the explant. Ic Fifth day of cultivation; 3.00 p.m. The growth membrane has changed in shape but has not appreciably increased in size. Outlines of a few cells and their nuclei are shown; fourteen wandering cells present. Id Sixth day of cultivation; 11 a.m. The growth membrane had become much more ragged and fenestrated. le Sixth day of cultivation; 4 P.M. One isolated group of liver cells. Fourteen wandering cells. 1/ Eighth day of cultivation. The growth membrane is very much broken up; many isolated cells and many dead cells. 2a-2h Eight views of a cell on the fourth day of cultivation, explant from a nine day embryo, showing the rapid and extensive changes in form of a large vacuole containing granules. The small spherical vacuoles did not change shape. Views 2a-2e are of the unstained cell; 2/, of the cell stained wath janus green; 2h, of the cell after neutral red staining. X 750. 2a 3.34 P.M. Showing cell outlines, nucleus, nucleolus, the fat globule, a few of the mitochondria, and the vacuoles, some of them containing granules. X750. 26 3.40 P.M. All of the mitochondria are shown here. 2c 3.47 P.M. 2d 3.58 P.M. The vacuole has broken up into two smaller vacuoles, each containing granules. 2e 4.05 P.M. The two vacuoles have united. 2/ 4.20 P.M. Janus green added. The culture contracted with a consequent decrease in extent of area of cell, nucleus and vacuole. None of the smaller vacuoles are to be seen. Another cell has grown out behind the original cell. 2g 4.21 P.M. 2/t 4.29 P.M. ^fter neutral red has been added to the culture. A third cell has begun to grow out and in the three cells numerous granules free in the cytoplasm, which were not before observed, are now visible. LIVER CELLS FROM CHICK EMBRYO HUTH STOCKING LYXCH Ob °a. ,- D 3a-3c Three views of the upper edge of the explant shown in figure la, 3a the edge at 12.00 noon; 3b at 2.25 p.m. ; and 3c at 2.30 p.m. The outlines of the individual liver cells, the nuclei, the fat globules, many free in medium, and one clasmatocyte are shown. X 312. 4o-4g Seventeen views of a group of liver cells along the edge of an explant from an eight day embryo on the second day of cultivation. On the fourth day of cultivation this plant had given rise to an excellent liver cell growth. X 312. 4a 2.00 P.M. Showing the two cells (numbered 4 and 5) which had migrated out from the explant at this point. 4b 2.30 P.M. Showing the four additional cells which had grown out in the intervening half hour. (Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 6.) 4:C-4j. 2.40-3.55 p.m. Eight views drawn at ten minute intervals showing the movements of these six cells. 4/c 4.00 p.m. a seventh cell has grown out. 4il^q 4.15-4.55 P. M. Six views of the seven cells at the following intervals: 15 min., 10 min., 10 min., 2 min., 3 min. 5 A single migrating liver cell with its nucleus and mitochondrial granules on the second day of cultivation; explant from a ten day embryo. The limits of the outer edge of the cell were not visible. X 750. 6 Two migrating liver cells, explant from an eight day embryo; 3 day cul. showing nuclei each with two nucleoli and mitochondria. One cell is binucleate and has many more mitochondria than the other. X 750. 7 Two views of a liver cell, explant from a 10 day embryo, five day culture. X 750. 7o 11.26 A.M. Showing nucleus, nucleoli, mitochondria and three fat globules. 76 11.34 A.M. The same, eight minutes later. 4cf Iff I'h'l ft t\ ■ ^° '7b -^ 8 Two liver colls on the third duy of cultivation, explant from a nine day embryo. Showing differences in mitochondrial content in cells side bj side. X 750. 9a-96 Two views of a liver cell on the third day of cultivation, explant from a seven day embryo. X 750. 9a kShowing cell outlines, nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria and ten colorless cytoplasmic granules (black in figure). 96 The same cell after the addition of neutral red. A few more granules were visible stained a deep yellow-red. At X an irregular vacuole also stained, from which stretch out neutral red canals; these were continually retracted, and extended, the two pointing toward the base of the cell being particularly active. 10 A liver cell on the fifth day of cultivation, explant from a nine day embryo, stained with neutral red. Showing cell outlines, position of nucleus, mitochondria, granules (black in figure), and vacuoles (dotted circles), some of the latter containing granules. X 750. 11 A liver cell with neutral red added to the medium at the time of observation; five day culture, explant from a seven day embryo; showing nucleus, nucleolus, granules and vacuoles. Two of the granules are large, the others small; a few lie within one of the vacuoles. The two large vacuoles in this cell changed form continually. The mitochondria have not been drawn. X 750. 12a-12b Two liver cells or cell-groups on the fifth day of cultivation, explant from a nine day embryo, stained with janus green and neutral red, and showing nuclei, nucleoli, mitochondria, neutral red granules and fat. In each group there are three nuclei, no cell boundaries visible between them. In cell a no neutral red granules were visible; in cell b there were 4 granules in one part of the cell. There are three nucleoli in one nucleus of cell b. X 750. 13 A liver cell on the fifth day of cultivation, explant from a six day embryo; neutral red added to medium at time of planting. Showing nucleus with three nucleoli, two fat globules, mitochondria, four scattered neutral red granules and two groups of granules, one small and one large. X 750. 14 A liver cell on the second day of cultivation, explant from an eight day embryo; trypan blue added to medium at the time of planting; showing nucleus with two nucleoli, two fat globules and many trypan blue granules. X 750. 15 Portion of a liver cell membrane on the third day of cultivation, explant from a 16 day embryo; edge of explant indicated by heavy line; cells at edge of explant in dotted lines. Many fat globules, most of them free in the culture medium derived from the explant. X 312. 16 A group of four liver cells on the seventh day of cultivation, explant from a sixteen day embryo, showing cell outlines, nuclei, two nucleoli, and intracellular fat globules. The fat globules are numerous and large, approaching the nuclei in size. X 750. 17a-176 Two liver cells on the niutli day of cultivation, explant from an 8 day embryo; trypan blue in the medium. X 750. {Conlinucd on page 306) ■•... .0° D ,C>o" ^l^vvcim--' •\.;v /-^ ®' •..o°0t ^^^? .:^^^^ 1 \ ,: :/-' • ■ v' V,j; ... ; fo. O X '•■•.•..»o».^v y b ■» ,:j°fc^_;Op/.-> •Oo^ Jo#0 ■ 12b-X°i^ . o o ° » ■&' Oqoo as, <.<=>. , '0° .©•i .J .■■-. ■-■ o ■ , ..-'■■"' V >.rn 'itf •'" > A-. ■.. ...-■? ■■;\i;' ,••■■'?•■" !»..:K. ■■<<\9 '\ ■»■• •■■/■■■■""■'•■■■• V .--•:^i:.. ♦V • • ■•■' / ; .■^ o V"' .-\' .••■■■'■•.^ 1 /fv ■'18 a •f r^ '•-...->/ .•• »- »:< ©-• ■• "f.J. '•v«y'"«i-.s.."v., ... 18cJP1ip^--'-' ■#5ii^i'>. .-;».Vi.-:.;ff.;v ■■io-bi ..%;'^.. '^-<£i^ri8d > oe "o.^" Oo<i? V / ....•.•"(aL-ocS';^:-^' \« /(if . o 00 d3 ■ •00 Q" ■Xtn : (Continued from page 304) 17a Nucleus with -i nuclooli, nine fat globules, mitochondria, vacuoles with and without blue granules (black in figure). 176 Contains two very large vacuoles with very large blue granules. 18a-18e Five views of a group of five cells on the seventh day of cultivation, explant from a ten day embryo; tryjjan blue in medium, supra-vitally stained in neutral red. Showing degeneration by bleb formation. X 750. 18a 12.45 P.M. Showing cell outlines, nuclei, fat globules, and angular rosered stained granules (black in figure). Spaces have developed between contiguous cells, mitochondria not shown. 186 1.25 P.M. The mitochondria and nucleoli are shown in this view in addition to the granules. Cell boundaries have disappeared, and bleb formation has begun. 18c 1.45 P.M. The blebs are much larger, and the mitochondria have lost their clear cut outlines and have become indistinct granular bodies. The roser granules are still well stained. 18d 2.45 P.M. The rose color has disap]ieared from the granules leaving them a bluish-gray color. Neutral red has been again added, but the granules have not taken it up, retaining the bluish-gray color. The mitochondria have become still more indistinct and the blebs have decreased in size and number. 18e 3.45 P.M. Bleb formation has entirely disappeared and the cells are merely accumulations of granular masses representing the mitochondria, with a few darker bodies among them, the granules which still retain some of their trypan-blue staining. 19 and 20 From 6 day culture, explants from 8 day embryo. Liver cell membrane and endothelial reticulum. Fixed in Schaudinn's fluid, iron haematoxj'lin. X 125. LH'ER CELLS FROM CHICK EMBRYO RUTH STOCKIXG LYNCH EXPLANATION OP FIGURES 21 A few of the liver cells from a five day culture, explant from a ten day embryo, fixed in Zenker's, Bensley stain. Cell outlines, nucli, nucleoli and mitochondria are shown. X 1320. 22 Highly vacuolated liver cells, 4 day culture, explant from an 8 day embryo, fixed in Zenker's, Bensley's stain. The nuclei and the nucleoli are shown, the large and small vacuoles, the deeply stained mitochondria lying in the cell edges and the cytoplasmic strands between the vacuoles. X 1320. LIVEP CELLS FROM CHICK EMBRYO EXPLAXATION OF FIGURES 23 Vacuolated liver cell membrane, a few endothelial cells; 6 day culture, explant from 8 day embryo; Zenker, iron haematoxylin. X 660. 24 Isolated liver cells. 4 day culture, explant from S day embryo; osmic acid vapor, hemateine. X 1320. 25 Isolated liver cell highly vacuolated, few mitochondria in the meshes between vacuoles. 6 day culture, explant from 9 day embryo. X 1320. RUTH STOCKING LYXCH • ;• • ♦♦•> vr"# ' I' V^P^ •^ ■ -^ .? •-. • •.:V »♦,» •:-v,^ .•& 5t» 2. Manuscript. Send the Manuscript to the Editor prepared as described in the Notice to Contributors, to conform to the style of the Journal (see third page of cover). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OP ANATOMY, VOL. 29, NO. 3 SEPTEMBER, 1921 Resumen por los autores, G. B. Wislocki y T. J. Putnam. La absorci6n en los ventriculos de hidrocefalos internes pro diicidos experimentalmente. Los autores han producido hidrocefalos en algunos gatos y conejos j6venes mediante inyeccion de una suspension de negro de humo en las cisterna cerebelo-medular. Mas tarde inyectaron en los ventriculos dilatados una solucion niuy difusible o un colorante coloidal. Los experimentos demuestran que la absorci6n se lleva a cabo con cierta intensidad en los animales hidrocefalos desde los ventriculos, y que la ruta seguida es a traves del ependimo, penetrando en los espacios intercelulares y finalmente en los espacios perivasculares. La rapidez de difusion de una verdadera soluci6n (ferrocianuro potasico y citrato ferro-am6nico) desde las camaras cerebrales hasta la substancia cerebral es bastante rapida, pero la de una soluci6n coloidal (azul tripan) es algo mas lenta. Los autores no han llevado a cabo observaciones sobre la rapidez de la absorci6n de substancias extrafias por los capilares. Tampoco han encontrado prueba alguna sobre la absorcion por los plexos coroideos. author's abstract op this paper issued by the bibliographic service, august 5 ABSORPTION FROM THE VENTRICLES IN EXPERIMENTALLY PRODUCED INTERNAL HYDROCEPHALUS G. B. WISLOCKI AND T. J. PUTNAM Laboratory of Surgical Research, Harvard Medical School FOUR FIGURES Internal hydrocephalus has been produced experimentally in several ways. Dandy and Blackfan ('13, '14) reported the successful production of an obstructive hydrocephalus in dogs following the introduction of pledgets of cotton into the aqueduct of Sylvius. Thomas ('14) described an internal hydrocephalus produced in dogs by the intraventricular injection of aleuronate. The aleuronate caused a sterile inflammatory reaction which occluded the ventricular cavities at one or more points and prevented the escape of the cerebrospinal fluid into the subarachnoid space. Subsequently, Dandy ('19) produced a communicating type of hydrocephalus by placing strips of gauze, saturated with iodine, about the mesencephalon. Recently, Weed ('20) described the results of his experiments on a series of young and adult cats. He was able to produce an internal hydrocephalus with great facility by injecting a suspension of lampblack into the cisterna cerebellomedullaris through a puncture in the occipito-atlantoid ligament. It was found that the lampblack caused a sterile meningitis about the rhombencephalon, thereby gradually occluding the foramina in the roof of the fourth ventricle and preventing the escape of cerebrospinal fluid into the subarachnoid space. Hydrocephalus was also produced by intraventricular injections of the lamp black. Weed's experiments on kittens in which the fontanelles had not united are mainly of interest. In these animals hydrocephalus developed extremely rapidly and the dilatation of the ventricles 314 G. B. WISLOCKI AND T. J. PUTNAM and enlargement of the head were quite remarkable. An extreme dilatation of the ventricles and thinning of the cortex were frequently observed within ten days. The present study was undertaken to determine whether substances injected into the dilated and occluded ventricles undergo absorption and, if they do, how they escape from the ventricles into the tissues of the brain. This question has to some extent been considered by several of the previous investigators. Dandy and Blackfan ('13, '17) described the results of injecting phenolsulphonephthalein into the ventricles of fifteen human beings suffering from internal hydrocephalus of the obstructive type. After injection the time of appearance and the amount of the drug in the urine were noted. They found that after injection of phenolsulphonephthalein into the dilated ventricles from 0.5 to 2 per cent of the drug was excreted in the urine within the lirst two hours. Excretion of the dye commenced from 20 to 45 minutes after injection and continued for many days. Their con'Clusion is that in obstructive hydrocephalus practically no absorp\tion takes place from the ventricles. In the present study hydrocephalus was established experimentally in animals, and several substances, the absorption of which could be studied histologically, were subsequently injected into the dilated ventricles. A solution of potassium ferrocyanide and iron ammonium citrate, which can be readily precipitated as Prussian blue in the tissues, and trypan blue, were selected for injection into the dilated ventricles. The method chosen for producing the hydrocephalus was the one described by Weed because the technique is relatively simple and hydrocephalus develops promptly. The experiments were performed upon kittens and young rabbits. A total of twenty-five animals was used, consisting of fifteen kittens and ten rabbits. The kittens ranged in age from two to six weeks, the rabbits from one to three weeks. Weed's technique was closely adhered to. A 5 to 10 per cent suspension of lampblack in physiological salt solution was prepared. The animals were anesthetized, the skin shaved, and a needle inserted through the occipito-atlantoid ligament into the cisterna cere ABSORPTION FROM THE VENTRICLES Z\d bellomedullaris. The kittens received Ij cc, the rabbits 5 cc. of lampblack suspension. The immediate mortality from this procedure was rather high and due, as far as could be ascertained, either to injury to the rhombencephalon or to respiratory failure from the sudden increase in pressure on the medulla. The animals surviving the injection recovered from either and appeared normal in all respects. The day following the injection nothing unusual could be observed. The first signs of a developing hydrocephalus could be made out on the second, more often on the third or fourth day. Gradually the enlargement of the cranial vault became noticeable and a diastasis of the cranial sutures could be made out. The animals' behavior changed somewhat. Slight ataxia was nearly always noted and tremors were observed in several instances. The injected animals appeared to be less active than the normal controls. Several deaths occurred during the first ten days, some from intercurrent pneumonias, others from undetermined causes. On the tenth day eight kittens and four rabbits with well-developed hydrocephalus were alive and in good condition. These v/ere used for the injection of the ventricles. The animals were divided into two groups, one group receiving a 2 per cent solution of equal parts of potassium ferrocyanide and iron ammonium citrate, the other group a i\- per cent solution of trypan blue. The experimental procedure was as follows: The skin of the head was shaved and cleansed, a sharp, 26 — gauge needle was inserted through the skin and bone into one of the lateral ventricles, and two drops of fluid were permitted to escape, whereupon an antitoxin syringe was connected with the needle and an equal quantity of potassium ferrocyanide and iron ammonium citrate or trypan blue was injected. The needle was removed and the animal released. The animals receiving potassium ferrocyanide and iron ammonium citrate were killed at intervals varying from thirty minutes to two hours, those receiving trypan blue at intervals from eight to twenty-four hours. The brains injected with potassium ferrocyanide and iron ammonium citrate were fixed in 10 per cent formalin plus 1 per cent hydrochloric acid. The acid precipitated the ferro 31(3 G. B. WISLOCKI AND T. J. PUTNAM cyanide and citrate solutions as Prussian blue. The brains which had been injected with trypan blue w^ere fixed in 10 per cent formalin without the addition of acid. The fixation was accomplished by inmiersion, in order to avoid the disturbing factors of intra-arterial injection. On gross inspection, the surfaces of the brains were found either unstained or very faintly colored. On cutting thin coronal Fig. 1 Cross-section of the brain of a young rabbit in which dilatation of the ventricles had resulted from the injection of lampblack into the cisterna cerebellomedullaris. Subsequently a solution of potassium ferrocyanide and iron ammonium citrate was injected by replacement into a lateral ventricle. The animal was killed two hours later and the brain fixed. A zone of Prussian-blue-stained brain tissue can be seen surrounding the ventricles. Fig. 2 Cross-section of the brain of a young rabbit in which dilatation of the ventricles has been similarly brought about. Trypan blue was injected into the ventricles of this animal. A zone of stained tissue can be seen surrounding the ventricles. The insert shows a section of the lumbar cord from the same animal. The wall of the central canal and a zone of tissue surrounding it are faintly stained. Fig. 3 Cross-section of the brain of a young cat, showing the dilated ventricles into which a solution of potassium ferrocyanide and iron ammonium citrate was injected. A zone of Prussian-blue-stained tissue is seen surrounding the ventricles. sections of the brains and cords a striking appearance was disclosed. The ventricles, as was expected, showed varying degrees of distention. The walls of the ventricles and a zone of surrounding brain tissue to a depth of several millimeters were deeply stained (figs. 1, 2, and 3). This zone of staining enclosed not only the lateral and third ventricles, but the aqueduct of Sylvius, the fourth ventricle and central canal of the cord, demonstrating a free communication between all of the cerebral ventricles and ABSORPTION FROM THE VENTRICLES 317 the central canal. The inner portion of the zone of staining adjacent to the ventricles was most deeply colored, while towards the surface of the brain the stain became gradually paler. It is noteworthy that the stains had penetrated even into the most caudal recess of the central canal of the cord (fig. 2). Microscopically, the dyes were readily visible in the tissues of the brain. Precipitated Prussian-blue granules were found in the tissues surrounding the ventricles. The precipitate occurred in the intercellular spaces, in the perineuronal spaces and to a large extent in the perivascular sheaths. Prussian blue was precipitated in minute granules in the cytoplasm of the ependymal cells. None of the precipitate was found to be intracellular, either in glial or nerve cells. The choroid plexuses did not appear to have been penetrated by the coloring matter. The distribution of trypan blue differed microscopically somewhat from that of the Prussian blue. The choroid plexuses appeared entirely unstained. Precipitated trypan blue was visible on the surface of the ependymal cells in some areas, but none was discernible in the cytoplasm of the cells. Trypan blue could not be seen in the intercellular spaces or in the perineuronal spaces. Many of the glial cells contained dust-like particles of dye within their cytoplasm. Trypan blue was not visible in the cytoplasm of any of the nerve cells. The small vessels and capillaries in the zone of staining were noteworthy in the trypan-blue animals. Brilliantly stained cells containing numerous granules of the dye in their cytoplasm everywhere surrounded the blood-vessels (fig. 4). These cells which closely invest the blood-vessels belong to the category of adventitial cells or macrophages. They are extremely phagocytic and are the scavenger cells of the brain tissue, which have been repeatedly shown to play a prominent role in brain injury and repair. The microscopic distribution of these substances indicates that they have followed definite pathways in their escape from the dilated ventricles. The solutions are observed in their escape through the ependyma into the intercellular spaces and thence into the perivascular sheaths. These observations lead to the conclusion that fluid currents exist between the dilated ventricles and the neighboring vessels, under the abnormal conditions of a heightened intraventricular pressure. It remains to be pointed out that there is no evidence microscopically that the substances behave as a fixative would if similarly injected. Neither of the reagents employed in these experiments appears to exert any deleterious influence on the cells which it encounters during its passage into the brain tissues. Nuclear staining or diffuse discoloration of the brain tissue, which would be indicative of cell injury and death, are not Fig. 4 Microscopic section of the cortex of the left hemisphere of a rabbit in which trypan bhie had been injected into the dilated ventricles. A portion of a small cerebral vessel is shown, surrounding which are several phagocytic cells containing granules of trypan blue. observed. The phenomena of distribution of the dye granules must be looked upon not as the result of diffusion of a foreign chemical through dead tissue; but as a true passage of the dyes through the brain tissue during life. The explanation for the different findings with the ferrocyanide-citrate solution and with the trypan blue lies in the fact that microscopic identification of the former requires only the action of the mineral acid, w^hile vital activity on the part of a certain class of phagocytic cells is necessary for the intracellular aggregation of the vital-dye particles before microscopic identification is possible. As illustrating microscopically the pathway of absorption, the ferrocyanide-citrate method possesses the advantage of freedom from the modifying influences of cell activity; the findings with trypan blue, however, in these experiments indicate the ultimate, if not the total, pathway of absorption of a colloidal suspension from the dilated cerebral ventricle, Hydrocephalus was produced in a number of kittens and young rabbits by injecting a suspension of lampblack into the cisterna cerebellomedullaris. Subsequently a readily diffusible solution or a colloidal dye was injected into the dilated ventricles. The experiments show that absorption occurs to some extent from the ventricles in hydrocephalic animals and that the pathway of escape is through the ependyma into the intercellular spaces and finally into the perivascular spaces. The rate of diffusion of a true solution (potassium ferrocyanide and iron ammonium citrate) from the cerebral chambers into the brain substance is fairly rapid, but that of a collodial suspension (trypan blue) is somewhat slower. No observations on the rapidity of absorption of the foreign substances into the cerebral capillaries were made. No evidence of absorption by the choroid plexuses was obtained. Dandy, W. E., and Blackfan, K. D. 1913 An experimental and clinical study of internal hydrocephalus. Jour. Am. Med. Assoc, vol. 61, p. 2216. 1914 Internal hydrocephalus: An experimental, clinical and pathological study. Am. Jour. Diseases of Children, vol. 8, p. 406. 1917 Internal hydrocephalus — second paper. Am. Jour. Diseases of Children, vol. 14, p. 424. Dandy, W. E. 1919 Experimental hydrocephalus. Annals of Surgery, vol. 70, p. 129. Thomas, W. S. 1914 Experimental hydrocephalus. Jour. Exper. Med., vol. 19, p. 106. Weed, L. H. 1920 The experimental production of an internal hydrocephalus, The Carnegie Institution of Washington. Contribution to Embryology, no. 44. Resumen por el autor, T, H. Bast Varios tipos de amitosis en las celulas 6seas. El estudio de las celulas oseas ha demostrado que la amitosis es el metodo normal y exclusivo de multiplicacion de dichos elementos. La amitosis en el hueso constituye dos tipos, determinados por la forma del micleo en vias de division y por la funci6n y posicion de los centrosomas. En el primer tipe el nucleo presenta forma de bizcocho y los centrosomas estan situados en cualquiera de sus polos. En el segundo tipo el nucleo presenta forma de herradura y los centrosomas, que no se hand separado, yacen en una escotadura de dicho 6rgano celular. La existencia de masas de citoplasma casi separadas de las celulas principales indica que tambien tiene lugar la fragmentacion de la celula. Una revision de la literatura sobre la amitosis, junto con observaciones en otros tejidos, demuestra que existe otro tipo de amitosis en el cual una estructura en forma de placa indica el piano de la division nuclear. Los centrosomas de este tipo parecen carecer de funcion o pueden faltar por completo. La literatura sobre esta cuestion puede clasificarse segun las diversas teorias de la amitosis que han sido propuestas hasta la fecha. author's abstract of this paper issued BT the bibliographic service, august 5 VARIOUS TYPES OF AMITOSIS IN BONE CELLS Anatomical Laboratory, University of Wisconsin TWO TEXT FIGURES AND ONE PLATE (TWELVE FIGURES) After seeing some of my preparations, Dr. H. E. Jordan suggested to me that a more extended study might add something to our knowledge of amitosis in the growth and repair of the hving mechanism. ITpon careful examination of the preparations of bone cells, many stages of nuclear and cells division were noted. These observations showed that amitosis was the only method of division present. Other preparations were made from various ages of bone and from various animals. In these preparations all stages of amitotic division were present, but not a single mitotic figure could be found. In the light of the recent discussions on the prevalency, cause, and significance of amitosis, these observations are very suggestive, especially since the various stages of division are so numerous and clear. Of greater import, however, for our knowledge of cell division is the observation that in the multiplication of bone cells two types of amitosis occur, and that these types are not only due to the difference in the form of the dividing nuclei, but that the form of division is also determined by the activity and position of the centrosomes. The parietal bones of new born to three-weeks-old rats and the nasal bones, especially the ethmoid of the dog and rabbit, served as material for this study. Small pieces of bone are fixed in 95 per cent alcohol. The technique for their further preparation is the same as that described in my previous paper. Staining with iron hematoxylin was attempted, but without success. It was hoped that a clearer picture of the centrosomes would be obtained by this method, but the process corroded and stained the bone to such an extent that the details were obscured. Centrosomes can be detected with considerable clearness in gentian-violet preparations, but they are not distinct in all cases. Considerable difficulty was at first encountered in obtaining permanent mounts. Gentian violet has a tendency to fade if mounted in balsam. Quite satisfactory results are obtained, however, by mounting overstained preparations in balsam and exposing them to light for a month or more. In ordinary preparations the nuclear stain was well preserved, but the cytoplasmic coloration disappeared perceptibly. After some experimentation it was found that almost perfect preservation can be obtained in Canada balsam by observing the following precautions: 1) After dehydrating in absolute alcohol, wash in several changes of benzol to remove all traces of alcohol. 2) Mount in warm, thick, neutral balsam, I have several slides, prepared according to this method over a year ago, in which the staining is still almost perfect. It may be of interest to note that preparations can be preserved in benzol indefinitely, even in strong light, without fading. DESCRIPTION Ratio of dividing to non-dividing cells In order to obtain a somewhat accurate idea of the ratio of dividing to non-dividing cells, it is necessary to consider both young and old bone. This study, however, yields only generalized results, since the ratio shows considerable range of variation in different bones and in different regions of the same bone. Thus in the ethmoid bone of an adult dog the greater number of cells show no signs of division; in some fields none, while in others as many as one cell out of every three are in some stage of division. In the parietal bone of a twenty-one-day rat a considerable range of cell age is encountered, and it shows that divid AMITOSIS IN BONE CELLS 323 ing cells are more abundant in the younger than in the older area, yet in both regions the proportion is quite variable. This variability is also obvious in very young bone, although in it most cells are in some stage of proliferation (figs. 10 and 12). (See also figs. 2 and 6 of my previous article on bone cells.) Apparently this dividing process is a periodic affair, as shown by the fact that in a given region, especially in young bone, all the cells are practically in the same stage of proliferation. Because of this variability, the exact ratio of dividing to non-dividing cells cannot be given. It may be stated, however, that in young bone such as is found in one- to twenty-day-old rats, proliferating cells are so abundant that almost any stage of division can be found without difficulty. In older bone this occurs with less frequency. Nature of cell division In my previous paper it was shown that all cell division in bone is accomplished by amitosis. This requires little further description but can readily be noted in the accompanying figures (pi. 1). There is no sign of chromatin rearrangement nor of the disappearance of the nuclear wall in any case. At any stage the chromatin of the nucleus is grouped in small masses and irregularly distributed with a slight condensation at the periphery. This structure should be compared with the nucleus of a nondividing cell .as shown in figure 1. Types of amitosis It is a very striking phenomenon that among dividing bone cells two nuclear forms occur. In the one case the nucleus is dumb-bell shaped, while in the other it . is horseshoe-like in form. Amitotic cells with the dumb-bell nuclei are not very common and usually occur in old bone, but may occasionally be seen in j^oung bone also. Three stages of dumb-bell amitosis are shown in figures 2, 3, and 4. In figures 2 and 3 the two ends of the nucleus seem to be drawn in opposite directions, causing a rarefaction of the nucleoplasm in the middle which is followed by a constriction. The arrangement of the nuclear chromatin is not different from that of the non-dividing nucleus as shown in figure 1. Figure 4 shows the nucleus completely divided. The two halves have moved in opposite directions and the cj^toplasm at the plane of nuclear division is so constricted that the resemblance to true cell division is complete except for a narrow cytoplasmic connection. Whether such cytoplasmic connections always remain as narrow canalicular processes or sometimes divide completely to form two separate cells, I am unable to say. Certain it is that some cytoplasmic processes which are continuous with similar processes of sister cells are completely pinched off in the process of growth and become separated by bone matrix, but whether all of the processes are ever thus separated to form non-communicating cells, I am unable to say, since I have observed no such cases. Another important structure, the centrosome, should be noted in connection with the dumb-bell-shaped nucleus. Centrosomes' are not often clearly seen in dividing bone cells. This is especially true for this type of amitotic division because it is not frequently found. Figure 2 shows a cell in which the centrosomes are unmistakably distinct. They are placed in the cytoplasm at the two ends of the dumb-bell-shaped nucleus. The centriole within one centrosome is somewhat elongated, but the entire length was not visible in a single plane of focus. It appeared to lie at an angle of about 45° with this plane. Figure 2 shows the centriole as it appeared under a shifting focus. While in cells of this type centrosomes are not commonly seen, the centrosomes of this particular cell were so unmistakable, and duplicated so perfectly other less distinct observations, that it warrants the conclusion that this position of the centrosome is the rule for the dumb-bell type of amitosis. By far the majority of the cells divide by the horseshoe type of amitosis. In young bone almost any stage of this type of cell division can be found, and one may often find every cell in some stage of division. It usually happens, however, that in a given field or even in a given parietal bone all dividing cells have approximately the same nuclear form. The various stages in the horseshoe type of amitosis are shown in figures 4 to 12. Clear pictures of centrosomes are fairly common, but in this connection it should be remembered that a very large number of this type of cells are available from which to pick good stages. That many of the cells do not show centrosomes clearly can be explained by the fact that they may be obscured by other bone cells lying at a higher or lower level; or the cell may be so oriented that its own nucleus is the obscuring factor; or again in many cases protoplasmic processes viewed on end appear as deeply stained dots easily confused with granules and often obscuring the centrosome; or, finally, indistinct vacuoles lying in the granular cytoplasm appear so much like centrosomes that the picture is confusing. Thus in many cells the centrosomes are present, but cannot be cited as typical because of these obscuring structures. The various possibilities of the horseshoe type of amitosis are shown in figures 5 to 12. Figure 5 is a typical example of a cell in the early stages. At first the nucleus is kidney shaped with the centrosomes in the position of the hilum. The bending of the nucleus then increases so as to produce the horseshoe shape. The centrosomes do not migrate apart as they do in the dumb-bell-shaped nucleus, but remain in the concavity. It seems that the nucleus changes in such a way that each part of it remains as near the centrosome as possible. Often the two ends of the nucleus encircle the centrosomes to such an extent that they touch each other or even overlap. In this case, when viewed from the side the nucleus is ring-shaped with the centrosomes enclosed within. A dividing nucleus is shown in figure 6. Division here is different from that in the dumb-bell type. Instead of becoming elongated, the nucleus is pinched in two without any perceptible moving apart of the daughter nuclei. The resulting kidneyshaped nuclei then separate a little (fig. 7) and the cell engages in cytoplasmic constriction (fig. 8). Later stages in cytoplasmic constriction are seen in figures 10 and 12. Nuclear division does not always result in only two nuclei, but nucleic horseshoes sometimes split into three, four, or more daughter nuclei (figs. 9 and 11). Multinuclear cells . are not numerous and are found in young bone. Whether such cells really undergo cytoplasmic division cannot be stated with certainty, but pictures like figures 10 and 12 afford strong evidence that they do. That the cells in figure 10 are the product of a trinuclear cell can hardly be questioned. The cells in figure 12 may have resulted from two mother cells, but it is highly probable that they are the product of a tetranucleated mother cell. The centrosomes in these multinucleated cells always lie in the center of the ring of nuclei. In such cells a variable number of centrioles are present. The number of these usually corresponds to the number of nuclei, but sometimes the number is considerably larger. This structure seems to correspond to the pluricorpuscular centrosomes which Jordan observed in polykeryocytes. It is a striking fact that in polynuclear cells the cytoplasm is very abundant (figs. 9 and 11). It may be that this large amount of cytoplasm is a factor which determines the number of daughter nuclei into which a given nucleus shall divide. Aiiother structure which is common is the non-nucleated mass of protoplasm almost completely separated from the cell. Two such masses are shown in figure 2 and smaller masses in figures 7, 8, and 9. In rare cases small bits of nucleoplasm are included therein, as was indicated in my previous paper. Such structures are indicative of cytoplasmic separation without nuclear involvement. SIGNIFICANCE OF AJMITOSIS The place of amitosis in the vital mechanism is a question w^hich has been under critical discussion since Strasburger ('82) and Waldeyer ('88) advanced the view that amitosis in vertebrates was a survival of a primitive process. Since then many theories have been presented, some of which consider amitosis as a degenerative process or the end-stage in the series of cell divisions. Within recent years considerable evidence has been presented which indicates that it may be a normal generative process. The following tabulation of the literature indicates the adherents to the various theories advanced. 1. Amitosis occurs in highly speciaUzed cells and is followed by degeneration: Chun ('90) cited by Ziegler. Flemming ('91), '92). In wandering cells which are on road to ruin. Von Rath ('91, '93). In spermatozoa. Ziegler ('91). In intense secretory cells. Toyoma ('94). In the testes of the silkworm. Krompeeher ('95). In bone-marrow. Wilcox ('95). In giant spermatozoa "really come to naught." Plate ('98). In dying cells of tracheal epithelium of Janelles. deBruyne ('99). In ovarian follicle of Hemiptera and Orthoptera. Wilson ('00). A secondary process in most cases. Gross ('01). In germ cells of thirteen species of Hemiptera. Payne ('12). In Gelastocoris, the cells which apparently multiply by amitosis do not produce ova. 2. Generative amitosis does occur and it is a normal method: Arnold ('83- '84) Bone-marrow cells and leucocytes. Lowit ('91) In leucocytes. Verson ('91) In blind end of testicular follicle of Bombyx. Frenzel ('91) In intestinal glands of crayfish. Paladino ('93, '95) The new formations of the placenta in mammals. Reguard ('00) In Sertoli cells and spermatogonia of rats. Camaniti ('03). In liver cells (as important as mitosis). Hargitt ('03). In hydroids. Klemensiewicz (03, '04.) In blood cells (as important as mitosis). Child ('04). In the developing tissues of Moniezia. Gurwitsch ('04). Maximow ('OS). Normal in mesenchyme cells of young dog embryo. Glasser ('08). In entoderm of Fasciolaria (during development he found mitosis in 13 per cent and amitosis 87 per cent). Rubaschkin ('08). In mesenchyme of embryo in region where gonads later form. Foot and Strobell ('11). In ovaries of Protenor. Cells become ova. Descilleuls ('14). In epithelial cells of viterine cornea. Arber ('14). In cortical cells of root of Stratiotes. McLean, ('14). In cortical parenchyma of aquatic angiosperms. Jordan ('13). In ciliated cells. 3. Cells may divide by amitosis due to external conditions and later divide by mitosis again: Meves ('91, '94, '9G). In spermatogonia of salmandra. Due to cold. Nathanson ('00). In plants external condition ether). Gerasimoff ('92). In Spirogyra (says nothing of their return to mitosis). Preusse ('95). Ogonia of Hemiptera, Pfeffer ('99). In Spirogyra. McGregor ('99). In Amphiuma. Wasielewski ('03, '04). In root tip of Vicia. Patterson ('OS). In pigeon's blastoderm. Wieman ('10). In ovaries and testes of Leptinotarsa. Jordan ('13). In onion root. 4. Occurs in regions of rapid growth where the demand for certain foods exceeds the supply. The nucleus in such a condition is not in the proper equilibrium to divide by mitosis and so resorts to the easier method of amitosis. Osborn ('04). In food ova of Fasciolaria. Child ('07). In both invertebrates and vertebrates. Patterson ('08). In pigeon's blastoderm (due to special physiological conditions.) Wieman ('10). In reproductive cells of Leptinotarsa (change in nutritive supply). Glasser ('05). A demand for a greater nuclear surface. Jordan ('19). In blood and bone-marrow cells of frog. Lack of nutritive supply due to high degree of specialization. 5. Amitosis is a purely pathological phenomenon: Glasser ('07). Food ova of Fasciolaria. Pacaut ('09). In epithelial cells of mammalian cornea. 6. Amitosis is due to external mechanical pressure: Nowikoff ('08, '09, '10) In cartilage, sinew, and bone cells of the mouse embryo. 7. Amitosis is a nuclear matter only. The cytoplasm does not divide, thus giving rise to a multinuclear cell: Heidenhain ("94). Karpow ('04). Leucocytes an exception. (His work was on the epidermis of amphibians and epithelium of the urinary bladder of mammals.) Schurhoff ('15). In Ranunculus. Macklin ('16). In the chick embryo. 8. Amitosis is a normal method of division in vertebrates only: Nakahara ('18) makes the following statement : "Amitosis .... is not a method of cell multiplication, nor a sign of degeneration or senescence of cells, but, whenever it occur.s, it seems to indicate an intense activity in the vegetative functions of the cell." Besides the views expressed above there are those who claim that amitosis as observed in the above cases is not amitosis at all. They would call it pseudo-amitosis or simply a peculiar type of mitosis. We shall mention only a few of those who so discredit amitosis: Hacker ('00). In eggs of cyclops. His ('00). In roots of Listera and Orchis. Hargitt ('06). In clava leptostyla. Richards ('09). In oogenesis of Taenia. Harman, Mary T. ('13). In sex-cells of Taenia teniaeformis. Conklin ('17). The present observations on bone cells throw no further light on theories 3 and 8, while theories 1, 5, and 6 are negatively answered. The first part of theory 1, however, must receive some attention. Bone cells are highly specialized cells, and it is probable that this specialization does influence amitosis. That these cells have entered a stage of degeneration is not supported by these studies. Macewen believes that bone cells may at any time give rise to osteoblasts, thus attributing to them a generative or regenerative importance. Theory 6, which states that amitosis is a mechanical pinching in two of the cells due to external pressure, was formulated by Nowikoff as a result of his observations on amitosis in cartilage, tendon, and bone. His two pictures of bone cells in his 1910 article on "Zur Frage nach der Bedeutung der Amitose" indeed appear to support his view. In my own preparations no such pictures were found. The only examples from which such a view could be forced are shown in figures 2, 3, and 4. In figures 2 and 3 there is only a slight rarefication of cytoplasm, while the nucleus is distinctly constricted but without signs of external constriction. In figure 4 the cytoplasm is constricted, but the nucleus is completely divided into two daughter nuclei. These observations give the impression that cytoplasmic constriction occurs as a normal process following nuclear division. In dividing cells in which the horseshoe-shaped nucleus occurs — which is by far the most common method, there is not the least indication of external pressure. The only place where this theory might apply is in the case of protoplasmic fragmentation; that is, protoplasmic masses, with or without small nuclear remains, isolated from the main cell and connected with it by only a narrow cytoplasmic process (figs. 2 and 8 and fig. 4 previous paper). In such cases the deposition of bone takes place more rapidly on certain surfaces of the cell than on other, thus causing the constriction. In reference to the other theories, it should be said that bone cells always multiply by amitosis, and therefore these observations support theory 2. Theory 4 also finds support in these observations in that amitosis occurs in young and rapidly growing bone. The growth is so rapid that the 4-mm. parietal bone of a newborn rat is 9 mm. in diameter at the age of fourteen days. In such rapidly growing tissue it is reasonable that the question of food supply may have considerable influence. Furthermore, in bone the individual cells are connected with the source of food supply by only narrow cytoplasmic processes, which channels may be insufficient to supply the entire cell. While such views seem reasonable, they by no means are final, since any statement regarding function will of necessity be theoretical, and the study of bone cells warrants no positive statement regarding the physiological reason for amitotic cell division. In mitosis there is a mechanism, the centrosome, which is apparently directly concerned in cell division. Some would have this mechanism an indispensable factor in all cell division. They regard all other signs of cleavage as incomplete division. Thus, theory 7 admits that the nucleus may divide by amitosis, but that no cytoplasmic division occurs in such cases. The division of leucocytes however, has been suggested, by adherents, of this view, as an exception to the rule. On the other hand, there are those who hold that complete cell division does occur in amitosis. Jordan, in his paper on Amitosis in the epididymis of the mouse," has shown that cytoplasmic division follows amitotic division of the nucleus. Those who have described amitosis for sex cells believe in cytoplasmic division after nuclear division. In unpublished observations on red blood cells of Necturus, Dr. W. S. Miller, of the University of Wisconsin, has found that these blood cells divide amitotically. This division concerns not only the nucleus, but the cytoplasm as well, thus giving rise to two distinct cells. Doctor Miller has been kind enough to allow me to study this material and verify his findings. In the face of these findings, it is impossible to say that amitosis is a nuclear matter only. The observations on bone cells do not help us in solving this question. Since bone cells form a syncytium, the cytoplasm does not completely separate in the dividing cell. In reality the cytoplasm is continuous, but the constriction is so nearly complete that the cells are regarded as units. Those who believe that amitosis results in incomplete division will find support in the division of bone cells. It seems, however, that a tissue whose cells form a syncytium is not a fitting tissue on which to determine this phase of the question. Leaving out all theoretical possibilities which these observations suggest, we can make the following assertions: 1. Amitosis occurs normally among bone cells. 2. Amitosis occurs in rapidly growing bone. 3. Bone cells in which amitosis occurs are specialized cells. 4. Bone cells apparently do not divide completely, but form a syncytium. TYPES OF AJVIITOSIS AND THE ROLE OF THE CENTROSOMES M. Nowikoff says, Some authors differentiate two types of amitosis. The first begins with an elongated nucleus, which later takes on a biscuit like form. The bridge between the two enlarged nuclear ends becomes finer and finer and finally tears completely. Amitosis of the second type results from the formation of a notch in the nuclear membrane, which becomes deeper and deeper and in this way pinches the nucleus into two halves." Wasielewski recognizes these two types. The description of the first agrees with the dumb-bell type described above. Nowikoff claims that it is the only type found in bone and tendon cells. This does not correspond at all with my observations on bone, which show that by far the majority of the di^'iding nuclei have a horseshoe-shaped nucleus. ^lany of the cells which Nowikoff illustates and which he classifies as cells of the first type really appear to belong to the horseshoe type. Nowikoff studied sections of bone, and that may have led to a misinterpretation of the shape of the nucleus. For example, a horseshoe-shaped nucleus when cut at right angles to the bars of the horseshoe, near or at the berid, appears dumb-bell shaped. Or, if it is cut at an angle of 45° with the bars of the horseshoe, it will look like a slightly bent dumb-bell, as many of his illustrations show. Thus the many different forms depend on the plane of section. In cartilage he found so many different forms representing all stages between the first and second type that he concluded that no two distinct types existed. This question, however, deserves a little further consideration. The dumb-bell and horseshoe types in bone are too distinct and constant to pass unnoticed. This distinction becomes all the more apparent when we note that the shape of the nucleus is definitely related to the position of the centrosomes. In the literature on amitosis very httle is said regarding the centrosome. ]\Iany believe that it is entirely absent in cells that divide by amitosis. Among them are Henneguy, Lenhossek, Zimmerman, Heidenhain, Fuchs, Joseph, and Jordan in ciliated cells, and others. Among those who have observed centrosomes in amitotically dividing cells are Meyes, Studnicka, Fischel, Eismond, Henry, Benda, Gurwitsch, Ach, Wallengren, Ikeda, Erhard, Maximow, Nowikoff, Saguchi, Jordan, and others. The above list indicates that the centrosomes have been quite generally .found in amitotically dividing cells. Whether these centrosomes are of any functional importance in amitosis is a question which is usually negatively regarded. Flemming and ]\Iaximow always find the centrosome close to the nuclear membrane and at the place where the constriction takes place. In his 1910 paper Nowikoff tries to support Maximow's view regarding the centrosomes. However, in figure 45 of his 1908 article he shows two centrosomes which lie one at each of the two enlarged ends of the dumb-bell-shaped nucleus. In that case the centrosomes certainly have moved apart just as they do in case of mitosis. Saguchi presents a similar moving apart of the centrosomes in his figure 49, plate 3. In this case the nucleus has not moved apart as far as the one shown by Nowikoff or the one in my figure 2. This incomplete polar movement of the centrosomes accounts for the shape of the nucleus. In my observations on bone cells a definite relationship between position of the centrosomes and the shape of the nucleus could be established. In trying to correlate this observation with those of other observers and with the various theories on amitosis, it appeared that amitotic nuclear forms can be classified according to the functioning ability of the centrosomes. If it is true, as many believe, that a cell may divide amitotically and then return to the mitotic type of division, and if the centrosome is active in mitosis and inactive in amitosis, then it is not strange that intermediate stages of centrosomal activity should occur. Food conditions, specialization, or external stimuli may disturb the equilibrium of the nuclear chromatin while the centrosome remains functional, thus causing amitotic division, or these disturbing factors may impair the migrating power of the centrosomes; or finally they may paralyze the entire mechanism which is active in mitosis and thus cause amitotic division. In view of these observations and considerations, the following classification of amitotic types seems warranted: Type I. The nucleus is dumb-bell shaped. The centrosomes have moved apart and placed themselves one at each end of the elongated nucleus and apparently 'exert a pull on it' (text fig. 1 a). The only difference between this tj^pe of amitosis and mitosis is the inability of the nuclear chromatin to rearrange itself. Examples of this type are shown in figures 2, 3, and 4. The illustrations of Nowikoff and Saguchi referred to above belong under this type. Type II. The nucleus is horseshoe shaped. The centrosomes do not move apart, but they still 'exert a pull' on the nucleus. In some cases the movement of the nucleus around the centrosomes progresses to such an extent that the ends of the nucleus meet, thus forming a ring around the centrosomes (text figure 1, +b). This type is well represented in bone cells by figures 5 to 12. Jordan describes this type in the blood and the bone-marrow of the frog and in the bone-marrow of the rabbit. Flemming's figure 5 is of this type. Most of Nowikoff's and Maximow's figures look as though they belonged to this type. Thus Maximow's figure 9 shows a nucleus which looks dumb-bell-like in shape. A comparison of this nucleus with the middle nucleus of my figure 10, which is a horseshoe-shaped nucleus viewed from one end, makes the similarity very apparent. Some of Arnold's a b c a Text fig. 1 Diagrammatic sketches representing the four types of amitotic nuclear division, a, Type 1. The nucleus is dumbbell-shaped with the centrosomes at the poles of the dividing nucleus, b, Type 2. The nucleus is horseshoeshaped with the centrosomes within the bend of the nucleus, c, Type 3. A plate like structure marks the plane of division of the oval-shaped nucleus. Centrosomes are near the surface of the cells, but they may be found in other positions or may be entirely absent, d, Cell fragmentation. The mass of protoplasm on top contains a small amount of unorganized nucleoplasm. The mass at the bottom contains no nuclear material. observations belong here. Heidenhain has given the most extended list of descriptions and illustrations of this type. Type III. In this type the centrosome is f unctionless ; it neither moves apart nor exerts any influence on the nucleus. In some cases the centrosomes may be absent. In the earl}^ stages of division a plate-like structure marks the plane of cleavage (text fig. 1, c). A narrow notch on one surface of the nucleus often initiates separation of the daughter nuclei. The ciliated cells illustrated by Jordan and Saguhci and the fat cell by Nakahara belong to this type. I have found many nuclei AMITOSIS IN BONE CELLS of this type in smooth muscle cells of the human uterus (text fig. 2, 8b, h, c, and d). Such cases are also quite common among lymphocytes. 1 CELL FRAGMENTATION There are cases of unequal division which in reality are not true cell division, but only types of cell fragmentation (text fig. 1, d). Nowikoff found such cases in tendon and bone cells. He decided that such division was due to external pressure. Text fig. 2 Camera-lucida drawings of smooth muscle cells from a pregnant human uterus, a, b, c and d show different forms of the third type of amitotic division. Original drawings were made on the scale of X 1200, but were reduced in reproduction to f of the original. Maximow found them in mesenchymal tissue. The large masses of bone-cell protoplasm with or without nuclear fragments which I have found in bone (fig. 2, also fig. 4 of previous paper) belong to this type. 'Dr. C. H. Bunting, of the Pathological Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin, called my attention to this type of division among lymphocytes. 1. Bone cells divide by amitosis. 2. Division is more rapid in very young than in older bone. 3. Cell division seems to be a periodic process. In a given area all of the cells are in practically the same stage of division. 4. Amitosis is the normal method of bone-cell multiplication. That amitosis occurs rather than mitosis may be due to one or all of the following factors, a) High degree of specialization of cells concerned. 6) Disturbance of nutritive equilibrium, c) Insufficient nuclear surface for the proper metaboUc functioning of the cell. 5. Three types of amitosis are present in bone-cell division, and they are determined by the activity and position of the centrosomes. In one type the nucleus is dumb-bell shaped and the centrosomes are placed at the opposite poles of the nucleus. In the second type the centrosomes are placed in the center of the horseshoe-shaped nucleus. The latter type can hardly be considered as amitosis, but should be regarded as cell fragmentation. In this latter case division seems to be entirely due to external pressure. 6. A correlation of the various accounts of amitosis shows that one other type of amitosis exists. In this type the centrosomes are in no way concerned in the process of division. Centrosomes, as such, may or may not be present. A plate-like structure indicates the plane of division. Arxold, J. 1883 B^obachtungen iiber Kerne und Kerntheilungen in den Zellen des Knochenmarks. Virch. Arch., Bd. 93, S.l. 1884 Weitere Beobachtungen iiber die Theilungsforgange an den Knochenmarkzellen und weissen Blutkorpen. Virch. Arch., Bd. 97. Bast, T. H. 1921 Studies on the structure and multiplication of bone cells, facilitated by a new technique. Am. Journ. Anat., vol. 29, no. 2. Child, C. M. 1907 a Amitosis as a factor in normal and regulatory growth. Anat. Anz., Bd. 30, No. 1 and 12. 1907 b Studies on the relation of amitosis and mitosis. Biol. Bull., vol. 12, nos. 2, 3, and 4. Flemmin'g, W. 1891 Attraktionsspharen und Centralkorper in Gewebszellen und Wanderzellen. Anat. Anz., Bd. 6, S. 78. Heidenhaix, M. 1894 Neue Untersuchungen iiber die Centralkorper und ihre Beziehungen zum Kem-und Zellenprotoplasma. Arch. f. mikro. Anat., Bd.43,S.423. JoRDAisr, H. E. 1913 a Amitosis in the epididymis of the mouse. Anat. Anz., Bd. 44, 598. 1913 b Experimental amitosis in onion root tip. Trans, of the Am. Microsc. Society, vol. 32, no. 2. 1919 The histology of the blood and red bone marrow of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 25, p. 437. 1920 Further studies on red bone-marrow. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 27, p. 287. Macewen, W. 1912 J. Maclehose & Son, Glasgow. The growth of bone. Maximow, a. 1908 Uber Amitose in den embryonalen Geweben bei Saugetieren. Anat. Anz., Bd. 33, S. 89. Nakahara, W. 1918 Studies of amitosis. Jour. Morph., vol. 30, p. 483. NowiKOFF, M. 1908 Beobachtungen iiber die Vermehrung der Knorpelzellen nebst einigen Bemerkungen liber die Structur der 'hyalinen' Knorpelgrundsubstanz. Zeitsch. f. wissensch. ZooL, Bd. 90. 1909 Untersuchungen iiber die Struktur des Knochens. Zeitsch. f. wissensch. ZooL, Bd. 92. 1910 Zur Fragenach der Bedeutung der Amitose. Arch. f. Zellforsch., Bd. 5,8.365. RuBASCHKiN- 1908 Zur Frage von der Entstehung der Keimzellen bei Sauge tierembryonen. Anat. Anz., Bd. 32. Saguchi, S. 1917 Studies on ciliated cells. Jour. Morph., vol. 29, p. 217. For a more extended bibliography on amitosis see Saguchi and Nakahara, referred to above. All of these drawings are camcra-lucida drawings of cells from the entire parietal bones of young rats, except figures 3, 4, and 5, which were taken from the ethmoid bone of a dog. These bones were fixed in 95 per cent alcohol and stained in gentian violet. The original magnification as indicated for each figure was reduced \| in reproduction. 1 Normal bone cell from fifteen day-old rat. The nucleus is oval in shape. X 1200. 2 Cell in early stage of division. Nucleus dumbbell shaped. Centrosomes at opposite poles of nucleus. Two large masses of protoplasm almost separated from main cell. X 1200. 3 Cell from ethmoid bone of dog. A little later stage of nuclear division than figure 2. Cytoplasm is not constricted. X 1450. 4 Cell from ethmoid bone of dog. Nucleus completely divided. Cytoplasm constricted. Centrosomes are faintly seen, but the centrioles are not visible. X1450. 5 Cell from the ethmoid bone of a dog. Early stage in the horseshoe type of amitosis. The centrosomes are placed at the center of the horseshoe-shaped nucleus. X1450. 6 The horseshoe-shaped nucleus has just divided. Centrosomes at the center. X 1600. 7 A later stage in the division of a horseshoe-shaped nucleus. The two daughter nuclei are kidney shaped and only slightly separated. The centrosomes are four in number and still centrally placed. X1600. 8 Late stage in the horseshoe type of amitosis. The cytoplasm is deeply constricted. The irregular shaped nuclei are due to improper fixation. X1450. 9 These three nuclei are the product of the division of a horseshoe-shaped nucleus. Centrosomes centrally placed. X1600. 10 Three cells derived from a cell with a horseshoe-shaped nucleus. The nuclei of these cells are already in the early stage of division. X1450. 11 Pentanucleated cell with the nuclei still arranged in the shape of a horseshoe. Multicorpuscular centrosome within ring of nuclei. X1600. 12 Four cells which are probably the product of a tetranucleated cell. Note the large protoplasmic connections. X1600. -v^^ Resiunen por el autor, Eben J. Carey. Estudios sobre la dinamica de la histogenesis. La tension del crecimiento diferencial como estimulo para la miogenesis. VII. La transformaci6n experimental del musculo liso de la vejiga del perro, histologicamente en musculo estriado, y fisiologicamente en un organo que manifiesta ritmicidad. La diferencia esencial entre el musculo liso palido de la vejiga y el musculo rojo estriado involuntario del corazon depende de la intensidad diferencial de la presion hidrodinamica a que han estad6 sometidas las celulas mesenquimatosas vesiculares y cardiacas. Variando la velocidad de la aplicacion y la intensidad de la presion intravesical (que produce la tension del musculo liso de la vejiga), durante un periodo de ocho semanas hasta alcanzar un grado comparable al que se encuentra en el corazon, el musculo no estriado vesical se transforma, histo16gicamente en musculo estriado y fisiologicamente en un organo que manifiesta ritmicidad mientras se aplique el estimulo de la presion hidrodinamica. Desde el punto de vista dinamico o embriologico-funcional los diversos musculos, liso, cardiaco y esqueletico, representan diferencias en la cantidad de trabajo que sobre ellos han ejercido las partes del embrion en ^^as de crecimiento diferencial durante los periodos de crecimiento activo. La diferencia esencial, fisiologicamente entre los diversos miusculos, es pues su capacidad para trabajar, que a su vez depende de la cantidad de trabajo que ha sido consumida en su produccion. La razon de los diferentes grados de energia que poseen los tipos de musculos es puramente un problema embriologico biomeciinico y corresponde a la cantidad diferencial de tensi6n optima que han experimentado estos musculos durante su periodo formativo, a cause de la existencia de una zona energetica dominante extrinseca a la region de la miogenesis. Las pruebas obtenidas de estos experimentos, justifican la conclusion de que en lo referente al musculo estriado, la funcion determina la estructura en vez de lo contrario. Translation by Jos6 F. Nonidcz Cornell Arcdical College, New York AtJTHOR S ABSTRACT OP THIS PAPER ISSUED BY THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICE, SEPTEMBER 26 STUDIES IN THE DYNAMICS OF HISTOGENESIS. TENSION OF DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH AS A STIMULUS TO MYOGENESISi VII. THE EXPERIMENTAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE SMOOTH BLADDER MUSCLE OF THE DOG, HISTOLOGICALLY INTO CROSS-STRIATED MUSCLE AND PHYSIOLOGICALLY INTO AN ORGAN MANIFESTING RHYTHMIC A LITY Department of Anatoviy, Marquette University Medical School, Milwaukee^ TWENTY FIGURES It has been the problem of the writer for a number of years to determine experimentally whether an undifferentiated mesenchymal cell subjected to an optimum tension would develop into a muscle cell. The technical details of this problem have not yet been surmounted. If, however, the various types of muscle cells found in the body, viz., smooth, cardiac, and skeletal, represent resultants of different degrees of optimum tension (Carey, '19-20 a; '20 b), then the proof for this idea would be forthcoming if non-striated muscle could be converted into crossstriated muscle by varying the velocity of application and the intensity of the tensional stimulus to a higher optimum degree. It is held at the present time that the essential difference between the types of developed muscle is the presence or absence of cross-striations. From the purely static and structural standpoint, these cross-bars are the outstanding feature. On the other hand, from the dynamic or functional and embryological 1 This thesis was granted first prize in the competition for the medical prize scholarship for original research by the medical faculty of the University of Chicago, Rush Medical College, 1921. view, these muscle types represent differences in the amount of work that has been done upon them by the differential growing parts of the embryo during the active period of growth (Carey, '21) . 'The essential difference, then, physiologically between the various muscles is their capacity for work, which in turn is dependent upon the amount of work that has been expended in their production. The reason for the different degrees of energy possessed by the types of muscles is purely an embryological biomechanical problem and corresponds to the differential amount of tensile work that has been expended in their formation by a dominant energetic zone extrinsic to the region of myogenesis. This idea may be exemplified by comparing the heart and the bladder. The rotating blood stream winds up the embryonic cardiac mesenchyme into a spiral musculature for action by the tensional interaction of differential growth, like the key that winds up the spiral springs of an eight-day clock for movement. The tensional stresses exerted by the helicoidal circulation of the blood stream upon the cardiac mesenchyme is the dynamic stimulus for heart-muscle development. The blood gradually collects in the living chick embryo in the region occupied by undifferentiated mesenchyme, which ultimately becomes modified into cross-striated muscle. This modification or transformation is a gradual one. At the thirtieth hour of incubation the primitive mesenchyme begins to rhythmically pulsate, at first slowly, then more and more rapidly as growth continues and as the vascular channels become hollowed out and continuous. This is concomitant with a constantly greater increase in the volume of the blood. Huntington ('11), McClure ('15),Schulte ('14), and others have proved that the vascular channels are formed by the confluence of isolated vesicles due to blood pressure. The rate of the heart beat increases from 10 to 15 at the thirtieth hour to 150 to 190 per minute at the ninetieth hour. From the fortieth until the one hundred twenty-fifth hour the heart is composed of cells not unlike smooth muscle. Byt at about the one hundred twenth-fifth hour cross-striations appear. Why? On the other hand, the slowly excreted urine which collects in the bladder is the hydrodynamic factor causing the optimum tension for the smooth-muscle differentiation in the vesicular mesenchyme. The volume of the excreted urine that collects in the bladder per unit of time never reaches that of the blood that circulates through the heart in a corresponding temporal interval. Therefore, it is immediately evident that a greater amount of work is expended by the rapidly flowing blood stream which whorls the cardiac mesenchyme into striated muscle than by the excreted urine which causes a gradual tension in the vesicular mesenchyme leading to smooth-muscle formation as a mesenchymal reaction. The essential difference, then, between the pale smooth muscle of the bladder and the red involuntary striated muscle of the heart is finally dependent upon the differential intensity of hydrodynamic tensi.onal stimuli (work) to which the vesicular and cardiac mesenchymal cells are subjected, respectively. If the growing vesicular smooth muscle is subjected to a stimulus comparable to that found in the heart, will cross-striated muscle be differentiated? The answer is emphatically yes! The following experimental evidence puts at rest any further thought that in the embryo some intracellular hypothetical structural precursor within so-called myoblasts accounts for muscle origin as stated by the meaningless verbalism self-differentiation, when applied to myogenesis. A young female shepherd dog four wxeks old was selected for the experiment. A suprapubic vesicular silver drainage tube, designed by the writer, of the type shown in figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, was transfixed in the bladder, March 30, 1921. This was accomplished with silkwork-gut ligature which was passed through the perforations in the disc of the tube and tied to exterior of the abdominal w^all. The bladder of this pup presented the pale appearance of smooth muscle on inspection at the initial insertion of the drainage tube. Very little resistance to incision with the scalpel w^as presented by the bladder musculature. The vesicular wall measured 0.5 mm. in thickness. The bladder of a control puppy four weeks old weighed 0.75 gram. At the first operation the bladder was examined histologically; it presented the appearance of typical smooth muscle and possessed transitional epithelium (figs. 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13). Concentrated boric acid at 37.5°C. was passed through the bladder under varying intensities of pressure and at various intervals of time daily. The experiment is illustrated in the outline drawing (fig. 7). On May 21st, a second operation was performed for the purpose of excising a portion of the bladder for histological purposes and, if cross-striated muscle were found, to allow the musculature to revert to smooth muscle. The bladder muscle presented a deep red appearance and the resistance to incision with the scalpel had greatly increased. The bladder wall was 5 mm. in width, whereas the bladder in the control puppy was 1.9 mm. The bladder of a control puppy weighed 1.59 grams, whereas the bladder in the operated dog weighed 4.75 grams. The insertion of the suprapubic tube was done for me by Dr. B. F. McGrath, Director of the Department of Clinical Laboratories. The steps in the operation were as follows: A. Strict asepsis was rigidly adhered to. B. Anesthetic: Ether, drop method. 1. Bladder exposed by a suprapubic incision in the midline. 2. Purse-string suture of chromicized catgut inserted high in anterior wall of bladder. 3. Small opening in center of the circle formed by the pursestring suture. 4. Three fixing sutures of silkworm-gut, each made as follows: From without, through a) all layers of the abdominal wall, h) anterior wall of bladder, and c) a perforation in the flange of the tube; from within, returning through a) a perforation in the flange of the tube, h) anterior wall of bladder, and c) all layers of the abdominal wall. 5. Opening in the bladder wall stretched and the flange of the 'tube inserted into cavity of bladder. 6. Purse-string suture tightened about tube and ends tied. 7. Abdominal wall wound closed, up to tube, with interrupted silkworm-gut suture. 8. The silkworm-gut loops, for fixing the flange of the tube in place, tightened and the ends tied. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The volume of boric acid passed through the bladder was gradually increased from April 3rd, five days after the suprapubic drainage tube had been inserted in the bladder, until May 21st (table 1). The volume of the fluid was regulated by means of a screw-clamp, and as soon as the puppy showed signs of distress due to vesicular distention the circulation was reduced or stopped completely until the fluid was passed by the urethra. On April 3rd the experiment lasted for one-half hour, during which time 20 cc. of fluid had passed through the bladder and out through the urethra. The urethral passage of urine was of the nature of clonic, short, rapidly recurring contractions. One clonic spasm occurred every two minutes and each spasm consisted of about ten short contractions. As time went on the clonic nature of the bladder contractions was lost and a greater volume of fluid was passed with each urethral relaxation. Corresponding to each individual contraction of the bladder, a complete urethral relaxation occurred. The resemblance of the full contractions of the bladder to that of the heart and the perfect coordinaton of urethral relaxation and subsequent closure like a cardiac valve gave an ideal experimental condition for inducing in the bladder the circulatory changes found in the heart. A mechanical valve was occasionafly used between the elevated pressure reservoir and the mercury manometer. This device gave a still further resemblance to the nature of the vesicular contractions, under a hydrodynamic stimulus, comparable to that found in the heart. The mercury manometer, unfortunately, was not used throughout the experiment. The striking results obtained later suggested the use of this instrument in order to record more accurately the vesicular contractions, their variation under varying pressure and volume conditions, and their absolute inhibition by withdrawing the stimulus by closing the screw clamp and stopping the circulation. VOLUME OF LENGTH OP BORIC ACID PUMPED WEIGHT OF DATE OF THROUGH THE PER MINUTE, 'OP J:- K A 1 1 U I\ IN HOURS URETHRA IN CUBIC CENTIMETERS IN GRAMS Dog experiences dis tress due to vesic ular tension 2,S90 Slight distress Normal excretion of Greatest weight No distress, even sleeps during ex periment Dog lost appetite. drinks only water, becoming emaci TABLE I— Continued DATE OP OPERATION LENGTH OF URETHRA IN CUBIC 8,500 10, 000 15, 000 18, 000 25, 000 30, 000 30,000 35, 000 40, 000 45,000 50, 000 Forced feeding Very slight excretion of urine The common cardiac conditions could be imitated at will. A brachycardia, normal cardiac regularity, tachycardia, extra systoles, group formation, pulsus alternans and ventricular fibrillations could be induced by varying the pressure and by either using or not the mechanical valve between the elevated pressure reservoir and the mercury manometer. The bladder of this dog prior to the operation, March 29th, passed an average of 250 cc. of urine in twenty-four hours. On May 20-21, this same bladder passed the enormous volume of 50,000 cc. of boric acid during ten hours of experimental observation. This prolonged increase of vesicular pressure prevented the urine from being excreted and set up a uraemic toxaemia which so lowered the resistance of the young dog that it died twenty-four hours after the second operation. On postmortem examination both ureters were enormously dilated with urine and measured 10 mm. in diameter. The nephritic pelves were distended with urine and both kidneys were markedly hydronephrotic. The writer intends to present a series of dogs and microscopic demontrations at the next meeting of the American Association of Anatomists. Figure 14 shows the manometric curves from the inlet tube of the bladder during the first hour and fifteen minutes of the experiment May 21st, after the dog had had a night's rest. A constant volume and pressure were maintained throughout the observation. The varying irritabihty and response of the bladder during this observation are clearly shown. At the beginning, line 1, the bladder is not so irritable as subsequently, lines 2 to 5. At first the contractions are few in number, but as the bladder becomes more irritable to the constant hydrodynamic tensile stimulus it responds with more celerity. By reducing the pressure the vesicular contractions are retarded (figs. 15 and 16, line 1), and by complete inhibition of the circulation, no contractions are elicited (fig. 16, lines 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7). The stimulus that causes the rhythmic beat of the bladder is hydrogenic in nature. The rhythmic beat is dependent also on the irritability of the responding mechanism. This fact is immediately evident by inspecting (fig. 14, lines 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Acceleration of the vesicular beats may be induced by increasing the volume and pressure of the fluid flowing into the bladder. This is clearly shown in (fig. 20). By regulating the fluid pressure, a condition may be induced whereby the bladder responds vigorously and regularly. When the stimulus was so regulated that sixty-five to seventy-five beats per minute were established, the bladder reacted with regularity and absolutely no distress was experienced by the puppy. The dog could be maintained in a recumbent position for hours and would breathe regularly even sleep for half an hour or so while the bladder was pumping at the rate of seventy-five times per minutes. There were no conscious efforts on the part of the dog with these rhythmic contractions of the bladder once the experiment was under way and the vesicular irritability had been reestablished after the dog had had a night's rest. Figure 14 shows the bladder beating at the rate of about fifty per minute during one hour and fifteen minutes of observation; this record was made with a slow drum. The puppy slept practically throughout the time that the manometric curves were being recorded. The structure of these pressure curves is definitely shown by figures 17 and 18 made on a fast drum. The up-stroke represents bladder distention with the concomitant increased back pressure recorded through the inlet tube. The down-stroke represents vesicular contraction simultaneous with urethral relaxation corresponding to the time that the bladder is being emptied and the concomitant reduction of back pressure through the inlet tube. These curves were made with the mechanical valve working between the elevated pressure reservoir and the mercury manometer. They are of different types : some are single, others double hillocks, while some show the pressure rising gradually and then a sudden release with the contraction of the bladder. Certain curves show a comparatively acute summit, others a definite plateau. This indicates a variable irritability and response of the modified vesicular musculature to the constant extrinsic tensile stimulus. The contractions of the bladder musculature are active and independent of the action of the heart and respiration (table 2) . With each bladder contraction determined by the manometer and by palpation there is an expulsion of urine. This expulsion is due to vesicular contraction and not to a passive transmission through the bladder on account of any active zone extrinsic to the contracting vesicle. The abdominal musculature is in a state of normal tonicity and shows absolutely no simultaneous activity with the relaxation of the urethra, bladder contraction, and fluid expulsion. The dog slept practically throughout the tinije that the record labeled figure 14 was being made. With overdistention of the bladder the dog experienced forced respiratory movements. These, naturally, had their immediate effect on the vesicular pressure, just as they do normally. The optimum bladder rhythm was an independent series of contractions, which was not caused by any indirect influence from the respiratory or cardiac regions. The elongated respiratory waves upon which the cardiac rhythm is superimposed in normal pulse tracings are obtained as seen in figure 20. THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE BLADDER MUSCULATURE Gross observations. At the initial operation the bladder presented the appearance of smooth muscel on inspection. Very little resistance was met on cutting through the bladder wall, which measured 0.5 mm. in thickness. At the second operation the EXPERIMENT NUMBER DATE MAY LENGTH OF OBSERVATION BLADDER RATE bladder musculature presented a deep red appearance, resembling somewhat cardiac muscle. The resistance to incision with the scalpel had greatly increased. The bladder wall was 5 mm. thick. The organ was highly vascular and the vesicular arteries and veins w^ere abnormally enlarged when compared with those of a control puppy. Histological ohservatio7is. The excised portion of the bladder taken at the initial operation was normal smooth muscle of a developing bladder (figs. 9 and 10) . The part of the bladder taken at the second operation for sectioning and study showed definite cross-striations and an increase in width and length of the muscle fibers over that of the control (figs. 11 and 12). The physiological reactions of a bladder that had been developed carefully to respond to increased work two hundred times greater than that which it w^as normally accustomed to, structurally reacted to do this work by the transformation of the smooth young muscle cells into striated muscle cells. The former type of muscle is incapable of doing the work accomplished by the bladder under observation, while the latter type possesses the capacity under the requisite stimulus for prolonged rhythmic contractions and increased work. The different degrees of energy possessed by the vesicular smooth and cross-striated muscles here studied is purely a biomechanical result corresponding to the differential amount of work that has been expended in their formation. The complete study of the cytological and histological details revealed by the transformed striated muscle of the bladder will be reserved for a communication to be published later. The following may be noted : The bladder musculature prior to the experiment presented a syncytium with endoplasmic cells. The irregular, wavy, and twisted nuclei were found within the granular cytoplasm. The spongioplasm was drawn out in delicate longitudinal striations. The outer portion of the ectoplasm presents a modified surface layer; there is, however, no specialized sarcolemma. The endoplasmic units are comparatively narrow. The cross-striated vesicular musculature presents broad fibers which form a network. The nuclei are centrally located and surrounded by granular endoplasm. The isotropic and anisotropic cross lines are solid in some locations, in others granular. No intercallated discs, however, are seen. The transitional epithelium of the bladder has undergone a hyperplasia (fig. 10). There are from ten to thirty layers of cells in the vesicular epithelium. The inner cells are greatly flattened and elongated in certain locations ; no nuclei are seen in the layer bounding the lumen. In the greater part of the epithelium of the bladder the cells are nucleated from the basal to the inner group of cells. Bardeen ( '00- '07) and others have observed that the fibrillae found in developed skeletal muscle at first show no cross-striations. The deeply staining segment corresponds with the Q anisotropic band of the adult fiber and the other with the I isotropic striation (Warren Lewis, '12). The condition of the cross-striated bladder muscle corresponds to the granular alignment which forms subsequently the continuous Q bands illustrated during the development of cross-striated muscle by Godlewski ( '02) . The vesicular cross-striated fibers are formed from a syncytium composed of endoplasmic nucleated units. This is comparable to the developmental observations of McGill ('07) and Godlewski ('02) for smooth and striated muscles, respectively. Tension of differential growth as a stimulus to myogenesis According to the embryological evidence (Carey, '21), muscle formation in the gut is not due to a self-differentiation nor to a spontaneous self-elongation of the myoblast, but is a dependent modification of the mesenchyme, due to the tension elicited by an extrinsic growth force. In view of other evidence yet to be presented, the writer is confident that this is the fact as regards all musculature. For example, we may cite the spiral direction of the cardiac fasciculi corresponding to the changes in the vortical tension caused by the helicoidal blood stream flowing through the embryonic heart. In regard to the lingual musculature, an extrinsic force is found in the accelerated growth of the entodermal epithelium of the tongue. The facts of direct observation prove that the formation of muscle tissue is a function of its position. Muscle tissue is formed in situ and is dependent upon an optimum tension, elicited by a dominant zone of accelerated growth, forcing by traction a connected zone retarded in growth. The direction of the resultant muscular fasciculi serves as a criterion of the direction of the dominant, accelerated force which exerted the tension of differential growth. In view of the evidence supporting the conclusion that muscles arise through traction exerted upon the mesenchyme by a force extrinsic to the zone of myogenesis, it is as logical to claim that they self-elongate as it is to assert that a rubber band can stretch itself or that a balloon can self-dilate. In the latter cases extrinsic forces are implied. As regards muscle origin, these forces are elicited by extrinsic zones of accelerated growth, inevitably drawing by traction retarded zones of growth, this being due to their relative positions. Facts pre^'iously presented b}^ the writer prove that the developing descending colon of the pig embryo possesses two zones of differential growth which by their interaction mutually influence each other during the formation period. The inner epithelial tube is the dominant, most active region of growth. It presents numerous mitotic figures which pursue a path cephalad, primarily, in the manner of a left-handed helix. The outer mesenchymal zone is less active in growth and early in development is composed of a uniform mass of undifferentiated cells. The inner, rapidly growing, epithelial tube practically revolves, due to the rapid spiral growth of its cells. With subsequent growth an apparent ring (this is qualified apparant," for in reality a close spiral is formed) of smooth muscle myoblasts appears gradually near the periphery of the vortex. This position taken by the inner, close spiral, smooth muscle coat at some distance from the epithelial tube is dependent upon an optimum tension. • The attitude heretofore taken by the embryologists eliminated the search for the underlying cause of the first formed, inner muscle coat. The theory of self-differentiation excluded interpretation as regards myogenesis. A certain mesenchymal cell, regardless of position, was considered as destined to become a myoblast. This highly differentiated tissue is now considered to self -develop, for so-called muscle-forming elements have been identified in the ovum. By the exclusion of this element in cutting experiments the subsequent positional environmental relation is as much destroyed as is the myoplasm. It may well be that the yellow pigmented zone is destined subsequently to assume a certain relation in development. This position may necessitate subjection to an optimum tensional-stress stimulus due to the differential growth. The conclusion of self-differentiation is consequently not entirely warranted and is too broad. All the work tending to support the generahzation that muscle self-differentiates excludes the inner, environmental stimulus — the stretching or tensional stimulus of differential growth. Has the isolated myoplasm been cultured and found to form muscle? Only an affirmative answer to this question will warrant the assertion that muscles self-develop, and then only providing the exclusion of surrounding germ plasm has been accomplished so as to exclude totally tensional stresses of differential growth of relational parts. The last statement is made since certain observers have concluded that muscle self-differentiates in experiments in which transplantation of tissues around the otic capsule of tadpoles were performed. That musculature subsequently appears is not to be wondered at, for the potencies or actualities of differential growth were also misplaced with the transplant. If the piece remained viable, it was certain to reveal subsequently the same tissue as in its normal location, for the resultants of differential growth and the potential mechnical stimulus due to space relation were left intact. Consequently, the potencies of a blastomere are as much a function of its position as of its material substances. The material substances receive and react to the stimulus. The stimulus is a function of position. To elicit the response of mesenchymal cells in the formation of muscle tissue the proper optimum tensional stress stimulus must be apphed. In tissue differentiation, therefore, the stimulus as well as the reception and response must be taken into consideration. Tensional stresses are of various kinds and degrees. The quantity as well as the quality of stretching is important. The connective tissues are resultants of certain degrees of stresses. Muscular tissues, on the other hand, are responses to still different types of stresses. The submucosa interposed between the epithelial tube and the inner smooth muscle coat presents cells which react to a certain minimum of tensional stress. Just peripheral to the submucosa, muscular tissue is differentiated as a response to an optimum tensional stress for muscle formation. It was observed by von UexkuU that in the nerve net of invertebrates the excitation flows into a stretched muscle. Therefore, extension, stretching, or elongation of a muscle cell precedes the desired effective contraction, as was inferred long ago by Hunter from observations on mammaUan muscular action. It was also found by Cannon that there was a subhminal, an optimum, and a supermaximal tensional stimulus to elicit the response of the contractile tissue of the stomach in its normal movements. Evidently, an analogy is here found for the development of the musculature. There appears to be a subliminal, an optimum, and a supermaximal tension for stimulating the formation of contractile tissue. In normal development as well as in subsequent normal function the tensional stresses appear to be fundamentally involved. The writer has realized (J. Gen. Physiology, '20, vol. 3, p. 63) that the above direct embryological observations would be substantiated by experimentation, as is seen in the following quotation: "To an advocate of the experimental sciences it is undoubtedly necessary that an actual experiment should be made showing that by gradual stretching of a cell, under requisite circumstances, it is transformed into a muscle cell. To this end the writer is directing his attention It must not be forgotton, however, that valuable suggestions pointing to a tensional stimulus as a factor in myogenesis are derived from a study of the origin of this tissue in a closely graded and advancing series of embryos. In the latter case direct observation reveals what is actually going on in nature's own laboratory." The above consideration of tensional interaction of differential growth applies to the intestine. The same factor is revealed at work in the differentiation of the skeletal muscles. The primordial blastemal skeleton is undergoing the most rapid growth, as a conse quence of which a tensional elongating or stretching action is bound to be exerted upon the surrounding and less actively growing continuous syncytial mesenchyme. It is desired, therefore, to emphasize the following facts: First, that there is a dominant energy manifested by rapid skeletal growth. Second, that this energetic zone exerts a tensional or stretching action upon the surrounding mesenchyme, influencing the first steps of myogenesis. Third, that the first differentiated muscles react upon the primordial blastemal skeleton resulting in a definite series of changes. These are seen in the formation of the condensed cartilaginous skeleton and later, as the muscles become more developed and vigorous, in physiological function in the formation of the osseous skeleton. This action and reaction of forming parts results in the condition that at any period of development the degree of differentiation of the musculature and skeleton represents an equilibrium established between opposing myogenic and skeletal forces. Mechanically, therefore, skeletal and the related muscular tissues are interdependent, one relying upon the other for its initial and continued differentiation. The interaction of the growing parts in the embryo is considered in an exposition based on experimental teratological evidence by Stockard ('21) . Reciprocal elongation of muscles The contracted state of a muscle as well as the relaxed arises from a power inherent in itself. The elongation or stretching superimposed on a muscle in tonic contraction depends on some extrinsic power. Simple relaxation of a contracted muscle is not sufficient to enable it to produce another requisite effect. It is necessary that there should be an elongator equal to the quantity of contraction intended to be produced. No muscle has the power of adequately extending or stretching itself; therefore, there must be an elongator. The elongators are usually muscular, but elastic tissue may serve this function as well as fluids in musculo-tubular organs, like the bladder. The reciprocal elongation of muscles is strikingly evident in the intestme. Rhythmic contraction is due to a reciprocal mechanism; each wave is composed of a contraction and an elongation of the imier spiral coat alternating with a contraction and an elongation of the outer elongated spiral or longitudinal muscle coat. At the start the contraction waves of both coats begin together, but, due to the rotary course of the inner wave and the translatoiy course of the outer wave, the former and stronger one will inevitably trail the latter and weaker one. The outer and inner muscles are reciprocal elongators as peristalsis extends through the intestine. "V^Tien the outer and inner muscles are in normal tonic equihbrium, no distortion is evident. As soon as a contraction wave starts the balance is upset. The stronger cephaUc constriction causes an elongation of the outer muscle coat. The wave of the latter follows in the path of the distal region of elongation. The contraction of the outer coat causes an elongation of the inner coat in the region of the caudal dilatation. Subsequently, the contraction wave of the inner coat is seen to occupy the former zone of stretching in the region of the caudal dilatation. There is, therefore, a definite syncopation in the activity of the outer and inner muscle coats as the peristaltic wave travels through the intestine. The muscle coats act as reciprocal elongators; consequently, peristalsis progresses for a variable distance through the gut instead of coming to a dead center. In the heart the muscle layers are wound in complex spirals. Some of these spiral layers are elongated hke the outer coat, others closely wound like the inner and intermediate layers (McCallum, '98; Mall, '96). It has been previously observed by Erlanger ('10- '12), Erlanger and Blackmann ('07), Garrey ('U), Moorhouse ('12), and others that various parts of the heart, especially the veno-auricular portion, when isolated in strips show automaticity. The ventricle possesses this property also when strips composed of at least two spiral layers with the long axis of the musculature running in different directions are isolated. If, however, a thin strip from the peripheiy of the heart is isolated it will not show rhy thmicality if the outer layer of muscle composed of fibers running in the same direction has been stripped off. In the heart, there is a reciprocating tensional interaction of the muscle layers. This reciprocal elongation is not as strikingly manifested in the heart as in the small intestine because the former organ is composed of muscle layers forming a more compact and complex spirality than the latter one (Carey, '21). That the rhythmicality is lacking in irritable strips composed of fibers only running in the same direction is convincing proof of the reciprocal elongation of the muscle layers. It is the muscular arrangement and their functional tensional interaction in the isolated heart that accounts for cardiac rhythmicality when the tensional stimulus of the blood stream is released and not some mysterious seriesof hypothetical explosion. The extrinsic tensional stimulus for the genesis of rhythmic beats The tensional interaction of the contained fluids, namely, the blood and the urine on the cardiac and vesicular mesenchyne, respectively, will be reserved for detailed presentation in a future communication. It will suffice to say at this point as regards the development of the chick heart that the two main cardiac muscle layers, an inner close spiral, and an outer open spiral layer are produced by the heliloidal blood stream flowing through the heart beginning at the sinus venosus at the confluence of the two omphalomesenteric veins. The inner cardiac layer is formed when the heart is growing relatively more rapidly in width than in length; the outer open spiral layer when the heart is growing more rapidly in length than in width. The blood stream is the extrinsic efficient agent producing tension in the cardiac mesenchyme comparable to the epithelial tube in the intestinal mesenchyme. The force of the blood stream is many times greater, however, than that of the energy of growth of the epithelial tube. Hence the different .types of muscular products. The effect of the tensional action of the blood stream is red crossstriated muscle; of the intestinal epithelial tube, pale smooth muscle. Once the two cardiac groups of muscles have been wound up for action by the blood stream they present a reciprocal action in relation to each other. It is this reciprocal muscular action that keeps the heart beating for seven or eight days (provided the cardiac musculature has not lost its irritability) after the circulating blood, which is the efficient tensional stimulus that stimulates and maintains the normal cardiac beat, has been removed from its sphere of action. In considering the origins of the heart beat it is well to keep in mind two fundamental points : first, the stimulus, and secondly, the reacting body. The structure of the reacting as well as that of the stimulating body, however, contributes to the quality of the effect. As regards the initial heart beat in the chick embryo, the reacting body is the cardiac mesenchyme. This responds, due to its irritability, to the stretching stimulus of the accumulating and subsequently circulating blood. We may have a modified cross-striated muscular bladder like the subject of this experiment, but if the stimulus is lackmg it has nothing to respond to, there is no rhythm. After the stimulus has been applied to the cardiac mesenchyme for a sufficient period, in order that the two spiral muscle layers may be differentiated, it will continue beating, due to the reciprocating interaction of the musculature, until its energy is expended. This is the factor of safety in cardiac muscle in case of a diminished volume of blood due to hemorrhage or other cause. The heart, however, may be completely inhibited in its rhythm if a sufficient volume of blood is withdrawn in acute hemorrhage. The automaticity may be reestablished by subsequent transfusion (McGrath, '14, fig. 8,). That the heart continues beating for a certain time, provided the irritability of the musculature is maintained, after the circulation has been released completely from the sphere of cardiac action, speaks no more for complete automaticity of the heart muscle than that a cuckoo-clock is completely automatic because it will run for a definite period after the key that wound up its springs has been removed from the sphere of rhythmicaUty. We may analyze the heart all we wish, but we are dealing with the irritable reacting body. The extrinsic stimulus that gives rise to the ' inner impulse ' that causes the beat has not been touched in the problem. The neurogenic as well as the myogenic theories of the heart beat have left untouched the extrinsic stimulus — the circulating blood. It is the circulation that initiates and maintains the heart beat normally in the chick embryo as well as differentiates the cardiac musculature by a dynamic tensional interaction. The cardiac musculature responds to the optimum stretching stimulus by contraction, thus the circulation is maintained — the blood is driven on. There is a definite mechanical interaction between the circulating blood and the responding heart in contraction. AMiatever chemicals are withdrawn from the circulation that are needed to maintain the normal cardiac irritability are bound to affect the beat. All the chemical work that has been accomplished on the heart beat does not vitiate or exclude the extrinsic mechanical, tensional stimulus applied by the circulating blood. As regards the extrinsic tensional stimulus of the heart beat, it is haemogenic in nature and, as we have seen definitely, for the striated muscular bladder rhythm it is hydrogenic in nature. We saw in the bladder that the beats were inhibited completely by withdrawing the stimulus. The bladder musculature is not w^ound up in a manner like the heart, in which the muscle layers are related synergistically for reciprocal interaction; therefore, it does not present automatic attributes. The nervous mechanism regulates and helps to maintain cardiac irritability. The nodal tissues of the heart belong to the reacting body. Any structure intrinsic in the heart contributes merely to the second act in Newton's third law of motion, i.e., the reaction. The primary activator, initiator, or stimulus is the extrinsic, mechanical, hydrodynamic pressure tension produced by the circulating blood which causes tension of the heart muscle just as the water pressure is the stimulus for the rhythmic action in the hydrant force-pump. 1 . The differential degree of energy possessed hy the types of 77iiLScle is purely an emhryological hiomechanical problem corresponding to the diverse amounts of optimum tensile work that has been experided in their formation by a dominant extrinsic energetic zone which draws out the premuscle mesenchyme in traction between the points of attachment at least one of which is mobile. 2. The elongation of the muscular fasciculi is in the direction of a dominant force extrinsic to the zone of myogenesis, just as the strands of a mass of taffy candy are in the direction of the diverging supports — the hands. 3. The essential difference between the pale smooth muscle of the bladder and the red involuntary striated muscle of the heart is dependent upon the differential intensity of hydrodynamic tensional stimuli to which the vesicular and cardiac inesenchymal syncytia, respectively, have been subjected during development. 4. The evidence herein presented proves definitely that the pale bladder musculature may be transformed into the red, cross-striated type by increasing the tensional stimidus to a degree comparable with that which the cardiac mesenchyme experiences normally. 5. Muscle tissue is not a self -differentiated product, but is a biomechanical resultant of an optimum tension. The variable intensity of the optimum tension determines the muscular type. The growing cells receive and respond to the mechanical tensional stimulus. The stimulus, however, is a function of position. 6. In considering the origins of the heart beat, the extrinsic hydrodynamic tensional stimulus as well as the irritable reacting body — the heart muscle — is shown to be absolutely necessary as one of the factors accountable for heart rhythm. 7. The evidence herein presented proves that the structure of striated muscle is determined by the function it performs and the work it does and that cross-striated muscle is not formed in anticipation to a future function. The conclusion is warranted that function in this case determines structure, and not the reverse. In addition to assistance received from his wife and Dr. McGrath, as mentioned above, the author is also indebted for help to Dr. Benj. Schlomovitz and Mr. Leo Massopust, the departmental artist. To Dr. C. R. Bardeen, of the University of Wisconsin, the author's thanks are due, for his most encouraging interest in this problem. Bardeen, Charles R. 1900 Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., vol. 9, p. 231. 1906-07, Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 6, p. 259. Cannon, W. B. 1911-12 Am. J. Physiol., vol. 29, p. 255. Carey, Eben J. 1919-20 J. of Gen. Physiol., (a) vol. 2, p. 357; (b) vol. 3, p. 61; (c) Anat. Rec, 1920, vol. 19, p. 199; (d) Am. Jour. Anat., 1921, vol. 29, p. 93. Erlanger, J. 1910 Amer. Jour. Physiol., vol 27, p. 87. Erlanger, J., and Blackmann, J. R., 1907 Amer Jour. Physiol., vol. 19, p. 125. Garrey, W. E. 1911 Amer. Jour. Physiol., vol 28, p. 330. Godlewski, S. 1902 Archiv. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 60, S. 150. Hunter, J. 1837 The works of John Hunter, London, vol. 3, p. 150. Huntington, Geo. S. 1911 Amer. Anat. Mem., no. 1. Lewis, Warren. 1912 Keibel and Mall, Human Embryology, vol. 1, p. 456. Mall, F. P. 1896 Johns Hopkins Hosp. Rep., vol. 1, p. 60. McCallu.m, J. B. 1898 Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull. McClure, Charles F. 1915 Amer. Anat. Mem., no. 4. McGiLL, Caroline. 1910 Anat. Rec., vol. 4, pp. 23-47. McGrath, B. F. 1914 Surg. Gyn. and Obst., vol. 28, p. 731. MooREHOusE, V. H. K. 1912 Amer. J. Physiol., vol. 30, p. 358. Schulte, H. von W. 1914 Amer. Anat. Mem., no. 3. Stockard, Charles R. 1921 Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 28, no. 2. von Uexkull 1904 Ergebn. Physiol, Bd. 3, S., 4. 1 Silver suprapubic tube with flange wliich was sewed into the bladder. 2 Silver piston with cap which was screwed into the suprapubic tube when the experiment was not being performed. 3 Piston encased in flanged tube. 4 Cap of piston exposed, in situ, on the ventral abdominal wall of the four weeks-old puppy. 5 X-ray of the suprapubic tube and piston, in situ, ventral view. 6 X-ray of the suprapubic tube and piston,. in situ, lateral view. EBEN J. CARET THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY, VOL. '19, NO. 3. 7 Outline drawing of apparatus used in experiment. A, Elevated pressure reservoir filled with concentrated boric-acid solution at 37.5 C; B, Screw-clamp; C, Mechanical valve; D, Mercury manometer; E, Inlet tube leading to bladder through the silver suprapubic tube; F, The flanged end of suprapubic tube within the bladder; G, Urethra; H, Drum; /, Timer. 8 Pulse (1) and respiratory tracings (2) of a dog weighing 6 kg. The drop in the pulse tracings to complete inhibition of cardiac beats is clearly seen, due to acute hemorrhage; 260 cc. were withdrawn. The rise in the pressure and the reestablishment of the rhythm is due to subsequent transfusion. (After McGrath.) 9 Microphotograph of bladder prior to experiment. The characteristic arrangement of the smooth muscle and the transitional epithelium are clearly seen. X 42 10 Microphotograph of same bladder forty-eight days after experimentation. The bladder was subjected to 200 times more work than it normally experiences. The smooth muscle was transformed into striated muscle in response to increased hydrodynamic tensional stimuli. The transitional epithelium hypertrophied into the stratified squamous type. X 42 B. & L. objective 16 mm. ocular 5. 11 Microphotograph of smooth muscle of the bladder prior to the experiment March 30, 1921. No cross-striated muscle is seen. X 171 12 Microphotograph of the transformed cross-striated bladder muscle May 21, 1921. X171. B. & L. Obj. 4 mm. 0.85 ocular 5. 13 Microphotograph of cardiac muscle. X 84. H < ?; <5 IS P^ =« S C3 q; O " ^ 2 o -^ P^ CO CO C £ o CO I I o3 t» ^ — -^-^ . ^ ^ r* -C T3 -^ O S '^ -C ^ § o « .5 -Q S " S «:) a • c « -<;^ « to O -C 06 -^ ^ •^ ^^ ^ S '2 S o c ^ CO .—I QJ n'-. ^ ^ C^ q; q; ■g c a •a 00 50 S o o ^3 4) 3 to CO ii S 'f^ t^" '^^ -f^ o '^ O 03 QJ S-i ^ J2 o o _ ^ O O 3 CO a ^5 O CO o q 03 a > c; ■^ QJ o ■^ c3 "^ CO „ OJ -^ ^ CD ? 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O -'O ♦J O 03 03 t I a -C C 03 3 03 u 3 03 3 ^ -a T3 O C 03 o; Sh r1 tn 03 53 c^ Q. CO 03 +s 03 CO 3 03 . C3 <U CO 03 '- 03 rS 376 ■< PL, CO CO W Z a o H 02 O ^ 02 I o « >^ p 377 Resiunen por el autor, H. E. Jordan. La histologia comparada del organo del esmalte del diente de los mamiferos, con especial mencion de su irrigaci6n sanguinea. La solucion de ciertos problemas sobre la estructura y fiinci6n de las diversas partes del germen del organo del esmalte de los mamiferos es atacada por el autor mediante el estudio de la histologia comparada de los incisivos de la rata albina y del gato en vias de desarrollo. El organo del esmalte de los incisivos de la primera especie esta restringido a la superficie externa y el apice coronal del diente en vias de desarrollo. Es relativamente delgado, careciendo de reticulo estelar, y se caracteriza ademas por una serie de numerosas escotaduras y elevaciones irregulares alternantes, que forman una capa papilar. " El organo del esmalte de los incisivos del gato envuelve a todo el diente, es relativamente grueso a causa del reticulo estelar bien desarrollado y presenta solamente una capa papilar ligeramente desarrollada. El germen del esmalte en ambos tipos de dientes carece de una irrigacion sanguinea intrinseca. El autor interpreta la presencia de la capa papilar como el resultado de la presi6n producida por los capilares sangumeos que se aplican st)bre ella. Tambien interpreta al estrato intermedio como el principal resultado de las presiones opuestas ejercidas sobre la capa interna del reticulo estelar por los ameloblastos que se estan alargando y por los espacios intercelulares de la pulpa del esmalte en vias de dilatacion. No existen pruebas histol6gicas adecuadas que justifiquen el considerar a la capa papilar o al estrato intermedio como partes que juegan un papel especifico en la amelogenesis diferente del del reticulo estelar en conjunto. Translation by Jos6 F. Nonidez Cornell Medical College, New York author's absteact of this paper issued by the bibliographic service, august 5 THE COMPARATIVE HISTOLOGY OF THE ENAMEL ORGAN OF THE MAMMALIAN TOOTH, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS BLOOD SUPPLY H. E. JORDAN Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Virginia SIX FIGURES (three PLATES) INTRODUCTION This investigation seeks as its primary object to determine whether the enamel organ of the teeth of mammals is characterized at any stage of its development by an intrinsic blood supply. It aims further to explain the current confusion regarding this question. Among recent investigators, Williams, HopewellSmith, and Noyes claim that the enamel organ in certain higher mammals contains blood capillaries. Skillen, Jordan, and others claim that no blood vessels actually penetrate the enamel pulp ('stellate reticulum'). Skillen is unable to detect intrapulpar capillaries even in sections of injected specimens. Possibly the claim of an intrapulpar blood supply is based in part upon the observation of isolated blood corpuscles within the stellate reticulum. The presence of intrapulpar erythroplastids must be admitted. A complete solution of our problem demands, therefore, an explanation of the occurrence of occasional extravascular red blood-corpuscles within the enamel organ. Not only as regards the question of presence or absence of blood vessels in the enamel pulp is there sharp difference of opinion, but disagreement also prevails concerning the depth to which the alleged intra-amelopulpar capillaries invade the stellate reticulum. Hopewell-Smith and Tims state that in the wallaby the capillaries which invade the enamel organ penetrate 379 380 H. E. JORDAN only as far as the middle of the stellate reticulum. Williams concludes that in the tooth of the sheep the blood vessels penetrate as far as the stratum intermedium — a membrane surmounting the layer of ameloblasts. Hopewell-Smith makes a similar claim for the tooth of the kitten — a claim controverted by Jordan. The question of the significance of the stratum intermedium also calls for incidental consideration in this connection. Williams is of the opinion that the cells of this layer select from the blood the materials out of which the enamel is elaborated. The facts, however, that a stratum intermedium is not present in typical form over the entire crown in certain mammalian teeth, that where it occurs typically it may extend below the level of enamel formation, that enamel formation begins before the complete development of this layer (Williams) , and that it apparently does not exist in the enamel organs of reptilian teeth (HopewellSmith) cast considerable doubt upon this hypothesis. The material of this investigation throws light also on the question concerning the function of that part of the enamel germ which extends below the level of the future neck of the tooth, that is, below the level of amelogenesis. Skillen accepts, and seeks further to support, the hypothesis of Rose that the presence of the ameloblasts is essential as a stimulative factor for the production of dentin. These investigators conceive of the nonamelogenic portion of the enamel organ as a 'stimulative layer' for the formation of the dentin of the subcervical portion of the tooth. That this hypothesis is inadequate, if not actually erroneous, is proved by the fact that in the case of the incisor teeth of the white rat the enamel organ never completely envelops the growing tooth, dentin forming nevertheless in the absence of any portion of the enamel organ over the inner surface of these teeth. MATERIAL AND METHODS The material chiefly employed in this investigation consists of sections of the head, in the region of the incisor teeth, of the white rat of from one to seven days after birth, and of sections of the lower jaw of the kitten, new-born and one, two, and three HISTOLOGY OF ENAMEL ORGAN 381 weeks of age. The material was fixed in the Zenker-formol mixture of Helly, decalcified in a 2 per cent aqueous solution of nitric acid, imbedded in celloidin, sectioned at 12 /i, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. For assistance in the preparation of the sections I am indebted to two of my students, Mr, T. D. Jones and Mr. J. W. Hicks. The reason for selecting this particular material is the fact that it is representative of two sharply distinct types of teeth classified on the basis of development (extent) of the enamel organ. In certain rodents with persistently growing incisors, of which the white rat serves well as a type, the enamel organ is limited in its extent to the outer surface of these teeth. The enamel organ of these teeth occurs, moreover, as a relatively thin layer, the stellate reticulum being practically lacking. In addition to these contrasting characteristics, it exhibits most conspicuously and in most highly developed form the so-called papillary layer' of Williams. The teeth of certain families of certain other mammalian groups (primates, ungulates, carnivores, and marsupials), of which the cat may serve as a type, are characterized in their development by extensive enamel organs completely covering the growing teeth. These enamel organs either lack a papillary layer or have it only very slightly developed. They are, moreover, of relatively great thickness, consisting of an inner enamel epithelium or laj^er of ameloblasts, a thin superjacent stratum intermedium, an extensive stellate reticulum, and an outer tunic of enamel epithelium. The most favorable approach to the problems relating to the enamel organ would seem to be by way of a comparative study of these two sharply contrasting types. Such procedure, providing an enlarged basis of definite and distinctive histologic data, gives greater promise of effecting an explanation and reconcilation of the conflicting opinions concerning the structure and function of the enamel organ. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY, VOI,. 29, NO. 3 382 H. E. JORDAN DESCRIPTION a. The enamel orgari of the kitten The teeth of kittens of the first three weeks are completely covered by the enamel organ. Developmental conditions with regard to the incisors, canines, and the premolar teeth are very similar, and the following description applies in general equally well to either of these teeth. There are minor differences, especially with regard to the thickness of the enamel organ; that of the incisor teeth is somewhat thinner than that of the canines and premolars. Amelogenesis begins over the crest of the crown and progresses towards the neck. The enamel organ is accordingly more advanced in histogenesis over the coronal apex. It follows, then, that the enamel organ over the coronal parietes at any early stage of development represents an earlier histogenetic stage as compared with the coronal apex and a later stage as compared with the cervical and radicular portions. The prenatal condition of the enamel organ over the coronal apex may therefore be inferred from the postnatal condition of the organ over the subcoronal portions of the tooth. It should be emphasized that in the kitten's tooth the enamel organ envelops practically the entire tooth, approximately to the level of the primordium of the future foramen apicis dentis. Judging from the published illustrations, a similar condition prevails also at comparable stages in the teeth of man, sheep, dog, pig, calf, and wallaby. A description of the enamel organ of the kitten will therefore apply generally also to other large groups of mammals. The enamel organ at this early postnatal stage is thickest in a wide region between the coronal and radicular apices, that is, in the region of the primitive neck (fig. 1). Here it consists of an innermost layer of tall columnar cells, the ameloblasts, a wide pulpar region or stellate reticulum, and a thin superficial layer composed of cuboidal or squamous cells of an endotheloid character (fig. 2). Between the layer of ameloblasts and the stellate reticulum there occurs, more or less regularly, a thin layer of closely packed small ovoid cells, the stratum intermedium. HISTOLOGY OF ENAMEL ORGAN 383 These cells are in intimate structural relation with both the ameloblasts and the cells of the stellate reticulum. The stellate reticulum is composed of widely separated stellate cells, the intercellular spaces being filled with a basophilic tissue fluid. This so-called enamel pulp resembles somewhat the gelatinous connective tissue of the young umbilical cord. In contrast with the basophilic staining reaction of the stellate reticulum, the stratum intermedium has an acidophilic reaction, staining a deep pink or light red color in the eosin counterstain. The outer enamel epithelium is likewise acidophilic in staining reaction. In the tooth of the cat the stratum intermedium is present as a layer of compact cuboidal or ovoid cells along the entire extent of the enamel organ except in the extreme radicular portions. Great importance has been ascribed by Williams and others to the so-called papillary layer. It becomes necessary to describe this layer in some detail. Though much better developed, and therefore more conspicuous, in the rat's incisor tooth (fig. 6), it is clearly present also in the teeth of the kitten (figs. 1 and 2). At the stage here considered it occurs only over the surface of the crown. It consists simply of a collection of irregular projections and ridges (resembling papillae in sections) on the outer surface of the enamel organ of the dental crown. It involves both the outer tunic of enamel epithelium and a variable depth of the peripheral portion of the stellate reticulum. It is therefore not a distinct layer, but simply a modified peripheral portion of the enamel organ. This modification, consisting of an alternation of irregular grooves and ridges, results from the operation of the mechanical factor of unequal pressure, causing indentations, in certain regions. This pressure factor inheres in the abundant blood capillaries which abut upon the surface of the enamel organ. In short, blood vessels produce numerous indentations in the coronal surface of the enamel organ, effecting thus a modification in the peripheral portion, to which the name 'papillary layer' has been applied by Williams. The intimate relation of these circumdental capillary blood vessels to the enamel organ must be further considered. These 384 H. E. JORDAN capillaries end abruptly upon the surface of the enamel organ; they nowhere penetrate the stellate reticulum. Occasionally the condition may be seen in sections where a capillary has indented the outer surface of the enamel organ and is then continued along the surface vertically for a long distance, following various irregularities of the outer tunic (fig. 2). The picture suggests a process of deflection of a blood vessel met with the resistance of an opposing obstacle. Occasionally one sees what appears to be a blood vessel within the outer border of the enamel pulp. When such a vessel is carefully traced, however, it becomes clear that the vessel has not actually penetrated the enamel organ, but has simply pushed itself into the periphery, carrying the outer tunic before it. Blood vessels do not invade, but simply invaginate, the peripheral surface of the enamel organ. The extensive network of extrinsic capillaries in their ramification over the surface of the enamel organ, and pressing upon the outer tunic, becomes so intimately blended at certain points with the outer enamel epithelium that the endothelium and the enamel cells become fused into a continuous membrane. Indeed, probably also chiefly through the operation of the factor of mutual pressure, the outer enamel epithelium and the mesenchymal cells of the dental sac also become continuous. Where the endothelium of the terminal capillaries and the cells of the outer enamel epithelium fuse, opportunity is offered for blood corpuscles to pass into the outer border of the enamel organ, mainly into the meshes between the outermost border of the stellate reticulum and the outer enamel epithelium. Such corpuscles then come to lie free in the intercellular spaces. But neither the capillary wall itself nor the capillary lumen as such is continued into the enamel organ. The presence of such isolated red blood corpuscles in the peripheral portions of the enamel germ has no doubt given rise in part to the erroneous interpretation of intra-amelopulpar capillaries. The observation of such intercellular corpuscles and of invaginated blood vessels (giving the appearance of intrapulpar vessels in certain sections) has led to the mistaken impression that blood vessels penetrate the enamel organ. The intercellular blood corpuscles of the enamel HISTOLOGY OF ENAMEL ORGAN 385 organ, resulting from the establishment of continuity between the capillary lumen and the intercellular spaces of the outer enamel epithelium, following fusion of the endothelium with the latter cells, are in effect foreign bodies in the enamel germ. They are, moreover, treated by the enamel germ as foreign bodies. Groups of cells of the outer enamel epithelium fuse to form giant-cells which ingest these extra vascular erythroplastids. Within the enamel pulp occur also spherical and oval globules of varying sizes, especially abundant near the border of the stratum intermedium. These globules were described in a previous paper, and there tentatively interpreted as superfluous enamel secretions on the part of the potential ameloblasts of the stellate reticulum. These globules also are ingested and resorbed by giant-cells, formed in this case by a fusion of cells of the stratum intermedium. As regards the stratum intermedium, its formation seems the result also chiefly of the operation of the mechanical factor of pressure. Apparently the mutually opposing pressures of the elongating ameloblasts and the expanding intercellular spaces of the stellate reticulum cause a compression and consequent flattening of one or several layers of cells (representing the less differentiated layers of the genxiinative portion of the original oral epithelium) between them, producing thus the socalled stratum intermedium. This interpretation makes intelligible the variable presence of the stratum intermedium in typical form throughout the enamel organ. h. The enamel orgaii of the white rat When we consider, now, the enamel organ of the rat's incisor, as compared with that of the kitten's tooth, we are struck at once with sharp contrasts. In the first place, the enamel organ of the rat's incisor covers only the outer surface of the tooth, including the coronal apex (figs. 4 and 6). A section through the primitive foramen apicis dentis shows a condition essentially hke that of other mammahan teeth (fig. 3). In the second place, this enamel organ is relatively very thin. A typical stellate reticulum is lacking (fig. 5). The inner layer of ameloblasts, 386 H. E. JORDAN a thin stratum intermedium, and an outer tunic occur essentially as described for the kitten's tooth. A third differential characteristic concerns the extensive indentation or furrowing of the enamel organ of the rat's incisor. The impinging capillaries push the outer enamel epithelium into contact with the stratum intermedium, so that the resulting 'papillae' of the 'papillary layer' consist essentially of clusters of cells of the outer tunic and the stratum intermedium (fig.. 6). The cells of the outer tunic have taken on a more or less regular fusiform shape, and the 'papillae' as a whole have an acidophilic staining reaction. The papillary layer of the enamel organ of the incisor of the rat accordingly involves the entire thickness of the organ. It results from an inpushing of capillaries. Just as in the case of the enamel organ of the cat, so in the rat the endothelium of the capillaries at certain points may fuse intimately with the cells of the outer tunic. This effects fenestration of the capillary wall and a continuity of capillary lumen and intercellular spaces, and as a result permits an infiltration of blood corpuscles. Since the enamel organ as a whole is here very thin, these extravasuclar ery throplastids penetrate as far as the stratum intermedium. But no capillaries as such actually pierce the enamel organ. Here also these intercellular red blood corpuscles may be ingested by giant-cells formed from the cells of the enamel germ. A clear understanding of the histologic relations of the enamel organ to the developing incisor of the white rat demands a consideration of the grosser features of these teeth. In the lower jaw these two teeth grow almost horizontally in line with the long axis of the jaw; they are only slightly curved. A transverse section of the head and jaws will therefore cut these teeth approximately transverely. The two incisors of the upper jaw, on the contrary, curve sharply along the lateral border of each nostril, tracing in their growth a complete semicircle from base of papilla to point of eruption. Thus at the root the direction of the tooth is vertical, alongside the nostril it is almost horizontal, and terminally it again turns almost into a vertical position. The concavity of these curving teeth is of course on the lingual HISTOLOGY OF ENAMEL ORGAN 387 surface. Transverse sections of the head and the upper jaw at the level of the dental papilla will therefore show an approximately longitudinal (frontal) section of the radicular portion of this tooth, the enamel organ appearing to cap the coronal surface (fig. 3) . The tooth as seen at this point appears to be growing towards the top of the head. Sections farther forward will yield approximately transverse sections (like that of fig. 4), while sections towards the tip of the jaw will again give approximately longitudinal sections of these teeth. The enamel organ is accordingly not restricted to the crown of the tooth, as sections through the radicular area would lead one to infer, but actually to the upper (outer) surface of the tooth. The enamel organ is in fact continued over the coronal apex, but posteriorly its ameloblasts early undergo regressive changes essentially like those described by Addison and Appleton ('21) for the molar teeth of this same species. Accordingly, enamel is not formed over the coronal apex nor along the inner surface of these incisor teeth. The absence of enamel organ along the inner surface of the upper incisors, and the resulting intimate relation between the forming dentin and the mesenchyme of the dental sac may be correlated with the later continuity along the ventral border basally of the teeth with the alveolar bone. Likewise, the curved manner in which the enamel germ invades the jaw and is met obliquely by the dental papilla, the latter invaginating the former in such manner as to remain bare of enamel organ along the inner surface, is correlated with the future greatly curved form of these teeth and their lack of enamel on the posterior (inner) surface. These peculiar incisor teeth of rodents could be homologized with the more usual form of mammalian teeth by interpreting the outer enamel-covered surface as a greatly elongated crown, the actual chisel-edged and enamel-free crown and the dentin-covered inner surface constituting the subcervical portion of the tooth. 388 H. E. JORDAN DISCUSSION a. General The fundamental cause of the structural differences in the enamel organ of the incisor teeth of the white rat and of rodents in general (with the exception of the suborder, Lagomorpha, including rabbits and hares) as compared with those of other mammals, inheres in the fact that the rodents' incisors grow persistently throughout life. They lack a genuine root, having a persistent pulp; and they have no deciduous predecessors. The restriction of the enamel organ of the rat's incisor to the outer surface of these teeth is correlated with a restriction of definitive enamel to this surface. The relatively thinner character of the rat's enamel organ, in which a stellate reticulum is practically lacking, may be correlated with the relatively more restricted and more compact dental sac, as compared with conditions in the cat, effecting in consequence greater pressure upon the enamel organ, to the suppression of development of a stellate reticulum. The absence of a stellate reticulum may perhaps be the result in part also of the greater attenuation of the enamel germ in these incisors, because spread over a larger surface, and more rapidly, in the case of these relatively long and rapidly growing teeth. The better developed character of the 'papillary layer' follows from the thinner condition of the enamel germ, and results from pressure on the part of impinging capillaries scattered over its surface. The several differential characteristics of the enamel organ of the incisor of the white rat and the kitten throw much light upon the question of the significance of the enamel organ as a whole, and of its constituent layers: ameloblastic layer, stratum intermedium, stellate reticulum, and the outer enamel epithelium. The function of the ameloblasts need not be discussed. It may be accepted as proved that they are the essential elements in the elaboration of enamel. As to how in detail the ameloblasts produce enamel prisms need not concern us here. We are interested chiefly in the question as to how the other layers of the enamel germ cooperate in this process. HISTOLOGY OF ENAMEL ORGAN 389 b. The papillary layer Williams was the first to direct special attention to the so-called papillary layer of the enamel organ. It is best developed in rodents. In the tooth of an embryo lamb Williams describes a marked tendency on the part of the cells of the stratum intermedium to assume 'a more or less orderly arrangement about the capillary loops.' He thinks it 'perfectly evident that in the development of enamel the cells of the stratum intermedium play the most important part in the selection from the blood of the materials for the construction of this tissue.' Williams accordingly derives the papillae of the papillary layer from the cells of the stratum intermedium. Skillen, on the contrary, derives them from an 'apposition of outer and inner tunics, which takes place gradually.' According to Skillen, calcification of the enamel prisms begins only at the time of the formation of the papillary layer. But Williams states that the formation of enamel begins before the full development of the stratum intermedium (therefore, before the papillary layer is formed) , and that 'it is highly probable, as has been pointed out by previous writers, that the material for the commencement of enamel formation is stored in the stellate reticulum' (p. 118). Williams describes the prisms of definitive enamel as the product of two distinct elements: 1) globules formed in the ameloblasts, probably directly from the nuclei; 2) 'an albumen-hke appearing substance which is seen passing out of the ameloblastic cells of the stratum intermedium and evidently contains the mineral matter of which completed enamel consists' (p. 477). According to Williams, therefore, the stratum intermedium is of primary importance in amelogenesis. In it he claims are early developed numerous capillaries. In rodents the vascularized layer forms 'a highly differentiated secreting tissue.' The cells of the stratum intermedium become arranged in the form of papillae around and between which end abundant capillary loops. Each papilla is said to supply about twenty ameloblasts. From the description of the comparative histology of the enamel organ of the incisors of the rat and of the cat it is clear that 390 H. E. JORDAN the so-called papillary layer is not the same thing in both cases. It is, however, formed in exactly the same way and through the operation of exactly the same factors: pressure upon the outer surface of the enamel organ by impinging capillaries. The papillary layer of the enamel organ is accordingly simply a secondary mechanical modification of the peripheral portion of the enamel organ. In the cat's incisors, where the enamel organ is relatively thick, this modification involves only the outer enamel epithelium and the immediately adjacent peripheral portion of the stellate reticulum. It never involves the stratum intermedium, except, in an indirect way, in the later stages of development when the stellate reticulum has disappeared and the ameloblasts have practically ceased functioning. In the case of the rat's incisor, where the enamel organ is thin, due to the absence of a stellate reticulum, this same pressure of the capillaries upon the outer enamel epithelium pushes the latter into contact with the stratum intermedium, and in consequence the resulting 'papillary layer' involves all of the extra-ameloblastic layers of the enamel germ. Accordingly, contrary to the view of Williams and of Skillen, the papillary layer has no specific significance in amelogenesis distinct from the extra-ameloblastic portion of the enamel organ as a whole. c. The stratum mtermedium This layer varies considerably in different teeth and in different regions of the same tooth. It is present over those areas where enamel is never formed as well as over the crown of the tooth. Being next the layer of ameloblasts, and in intricate continuity with these cells, as well as with the cells of the stellate reticulum, it of necessity is most closely concerned with the transportation to the ameloblasts of whatever material may be passed from the blood vessels through the stellate reticulum for the support of the metabolic processes of amelogenesis. Since in the incisor teeth' of rodents the papillary layer is composed largely of cells comparable to those of a stratum intermedium, and in fact constitutes almost the whole of the extra-ameloblastic portion of the enamel germ of the crown, William's statement that the cells HISTOLOGY OF ENAMEL ORGAN 391 of the stratum intermedium play the most important part in the selection from the blood of the materials for the constitution of enamel is correct in a general sense, but I am unable to detect any histologic evidence, such as presence of secretory granules, that this layer is actually a 'highly differentiated secreting tissue.' The stratum intermedium is most probably to be interpreted as the result of mutually opposing pressures on the part of the growing tooth, with the lengthening ameloblasts, against the softer tissue of the enamel pulp. These opposing pressures of necessity involve primarily the cells of the original stellate reticulum next the outer ends of the ameloblasts. The modified character of the cells of the stratum intermedium, including cuboidal, ovoid, and stoutly fusiform types, and their closely packed condition, result from the operation of the mechanical factor of pressure, preventing a separation and the coincident differentiation characteristic of the cells of the stellate reticulum. The differential acidophilic staining reaction may be correlated with the homology of these cells with the cells of the rete mucosum of the epidermis. Their specific function in amelogenesis is, as far as can be judged from their cytology, not essentially different from that of the cells of the stellate reticulum as a whole. Amelogenesis cannot be dependent upon a specific stratum intermedium, for, as Williams admits, enamel formation begins before the layer is differentiated. Moreover, amelogenesis may be initiated and maintained in certain teeth in the absence of such a sharply defined layer. d. The stellate reticulum As regards the question of the function of the stellate reticulum in connection with amelogenesis, I can confirm Williams' observation of the formation of globules at the central ends of the ameloblasts; but I can discern no indication that these globules are derived from the nucleus. Of the derivation of an albuminoid mineral substance from the 'ameloblastic cells' of the stratum intermedium as described by Williams, I have seen no evidence in the sets of slides included in this study. However, in a previous study I ('21) described in the stellate reticulum 392 H. E. JORDAN of the canine tooth of a newborn kitten certain spheroidal globules of various sizes scattered throughout the enamel pulp. These I tentatively interpreted as superfluous enamel globules formed by the cells of the stellate reticulum and the stratum intermedium. That they are of the nature of foreign bodies, however, seemed proved by the fact that some were ingested by giant-cells formed in the enamel pulp largely from the cells of the stratum intermedium. Possibly these globules are homologous with the albuminoid globules described by Williams in the stratum intermedium. Whatever value this substance may actually have in relation to enamel formation, its presence in the stellate reticulum suggests that this tissue has amelogenic capacity. However this may be, it seems clear on logical grounds that since the capillaries are excluded from direct contact with the ameloblasts, being separated therefrom by the varying width of the enamel organ at any point, the nutritive materials for the support of amelogenesis must be either transported from the extrapulpar blood vessels to the ameloblasts by the cells of the stellate reticulum, or a complete supply must have been originally stored in the stellate reticulum. The most plausible interpretation of available histologic evidence would seem to be that an original supply of amelogenic materials stored in the stellate reticulum is replenished peripherally from the extensive blood supply covering the outer tunic of the enamel organ. That this is probably the case is suggested also by the fact that in most mammalian teeth, at the stage of development at any point when the blood vessels come to lie nearest the ameloblasts, due to the disappearance of the stellate reticulum in the formation of the membrane of Nasmyth, enamel formation is complete. This interpretation is further supported by the fact that when a stellate reticulum is lacking, as on the rat's incisors, the blood vessels are brought relatively much closer to the ameloblasts. e. The relation of the amelohlasts to dentinogenesis This investigation is not concerned with the question of the origin of that membrane ('membranapreformativa') upon one side of which the ameloblasts deposit uncalcified enamel and upon the HISTOLOGY OF ENAMEL ORGAN 393 other side of which the odontoblasts deposit dentin. Since the ameloblasts become differentiated and organized at any point before the odontoblasts, it might be assumed that the latter differentiate under the influence of a stimulus supplied by the ameloblasts. This is in fact the hypothesis formulated by Rose and supported by Skillen. Rose ('91) claims that as soon as growth of the enamel organ ceases rootward, dentin ceases to be formed. Skillen ('21) concludes that the enamel organ is a necessary antecedent of dentinogenesis, that it functions in addition to enamel elaboration as a 'stimulative layer' to odontoblast organization and dentin secretion. This hypothesis is sharply contradicted by conditions in the incisor teeth of the white rat. Here the enamel organ orginally caps the dental papilla as in other mammals, but very early, as the tooth elongates, the enamel organ, while still enveloping the base of the persistent papilla, shifts to the front surface of the tooth an4 remains restricted to this side and the coronal apex of the preempted tooth. This accounts for the presence of enamel only on the anterior (outer) surface of the rat's incisor. Nevertheless, dentin is deposited on the inner surface of these teeth in the absence of any representative of the enamel organ. Here again the factor of pressure, that is, adequate resistance or rigidity of tissue, seems to be the essential matter. The mesoblastic tissue of the dental sac is here so dense relatively that it offers the requisite resistance for the deposition and retention of the forming dentin. The supposition of a stimulative factor for dentinogenesis on the part of the radicular portion of the enamel organ seems to have no support from actual histogenetic facts. /. The blood supply of the e7iamel organ The central histologic datum of this investigation concerns the question of an intrinsic blood supply of the enamel organ. Where the enamel organ is relatively thin, as on the incisor of the white rat, the matter seems unimportant; for here the capillary net, though actually outside of the enamel organ, is nevertheless brought so close to the layer of ameloblasts as to be practi 394 H. E. JORDAN cally in contact with these cells. But in other mammalian teeth, where the stellate reticulum of the enamel germ is very extensive, the question of the blood supply for the ameloblasts takes on greater importance. For here the assumed nutritive materials for the support of amelogenesis, in the absence of intra-amelopulpar capillaries, must be transported by the agency of the cells of the stellate reticulum across a considerable width. Skillen was unable to find, even in injected specimens, any trace of blood vessels in the enamel pulp or surrounding the stratum intermedium. He adds that Svhen the outer and inner tunics come into apposition, thus forming the papillary layer, the vessels accompany the outer tunic and so come to lie in the portion described by Williams' (p. 3), that is, in the 'papillary layer' and in close relation with the ameloblasts. It must be remarked, however, that during the early stages of tooth development, when amelogenesis is at its height, the outer and inner tunics are still separated by a considerable area of stellate reticulum. According to Noyes ('21), at about the time of the completion of the dental sac ('follicle'), there appear on the outer surface of the outer enamel epithelium ('tunic') small rounded projections of epithelial cells, and this layer becomes broken up coincident with an invasion of capillaries from the dental sac 'which carry the remains of the outer tunic down against the inner tunic to form the stratum intermedium. There is an intimate relation between capillary blood vessels and the stratum intermedium' (p. 332). Noyes accordingly regards the stratum intermedium as composed of pushed-in remains of the outer enamel epithelium, and concludes that capillaries extend directly into and through the enamel pulp ('stellate reticulum') to the depth of the stratum intermedium. Aside from the fact that the stratum intermedium cannot be correctly described as composed of pushed-in remains of the outer enamel epithelium, I can find no evidence in my sections of an actual invasion by capillaries of the stratum intermedium or even of the stellate reticulum. Nor does it seem to me quite accurate to say that the outer enamel epithelium becomes broken HISTOLOGY OF ENAMEL ORGAN 395 up coincident with an invasion of capillaries from the dental sac. As I have attempted to make clear in my description of conditions relating to the blood supply of the enamel organ, what actually occurs in the specimens of my sections is an intimate fusion at certain points between the cells of the outer enamel epithelium and the endothelium of the capillaries. This establishes a continuity between the lumen of the capillaries and the intercellular spaces of the outer enamel epithehum, permitting an infiltration of occasional red blood corpuscles. But no capillaries can be found actually growing into the enamel pulp. Areas giving the impression of intrinsic blood vessels are invariably found, on closer study, to represent transverse sections of capillary loops invaginated into the surface of the enamel organ. Such loops simply produce indentations of varying depth into the outer surface; they are always separated from the stellate reticulum, except for occasional restricted areas of fusion with the cells of the outer tunic, by the intact outer enamel epithelium. In other words, certain blood vessels may invaginate, but do not actually pierce, the outer surface of the enamel organ. Hopewell-Smith ('18), while admitting that the external enamel epithelium and the enamel pulp of the tooth of the kitten lack blood vessels, claims nevertheless that one or two large non-branching vessels traverse the pulp and advance as far as the stratum intermedium where they 'suddenly break up into numbers of small capillaries, and form a beautiful plexus which supplies the cells of this intermediate layer and the internal epithelium' (pp. 263, 264). The illustrations offered in support of this description do not seem to me to warrant the interpretation given. Analysis of these illustrations (figs. 227 and 229) reveal that the capillaries end abruptly upon the outer enamel epithelium in that portion of the enamel organ where the stellate reticulum persists. Only over the coronal apex where the enamel organ remains only as a very thin membrane, consisting merely of largely spent ameloblasts and outer enamel epithelium, are the blood vessels brought in close relation with what represents the remains of the stratum intermedium. Here the enamel organ is atrophic, the tips of certain of the capillaries have fused 396 H. E. JORDAN with the outer enamel epithelium, and occasional blood corpuscles have infiltrated the intercellular spaces of the area representing the former stratum intermedium. But no capillary endothelium has actually grown into this atrophic membrane. In the case of the tooth of the wallaby, Hopewell-Smith and Tims ('95) make the still more positive statement that 'the abundant evidence of blood vessels within the enamel organ is a very striking feature.' They claim that blood vessels 'can be seen entering the enamel organ apparently at more than one point on the surface, and are often of sufficient size to clearly recognize the blood corpuscles within them. They can be traced to a point about midway between the outer and inner enamel epithelium, but we have not seen them proceeding farther, neither have we found them in the stratum intermedium, the position in which they were described by the authors above mentioned' (Poulton and G. B. Howes, in enamel organ of rat). They think that 'it is extremely probable that the unusual vascularity of the enamel organs in this animal (wallaby) is correlated with the precocious development of the enamel'. But when one refers to their illustration of the tooth germs of the wallaby (fig. 216, Hopewell-Smith), one sees little in support of this statement. To be sure, some cellular mass, entering a very short distance below the surface of the outer enamel epithelium, and continuous with it, is labeled 'blood vessel.' But there is nothing shown to prove that this single vessel has actually pierced the outer enamel epithelium rather than having simply pushed it ahead of itself a short distance into the stellate reticulum. Even in the case of the enamel organ of the wallaby, where it is claimed the clearest evidence of intrapulpar capillaries is given, one can only remain skeptical about the actual presence of intrinsic blood vessels. When one contrasts conditions in the dental pulp with those in the stellate reticulum of the enamel pulp one is further impressed with the meager evidence for the occurrence of blood vessels in the latter. The mesoblastic dental pulp, in contrast with the epiblastic enamel pulp, is extensively vascularized. There is not the slightest difficulty in tracing, in sections, cap HISTOLOGY OF ENAMEL ORGAN 397 illaries branching and ramifying even among the distal ends of the odontoblasts. It is the simplest matter to recognize and trace the finest capillaries of the dental pulp for long distances as they course among the odontoblasts even at right angles to the long axis of the cells. This being so, there should be at least not much greater difficulty in recognizing similar capillaries, if present, in the enamel pulp of the same sections. All the evidence, critically considered, supports the conclusion that blood vessels do not occur within the enamel organ of mammalian teeth. SUMMARY 1. The comparative histology of the enamel organs of the incisor teeth of the white rat and of the kitten reveals decided differences. The enamel organ of the rat's incisor is restricted to the outer surface; it is relatively very thin, and becomes modified by the impingement of capillary loops into a papillated membrane. A stratum intermedium is not sharply differentiated. In the case of the kitten, the enamel organ covers the entire tooth, it is relatively thick, due to the presence of an extensive stellate reticulum, it contains a well-differentiated stratum intermedium, and papillae are limited to the extreme peripheral portion. 2. The restriction of the enamel organ to the outer surface of the developing incisor tooth of the rat proves that this tissue is not essential as a ^stimulative layer' for the production of dentin. 3. Neither in the case of the rat's incisor nor in that of the kitten's teeth is the enamel organ vascularized. Capillaries do not penetrate the stellate reticulum. They may indent the surface of the enamel organ, thus producing a 'papillary layer.' The tips of the capillaries may, especially in later stages, fuse at a certain point with the cells of the outer enamel epithelium, and so establish continuity between the capillary lumen and the intercellular spaces of the outer tunic. Red blood corpuscles may thus infiltrate the outer tunic. They are later ingested by giant-cells formed by the fusion of cells of the outer enamel epithelium. 398 H. E. JORDAN 4. Both the so-called 'papillary layer' and the 'stratum intermedium' are interpreted as essentially the product of the operation of the mechanical factor of pressure; the former resulting from the impingement of growing capillaries, the latter chiefly from the elongation of the ameloblasts. 5. There is no histologic evidence that either the papillary layer or the stratum intermedium plays a specific role in amelogenesis, distinct from that of the extra-ameloblastic portions of the enamel organ as a whole. 6. Apparent amelopulpar invasions of blood vessels are interpreted in terms of sections of such vessels pushing obliquely into the periphery of the enamel organ. Such vessels are still separated from the stellate reticulum by a double membrane composed of outer enamel epithelium and endothelium. LITERATURE CITED Addison, W. H. F., and Appleton, J. L. 1921 On the development of the ameloblasts of the molars of the albino rat, with special reference to the enamel-free areas. Anat. Rec, vol. 21, p. 43 (Proc. Am. Assoc. Anat.). Hopewell-Smith, A. 1918 The normal and pathological histology of the mouth, pp. 263-264. P. Blakiston & Co., Philadelphia. Hopewell-Smith, A., AND Tims, H. W. Marett 1911 Tooth germs in the wallaby, Macropus billiardieri. Proc. Zool. Soc, London. Jordan, H. E. 1921 Further evidence concerning the function of the osteoclasts. Anat. Rec, vol. 20, pp. 281-295. Notes, F. B., and Thomas, N. G. 1921 A text-book of dental histology and embryology, p. 332. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia and New York. Rose, C. 1891 Ueber die Entwickelung der Zahne des Menschen. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 38, S. 447. Skillen, W. G. 1921 A report on the formation of dentin and cementum relative to the structure of the root end. Jour. Nat. Dent. Assoc, vol. 8, pp. 1-8. Williams, J. Leon 1895 On the formation and structure of dental enamel. Dental Cosmos, vol. 38, pp. 101-127. PLATES 399 Pi a; o o I— ( <; Ph K rt o X o •+^ o o c o a O !- o3 i & & CO c3 5 rv r^ w '^ CO O o CO 0) CU o .i; O (C o CO ^ ii <^ 03 •;i! to o3 O ^ 1^ .2 X g O += is £-^ 3 > Ph g 03 'S o cc S o -^-^ o « ^ ' — I ^ fl S — ■ CO 3 £ +;; " ^ q cc • — & c ^ ^ -^ C 2 cs S «^ S =:; -IS > o . o CO a o3 ;:^ to C a^ .2 03 rC -\|J ^ -t^ c3 ^ o o S 2 c Qj g o . <B ^ <» o c3 +e — « S Z ni ^ ^ 03 o3 c3 CO CO ^-2 hH >i o3 .rt ~ tM +^ . o3 O g ,ii « a; ^ s -2 >> 2 O -7 ^ o A I ^^ o3 rv O J* bC '3 ^ S: >. >• CO fl '-I -, > CO •— , o a; o o It a=; ^s O o s § «-! 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'S 03 o G^ « ^ C -3 03 O •-H «<_( -Q 03 o +^ " bC fl a .2 2 X to o +j 03 o3 JU 03 O 03 -ii ^ " d -t^ 3 ^ -S^'EX bC^ ffl ^ 03 o to . 3 ^-1 ?!, -3 03 M '^ >^ " J o3 03 3 03 -fi .2 S ■+^ "3 -^ t4-i 03 & = 1-^ ^ 3 03 S 3 ^ yn 3 o fl 5 o M-g 03 03 Jh 03 ~ 03 ■i^ S ^"^ O ^ -03- -S tH 03 S(U --I 03 3 03 ^ 2 a 03 ^ «■ . bC O 03 O fH " '-' 03 _< 2-^5 3 o3 ^ i 3 « s 03 X! 03 03 ^ o - 2 2 ' X . a^ Cl- 03 O Sh -2 "-^ >> 03 ^^ PU 03 C3 ^ o3 > « 2 -^ 2 03 « 03 rT 03 cq 03 03 C O 03 rC o3 -2 03 §■■! 03 03 > c3 bC q; x -a 03 .-^ +j 03 O 03 a c o C3 Sh 03 03 03 X ^ 03 S 3 03 g ^3 O 3 03 O r-! ^ -►^ ^ C3 -^ ^ 03 S Si .-. 03 & > 2 "a^ r-H a-l 03 > 5 <4i o 03 C 03 03 +3 03 03 > o 03 "O X 404 A. 4 CO Afl lO '■i' ^Ea ...^ w 405 PROMPT PUBLICATION The Author can greatly assist the Publishers of this Journal in attaining prompt publication of his paper by following these four suggestions : 1. Abstract. Send with the manuscript an Abstract containing not more than 250 words, in the precise form of The Bibliographic Service Card, so that the paper when accepted can be scheduled for a definite issue as soon as received by the Publisher from the Editor. 2. Manuscript. Send the Manuscript to the Editor prepared as described in the Notice to Contributors, to conform to the style of the Journal (see third page of cover). 3. Illustrations. Send the Illustrations in complete and finished form for engraving, drawings and photographs being protected from bending or breaking when shipped by mail or express. 4. Proofs. Send the PubHsher early notice of any change in your address, to obviate delay. Carefully correct and mail proofs to the Editor as soon as possible after their arrival. By assuming and meeting these responsibihties, the author avoids loss of time, correspondence that may be required to get the Abstract, Manuscript and Illustrations in proper form, and does all in his power to obtain prompt pubHcation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AXATOMT, VOL. 29, NO. 4 NOVEMBER, 1921 Resumen por el autor, Ralph F. Shaner El desarrollo de la faringe y arcos a6rticos de la tortuga, conuna nota sobre el quinto arco y el arco pulmonar de los mamiferos. La fannge de la tortuga produce cinco bolsas faringeas y un cuerpo postbranquial. La primera bolsa se transform a en el tubo aiiditivo y la membrana que tapiza interiormente la cavidad timpano-mastoidea. La segunda desaparece. La tercera produce diverticulos dorsal y ventral, los cuales se transforman en el adulto en el timo anterior y la glandula paratiroide anterior, respectivamente. De un modo semejante se desarrollan a expensas de la cuarta bolsa un timo postero-dorsal y una glandula paratiroidea ventro-posterior. La quinta bolsa se atrofia. El cuerpo postbranquial se pone en comtacto con la cuarta bolsa soldandose a ella. En el lado izquierdo se disocia en un grupo de vesiculas secretoras y en el derecho degenera. Existen seis arcos a6rticos, los cuales aparecen serialmente de delanta a atras. El quinto arco es por completo independiente antes de que aparezca el sexto. El sexto esta situado lateralmente al cuerpo postbranquial y comienza y termina en el quinto arco. Cuando este ultimo degenera, el sexto se apropia de sus porciones proximal y distal para formar el arco pulmonar compuesto. A causa de estar el quinto arco de los mamiferos mas proximamente relacionado con el cuarto, apareciendo despues del pulmonar, el autor, de acuerdo con Lewis, considera al quinto arco de los mamiferos como un vaso atipico, aunque es probablemente un arco verdadero. Ademas, puesto que en los mamiferos el arco pulmonar esta situado medialmente al cuerpo postbranquial y sigue el curso, no del sexto arco de los reptiles, sino de un vaso irregular transitorio que se encuentra en algunos embriones de tortuga, no puede estrictamente relacionerse con el sexto arco de los vertebrados inferiores. Translation by Jos6 F. Nonidcz Cornell Medical College, New York author's abstract of this paper issued by the bibliographic service, november 7 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHARYNX AND AORTIC ARCHES OF THE TURTLE, WITH A NOTE ON THE FIFTH AND PULMONARY ARCHES OF MAMMALS . RALPH FAUST SHANER Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts FOUR PLATES (FIFTEEN FIGURES) Although there have been several studies of the development of the reptilian pharynx, few of them have been made with the aid of wax models and the other more exact methods so often used in researches on mammals. This communication embodies the results of an application of such methods to the most available American reptiles, the common fresh-water painted turtles, Chrysemys marginata and C. picta. Attention has been directed chiefly to the third, fourth, and fifth pouches and the postbranchial body. It seemed worth while to include also a study of the aortic arches. Of the many papers on these vessels, few treat of the relations of the arches to the pharynx. A study of the vessels in connection with the pharynx brings some new facts to light which have a bearing on the nature of the fifth and pulmonary arches of mammals.^ For the drawings of the models I am indebted to Mr. H. F. Aitken, who has represented these difficult objects with skillful fidelity. In the turtle, as in reptiles generally, there develop five pouches, exclusive of the postbranchial body. The first four are ordinary lateral outgrowths of the entoderm (figs. 1 to 4). The thin membrane that bars communication between the pouch and the exterior is broken through in the first three pouches; the fourth, in all likelihood, is always closed. Each pouch is furnished with a branchial placode. In younger embryos — up ^ A preliminary report of these observations was presented at the meeting of the American Association of Anatomists in Philadelphia, 1921. See Proceedings, Anat. Rec, vol. 21. 407 408 KALPH FAUST SHANER to 7 mm. — the pouches are deep and fish-like, each with a very narrow sHt-shaped lumen. ^ Behind the fourth pouch, in the angle between it and the pharynx, there develops a diverticulum of a different nature. It appears first in a 5.5-mm. embryo (figs. 3, 4), and is pointed more caudally and medially than the true pouch outgrowths. In a 5.6-mm. embryo (fig. 5), it ends in a flattened expanded knob of considerable size. The diverticulum is clearly a postbranchial body. On the postbranchial body there now appears a secondary outgrowth (fig. 6), which points due laterally and which fuses with a slight indentation of the ectoderm. A branchial placode is placed behind the outgrowth, and the fifth and six aortic arches lie before and behind it, respectively. In short, the secondary outgrowth is a true fifth pouch, which differs from the four anterior ones in arising after the formation of the postbranchial body, and in growing from this body rather than from the pharynx proper. Such a full development of the fifth pouch and the postbranchial body enables one to make at least a partial interpretation of the postbranchial body. It is not a pouch, for a pouch develops from it: it never has those relations to nerves, branchial placodes, and aortic arches which characterize a true pouch. Neither is the postbranchial body an outgrowth of a pouch, in the sense that the thymus and parathyreoid glands are, for it grows out directly from the pharyngeal wall, and precedes the fifth pouch, the only one from which it could be derived. The true pouch derivatives do not appear until much later, and when they do, the postbranchial body is not in series with them. The postbranchial body is better considered as a caudal prolongation of the pouch-forming area — a remnant out of which the fifth pouch develops, and from which a sixth would spring, if such were to appear. 2 The length of the embryos used in this paper is the head-breech dimension. But turtle embryos coil up at very uneven rates, so that such measurements give only an approximate idea of their age. PHARYNX AND AORTIC ARCHES 409 Before the various pharyngeal derivatives develop, there are several changes in the general relations of the pouches. The second, third, and fourth clefts come to end in a deep cervical sinus, into which the second and third pouches open and to which the fourth is joined by a solid stalk (fig. 8). The whole embryo grows in such a way that the pouches are first pulled out into long tubes. Next, the clefts are deepened into tubular prolongations of the pouches and the placodes are carried from the external body surface into the recesses of the clefts. Finally the external apertures of the second and fourth clefts are drawn towards that of the third, and all three then are buried in a common cervical sinus. At the same time the pharyngeal wall between the fourth pouch and the postbranchial body is pulled out into a common stalk for both (fig. 7). The fourth pouch is much the larger. Whe» the common stalk is completed, it appears to be part of the fourth pouch, to which the postbranchial body then seems to be attached (fig. 8). The fifth pouch meanwhile degenerates rapidly; it is represented in the 9.5-mm. embryo (fig. 8) by a slight heap of cells placed at the union of the postbranchial body and the fourth pouch. In older embryos it is lost altogether. In the following paragraphs, the several pouches and other pharyngeal structures will be considered in- further detail, each in turn. First and second pouches. The later development of the first two pouches can be passed over briefly. From the first there develops, in a 9.5-mm. embryo, a tympanic process. At 10.6 mm., this process pushes forward beneath the columella and then turns back over its dorsal surface. The tip of the process expands into a large irregular sac, which fills the tympanic and mastoid cavities. The proximal end of the tympanic process and the remnant of the first pouch are converted into a relatively large auditory tube, to which the second pouch may also contribute. The method of development of the tympanic cavity is very similar to that of Chelydra, which has been carefully described and excellently illustrated by Dohrer. 410 RALPH FAUST SHANER The second pouch of the 9.5-mm. embryo bears a sHght dorsal knob-hke outgrowth, apparently the structure described by Van Bemmelen in 1893. It does not appear in younger or older embryos. One is tempted to call it a transient thymus II. It has, however, none of the characteristics of other thymic outgrowths of the same size, and must therefore be considered as of doubtful nature. Both the bud and the pouch disappear in a 10.6-mm. embryo, in which nothing remains of the pouch save a slight furrow on the pharyngeal wall. The furrow may be incorporated in the auditory tube; but if so, it has no effect on the final contour of the tube. Third pouch. On the third pouch, in embryos of around 9 mm., there appear two outgrowths, a dorsal thymus III and a ventral parathyreoid III. The dorsal outgrowth is preceded by a slight crescentic invagination which, in a 6.6-mm. embryo, is placed just medial to the branchial placode. A similac crescent is found in snakes by Saint-Remy and Prenant. In an &8-mm. embryo, the crescent is lifted up as part of the regular thymic outgrowth, and there is produced a hollow, indented, lobulated finger, such as is found in a 9.5-mm. embryo (fig. 8). The ventral outgrowth, the parathyreoid III, develops at the same time. In the 9.5-mm. embryo (fig. 8), it is an undifferentiated, smooth-walled, sac-like recess. The connections of the third pouch, first with the cervical sinus and then with the pharynx proper, become now broken, so that in a 10.6-mm. embryo (fig. 9) the thymic and parathyreoid outgrowths, with the intermediate pouch-tissue, form an independent complex which lies free in the surrounding mesenchyma, just behind the internal carotid artery. The dorsal thymic outgrowth grows very rapidly. Its central cavity disappears; the intermediate pouch-tissue is absorbed; and the parathyreoid gland is completely surrounded by the downward extending lobules of the thymus. In a 16.8-mm. embryo (Harvard Embryological Collection, 1090) the cells of the thymus take on the lymphoid appearance typical of thymic tissue. In a 32-mm. embryo (H. E. C. 1127) the lobules show subdivision into cortex and medulla, and within the latter appear thj^mic corpuscles. PHARYNX AND AORTIC ARCHES 411 The ventral part of the complex, the parathyreoid III, increases in size much more slowly. Its internal cavity can still be found in a 16.8-mm. embryo, in which it is lined by cuboidal epitheUum. The substance of the parathyreoid gland is then invaded by vascular and connective tissue, and the entodermal cells are rearranged into solid cords. In a 27mm. embryo (H. E. C. 1096), the central cavity is lost, and the parathyreoid gland is like the adult organ in all respects. The two derivatives of the third pouch are present regularly in the adult Chrysemys picta as a large anterior thymus (tig. 14), placed at the union of the internal carotid and the subclavian arteries, and, within it, the anterior parathyreoid. The thymus is divided into many lobules bound together by dense connective tissue. Each lobule is easily divisible into a dense cortex and loose medulla. Within the medullary substance occur large irregular thymic corpuscles. Both the medulla and the corpuscles are tinged red with large eosinophilic cells, the protoplasm of which is filled with coarse and brilliant staining granules. The anterior parathyreoid gland is a small round body made up of solid cords of irregular epithelial cells. The cords are surrounded by a rich network of sinusoids and only a small amount of connective tissue. Fourth pouch. Two outgrowths arise also from the fourth pouch. The small dorsal thymus is preceded by a slight crescentic invagination, less well-defined than in the third pouch, but nevertheless identifiable in an 8.8-mm. embryo (H. E. C. 1086). The crescent is lost at once, and a small solid outgrowth is formed, such as appears in the 9.5-mm. embryo (fig. 8). The ventral diverticulum, the parathyreoid IV, is even larger in the 9.5-mm. embryo than the corresponding outgrowth of the third pouch, with which it is identical in structure. The stalk connecting the fourth pouch with the cervical sinus, and the common neck by which the fourth pouch and the postbranchial body are joined to the pharynx proper, are next destroyed, so that in a 10.6-mm. embryo (fig. 10) the two outgrowths, with the intermediate pouch-tissue and the attached 412 RALPH FAUST SHANER postbrancliial bod}^, form another independent complex, placed just behind the systemic aortic arch. The dorsal thymic outgrowth, the thymus IV, undergoes a transformation similar to that of thymus III, save that the thymus of the fourth pouch is always very small and never envelops the parathyreoid gland. The thymus IV apparently absorbs the intermediate pouch-tissue. The ventral outgrowth, the parathyreoid IV, can be followed in older embryos as a large organ, as large as the corresponding outgrowth of the third pouch. The changes in structure of both are quite similar. Fifth pouch. The transient fifth pouch, at the height of its development, displays a slight crescentic invagination (8.4 mm., H. E. C. 1078), which can be interpreted as a rudimentary thymus V. The whole pouch, thymus and all, then degenerates. It may be represented in the 9.5-mm. embryo (fig. 8) by a heap of cells placed at the point where the postbranchial body joins the fourth pouch. No later traces of the pouch or thymus can be found. Postbranchial body. The postbranchial body at first develops equally well on both sides of the embryo. In the 9.5-mm. embryo (fig. 8), the organ is a large hollow flask wdth a very narrow neck. When the fourth pouch loses connection with the cervical sinus and the pharynx proper, the postbranchial body is carried away with it to form a part of the complex already referred to (fig. 10). The right postbranchial body now degenerates. Traces of it can be found in older embryos and in the adult. The left body increases rapidly in size and becomes studded with epithehal buds (fig. 10). In older embryos the buds grow at the expense of the original sac, which in a 32-mm. embryo (H. E. C. 1127) is reduced to a group of isolated epithelial vesicles. The thymus IV, the parathyreoid IV, and the postbranchial body develop throughout embryonic life as a closely associated group of organs. All three can be found in the adult as components of the 'aortic body' of Van Bemmelen ('88), situated along the systemic aortic arch just above the ductus arteriosus. A section of this body is shown in figure 15. The thymus IV PHARYNX AND AORTIC ARCHES 413 is present as a small posterior thymus, made up of one or two tiny lobules. Each lobule is divided into cortex and medulla, the latter containing the characteristic thymic corpuscles. The parathyreoid IV appears as the posterior parathyreoid gland. In structure it is similar to the anterior gland, save that the posterior one has the more irregular cords, larger sinusoids, and a generally looser texture. The postbranchial body is represented, in the left aortic body, by a great group of spherical vesicles surrounded by a mass of darkly nucleated cells. Most of the vesicles are small and lined with low columnar epithelium. A few are quite large and made of low and very regular cuboidal cells. Many of the small and all of the large vesicles contain a definite reddish-staining secretion. The larger vesicles resemble greatly those of the thyreoid gland. The right postbranchial body is represented in the adult by a few scattered clumps of cells in the right aortic body. Thyreoid gland. The thyreoid gland is a midventral outgrowth of the floor of the pharynx between the first and second pouches. It is present in a 4.6-mm. embryo (fig. 2). In a 6-mm. specimen the gland is still attached to the pharynx by a slender pedicle: in older embryos it is a free flattened mass placed just ventral to the truncus arteriosus and the beginnings of the great vessels leaving the heart. In a 9.5-mm. embryo the cells are arranged in cords, some of which contain very tiny lumina. In a 10. 6-mm. embryo lumina are definite; at 16.8-mm. they are large and contain a reddish-staining secretion. The gland retains its embryonic shape and relation to the great vessels throughout Hfe. It never receives any additions from the postbranchial bodies. General considerations. The previous work on the development of the pharynx of the turtle is comprehended in the papers of Van Bemmelen ('86, '88, '93), C. E. Johnson ('19), and von Alten ('14, '16). Van Bemmelen finds five pouches. From the first develops the tympanic cavity; the second bears a dorsal epithelial bud which disappears with it. The third pouch swells out into a large follicle that becomes the (anterior) thymus and the enclosed epithelial body (parathyreoid gland). The 414 KALPH FAUST SHANER fourth and fifth pouches and the postbranchial body form an independent complex of three closely associated vesicles which retain their epithelial character in later stages. My results are essentially an amplification of Van Bemmelen's — a closer analysis of the complexes arising from the third and fourth pouches. The fifth pouch does not enter into the second complex, as Van Bemmelen thought; the three vesicles composing it are the dorsal and ventral outgrowths of the fourth pouch and the postbranchial body. Johnson, in a very brief abstract, notes the finding of an anterior thymus and anterior parathyreoid gland derived from the third pouch. He finds, however, no posterior parathyreoid, and derives the posterior thymus from the fifth pouch. Without knowledge fuller than an abstract affords, it is difficult to determine the cause for Johnson's radical difference from the results of others, including my own! The suppression of the fourth pouch and the full development of the third and fifth would be a very unusual procedure. The fragmentary report of Von Alten's work, given out by Keibel after his pupil 's untimely death, does not extend beyond the earhest stages. Von Alten finds five pouches, notes the branchial placodes, and is inchned to consider the postbranchial body a rudimentary fifth pouch. The last is, of course, a very debatable question. I have given my reasons for rejecting this interpretation elsewhere. No one writer has given a complete account of the branchial derivatives in the adult turtle. Van Bemmelen ( '88) found the adult anterior thymus and enclosed parathyreoid gland, and discovered the aortic body. Beyond noting the epithelial character of the last, he gives no further details. Afanassiew had previously described the anterior thymus and enclosed 'carotid body,' but overlooked the aortic body. On the other hand, Thompson gives a very complete and well-illustrated account of the aortic body in several species. She is the first to recognize that, although a parathyreoid gland and postbranchial body are the chief constituents of the aortic body, a small thymus is generally present. Doyen finds the posterior parathyreoid gland in the 'African tortoise.' His photomicrograph shows PHARYNX AND AORTIC ARCHES 415 traces of the postbranchial body. Neither Thompson nor Doyen record the much larger anterior thymus and its enclosed parathyreoid. The papers of Van Bemmelen and Thompson are the most complete and supplement each other; my own results are in close accord with their descriptions. The turtle, in deriving its adult thymus and parathyreoid glands from the third and fourth pouches, and not from the first two, resembles the bird and mammals generally (Verdun). When comparing mammals with other vertebrates, however, one must not forget that the mammalian thymus and parathyreoid gland are ventral and dorsal outgrowths, respectively — an arrangement just the reverse of that found in every other vertebrate phylum. Maurer ('99 a, '06) has pointed out that the thymus III of Lacerta encroaches ventrally on to the intermediate pouch-tissue, thus possibly approaching the mammalian condition. The same is certainly true of the thymus III of turtles. There is, however, no change in the position of the parathyreoid gland in either reptile. Maurer ('99 b, '06) emphasizes the absence of colloid in the postbranchial body of all non-mammalian vertebrates, and considers the secretion to appear first in Echidna. Whatever may be its chemical nature, a colloid-like secretion is certainly present in the postbranchial body of the turtle — perhaps another of the several adumbrations of the mammalian condition to be found in this reptile. Aortic arches. The aortic arches are six in number. They appear serially from before backward. The first two are transient vessels. The third persists as the internal carotid artery, and the fourth as the systemic aortic arch. The fifth appears soon after the fourth is completed. It becomes a fully developed arch (fig. 6), which extends from the truncus arteriosus to the dorsal aorta, and functions in embryos of from 6.5 mm. to 9 mm. in length. The sixth arch begins as a bud from the fifth, springing from the latter above the fifth pouch (fig. 6) and running ventrally behind the fifth pouch and lateral to the postbranchial body. In the 6.6-mm. embryo the arch ends blindly; in an older embryo of 8.4 mm. (fig. 11), it rejoins the fifth below the pouch and becomes a complete functioning vessel. The sixth arch, 416 RALPH FAUST SHANER thus constituted, differs from the preceding ones in beginning and ending in the arch anterior to it. For some time the proximal and distal parts of the fifth arch serve as common trunks for the fifth and sixth arches. The middle segment of the fifth arch now withers away. The proximal and distal segments are then taken over by the sixth arch to form with it the composite pulmonary arch of the 9.5-mm. embryo. The pulmonary arch is not exactly synonymous with the sixth; it is rather the entire sixth arch plus the proximal and distal segments of the vanished fifth. The pulmonary artery is already present in the 8.4-mm. embryo (fig. 11). It arises from the sixth arch. In all non-mammalian vertebrates, the fifth and sixth arches are closely related, the two quite generally beginning and ending in a common trunk. Such is the case in birds (Locy), Lacerta (Peter), the frog, salamander, and siren (Boas, '82), and Polypterus, Ceratodus, and Lepidosteus (Boas, '80). The development of few forms is known in detail sufficient to determine the exact nature of the relation. In Lepidosteus, Miiller finds the fifth and sixth arches appearing simultaneously from a common ventral trunk. In the frog (Marshall and Bles, '90), the fifth arch is well developed before the sixth appears; the latter begins and quite often ends in the fifth arch in the younger tadpoles. In older tadpoles the fifth arch atrophies, and the sixth, on becoming the pulmocutaneous arch, seems to take over the proximal segment of the fifth arch, much as the pulmonary arch does in the turtle. Taking non-mammalian vertebrates as a whole, the fifth arch is a vessel which extends from the truncus arteriosus to the dorsal aorta, between the fourth and fifth pouches. It appears after the fourth arch and before the sixth. When the fifth arch is a complete and functioning vessel, the sixth appears, and begins or ends, or both, in the fifth, so that the proximal and distal segments of the latter serve as common trunks for both arches. In reptiles and birds, at least, the middle part of the fifth arch then degenerates, leaving the proximal and distal segments to constitute, with the sixth arch, the pulmonary arch of the older embryos. PHARYNX AND AORTIC ARCHES 417 In mammals, on the contrary, the so-called fifth arch arises after the pulmonary arch is well established. In many of the reported cases of it, e.g., the original fifth arch of Zimmerman and in many of those of Tandler and Lehmann, the fifth arch is more closely related to the fourth, beginning or ending in the fourth, or both, and otherwise pursuing a highly variable and erratic course. A vessel that appears after the pulmonary arch is completed and has no real relation to it is hardly a fifth arch in the sense that obtains in lower vertebrates. The position and relation of the sixth arch of the turtle are also of considerable morphological significance. The sixth arch (and the resultant pulmonary arch) lies lateral to the postbranchial body (fig. 11, 8.4 mm.). In this particular embryo there is, in addition, a transient vessel (fig. '11, x) which arises from the distal common trunk of the fifth and sixth arches, and winds around the medial side of the postbranchial body. The sixth or pulmonary arches of many other reptiles similarly occupy the lateral position. Such is the case in Lacerta (5 mm., H.E. C. 731), Sphenodon (7.9 mm., H. E. C. 1491), Aristelliger— a geckonid lizard — (4.9 mm. H. E. C. 1884), Iguana (10 mm.), and probably in the alligator. Snakes (Eutaenia and Oxybalus) are possible exceptions; before the relation of their arches can be established, the nature of the posterior part of the pharynx of these forms must be investigated. In mammals the pulmonary arch lies medial to the postbranchial body. The normal mammalian condition is well shown in Tarsius (fig. 12 after Hafferl) and in the mole (fig. 13 after Soulie and Bonne). The rabbit and pig are other examples (Lewis) . The postbranchial body of mammals is now generally considered to be a prolongation of the pouch-forming area of the pharynx, out of which a fifth pouch occasionally develops as a lateral outgrowth, just as in the turtle. If the mammahan pulmonary arch is a true sixth arch, it should also lie lateral to the postbranchial body in order to be in proper relation to the fifth pouch. Instead, it lies medial to the postbranchial body and takes the course of the transient branch of the common 418 RALPH FAUST SHANER trunk of the fifth and sixth arches of the 8.4-mm. turtle (fig. 11) ah'eady referred to. This branch is not an aortic arch at all. What, then, should be the enumeration and description of the aortic arches in mammals? Rathke recognized five arches, formed serially, ending with the pulmonary as the fifth. Boas ('87) 'predicted' and Zimmermann described a new arch between the fourth and pulmonary arches, and embryologists generally thereafter counted the pulmonary arch of mammals as the sixth, while recognizing only four pouches together with the postbranchial body, the nature of which was then uncertain. Subsequently a transient fifth pouch was found, so that the counting of six aortic arches became more consistent, and has been generally adopted. Before the presence of a fifth pouch had been established, that is, when four pouches and six arches were accepted, Lewis, who considered that the current diagrams of the mammalian arches were unjustified, wrote briefly in protest ( '06). He characterized the conclusion in regard to a sixth aortic arch in mammals as "a morphological speculation of much interest," and noted especially that the pulmonary arch is complete before the fifth arch has formed and before the fourth pouch is present, and he indicated in his figures its position medial to the postbranchial body. These findings seem now to be well established, and they show that although physiologically this vessel is comparable with the sixth arch of the turtle, morphologically it is another vessel. We would conclude, therefore, that in mammals instead of designating this vessel as the sixth arch it should be named the pulmonary arch. Correlated with the increasing importance of the lungs, this arch, not strictly homologous with any in the turtle, has developed precociously. Its median position in relation to the postbranchial body removes it from the series of true branchial aortic arches. Having eliminated this vessel, the comparison between the arches in mammals and turtles becomes very simple. In both groups they are formed in succession from before backwards, in mammals showing merely a reduction in the posterior members of the series, the pouches and their vessels becoming vestigial PHARYNX AND AORTIC ARCHES 419 together. The mammals, so far as known, have no sixth arch, which should be behind the fifth pouch, lateral to the postbranchial body, and probably beginning and ending in the fifth arch. The fifth arch of mammals is an ephemeral and atypical vessel, not extending from the dorsal to the ventral aorta as in the turtle, but connecting with the fourth arch and showing the variability characteristic of a vestigial structure. Such, at least, are the conclusions suggested by the work of Lewis on rabbit and pig embryos, as compared with the foregoing study of the vessels and pouches in the turtle. . BIBLIOGRAPHY Afanassiew, B. 1877 Weitere Untersuchungen iiber den Bau und die Ent wickelung der Thymus und der Winterschlafdriise der Saugethiere. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 14, S. 343-349. VON Alten, H. 1914 iiber die Entwickelung des Kiemendarms bei Schild kroten. Berichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg i. Br., Bd. 20, S. xcix-cv. 1916 Beitrag zur Entwickelung des Kiemendarms einer Schildkrote (Chrysemys marginata). Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 87, S. 585-607. VAX Bemmelen, J. F. 1886 Die Visceraltaschen und Aortabogen bei Reptilien und Vogeln. Zool. 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Jahrb., Bd. 27, S. 119-172. 1899 b Schilddriise, Thymus und sonstige Schlundspaltenderivate bei Echidna und ihre Beziehungen zu den gleichen Organen bei anderen Wirbelthieren. Semon, Zool. Forschungsreisen, Jenaische Denk schriften, Bd. 6, S. 405-454. 1906 Die Entwickelung des Darmsystems. Handb. d. vergl. u. exp. Entw. der Wirberlthiere, Bd. 2, S. 109-252. MiJLLER, F. W. 1897 Ueber die Entwickelung und morphologische Bedeutung der 'Pseudobranchie' und ihre Umgebung bei Lepidosteus osseus. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 49, S. 463-502. Peter, K. 1901 Mitteilungen zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Eidechse. II. Die Schlundspalten in ihre Anlage, Ausbildung und Bedeutung. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 57, S. 705-765. Rathke, H. 1857 Untersuchungen Ixber die Aortenwurzeln und die von ihnen ausgehenden Arterien der Saurier. Denkschr. d. Math.-naturwiss. Classe d. K. Akad. d. Wiss., Wien, Bd. 13, S. 3-94. Saint-Remy, G., and Prenant, A. 1904 Recherches sur le developpement des derives branchiaux chez les saurians et les ophidiens. Arch, de Biol., T. 20, pp. 145-215. Shaner, R. F. 1921 The development of the pharynx and the histology of its adult derivatives, in turtles. Proc. Amer. Ass. Anat., Anat. Rec, vol. 21, p. 81. SoTJLi:6, A., AND Bonne, C. 1908 Contribution a I'etude de I'appareil branchial et des arcs aortiques chez les mammiferes; les cinq ai'cs branchiaux et les six arcs aortiques de I'embryon de taupe. Arch, de Biol., T. 44, pp. 20^5. Tandler, J. 1902 Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Kopfarterien bei den Mammalia. Morph. Jahrb., Bd. 30, S. 275-373. Thompson, F. 1910 The thyreoid and parathyreoids throughout vertebrates, with observations on some other closely related structures. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London., series B, 201 pp. 91-132. Verdun, P. 1898 Deriv^>s branchiaux chez les vertebrds sup6rieurs. Toulouse, pp. 1-233 Zimmermann, W 1899 tjber einen zwischen Aorten- und Pulmonalbogen gelegenen Kiemenarterienbogen beim Kaninchen. Anat. Anz., Bd. 4, S. 720. PLATES ABBREVIATIONS I-V, the five pharyngeal pouches 1-6, the six aortic arches A. p., pulmonary artery A. p. a., pulmonary arch of mammals C. pb., postbranchial body Gl. pth. Ill, IV, parathyreoid outgrowths of the third and fourth pouches Gl. th., thyreoid gland GL thy. Ill, IV, thymic outgrowths o' the third and fourth pouches Hy., hypophj^sis P. d., P. s., right and left lung-buds S. c, cervical sinus St., mouth Tr, trachea X., transient vessel which lies medial to the postbranchial body 421 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY, VOL. 29, NO. 4 PLATE 1 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 1 to 6 Wax models of the pharynx and aortic arches in embryos of Chrysemys marginata. Fig. 1, 4.4 mm., H. E. C. 1051; fig. 2, 4.6 mm., H. E. C. 1052; figs. 3 and 4, 5.5 mm., H. E. C. 1057; fig. 5, 5.6 mm., H. E. C. 1060; fig. 6, 6.6 mm., H. E. C. 1069. All figures X 60, and are lateral views, except fig. 4, which is a dorsal view. 422 PHARYNX AND AORTIC ARCHES RALPH FAUST SHANER PLATE 1 k^ X Vl Q 1 4. 4. mm. SX. ^ \^ 2. 4 423 PLATE 2 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 7 Chrysemys marginata, 9.5 mm., H. E. C. 1073. Wax model of the pharynx and aortic arches. Ventral view X 60. 8 Chrysemys picta, 9.5 mm., H. E. C. 2145. Wax model of the posterior portion of the pharynx, to show the third, fourth, and fifth pouches and the postbranchial body. X 65. 9 Chrysemys marginata, 10.6 mm., H. E. C. 1087. Wax model of the complex derived from the third pharyngeal pouch. X 60. 10 Chry.semys marginata, 10.6 mm., H. E. C. 1087. The same embryo as in fig. 9. Wax model of the complex derived from the fourth and fifth pouches and the postbranchial body. X 85. 424 PHARYNX AND AORTIC ARCHES RALPH FAUST SHANER PLATE 2 ... "?'\Cl.\Q. 425 PLATE 3 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 11 Chrysemys marginata, 8.4 mm., H. E. C. 1075. Wax model of the pharynx and aortic arches. X 60. 12 Tarsius spectrum, 6.7 mm. The pharynx with the aortic and pulmonary arches. X 100. After Hafferl. Hafferl's figure has here been reversed. In the originals of this and the following figure, the postbranchial body was named the fifth pouch and the pulmonary arch was labeled the sixth arch. 13 Talpa europaea, 5 mm. Wax model of the pharynx and aortic arches. X 38. After Soulie and Bonne. Their figure has here been reversed. 426 PHARYNX AND AORTIC ARCHES RALPH FAtrST SHANE R PLATE 3 a ^ Ck 427 PLATE 4 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 14 Photomicrograph of a section through the anterior thymus (thymus III) and the anterior parathyreoid gland (parathyreoid III) of an adult Chrysemys picta. On the left is a part of a thymic lobule, showing dense cortex and lighter medulla, the latter containing thymic corpuscles. On the right is the parathyreoid gland. Haematoxylin and eosin. X 100. 15 Photomicrograph of a section through the left aortic body of an adult Chrysemys picta, to show the postbranchial body, the posterior thymus (thymus IV), and the posterior parathyreoid gland (parathyreoid IV). The crescentshaped mass in the upper half of the section is the postbranchial body. Below and on the left is the posterior parathyreoid gland; on the right is the posterior thymus. Haematoxylin and orange G. X 66. 428 PHARYNX AND AORTIC ARCHES RALPH FAUST SHANER PLATE i '% '^^ Fi<J.l,y ' • ■,- - •' ♦ • ■ ./ 429 Resumen por la autora, Vera Danchakoff Actividad digestiva del mesenquima. A. Las celulas del sarcoma de Ehrlich empleadas como objeto de digesti6n. La actividad digestiva del mesenquima esplenico es el factor determinante de la desaparici6n de ciertos tumores de los mamiferos injertados en el alantoides del embrion de polio en intimo contacto con el tejido esplenico de la gallina adulta. El tejido de los tumores de los mamiferos (sarcoma de Ehrlich y tumor 180) crece bien si se injerta solamente en el alantoides. Ni el tejido esplenico embrionario ni el mismo tejido muerto y aseptico del adulto afectan su crecimiento. Solamente las celulas mesenquimatosas vivas del bazo del adulto puestas en contacto inmediato con las celulas del tumor las rodean y encierran en una capsula, digiriendolas despues en las pequenas cavidades asi formadas. Translation by Jos6 F. Nonidez Cornell Medical College, New York AUTHOR 8 ABSTRACT OF THIS PAPER ISSUED BY THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICE. NOVEMBEK 7 DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME A. THE EHRLICH SARCOMA CELLS AS OBJECT VERA DANCHAKOFF Columbia University, George Crocker Special Research Fund, F. C. Wood, Director EIGHT PLATES (SEVENTEEN FIGURES) 1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Resistance to heteroplastic grafting is a property possessed by a great variety of organisms. Even tumors with their unHmited power of growth cannot be transplanted successfully from one species to another, and transplantation to another animal of the same species has often been followed only by partial success. Among higher vertebrates an entire lack of resistance to certain heterogeneous rapidly growing tumors has been demonstrated in only a few instances. Murphy and Rous grew different tumors on chick embryos. Bullock succeeded in growing mouse sarcoma in new-born rats. Although various hypotheses as to the factors of resistance have been formulated, none is actually fundamental, though some are apparently well supported. Both organs and cells have been suggested as factors responsible for natural as well as induced resistance against the grafting of tumors. The spleen among organs and the small lymphocytes among cells have been made subjects of special study in this connection. Inhibition of tumor growth due to the presence of the spleen in the organism has been affirmed and denied, as has an inhibiting effect of the splenic tissue on the growth of a tumor graft. On the other hand, receding tumors are often infiltrated by small lymphocytes, and it has been suggested that the presence of these cells may be a factor in the recession. 431 432 VERA DANCHAKOFF An attempt was made by IVIurphy"' ^-' i^. ^ to furnish experimental proof of the significance of the small lymphocytes as factors of natural and induced immunity. On the basis of Murphy's work, Jacques Loeb^" has suggested that the greater tolerance of plants to grafts of foreign tissue, as compared to animals, may be explained by the absence of 'leucocytes.' Recent work by Bullock,^ Stevenson,^. 24 Sittenfield,2o. 21, 22 and Wood and Prime,^^ however, indicate that the role of the small lymphocytes in resistance is more than dubious. Further attempts to establish a causal connection between immunity and the presence of 'leucocytes' in general seem, therefore, to be unwarranted. The mechanism of the resistance attributed to the action of the spleen as a whole or to that of the small lymphocytes has not been discussed, and little, if anything, is known concerning the reason for the failure of a tumor to grow in an immune animal. It is true that a detailed morphological study by RusselP^ and Woglom^^ of the conditions at the site of a graft which has failed to develop has revealed a lack of a stroma reaction in the immune host and a failure of vessels to grow into the grafted tissue which resulted in the subsequent necrosis of the graft. This observation, important as it is, gives no further information concerning the nature of the resistance; the reason why the vessels do not grow into the grafted material in an immune animal remains unexplained. The purpose of the present paper is to show that the phagocytic and digestive capacity of the mesenchymal syncytium or cellular reticulum of the adult chicken spleen is a direct and decisive factor in the destruction of the Ehrlich mouse sarcoma, and a factor of partial inhibition to the Crocker Fuiid mouse sarcoma 180, both of which grow vigorously when grafted alone upon the allantois of the chick embryo. The mechanism of this inhibition is easily demonstrable and will be described in detail. I am far from being able to extend my results to other tumors. On the contrary, numerous indications point to the fact that the capacity of the splenic mesenchyme to destroy living tumor cells, as described in this paper, is due to the association of very defi DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 433 nite factors. This activity is, however, a part of the general conditions governing the resistance to heteroplastic tissues, and, as an easily demonstrable phenomenon, .may give some clues to the understanding of other manifestations of the resistance of organisms against heteroplastic grafting. 2. MATERIAL AND ITS ARRANGEMENT The loose mesenchyme with its capacity for various differentiation is a site of elaboration of a variety of products either stored in its cellular derivatives or possibly given up' into the organism. The introduction of various substances into the organism stimulates the activity of the loose mesenchyme and its cellular derivatives and may be followed even by a modification of mesenchymal differentiation. The activity of the mesenchyme and of its cellular derivatives as a possible factor in the resistance of the organism against heteroplastic grafting has been discussed in some of my previous papers.^- &. s. 7, s The formation of macrophages is of interest in connection with the digestive power of the mesenchyme. Even during the normal course of development groups of blood-corpuscles, for example, may be cut off from the general circulation through the rearrangement of embryonic vessels and numerous bloodcells may be found free within the mesenchyme. Mesenchymal cells are, then, isolated from the common syncytium and develop a phagocytic activity against these stranded elements. This fact alone demonstrates the digestive capacity inherent in the mesenchymal cell in the developmental stage of a macrophage. Under ordinary conditions, cells do not often come into contact with unmodified proteins. However, mesenchymal cells may take up and digest any small unsplit particles of protein of their own in the form of dead or weakened cells or cellular debris with which they may be in contact. This they accomplish only with the aid of ferments capable of splitting proteins. How far does this power of the mesenchymal cell extend? Does it control heterogeneous proteins and heterogeneous living cells? Is the digestive capacity of the mesenchymal cells an intracellular property only or may they give off their ferments as a secretion like the glandular cells of the endocrine organs? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY, VOL. 29, NO. 4 434 VERA DANCHAKOFF With these problems in view, I began the study of the mutual relationship of mesenchyme and a fast-growing heterogeneous tissue. An objection to the use of embryonic mesenchymal tissue is found in the fact that the tissues of the embryo, in contradistinction to those of the adult, do not offer resistance against heteroplastic grafting. Therefore, it seems rather improbable that the power of digesting a foreign living cell is an inherent property of the embryonic mesenchyme. The relation of adult splenic mesenchyme of the fowl to mouse sarcoma has formed the object of my study, and the allantois of the chick has been chosen as a culture medium, in which the activity of the mesenchyme may be easily followed. The loose structure and rich vascularization of the allantois have been shown to offer to the grafted adult splenic mesenchyme of the chick conditions favorable not only for the life of its cells, but also for their further growth and differentiation. A recent observation on the growth of the adult splenic tissue of the fowl on the allantois* has shown, moreover, that the phagocytic activity of the grafted mesenchymal cells of the adult spleen against erythrocytes and occasionally against granular leucocytes of the chick may be extensively revealed in this environment. The presence of the small lymphocytes in the meshes of this tissue is a distinctly unfavorable characteristic of the splenic mesenchyme, especially in a study of the bearing of the mesenchymal activity upon the resistance of the organism against heteroplastic grafting, since the small lymphocyte itself is considered by some investigators to be a factor in this resistance. However, a previous study of the growth of the adult splenic tissue of the chick on the allantois has shown (Danchakoff-) that the small lymphocytes are not viable within the allantois. They rapidly emigrate from the transplant into the spaces of the allantois where they are frequently seen to disintegrate and to be ingested by the embryonic mesenchymal cells of this organ. At any rate, their presence in the grafted splenic mesenchyme is always easy to detect and take into account. DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 435 In order to determine whether the mesenchymal syncytium of the adult spleen has a power over a living heterogeneous cell, only such cells can be used as give an extensive growth when grafted upon the chick allantois. Rapidly growing transplantable tumors offer the most suitable material. The Ehrlich mouse sarcoma and the Crocker Fund mouse sarcoma 180 were chosen. In comparison with the epithelial tumors and the Flexner-Jobling sarcoma of the rat, both tumors seemed to present great advantages for my purpose. A study of their growth in the allantois has shown them arranged in this environment in the form of a labile syncytium. Their cells are highly mobile and they frequently show protruding processes (fig. 1), and may wander out individually into the chick mesenchyme. This character sufficiently explains the diffuse growth of this tumor along the periphery of the graft, and the infiltration of the loose tissue of the allantois. The same property would tend to effect a closer intergrowth with the splenic mesenchyme, if both tissues were grafted together. Moreover, when occasionally found within the lumen of an eroded vessel, the cells of these tumors are seen to lose all their connections with the common syncytium and to become spherical. Except for size, they are in such a case extremely similar to hemoblasts, but, unlike them, they never show any sign of progressive differentiation. The tissues for most of my present experiments were crushed by forcing them through a syringe with a sieve bottom. This procedure does not injure many of the cells nor even particles of tissue, but it loosens the texture of the tissue and seems to facilitate the access of cells and groups of cells into the allantois. Grafted simultaneously and in close contact, both spleen and tumor tissues grew, as already shown by Stevenson. After six to seven days a large growth was usually found in the region of the graft, of which one part consists of splenic and the other of tumor tissue. A detailed analysis of the growth of both tissues at various periods was studied, especially in the region where the tissues come together. This analysis is given in section 4. Both tissues grew well at the periphery, except where they came into contact. Contact occurs at somewhat different 436 VERA DANCHAKOFF stages after grafting, and a peculiar reaction invariably was developed in this region by the splenic mesenchyme, which strongly reminds one of the phagocytic activity of a macrophage. The phagocyte in this case is not a single cell, however, but a mesenchymal syncytium with a common cytoplasm and numerous nuclei; the object of attack is the living cell of a mammalian tumor. As a result of this reaction the tumor stops growing at the place of contact with the splenic tissue, although it grows well in contact with the loose mesenchyme of the allantois. Is this mesenchymal reaction to be interpreted as a result of a mere local interaction between adult splenic mesenchyme and cells of the Ehrlich sarcoma and is the allantois of the embrj^o therefore no more than a culture medium? Or does the embryo itself, at whose expense the graft is growing, enter as a factor into the results obtained? The fact alone that the reaction develops only in the strictly limited region in which both tissues come into contact and does not extend to the whole tumor seems rather to make the participation of the host as a factor in this reaction doubtful. In order to extend the mesenchymal reaction to the whole tumor graft, both tissues were brought into more intimate contact. Crushing splenic and tumor tissues together and mixing them carefully gives an intimate contact of the two kind of cells. A preparation of such a mixture shows small particles of the tumor tissue enveloped by strands of splenic mesenchyme, the latter occasionally appearing in the form of small islands. Such a mixture of both tissues was used as a grafting material and the progress of the growth of these double grafts was followed day by day. This series of experiments has been repeated five times on sixty eggs, with invariably identical results, described in section 5. Moreover, such series of experiments have been repeated through a period of eighteen months on smaller groups of eggs. Though an attempt has been made to ascertain whether the connective-tissue cells in other regions of the body were capable of exercising a similar digestive activity against the Ehrlich sarcoma cell, no definite results have yet been obtained. DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 437 It is difficult on the basis of these experiments, to be sure that in the presence of the adult splenic graft the allantoic mesenchymal cells themselves do not begin at least to take part in the described activity. No definite morphological criteria exist which would permit of a sure identification of allantoic and splenic mesenchymal cells, for both are characterized by the same structural features. It is possible, however, to demonstrate by another series of experiments that the embryonic mesenchymal cells are incapable of destroying the tumor by phagocytic activity whether adult splenic tissue is present or not in the host. If tumor tissue and adult splenic tissue are grafted, widely separate, as described in section 6, the growth of the tumor is not affected by the activity of any mesenchymal elements. It is true that the tumor does not always grow as well as if grafted alone, but, as the analysis of the conditions will show, the factor damaging the growth of the tumor in this case is the myeloid metaplasia of the embryonic mesenchyme following a single spleen graft. The existence of a phagocytic destructive power in the embryonic splenic mesenchyme similar to that revealed by the adult splenic tissue against the living Ehrlich sarcoma cell, though made improbable by the lack of resistance .in the embryo, is not, however, altogether precluded. On the other hand, the cells of the embryonic allantois itself might have been stimulated to a similar digestive activity by extracellular substances brought in with the adult splenic tissue. In order to obtain some definite information concerning the phagocytic digestive capacity of the embryonic mesenchyme, two other series of experiments were made and are described in section 7. On the one hand, the Ehrlich sarcoma thoroughly mixed with splenic tissue of embryos up to the hatching period was grafted; on the other, grafts of the Ehrlich sarcoma mixed with aseptic dead splenic tissue only and together with embryonic spleen were made. The tumor grew well in both cases, and no mesenchymal reaction developed around the tumor cells. It seemed desirable, finally, to approach the question whether the destructive power of the adult splenic mesenchyme of the 438 VERA DANCHAKOFF chick against the Ehrlich sarcoma cell is a specific reaction strictly limited to the substratum used. Other series of experiments were made, in which other tumors were grafted on the allantois in mixture with adult splenic mesenchyme. Tumor 180, carcinoma 63, and the Jensen rat sarcoma were thoroughly mixed with the splenic tissue of an adult chick and grafted on the allantois. A destructive mesenchymal reaction similar to that against the Ehrlich sarcoma has been observed only against tumor 180. Though similar to that obtained against the Ehrlich sarcoma cells, the reaction against tumor 180 has never been found as pronounced, unless quantities of spleen two or three times greater than the amount of tumor were grafted. 3. GROWTH OF THE EHRLICH MOUSE SARCOMA IN THE CHICK ALLANTOIS Changes of the allantois at a late stage of incubation as factor of tumor recession at this time The vascular membrane found in the chick egg beneath the egg-shell membrane, commonly called the allantois, consists in fact of two membranes, the serosa and the allantois. The membranes fuse with each other by their mesodermal surfaces and a rich net of allantoic capillaries grows through the ectoderm of the serosa and expands over its surface as the respiratory embryonic organ (Danchakoff^^). The rich vascular net which, in later stages (after 8 to 9 days of incubation) is in direct contact with the egg-shell membrane, assures the nutrition of the graft. Growths of EhrHch sarcoma grafts have been studied from one to thirteen or fourteen days after grafting. Tumors not older than two weeks have been used, in order to avoid- as far as possible inclusions of necrotic masses in the grafted material. A microscopic study of tumors at this age has shown, however, that small necrotic areas were frequently present, especially in the center of the tumor. Before grafting the tumor was forced through a syringe with a sieve bottom, the grafted material consisted always of living cells together with an inconsiderable amount of dead cellular material. Small particles of this mash DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 439 were deposited on the allantois at seven days of incubation, and two to four eggs opened every twenty-four liours. Macroscopically, the grafts were found already estabhshed within twenty-four hours. They enlarged steadily for eight to nine days. From that time on, no further growth could be demonstrated, and at about two to three days before hatching, the tumor was seen to become opaque and necrotic and to assume a yellowish tint. The microscopical study of a tumor graft twenty-four hours after grafting shows that, as has been found in the study of the splenic grafts, only that part of the graft survives which is in close touch with the membrane. At the time of the grafting (seven days of incubation) the allantois is covered by an uninterrupted epithelial layer of the ectoderm of the serosa, which rarely offers sufficient mechanical resistance to prevent the take of the graft. Twenty-four hours after grafting, tumor cells adjacent to the allantois are already in contact with the mesodermal constituents, the epithelial covering of the serosa having become interrupted in many places. Tumor cells undergo frequent mitoses, especially along the channels of the rich vascular net. They round up during the process, but during the resting stage they send out numerous long and slender processes into the depth of the allantois. The sudden appearance of the tumor cell does not call forth any appreciable reaction in the allantoic tissue. The grafted tissue having come into contact with the allantois over an area of about 1 to 4 sq.mm., numerous tumor cells find access into the allantois and become the starting-point of a proliferating neoplasm. The graft is seen sometimes to break as a whole through the epithelial layer of the allantois, and both surviving cells and necrotic masses lie within an edematous allantois. Numerous interesting details are observed in parts of the graft which do not come into immediate contact with the allantoic tissue. Not all of the tumor cells undergo a process of necrosis and disintegration, though many of them do. A number of tumor cells, however, even originally at a certain distance from the vascularized mesenchyme, survive and show themselves 440 VERA DANCHAKOFF to be necrophages in a high degree. Podwissotski and others have described the process of necrophagism in various tumors; hving tumor cells ingest debris of dead tumor cells which inside of the phagocyte have been mistaken for parasites. In the grafts, tumor cells are seen to ingest dead tumor cell material in great quantity. Necrotic tumor cells, of which the structure is still recognizable, as well as cell material which has entirely lost its structure are incorporated into the cytoplasm of tumor cells, fragmented, and finally completely digested. It is remarkable that though embryonic mesenchymal cells show a great tendency to surround the extravascular erythrocytes or dead cell material of their own kind, they seldom show any inclination to ingest dead tumor cells. It is true that they are very small in comparison with the tumor cell, but they show no tendency to surround them even in the form of plasmodial accumulations or giant-cells. Most of the tumor cells on the contrary are generally seen to contain in their cytoplasm acidophilic necrotic masses which gradually disappear. The tumor cells have to be considered, therefore, as having a positive chemotropism toward their own dead cell material, and to possess an intracellular digestive power over it. It is interesting to observe the effect of a great quantity of ingested necrotic cell material on tumor cells undergoing mitosis. The mitotic figure may become greatly distorted by the accumulation of the ingested material, and the chromosomes grouped in a very irregular manner. Other interesting consequences may be observed in the division process of a cell with ingested material. If the latter chiefly occupies one pole of the cell, the division process in the cell proceeds as in a meroblastic egg; a complete division fails to take place, though a deep furrow passing through the active cytoplasm indicates the respective boundaries of the two cells. Both of the cells may simultaneously undergo a further mitosis. The presence of large ingested masses may lead in this manner to the production of multipolar mitoses sometimes more or less regular, at other times remarkable for their irregularity. Dead tumor cells in various stages of disintegration are not the only material which the tumor cells are capable of ingesting. DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 441 Chick (vythrocytes as well as granulocytes may also be found within 'heir cytoplasm. During grafting the production of a slight traumatic hemorrhage can rarely be avoided and erythrocytes of the host are frequently brought into contact with tumor cells. Small vessels of the host are frequently invaded by tumor cells in later stages of growth; in both cases the tumor cells are seen to contain chick erythrocytes within their cytoplasm and gradually reduce them to small particles of acidophilic material. Numerous granulocj^tes are also found in the tumor cells. It is, however, difficult to decide whether the tumor cell has ingested these cells or whether the leucocytes entered into a weakened tumor cell, since the structure of both often remains unchanged. Other pictures seem, however, to indicate that tumor cells are capable of digesting chick leucocytes, and both in the resting stage and in mitosis they may contain leucocytes in various stages of disintegration. It seems, therefore, logical to conclude that the tumor cell has a great ingestive and digestive power over its own dead material and over chick erythrocytes and leucocytes. The presence of numerous tumor cells acquiring a gigantic size is very characteristic of the Ehrlich sarcoma grown on the chick allantois. A study of the life-history of these giant tumor cells, by means of microscopical preparations, clearly shows that their metabolism becomes gradually modified. I have already mentioned that the reconstruction of the chromosome complex in tumor cells may be modified by the presence of large quantities of ingested material which offers a physical obstacle to the regular rearrangement of the mitotic figure. In later stages the chromosomes themselves appear strikingly modified in a great number of giant tumor cells. The chromosomes seldom if ever enlarge, but they are frequently seen to undergo the process of fragmentation and gradual reduction. They appear then in the form of very small rods and even dots. The whole amount of chromatin in the form of the entire chromosome complex appears finally reduced. It is remarkable, however, that tumor cells even with greatly modified chromosomal complexes are still capable of division. 442 VERA DANCHAKOFF It is interesting to observe how resistant the tumor cells show themselves even under unfavorable conditions. Occasionally in a graft the ectodermal epithelial layer of the serosa does not give way, and separates the grafted tissue from the mesodermic part of the serosa and allantois. In the case of a graft of any other tissue, it becomes quickly necrotic; but in the tumor grafts, numerous cells survive for at least four to five days. At a time when the mammalian mesenchyme and the endothelium of the vessels grafted as a part of the tumor are dead (fig. 2) the tumor cells still manifest an intense activity; they are frequently found in mitosis and are seen to ingest dead tumor material and mammaUan erythrocytes. It seems, therefore, that the mammalian tumor cells are more readily adapted to rather unfavorable conditions than are other cells of the mammalian soma. The outer necrotic zone of the graft is gradually reduced by the digestive activity of the tumor cells, and on the fourth or fifth day of growth hardly any of it remains. The process of growth in the first four to five days is very rapid and mitotic figures are observed in great numbers. An illustration of the growth of a tumor in the allantois on the third day is found in figure 1. The group of tumor cells in the upper right corner is adjacent to the central part of the tumor, of which the texture is dense and in which the reciprocal relations of the cells are not easily determined. In the peripheral zone of the tumor, the cells, as represented in figure 1, are arranged in a loose manner and almost all of them are connected by cytoplasmic processes, and appear in the form of syncytia. In the extreme outer zone of the tumor, the cellular syncytium is broken and small groups of tumor cells are found dispersed within the mesodermic layer of the allantois. Here the tumor cells are characterized by long and slender processes which protrude into the loose tissue of the allantois. Many cells are in mitosis, as the figure shows. It is interesting to note the rounding up of the tumor cells during mitosis in connection with the recent findings of Robert Chambers, ^ who has shown that at this stage of the lifehistory the cytoplasm of the cell becomes liquefied and the cell DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 443 assumes a spherical form. The allantoic mesenchyme with vessels is found to be abundant in the outer zone of the tumor and scanty in the more central part of it. Both kinds of tissue, mammalian tumor cells and chick mesenchyme, present a healthy appearance and show no signs of interaction. Besides the changes brought about by the exercise of its intracellular digestive capacity, the tumor cell grown on the allantois shows other alterations, probably due to the effects of the culture medium. From about the fourth or fifth day after grafting, inclusions appear in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells which resemble crystalline forms. In Zenker-formol fixation and eosin-azur these inclusions appear as clear separate linear or fusiform spaces of various sizes. They may be curved in adaptation to the curvature of the nucleus or to that of the cell periphery. These uniform spaces were probably occupied during cell life by a formed substance somewhat flexible in its consistence. The number of the inclusions in one cell may greatly vary, and they are present during both the resting stage of the cell and mitosis. Sometimes they may be seen between the chromosomes of the equatorial plate keeping them apart, but are never found within the nucleus so long as the nuclear membrane is intact. The inclusions must be interpreted as due to a change in the metabolism of the tumor cells grown upon the allantois, since those cells in their original host in the mouse do not present such inclusions. Great differences in size and modified nuclear-cytoplasmic proportions are further characteristics of tumor cells growing on the allantois. There is an interesting correlation between the size of the tumor cells and the basophilia of their cytoplasm, the smaller cells being much more basophilic during the resting stage. This seems to correspond with the conception of the cytoplasm as at least a partial center of synthesis of chromatic material for the further building up of the chromosome complex. The highly chromatic nucleolus is also very characteristic of the tumor cell in its resting stage. During the spireme stage of mitosis numerous chromosomes seem to be firmly attached to the nucleolus, which gradually loses ,its basophilic character as the chromosomes 444 VERA DANCHAKOFF arise, suggesting that a part of the chromatic material might be furnished by the nucleolus. These changes of the tumor cells within the allantois are especially suggestive in connection with the work of Stevenson, 23. 24 ^j^q found a general lowering of the vitality of tumors when grown on chick embryos for many generations. The tumor grows in the above manner until about the seventeenth to eighteenth day of incubation, i.e., for ten to eleven days and it may attain a diameter of 1 cm. and often reaches 5 to 8 mm. in thickness. • Occasionally tumor cells penetrate vessels and small hemorrhages are found within the tumor; the tumor cells here exhibit their ingestive and digestive power. Hemorrhages are usually followed by leucocytic infiltration and some of the granular leucocytes may at the same time infiltrate parts of the tumor. Leucocytic infiltration in a single tumor graft is not a regular occurrence; it frequently takes place, however, in the peripheral parts of the tumor, where a greater number of vessels is present, especially in later stages. The growth of the tumor regularly stops at about the seventeenth day of incubation. Murphy believed that the development of small lymphocytes in the host at this time furnished a defensive mechanism against the further growth of a heteroplastic tissue. But curiously enough, no small lymphocytic infiltration can be found around the growing graft at this stage. While the tumor recedes necrotic zones appear usually in the midst of the tumor tissue and gradually extend over larger areas without marked reaction around them. No more indication for a causal connection between tumor recession and the development of small lymphocytes exists than for a connection with any other aspect of the embryonic histogenetic processes. A thorough analysis of the changes in the allantois itself at this period of development is important in connection with the regression of the tumor. These changes affect not only a heterogeneous graft, but equally the growth of any graft, even that of embryonal chick tissue, such as kidney, testis, and spleen, which gradually become necrotic at this time. DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 445 Changes in the allantois during the last three days of incubation Regressive changes are found in the vascular net of the allantois about the eighteenth day of incubation, and on the nineteenth day parts of the capillary network extending over the serosa are found collapsed or disappeared altogether over large areas. The ectoderm of the serosa, which at definite stages occupied a deeper position in the membrane, now again becomes superficial. A curious vacuolization of nmnerous ectodermal, cells is observed and the epithelial layer of the serosa becomes thickened. Conspicuous changes develop in the walls of the vessels, especially of the arteries. In the earlier stages the walls are very thin with hardly perceptible muscular coats, while in the latter stages of incubation they become thick with heavy layers of muscular tissue. The partial destruction of the superficial capillary net might well explain the hypertrophy of the muscular coat of the arteries and a consequent increase of the blood-pressure in them. Another immediate consequence of the destruction of the capillary net is the development of an edema through the allantois, which in the last days of incubation is many times thicker than in earlier stages. Its mesodermal tissue contains few cells and the vascular channels are widely separated. The edema, a natural consequence of the destruction of the capillary net, itself becomes a factor in the further destruction of this net. These changes in the allantois coincide with the arrest of growth in the graft and are of a character to suggest an inhibiting cause. Striking changes are frequently observed in the vascular net of the graft itself. Greatly distended capillaries are seen to be engorged with stagnating blood (figs. 3 and 4). The red corpuscles lose their characteristic structure, their nuclei disinte-. grate and are no longer discernible. Sometimes they fragment; in other cases they flow together and form large masses of a substance showing the staining reaction of hemoglobin. The endothelial walls of the vessels break down, individual endothelial cells begin to show phagocytic activity and ingest the huge masses of protein substance so formed. Red blood corpuscles reduced to 446 VERA DANCHAKOFF structureless masses along with unchanged erythrocytes are also found in the interior of the greatly distended macrophages. This process is illustrated by figures 3 and 4. It extends gradually to larger vessels around the grafts and numerous vascular channels are seen to be distended by these pecuhar thrombi. This process of occlusion of the vascular net is followed by necrosis of the previously healthy tissue of the graft. In some cases, however, parts of the graft become necrotic without the described changes having occurred. Microscopic study shows in this case a gradual passage of the necrotic focus into the surrounding healthy tissue without appreciable reaction around it. Heteroplastic tumor as well as homoplastic tissue grafts are equally affected at seventeen to eighteen days of incubation. While the allantois forms a favorable culture medium at the time of the grafting, it gradually and progressively becomes less and less so. These local changes in the milieu, and not the development of a particular kind of small lymphocyte at a distant point from the tumor growth, seem to bring about the recession of the tumor, as well as that of homogeneous grafts. Even anlages of organs of the same age as the host grafted on the allantois at the seventh to eighth day of incubation begin tcK become necrotic at about the eighteenth day. There is a correlation between the size attained by the graft and the day of incubation at which the graft becomes necrotic, larger grafts becoming necrotic earlier than smaller ones; a small graft may still find sufficient nourishment even in a modified allantois. 4. GROWTH RESTRAINT OF A TUMOR IN DOUBLE ADJACENT GRAFTS OF TUMOR AND ADULT SPLEEN The double grafts of tumor and spleen were made on the allantois with small separate quantities of tumor and spleen mash, practically touching each other. Microscopically, the growing grafts were only seldom found to be in contact during early stages. This is accounted for by the fact that the growing points of the tumor and spleen ~may not necessarily be situated at the place where the tissues come together. The allantoic mesenchyme which separates the two tissues in the first days of DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 447 their growth is seldom found to be more than a narrow strand, and usually both tissues come together on the fourth to the sixth day after grafting. There is little to add to the description of the inauguration of tumor growth given in the preceding section; the proliferation of the tissue proceeds in the proximity of an adult spleen graft in the first days after grafting in the same way as does the single tumor graft. An inhibition of the growth of the tumor graft usually does not begin until the two grafts have come together; but in cases in which a close contact between the tissues is not effected, the growth of the tumor may still be inhibited at a later period even before the prehatching changes in the allantoic circulation have begun. The inhibition in this case depends upon general changes in the host's mesenchyme called forth by the presence of a" growing adult spleen graft on the allantois. The factors of the growth restraint over a tumor grafted in close touch with an adult spleen graft can, therefore, be distinguished as local or direct and general or secondary. Growth restraint is locally brought about by the activity of the groups of grafted splenic mesenchymal cells that come into contact with tumor cells. The general or secondary factors concerned in the inhibition of the growth of the tumor consist in the general changes produced by a spleen graft upon the mesenchyme of the host, of which the allantois is a part. These changes consist in an ubiquitous myeloid metaplasia, as I have described in several papers. In an adjacent double graft the local and general factors of growth restraint are at work together, and it is difficult to distinguish their separate spheres of action. The unfavorable effect of the myeloid metaplasia of the host's mesenchyme on tumor growth can, however, be distinguished from the direct damaging activity of the splenic mesenchyme and studied separately in grafts of spleen and tumor placed at a distance of about 2 to 3 cm. from each other. In this case the much milder inhibition of the tumor growth, though easily noticeable if the myeloid metaplasia is intense, depends exclusively upon the changes in the host's mesenchyme. These secondary factors of inhibition of tumor growth will be analyzed beyond; only the local factors depend 448 VERA DANCHAKOFF ing upon the direct activity of the adult spleen are now to be considered. As soon as contact between the cellular elements of the tumor and adult splenic tissue is established, not only do the tumor cells begin to undergo a profound change, but those of the adult splenic tissue are also affected. In order to appreciate the changes which take place in these tissues in a double adjacent graft, the development and proliferation of a single graft of each of them on the allantois must be borne in mind. As described in the preceding section, one of the most important features of a single tumor graft was an entire absence of reaction between the mesenchyme of the host and the tumor cells. The growth of adult splenic tissue on the allantois has been made the subject of a previous paper^ and only the more important characters in the process will be mentioned here. The grafted splenic mash is a mixture of free cells and groups of cells in a syncytial or plasmodial arrangement. The free cells are erythrocytes, wandering cells of various origin, small lymphocytes, scanty granulocytes, and hemoblasts, disconnected endothelial cells and cells of the splenic reticulum. Among them only cells of endothelial and reticular origin proliferate intensely in a splenic graft. These cells display, moreover, an intensive phagocytic and digesti,ve activity against erythrocytes and granular leucocytes. The small lymphocytes leave in great numbers the parts of the graft most remote from the allantois and are found among the mesenchymal cells of the allantois. Conditions here are not very favorable for their further maintenance, and, if not transformed into histiotopic wandering cells, they^ disintegrate and are ingested by the embryonal mesenchymal cells. The fate of the small foci of the splenic tissue which are not separated into single cells is interesting. Such foci sometimes survive in numbers and become centers of proliferation and further differentiation. The individual cells of the reticulum in such foci hypertrophy, and the tissue, originally in a loose syncytial arrangement, is transformed into true plasmodia with no delimitation of the constituent cells. Many or all of these cells separate as do hemoblasts from blood-islands, and large groups DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 449 of free cells arise with the characters of hemoblasts. These cells undergo further differentiation into granuloblasts and granulocytes. Large parts of the adult splenic tissue growing and proliferating in the allantois are transformed into accumulations of granuloblastic tissue. This transformation is greatly favored by a rich ingrowth of vessels and markedly inhibited by the failure of the vessels to develop a sufficiently abundant network. An adult splenic graft begins to develop in a quite similar manner when grafted on the allantois in close proximity with a tumor graft. Only the granuloblastic transformation of its cellular reticulum is less pronounced in the part of the graft adjacent to the tumor tissue. The cells here retain their fusiform or stellate shape and usually possess numerous slender processes which anastomose with the neighboring cells. A vascular net is regularly found in the peripheral zone of the splenic graft. Numerous round ameboid cells are present in this zone. Hemoblasts and granuloblasts are the most numerous ; granular leucocytes are few at the beginning, but more abundant in later stages; small lymphocytes may also be encountered, but they are always scarce — a fact of great interest in connection with the important role that has been ascribed to them by Murphy. The tissue in the extreme outer zone of the splenic graft assumes the form of a loose mesenchyme. This tissue becomes a striking factor not only in limiting the growth of the adjacent tumor graft, but in actively destroying or digesting cell by cell a great part of the tumor tissue. Figure 5 illustrates this process developing in the zone between tumor and spleen graft as soon as the tissues of both grafts come together. The mesenchyme of the periphery of the adult splenic graft manifests a property entirely lacking in the embryonic mesenchyme of the allantois around a single tumor graft. When single tumor cells grow into this zone they appear morphologically unchanged, but the splenic mesenchymal cells are attracted to them at once. They gather around the tumor cells and accumulate in the recesses between their cytoplasmic processes to form small syncytial groups. These tumor cells still possess 450 VERA DANCHAKOFF a vigorous metabolism since they continue to proliferate. Tumor cells in mitosis are encircled by mesenchymal cells, even more readily at the beginning, because at this time they lose their cytoplasmic connections with adjacent cells. The first change in a tumor cell around which mesenchymal cells have accumulated is the withdrawal of its processes; it consequently loses its characteristic fusiform or branched shape and becomes spherical. This process has taken place on. a large scale in the graft from which figure 5 was drawn. Neither cytoplasm nor nucleus shows at this stage any degenerative change. Numerous cells, however, seem to have become immobile as no cytoplasmic processes appear at their periphery. The splenic mesenchymal cells occur singly or accumulate in small groups around such tumor cells and quickly encircle them, thus separating them from the surrounding tissue. They form an entire capsule around the tumor cells, and include them in small cavities of uninterrupted cellular Plasmodium. After being surrounded, the tumor cells undergo a series of physicochemical changes which end only with its complete disappearance. It is gradually transformed by the digestive activity of the surrounding Plasmodium into a small mass of non-living protein. The final jDroducts of digestion are resorbed and assimilated by the surrounding living cells. The space within which the tumor cell is found is not a rigid cavity. At the beginning the tumor cell is usually tightly surrounded by the Plasmodium; later it lies in a cavity larger than itself, then gradually the cavity becomes smaller, the surrounding cells drawing closer together about the diminishing body of the tumor cell (figs. 7, 9, 11). The morphological picture of the gradual changes undergone by the tumor cells as seen in the several figures varies greatly. Sometimes the cytoplasm is first attacked, its peripheral zone vacuolized, while a more compact and homogeneous part still remains around the nucleus. In other cases the nuclei seem first to be dissolved, and irregular chromatin particles are found scattered within the cytoplasm. The same parts of the tumor cells do not always disappear first. Sometimes a small chromatic mass, in other cases a clear vacuolized accumula DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 451 tion of metachromatic glassy substance is found as the last vestige of the tumor cell, A quite regular change, and one of the first, is vacuolization of the peripheral zone of the cytoplasm, which loses its normal staining capacity and appears of a purplish and greenish color in Zenker-formol, eosin-azur preparations. A metachromatic purplish staining of the nucleus and of its chromatin is also a frequent occurrence (fig. 15). When reporting these findings before the New York Pathological Society, I expressed the belief in the destructive power of the adult splenic mesenchyme over the living cell of the Ehrlich sarcoma. Since then further evidence for this has been accumulated. It is not the damaged and weakened tumor cells alone that are surrounded by the splenic mesenchyme, for, as illustrated by figures 5, 9, 12, and 13, cells in all phases of mitosis are encircled in the same way. For some time after being surrounded they seem still capable of maintaining themselves, but they finally succumb within the intraplasmodial cavity. This destruction of tumor cells by splenic mesenchymal cells checks the further expansion of the tumor graft in the direction of the spleen graft. There is no evidence for a rapid active growth of the splenic mesenchyme within the tumor graft. The reaction described is a necessary sequence of the encounter of two tissues of different specific physicochemical constitution, and although a factor contributing toward the recession of the tumor graft within the allantois of the embryonic organism, it is accidental to the process. The part of the tumor free from contact with the splenic tissue continues to expand for a certain time, and may do so up to the stage at which the prehatching changes occur in the allantois. Its growth may, however, be markedly inhibited at an earlier moment, if the myeloid metaplasia of the allantois called forth by the adult splenic graft is sufficiently pronounced. The growth contact, and consequently the reaction, between spleen and tumor grafts usually develops at the sixth day, though at times it may be observed on the fourth day, while in other cases it is only slightly indicated even at the eighth day of growth. At this late time the injurious effects of the other 452 VERA DANCHAKOFF factors, the myeloid metaplasia and the prehatching changes in the allantois, are added. A special series of experiments were required in which the two tissues could be implanted in perfect contact and in which the reaction, if it depended solely on the physicochemical constitution of the two tissues, could develop immediately, before any other factor became active. The account of this series of experiments is given in the following section. 5. GROWTH RESTRAINT OF TUMOR IN A MIXED GRAFT OF TUMOR AND ADULT SPLEEN It is only the study of mixed grafts of tumor and adult splenic tissue in the allantois which gives full evidence of the phagocytic activity of the adult mesenchyme of the spleen against the tumor cell. The net result of an eight to ten days' growth of mixed grafts in most instances is the full disappearance of tumor tissue, but this fact alone does not permit of any conclusion regarding factors involved in this disappearance. Small lymphocytes, splenic reticular tissue, or even special chemical substances, which may be present in the adult spleen, may equally well be involved in the disappearance of tumor tissue in the double graft. It is necessary to determine whether the tumor foci within the splenic tissue have failed to grow and have become necrotic, or whether their growth has been inhibited and finally stopped by the concomitant growth and differentiation of the splenic tissue, or, finally, whether the tumor tissue has been destroyed by some active process exercised by one of the constituent cellular elements of the spleen. . Only a detailed microscopic study of a great number of double grafts, examined at various stages of their development, can furnish definite data concerning these possibilities. The typical results of one series of mixed graft growths of adult spleen and Ehrlich sarcoma was as follows : Incubated, 60 eggs; unfertile, 12; grafted, 48; died before the end of the eighth day, 12; no graft developed in 4; 32 grafts were collected, four of which were fixed daily from the second day of growth on. DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 453 Grafts of two clays' growth: 1. The growth consists of splenic tissue and numerous scattered tumor cells. Some of the tumor cells contain ingested chick erythrocytes and are found occasionally in vacuoles surrounded by mesenchymal cells. 2. Good growth of splenic and tumor tissue. The graft contains two tumor foci surrounded by splenic mesenchyme, partly in loose arrangement, partly in the form of condensed areas. Splenic reticular cells are found in great numbers around the loose tumor cells in the periphery of the tumor focus. Some tumor cells are encircled by patches of small mesenchymal cells; they appear healthy and are either in the resting stage or in mitosis, 3. Intense growth of both tissues. The splenic and the tumor foci are in proliferation. Wherever both tissues come into contact numerous tumor cells are seen to be encircled by mesenchymal cells. 4. The graft as a whole did not take over the greatly thickened serosa. All of the splenic tissue and most of the tumor tissue are necrotic. Groups of tumor cells are found surviving and even proliferating within the necrotic tissue. Grafts of three days' growth: 1. The graft contains two tumor foci, and a considerable amount of splenic tissue. One tumor focus is growing rapidly and contains innumerable mitoses. It is not completely surrounded by splenic tissue and a zone of marked mesenchymal digestive reaction is present only where both tissues come into contact. Another tumor focus completely surrounded by splenic mesenchyme shows a mesenchymal reaction on its whole periphery. Tumor cells in mitosis are seen encircled by mesenchymal cells. 2. Both tissues in the graft are well intermingled and are in intense' proliferation. There are a great number of tumor cells in the resting stage as well as in different stages of mitoses closely surrounded by mesenchymal cells. 3. In this graft the tumor tissue is more abundant than the splenic tissue. Mitoses of tumor cells are very abundant. There is a marked phagocytic reaction wherever both tissues are found in contact. 4. Two foci of growing tumor are found in the graft. Both are surrounded by the splenic mesenchj^mal syncytium and the process of gradual tumor cell destruction within the mesenchymal capsules is very active. Grafts of four days' growth: 1. There is a good-sized tumor focus in the midst of intensely growing splenic tissue. The phagocytic reaction is very strong. There are numerous spherical tumor cells in vacuoles, rounded up, with ragged cytoplasm at their periphery. Various phases of degeneration of tumor cells within mesenchymal capsules. Some of the tumor cells, however, are in mitosis, though encircled and in vacuoles; a tumor cell in prophase in a vacuole, and two tumor daughter cells still connected by a cytoplasmic strand encircled by mesenchyme are present. The tumor cells are extensively cut off from the central part of the tumor focus which still has a healthy appearance. 454 VERA DANCHAKOFF 2. The graft contains a large amount of splenic tissue in which a small tumor focus is found surrounded by a large zone of mesenchymal reaction. Thousands of tumor cells are found in vacuoles, greatly altered in the extreme peripheral zone, better preserved toward the central part of the focus. The presence of innumerable vacuoles containing small parts of tumor cells serves as evidence that the tumor growth would have been much more abundant but for the active destruction of tumor cells. In the center of the tmiior focus a few healthy tumor cells are present, some of them still in mitotic division. 3. No tumor found. Numerous patches of splenic mesench^'mal cells are present. 4. Two tumor foci within a good-sized graft of splenic tissue. One of the tumor foci consists of large isolated tumor cells, practically all of them encapsulated and partly digested. Granular leucocytes are very abundant in this part of the graft. The second of the tumor foci is separated on one side from the splenic tissue by masses of necrotic tissue, and only in this part does the texture of the tmiior tissue present a normal appearance. Grafts of five days' growth: 1. Graft no longer contains tumor tissue. Numerous small accumulations of multicellular Plasmodia representing presumably the remains of the condensed mesenchyme after the tumor cells have been digested. 2. The graft is large and contains splenic tissue only. 3. A large graft of splenic tissue contains scanty isolated tumor cells closely surrounded by mesench5Tnal syncytium, most of them greatly altered. 4. A large graft of splenic tissue, no tumor tissue is present. Grafts of six days' growth: 1. No tumor tissue is present within a large splenic graft, there are accumulations of plasma cells in the splenic tissue. 2. A large graft of splenic tissue is found in great part necrotic. No tumor tissue is present. 3. No tumor, splenic tissue only, large graft. Grafts of seven days' growth: 1. Tumor tissue is present in the graft, but only on a part of its circumference is there an evidence of contact with the grafted splenic tissue. Here the digestion of tumor cells has taken place in a most intensive way. In other parts of its circumference the mesenchymal digestive reaction is present, though moderate. The tumor tissue grows actively, while at least at one side it has been destroyed. 2. The graft is large; no tumor tissue is present, splenic tissue is well developed. 3. The graft is large; necrotic in the center. A part of the tissue grafted is found as a necrotic mass above the ectoderm. No tumo'tissue is present in the graft. A few tumor cells, abnormal though apparently alive, are found in the necrotic tissue above the ectoderm, thus showing that even under unfavorable conditions the tumor cells may survive seven days while all other cells around them succumb. DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 455 4. A remarkably large graft of splenic tissue only is found. In parts of the graft giant-cells and accumulations of condensed cellular reticulum are found, possibly foci of former activity' against tumor. Grafts of eight days: 1. A remarkably large graft of only splenic tissue is present. 2. A very large graft of splenic tissue is found, but no tumor cells. 3. A medium-sized graft of healthy dense splenic tissue is present; there are no tumor cells. 4. A good-sized graft of splenic tissue only is present. The close analysis of these thirty-two grafts indicates that had all of them been allowed to grow eight days or more, very few would have contained tumor tissue at that period. Only in those mixed grafts, in which the contact between the tumor and splenic tissue had been incompletely effected would tumor still be growing. The purpose of my further study is an analysis of the factors involved in the disappearance of tumor in grafts in which a complete contact between tumor and adult spleen tissue has been effected at an early period of the graft growth. The failure to find tumor tissue in a mixed graft of eight days ' growth does not depend upon absolute failure of the tumor tissue to grow in such grafts, because at an early stage (two to four days, more particularly three days) actively growing tumor tissue is found. Even in later stages, as for example in a seven day graft, tumor tissue has been found in the graft, but in such cases, even better than in cases of complete disappearance of the tumor, does the effect of the destructive activity of the mesenchyme appear. Only in those parts in which a direct contact of both tissues is effected are the tumor cells, no matter whether in mitosis or in the resting stage, encircled and destroyed. If in contact with the allantoic mesenchyme however, the tumor cells grow unhampered. The difference between adult splenic mesenchyme and that of the embryonic allantois appears very clearly in these experiments. A positive tropism to the heterogeneous Ehrlich sarcoma cell is shown by the adult splenic mesenchymal cell, and is entirely lacking in the allantoic mesenchymal cell. This affinity of the adult mesenchymal cell, probably of chemical 456 VERA DANCHAKOFF nature, causes groups of mesenchymal cells to flow together around tumor cells, and separate them from their original connections, encircling them entirely (figs. 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15). This encircling of the tumor cells is effected gradually and is easily followed microscopically. A rounding up of the tumor cell due to the contraction of its cytoplasm is brought about as soon as mesenchymal splenic cells closely approach it. Tumor cells with long processes at one side may be seen in preparations, while at the other side they are rounded up and in close apposition to a strand of mesenchymal plasmodium. There is, therefore, a marked effect from the approach of the adult splenic mesenchymal cell on the tumor cell, the latter withdrawing its cytoplasmic processes and partly rounding up. At this tirqe it may still be possible for a tumor cell to escape from the zone of the closing mesenchymal ring, since there is yet no indication of a structural change. The steadily and rapidly increasing number of tumor cells entirely encapsulated and cut off from the surrounding tissue, speaks for the inertness of the tumor cell when approached by adult splenic mesenchyme. Of the two, it is the adult splenic mesenchyme which proves to be the more active element, and as a result of this activity the tumor cell is completely immobilized and surrounded by a kind of plasmodial capsule. Tumor cells only slightly changed or apparently not changed at all, although in vacuoles, are invariably found nearest to the healthy tumor tissue. The fact that the first structural changes which can be detected appear only in tumor cells already encapsulated and that no apparently damaged tumor cells are found outside of the vacuoles within the digestive zone can only be interpreted as evidence for the direct injurious effect of the mesenchymal cytoplasm on a living tumor cell. From the time the tumor cell is situated within the intracytoplasmic vacuole of the mesenchymal plasmodium, its fate is determined. It no longer shows signs of that synthetic metabolism which enables a living cell to maintain itself; it rapidly loses its characteristic cellular structure, gradually disintegrates, and finally disappears entirely. DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 457 Even if there existed no information concerning the presence of enzymes in the mesenchymal cells or their derivatives, the study of the gradual disappearance of tumor cells within the mesenchymal capsules would furnish such evidence. An enzyme working in an acid medium has been demonstrated by Opie in the fowl's spleen. At first glance it would seem difficult to reconcile the results of the present observation with the fact that only an enzyme with proteolytic power in acid medium has been found to exist in the spleen of the fowl ; the ground pulp of the organ is approximately neutral (pH =6.89) when freshly removed from the body. Hedin and Rowland state that the reaction is acid, but their work was done on slaughter-house material, and the methods used were not so delicate as more modern procedures. From the description of the process of tumor destruction it will be seen that actual digestion takes place within closed vacuoles, and that an analogy exists between the activity of the mesenchymal plasmodia against the tumor cells and the well-known digestive power of macrophages known to possess enzymes working in acid medium. The gradual dissolution of the tumor cells is easily followed within the mesenchymal digestive zone around the actively growing tumor focus. The farther away from the healthy tumor region, the greater are the changes of the tumor cells. In the extreme peripheral zone still recognizable as belonging to the tumor focus in which the tumor tissue is intimately intermingled with the splenic mesenchyme, only very small particles of entirely structureless protein can be discerned. The series of gradual changes from an apparently healthy tumor cell to a small amount of structureless protein can be easily made out in figures 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. 6. GROWTH RESTRAINT OF TUMOR IN DOUBLE GRAFTS OF TUMOR AND ADULT SPLEEN WIDELY SEPARATED As shown in the two preceding series of experiments, the tumor cells begin to show regressive changes in their structure only when in direct contact with splenic adult mesenchymal cells. In contrast to the embryonic allantoic mesenchyme, the adult 458 VERA DANCHAKOFF splenic mesenchymal cell of the fowl manifests a well-pronounced tropism toward the healthy tumor cells of the heterogeneous Ehrlich sarcoma, which enables it to approach the tumor cell or, if the approach be accidental, to keep in touch with it. No immune state is produced by the presence of the adult splenic tissue in the organism of the host, for even that part of the tumor separated from the adult splenic tissue by the width of a few cells only often proliferates as intensely, as if it were grafted alone. The lack of resistance in the embryo is even more apparent in experiments in which the two grafts are placed at a distance from one another of 2 to 3 cm. Under these conditions the tumor graft grows unhampered for about four days, the tumor cells being in contact only with embryonic allantoic mesenchymal cells. Both tissues follow their course of development without any apparent reaction between them. The graft of splenic tissue, separated from the tumor graft by 2 to 3 cm. grows and develops within the allantois in the manner described in section 4. The presence of a graft of adult splenic tissue within the allantois soon calls forth extensive changes in all of the embryonic mesenchyme of the host, including the mesenchyme of the allantois itself. These changes as I have described consist in a stimulation of proliferative processes in the mesenchyme. The host's spleen grows to be an organ many times exceeding its normal volume. The delicate strands of connective tissue between the muscle bundles or the nephric tubules, or the testis cords, etc., become transformed into heavy masses of mesenchyme and such derivatives as granuloblasts and granular leucocytes. The allantois itself shows innumerable foci of mesenchyme proliferation. The mesenchymal cells of the vascular adventitia especially proliferate in an intensive way. The proliferating mesenchymal cells are gradually transformed into great masses of ameboid cells — hemoblasts which differentiate into granuloblasts (myelocytes) and granular leucocytes. At this time the tissue in the tumor graft, when separated frojTi the splenic graft by a distance of several centimeters, acquires an interesting appearance. The embryonic allantoic DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 459 mesenchymal cells within the tumor graft and around it prohferate and undergo a myeloid metaplasia just as they do in other localities, but to an even greater extent. At a certain stage the tumor is surrounded and partly infiltrated by a great number of ameboid cells — hemoblasts (fig. 6). These cells were probably described by Murphy as 'round-cell infiltration' and were later mistaken by him for small lymphocytes. The hemoblasts proliferate intensely and numerous mitoses are always present. They also differentiate in great numbers into granuloblasts and finally into the typical granular leucocytes with rodshaped granulations (fixg. 16). As often observed in centers of sudden intensive proliferative and differentiative processes, the typical mode of differentiation shows slight modifications. Leucocytes with spherically shaped granulation are found among the typical leucocytes with rod-shaped granules. With the increasing number of granular cells formed not only locally, but wuthin the whole organism, the infiltration of the tumor tissue by these cells becomes more and more dense. The capillary net is gorged with granular cells. They accumulate in large groups, mechanically forcing the tumor cells far apart (fig. 6). Though no direct ill effect upon the tumor cells can be observed, their proliferative ability seems to decline, and mitoses are found less frequently in such grafts. It is also of interest that the tumor cells, especially in parts most intensely infiltrated by granular leucocytes, gradually seem to lose the intense basophilic character of their cytoplasm always so evident in centers of rapidly growing healthy tumor tissue. Though directly not affecting the tumor cells, the dense leucocytic infiltration seems to be unfavorable for the growth of the tumor tissue and probably affects to a certain degree the metabolism of individual tumor cell, leaving others, as shown by Stevenson, viable and capable of retransplantation into the mouse. Figures 6 and 16 show parts of tumor tissue at various stages of infiltration by granular cells. Their mother cells have been known as large lymphocytes, but an extensive study of their origin and of their further development has shown them to be in birds and reptiles the common stem cell for all the blood cells (Danchakoff) . Maximoff has 460 VERA DANCHAKOFF found the same to be true for the mammals. Again in figure 6 a number of such stemcells are seen to differentiate into granuloblasts, round acidophilic granules appearing in their cytoplasm. Figure 16 shows to what an extent the granulocytic infiltration can develop. Occasionally tumor cells are found surrounded by heavy capsules of granulocytes. It is rather remarkable that the tumor cells, though seemingly entirely cut off from the nutritive substance by the heavy coats of granular cells, do not easily show regressive changes, as is the case when they are surrounded by mesenchymal cells. This ma}^ be explained by the findings of Opie,^" w^ho proved the leucocytes of the birds to be free from the proteolytic enzymes analogous to that found in the granular leucocytes of mammals. Accordingly, even in the case where leucocytes surround a tumor cell and are retained around it, no marked ill effect on the tumor cell is produced. No doubt, the intensive granulocytic infiltration does exercise a noticeable restraint on the proliferative ability of the tumor cell in such grafts. It is difficult, however, to decide whether this unfavorable effect is due to a consumption of the available nutritive material by the rapidly proliferating myeloid tissue or, possibly, to certain products of the specific metabolism of the granular cells, which are now added to the milieu in which the tumor cells live. 7. GROWTH OF EHRLICH SARCOMA IN DOUBLE GRAFTS OF TUMOR AND EMBRYONIC SPLEEN The study of the growth of a single Ehrhch sarcoma graft within the allantoic membrane (section 3) has already shown that tumor cells and those of the allantois at least may live and grow in proximity without any ill effect upon each other. It would not be permissible, however, to assume that all embrj^onic mesenchyme in contradistinction to the adult splenic mesenchyme has no power to destroy tumor cells. Regional differences may arise in the course of its development and parts of embryonic splenic mesenchyme may acquire properties different from those characteristic of the mesenchyme of other regions of the body. Moreover, the tumor cells in a mixed graft of tumor DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 461 and adult spleen might have undergone an injurious effect dependent upon the manipulation of mixing them with another tissue, and, therefore, might in this experiment have become more accessible to the phagocytic action of the splenic mesenchymal cells. A series of experiments seemed necessary in which mixed grafts of tumor and embryonic spleen should be made, in order to obtain direct data concerning the phagocytic and digestive capacity of the embryonic splenic mesenchyme in respect to the growing Ehrlich sarcoma cells. A preliminary study of single embryonic spleen grafts has shown that its mesenchyme undergoes within the allantois a rapid granuloblastic transformation. While in general similar to the growth processes observed in adult splenic grafts, the changes which take place in the embryonic mesenchyme are more rapid and more extensive. They also differ in certain details. The embryonic tissue of the spleen, comparable to a cavernous tissue, being, in fact, represented practically by the red pulp part of the spleen alone, is always seen in the graft to be supplied bj^ a rich vascular net. The vascular net of the embrj^onic spleen after grafting rapidly joins with the allantoic vessels, and thus the graft of embryonic splenic tissue ordinarily survives in toto. It appears in sections as strands and islands of mesenchyme traversed and surrounded by large meshes of thin-walled vascular channels. This mesenchyrne is seen to proliferate and to undergo a rapid myeloid transformation; granuloblasts and granular leucocytes — products of this metaplasia — find easy access into the lumina of the thin-walled meshes of the vascular net and are at least partly carried away. The granulocytes do not, therefore, accumulate in excessive numbers and do not form large agglomerations as in the adult splenic graft, in which these often undergo a consecutive necrosis. Grafts of embryonic splenic tissue do not in general contain necrotic foci and, what is of interest, do not call forth a myeloid metaplasia in the host 's mesenchyme. In order to study the functional potencies of the embryonic splenic mesenchyme in relation to the phagocytic and digestive capacity, embryonic spleens of the seventh, the fifteenth, and the 462 VERA DANCHAKOFF twentieth day of incubation were grafted in mixture with Ehrlich sarcoma. The spleen in all these stages is very small, but nevertheless good mixtures were obtained by sacrificing a great number of embryos. The study of such double grafts has shown that they consist of embryonic splenic mesenchyme and tumor tissue intimately intergrown. Strands of mesenchymal cells were seen to traverse the tumor tissue in all directions. Wherever the splenic tissue remained in the graft as larger particles, it underwent a rapid and thorough granuloblastic transformation (fig. 17, lower part). Though in direct apposition with tumor cells, none of the splenic embryonic cells seemed to manifest an activity similar to that displayed by the adult splenic mesenchyme on coming into contact with tumor cells. An infiltration by granular leucocytes in a moderate degree is observed in late stages; it never attains, however, the same degree as in the case of the myeloid metaplasia of the host's mesenchyme, remains always more or less confined to the region in which both tissues come together, and is not followed by any noticeably injurious effect upon the tumor growth. This analysis refers to conjoint growth of tumor and embryonic spleen in all of the stages used, i.e., at the seventh, the fifteenth, and the twentieth day of incubation. This observation seems to be of particular interest in relation to an inhibiting power on heteroplastic grafting ascribed by Murphy to the small lymphocytes which develop in the spleen in the last stages of incubation. According to Murphy, these small lymphocytes would confer on the whole organism the power of inhibiting heteroplastic grafts in any of its parts. The results of my experiments, in which the embryonic splenic tissue of embryos at the twentieth day of incubation was grafted in close apposition with the tumor, have, however, demonstrated that even the direct contact between the small lymphocytes of the embryonic spleen and the tumor tissue does not exercise inhibiting effects upon the tumor cells. Other factors than the development of the small lymphocytes must, therefore, determine the striking difference between the results of a tumor-embryonic spleen graft and a tumoradult spleen graft. DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 463 The phagocytic and digestive activity of the adult splenic mesenchyme has been shown to be, in double mixed tumoradult spleen grafts, the factor of growth restraint or rather of active destruction of two rapidly growing tumors — the Ehrlich sarcoma and tumor 180 (fig. 10). The activity of the mesenchymal cells brings the Ehrlich sarcoma to a rapid disappearance and slows the growth of the 180. The splenic mesenchyme up to the second week after hatching fails to manifest any phagocytic activity against the heteroplastic mammalian tumor cell in mixed tumor spleen grafts. In such grafts the mesenchymal cells do not necessarily approach the tumor cells, neither do they form capsules around them. The results of the two series of experiments are invariably strikingly different: complete disappearance of tumor in the tumor-adult spleen grafts and practically unhampered growth in tumor-embryonic spleen grafts. Since the process of encapsulation and digestion by the adult splenic mesenchyme, in contradistinction to the embryonic tissue, seems to point to an acquisition by the adult splenic mesenchymal cell of a new property lacking in the embryonic splenic mesenchymal cell, further knowledge as to this fact will be gained by an analysis of other means tjapable of bringing about the same effect. In these two series of experiments, the same tumor tissue is mixed with splenic tissue in two different developmental stages. As seen from the work of Sherman, ^^ the embryo contains at different stages very varying amounts of lysins, opsonins, and complement. The tissue of the adult spleen might, therefore, contain outside its living cells certain substances injurious for the tumor cell, while the embryonic spleen might not contain such substances. Such a possibility cannot be denied without further investigation. If this be the case, the prime factor in the disappearance of the tumor in the double tumor-adult spleen grafts would consist not in a new property of the adult splenic cell, but in some extracellular substances present in the adult, and lacking in the embryo which might produce a change in the heterogeneous mammalian tumor cell and make it more accessible to the phagocytic activities inherent in any mesenchymal cell. 464 VERA DANCHAKOFF The comparison of the results of these two experiments does not, therefore, necessarily imply a change within the splenic adult mesenchymal cell. The splenic adult mesenchymal cell may remain identical in its functional capacity, as it does in its developmental potenciefi. The encapsulating and digesting process to which the tumor cell is submitted in a tumor-adult spleen graft would then be determined by a change undergone by the tumor cell, which, though morphologically inappreciable, would nevertheless exert on the otherwise unchanged mesenchymal adult spleen cell a chemotactic effect. In short, the problem reduces itself to the following: Is the encapsulation of the tumor cell by adult splenic mesenchyme due to a definite property of the adult splenic cell acquired by the adult in contradistinction to the embryonic cell, or are the changes of the tumor cells primarily dependent upon the effect of extracellular substances developed in the organism in later stages and present in the adult spleen, but possibly foreign in their origin? If submitted to the influence of such hypothetical substances which might be present in the adult splenic tissue, will the tumor cell then exert upon the embryonic mesenchymal cell a chemotactic action, resulting in the encapsulation of the tumor cell and its subsequent digestion? Another series of experiments was made to clarifj^ this question. Ehrlich sarcoma was mixed with a mash of sterile adult splenic tissue, which had been previously kept frozen, or in a refrigerator for from three to seven days, or in the incubator from one to three days, which, if grafted, would not ta"ke. It was expected that if injurious substances were present in the splenic tissue outside the living splenic cells, the tumor cells might be altered in this case in the same way as in the mixed tumor-adult splenic grafts, and that in such a case the embryonic mesenchymal cells of the allantois itself would begin the encapsulation of the tumor cells. Study of such grafts has, however, shown that the tumor grew without showing any injurious effect from the presence of the necrotic adult splenic tissue. The allantoic mesenchymal cells exhibited intensive phagocytic activity against the necrotic particles of the adult splenic tissue, but respected the living Ehrlich sarcoma cells. DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 465 No tropism whatever has been observed between the EhrHch sarcoma cell and the allantoic mesenchymal cell. The tumor cell had not undergone any effect due to the mixing with dead adult splenic tissue, as would have been the case if the changes of the tumor cells in a tumor-adult spleen graft were primarily dependent upon the action of some extracellular substance present in the spleen. Mesenchjmial cells may, however, not be identical everywhere, and may present regional differences in their functional capacities. Splenic mesenchymal cells might be different from allantoic mesenchymal cells, and tumor cells treated by necrotic adult splenic tissue might become accessible for an embryonic splenic cell and not for a mesenchymal cell of the allantois. Another series of experiments was made in which tumor was grafted in a mixture of necrotic adult splenic tissue and embryonic spleen. It was expected that if the necrotic adult splenic tissue contained extracellular substances which would produce a change in the tumor cell and make it capable of exerting a chemotactic effect upon splenic mesenchyme in general, the embryonic splenic mesenchyme would then exhibit a phagocytic and digestive activity. The study of such grafts, however, failed to reveal any effect of the adult splenic necrotic tissue upon the tumor cells. In these grafts, as in tumor-necrotic adult splenic grafts, tumor cells themselves occasionally exercise a phagocytic activity against the necrotic splenic adult tissue. It would be of interest to graft tumor with adult splenic tissue, previously thoroughly washed out by saline solution, in order to free it from the presence of any possible injurious extracellular substance and to see whether the phagocytic and digestive activity of the adult splenic mesenchyme against the transplanted tumor cells would still persist. These two series of experiments clearly show that the adult splenic tissue, frozen or kept at a low temperature from three to seven days or left in the incubator from one to three days, does not contain substances which can change a tumor cell in such a way as to make it exert a chemotactic action on a mesen THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY, VOL. 2!), NO. 4 466 VERA DANCHAKOFF chymal cell either of allantoic or splenic origin. Other experiments have shown that adult splenic tissue submitted for a certain time to a low temperature, but still alive, invariably exhibits a phagocytic and digestive activity against an Ehrlich sarcoma cell. These facts clearly indicate that the prime factor of the encapsulation of the Ehrlich sarcoma cells by a mesenchymal cell must be attributed to the acquisition of a new property by the adult splenic mesenchymal cell. Since the contact with substances outside living cells does not make the tumor cell more accessible for an embryonic allantoic or splenic cell, it must be a change undergone by the adult splenic living cell which makes it capable of encapsulating otherwise uninjured tumor cells. 8. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION The above series of experiments and a detailed analysis of their results lead to the conclusion that the adult splenic mesenchyme of the fowl has the power of encircling and encapsulating living Ehrlich sarcoma cells in the allantois of the chick and of submitting such tumor cells in the intracytoplasmic cavities so formed to a process of gradual digestion. There exists a marked functional difference between the embryonic and the adult mesenchyme of the spleen. The adult mesenchyme of the chick spleen has the power of encircling and digesting not only homologous cells, but also certain heterologous living tumor cells (Ehrlich sarcoma and Crocker Fund sarcoma no. 180), which is lacking in the embryonic splenic mesenchyme; this is not, however, the only distinction between the two different stages of the same tissue. Only a graft of adult splenic tissue on the allantois causes granuloblastic transformation of the host's mesenchyme. The embryonic splenic tissue, even though it rapidly undergoes a granuloblastic transformation, will not call forth any notable change in the host's mesenchyme. This capacity for granuloblastic differentiation is a property common to the splenic mesenchyme of any developmental stage and reveals itself under normal embryonic conditions in only a moderate degree, but can be greatly intensified by DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 467 experimental conditions, and can also be awakened anew in the adult splenic mesenchyme by transferring this into the embryonic allantois. The agencies which change the splenic mesenchyme and endow the adult tissue with a capacity of surrounding a living tumor cell and digesting it are not definitely known. Possibly the radical alterations in nutrition which take place after birth are factors in the development of a more vigorous digestive capacity of the adult mesenchyme, but this suggestion at present is no more than a working hypothesis. W. Bullock has found a general change in the organism of the rat which takes place about two weeks after birth, resulting in the development of a resistance against heterogeneous grafting. A few data which have been obtained in regard to the chick allow us to surmise that changes in the mesenchyme of the chick spleen take place at about the same period, for the phagocytic and digestive capacity against heterogeneous cells is not manifested by the grafted splenic mesenchymal cells of animals until two weeks after hatching. It is difficult at present to decide whether the phagocytic and digestive capacity toward heterogeneous living cells is a property which the adult splenic mesenchymal cell develops only within the allantois or whether it may be manifested also in other localities. There exists even less evidence for speculation about the nature of the factors within the allantois which may be especially favorable for the exercise of such an activity. It is not possible at present to determine with any degree of certainty whether the phagocytic digestive property toward a heterogeneous living cell belongs to a mesenchymal cell of the spleen only, or whether it is a general attribute of any adult mesenchymal cell. In mixed grafts of tumor and other organs, the tumor grows unhampered, though a certain amount of adult mesenchyme from the stroma of those organs which are mixed with the tumor tissue is certainly present in these grafts. But if we consider that the stroma cells in organs like the kidney, liver, and muscles are sparse in comparison with the parenchyma of the organ, it becomes obvious that the immediate contact of a tumor cell and mesenchyme will be seldom effected in such grafts, and mesenchymal cells are not in sufficient numbers to encircle and destroy 468 VERA DANCHAKOFF tumor cells. This capacity may well be a property of the mesenchyme in general, but manifested only by the splenic mesenchyme owing to its greater concentration in the spleen. The phagocytic and digestive capacity of the adult mesenchyme has long been recognized. Evans' macrophages and Kiyono's histiocytes are isolated mesenchymal or endothelial cells. In many of my own papers illustrations will be found of phagocytic and digestive activity, exercised partly by isolated mesenchymal cells and partly by mesenchyme, the cells of which still retain their syncytial connections. The mode of ingesting the tumor cells differs to a certain degree from that by which an isolated mesenchymal cell ingests blood corpuscles or any other small fragments of dead material. Adult splenic mesenchymal cells encircle the tumor cell and form a capsule around it, and the tumor cell is finally found situated in an intracytoplasmic vacuole of the Plasmodium. The formation of such plasmodia, well known under the name of foreign body giant cells, has long been observed around various kinds of materials. The difference between the phagocytic activity of an isolated mesenchymal cell and that exercised by mesenchymal plasmodia may depend upon the size of the object to be ingested. There must exist, however, a certain positive tropism of the adult splenic mesenchymal cell to the tumor cell, for it has been proved that not every foreign material will exercise such a tactic action upon the mesenchymal and wandering cell. Nor will a definite material like the cells of the Ehrlich sarcoma produce the same tactic effect upon the splenic mesenchyme of different developmental stages. The results of the present work do not support the recent hypotheses developed by Da Fano, Ribbert, Murphy, and others concerning the immunitive role of the small lymphocyte. Murphy states that a bit of adult splenic tissue grafted on the chick allantois together with a tumor, adjacent to it or even at a distance, inhibits the take of the tumor, or, if grafted after the tumor has taken, causes it to recede. He believes the small lymphocyte to be responsible for the 'induced immunity,' though the mechanism by which it effects this immunity remains obscure. The DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 469 small lymphocyte, by this hypothesis, is responsible not only for the resistance which is stated to have been obtained against tumor in an embryonic allantois by the introduction of adult spleen, but also for the resistance against heteroplastic grafting which develops naturally in the organism. On the basis of the fact that tumor grafts do not take at the eighteenth to the nineteenth day of incubation, and that a growing tumor recedes at this time, Murphy believed that a general resistance in the chick embryo appears during the last days of embryonic life. He emphasized, however, in his paper the failure to find any noteworthy change in the organism which could account for the appearance of this resistance. He later attributed the resistance to the appearance of small lymphocytes in the spleen of the embryo. It would seem that this theory concerning the small lymphocyte as bringing about and maintaining an immune state in the organism cannot be sustained. As presented in section three of this paper, the recession of the tumor in the allantois at the eighteenth to nineteenth day of incubation, or its failure to take if grafted at this time, is sufficiently explained by local changes in the membrane itself. At that time these changes affect any tissue, even those from a chick of the same stage as the host itself. It should be remembered also that the spleen, according to Tonkoff, develops at the fourth day of incubation, and that the small lymphocytes, according to Danchakoff, begin their differentiation in this organ at about the fifteenth day of incubation. Small lymphocytes, however, appear in the blood current from about the twelfth day of incubation because of their development in the thymusv-^ No directly injurious effect upon the tumor cells, however, by any element of the spleen of animals younger than one to two weeks has ever been observed. All this tends to show that the development of the general resistance of the chick against heterogeneous grafting cannot be demonstrated at a period before birth, that in no case is the appearance of the small lymphocyte in the organism responsible for the development of such a resistance, and that up to two weeks after incubation none of the cellular elements of the embryonic spleen is capable of either inhibiting tumor growth or injuring tumor cells. 470 VERA DANCHAKOFF The fact that W. lUillock found no resistance against heterogeneous tumor in the rat until two weeks after birth is very significant, for it is at about the same time that the splenic chick mesenchyme develops its characteristic phagocytic and digestive power over the mammalian Ehrlich sarcoma cell. Whether this coincidence should be regarded as accidental or as a consequence of common factors only further research can shoAv. Bullock found that a graft of adult splenic tissue in a new-born rat at a distance from the tumor graft did not result in an induced immunity in the young animal. His results, therefore, though relating to mammals, do not support the lymphocyte hypothesis. Murphy further states that he has regularly obtained inhibition of a tumor implant if a bit of adult spleen w^ere grafted together wdth the tumor. "Round-cell infiltration" was observed by him around the necrotic tumor tissue, the round-cells" being later described as small lymphocytes. Stevenson repeated these experiments, using the same tumor, and regularly obtained a conjoint grow^th of tumor and spleen. As seen in section four of this paper the tumors employed grew fairly well in double grafts, grafted adjacently or at a distance. Stevenson proved the presence of living tumor cells within grafts by regrafting them back into mice, and he also described an infiltration of the tumor by granular leucocytes. This infiltration is only one of the expressions of a general myeloid metaplasia which develops in the mesenchyme of the host after adult splenic grafts. These changes in the host depending upon a graft of adult spleen on its allantois seem not to have been observed by Murphy. The failure in Murphy's experiment of the tumor to take if grafted adjacent to the splenic tissue or even at a distance is difficult to understand, unless he used a sarcoma in its regressive phase, when a dense infiltration with granulocytes might have produced a sufficiently injurious effect upon it to check the growth. There is also little to say in regard to the analogy which has been drawn between the resistance observed in the adult animal DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 471 and that supposed to have been developed in the embryo when it was supphed with a small bit of adult lymphoid tissue. "The lack of resistance seen during the early days of the incubation period is replaced by a degree of resistance comparable with that observed in the adult animal if the embryo is supplied with a small bit of adult lymphoid tissue (Jour. Exper. Med., 1918, vol. 28, no. 1). But it is obvious that no analogy can be drawn between an adult organism with its well-developed resistance against heterogeneous grafting and an embryo into which a small bit of lymphoid tissue has been introduced, for such an embryo does not manifest resistance. The destructive power of the adult splenic cell toward the Ehrlich sarcoma cell is the attribute of an adult mesenchymal cell, just as general resistance is an attribute of the adult organism. The digestive capacity of the adult splenic mesenchyme toward the Ehrlich sarcoma cell, though interesting in itself, cannot necessarily be connected with the natural resistance of the host against heteroplastic grafting. It has not yet been observed under ordinary conditions in animals naturally immune or artificially immunized, the reported evidences of phagocytosis being confined entirely to dead tumor cells. The fact, however, that this digestive capacity is called forth in the mesenchyme some time after birth and at the same time that the general resistance is developed may ultimately prove to be of great importance in a further analysis of the factors determining the changes in the embryonic splenic mesenchyme and conferring on it a digestive capacity. Though not necessarily having a causal relation to the natural or artificially developed resistance of the organism, the mesenchymal digestive activity might be at least partly responsible for it. As a tissue, the mesenchyme is the least difTerentiatied and the collagenous fibers which it develops are not accumulated within the cytoplasm, but are cast off outside. The cytoplasm of an adult mesenchymal cell undergoes little change and may never lose any of the fundamental properties of the cell, by which I mean a further differentiative ability, proliferation, and digestion of particulate matter as do many of the other cells of 472 VERA DANCHAKOFF the organism. Its proliferative power, which is revealed under favorable conditions, is well established, also its intracellular digestive capacity. Though this digestive property of the mesenchyme has been recognized as widely distributed in the animal kingdom, it has not yet been made an object of special inquiry in relation to the equally widely distributed resistance against heteroplastic grafting. Researches along these lines promise to reveal new facts which may bring a better understanding of the special case of the digestive activity exercised by the adult splenic mesenchyme of the fowl on the cells of two mouse tumors, the Ehrlich sarcoma and the Crocker Fund sarcoma no. 180, a process which at present stands as a unique phenomenon. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 Bullock, W. E. 1915 Heterologous transplantation of mouse tumors in rats. Lancet, vol. 1, p. 701. 2 Chambers, R. 1919 Changes in protoplasmic consistency and their rela tion to cell division. Jour. General Physiol., vol. 2, p. 4. 3 Danchakoff, Vera 1916 Equivalence of different hemopoietic anlages. I. Spleen. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 20, p. 255. 4 1918 Equivalence of different hemopoietic anlages. II. Grafts of adult spleen on the allantois and the response of the allantoic tissue. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 14, p. 127. 5 1919 Digestive capacity of splenic adult mesenchyme as factor in tumor destruction. Proc. New York Path. Soc, N. S., vol. 19, p. 136. 6 1919 Mesenchymal activity as a factor in resistance against mouse sarcoma in chick. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med., vol. 16, p. 67. 7 1920 Immunity and the power of digestion. Bull. Marine Biol. Lab., vol. 38, p. 202. 8 Myeloid metaplasia of the embryonic mesenchyme in relation to potentialities and differential factors. Contribution no. 49, Publication 247 of the Carnegie Inst, of Washington. 9 Heuin and Rowland 1901 Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem., vol. 32, p. 341. 10 LoEii, Jacques 1916 The organism as a whole from a physicochemical viewpoint. 11 Murphy, J. B., and Rous, P. 1912 The behavior of chicken sarcoma im planted in the developing embryo. Jour. Exper. Med., vol. 15, {). 119. 12 Murphy, J. B. 1912 Transphintability of malignant tumors to the embryos of a foreign species. J. A. M. A., vol. 59, p. 874. 13 1913 Jour. Exper. Med., -vol. 17, p., 482, and 1914, vol. 19, p. 513. 14 Murphy, J. B., and Morton, J. J. 1915 The lymphocyte in natural and induced resistance to transi)lanted cancer. II. Studies in lymphoid activity. Jour. Exper. Med., vol. 22, p. 204. DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME 473 15 Murphy, J. B., and Nakahara, W. 1920 The lymphocyte in natural and induced resistance to cancer. V. Histological study of the lymphoid tissue of mice with induced immunity to transplanted cancer. Jour. Exper. Med., vol. 31, p. 1. 16 Opie, E. L., and Barker, B. T. 1907 Leucoprotease and antileucoprotease of mammals and birds. Jour. Exper. Med., vol. 9, p. 207. 17 Rous, P., and Murphy, J. B. 1911 Tumor implantations in the developing embryo, J. A. M. A., vol. 56, p. 741. 18 Russell, B. R. G. 1908 The nature of resistance to the inoculation of can cer. Third Sci. Report, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, p. 341. 19 Sherman 1919 Antibodies in the fetus. Jour. Infect. Dis., vol. 24, p. 1. 20 Sittenfield, M.J. 1917 The significance of the lymphocyte in immunity to cancer. Jour. Cancer Research, vol. 2, p. 151. 21 1918 Further studies on the importance of the lymphocyte in cancer immunity. Jour. Med. Research, N. S., vol. 33, p. 465. 22 1919 Further studies on the importance of the lymphocyte in cancer immunity. Jour. Cancer Research, vol. 4, p. 57. 23 Stevenson, H. H. 1917 Tumor immunity in the chick embryo. Jour. Can cer Research, vol. 2, pp. 245, 449. 24 1918 Growth of tumors in the chick embryo. Jour. Cancer Research, vol. 3, p. 63. 25 WoGLOM, Wm. H. 1912 The nature of the immune reaction to transplanted cancer in the rat. Fifth Sci. Report, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, p. 43. 26 Wood, F. C, and Prime, F. 1919 Effect of x-ray on tumors. Jour. Cancer Research, vol. 4, p. 49. I PLATE 1 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 1 Section through a part of Ehrlich sarcoma graft grown four days on the chick allantois. Tumor cells loosely arranged at the periphery of the graft and proliferating intensely. The small embryonic allantoic mesenchymal cells and vessels grow between the groups of tumor cells Al. Ms., allantoic mesenchyme; c, capillary; Tc, tumor cells. 2 A section through an Ehrlich sarcoma graft which remained separated by the serosa from the allantoic mesenchyme, forty-eight hours after grafting. Most of the tumor cells, Tc, show a normal structure and two are seen in mitosis, one of them has ingested two mouse erythrocytes; M. ere, mouse erythrocytes still well preserved. The endothelium of the mouse vessel M. vs. is in regression. 474 DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME VERA DANCHAKOrF PLATE 1 .% ^ 'M v,« ^,%^^^^^' € ^+3 -H « 1/ w Al.Ms. "Xr^ 4t • ^Krv ^ v M.vs. ,,fj\|^^ (jfi) 475 M.erc. T.c. PLATE 2 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 3 Capillary network in an adult spleen graft on the fifteenth day of host incubation and on the eighth day of the graft growth. The blood within the capillaries is stagnant and undergoes regressive changes. Macrophages are present and show numerous ingested erythrocytes. 4 Capillary network in an adult spleen graft on the eighteenth day of host incubation and on the eleventh day of graft growth. The blood within the capillaries shows further regressive changes. Numerous erythrocytes flow together and are seen in the form of huge structureless blocks, the nuclei disappearing and the cytoplasm gradually losing its hemoglobinic reaction. Macrophages are seen very active in ingesting the disintegrated erythrocytes. Retouched photographs, X 400. 476 DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME VERA DANCHAKOPF PLATE 2 I 7^' I ^, ^" PLATE 3 EXPLANATION OF FIGURE 5 Section through a part of adjacent tumor (Ehrlich sarcoma) — adult spleen grafts after six days of conjoint growth. The left side of the figure is occupied by healthy proliferating tumor tissue. The right side of the figure is occupied by the splenic tissue. In the region where the tw^o tissues are in contact numerous tumor cells are seen surrounded by mesenchymal cells which form a capsule around them. The tumor cells within the vacuoles appear almost spherical, some of them showing regressive changes. Sp. T., adult splenic tissue; T.c, tumor cells. 478 DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYME VERA DANCHAKOFF PLATE 3 "■^? "^•^j ^■^-zf^.I # Hi* 1,9. \|\|,;<?-K 4 PLATE 4 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 6 Section through adjacent tumor (Ehrlich sarcoma) — adult spleen graft after seven days of conjoint growth. The figure represents the part of the graft not in immediate contact with the adult spleen tissue. A granuloblastic metaplasia in the entire mesenchyme of the host took place as a result of the splenic graft. The tumor cells are seen separated by heavy strands of mesenchyme and by a large number of 'round cells,' which in this particular case are hemoblasts, granuloblasts, and granulocytes. 7 Section through a mixed tumor (Ehrlich sarcoma) — adult spleen graft after four days of conjoint growth. Only single tumor cells are found, all of them surrounded by mesenchymal capsules, many of them showing well-pronounced regressive change	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409264
__label__cc	0.636276	0.363724	Reign and the Joys of Communal TV Watching December 3, 2013 December 3, 2013 / kwoloszyn Recently, this piece on Slate talked about the rise of “viewing parties”, screening TV shows with a community of like-minded fans. It seems strange to me that this is considered a “new” thing and I don’t totally buy into it. Nor do I buy into the notion that television viewing has become more solitary with the rise of Netflix and the DVR. It has changed “appointment viewing”, sure, and the way we view communally (see the explosion of tweets when a particularly popular show is on) but I don’t think viewing has become more solitary. In fact, traditionally, I think TV viewing was always considered fairly communal and family-centered. Or, at least that’s what I gather from watching The Wonder Years. TV watching for me has never been solely a solitary activity. Sure, I have watched TV on my own but, more often than not, I’ve used TV as the reason, the impetus for a get together. When I was a kid I’d force my family members to watch shows selected by me. As a teenager, every Thursday night, my usual band of cronies would get together to watch Survivor or NBC’s line up of “Must See TV”. This kind of TV watching has continued as an adult, with a partner who shared my affinity for jamming pop culture down people’s throats, whether they like it or not. And, so, you can usually find a collection of grown up kids in my basement laughing, hooting and hollering at the various things they see on our fancy flat screen. We watch sports, we watch comedies, we watch dramas and we do it together because it’s way more fun and far more sane. We may miss half of what we are watching because of chitchat, banter and general snark but that never seems to matter. And we also bring shows to each other. So, I was only kind of surprised when my good friend Kurz brought up the show Reign only days after I spotted an ad for it and declared my probable future love for the show while also laughing uncontrollably. Kurz and I have found common ground with Reign. The giddy, silly kind of common ground that comes with realizing you like something that you probably shoudn’t, that’s not particularly good for you. Reign is (at the moment at least) that thing for us. Reign is a “historical” romantic drama on the CW that centres around a 15-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots. It’s like the CW just decided, without doing any market testing, that teenagers were over Vampires and Werecats and the like and were now into Royalty. And, really, Mary could be any old Queen/Princess and you’d never know the difference because historically accuracy is not the point of the show. And I’m completely and utterly fine with that especially after reading that the real life of Mary was, from all accounts, kind of boring. In this version of Mary’s life, she is whisked away to France where she is betrothed to some floppy-haried Prince named Francis. Then she has to live in his castle with his parents (such a drag) and her four best friends/entourage. The fun of Reign is in the fact that a) the show does not take itself seriously – how could it, being completely unfaithful to the actual events of Mary’s life and also obsessed with kissing b) It is teetering on the brink of batshit crazytown (which you know I love) – it has everything I like about a soap without the chugginess of usual soap pacing, c) there are SECRET PASSAGEWAYS! and, most importantly, d) the characters. In the spirit of honoring the characters and watching communal television, I present to you a Reign character summary as concocted with the help of my viewing buddies so that you can follow along at home: Mary Queen of Scots – beautiful, rich, a bit of a tomboy (she plays soccer!). The least interesting character on the show. Scottish, but doesn’t have a Scottish accent. Prince Francis – beautiful, rich, a bit of a ponce. Shares the same posture and clothing tastes as Mick Jagger but with none of the charisma. The second least interesting character on the show. French but doesn’t speak French or have a French accent. King Henry – handsome, rich, a total horn dog. Never met a woman he didn’t want to bone. Has an eye and a finger for Kenna. He’s the King of France but you’d never know it because he doesn’t speak French or have a French accent. Queen Catherine – beautiful but, like, so, so old. Played by Anne of Green Gables. Hangs out with Nostradamus A LOT. A bitch in the evil stepmother sense. She’s Italian but blah, blah, blah… Sebastian – beautiful, bastard son of King Henry and this other woman who lives at the castle because the King needs her around for doing it. Everyone calls him Bash because CW. Nostradamus – Sexy, anachronistically young, broody, future-seer. Looks like Jon Snow crossed with a bear. Hangs out with the Queen A LOT. Has premonitions and then tells them to people in riddles. Because why would you be forthcoming about important stuff like that? Kenna – beautiful member of Mary’s entourage. Aka “the slutty one” (and that is meant in the most anachronistic, sex positive sense). Having a finger-bang affair with the King. Currently, the most interesting character on the show. Lola – beautiful member of Mary’s entourage. Aka “the ugly one” (but totally not ugly at all). Her dude was supposedly beheaded after trying to rape Mary (intrigue!) but actually didn’t get beheaded only to die a few episodes later. She is kind of Mary’s frenemy because of this. Aylee – beautiful member of Mary’s entourage. Aka “the dumb one” (she actually seems pretty dumb). Greer – beautiful member of Mary’s entourage. Aka “the pretty one”/Aka “the smart one” (this is an arbitrary designation). Had her first kiss with a lowly baker (intrigue!) despite looking over 30 and like every man in the world would already have lined up for the job. Clarissa – Unknown attractiveness. Aka “Bag Face”. Wears a bag on her face, lives in the walls and secret passageways in the castle. Often comes to visit Mary and gives her cryptic advice about whom she can and cannot trust. I often watch bad and mediocre movies because two hours spent with something not very good seems palatable. I rarely watch bad or mediocre TV because of the time commitment. Why spend the time on something that isn’t giving anything back to you? Reign is not a great show. It’s not even a good show. It is a mediocre show at best but succeeds at being more entertaining than most mediocre shows and a handful of the “good” ones. I would recommend Reign to almost no one and yet it has all the things I like in a show that I watch with other people: unintentional hilarity, beautiful people, sex, intrigue and mystery. And secret passageways, lots of secret passageways. Reign‘s popularity in my circle of 30-year-old friends is unsustainable but, at the moment, it is serving its purpose. It is a show to watch with friends while you drink a glass of wine, and hoot and holler. Mary Queen of Scots, Reign ← I Never Met a Meta I didn’t like or Meta? Didn’t Even Know Her… My Struggle with Treme, Season 4 Episode 1 “Yes We Can Can” → One thought on “Reign and the Joys of Communal TV Watching” Pingback: Finales and Live TV \| The Golden Age of Television	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409267
__label__wiki	0.882651	0.882651	Film Review: ‘Raise Hell: The Life And Times Of Molly Ivins’ Outrage, scathing humor fuel irresistible portrait of pioneering political journalist Documentary ‘Raise Hell’ gives fiery Texas political journalist Molly Ivins her due. By Lisa Jensen She was an Amazon among puny mortals. As if she wasn’t already unusual enough as a progressive in Texas, the smart, savagely funny political journalist Molly Ivins also stood 6-feet tall. Not gifted with conventional proportions, she felt entitled to hold outsized opinions expressed with outsized gusto. The zenith of her popularity came as a syndicated columnist in some 400 U.S. newspapers during the George W. Bush era (she called him “Shrub”), giving her plenty of fodder for her trademark blend of savvy political insight and stinging humor. As Ivins herself once said about American politics, “You can laugh, you can cry, or you can throw up. Crying and throwing up’s bad for you, so you might as well laugh.” There’s plenty to laugh at—and get riled up over—in Janice Engel’s documentary Raise Hell: The Life and Times of Molly Ivins. Ivins succumbed to breast cancer in 2007 at age 62, but Engel’s film celebrates all the ways the outspoken writer raised hell in her own life as a pioneering woman in a world and profession run by good ol’ boys. Through documentary footage and interviews, Engel allows Ivins to tell much of her own story in her own words. When back-up is called for, Engels solicits commentary from folks like Rachel Maddow and political columnist Jim Hightower, but it’s the particular zing of Ivins’ own voice that makes this movie so irresistible. Raised in Texas by an authoritarian, staunchly Republican father and a college-educated, homemaker mother, Ivins found her given name Mary too ordinary, so switched to Molly. Ordinary, she never was. She went to Smith College, studied political science in Paris and earned a Masters degree in journalism from Columbia. Her checkered career in her chosen profession stretched from intern at the Houston Chronicle and cub reporter at the Minneapolis Tribune to co-editor and political reporter at the alternative paper The Texas Observer. Ever determined to avoid “the snake pit” — to which female reporters were traditionally exiled to write about food and fashion, ca. 1970—Ivins instead cracked the boys’ club of male reporters covering the Texas legislature. She saw it a riotous example of cronyism, corruption and sexism (“How could you not find it funny?”), inspiring her to perfect her talent for savage satirical barbs. Having freelanced some pieces to The New York Times, she accepted a job at that august paper, but disliked the way her down-home exuberance was routinely edited out of her columns to fit the more staid NYT style. She was sent west to become the paper’s Rocky Mountain bureau chief (“I was the chief,” she recalls, “and I was the bureau”), but ran into more trouble with editor Abe Rosenthal over using the expression “gang-pluck” to describe a Denver chicken-killing festival. Accused of trying to insert vulgar language into the minds of their readership, Ivins deadpanned, “Damn if I could fool you, Mr. Rosenthal.” She was soon seduced back to Texas by the Dallas Times Herald, where she was given free rein to write about anything (and in any way) that she pleased. From this platform, she was twice nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, published popular books of her collected essays and vastly increased her fan base by going into syndication. Through it all, Ivins retained her razor-sharp wit, her sense of fun and her finely-honed moral outrage at the utter disregard of those in power for everybody else. Along with the pleasures of watching Ivins in action, answering fans and critics alike with irreverent aplomb, Engel’s movie serves up an affectionate portrait of Ivins’ longtime friendship with another strong, salty Texas woman, Ann Richards, herself something of a pioneer as a Democratic female governor of Texas. Sadly, we can only imagine the glee with which Ivins might have squared off against the current crop of scoundrels in Washington. But her clarion call to “have fun, do good and raise hell” is more timely than ever. **** (out of four) With Molly Ivins. Written by Janice Engel and Monique Zavitoski. Directed by Janice Engel. A Magnolia Pictures release. (Not rated) 93 minutes. Lisa Jensen Film Reviewer at Good Times \| Blog Lisa Jensen grew up in Hermosa Beach, CA, watching old movies on TV with her mom. After graduating from UCSC, she worked at a movie theater, and a bookstore, before signing on as a stringer for the chief film critic at Good Times, in 1975. A year later, she inherited the job. Thousands of reviews later, she still loves the movies! Catching Up with the '7 Up' Group Film Review: ‘Little Women’ Film Review: ‘Cats’ Film Review: ‘Frankie’ Film Review: ‘Waves’ Jewel Theatre Leads Off Holiday Season With ‘Me And My Girl’ Film Review: ‘The Good Liar’ Film Review: ‘Harriet’ Related Items:film review, lead	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409268
__label__wiki	0.577083	0.577083	Masquerade by Up and Away Format: Novella Chapters: 11 Status: WIP Rating: 15+ Warnings: Mild Language, Scenes of a Mild Sexual Nature, Substance Use or Abuse, Sensitive Topic/Issue/Theme Genres: Drama, Romance, Young Adult Characters: Harry, Ginny, Scorpius, Albus, James (II), Lily (II), Hugo, Rose, OC Pairings: Other Pairing, Harry/Ginny, Rose/Scorpius, Teddy/Victoire First Published: 01/05/2011 Last Chapter: 12/06/2012 Gorgeous banner by ramitaarora at tda! Sophia Hinds, daughter of the Minister of Magic, has been dating James Sirius Potter since fourth year. The wizarding world is obsessed with the couple, and not a day goes by without their dating drama splashed across the tabloids. No part of their relationship is a secret. Except that Sophie and James aren't actually dating. Albus/OC Chapter 1: Love's Labours Lost [Printer Friendly Version of This Chapter] Disclaimer: I am in no way, shape or form J.K. Rowling and I can only claim the plot and original characters. Review please! Summer, Seventh year. “Sophia, welcome!” Mrs. Potter greeted Sophia—Sophie—Hinds as she stepped out of the fireplace. It was the summer before her seventh year, and she was spending the second half of the Holidays with the Potters while her mother—the Minister of Magic—attended to matters of state. Sophia, despite knowing all three Potter children since birth, had never spent more than a couple of days with them, but now, she was spending nearly two months. Mr. Potter leaned forwards and took her bags. Sophie smiled gratefully and asked where everyone else was. “Fred and Roxy have invaded,” Mrs. Potter announced wearily. “I threw the lot of them out after they burned a hole in the sofa. Now I think they are in the field playing quidditch.” “Why don’t we take your things to Lily’s room before we go looking for the rest of the hooligans?” suggested Mr. Potter. Sophia smiled. She liked the Potters, and not just because her mother did. They were nice. Her mother always said that Mr. Potter was a refreshing politician because he always meant what he said and stuck to his morals. And Mrs. Hinds adored Ginny Potter because—and here Sophia was quoting—“She is a ball of steel that can handle any situation.” Mr. Potter asked what NEWTs she was taking as they walked up the stairs. The conversation was easy, and Mr. Potter was quick with bad dad-jokes, the kind that made Sophie laugh simply because it was funny that he thought they were funny. Lily’s room was at the top of the stairs. One thing that Sophie had always liked about the Potters was that although they were immensely wealthy, they didn’t live in a mansion, just a house big enough for their three children and the occasional guest. Sophie’s family had resided at Hinds’ Manor since the early seventeen hundreds, and although it would always be home to her, there was something lacking about the drafty emptiness of the old mansion that the Potter’s home possessed. Lily’s room was lavender this year, with enchanted flower patterns that changed magically at random across the wall. Photographs covered the walls--family and friends waved eagerly out of their frames. Mr. Potter set Sophia’s trunk on a spare twin bed, next to a copy of the newest witch weekly open to the page “Train Your Wizard to Charm His Own Socks.” “You have your own bathroom to share with Lily, Albus, and Scorpius are across the hall, and James’ room is as far away as we could make it,” laughed Mr. Potter. Sophie laughed too. It had been a long time since any coy remarks about her relationship with James Potter had made her blush. And there were a lot of comments, because Sophia Hinds had been dating James Potter for three years. Christmas Ball, fourth year. “What do you think about it?” Asked James. He had joined Sophie out on the terrace of the Hinds family ballroom, holding glasses of water and pumpkin juice. Sophie, bored of the political talk of the adults and the seeming inability of fourteen-year-old-boys to ask her to dance, had snuck out to read a novel. “Merlin, Jay, you scared me! Thought you might be my mum!” Sophie laid a hand to her heart, for emphasis. She quickly stashed the book into her beaded purse, a gift from her father that was much bigger on the inside than on the outside. “Sorry,” James amended, but he wasn’t. He handed her a glass of water, keeping the pumpkin juice for himself. The two had been friends since childhood, so Sophia knew when he was lying. His parents had been wartime heroes. Sophia’s entire family was dedicated to public service and had been in the public eye for generations. Currently, her mother was serving as Minister of Magic. She had worked closely with Harry and the other major players in the last stand against Voldemort, and so it seemed only natural that their children, so close in age, would be close friends. Her older brother, Christopher, was close with Teddy Lupin and her older sister, Madelyn was friends with Victoire Weasley. It was proximity-induced camaraderie. “What do I think of what?” Sophie asked, finally processing James’ first question. They were looking into the ballroom from the outside of magnificent glass French doors, watching couples glide across the dance floor. It should have been cold, but the elder Hinds had spent the weeks prior to the festivities preparing the temperature for the garden so guests could enjoy a sort of tropical paradise in the middle of a grey, English winter. Sophie’s sister Maddy had created the spell that kept the temperature at the perfect, not-to-hot-not-to-cold setting. Everything was perfect. So when asked what she thought about ‘it,’ Sophie felt she needed more specification. “The way we live,” Sophie arched an eyebrow, wondering where James was going with this. “The way we are constantly on display,” he explained. Beyond the garden, the pair could just hear the excited clicks and flashes of cameras and the chattering of their owners. The entire compound had long since been spelled against intruders such as the paparazzi, so the photographers couldn’t get in, but they were still camped outside the grounds. They had been for days. Sophie thought for a moment, and then nodded. She didn’t get as much attention from the media as the Potters, but she still hated what attention she got. But she had been born in the public eye. Her mother had become Minister of Magic soon after her birth, after Kingsley had stepped down. Sophie had been raised to deal with unwanted attention from the media, and when she couldn’t handle it, her mother, her father, and even her two older siblings had stood up for her. She hardly heard the clicks and the flashes anymore, she was so used to it. “I understand,” James began carefully,” Why they are so fascinated. I can understand that they want to know everything about us that they can. But they obsess. And they make up things and personalities about us that just aren’t true.” “They can hardly help it,” Sophia ventured slowly. “We can’t know everyone. Its unfortunate, but true.” James wasn’t looking at Sophia. He had turned towards the gardens and leaned against a marble railing, gazing down at the glass in his hands. For her part, Sophie felt mildly surprised. James was exhibiting a level of emotional depth that she rarely saw, and she thought she knew why. She was flattered that James would want to discuss the topic with her, but she was baffled as well. Although she had little problem with the paparazzi, it wasn’t because she was never in the tabloids or on the front page of the newspaper. It was because she always was. Hardly a day went by with out she or her brother or sister gracing the pages of the Daily Prophet. The Hinds were taught that the only way to survive was to play the game, give the people the news they want, but only the news you want to give them. So why come to a girl who is used to being under the spotlight in order to complain about the spotlight? “Soph,” James burst out. “It’s getting out of hand. The wizarding world’s obsession with us.” He meant the Potter-Weasley clan. “Its hurting us, but no matter what we say, we aren’t left alone.” “Are you going to ask your mum and dad to send you off to another school? Like Katie Wood did, last year?” Asked Sophie. She hoped not. She liked James. Who else would tutor her in charms? Maybe Rosie, but that was beside the point. There is a special bond between the ‘hunted’ celebrities, one that she shared with James and not with her other schoolmates. “No,” answered James. “No, I…its not about me. I mean to say, I’m not talking about me.” Sophie nodded, sure now she knew what he was worried about. “Lily is taking everything really hard. When she came home for Christmas holiday, mum said she didn’t fit into any of her old clothes and she hasn’t been talking. Albus and I thought she might just have been ignoring us, but she hasn’t made many friends and she won’t talk about anything. She hasn’t been the same since she started Hogwarts.” What James wasn’t mentioning were the numerous cruel articles that had begun to appear regarding Lily. In some ways, it had been easy for James. He was the golden child, first born of Harry Potter, savior of the Wizarding World. Newspapers hadn’t dared write anything bad about the eldest Potter lest the entire wizarding population would rise up against the writer. Albus was so serious that, even if anyone had wanted to write slander about him, no one would have believed it. But Lily… It had begun with an article comparing her to her mother, Ginny. It was published on the second of September, right after the announcement that Lily had been placed in Gryffindor. In the middle, the writer had spent and unmitigated amount of time comparing the looks of mother and daughter. No one should tell an eleven year old that she is much larger than her mother was in her first year. Even Sophie could tell that Lily wasn’t eating like she should. Or at all. The Potters had sued, and an apology was printed, but it was all anyone at Hogwarts could talk about. After that, one snide comment led to another, and Lily-hunting had become a favorite sport of the paparazzi. Someone got a picture of Lily falling off her broom when the first years had their flying lessons—an article reminding the world of Harry Potter’s first flying lesson was published with the picture of her falling next to it, and Lily was so humiliated that she vowed publically never to fly again. In the spring of her first year, she began “dating” some boy, but a tabloid writer produced a piece about how this particular boy didn’t really like Lily, he was dating her because his parents wanted the political influence of Harry Potter behind them. Sophie wasn’t sure if this was true, but Lily broke up with him immediately and had turned down all proposals since. Every trip, bad hair day, and insufficiency was documented and broadcasted. Lily Potter had gotten the short end of the stick. The Potters were doing everything they could, but the Wizarding world was fixated on Lily. And she was caving under the pressure. Lily was paranoid. She rarely appeared in public if she didn’t have to—she wasn’t even at the Christmas party that night, even though the Hinds had promised seclusion and privacy. She had very few friends, not because Lily wasn’t a likable person, but because she couldn’t be sure that any friend of hers wouldn’t betray her to the media. The youngest Potter was self-destructing, and the people who loved her didn’t know how to help. “I hate it,” James spat. Sophie walked to the balcony railing to join James and looked out into the garden. It was easy to feel sorry for Lily—and the rest of the Potters—but the it was hard to do anything about it. Because more than she felt sorry for Lily, she was scared for herself. If Lily wasn’t the focus of the media, they might have time to find a new scapegoat. Like Sophia. “I hate it,” James said again, but more slowly. “And I want to do something about it.” “But what? Lily won’t change schools. She thinks it means she’s giving up and doesn’t want to be a disappointment. I was there for that shouting match, remember?” It had been really awkward playing exploding snap in Albus’ room pretending they couldn’t hear the Potter’s screaming match with Lily. They had only been trying to help. “We are fourteen years old—“ “I’m fifteen—“James cried, indignant. “We are kids!” Sophie insisted. “Your parents, who defeated the most powerful dark wizard of all time by the way, could not stop the paparazzi from bullying Lily. What in the name of Merlin’s beard do you think we could possibly do?” “We need to be a distraction,” James looked over a Sophie, more serious than she had ever seen him. “If they have something better, maybe they won’t bother Lily so much.” “What do you mean…” Sophie inquired, warily. She wasn’t sure she liked where James was going with this. “Soph, I need your help.” “James, I—“ “Just hear me out!” James sounded desperate. “She’s my little sister, Sophie! Do you have any idea how awful it is to watch this happening to someone you feel responsible for? I can’t help her, Soph! And it’s killing me!” James looked frantic and Sophie felt like crying. There was no way she could say no to him, but she was terrified of saying yes. She didn’t know what James wanted her to do, but she was scared. “Sophie, will you go out with me?” “That…is not was I expected you to say,” Sophie was confused. “I thought you were going to ask me to help you distract the media by embarrassing myself.” “Actually, I am.” Now James was confusing her. “If we start dating, it will be a media frenzy. You know it will. The daughter of the Minister of Magic and the son of The Boy Who Lived—the photographers will be distracted for weeks.” “But what will we do after they lose interest? They will, you know. They always chase after the newest scoop.” “Then we will always be the newest scoop,” James’ eyes bore into hers until she looked away, guiltily. She still wanted to back out. What kind of horrible person was she? “We can play interference, distract them at every turn.” Sophie looked up her answer in her expression. She had never had bad publicity before. And she was sure she wouldn’t like it. Even an emotionally illiterate fifteen-year-old boy could tell she would say no. “Sophie, I’m begging you. Just until Lily gets back on her feet. Six months, tops, and she’ll be better equipped to handle the pressure.” “Just six months?” Half a year didn’t seem bad. “I wouldn’t ask you to do this if it weren’t for Lily.” “Well--” Sophie cut herself off. “No, I can’t! James, I can’t date you. I don’t like you that way!” “It would just be fore pretend! It wouldn’t hurt my feelings! Hey, you can even break up with me, how’s that?” “No Jay,” Sophie looked sad now, and James couldn’t figure out why. “I don’t like you like that.” “So, you are dating someone else,” James questioned, confused. “No, but—“ “But what?” Now James was angry. “What could possibly be more important that saving Lily?” “I like Albus!” Sophie waited for James to say something, but continued when he remained silent. “I like Albus and if I date you, he won’t look twice at me. You know how much he hates being compared to you.” “I didn’t know. But Soph, its Lily. And I could ask someone else, but I don’t know any other girl who could handle this. You are the only one strong enough to handle the attention without folding.” He didn’t ay it, but the words ‘like Lily did’ were almost tangible. “And Albus would understand. He’d even appreciate what you did for Lily.” James was being manipulative and he knew it. But he was still a child, and was handling the situation the only way he knew how. He would do what he had to do in order to help his sister. “Just six months?” Sophie said, caving. “How long could it take?” James asked, smiling. “And I could break up with you?” “In any humiliating situation you so please! Just, we can’t tell anyone. They have to buy it.” “Alright,” it was strange, but Sophie almost felt excited. “I’ll do it. How will we make the big announcement?” “Well,” said James, glancing towards the bushes, beyond which the pair could just hear the faint sound of the paparazzi. “I’ve got an idea…” By the next morning, every newspaper in the country had a blown up picture of James Potter and Sophia Hinds caught snogging in the bushes during the annual Ministry Christmas Ball. And it was the beginning of the biggest mess of Sophie’s life. Author's Note: I hope you liked this first chapter. It's going to be slightly drama-filled, but I hope that once I get the story going I can add a bit more humor and school pranks etc...Anyway, please review! Title and summary quote complements of William Shakespeare. Chapter 2: On The Decay of The Art of Lying “Sophie!” the youngest Potter had come back to the house for something and bombarded her friend. Sophie smiled and hugged Lily energetically. The nearly fifteen-year-old Lily was nothing like the lifeless waif she had been three years ago. It had taken the concentrated efforts of the entire Potter-Weasley clan, but Lily Potter was a functional human being who was even able to handle a couple of bad stories in the paper, Sophie was proud to say. She still watched her weight, but Lily was in no way unhealthy. She still was careful about who she confided in, but was much more open. She had even been caught snogging Lorcan Scamander last year. Sophie was so proud. “How long have you been here?” Lily asked, excitedly. “Wow, you already put all your stuff away!” “Ah, the beauty of being an adult!” Sophie said, waving her wand for emphasis. “I’ve only been here a moment. I was just about to head to the field. You done with the game?” “You know they aren’t,” Lily said, rolling her eyes. “I’m not even sure they noticed I was gone. I got thirsty and took a break.” Sophie laughed with Lily. Quidditch was pretty intense in this family. Nearly all the Potter-Weasleys played on their house team (except Hugo, ironically. He was the best keeper Ravenclaw had ever seen, but quit last year to focus on his studies). Lily was an amazing seeker, just like her father. It had taken some time, but Albus and James had coaxed her onto the quidditch field and she hadn’t looked back since. Albus and James took after their mother. Combined with Rose Weasley, they were a deadly chaser team. James, of course, was planning on playing professionally, like his mum. The rest just played for fun. And to win. Competition was very, very fierce. “I’d better get back," Lily observed. “Fred’ll be angry if Scorpius catches the snitch while I’m gone.” “I’ll come watch,” Sophie said. “Maybe cat-call James a bit.” “Don’t you want to play?” Lily asked as the two sped down the stairs. “Nope. I’m decent but James’ intensity scares the fun right out of quidditch for me.” “He does at that!” Lily cackled as the girls raced out the back door, past a smiling Mrs. Potter. As soon as they were clear of the house, Lily hopped on her broom and flew off, leaving Sophie to walk the last hundred feet or so by herself. Above her head, the tiny specks that were flying Potter-Weasleys darted about, yelling and cheering as the game progressed. It was Fred, Roxy, Hugo, Rose, Lily, and Louis against James, Albus, Dominique, Molly, Scorpius and Lucy. Fred’s team was down one player and James’ was down two. When the entire family was involved (Victoire and Teddy were wedding shopping and the adults were to busy to play) they sometimes created extra positions, a fourth chaser or a third beater. The pick-up games were fun, but intense. Fred was yelling something obscene at Lily that Sophie couldn’t quite make out and Lucy was screaming some sort of war cry as she wacked a bludger towards Hugo, her favorite cousin and the opposing team’s keeper. Finding a tree with a good vantage point an a lovely patch of clover for her to sit on, Sophie settled in to watch the game. She was, of course, rooting for James to win. Sophie followed all the rules of girlfriend protocol. She came to every quidditch game James played, distracted the teachers when he was late to class, and bragged about him to her girlfriends. Of course, she also had very public shouting matches with him if he was seen with another girl, was caught in various embarrassing displays of public affection, and had allowed camera men to snap many a picture of her artfully tear strewn face in the midst of a lovers’ spat. All in all, Sophia Hinds was the perfect girlfriend. In the past three years, their fake relationship had become the focus of an entire nation of wizards. Sophie was often stopped by inquisitive witches and wizards in Gringott’s or Madam Malkin’s and asked why she hadn’t forgiven that sweet boy yet, or how could James have attended that ball with another girl. She and James had achieved everything they had ever set out to do. But somehow, six months had turned into three years. The plan had worked perfectly. With the attention off Lily, she began to act a bit more like herself. Suddenly all the talks that Ginny had been giving her about self esteem began taking hold. Suddenly she was willing to try flying again (far from the public eye and with the promise of her brothers not to laugh). She even had friends, friends she was willing to talk to and trust. Lily was coming out of her shell and Sophie and James secretly knew they were the cause. And it wasn’t as hard as Sophie had thought it would be, “dating” James. They had always been friends. The kissing had been awkward at first, especially since she wasn’t sure what to do, and wasn’t really all that attracted to James in the first place. By now, they had it down to a science. The pair even planned out their “spontaneous romantic moments” well in advance—it became commonplace for Sophie to walk into a room and hear James say, “So I’m thinking about sliding my hand up your skirt. Are you wearing nice underwear for the picture?” The only downside—and it was a big one—was that she became a constant disappointment to her mother. Madam Hinds, Minister of Magic, was a proper Englishwoman who expected to raise three, well bred children. Sophia’s older brother was a Healer at St. Mungo’s and her sister was training under Hermione Weasley in Magical Law enforcement. Neither had created too many scandals. Neither had rocked the boat much. Sophie wouldn’t have either, but James had asked, and although she sometimes regretted the backlash of bad publicity, she never regretted the decision. Although explaining that her bad publicity was merely a decoy might have raised Sophie in her mother’s opinion, Sophie was never able to tell her. Madam Hinds was the kind of woman who believed that the only way to fight was out in the open. That was the way she conducted herself, and the way she had raised her children to be. Her mother, Sophie knew, would never have approved of a plan that involved lying to anyone, much less the entire wizarding world. She probably would have outed their pretend relationship herself. But that wouldn’t matter much longer. The rouse was coming to an end. A frenzied battle cry from Lucy jolted Sophie out of her deep thoughts. She had no idea what the score was, but by the look of desperation on James’ face, Sophie guessed that Team James was significantly behind. And James hated losing. Absentmindedly, Sophie began braiding wildflowers into a crown. James and Albus were hurtling towards the makeshift goals, only to be easily stopped by Hugo, boy-Keeper-wonder. Lucy, Roxy, and Fred were locked in a battle for the bludgers. Lucy and Scorpius were the two beaters for Team James despite the fact that neither usually played the position. Scorpius was strong but not precise, but had enough heart to make up for it. And although Lucy was not as strong as some beaters—like Fred or Scorpius—she had remarkable aim and was holding her own, even if her own still allowed Albus to be hit in the shoulder with a sickening crunch as he reached for the quaffle. Time out was called, Albus was fussed over, and it was decided that he should have a penalty shot for, according to James, “attempted murder.” Although the rest of the teenagers were quickly re-engrossed in the game, Sophie followed Albus with worried eyes as he rotated his shoulder once, twice, and then sped off towards Hugo to score ten more points for Team James. He didn’t look like he was in pain, Sophie decided. But looks were deceiving, weren’t they? And was he flying more slowly than usual? Several flowers were shredded completely by her rough handling. James caught her eye, because he sensed her worry or because he knew her so well, Sophie couldn’t tell. Making sure she saw him, James shook his head, indicating that Albus truly wasn’t hurt. Sophie breathed a sigh of relief. Because, if she was really honest with herself, her mother’s disappointment wasn’t the only downside to her fake relationship with James. Because she was “dating” James, she would never be able to date Albus. After several months of dating James, the pair decided that Lily was back on the mend and it was time to initiate operation “Biggest, Messiest Break-Up in Wizarding History.” But before the big unveiling, the pair sat Lily down and explain what they had done. They explained why they had done it. They told her how much she had improved and how they thought she was ready. Surely she wouldn’t be focused on again, and if she was, she was better equipped to handle it. But what they hadn’t expected was Lily’s breakdown. She wasn’t an idiot. She knew the paparazzi was only leaving her alone because there was a better story. She hadn’t realized that it was a fake story, but she begged them not to stop. She sobbed, making James very uncomfortable and Sophie heartbroken. So Sophie and James dated a little longer. By that time Albus had a girlfriend, and Sophie was feeling miserable already, so James said they could continue until she was ready. And then one thing led to another. Suddenly they were so comfortable with the entire situation, that neither wanted to stop. They were best friends already, and if they “broke up” they would have to pretend to ignore each other all the time. Besides, neither party really wanted to date anyone. James had his flings on the side, but he hadn’t found a girl he wanted to devote any time to. Sophie fell out of love with Albus and into a few short romances with some perfectly nice boys (whilst on a ‘break’ from James) but they were nothing to write home about. So they dated. And dated. And continued to attract all kinds of attention. But then, sometime at the end of their sixth year, it all came rushing back. One evening she looked at Albus, and instead of seeing a good friend, she saw something more. James knew immediately. It had been he who suggested that the masquerade finally come to an end. Sophie was scared, of course. Even though it was fake, her relationship with James was the most deep, trusting, loving relationship she had ever had. If only she had fallen in love with James instead, but something inside her had always known they weren’t right for each other. James said the same thing, although he had said, quite rudely, “Of course I’d never be attracted to you!” The worst part of the entire situation was that, even though the facade was coming to an end, there was no guaranteeing her a happy ending. Although they were friends, Albus often criticized her very public lifestyle. He lectured her (and James, for that matter) about the fools they made of themselves in front of the wizarding world. The fake personality Sophie had created in order to live this lie had fooled everyone, including the one person she wanted to see her for who she truly was. But Albus or not, the break-up was a good thing. It was time she and James stopped depending so much on the crutch of their fake relationship and started becoming adults. Although she had only just admitted it to herself, she was beginning to think she wanted to follow in her mother's footsteps and become Minister of Magic, but how could she do that if she continued embarrassing herself in front of the media, even if it was just for show? And what would happen when James found a nice girl he really liked, who wouldn’t look twice at him because of his grossly misleading public image of a ladies man? Yes, she and James were adults now, and they were finally acting like it. Or at least they were in theory. Sophie looked across the quidditch field, notified by the whoop of glee that James emitted that their seeker, Dominique, was closing in on the snitch much more quickly than Lily. James was flying in circles around Fred, singing “Weasley is our Queen” as Dominique caught the snitch, putting an end to the game. Groans from the losers, and cheer that sounded like “One, Two, Three…Go Us!” and all the players finally landed safely on the ground. James hit the ground talking, explaining his more manly plays to Sophie. He gracefully accepted his laurels—the flower chain Sophie had just finished—and a congratulatory kiss before turning to sling an arm around his winning seeker in celebration. James’ team had only won by about forty points, according to Fred who was walking beside Sophie and defending his own honor (to hear Fred tell it, James winning was just a fluke). The two teams engaged in friendly banter all the way back to the house, each arguing that they were the key player of the match. It wasn’t yet time for dinner, but everyone was so hungry that Mrs. Potter let the teenagers raid her pantry in pursuit of snacks. After a warning that anyone who didn’t eat a big dinner wouldn’t get desert, half of the food was return to its previous location. Delighted with their plunder, the mass of Potter-Weasleys (+Hinds) separated to pursue their own endeavors until dinner. As Sophie and James headed off on their own, a few eyebrows were raised, but only in jest. It was commonly wondered by the many, many Weasley cousins how two people like James and Sophie could act like they did. But then, love does mysterious things to a person. On their way up the stairs, Sophie tapped Lily on the shoulder and caught her eye, indicating that she and James wanted to talk to the youngest Potter. A slight nod assured Sophie that they would soon be joined and she and James continued up the stairs. Sophie felt a familiar hand slip into hers. It was comforting and sad. Soon everything would be different. The Masquerade was coming to an end. “How’s your mum?” James asked, as the turned into Lily’s room at the top of the stairs. He looked out of place in the feminine décor. James really was cut out to play professional quidditch. He was fit and innately masculine, ruggedly handsome as her older sister had once put it. “She’s fine. A bit overworked, I guess.” “Dad says that she’s got her hands full. He’s not exactly pleased that she hasn’t stood against the Purists outright.” The Purists were a group of Witches and Wizards who were against non-wizards like goblins and centaurs being granted the same rights as wizards. James’ parents, as well as several other prominent, forward thinking individuals had introduced the idea earlier in the summer and had expected Madam Hinds to fully support them. But although she agreed with their sentiments, the following of Purists were too strong to be ignored, and it was impossible for Sophie’s mother stand against them without sacrificing any hope of compromise. “Yeah, well. She’s doing her best. Its much harder than it looks, her job,” Sophie said, subtly defending her mum. “Yeah,” James agreed. “I’d work as a teacher before I succumbed to politics!” James shuddered. He hated school, but apparently he hated the pressure of politics more. The thought made Sophie smile. From below, a pair of footsteps began climbing the stairs. James looked at Sophie, his gaze steady. “We are doing this,” he said,” No matter what she says. We have to be allowed to live our lives, and she can never grow up with us acting as a safety net.” They had agreed as much the numerous times they had discussed their ‘break-up’ over the summer. Sophie nodded at him and took his hand. The door to Lily’s room creaked, and a head popped in. “Oh, sorry,” Albus winced, embarrassed. “I just, I mean I wasn’t intruding, just looking for Lily.” “I think she went to ask your dad something,” Sophie lied, easily. It was hard, but she prevented her eyes from gluing themselves on his injured shoulder. Despite what James had said, a part of her wanted to walk over to Albus, push up the sleeve of his shirt and check for herself. “Oh, ok,” Albus said, backing out of the room. James and Sophie listened to him pad down the hall and knock on his parent’s door. Just as he did, Lily snuck into her bedroom. James and Sophie breathed a sigh of relief. When waiting to discuss life-changing events, even the slightest delay can be eternity. “Al and Scorp wanted discuss some sort of celebratory prank or something, so I gave him the slip,” Lily explained as she shut the door. “What did you want?” James and Sophie looked at each other and then back at Lily. James went to lock the door as Sophie placed silencing charms around the room. Lily looked a bit pale by the time they were finished. “I guess this means the two of you are calling it quits?” To her credit, Lily’s voice was steady and she only looked a little scared. “Yes,” Sophie answered for the two of them. “Its time. And we wanted to tell you first.” “But just because we are breaking up doesn’t mean that your world will come crashing down,” James began, carefully. He was a wonder, that boy. Not thirty minutes ago he and his sister had been on opposing quidditch teams, and James’ heckling could have made you wonder whether he even thought his sister was even human. But now he was sincerely worried about her and was trying to ease her mind. “Oh, I know,” Lily said with a hollow laugh. “ I’ve been waiting for the real break up for awhile now. I was sort of hoping that you two would actually fall in love, I suppose.” James and Sophie looked at each other, eyebrows raised. Lily was the only person who knew the real situation, and as such had spent a lot of time with James and Sophie over the last few years. Even she had realized what a disaster it would be if they tried to actually date. “Oh alright,” Lily laughed, for real this time. “I guess that’s a bit far fetched. But I don’t want you two to feel like you have to worry about me. I haven’t needed you for quite awhile now-“ James coughed, pretending to be offended. “You know what I mean!” Lily continued. “I just freaked out last time. I can handle it now. I really can. It’s a bit scary, but I will manage. So when are you going to announce the split?” “We are going to tell the family tonight at dinner,” James explained. “My family’s all off fighting for justice and the like,” interjected Sophie. “But I’ve sent letters, so they will know about the same time.“ “We thought,” James continued, slowly. “That we would do and interview, an exclusive one, on the condition that it would be published after we got to Hogwarts.” “We aren’t going to explain the whole ruse,” Sophie included. “There’s not need for that. We are just going to feed the papers one last story.” “Sounds like you’ve been planning this awhile,” Lily said. There was an awkward silence, with Lily feeling like she was the reason they had been unable to execute their plan earlier and James and Sophie feeling like they should have had this talk with her sooner. “So,” Lily said, brightly. “What’s the scoop? Who cheated on whom? Did someone expect a ring, perhaps…?” “Do you think we should make it that exciting?” Sophie asked. “We were thinking about the standard ‘Irreconcilable differences’ and just letting everyone wonder.” “You should make a huge splash!” exclaimed Lily. “Hey, maybe James is gay!” James sputtered indignantly about how ‘no one in their bloody mind is going to believe that’ while Sophie and Lily laughed hysterically. “Remember, Jay,” giggled Sophie. “You told me I could break up with you however I want.” The girls succumbed to another fit of laughing as James imagined his future in the professional Quidditch demolished by one little rumor. When she had finally calmed down, Sophie wiped a tear from her eye and reassured him, ”I still say that we should just explain that we realized that we weren’t right for each other and that we parted as friends.” James heaved a huge sigh of relief and kissed Sophie’s cheek, saying emphatically, ”Thanks, Soph. You are an angel.” “Dinner!” Mrs. Potter yelled up the stairs. Almost immediately, the sound of a stampede of teenagers sounded throughout the house. Sophie laughed. Now that was something she would never hear at home. James, Sophie, and Lily waited a moment (so as not to be trampled) and then left the room. This meant that by the time they got to the table, all the seats had been taken and food was being devoured. Sophie sat between Louis Weasley and James, while Lily was forced to sit in the last open seat at the end of the table, hear her father and Scorpius. Sophie politely set her napkin on her lap and thanked the Potters before helping herself to some shepherd’s pie. From across the table, Sophie heard a resounding SMACK and looked up. Sensing that one of her children was about to exhibit bad manners, Mrs. Potter had smacked Albus’ hand with a spoon as he reached to grab a green bean out of the serving bowl. Sophie smiled to herself, enjoying the chaotic atmosphere. To her right, Mr. Potter was telling some funny Auror story and Fred was again going over the afternoon’s game to the person beside him. The food was wonderful and Sophie loved being invited to spend time with this amazing family, but she always felt a little guilty. She was the one who had made James infamous amoung the Potter children. Sophie knew they liked her, but who could be happy that their son’s life was splashed across the headlines daily? Next to her, James was eating furiously. He was left handed, so his right hand was sitting on the table, tapping the surface agitatedly. He was nervous too. Quietly, Sophie slipped her hand into his. James glanced over at her and smiled. Sophie returned the smile and continued eating. “So Sophie, what are you and James planning to do this summer?” Asked Mrs. Potter, having seen the handholding. “I know he’s been wanting to visit some teams and get his name out there. Are you going to go with him?” The question was innocent, but neither James nor Sophie felt like lying any further. If they made up stories about their summer plans, and then announced their breakup at the end of dinner, everyone would know they lied. Sophie flashed a look at James, eyebrow raised. James nodded curtly and said, ”Actually Mum, we’ve got an announcement.” “Oh Merlin,” Mrs. Potter said, forlornly. “Sophia, are you pregnant.” “What!” Shouted James. “Mum, no! Not that kind of announcement!” Mrs. Potter had the decency to blush furiously. “I’m sorry, James. You just sounded so serious, I got worried…” “I wasn’t serious because of that!” James looked angry. Sophie was more embarrassed that the Potters obviously thought she and James were so…irresponsible. It was definitely time to end this. “Sophie and I aren’t pregnant, we are breaking up!” That last bit had been said rather forcefully, and the announcement resounded in the silence that followed. His anger wearing off, James began to feel a bit uncomfortable. “Well,” Mr. Potter ventured, after a moment of dead silence. “What did he do this time, Sophia?” Sophie wasn't sure if he thought this was just another of their famous fights or if he honestly believed that they were breaking up and assumed his son had somehow ruined their relationship. “James didn’t do anything, Sir. We’ve just,” Sophie paused, finally letting go of James’ hand and looking at him to be sure she worded it correctly. “We’ve realized that we are very different people. We aren’t right for each other and we decided to split amicably.” "Wait," Dominique demanded, actually putting down her fork as she focused on the pair. "Are you being serious?" "No," Fred assured her, flicking his head back to James for backup, looking at first confident, and then confused. "They aren't...no..." "We haven't really been together all summer," James continued, adding to their fictional story. "We have thought long and hard about this and we wanted you to be the first to know." Suddenly the table was truly silent, not even the gentle clinking of cutlery. All eyes were on the young couple with an array of confused expressions. Sophie slanted her eyes towards James, noting his reddening ears and all at once seeing how funny the situation really was. The Potters were finally finished with the embarrassment that was their oldest child's relationship, and the whole lot of them looked genuinely upset. So Sophie laughed. Only James chuckled with her. "This is really a good thing. We really still are friends. I know this is different for everyone, but I hope that you are all ok with our decision. " James smiled at her and nodded. For a moment they waited, wondering what the Potter clan might say when-- "Well, I made blueberry ice-cream for your first day here Sophie. Who's ready for desert?" asked Mrs. Potter, which was really more of a retorical question, since every teenager in the house had been ready for desert since they sat at the table. Suddenly there was a chorus of voices and the clatter of plates and the scraping of chairs and the attention what off Sophie and James. They were out of the woods. The only other problem was how the rest of the Wizarding World would handle the news. 'Oh Well,' Sophie thought. 'One thing at a time." And she reached for a bowl of ice-cream. Authors Note: The title comes from Mark Twain and the quote is from "The Merchant of Venice." I'm having fun stealing things from literature--it means that I don't have to think up my own titles and descriptions! I hope you all like the next installment :) I love every single review I get--Thank you and please do so again! Chapter 3: The Importance of Being Ernest Two hours later Sophie was getting ready for bed. Even though she would probably stay up half the night gossiping with Lily, Sophie was making an effort to look like sleep was her goal that evening. It was very different, being Just-Sophie, and not Sophie-and-James. Just-Sophie was in an old pair of shorts and a raggedy tee shirt that read ‘Grigotts: Your Money is Safe, Even From You’ and was brushing her teeth in her own bathroom before bed. Sophie-and-James would have been wearing something nice and just a little risqué and hanging around the boys’ rooms to spend as much time with James as possible. Lily, dressed in a towel getting ready for her shower, was rummaging around in a drawer looking for shower gel, muttering something about ‘the trouble she had to go through to smell like a girl around this place’. Sophie spat and continued brushing, when she heard someone clear their throat from the doorway. “Albus!” Shrieked Lily, falling over in an effort to pull up her towel, which had begun to come loose during her rummaging. “Geez, don’t you ever knock?” “Sorry,” said Albus, the intruder, in a way that said he really wasn’t. But really, what teenage boy was terribly concerned when they bothered their sisters? Sophie realized that her mouth was still full of toothpaste, so she took a drink of water, swished and surreptitiously spit again. Alright, not so surreptitiously, but really, it wasn’t like she was impressing anyone with her appearance right now, so it was better not to be concerned with it. Lily had back tracked into the girls’ shared room, looking for a robe now that their space had been invaded by a male. Sophie and Albus could still her muffled ranting from the other room, and the situation was just too funny not to smile. And as they were smiling at each other, Albus at Sophie and Sophie at Albus, and Sophie had completely forgotten that she looked like a homeless witch, Albus had the great indignity to break the silence. “I was just coming to see if you really are alright,” he stated, voice low so that snooping younger sisters wouldn’t hear. “Oh, I’m fine,” replied Sophie, a bit giddily. She had to remind herself that Albus was not there to profess his undying love for her now that she had broken up with James. Although that would be terribly romantic. “Are you sure?” Albus was insistent. “Because we’ve talked it over, you see. All the cousins, and if James was done anything wrong, anything at all, we will teach him a lesson.” Suddenly Sophie was a little worried for James. Apparently his family had made the joint decision to side with Sophie when the time came. It was sad, that they assumed that James was at fault, and Sophie was reminded again that James suffered the same hardships she had during their ‘relationship.’ “Really, truly, there is nothing wrong. And no reason at all to…’teach James a lesson.’ Whatever that means. Did you hear that?” Sophie raised her voice to yell in the general direction of the doorway, where she was sure there were several sets of extendable ears snooping on the conversation. Sophie was rewarded by a yelp that sounded strangely like Hugo, coming from three rooms down. “How can you be so…calm about breaking up with James, who you have dated for nearly three years?” Sophie didn’t think Albus sounded judgmental, just disbelieving. “Well,” Sophie began, as Lily walked into the room, fully covered in her robe this time. “Your brother an I made this decision several months ago, and have had all this time to get used to the idea. We helped each other through the bad parts.” "But—"by this time Sophie was fairly sure that Lucy, Dominique, and Fred, all of whom were avid gossips, had told Albus not to leave without the inside scoop on the Sophie-James split. Suddenly her romantic image of Albus sweeping her off her feet was seemed much less likely. “Oh for the love of Merlin, Al,” interrupted Lily. “Its not a big mystery. Leave her alone.” Ever the mature older brother, Albus stuck out his tongue and Lily threw a washcloth in his face. Albus sputtered, getting rid of the taste of cotton, before saying,” Well if you ever do decide you need us to take care of James, just, you know…” “Yeah, I’ll tell you. Goodnight, Al.” “Night Soph, Lily.” “And goodnight….Lucy, Dominique, Hugo, Roxy, and….Fred?” Sophie guessed. “Hey,” Louis interjected, sounding hurt and left out. “Goodnight Louis,” Sophie apologized. Sophie turned to Lily and rolled her eyes as if to say ‘your family’ as they heard Albus pad down the hallway and several doors shutting as they reeled in their extendable ears. Sophie was still enjoying the ridiculous behavior that was the Potter-Weasley clan when Lily said softly.” I’m so, so sorry that you have to go through this. I should have just let you break up years ago. Then you wouldn’t be under all this third degree.” “Oh Lils,” sighed Sophie. “It wasn’t you. We could have broken up anytime we wanted to, even if you had told us no. We knew that you could handle it and we should have broken up to let you see that for yourself. We just got comfortable. We had been putting on that ruse for so long that we didn’t really know what to do with ourselves if we weren’t plotting our next public appearance. It made us feel special. We brought this on ourselves. We can handle it. And it is in no way your fault that we have to.” “If you’re sure,” Lily said slowly. “ I just can’t help but feel-“ “Well don’t,” Sophie interjected quickly. “Really. I always had a date to events, every girl in the Wizarding World is jealous of me, and James treated me like a queen, even when no one was watching.” Lily absentmindedly brushed her hair as she took this in, leaving the girls in silence for a moment. “Take your shower quickly,” Sophie instructed, having finished her nightly routine and heading to the shared bedroom. “We’ve got a lot of gossiping to be done and very little time to do it!” Lily smiled a true smile and turned on the shower to warm the water. Sophie shut the door and flopped onto her bed. She picked up the Daily Prophet that Lily had left on the floor and flipped through it. She had already read all the news that morning, so she leafed through it until she found the crossword puzzle. Sophie had just completed 23 across (The third ingredient in the sleeping draft: dragonscales) when Mr. Potter yelled up the stairs, “Sophia? Your brother’s here to talk to you!” “What?” Sophie shouted back, unintelligently. She scrambled off the bed, leaving the sheets rumpled and the paper scattered across the floor. Sophie raced down the stairs, skipping every other one, and cut the corner into the living room much more sharply than she should have. Mr. Potter was standing in the doorway that connected the living room to his study, a case file in his hand and his glasses slightly askew. He was talking to a disembodied head in his fireplace about an auror that was in St. Mungo’s at the moment, but the moment Sophie walked into the room, the head swung towards her ands topped paying attention to the Head of the Auror department. Sophie hadn’t seen her brother Chris in almost a week and had not realized how much she missed him until that moment. “What on earth is going on Soph?” The head that was her brother Christopher was very imposing, despite the fact that it only came up to Sophie’s kneecap. Sophie dropped to sit cross-legged on the carpet as Mr. Potter said goodbye. “You can’t,” the head continued its rant. “Just send a letter and assume that Maddy and I are going to hear that you are turning your life upside down and not come running. A letter, Sophia? You couldn’t even come visit me?” “You’re in the middle of your internship, and Maddy’s been busy with her department training. I just thought a letter would be a good way to tell everyone at the same time,” Sophie was more than a little ashamed of herself. At the time it had seemed a very grown up thing to do—make sure that everyone knew what was going on without disrupting their work schedules—but now she realized that she had treated her family like they were a check list. Talk to Lily? Check. Tell the Potters? Check. Inform family of decisions without having to face them? Check. “I’m sorry,” Sophie began, picking at the carpet. “I really didn’t think it would be a big deal. I just thought you would like to know…” “Of course I want to know, Soph,” the head sighed. “But what am I supposed to do with a letter that says ‘Having a great summer, have safely arrived at the Potter’s house and decided to break up with my boyfriend of three years. Love, Sophie?’” “Well, you were supposed to take it better,” Sophie said, a bit sullenly. “Its really not your decision who I date.” “You are completely missing the point! You are such a child, Sophie! How do you think I felt when I realized that something had happened so that you and James were calling it quits? How do you think I felt when Maddy showed up at the hospital in a fit—a fit, Sophie—demanding that we rush to the Potter’s this instant to see what was wrong. At least have the decency to pretend that you care whether your siblings are involved in your life at all." “Of course I want you two in my life,” sniffled Sophie. “Don’t yell at me. Its been a hard day.” Chris’ head looked a bit embarrassed that he had made her cry and said, “There, there” rather unhelpfully (he didn’t have arms to pat her back). “I just…I mean, he hasn’t done anything, has he Soph? Because you know that you can always count on Maddy and me to take care of you. You are barely an adult--we can help.” “I know,” said Sophie, a bit watery. “But I really don’t need you this time. I just knew that everyone was going to have opinions about our break up, the same way they all had opinions about our relationship. And I’m sick and tired of having to answer questions and explain myself. And I really didn’t want to have to do so with you.” “We don’t ask questions to harass you,” said Chris, sounding hurt. “I know…but what if you don’t approve? Chris, if you or Maddy didn’t agree with my decision I don’t know what I’d do.” “We,” said Chris firmly. “Will always support you. No matter what. Maddy and I love you—Maddy, tell Sophie you love her.” From beyond Chris’ head came the distant sound of her sister Madeline’s voice agreeing with Chris. “You shouldn’t ever feel like you can’t tell us something,” finished her older brother, and Sophie cried a bit harder, because that really was the problem. She spent so much of her time pretending to people, and although sometimes it made her feel smart or adult, she sometimes got so tired of defending imaginary feelings or acting like another person. She and her siblings might have been a couple of years apart, in different places, and interested in different things, but she had always been closer to Christopher and Madeline than anyone else. She had spent three years lying She couldn’t bear lying to them one more time. So instead of lying outright, Sophie amended her story. She hadn’t consulted with James, but she couldn’t let Chris and Maddy keep thinking that they weren’t important. “Chris,” Sophie began, scooting closer to the fireplace and lowering her voice. “James and I haven’t been together for a while now.” Christopher looked at her, eyebrows raised only slightly, and then turned his head back, presumably looking at Maddy behind him. “James and I…we’ve known for a while now that we weren’t going to last, but there were some…extenuating circumstances. We had to make plans.” “And what ‘extenuating circumstances’ would those be?” Chris asked, trying to decide whether or not to be concerned. “You know that our break up would cause a media backlash. Our families are going to be under scrutiny,” Sophie winced in apology. Chris didn’t even acknowledge the infringement on the Hinds family privacy. “Well, when James and I first started talking about breaking up, we worried that…certain people wouldn’t be able to handle the increased media pressure.” “What? What certain pers—“ Chris started, but from behind him Sophie heard her sister say, ”Oh don’t be an idiot, Christopher. She means Lily Potter.” Chris raised an eyebrow in question, and Sophie nodded in agreement. Chris sighed and said, “ Soph, please tell me that you didn’t stay together with him just to feel like you were protecting someone else? Lily is nearly grown—she doesn’t need you to protect her.” Sophie blushed. Chris didn’t know the half of it. “Well, why do you think we broke up? We know that too—it just took a while to figure things out. I’m not a child anymore, you know.” Chris sighed again, flames licking his face. “We know, Sophie. Its just, next time try not to give me a heart attack. Maddy and I love you and we are here for you to talk to, not ignore.” “I love you far too much to ignore you both,” Sophie whispered. “And I’m so glad that you love me enough to check up on me in the middle of your late shift at Mungo’s.” “Yes, well,” said Chris, a bit embarrassed. “Anything for you.” “Anything? Well how about you start by keeping your nose out of my business, “ Sophie teased, causing Chris to snort. “Did you hear that, Mads? She wants us out of her life? How do you like that?” Asked Chris with an exaggerated tone, keeping up the joke. Sophie giggled as she wiped her face, getting rid of the last of her tears. She could hear Madeline in the background rattling on about all the times she and Chris had needed to come to Sophie’s rescue and that was the thanks they got? “Oh, in case you can’t hear her, Maddy wants to know what you told Mum and Dad.” “Well they got a letter too—“ “Come on Sophie!” Interrupted Chris. “Yeah, in hindsight it was a bad idea! Can we move on now? I suggested that Mum and Daddy come for lunch tomorrow to talk things through. That’s not so bad, right?” “We didn’t get invited to lunch,” came Maddy’s voice from the beyond. “Well go easy on them,” Chris said. “You know how they worry.” “I’ll take care,” Sophie promised. “Have fun at work Chris. And go to sleep Maddy. You have done your sibling duty admirably and I thank you for it.” Sophie gave a mock bow that had Chris rolling his eyes. But he said his goodbye’s all the same, promising her that he would keep in touch. His farewell was echoed by Madeline and then cut off as the fireplace connection terminated. Sophie stood up, stretched her legs, and wiped her face again, checking for tears. She felt a little frustrated with herself. She very rarely cried, but she had melted into a puddle after a few words from her brother. Sophie was glad that soon this would all be over—she wasn’t sure she could handle the constant emotional turmoil much longer. At the top of the stairs she was met with a surprise—James. He stuck his head out his room and asked quietly, “Is everything alright?” “Yeah!” Sophie replied brightly, but James wasn’t fooled. He turned his head to check that they weren’t being watched, and then stepped out into the hall with her. Quickly, he wrapped his arms around her and pressed a brotherly kiss to her forehead. Sophie leaned into James, taking in his strength, and then just as quickly they separated. “Sorry your family thinks you are the reason we broke up.” “Sorry your family doesn’t think you care about them.” So he had been listening. “Tomorrow will be better,” Sophie replied with some confidence. “And the next day will be better and then before you know it we will be at Hogwarts and by then everyone will have forgotten to pay attention to us.” James laughed and Sophie smiled, feeling much better. They separated into their respective rooms and for some reason that was the moment that Sophia Hinds truly realized that she and James were no longer “dating.” Which was funny, because they never had been. Author's Note: As always, please rate and review. I still need to do a lot of editing on this chapter, so if you see typos etc... please tell me so I can correct them. The title comes from my favorite of all Oscar Wilde plays ('The Importance of Being Ernest'). The quote in the summary is from "All's Well That Ends Well." Hope you enjoy! Chapter 4: Vanity Fair Her lungs were burning. Sophie hate running. Well, that was not entirely true. For the first ten minutes, she loved it. She felt excited to exercise and proud that she had gotten herself out of bed. But she was finishing up her third mile and had been running for over twenty minutes and at that moment, she hated running with a passion. At least, Sophie reminded herself, she wasn’t running with James. It bothered him that she ran so slowly. If he was going to get a workout, it wasn’t going to be with her. He was much too much of a gentleman to leave her running by herself, but he chafed at the slow pace and would make little impatient remarks as they went along. That was why, on this lovely summer morning, Sophie was gasping for breath next to Roxy, twin of Fred, daughter of George and Angelina, and (oddly enough) wizarding world socialite. Yes, Roxy loved the paparazzi, and the paparazzi loved her. It was strange—her twin was creative, spontaneous, and only thought of the press when it got in his way. Roxy, for all her potential (what with two war-hero parents and all) had only one aspiration: to be constantly adored by her public. This meant, amoung a host of other things, Roxy took care to keep her body in perfect condition. Since Sophie and Roxy were in the same boat, they often made plans to run together at school and over holidays. It was Roxy’s fault Sophie was up this early at all—if she had had her way, Sophie would have taken the morning off and slept in. But Roxy had snuck in around seven, poked Sophie awake, and gently reminded her friend of the number of bowls of ice cream she had ingested the night before. And so there Sophia was, using the last of her energy to crest the final hill that separated her from their destination: the perfect breakfast spot. She regretted that she had missed the sunrise. It simply came too early in the summer for her to bother to wake up for it, but the memory of previous sunrises was enough to make her almost regret sleeping in. “Come along, Soph!” gasped Roxy from only a few feet away, impatient to get to her breakfast. “Come along yourself!” panted Sophie, sprinting the last steps to her friend. The girls paused for only a moment, taking in the soft view of the perfection that was the world they lived in, before sprinting easily down the slope. The Potter’s lived in the middle of nowhere with only nature as far as the eye could see. The perfect breakfast spot was a huge rock jutting out of the side of the hill they had just run up. It faced East, so the girls were able to enjoy their food while enjoying some sun at the same time. And the view was breath taking. The run had taken Roxy and Sophie around the perimeter of the Potter’s lands so that they were now in almost the exactly the same as when they had started, except they now had food and a slightly different view. Once they were settled, Roxy reached into her expandable pack and pulled out bottles of water, an apple a piece and two sandwiches made with leftover chicken from the night before. In between stuffing their faces, Roxy and Sophie caught up on all the gossip. It was strange, when Sophie was around parents or siblings, it was as though everything she said related to politics or intelligent current events. When she was round James, or even Freddy or Al or Mr. Potter, she suddenly became a quidditch dictionary. Now here she was with Roxy counting calories, comparing social events, and sharing catty stories about other girls in their circle. Roxy had only mentioned the break up once in passing. “And now that you are back on the market, you can finally take Marc up on that date he’s been after you for,” Roxy had said off-handedly, as though Sophie breaking up with her three year boyfriend was some sort of social move to entrap the rising quidditch star Marc Hail. “Yeah, I guess,” Sophie said, answering Roxy’s question. She’d never really thought anything of Marc. It was weird for Roxy to be bringing him up. “What do you mean you guess? The Malfoys’ party is coming up—you are going to need a date aren’t you? Marc will do.” Sophie shrugged noncommittally, not particularly interested in giving up on the idea that Albus would be noble and go with her since she didn’t have a date. The Malfoys’ annual summer gathering (read ‘elaborate ball’) was in only a few weeks—in the world of elite wizards and witches, it was the main social event of the summer season. Some of Sophie’s earliest memories of the Potter/Weasley’s were of ruining her best summer dress sloshing around in the Malfoy’s grand fountain with several of the cousins. Now the ball meant something completely different. It was an opportunity to display herself as a capable adult to the influential families who would—one day—support her when she ran for Minister of Magic. The dress she described to Roxy was a deep rose, which accented Sophie’s mahogany hair and hazel eyes. It was demure but still young looking and flattering. She had searched everywhere. It was the perfect dress. “Gag me,” exclaimed Roxy, making a face that suggested her eggs had been undercooked. “I’ll show you my dress when we head back in. Now that’s the perfect dress.” Roxy had the amazing talent to pick dresses that were the most indecent thing that Sophie had ever seen without anything being wrong with them. Roxy never wore anything too low-cut, no slits in her dresses, nothing so short as to give a show when sitting down (as Katie Wood had the unfortunate tendency to do), but somehow managed to look absolutely scandalous every time she left the house. “Hey!” exclaimed Roxy as Sophie—ever the picture of female composure—slurped the last of her orange juice. “You know what we should do?” “Wha-ht?” Sophie asked around her mouthful of juice. “We should switch dresses!” “Absolutely not!” Sophie didn’t even have to think about it. “Come on Soph!” “Come on Rox!” Sophie mimicked. “Setting aside the fact that whatever dress you chose would most certainly give my mother an aneurysm, we have completely different body types. I would look like a little girl trying on dress up clothes in anything that fits you.” It was true. While Sophie might be five foot four feet of pure character and determination, Roxy was five foot eight inches of womanly perfection. There was no way that Sophie could fit into Roxy’s dress. “You take the fun out of everything,” Roxy pouted. “Besides, that dress is perfect for you “What’s that supposed to mean?” Sophie asked, affronted. Roxy rolled her eyes in a way that said that Sophie knew nothing. For all that the things that interested Roxy were superficial, Roxanne Weasley was a very intelligent person and often took the opportunity to remind her family and friends of the fact. “Sophie. Please. You may pretend to be the squeaky clean, heart-of-gold politician's daughter, but at least be real with me.” Sophie gave her friend an incredulous look. “What’s with the face, Soph? You know its true. Except when participating in various forms of embarrassment with Jamie, you were always the perfect little Hinds’ child. You are polite, intelligent and you know how to network. You were practically raised from birth to be Minister of Magic. Has there ever been anyone in your family who didn’t become a Healer, Lawyer, or Politician?” “My father is a professor,” said Sophie, a little hurt. “A Magical Law Professor,” Roxy stressed the syllables. “Heck, even dating James was a political move forwards—“ “Hey!” burst out Sophie, outraged and completely unsure how they had gotten to this subject from the topic of dresses. “Oh please,” Roxy had just a little bit of spite in her eyes. Apparently she had felt this way for awhile. “Its me, Soph. Its not like I’d do any different. There are a lot of perks to dating the son of the Boy Who Lived.” “Stop it. Now.” Sophie’s voice was low and hurt. “You don’t know anything about anything. So just stop it.” Sophie hadn’t realized it until that moment, but Roxy was angry with her. Roxy had invited her out to run so that they could have their spat far away from the house and any extendable ears present. Roxanne Weasley was the only one taking James’ side in the break-up. “Dating is different with us,” Roxy said calmly, taking a bite of her apple. “ You know that. Everything we do is a show for the public and its easy to get caught up and act “like we are supposed to.” But my cousins are off limits. You aren’t allowed to use my cousins like props to create your little fairy tale.” Sophie couldn’t say anything. She was hurt that her friend could think she would do such a thing, but it was more the fact that she was completely caught off guard. She had never been blamed for anything that went wrong in the relationship (well, nothing too horribly embarrassing). But now she was being accused by Roxy, and she didn’t like it. She didn’t like it one bit. Sophie wondered if this was how James felt. “I let you date him,” Roxy continued. “I was excited—I thought you would be my cousin one day. But you have crossed a line. You can’t just used James and then throw him away when you are done with him and expect no repercussions.” “That’s not how it happened,” Sophie was embarrassed to feel tears creeping up on her for the second time in 24 hours. She took a quick breath to get a hold of herself. “Oh, just tell the truth already. We are friends. We were supposed to be friends. I thought I could trust you.” The words ‘with him’ were left unsaid, but Sophie knew. Roxy thought that Sophie would have told her if her relationship with James was for publicity or any other reason than love. Roxy thought she had been betrayed by Sophie. In fact, Sophie was starting to understand how Roxy felt. If Sophie thought that someone had used one of her siblings like that, she would be having a similar talk with the perpetrator. She knew for a fact that Chris had had several “talks” with Maddy’s boyfriends. It was not easy to be in the spotlight. It was a game—how long could you trick the public into thinking you, your life, and your family are perfect. To pull off the masquerade you need the support of the entire cast of characters, everyone in the spotlight must stand together. There was a code amoung the famous. Roxy thought Sophie had broken the rules by using James to play her part. In fact, Sophie had broken the rules—she and James had created their own ruse without discussing it with the group. “I didn’t use James,” Sophie began, carefully. “In a way James used me.” Roxy raised perfectly shaped eyebrows in an expression that said ,’Oh, really. You expect me to believe that?’ And for a moment Sophie wanted to spill the beans. Sophie wanted to tell Roxy everything that had happened in the last three years. She wanted Roxy to be impressed with her. Sophie wanted Roxy to feel sorry that she had ever thought badly of her friend. But Sophie couldn’t do it. This awful feeling of being judged, James felt that every day, and here Sophie was caving after only five minutes. They had promised each other that they wouldn’t tell and Sophie was not going to break that promise. “Roxy, I loved James.” That was true. In some ways Sophie still loved James. But what she felt for James was more of a brotherly love. “I loved James. You have to believe that I never would have dated him otherwise.” Roxy deflated a bit, perhaps, Sophie thought, in relief. “Then how can you be ok?” Roxy questioned softly. “You never said anything to me, to anyone, about having problems. How could you just make this decision and be fine without any…emotion?” “Its not without emotion. Roxy, James and I have been trained from birth to compose ourselves in public, no matter what we are feeling in private. We just made the mistake of concealing ourselves from our friends and family.” “Then what happened, Soph?” Roxy didn’t seem to be angry anymore, but Sophie was going to be careful with her words. She had forgotten that family came before anything else, and now that she and James were no longer dating, she was outside the sphere of Roxy’s family. “James came to me before Easter Holiday and said that he wanted a break. I…”Sophie paused for dramatic effect. “I didn’t know what to say. We hadn’t been having any fights. I hadn’t noticed him acting any different. I didn’t know why.” Roxy’s eyes were compassionate and Sophie felt bad for lying. But there was nothing else to be done. She was too far in now. “He said that now that we were heading into seventh year, things were getting serious. He said that people would start expecting an engagement.” “James you idiot,” Roxy rolled her eyes. “That’s what I said!” exclaimed Sophie, getting into her part. “I told him that we didn’t have to do what people expected of us. He shouldn’t feel any pressure. But James said that He had been thinking about it for sometime and he couldn’t see himself marrying me, and if that was the case maybe we should take some time off.” “Oh Sophie,” lamented Roxy, having completely switched sides from Team James to Team Sophie. “How heartbreaking. I never knew James was so mature, to think about dating in that way.” “Its one of James’ many surprises,” Sophie sighed for dramatic effect. She was actually kind of enjoying the elaborate tail. “At first I was devastated. I had certainly pictured myself marrying him,” Roxy was nodding along was Sophie drew closer to the conclusion. “I was so upset but I kept telling myself that if I didn’t think about it, somehow everything would be worked out on its own.” “You should have talked to me,” Roxy admonished, as though she would not have immediately leaked the gossip as soon as she knew that James and Sophie could handle the rumors. Sophie managed to look remorseful and continued the story. “Well, when I finally did think about it, I realized that I didn’t want to marry James either. At least, I don’t right now, or even in the foreseeable future. We just want different things. We grew into different people without realizing it. Breaking up was painful, but by the time it was over, we both knew it was the right thing.” The two girls sat in silence for a time, finishing their meal and gazing out at the scenery. “I’m sorry I thought,” Roxy said. “That you were the villain in the break-up. Its just, people don’t realize it, but James is a stand-up guy. But its as though he makes sure that the good things he does aren’t noticed.” That was very true, and very typical of James. James Potter was always being told he looked like his father—the hair, the eyes, the mannerisms—but what people missed was the most important likeness. James had his father’s savior complex in a big way. Not just with his family and friends, but with everyone. But Roxy was very astute to have noticed it, because James had taken to being subtle with his good deeds. Early on, every time he did something extraordinary, it was immediately dragged out into the spotlight and compared to his Father’s works. Anything good James did became media fodder and didn’t have the same meaning anymore. So over time, James became very good at being good without anyone noticing. If a boy in his year was having trouble in a class and was too stubborn to get tutoring, he would pretend to have trouble in the same class so that they could “work it out” together. If he noticed a girl was having a rough time of it after a breakup, he would suddenly absolutely need her, and only her, to do important prefect work and keep her busy until she was feeling better. James was sneaky, but not sneaky enough to avoid all notice. “Sophie, you don’t know,” Roxy continued as the girls finished the short walk down the hill to the Potter’s house. “How many times James has come to my rescue or watched out for all of us without asking anything in return.” “I know. If I were in your position I would blame me too. No hard feelings.” Well, that was a bit of a lie. It was hard not to be a bit hurt that Roxy would jump to that conclusion, but Sophie would be an idiot to fly off the handle—It was a perfectly logical assumption. “Well, “ Roxy said awkwardly. “Now that I have made a complete fool of myself, I have a question: What on earth are you going to tell your parents when they come to lunch today?” "Roxy," Sophie groaned. "Why bring that up? We were having a nice moment?" Roxy laughed as they entered the house. "You know it won't be that bad," Roxy said, to placate Sophie. "Your parents love you. In fact, they are probably thrilled. No more pictures of their baby girl doing untoward things with the son of their good friend." "Yeah, you're probably right," replied Sophie, heading up the stairs to a shower, with no idea how wrong Roxy was. Hey Guys! Sorry I took so long. I finished all my exams and am currently posting this from SPAIN! I hope it was worth the wait :) Did you like Roxy? I had the most fun every writing her. Also, I definitely intended this chapter to be about her parents so that we could get on with the plot, but Roxy was very persistent and wanted a whole chapter too herself. As always, the quote in the summery isn't mine--its Shakespeare's (from The Merchant of Venice). Also, the title is from the novel by William Makepeace Thackeray. Chapter 5: Crime and Punishment “Sophie?” queried a hesitant male voice from beyond the door. Sophie sight, mid-brush and opened the door. Fred Weasley and Albus Potter stood, slightly cowered, beyond the entrance to the second floor bathroom. Their fear was understandable—Sophie was preparing for war. “What do you need?” Sophie inquired, not unkindly, but somewhat impatiently, of the boys. They looked at each other, silently deciding who would speak, and then back at here. Sophie clicked her tongue impatiently, signaling them to get on with it--Boys frequently had difficulty finding the exact words they wanted to say to her. But as Sophie was sure that neither Fred nor Albus was nearing a public admission of love (much to her dismay), Sophie had little patience with their dalliance. “You,” She commanded, wielding her hairbrush like a broadsword to indicate Fred. “Speak.” “Right,” Fred’s Adams apple bobbed nervously. “Well, seeing as how you’re busy and all, I say we just forget—“ “We need a favor,” interrupted Albus, rolling his eyes in Fred’s direction. The aforementioned cousin made a face, as if to say ‘What? Women scare me!’ “No time,” Sophie said, and returned to her work. The girls’ bathroom was littered with all the make up, jewelry, and other accessories that the women of the house possessed. Even Mrs. Potter had contributed, saying, “Here dear. Pearls might come in handy.” “It’s just a small favor,” continued Albus, following her into forbidden territory, picking up a discarded hair bob, and turning it around in his hands absently while he spoke. “Really, it’ll only take a second,” pleaded Fred, having followed his cousin. Sophie sighed in resignation. “What is it?” The boys grinned happily. “Well, you see, we know this is an important day for you and all,” rambled Fred, “what with your parents finding out about you giving Jimmy the boot, so Al and I--What in the name of Merlin are you doing?” Sophie glanced in the mirror to see two grown wizards faces blanched with dread at the sight of….tweezers. “You didn’t leave, “ Sophie explained calmly. “So I had to finish getting ready with you in here. Relax. I’m just plucking my eyebrows.” “That’s disgusting,” Albus managed to croak, holding back a gag. “I can’t watch.” And he turned his back to the proceedings. “Aren’t there spells for that?” came Fred’s horrified question as he watched, oddly fixated on the alien actions taking place before him. “You both have sisters,” Sophie stated, her voice—on the surface—sounded amused. “This isn’t news. And I haven’t used that spell since I saw Maggie Church accidentally bald herself in fifth year.” Both boys looked a little green. Sophie wanted to kick herself. Yet another drawback of unrequited love was the increasing tendency to take everything the object of your affection said or did extremely personally. For instance, Sophie was currently wishing with all her heart that she had simply used the grooming spell instead of letting Albus be so nauseated by her tweezing. Reminding herself sharply that she was being stupid (besides, it wasn’t like Albus was going to think about tweezers every time he saw her or anything), Sophie finished with her eyebrows and moved on to make up. “Its safe to look,” Sophie drawled sarcastically. Fred, who had been unable to pull his eyes away from the train wreck that was women’s’ grooming, snapped out of his horrified stupor. Meanwhile, Albus cautiously peered over his shoulder to check if the coast was clear. But before Fred could regain his composure to ask his question, a thunder of footsteps interrupted him. Louis Weasley, who was all of fifteen and already nearing 6 foot 2, bounded down the stairs and stuck his head into the girls’ bathroom without bothering even to knock. “Wha’d she say?” asked Louis in a manner his mother would deem “uncouth.” Sophie raised her (now perfectly plucked) eyebrows in a silent question. So the conspiracy of keeping her from getting ready extended to Little Louis. Since all three boys now seemed to have taken a vow of silence, Sophie decided to hurry them along. “You have until the count of three to tell me what your favor is,” Sophie informed them, returning her attention to the mirror to powder her nose. “Before I deny it out of hand.” “Wait—“ started Louis, confused. “See, the thing is Soph,” hurried Albus. “What’s with the time crunch!” exclaimed Fred, crumbling under the pressure. “What’s with the time crunch?” repeated Sophie, incredulously. All three boys took an unconscious step back; only Louis was lucky enough to have a possible escape—Fred and Albus backed into a wall. “The ‘time crunch’ is that my parents will be here in thirty minutes and I’m not ready.” “You look—“ began Louis, who had two elder sisters and a complement always at the ready. Sophie didn’t bother to let him finish. “I,” she said regally, taking a mascara tube from the pile of make-up. “ have less than half an hour to compose myself in a way that will convince my parents, the people who gave me life, that I am making a mature decision rather than a rash, teenage temper-tantrum. And do I look ready to you?” Her voice held a touch of hysteria, displaying how truly concerned she was about the impending parental visit. The boys had no idea who to react to her out burst. She was now furiously applying mascara and mumbling to herself in front of the mirror. In his mind, each boy was debating whether or not to simply ask his question and be done with it. A look was shared, signaling the conclusion that they should simply escape rather than pose the question. “Oh, there you lot are, “ Hugo Weasley had come down the stairs and, having noticed Louis in the hall, stopped by. “Aren’t you ready to go yet? If we are late to the game, dad will have a cow. He wants to beat the crowds this time.” There was a tense silence as Fred, Louis, and Albus frantically—and silently—conveyed that Sophie had not yet been informed of the plan. “What game?” Sophie asked, her voice remarkably calm. She had stopped applying make-up. Huge, panicked eyes alerted Hugo to his mistake—he quickly backpedaled. “I, I mean…the game of helping Aunt Ginny prepare for house guests…First one to finish their chores wins. I’m…gonna beat you guys,” Hugo said, half-heartedly. Albus rolled his eyes as Louis gave Hugo two thumbs up, the universal male sign for “She might have actually believed that!” “The cannons are playing Puddlemere today, aren’t they?” Sophie asked the boys, resuming her primping. “What?” exclaimed Hugo in an overly surprised voice as Fred and Louis babbled about what a funny name ‘Puddlemere’ was, anyway and Albus commented, “Really, I thought it was the Harpies today…” “And I suppose you lot would rather go to the game rather than have an awkward lunch with my parents.” Sophie really couldn’t blame them. Her answer was another indecipherable chorus of mumbled male voices, with responses ranging from “You are looking radiant today,” (from Louis) to Albus’ “We just thought we’d help you best by being out of the way…” “Fine,” said Sophie. “Whatever. Go.” The boys stood stock still, trying to sense if the opening was a trap or actual permission. Sophie, for her part, was feeling high strung and a bit hurt. She viewed the boys as family for most of her life. She hadn’t realized it until that moment, but she had been depending on the comfort of the huge Potter/Weasley family to lend support during the meal. It hurt that a quidditch match—not even a tournament match, just the regular season—was more important than her. But, of course, logically she knew that the boys didn’t realize that they hurting her feelings. They had no idea how she felt and—to be honest—the logic she was using to justify her hurt feeling was more than a little convoluted. Besides, it was only fair that someone have fun that afternoon. It would probably be an amazing game anyway. Great, now Sophie was considering skipping the meal to watch quidditch herself. “Seriously, just g—oh for the love of Merlin!” Sophie squealed, having smudged her eye make up by accident. Sophie wiped unhappily at the offending mark while saying, “Really though, you don’t want to be late.” The boys babbled their thanks as they shuffled towards the stairs—Fred even stopped to give her a sloppy, brotherly kiss on the check before pushing past Al, Hugo, and Louis to be the first down the stairs. Al looked at her, concerned with her erratic behavior, so he quietly and seriously said, “You look wonderful Sophie. And the smudge is gone,” before giving her a one armed hug and leaving with the rest. Sophie was so frazzled she hardly noticed the complement. Finally giving up, Sophie gave a frustrated sigh and used a bit of silent magic to remove her makeup altogether. She shouldn’t be so worried. She shouldn’t be this upset. “Actually,” Albus’ voice came from the stairs. “I think I’m going to stay. Mum’ll kill me if she thinks I’ve ignored my familial duty, and I’m more of a Harpies man anyways. You go on.” Hugo, Louis, and Fred said their goodbyes and hurried out the door before anyone (Mrs. Weasley, for instance) could stop them. Sophie listened to the sound of Albus’ footsteps as he re-climbed the steps to the second floor, a little ashamed of how giddy she was the Albus had come back. For her. Well, that was a slight exaggeration. Mrs. Weasley really would kill him if he skipped. And he really didn’t care much for either team playing. But she still felt obliged to say a quiet, grateful, “Thanks Al,” to the teenager when he finally came into sight. Being a sixteen-year-old boy, Albus Potter played it off as no big deal, and even blushed at being caught in a good deed. Having mostly given up on her preparations, Sophie absently adjusted her cloths a last time as Al fussed with the many strange gizmos and gadgets that girls use to make themselves presentable. “Careful, the tweezers are still loose, ” Sophie teased. Albus snatched his hand back as though he had been burned. He narrowed his eyes at Sophie as she giggled. Rubbing his hand and contemplating his near escape from instruments of torture, Albus began a new conversation. “James is all out of sorts as well,” Albus confided. “It wouldn’t do to run off now when he’s so high strung.” “What’s he got to worry about,” Sophie asked, leading the way into Lily’s bedroom to find a pair of shoes to match her peach colored sundress. “Dunno,” Albus shrugged, following her into the room and flopping unceremoniously on his sister’s bed. “Keeps saying nothing’s wrong, but he actually wore clean socks today and earlier I saw him mucking about with Lily’s hair gel, trying to tame the Potter cow-lick.” Sophie giggled at Al’s explanation, but understood the boy’s serious expression—no teenage boy made a conscious effort to wear clean socks. “Actually Soph, I wanted to ask you. Could you find him and tell him he looks smashing and that everything will go over perfectly? I’d do it myself, but some things just don’t sound right coming from a bloke.” “Of course,” Sophie thought it was sweet Albus was worried about James. In fact, she should have realized that he would be worried and gone to check on him earlier. Some friend she made. The minute they fake ended their fake relationship, their real friendship got pushed to the wayside. “Thanks!” Al flashed her a crooked smile that made her face feel unnaturally warm. To cover her pleasure, Sophie fished under her bed until she pulled out some strappy sandals that made her legs look long and gave her about two more inches height wise. Not that she wanted anyone in the Potter/Weasley family noticing how she looked anymore. Although, if someone were to notice…. But that was a foolish thought. She already understood that she and Albus would never exist as a couple. It was pointless to entertain fantasies. Besides, the sixteen-year-old was currently using a quill to write witty comments next to the pictures in his sister’s copy of Witch Weekly. It wasn’t like he was suddenly going to sit up and profess his undying love. Ignoring the hope that Albus would notice how nice she looked, Sophie hopped about on one leg, and then the other as she strapped on the heals. Finally done, Sophie flashed Albus a smile as she straightened her dress and headed for the hallway to look for James. “Hold on a tick,” Albus said, rolling off the bed and catching hold of her elbow before she made it out the door. Maybe it was because this was the closest that Sophie had been to Albus since officially “breaking up” with James, but his touch made Sophie feel as though her chest was just a little too tight for her to breath comfortably. Albus, who had no inkling of Sophie’s inner turmoil, merely reached up to fix piece of renegade hair that had gone rogue during the shoe hunt. For a moment Sophie couldn’t move—it was as though everything had been wiped from her mind except for the fact that Albus smelled really good, like soap and freshly laundered clothes. But it was only a moment. Sophie mentally shook herself. Luckily her face had not betrayed her train of thought. Playfully, like she would with her real brother, Sophie batted his hands away with an expression of mock annoyance and set about fixing her hair herself. Albus, amused, raised his hands in a sign of defeat. “So,” Albus began., but suddenly he was interrupted. Quick, heavy footsteps briefly preceded James’ voice yelling, “Sophie, Soph!” Both Albus and Sophie stuck their heads out of the bedroom just in time to see a slightly disheveled James speed towards the first floor. “James!” Sophie called, stepping fully out into the hallway. James, hearing her, spun around and headed back up the stairs. “Sophie,” James said rather desperately. “Everything has gone wrong…” And James proceeded to tell her a rambling story that began with a description of the hair-control, had a story about lawn gnomes taking over the front garden, and James was trying to explain so crisis with banana pudding when Sophie said, without having acknowledged a word he said,” James, your shirt is buttoned wrong.” James was looking down at her with glassy, worried eyes saying, “But the pudding.” Sophie ignored him. James Potter had faced down paparazzi, bullies, and led his house team to the quidditch finals all three years of his captaincy, but here he was in a state of complete disarray at the mere thought of facing her parents. Sophie tugged at buttons and cast a spell to iron the creases out of his shirt while he continued to babble when suddenly something he said caught her attention. “And I can’t get anyone to help me! I can’t find the boys anywhere—I think they bailed. Why would they leave—don’t they care how important this is to me?” James actually sounded mad, and not just because his cousins were getting to see the match and he wasn’t. “Hey!” Albus said, slightly affronted. “I’m here!” “Doing what?” “Helping Sophie!” “As if she needs your help! You are my brother, where were you when I needed you?” James was now being overdramatic and Sophie decided to put a stop to it. Al Albus opened his mouth to retort, Sophie interrupted, saying, “James that’s ridiculous. The only thing you needed help with is the shirt, and I guarantee you that he’d have botched it. Besides, I don’t know what you are upset with him about—the others left you and was the only one to stay.” “You,” James said in a surly manner. “Are only helping him because you like him." “Of course I like him,” Sophie said in a nonchalant manner. “He is my favorite of your brothers.” James had to grin at this—Albus was his only brother after all. “James, you look fine and everything is going smoothly—what have you got to worry about?” Albus asked. “I thought blokes couldn’t say emotional stuff like that,” Sophie commented. Albus just laughed and said, “He’s my brother. And you were taking too long.” “Al,” James began in a rather serious voice. “I need you to be my second.” “Second what?” Al said, confused. “Second sibling? Done. “ “No,” James cleared his throat. “My second in a duel.” Sophie and Albus simultaneously whipped their heads towards James and gave him twin expression of genuine surprise and confusion. Albus was the first to regain the capacity to speak. “What?” he asked, intelligently. “Sophie,” James began, placing his hands on her shoulders and looking at her seriously. Sophie snapped to attention. “ Your dad told me that if I ever broke your heart, he was going to ‘demand satisfaction. ‘ I thought if I had enough of the Potter/Weasley males around, he could be dissuaded from killing me. But I’ve been deserted, left to die. So I am going to have to duel him and Albus will have to be my second.” There was another long pause wherein Sophie noticed—not for the first time—the James had the oddest tendency to view the world as though it were still 1880 when he was nervous. For the second time, Albus broke the silence. “What?” he clarified. “What Albus means to say is,” Sophie interjected. “My father is a lawyer. When he says compensation, he means money. If he thought you hurt me, he would take you to court, not to an abandoned field to duel at midnight. My dad hasn’t dueled since The War.” “James,” Albus said, rather seriously. “You’re an idiot.” “Not helpful, Al.” “And why would you ask me to be your second?” Albus asked. “Dad would never do it and I couldn’t ask Sophie to duel her father for me—that would just be cruel.” Sophie couldn’t help it anymore—she burst out laughing. Albus quickly joined her while James said, ”Its not funny, Soph! Stop it!” “James, you look great. Everything will be fine,” Sophie said, when she finally stopped laughing. James heaved a sigh and ruffled a hand through his hair, causing it to stand on end. “I suppose you are right,” he admitted. “I do look amazing.” “See?” interrupted Al. “That, right there! He didn’t believe me when I said it! That’s exactly why men don’t say emotional things. No one believes them.” James made a face and opened his mouth to make a comment in reply when the doorbell rang. Despite his previous nerves, James only jumped slightly at the sound of Mr. Hinds’ voice thanking the Potters for inviting them. Sophie ran down the stairs to her parents, forgetting, for the moment, why they were there. She had not seem them in several days, and although she was apprehensive about their reactions, she loved them too much not to fling herself on them the moment she saw them. “Daddy! Mum!” she squealed, throwing her arms first around her father, and then surprising her mother with a hug from behind, while she was shaking Mr. Potters’ hand. “Sophia!” her mother scolded unconvincingly, hugging her daughter in return. For a moment, Sophie worried that her mother would begin the lecture right there in the hallway, but her mum only leaned down to hug her and whispered, “We will talk later.” Sophie looked up at her mother worriedly, but Mrs. Hinds only smiled reassuringly in response. Sophie wasn’t sure is this made her feel better. James and Albus had followed her down the stairs and were exchanging manly handshakes with Mr. Hinds. Sophie saw James wince as he held his hand out to her father, but instead of the violence he expected, Mr. Hinds grasped his hand in his own, simultaneously giving the boy a sympathetic pat on the back. James looked bewildered; he continued to stare at the place that Mr. Hinds had been even after the man had moved to shake Al’s hand. Where was the open declaration of war? The subtle threat, whispered so the women folk wouldn’t hear? Where—at the very least—social snub, ensuring that James would never be accepted into Wizarding society thus forth? Where was the reason he had experienced a near mental break down earlier in the morning? Sophie snickered as she followed Mrs. Potter into the kitchen to carry out plates for the lunch. James was absolutely ridiculous. Her dad loved James—in fact, Sophie was fairly sure that her father had only issued the warning out of a sense of duty, rather than intent to commit. Inside the kitchen, Sophie joined Lily, who had been taken prisoner shortly after breakfast for preparations. Mrs. Potter would be performing the magic required to transport the food from the kitchen to the dining room table, however she routinely asked for help to manually carry in some of the pieces of nicer china and breakable items as a precaution. Sophie was given a beautiful glass pitcher filled with fresh lemonade and Lily held a tray of salt and peppershakers, a sugar bowl, and other miscellaneous items. All in all, Sophie reflected, as she maneuvered from the kitchen to the dining room just in time to see lunch appear (magically!), the meal was going over well. Her worst-case scenario had involved her parents physically dragging her off to be home schooled to counteract the horrendous media frenzy that would soon be caused. Her best-case scenario, that her parents would suddenly begin commenting how mature she was and how impressed they were with her. The best-case scenario, which had seemed like a long shot a mere hour ago, was looking more and more likely. The meal was, of course, lovely. Sophie sat between her parents, across the table from James, Albus, and Lily, with the Potters (Mr. and Mrs.) at either end. It didn’t take long for conversation to start—A mutual acquaintance was become a grandparent for the first time, the Harpies were getting a new manager (and did Ginny have an opinion of who it should be?), and the many social events the summer promised. Sophie noticed that the conversation was carefully—and skillfully—steered away from politics. There was also no mention of the break up. Both Sophie and James spent the entire meal expecting the question. One of Sophie’s parents would open their mouth and the teenagers would tense—was it at last the dreaded moment? But it wasn’t. The Hinds’ asked about Albus’ OWLS and teams James was looking at. Mrs. Hinds even slyly asked Lily which of the Scamander twins she was going out with (much to Lily’s embarrassment). Finally lunch was finished, and Mrs. Potter skillfully engineered a situation where Sophie and her parents would be along for a while. When they had all eaten their fill, Ginny Potter commanded her children and husband to help her in the kitchen and said,” But Sophie, why don’t you take your parents out to the patio? Its lovely this time of year and we will just take dessert out when I have it ready!” Sophie sent Mrs. Potter a panicked look, knowing full well what would happen the moment she was alone with her parents. Mrs. Potter’s only response was a knowing smile—it was obvious she would be no help at all. Which is how Sophie found herself alone with her parents. They were silent for a few seconds, causing Sophie to tap her foot uncomfortably. Finally, she broke down and started,” Mum, Dad I just—“ “Oh Sophie,” her mother sighed, removing her glasses and rubbing her eyes. Sophie stopped talking immediately. “I’m sure you think that you are doing the right thing. And I would never presume to tell you how you feel or what to do about that, but…” “But what, mum?” Sophie was beginning to experience that awful feeling all truly good girls get when they know they’ve disappointed their parents. She was also beginning to feel anger—if her mother ‘would never presume’ to butt into her daughter’s life, then why was she? Sophia Hinds had, as most teenage girls had, a tumultuous relationship with her mother—there was no one Sophie respected more than Mrs. Hinds, but at the same time her mother could make her more mad more quickly than anyone else in the world. “Now Sophie,” her mother sounded defensive and tired. “We—your father and I—just think that you are handling this very poorly. You’ve treated James very poorly over the years, and I really think that you are too mature for this kind of behavior.” “And what kind of behavior is that?” Sophie jutted her chin out, truly angry now. “Sophia, “ her mother began, but Sophie cut her off. “You’ve never liked the way I behaved when I was with James, and now you are criticizing me for being an adult and breaking up with him?” “Just a moment!" “You’ve never supported any of my decisions with James,” Sophie said, furiously. “I don’t know why I thought this would be any different!” “Sophia Hinds!” Both Sophie and her mother turned to the unlikely source of the reprimand, Mark Hinds. Sophie even felt her jaw drop a bit. Her father was the sweetest man she knew. Sophie could only remember a handful of times that he had yelled at anyone, let alone his children. Compared to his outgoing gregarious wife, Mark Hinds should have faded into the background, but despite his reserved nature, he was well liked and often sought out by other wizards. He was the calm one—her mother was usually the parent who raised her voice. But there Mark Hinds stood, a slight frown and a deeply disappointed look on his face. Sophie felt cowed as she never had during reprimands from her mother—somehow her father’s disappointment was infinitely worse than battling with her mum. “Sophia,” Mark rumbled, no longer yelling, but speaking in his low, measured way. “Your mother and I have never been happy with our daughter exposing her self—and her family—to public censure. You are not a child. You understand this.” Sophie felt mortified and humbled. She claimed to be an adult, making adult decisions, but she still lashed out at her mother at every opportunity. “But your mother was not referring to the actual decision, but the manner in which you have done it. We did not raise a daughter who simply discarded boys after finishing with them.” Horrified, Sophie tried to interrupt and protest that this was not the case at all, but Mr. Hinds waved her reply away and continued. “James is a nice boy, and I understand that if you broke up with him, you obviously believe it was the right thing. But why are you still staying here with the Potters if you have already broken up with their son?” Confused by the question, Sophie didn’t answer. Of course she was staying with the Potters. She did so every year. “You enjoy the perks of involvement with the Potters—you have for years. Just because James is too polite a boy to tell you to leave, doesn’t mean that you can impose on the Potters.” “Mark,” her mother finally interjected. “I think she understands. Sweetheart, we only think that forcing your presence on James after breaking up with him, just to keep up appearances, its more than a little cruel. And you are not a cruel person.” “And what if James broke up with me?” Sophie asked, unhappy knowing that she had disappointed her parents. “Of course he didn’t,” said Mr. Hinds without pause. “I’m sure you broke his heart.” The positive manner in which her father made this statement both flattered and slightly offended her. She didn’t want her father to think she was the sort of girl who simply stomped on the hearts of boys she interacted with. “I’m sure this hasn’t been your intention, Sophia,” Her father continued. “You know as well as I do that James will be blamed, no matter what you story you tell the media. Not only will James have to nurse a broken heart, but he will be the focus of the media as well. The least you can do is leave him in peace to collect himself. Sophie was—at this point—so horrified and embarrassed that she almost forgot that she had not done anything cruel to James—she was only pretending to. The scolding from her parents stung unpleasantly. Sophie had fallen a very long way in a very short amount of time: Only that morning she had felt very adult and justified in her decisions. Now she felt like a petulant child who threw a fit when she didn’t get her way. “I’m sorry for yelling at you, mum,” said Sophie, humbly. “Of course,” her mother remembered, if distantly, the feeling that one’s parents were out to get one. “But I hope you understand that your father and I think that, under the circumstances, you should come back home. Or,” she said hastily, seeing Sophie’s unhappy expression. “Just visit other friends. You don’t need to handle your break up like a big press release where you need to keep up appearances. Maybe it would be better to have some time apart.” Sophie didn’t think this was a good idea at all, although she really couldn’t blame her parents for thinking so. If she had really had her heart broken, she wouldn’t be hanging around the Potters’ house being reminded of the fact—she would leave. So her parents made the logical assumption that she had broken up with James and was forcing him to deal with her presence. Looking at it from that viewpoint made Sophie want to tell some other variation of the truth, smudging some facts as she had with Roxy, so that they would again support her instead of James. But that, Sophie understood, was petty. Her carefully crafted web of lies had become ensnared, but she couldn’t bring herself to cut herself free, just to leave James trapped. And so she would deal with the consequences. “Do you suppose I could visit Maddy, then?” Sophie asked, defeated. “I haven’t actually seen her for more than five minutes in forever." “We wish you could stay with us…” her father trailed off—the fact that Sophie would have been left alone much of the time if she were to come home. It had been ideal that she could spend the summer with the Potters, but in the end she would be spending less than three days. “I’m sure Madelyn would love to have you,” her mother assured, breaking the short silence. Although she loved her sister, it was hard to be excited when seeing Maddy would mean that Sophie wouldn’t be seeing Al everyday. And Lily and James, Sophie reminded herself. But a stubborn part of her had been looking forward to the opportunity of seeing Albus Potter everyday, even though she knew there was no hope of a relationship. But what was she supposed to tell her parents? ‘I can’t leave the Potters because I want desperately to hop from one Potter boy’s affections to the other’s?’ That would go over well. Of course, it would probably go over better than ‘I can’t leave the Potters because I want the chance to ogle Albus on the rare occasion that he forgets to wear a shirt at breakfast. While Sophie was mourning her lost opportunity with Al, she missed the worried looks her parents exchanged. In fact, had she truly been paying attention, she would have noticed how worn and worried her parents looked this afternoon, much more than usual. It had been reassuring to them to know that their youngest child was safely ensconced in the safety of the Potter’s mansion while they dealt with the uncertain political turmoil. And there was the indisputable fact that if two of their children where both in the same place, they made a better target. Sophie’s thoughts weren’t anywhere near as drastic. She was already thinking that she needed to pack soon if she was to go to Maddy’s and wondering if she could convince her parents to let her visit the Potters from time to time. Sophie was so lost in her own thoughts that she was surprised when she felt arms around her. Her father, first, engulfed his daughter in a hug and her mother followed suit quickly. Sophie felt a tightness in her chest and a burning in her eyes. Despite any and all disagreements she ever had with her parents, she was lucky. They loved her—some people never had that. So she decided, abiding by her parents wishes wouldn’t be so hard. If she kept out of the public eye while at her sister’s, then the press would never be the wiser. And she would see the Potter-Weasley clan at the Malfoy’s annual Summer Gathering as in just over two weeks. That wasn’t so long. Then, they would all be back at Hogwarts, with no one to bother them. She could spend time with whomever she wanted without the third degree. “Do I have to leave today?” Sophie asked, not a little wistfully. After all, she had only just arrived. She thought of the Potters as a second family. She would miss the frenzy of daily life here. Now that both of her siblings were grown with their own houses, it was lonely at home. She had been looking forward to having a house full of pseudo-siblings to occupy her. Her parents shared a look, conversing nonverbally over their daughter’s head. “We will owl your sister and see when she wants you. We will discuss it then.” Sophie, despite her resolve to adhere to her parents’ wishes, felt a bit more upset at this dismal proclamation. Her time with the Potters was dwindling by the minute. This was not how she had planned to spend her summer. Until that moment, Sophie had forgotten how little freedom her life afforded her. There in the arms of the two people who loved her more than life itself, she felt both safe and suffocated at the same time. Author's Note: I am so sorry. I have had this 3/4 written since I published the last chapter. But as I was writing the chapter I realized that her parents would want to send her away, and I didn't want that. Unfortunately Mr. and Mrs. Hinds got there way. But fear not! This does not mean that James and Albus will be absent! And besides, we have the Malfoy's Summer Ball coming up.... Also, the title is from Fyodor Dostoevsky's famous novel Crime and Punishment. If you haven't read it, you should. Its pretty good. The quote is from William Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (which is also a good read). But tell me, what did you think? Personally, I'm still frustrated that Sophie isn't going to be staying with the Potters, but I did like the scene with the boys :) Rate! Review! There may be cookies if you do :) Chapter 6: Sophie in Wonderland November, One year ago “Ally, come on!” Sophie was pulling on her trainers and stuffing a colourful knitted hat over her un-brushed hair as she raced down the stairs. The muffled sound of boy-talking-with-a-mouthful-of-toothpaste met her ears as she reached the last step. “Geez, Soph, its only half-eight!” yelled Albus from the sixth year bathrooms, after spitting out his toothpaste. “Who goes shopping this early anyway?” “Girls!” Sophie replied happily. It was a Hogsmeade weekend, the last before the holidays, and Sophia Hinds had tricked Albus Potter, younger brother of her current pretend-boyfriend, into going Christmas shopping with her. The Gryffindor common room was largely deserted—no one else would bother getting up for another few hours. Not only was it early on a Saturday morning, but it was early on a Saturday morning the day after Gryffindor had won a huge victory over Hufflepuff. The party had raged into the wee hours of the morning. Sophie like these parties for the first hour or so, then her head began to pound and she got tired of yelling to be heard. She had gone to bed at a modest midnight while James had stayed much longer to celebrate his fantastic Captaining. Sophie sank into one of the plush scarlet couches listening to the succession of clanks and bangs that were a very sleepy Al getting ready to leave. Just a few hours ago the common room had looked like a dance club, but somehow the house elves had managed to return the disaster to its original state. A warm fire crackled in the huge hearth and there were blankets piled on the ends of armchairs for students to use when studying. Outside, the world was grey slush and depressing cold. Sophie was in heaven. She certainly loved warm, sunny days, but there was something about grey, dreary days that made her smile. Maybe it was because she felt like she should be curled on her favorite window seat reading a book, but there was something about the somber beauty of these cloudy days that always put some extra pep in her step. This was ironic, because Al was complaining incessantly about the drabness of the weather as he descended the stairs. His hair was flattened on the left side while the right side stuck up in tuffs and spikes that had been formed while sleeping. He had clearly forgotten he had promised to go with her to Hogsmeade and stayed up later than he intended. “How can you even think of stepping foot out the castle on a day like this,” Albus moaned, indicating the dark, swirling, clouds that could be seen from one of the impressive windows that graced the common room. He struggled to wrap a comically thick scarf around his neck and failing miserably. “I think we should just go back to bed!” “Albus Severus,” said Sophie, raising her eyebrows and leaning over to help untangle him from his scarf. “You aren’t getting out of shopping that easily! You lost the bet to James, remember? That means that you have to pick out the present for your parents and I have to approve any present. Therefore, you are coming. End of story.” “But couldn’t you have picked a warmer day?” Al hated the cold. From October to April he stayed indoors as long as he could help it and even now he was only leaving the castle under great duress and many layers of clothing. “It’s Christmas, Ally. There is no possible way for me to have picked a warmer day,” Sophie laughed at him. Al grumbled indistinguishably but didn’t make any real attempt for escape. Instead he waited patiently for Sophie to wrap his silver and green scarf snuggly around his neck and ears before heading out of the portrait hole. Sophie looped her arm comfortably in the crook of Albus’ arm, more like a sister than a lover. They had been friends for years and despite Sophie’s earlier crush on the younger Potter, there was a great deal of ease between the two. “Have fun last night, eh?” Sophie wiggled her eyebrows at her companion and giggled when he blushed. Albus was on the rebound, and had spent much of the night chatting up a very pretty Ravenclaw in his year. The boy made no indication besides his reddened cheeks, so Sophie—ever the good friend—probed further. “You must have, seeing as how you didn’t even make it back to your own common room!” “Oh come off it,” retorted Al, a tetch irritatedly. “You know good an well I crashed with James. You banged on the door to wake me. How did you even know?” “I borrowed the communal knowledge.” “You know where it is!” Perhaps she shouldn’t have said anything. Sophie had forgotten that Lily had taken the Marauder’s Map without telling James two weeks ago because he had threatened a fourth year who had asked her to Hogsmead. “I have my ways ,” she replied, cryptically. “So Lily has it?” “Yeah. Don’t tell James.” Sophie smiled and reached into the big bag at her side and rummaged until she produced a mug of tea charmed to stay hot and passed it to Al as they descended the final staircase that separated them from the floor with the one-eyed-witch. “Here,” she said. “You’ll feel more yourself with some tea in you.” Al grunted his thanks and began gulping the tea, making Sophie wonder just how much he had had to drink the previous night. “Here, I’ve even got a jam sandwich,” Sophie said, offering half to her friend. Albus eyed the sandwich suspiciously over the thermos. “That’s it?” he questioned. “What, am I supposed to keep bangers-and-mash tucked away in my purse?” questioned Sophie, incredulously. “I’m a growing boy!” proclaimed Al in a manly voice. “I need meat!” Sophie snorted but still gave him half the sandwich when he reached for it. True to form, Al perked up a bit after having some food and by the time they were in the tunnel that led to the basement of Honeyduke’s he was positively chatty. It was tradition for the Potter-Weasley’s to get to Hogsmeade via secret tunnel rather than with the rest of the school. Victoire Weasley had once been abducted by a journalist on her way to Hogsmeade in her third year. Teddy had come to the rescue, but it had been decided that the tunnels were a safer mode of transportation. Albus was regaling Sophie with stories she had missed after she went to bed the night before, including one particularly memorable one involving a young Gryffindor’s mistake declaration of love for Al’s housemate, Scorpius. A male Gryffindor’s accidental declaration of love. “Apparently,” Albus said between laughs.” The poor kid was so sloshed that he mistook Scorp for Angela Turner. You know, the tall skinny bird in Lily’s year?” “How could you be drunk enough to think Scorpius looked like Angie Turner?” Sophie had tears coming from her eyes. “On that matter, who was more embarrassed: Scorpius or the boy?” “Well, Scorp thought it was funny until we started the jokes about how lady-like he looked. After a bit he just headed back to the dungeons. The kid was still too drunk to understand what had happened. His friends said that he had taken a bit to much liquid courage before chatting up his ladylove. Poor bloke's never going to live it down.” They walked for a moment in a silence broken only by the lingering giggles brought on by the story. Sophie had cast a warming spell in the tunnel that had put a stop to Al’s incessant groans about the chill. In fact, it was rather nice, to be out an about, with shopping on the mind and Albus to accompany her. “Sophie,” the boy in question cleared his throat in a way that made Sophie think he felt uncomfortable. She cocked her head towards him, indicating that she was listening. “Are you and James…on the outs again?" “Why do you ask that?” Sophie felt a familiar tug beneath her ribs. A year ago, Sophie might have lost herself in the old fantasy. “I adore you” Albus would say. “I don’t care about James…” But that was ridiculous. Al would never make a move on her, and besides, Sophie fallen out of love with him months ago. Old habits die hard, she supposed. “Well,” Al sounded unusually hesitant. He cleared his throat—to buy himself time, Sophie thought—and then ploughed right into the subject. “James left the party with a girl last night.” “Oh,” Sophie said, quietly. Her fake boyfriend was cheating on their pretend relationship with a real girl. For Al’s sake, Sophie coaxed tears to well up in her eyes. This was the worst, most vile kind of lying. She could tell her friend was very worried about her. She knew she would spend the next few weeks making the people who loved her concerned for her, and the irony was that she was happy for James. Unfortunately, his reputation was about to take another hit, and all because he found a girl he liked. Oh yes, she was supposed to be acting upset. She sniffled slightly, and managed to sound suitably choked up when she asked (tragically), ”So, what…(sniffle)…what did she look like.” Albus coughed uncomfortably. Sophie felt bad for putting him in that position, but over the years Sophie had settled into a pattern: cry, ask about the “other girl,” lament for weeks, ect…ect… “Sophie,” Albus began kindly. “It doesn’t matter who she was or what she looked like. That will only make it worse. Here, have some tea.” Albus thrust the piping hot tea into her hands. In a habit garnered from his mother, Albus always medicated emotional pain with Earl Grey. Sophie let a few, glistening tears spill over onto her cheeks in response. Albus stopped walking, turned toward her, and placed his hands on her shoulders. “Sophie, maybe I shouldn’t have said anything. Maybe we should wait to get more information. But I just couldn't...not tell you.” Albus reached a mittened hand up to wipe Sophie’s cheek and then pulled her into a comforting hug. Sophie wasn’t sure what to say—Al was such a great friend, and here she was playing him the fool. It was times like this that she just wished she could blurt out the truth and have him understand. But instead of coming clean, Sophie took a deep, reassuring breath and said,” You’re right, Al. I’m sure by the time we come back James will be awake to explain how this is all just a misunderstanding….” Albus agreed, and put an arm around her to comfort her. She felt even worse about her deception knowing that he was so worried about her. Sophie gave a little sigh, and began thinking of ways to expand their lie to cover James’ ‘misbehavior’. The present day. It was almost time for her to go, and Sophie was deeply regretting not packing the night before. In a last sign of petulance that Sophie herself mistook for a dislike of packing, the morning came and went without a single article of clothing finding its way into her trunk. She had preformed the packing spell but was missing ½ of her favourite pair of socks, some eye shadow, and her tweezers had gone mysteriously missing. She had tried Accio already, but the Potter household had some many socks/eye shadow containers/tweezers that Sophie had been pelted with miscellaneous items until she was forced to discontinue the spell. Currently, Sophie Hinds, straight O student, glittering debutante, and future Minister of Magic was on her hands and knees crawling under James’ bed looking for her missing possessions. Although Sophie was loudly complaining about the state of the boys’ room, it wasn’t that bad. Mrs. Potter had stormed in the night of Sophie’s arrival—wand ablaze—and forced her progeny to clean all items that were rotting, undistinguishable, or smelled. The room wasn’t quite up to Sophie’s personal standards, but she had only run into a few molding socks and had yet to gag. Pushing aside a colony of old quidditch equipment, Sophie decided that she honestly didn’t care anymore. Who cares if those socks were her favourites? They had abandoned her and she was not going to spend another second under James Potter’s bed looking for them, that was for sure! Backtracking carefully on hands and knees, Sophie returned to the light. Sophie ran a few fingers in her hair to ensure that no cobwebs had followed her escape before rocking onto her heels and standing. “Find anything?” asked Albus, more out of courtesy than concern. He wasn’t even really paying attention to her. Currently he, Louis, Fred and James were huddled around the new ‘Weasley’s Wizard Wheezes’ catalogue that Fred had brought from his father’s store. “No, “ Sophie replied, wrinkling her nose in irritation. “And it will be a pain to replace the tweezers, too. Wizarding stores rarely carry them.” At the mention of tweezers, Sophie watched Fred’s face carefully for any guilt—she had no evidence, but if she were a betting witch, she would place money on the suspicion that Fred had something to do with the absence of her grooming tool. However, Fred’s demeanor did no change in the slightest. There were only two possibilities for his guiltless manner: Either he really was innocent of tweezer-napping or he had inherited his father’s great talent for mischief. Sophie decided to give him the benefit of the doubt—she doubted he had the wherewithal to actually touch the tweezers. “You know,” she commented. “I don’t know why you bother looking at the new items. Even if you could somehow trick your father into selling you any prank-worthy products, Mrs. Potter would never let you get to Hogwarts with them.” “What?” sputtered James, incredulously. “You think one tiny woman could keep us from smuggling in contraband? Your lack of faith astounds me, Miss Hinds!” Sophie rolled her eyes. It was common knowledge that the Potter-Weasley’s had yet to smuggle WWW products into Hogwarts. The great irony was that it was relatively easy for a non-Weasley/Potter to get the forbidden pranking supplies. However, Ginny Potter and Hermione Weasley had gotten together when their children began going to Hogwarts and created some way to keep their kids from getting their hands on any of George Weasley’s creations. No one was sure how they had done it. All sorts of different plans had been implemented to trick the two mothers, from the complex (stashing extendable ears in hollowed out text books) to the more simple (hiding dungbombs under their shirts). But somehow, as soon as they opened their trunks, removed the invisibility cloak, or accio-ed the item, the products were nowhere to be found. Even if the boys gave the items to a friend to bring, they vanished once the trunks entered the Great Hall. Sophie personally postulated that Mrs. Potter and Mrs. Weasley had used some sort of tracking charm that identified WWW products that had been touched by a Weasley/Potter under the age of 17 and then somehow caused the item to disappear. Sophie liked to think that Hermione and Ginny kept the pranks and used them from time to time. You never know. But whatever the mechanism depriving the boys of their supplies, they were determined to beat it. A new, grand scheme was being created (months in advance, Sophie noted) and James in particular was extremely invested in the outcome because it was his last year to try. Seeing that she would be ignored if she tried to stay, Sophie dusted off her jumper and offered a quick farewell to the boys. “Wait, Soph, where are you going?” Louis’ voice stopped her. Sophie turned around. “Breakfast?” “Er…you can’t.” Louis said, much to the confusion of Sophie. “Why not?” Sophie inquired. “I’m hungry and I don’t feel like packing anymore.” Louis sent frantic, expressive glances at the other three boys. James, at least, seemed to understand his meaning, even if Sophie didn’t. “Yeah, Soph. Why don’t you help us plan? Mum is…” “Mum is on a rampage,” Albus cut in. “You know how she gets. She’s decided that the kitchen has to be redone and if you go down there you won’t be able to escape her grasp!” All four boys nodded their heads in unison, each adding their own affirmations. Sophie narrowed her eyes suspiciously. “A rampage?” Sophie questioned. Four identical head bobs. “In the kitchen?” It was like the boys were puppets, the way they moved with such synchronicity. “Ummmhmmm…well then why don’t I hear sounds of the wreckage being caused?” All four boys froze. Sophie watched as they looked at one another, trying to patch the holes in their story. Sophie wasn’t sure why they were lying to her, and she wasn’t sure what they were lying about, but she was determined to get to the bottom of it. Quickly she bolted to the door, but Fred, who was much closer to it that she, slammed it shut in her face. He looked at his hand in horror, as though it had acted on its own. Sophie could practically see him thinking, ‘how do I explain this now?’ Slowly she turned so she could see all four boys. She took the time to look each one in the eye and stare them down. Louis swallowed uncomfortably. James looked away. That, if nothing else, made Sophie worried. If James hadn’t confided in her, if he wasn’t looking her in the eye, he was trying to protect her from something. But what? “James?” it was a question, not a name. Her partner in crime met her eyes unhappily. “Sophie, I don't think--"James started, but couldn't finish. “There’s been an attack on the Ministry of Magic.” It was Albus who finally filled her in. She could see that he hated to be the one who told her. But it wasn’t in Albus’ nature to keep secrets. "This morning, the Prophet’s headline was…alarming, to say the least. We didn’t want you to see it until there was better news." It was as though the blood in her veins turned to ice. She couldn't breath, couldn’t move. Her sister worked there. Her mother worked there. She had tunnel vision—it was as though all she could see was Albus’ face, only hear Albus’ voice telling more horrible details. He walked closer and took her hands to reassure her, but it was as though she couldn’t feel him. “They are still evacuating, and its still hectic, but I’m sure Maddie and your mum are fine—“ At the mention of her family, Sophie jerked her hands from his, tore the door away from Fred, and bounded down the stairs. Behind her, the boys bounded out into the hallway in pursuit. Once in the kitchen, she didn’t immediately see the paper. Someone must have hidden it. Sophie jerked about wildly until she saw it, under a cushion in the den, crumpled but still legible. Mrs. Potter ran into the room, having heard the ruckus, and said, “Oh dear, she’s seen.” The pictures were horrible. People were screaming and running. The Headline read: Ministry Breached by Unknown Extremist Group. The article told her that it had been less than forty-five minutes since the attack, but there was no record of a death-toll as of yet. “Why wouldn’t you tell me!” Sophie shrieked at them. “They could have been dead and I would have never known. Did you think you were protecting me! Did you think I couldn’t handle it!” “Of course you could handle it, you idiot!” James yelled back. Sophie took a deep breath to try to control her anger and terror. “Dad went to find out more. There’s no proof that your mother or Maddie are in any danger. “ Sophie took slow, deep breaths, trying to let go of the uncontrolled initial panic. She was shaking with adrenaline. Albus glanced at James and them added, “They didn’t even get into the main Ministry. They attacked the floo systems. That’s where the casualties are. Dad should be back soon. He sent a patronus about ten minutes ago, but its really crazy there. “ The five of them stared at her, the four boys and Mrs. Potter, waiting for her reaction. Would she cry? Would she yell again? Would she be reasonable? “My socks,” Sophie finally said. A confused silence followed. “My socks and my tweezers and my eye shadow. You took them. To distract me until you could get more news.” Mrs. Potter raised her eyebrows. Louis looked up guiltily and said, “James and I put them in an enchanted chest so you couldn’t find them. Its just….Soph, what if Uncle Harry comes back and nothing is wrong? Then you would never have had to worry. We just didn’t want you to worry.” “You let me climb under James’ bed,” Sophie accused. She was breathing more steadily now. “But you are right. Its probably fine. My mother’s fine, my sister’s fine. Its fine. If it wasn’t fine, we’d know, right? That’s a good thing, right?” The four boys bobbed their heads enthusiastically and assured her that everything would be “fine.” Albus came over, gave her a bracing hug, and put a cup of tea in her hands that was so hot it burned her tongue when she sipped it. He was right. Tea always helped. It took a moment, but the shock was wearing off into a steeling of herself. If—just if, mind you!—the unthinkable had happened, there would be no more yelling outbursts. This wasn’t the first scare the Hinds family had encountered, and it would not be the last. Sophie carefully sipped her scalding tea and accepted toast from Mrs. Potter. Instead of focusing on the anxiety building in her chest or the worried gazes of her friends, Sophie focused on breakfast. Sophie had learned long ago that the trick to being calm is to focus on something other than the imminent disaster that is looming. Ergo, tea and toast suddenly became much more interesting than the attack on the ministry. The article hadn’t mentioned any group taking responsibility for the attack. That was normal. In the years since The War, many things had changed. In some ways, the change had been for the better—the gap between purebloods and muggleborns had shrunk considerably. But there had also been a backlash. Everyone remembered what it felt like to be oppressed, hunted, without the ability to fight back. So now certain socio-political sects that became more vocal—and even more violent—with their views. Over her lifetime, Sophie had survived “witch-hunts” for Deatheaters, wild protesters causing a riot in Diagon Alley, and even attacks on her own house. Sometimes people thought that this sort of violent outburst was the only thing that would get the attention of the Wizarding World. Sophie understood the need to be heard, but she couldn’t comprehend the desire to hurt anyone else. Especially since Sophie was fairly sure that this protest was a result of the movement to grant wand-rights to half-humans and other non-wizards. Over the last year and a half or so, legislature had been promoted—by Harry Potter and his constituents—that would grant more rights to the non-wizard magical community. This had caused a frenzied backlash of people who wanted to keep the magical creatures suppressed. There was an ignorant supposition that there would be an uprising and Wizarding power would be overthrown. Sophie personally thought that was crazy, but enough of the wizarding population was against the proposition that Mrs. Hinds had been unwilling to sign it into law. Now the wizards that wanted the law were mad that Mrs. Hinds had not signed, and the wizards that did not want the law were upset that Mrs. Hinds hadn’t dismissed the idea in the first place. Either party could have been behind the attack. Suddenly there was a ‘whoosh’ of cold, electric air rushing by her and her father’s patronus—an elegant lynx—appeared at her side. Mr. Hinds voice came next: “Sophia, your mother and Madeline are safe. Do not leave the Potter’s. Will come for you.” And then as quickly as it had come, it disappeared. Sophie closed her eyes and gave a sigh of relief. For a moment, no one said anything, but then— Six heads turned, surprised, to the fireplace. A slightly sooty Harry Potter clutched his knee where he had hit it on a chair that had been left in front of the chimney. “Who left furniture in the middle of the room?” he questioned, face grimaced in pain. Mrs. Potter smiled, kissed him on the cheek, and adjusted his crooked glasses. “How was it?” she asked, seriously. “Not as bad as that gossipmonger at the Prophet made it seem,” Harry replied grimly. “No fatalities, a few injuries. Some people ended up halfway across the country trying to take the floo system to work. And of course, we have no idea how many people were caught inside the chimneys. But no real damage was done.” “So after seeing all that devistation and all those people caught inside the floo system, you thought it would be a good idea to take the same system to get home?” his wife chided lightly. Harry suddenly looked like an embarrassed boy. “Well, I didn’t take the chimney from work. I took the minister home and flooed from the Hinds’.” At the mention of her parents, Mr. Potter turned towards his guest and said,” Your mother was fine. She had gone into work early and your sister had a day off. “ “My dad sent a Patronus,” Sophie said. “But do you know who did it?” “There are a few theories, but nothing serious enough to go public with.” Everyone in the room knew that this meant the Aurors knew who had done it, had no proof, and were therefore unable to catch them. It was frustrating, but generally the way these things played out. “You parents are going to come by later with security to escort you to your sisters,” Mr. Potter continued. “Oh,” Sophie said. “I thought maybe I would be staying here now.” Mr. Potter shook his head. “They are setting up a Fidelius Charm. Your father will be able to tell you more when he gets here.” “We’re going underground?” Sophie asked, incredulously. ‘ Going underground’ was a phrase that had been coined during the War when people literally went underground to hide. If her parents thought the Fidelius charm was necessary, they were really worried. Sensing her unease, Mr. Potter elaborated, “I’m sure its just a precaution. We have no evidence that the attack was directed at your Mother. But I think your parents are just being protective.” It was a relief to hear that. The excitement was over. Everyone was safe. Another sip of almost-to-hot tea and Sophie would be fine. A warm hand clasped her shoulder offering support. Sophie didn’t have to look to know it was Albus. It was nice to know she had such stability. It was odd, just an hour ago, Sophie would have given anything to stay with the Potter's longer. Now, all she wanted to do was go home. Well, I could not wait any longer to write some Sophie/Albus time so I gave you a flashback! You may notice some typos--I hope there aren't any, but if there are I'm sorry. I'm publishing this without doing editing because it has been so long since I last published. And I'm so, SO, sorry for the wait. I'm not going to jinx myself by saying the next one won't take as long haha. I don't know if you've noticed, but I have started pointing out little differences between Albus and James--in this chapter, its the way they deal with uncomfortable information. Albus is direct, and deals with the situation honestly. James hates to be the bearer of bad news and would rather wait and hope that the situation will work itself out if he leaves it alone. The title is Lewis Carrol's beloved children's novel. I chose it because the first half of the chapter--even the first half of Sophie's summer--is a wonderland. Its strange and uncomfortable, sure, but now she has come back out of the rabbit hole and been reminded of real life. The chapter quote is W. Shakespeare from As you like it. But what did you think? Did anyone see this coming? Give me ratings! Give me reviews! Please and thanks :P Chapter 7: All the Minister's Men A port key site had been set up in the middle of the enormous back yard beyond the Potter’s house. Knowing the disaster her offspring had the potential to cause, Ginny Weasley had set up protective boundaries to keep someone from accidentally wandering onto the landing site and getting run over by oncoming port-key traffic. Sophie sat in the shade of one of the many trees in the landscape, surrounded by her luggage, waiting for her family. Despite knowing no one had been hurt in the “attack” on the ministry, the incidence had shaken her, and Sophie knew she wouldn’t feel right until she saw her mother and sister herself. Superficially, Sophie’s demeanor was calm and collected—nothing less was expected of the daughter of the minister of magic. Around her, the Potter/Weasley’s frolicked; a quaffle was being tossed around and Roxanne, Lily and Fred were chaining daisies. Oddly, James was not joining in the festivities. Instead, he was walking towards her, hands in pockets. He sat to her right, and looked at her bashfully. Sophie let out a frustrated breath. “Sorry,” it was James who spoke first. “You have nothing to apologize for,” this was dually truth and lie, and they both knew it. “Its just, you know how much I hate to be surprised by things. I wish you had told me.” “I hate to see you worry,” it was a statement, not an excuse. James was picking at the grass and avoiding her gaze. “I know,” Sophie half smiled. Annoying as it sometimes was, James’ tendency to ‘keep her from worrying’ was meant with the best intentions. It was, however, one of the many reasons why she and James would never work out. They were completely different people who made wonderful friends but terrible lovers. “But you not telling me made it worse. I felt like you didn’t think I could handle it and that made me panic more. But I love you, Jimmy, for trying to help. Just tell me next time, yeah. They sat in silence for a minute, each ensnared in their own thoughts. Finally James broke the silence, asking, “You gonna be alright?” Sophie shrugged. He knew her well enough to know the answer was that she had no choice but to be alright. They were strong, those in the spotlight. “I wish you were staying here,” James said, seriously. Sophie glanced at him, and for the first time in the conversation, James brought his eyes from the ground to look at her. “It’d be easier if, you know, we could handle this as a team.” Sophie agreed and eliminated the distance between them by putting a friendly arm around his shoulder. “James, what on earth are we going to do now.” “Graduate,” he suggested cheekily. Sophie chuckled. “I dunno, Soph. I guess everything will work out. Maybe people won’t make that big a deal out of it.” “You realize we are practically pariahs now. No one will date us.” “Have you seen us, Sophie? We are a mess. No one can handle dating us,” James laughed, but Sophie knew he was just joking off the sad truth—they would be spending a lonely seventh year at Hogwarts watching their crushes from afar. “Huh,” Sophie snorted, amused. “I guess that’s one way to put it.” “Queen Sophie!” Roxy announced, gaily. She and Fred had finished their flower chains—well, Roxy had. Fred had given up early on and started decapitating the daisies rather than braiding them. Roxanne, however, presented the fruits of her labor to her friend with a flourish. Sophie graciously accepted the gift and donned the new jewelry. “How are you doing,” came the obligatory, serious question. Sophie shrugged and Roxy nodded in understanding. “Don’t worry. These things happen,” offered Fred, simultaneously dumping his pile of ravaged petals on her lap as a peace offering. Sophie laughed and scolded him without really minding. Everyone in the Potter/Weasley family had made an effort to comfort her without making her feel like she ought to be more worried than she was. “How am I going to see you over the summer?” Roxy whined, plopping down next to James. “I’m sure you could come visit me. And we could meet up in Diagon Alley.” “What,” Roxy exclaimed in mock surprise. “You are being let out of the house without a battalion of bodyguards?” “I’m sure I could find a way to come sans escort,” giggled Sophie. “Actually, come with the bodyguards. Maybe one will be cute!” Roxy wiggled her eyebrows at Sophie while Fred groaned. “You don’t know what its like to live with that!” He complained, mostly to James. Roxy punched her twin in the arm, and Fred made and over-exaggerated show of falling to the ground in agony. “They’re here!” Lily’s voice alerted the crowd to the presence of the four figures now standing on the lawn: Mr. and Mrs. Hinds, Maddy, and Chris. Sophie surged to her feet, nearly taking down Fred in the process and rushed to her family. After a whole morning of worrying and unease, Sophie felt her world slide back into place, as though she had just found the right piece of the puzzle or put on glasses and had the world return to its normal clarity. Nothing mattered but the fact that all four of the other members of her family were healthy and safe. She gave her mother and Mads an extra squeeze to show her relief, an act which Chris took offense. “Well I see what you have to do in this family to get attention!” He announced in a huff. Sophie laughed and reached to give him an extra hug too, but he side-stepped her. “No, no! I don’t want your pity hugs!” “Come off it!” Sophie exclaimed, finally catching him. He was so thin, she thought. And he smelled like St. Mungo’s. Sophie arched her eyebrow at him, asking why he hadn’t eaten, and Chris threw up his hands in self defense. Maddy, catching the exchange, said,” I know! Out of our influence not one year and already he can’t take care of himself!” As their daughters berated their son, the elder Hinds were already in deep conversation with the Potters. Harry, in his capacity as head of the Auror department, had been asked to perform the Fidelius Charm, and the adults were going over the last details. “Maybe we should all be staying together at the Manor,” Chris suggested. Maddy shook her head. “Easier target,” she explained, morosely. “So how are we going to do this?” “What do you mean?” Sophie asked. “Who’s going to secret-keep for whom?” “I could do you both, and then Mads, you want to be mine?” Chris offered. Maddy made a face. “But I don’t want to be woken in the middle of the night by your patients trying to get a hold of you. Let Sophie do it—she doesn’t have a job.” “Aw, thanks Mads,” Sophie said sarcastically. Just then, Sophie was nearly knocked off her feet by a flying tackle. “I’m going to miss you!” said the projectile, one Lily Potter. “I’d miss you more if you let me breath!” Sophie exclaimed. “Seriously, though. Who am I going to have girl-talk with!” Lily whined. “Well Roxy—“ Lily rolled her eyes at the very thought. “Try James,” Sophie suggested. “He can be surprisingly sensitive.” “Hey,” protested the gentleman in question as he approached. Despite his annoyance, he gave her a one-armed hug in farewell. This signaled the other cousins that it was time for a mass send-off. As Sophie intercepted hugs and good-bye’s, Maddy and Chris chatted with various cousins about life outside of Hogwarts. Suddenly the somber mood that had encased Sophie all morning was alleviated. “Right, you lot ready?” Called Mr. Potter. Last words and hugs were exchanged as the group would leave for Maddy’s apartment to perform the charm. A second port-key was produced—an old muggle bicycle wheel—and the family gathered around, each grabbing hold of a portion of the wheel. Sophie looked over her shoulder, taking one last look at the second family she was leaving. Her eyes seem to catch onto the sight of Al and refused to let go. For a moment that was much longer than appropriate for a friend, Sophie remained gazing at the green-eyed boy who had stolen her heart, until whoosh! There was the familiar tug beneath her ribs as though her breath was being taken away, and then the sickening feeling of everywhere and nowhere at once. They landed less than a second later and the feeling of wrongness was gone. Sophie landed with a jolt that shook her jaw and made feet tingle with the impact. “I think I’m going to be sick,” Her mother moaned. If Mrs. Hinds had one weakness, it was that she could not stand to travel by port key. Mr. Hinds kindly rubbed her back until her nausea passed. Sophie looked around Maddy’s apartment until her mother regained her composure. It was a little flat that overlooked muggle London. Maddy insisted on having her own place upon graduating Hogwarts, and although the apartment wasn’t quite up to the standards of the Hinds’ home, the flat was cozy. The furniture was comfortable and the walls were decorated with cheery pictures of friends and family. Featured prominently was the picture of Maddy’s graduation. The entire Hinds family—even Sophie’s grandparents—smiled and waved at her from a simple gold frame. They looked so happy. From behind, she heard Mr. Potter clear his throat. Her mother still looked slightly green, but was essentially recovered. The process, it seemed, was to begin. The Hinds’ Mansion was already protected with all the powerful magic available, but Maddy and Chris’ apartments were still unprotected. In the hours since the attack, the flats had been made unplottable and un-apperatable. And now, it seemed, the inhabitants of the house would be put under the Fidelius Charm. Chris shifted uncomfortably to her left. He had a question, but he wasn’t sure how to ask it. Their parents looked at him expectantly, knowing their son well enough to sense he had to speak his mind. “Are you,” Chris hesitated, glancing at Mr. Potter, as though worrying he would embarrass his parents in front of their friend. “Are you sure that this measure is necessary. It seems….excessive.” A look was shared, and it was Mr. Hinds who eventually spoke. “It is not excessive. This is your safety. We would rather be too cautious than to have something happen.” This speech was not made in terror—in fact, his voice sounded exceedingly calm. Sophie wasn’t sure what to make of it, and a look at Maddy and Chris told her they didn’t either. Neither Mrs. Nor Mr. Hinds’ expression seemed unusual. To an outsider, this might not seem suspicious. But Sophie had a feeling. She knew something was up, but couldn’t figure out what. Unfortunately, her parent’s didn’t feel like sharing. Just as Sophie was about to push the subject, Mr. Potter motioned the family towards him to begin. Instead of ferreting out the truth, she crossed the room with her siblings to begin the ceremony. The Fidelius Charm was remarkably simple for such an immensely complex protection. Granted, the spell caster had to be a remarkably talented witch or wizard, but it only required an incantation an a bit of blood to bind the participants and their secret together. It was decided that Sophie would be the secret keeper for Chris and that Chris would be the secret keeper for Maddy and Sophie. The three siblings each pricked their fingers and milked a few, painless drops of blood into a dish. Sophie felt odd looking down at the mixture of blood. Somehow, she felt uneasy with the process. Years from now, when she looked back on this moment, Sophie would have to admit to herself that this summer was the beginning of a change in the wizarding world and this spell marked the intrusion of that change on her life. Mr. Potter flicked his wand and a golden, shimmering light filled the room. It seemed to find every nook and cranny, fill every doorway, and seal every window. As the magic infused every inch of the apartment, Mr. Potter nodded to Sophie, Maddy, and Chris. The three Hinds children stepped forward and Harry Potter spoke the words that would bind them together. A shiver shot up Sophie’s spine that was at once chilling and warm. She felt a tug at her very essence pulling her towards Chris. The Fidelius Charm was strange—even though their situation was not dire and Sophie was not in any immediate danger, in the moment of the spell’s casting Sophie felt as though she were putting her life and safety into Chris’ hands. She was struck by the sudden realization that Chris was utterly trustworthy and that she loved her sibling deeply. If her eyes had been open, she would have seen that Maddy and Chris were experiencing similar emotions. Once the warm glow of the casting abated, however, the sensation passed. Sophie felt slightly embarrassed, to have been so moved by an emotion brought on by the spell casting. Mr. Potter must have seen the look in her eyes, because he explained. “The spell brings out certain…feelings of trust and devotion in the participants. It’s a survival mechanism. Chris, if you feel strongly devoted to your sisters, you will be more likely to protect their secret. Girls, if you trust Chris to keep you safe, then you won’t worry that he will betray you.” “Of course he won’t ‘betray’ us,” Maddy giggled. “We picked him as secret keeper, didn’t we? We must have trusted him.” Mr. Potter looked uncomfortable. “There is, unfortunately, a long and sordid history of Secret-Keepers forsaking those they protect. Conversely, it is just as likely that those kept in the secret will cease to trust the secret-keeper and kill him to protect themselves.” If Sophie didn’t know any better, she might have thought her brother had paled slightly. This conversation was getting much too serious, much too fast. Quickly, she smacked her brother’s shoulder. “It’s not going to happen to us, you prat,” she hissed at him. Chris looked sheepish and Maddy giggled. Mrs. Hinds frowned and Mr. Hinds admonished, “ Sophia, language...” “Before we actually exit the apartment, Christopher, remember to officially tell us your secret,” Mr. Potter reminded as they prepared to leave. “Why?” asked Sophie. “You were standing right here.” “We will forget once we step outside the door. Our knowledge is conditional—once we step outside the barrier, we will forget.” “Alright,” Chris cleared his throat. “Maddy and Sophie live at 37 Toggs Street.” “No we don’t,” Maddy laughed. Its 52 Toggs Street. Where on earth did you get 37 from?” Chris looked embarrassed. “Are you sure its 52?” “I do live here,” Maddy protested sarcastically. “But hey! On the bright side, you’re really going to do well with this secret keeper business. After all, if you can’t remember where we live, how can you tell anyone?” Chris ran an embarrassed hand through his hair and babbled in an attempt to justify his mistake. To his left, their parents shared a smile and Mr. Potter laughed outright. It was amazing to Sophie that, despite all that had happened in the last few hours—from Attacks on the Ministry to Fidelius Charms—the Hinds family was still able to laugh and joke. When had this level of unrest become normal to them? “Sophia,” Mrs. Hinds began,” why don’t you check to make sure all your things are here before we stop by Chris’. If we hurry, I can still pop into the office for a half day.” All three Hinds’ children turned towards their mother with incredulous looks on their faces, while Mr. Hinds frowned in disapproval. Sophie turned and walked down the hall to the room she would now share with her sister. Behind her, she could hear her parents arguing in low tones about her mother’s possible to work. As she turned into the bedroom, she heard Mr. Potter chime, voicing the opinion of the Head of the Auror Department. Sophie shook her head, glad she wasn’t a part of the discussion. Maddy’s room—her own room, too, until the end of the summer—was smaller than she was used to but well lighted and cheery. Maddy was almost alarmingly tidy, so Sophie was not surprised to see that there was already a space for her in the room, an extra bed borrowed from a family friend whose children had long since grown. There was a window that should have shown a vision of the street below, but instead had been charmed to depict the place the viewer most wanted to see. On rainy days, a warm sunny park. In winter, a Mediterranean beach with white sand and clear ocean. But today, the window showed the background of the Potter’s house. Mrs. Potter was sitting on the porch doing paper work and watching her children in the distance playing yet another game of quidditch. Sophie turned away before she got nostalgic. A quick checklist told her all her things were present—Hogwarts trunk, owl-and-cage, books, extra clothes, etc….Sophie was surprised that Maddy hadn’t organized her things already. “Sophie?” Her father called from the hall, anxious to go to the next house. He had to teach a class in an hour, after all. Sophie cast one last longing glance at the scene in the window before turning back to her family. As soon as she came into view, the others began gather around a plain dinner plate, preparing to portkey to Chris’ apartment. Mr. Hinds was still muttering unhappily about women who thought it was a good idea to go back to places that had very recently been attacked. To which Mrs. Hinds quipped that some women could take care of themselves. Sophie smiled awkwardly. For all that they loved each other, her parents often had very different opinions. Unfortunately, this sort of situation arose often in the Hinds house hold. Experience told Sophie that the issue would resolve itself, so instead of acknowledging the exchange, she elbowed her siblings aside and made some joking comment about Chris’ hair to ease the tension. And then there was a jolt and a twisting of her stomach as the port-key stole her from one location and delivered her to the next. One moment she was looking at Maddy’s homey, tidy living room and the next she was deposited into the messy den of her brother. Clothes and books littered the ground and Sophie tripped over a pair of boots moving from one end of the room to the other. Chris had the decency to blush, and surreptitiously tried to kick some crumpled papers under the couch before the others noticed. Mr. Potter was already preparing for the Charm again. It seemed so odd that she was participating in something so serious in such a casual manner. Maddy, unable to contain herself, was tidying up. Chris followed behind, complaining loudly about her uncontrollable habits and ‘no man will marry you, Maddy, if you are this meddlesome!’ Sophie walked towards her parents, who were talking quietly somewhat apart from the rest of the group. “--Don’t know they were involved, Mark! I’m not going to—“ Mrs. Hinds was saying, but she stopped herself when she noticed her daughter. Sophie sent a quizzical look to her mother, asking a silent question. Mrs. Hinds shook her head, indicating it was not something for Sophie to worry about. Instead, Mrs. Hinds pulled her daughter into a quick, warm hug. For a moment, Sophie was struck with how worried her mother must truly be, and how awful it must be for her parents to know that what they do might put their children into danger. “What do you want, Sophia?” her father asked, teasingly, as though his youngest daughter had come to ask for money or wheedle her way out of trouble. Sophie laughed, but became serious much to quickly for her parent’s liking. “Mum,” Sophie began, quietly. “These attacks. You haven’t…there haven’t been any threats against you, have there?” There was a pause that told Sophie more than her parents intended. “Its nothing to worry about,” her father reassured her. Sophie was not reassured. She frowned, and met her parent’s eyes, waiting for them to explain further. Seconds ticked by, but neither her mother nor father indicated that they would offer any further information. Sophie pursed her lips, annoyed. “I’m not a child, you know,” Sophie commented, softly. “I understand what’s going on here. You think you are doing me a favor, keeping me in the dark but you are just holding me back.” “Sophie, you are seventeen—“ “An adult!” Sophie insisted, her voice still soft so that no one else in the room would be alerted. If her parents were worried—and she was positive they were—she wanted to know why. “Sophie,” her mother warned. Sophie understood that her parents didn’t want to discuss it, but she didn’t care. If something was going on, and it involved her, she had the right to know. She had the feeling the Maddy, and maybe even Chris, knew more about the situation than she did. She was the baby—no one wanted to tell her. But the time for pampering her was past—people were attacking the Ministry. She needed to know what was going on. “Mum, it is not fair to exclude me—“ “You aren’t being excluded—“ “I’m a part of this family—“ “—you need to understand how sensitive this issue is—“ “—and I can help. I’ll be out of school in a year—“ “—you have no idea what you are talking about—“ “—I know it has something to do with the Purist movement trying to stop the Bill supporting the equality of magical beings.” “What?” her mother whispered, shocked. “And if you don’t tell me,” Sophie threatened, voice still low so as not to attract the attention of her siblings. “I will just do some investigating on my own.” “Sophia,” her mother’s voice, though soft, was as furious as Sophie had ever hear her. Her lips were pursed, nearly white, and her eyes were narrowed as she considered her youngest child. Sophie knew it had been foolish to push her mother like she had, but it had been the only way to get the information. Distantly, Sophie heard Mr. Potter announce that he was ready to begin the ceremony. All five Hinds moved closer, but Sophie and her mother hung back. “Sophia,” her mother said again, tersely. “Have you even considered that this is not all about you?” “So I’m not the only one in the room who hasn’t been told the details of the attack?” Sophie countered, unable to let the matter drop. They were treating her like a child, like a baby, and she was determined that they would see her as an adult. “Sophia?” Mr. Potter’s voice interjected. Sophie jolted, having forgotten why she was in Chris’ home in the first place. Realizing what was going on, she held out her hand and pricked her finger to participate in the Fidelius Charm, but turned her attention back to her mother once her part was completed. “This is not a game, Sophia! Peoples lives are at stake,” her mother admonished, so quietly Sophie almost didn’t hear. Around them, Mr. Potter once again began the Charm, filling the room with the lovely, golden light. “Yours, Mum. Chris’. Maddy’s. Mine. This involves me. But since you aren’t going to tell me anything, I’d better stick to reading the Daily Prophet to learn about my life. Better yet, maybe I can ask a reporter…” “Stop this now, Sophia,” her mother commanded. “You want us to treat you as an adult? Stop acting like a child. You want to know why we haven’t explained things to you?” “Obviously,” Sophie answered, peevishly. “Its suspected the culprits are magical creatures unhappy that I haven’t signed the bill ensuring Magical Equality yet. If this news gets out the Purists will win and the bill the Potters and myself have worked so hard for will have no chance of sucess. Now tell me, Sophie. Does knowing that increase your safety? Are you glad I told you?” What followed was silence. Dimly, Sophie heard Mr. Potter announce the Charm was complete. She knew the rest of her family was moving, talking, doing. But she couldn’t move. Sophie felt like all the air had been sucked from her lungs. She had thought—she had been sure—that it had the Purists behind the plot. They were the “bad guys.” She as assumed—naively—that the secret was clear cut, a simple answer. But this information could change everything. If the Purists caught wind that a half-human terrorist group was responsible for the attack on the ministry, those who wanted segregation of the magical community would be on the war path. Never mind that the greatest threat to wizard-kind in all of history had been a wizard, not a half-human. But with this information, the Purists might be able to terrify the public into accepting “safety” laws that would discriminate against and oppress half-humans and other magical creatures. Sophie looked at her mother with wide, alarmed eyes. Mrs. Hinds gazed steadily back, every inch the Minister of Magic. Sophie wondered, with a tightening in her chest, what was too be done. On the one hand, the public had a right to know who the ministry suspected. On the other hand, honesty could cause the oppression of an entire population of half-humans. How do you choose between the public you swore to represent and doing what you know is right? I know, I know. Its been forever. In my defense, I'm still not completely happy with the chapter. I had a lot of information that needed to be in this chapter and I hope I presented it well. And my biggest regret of all--No Al! But worry not, he is featured heavily in the next chapter (which will be much more fun than this one). The chapter title came from the novel All The King's Men, a political novel by Robert Penn Warren. The quote is from Hamlet, and is in reference to the fact that there is much that Sophie doesn't know and can't understand. As always, please rate/review! I love to hear your opinions of the story :) and if I get lots of reviews, I will put LOTS of Albus in the next chapter! Chapter 8: Something Funny Happened on the Way to Fortescue's Sophie sat in her room, alone. There were many things she could be doing. Sophie could finish her summer homework. She could start applying for internships for next summer. She could answer the letters her friends had sent. But instead, Sophie was sitting quietly, and thinking. After her mother’s recent revelations last week, Sophie was feeling more than willing to return to her adolescent life. She still wasn’t sure what she wanted to do with her information. On the one hand the wizarding world had a right to know that non-wizard persons might have had something to do with the attack. On the other hand, if the Purists got a hold of that information, all hopes of equality in the wizarding world could be given up. Sophie shook her head—she didn’t know what the right thing to do was. Guiltily, she decided to put off deciding until there was more concrete information. After all, what was the point of getting worried if the information wasn’t even verified yet? It could just be a huge misunderstanding, she reassured herself. But despite the many logical reasons for not shouting her information at the nearest street corner, the decisions still weighed heavy on her heart. Her choice felt uncomfortably like cowardice, an emotion Sophie was altogether unfamiliar with. At least she wasn’t the only one who didn’t know how to behave with such volatile information. Sophie had met her brother for lunch yesterday, and Chris couldn’t stop chattering. Chris was programmed for truth—it was killing him to keep the secret. His nervous babbling was one of many reasons that Chris would never have a role in Politics. The other reason was the Christopher Hinds was far to kind and obliging. Her parents and Maddie had simply assumed that Sophie would keep the information concealed. This is what the children of prominent public figures did—there was no question of what Sophie wanted to do. But at lunch, Chris had told Sophie rather seriously that he would support her, whatever decision she made. “Listen Soph,” he had said. “I know this is a lot for you. Mum shouldn’t have told you. It puts you in an awkward position.” “I’m not a child,” Sophie had answered, childishly. “I know,” Chris had responded, sincerely. “ You’re an adult now. You can make your own decisions. And I know you. I know this bothers you. And I want you to know that, whatever you decide to you, I will still love you.” “Chris!” hissed Sophie, shocked. “Are you saying you think I should tell!” “No,” Chris replied, simply. “I honestly don’t think you should. But I know you. I know you want to. And I’m not going to try to convince you either way. What I’m saying is, you are old enough to make your own decisions. And if you decide to go against mum and tell, I don’t want you to have to worry that your family will abandon you. It’ll make Christmas’ awkward, but you will still be loved.” “I know, I know,” Sophie muttered. Chris nodded like he was satisfied, but Sophie continued to pick at her food. She knew her family would eventually forgive her if she told—she just wasn’t sure she could forgive herself if she didn’t tell. With a sigh, Sophie stood from her spot on the bed. Idly, she walked down the hall and into the kitchen. She had no real objective in mind, but busied herself tidying the counters and putting on a cup of tea. The kettle had just started to whistle when she heard a series of thumps from the living room. Mug in hand, Sophie stuck her head around the door jam and was met with one of her favorite sights in the entire world: the Potter children. She put down her cup with a squeal and ran to embrace her friends. “It is so good to see you,” she whispered, one arm looped around each sibling. “Surprise!” Lily giggled. “It’s only been a week,” laughed Albus, grabbing her around the waist and lifting her off the ground in a bear hug. Lily slapped her brother, offended that he had stolen her friend. Albus set Sophie carefully on the ground with a laugh, and although her feet were on the ground, her head still felt like it was spinning and the left side of her face tingled where it had brushed against his. Turning to James quickly, she gave him a quick hug and a peck on the cheek. He caught her sad look before she turned away, and sent her a questioning expression. Sophie gave him a discrete shake of her head—this was one secret she could not share with her best friend. “We are headed to Diagon Ally,” Lily was chattering. “And it wouldn’t do to forget you, Soph. Especially since you have been ignoring my letters recently. Would it kill you to pick of a quill?” “Ah! Sorry, Lils!” cried Sophie, immediately assuming the role of the busy child of the Minister for Magic. “I’ve read them—I swear! But its like I’ve got a million things to do and no time left for writing back!” Lily chattered her forgiveness while James helped himself to some of her tea and a biscuit. “How’s your mum doing?” he said, once he could get a word in edgewise. “Fine, fine. You know her. Works best under pressure. Your parents are the same way.” “Too true.” “Hurry up, Sophie. We are having a fun day, finally, and you are going to make us late.” “Its just school shopping,” teased Sophie. “All the cousins will be there!” announced Lily with a flare as she too snatched a biscuit. “And it will be a chance to finally get you out of this dreary house. You’ve just cooped yourself up in here—don’t lie, I know you haven’t been busy all this time!” Sophie rolled her eyes, but Lily was right. The girl had a scary way of always knowing everything. Sophie wasn’t sure if Lily was some sort of genius legimens, or just had an extremely accurate information network, but Lily Potter knew absolutely everything about everyone. “How long are we going to be gone,” Sophie asked. “I need to leave a note for Maddy. Oh, and the Floo powder is in the little jar there, by the bookcase.” As Sophie scribbled a note to her sister, Albus opened the jar, took a pinch of green powder out, and then disappeared into the fireplace. Lily followed, and but James stalled behind. “You alright?” He asked, as though he wasn’t quite sure. “Yeah,” Sophie reassured. “Just family stuff, you know.” James nodded, stepped into the hearth, and was carried off to Diagon Alley with a whoosh. Sophie took a deep breath, and followed. Sophie stumbled out of the fireplace at The Leakey Cauldron, bumping into Fred Weasley. “Wotcher, Soph!” He exclaimed, steadying her. Sophie laughed and apologized. Nearly all the Potter-Weasleys were present. Even Victoire was standing next to her sister, Dominique, even though she had graduated the year before. “Sorry, Sophie held us up,” Lily teased loudly when she saw her friend. Sophie sent Lily a mocking glare and started up a conversation with Fred and Roxy, who were eager to unload the latest gossip—the Potter/Weasely’s were so numerous that it was almost impossible to keep updated unless you were actually there. Owling, apparently, was not a good enough substituted for face-to-face chats, because although she and Lily had exchanged two letters in the short amount of time, she was still surprised when Fred informed her that Louis had dumped his girlfriend. “Was he even dating?” Sophie exclaimed. Roxy waved her hand as if to say, who knows. Eventually someone decided that they should make their way outside, rather than clogging up the pub, and the group began heading en mass towards the door. Somehow, in the hustle and bustle of the exodus, Albus had ended up walking next to her. Sophie found her eyes sliding sideways to glance at him under her lashes. A lock of hair had fallen over his deep, green eyes and Sophie barely restrained herself from brushing it aside. Realizing what she was doing, Sophie gave herself a quick shake and focused, once again, on Roxy. “He picked her up at Fortesques’ at the end of last school year,” Roxy was saying. “Would you believe he actually proclaimed his undying love to her in French, just to get her to go out with him? Of course his fifteen and he got bored within a few weeks.” “How many girls has he had in the last year?” marveled Sophie. “I certainly wasn’t like that when I was fifteen.” Fred snorted. “Of course you weren’t,” he laughed. “But then again, not everyone is like you and James, Soph,” Chimed in Albus. He was smiling, so Sophie smiled back, but something near her heart squeezed uncomfortably. There James was again. Sometimes it was hard not to regret the decision to date him—if she hadn’t, maybe the boy she adored would have been on her arm, rather than smiling at her from a distance. Fortunately, the moment passed without notice from those around her. Roxy continued her rant about Louis’ philandering ways (‘can a 15-year-old philander?’ Sophie questioned), while Al was distracted by new quidditch supplies. No matter that he didn’t play on the team, all Potter/Weasleys were required to have a passion for the sport. “Look, Weasleys’ Wizard Wheezes!” Exclaimed Sophie, changing subjects quickly. She wasn’t sure she could take much more talk of other people’s love lives, when her own was so hopeless. Fred groaned. “I’ve had to work there all week. That’s the last place I want to go!” There were a few moments of obligatory bickering before they realized that they could split into smaller sets. Of the group at large, there were several who had things to get at WWW, but James, Lily, and Fred decided to disappear into Quality Quidditch Supplies, while Rose, Dominique, Louis, and Molly headed off in the pursuit of books. Other factions left in the direction of Fortesques’ or Madame Malkins, but Sophie, Roxy, and Albus made a beeline for Weasleys’ Wizard Wheezes. “I’m meeting Scorpius here,” Albus admitted to Sophie as they entered. “What?” Sophie gasped in mock horror. “You are ditching your family in favor of some Slytherin?!” “Ha-Ha,” Albus laughed back, rolling his eyes at her teasing. “So what do you need, Soph? Is the Minister’s daughter even allowed to pull pranks?” Sophie laughed and shook her head, mournfully. “Alas, no. I come here only to gaze upon the forbidden fruit.” “How tragic,” said Al, continuing the joke. “That you will never know the delicious pleasure of spiking someone’s pumpkin juice with a mild truth serum.” “Too true,” commented Sophie, standing near him to examine the item in question. He smelled clean, good. Sophie fixed her eyes on the vial of serum, determined to keep her eyes from straying. “Or slip a Nosebleed Nougat into the goblet of a certain Ravenclaw keeper on game day…” “How did you know?” squealed Sophie, giggling. Albus waggled his eyebrows at her, but didn’t reveal his source. “And,” continued Albus with a grand gesture. “You are surely too good and pure to ever use a Patented Daydream Charm in History of Magic, to avoid being bored.” Sophie smiled at Albus’ banter and caught the tiny, colourful box that he tossed to her. She traced the edges, more intrigued than she ought to have been. The cover had picture of a man and woman on a pirate ship—not exactly Sophie’s idea of the perfect daydream, but the side of the box held the promise of a perfect daydream for every user. “Tell me you don’t actually use this in class,” Sophie chastised lightly. Albus made a motion as if to zip his lips. “Well, I came here for self-inking quills, not any of this…” Sophie gave a dismissive wave, as though the all the fantastic products available in Weasleys’ Wizard Wheezes were beneath her interest. Albus laughed uproariously, knowing that although she wasn’t a hard core prankster, WWW had received considerable patronage from Sophie Hinds over the years. “Your loss,” he said with a grin. Then someone caught his eye. “Oy, Malfoy! Scorpius!” Albus left with a farewell and a wave, heading off towards his best friend. Sophie was left standing alone, watching him leave for much longer than she really ought to have. Shaking herself out of her reverie, Sophie busied herself looking at the products on the shelf. She still had the Patented Daydream Charm in her hand as she browsed the shop, picking up items along the way. Somehow, it was still in her hands when she was ready to check out. Maybe it was because Albus had given it too her, or maybe because she was in desperate need of an escape from reality, but Sophie actually bought the charm, and quickly hid it in the bottom of her purse. Somehow she felt silly buying something so frivolous. It was almost as bad as buying a love potion. Roxy had only come into the shop to wheedle some money out of her father. Although George Weasley was cunning and shrewd when it came to business, somehow his children could always get what they wanted from him. Roxy had once mentioned, in a rare serious moment, that she believed it was because he had grown up without having a lot of money and wanted his children to have what he couldn’t. But whatever the reason, Roxy left the story with “book money” safely in hand. She caught Sophie’s eye and nodded towards the exit. “I’m heading to Flourish and Blott’s. Wanna come with?” “I’m done,” Sophie replied. She turned to Albus, to tell him they were leaving, but he was too absorbed in a conversation with Scorpius and another sixth year to notice her wave. She and Roxy exited the shop, blinking in the unexpectedly bright sunshine. “So, where too?” Sophie asked her friend. “No, I really need to go to Flourish’s. So suspicious!” Sophie rolled her eyes at her friend. Roxy constantly spent book money on things that were definitely not books or even school related. Roxy shrugged, as if to say, so sue me. “So what NEWTs are you taking?” Sophie asked. The letters from Hogwarts had come a few days previously. Sophie would be taking Muggle Studies, Potions, Transfiguration, Charms, Defense Against the Dark Arts, and Arithmancy. She wasn’t sure at all what Roxy would be taking—Roxanne Weasley was incredibly smart but did not like to exert herself in the pursuit of an academic career. Roxy looked away and named her classes: Potions, Transfiguration, Herbology, Defense Against the Dark Arts, and Arithmancy. Sophie’e eyebrows raised so high they were in danger of disappearing into her hair line. Roxy stubbornly avoided her gaze. “I thought,” Sophie said. “That you were going to take as few NEWTs as they allowed. You said there was no point—“ “I know what I said,” Roxy sounded a bit annoyed. “—in taking lots of classes when you weren’t going to get a job anyway,” Sophie finished, unfazed at her friend’s annoyance. “Well I changed my mind. My prerogative.” Roxy still wasn’t meeting her eye. “What, did you parents twist your arm?” “Are you enjoying this?” Roxy whined. Sophie giggled. “Of course not. I’m just glad you are living up to your potential.” And she was. Sophie thought Roxy was one of the smartest witches she had ever met, and yet, up until this year, Roxy remained determined to establish herself as a determined party girl. Good for Mr. and Mrs. Weasley for making their daughter challenge herself academically. Roxy pretended to huff as they entered the shop. Flourish and Blott’s was busiest in the weeks before school started. Luckily, the girls were there fairly early in the season—in another week, the store would be too crowded to take a step without bumping into someone. Since Roxy and Sophie had several of the same classes, they divided the workload: Sophie would find the books for Arithmancy and Potions while Roxy would get the books for Transfiguration and DADA. “See you in a bit,” Roxy said by way of farewell. Sophie roamed around the bookstore, half looking for textbooks, but mostly looking at the people. As a game she tried to guess the ages of students, or what books people had come into the store for. For instance, there was a woman browsing the biographies (the ditzy wife of a prominent politician) who Sophie could only presume was looking for the latest juicy tell all on Victor Krum (he had, after all, just gone through yet another nasty divorce—details within!). An older gentleman near the cash register was surely buying the newest mystery novel by Cho Davies for his granddaughter. And the two very giggly, very red faced teenaged girls in the archaic texts sections were undoubtedly only there to attract the attention of the handsome store clerk and had no intention of scholarly endeavors whatsoever. Sophie smiled to herself as she reached for the Standard Book of Spells (7). Mitchell Cates was two years older than Sophie and heir apparent to the esteemed Flourish and Blott’s franchise. He was a nice lad, very smart, if Sophie remembered correctly, but the girls only seemed interested in other aspects about him. At present, their focus was his bum. Sophie grimaced and hoped that she hadn’t been this silly at sixteen. Sophie shifted the heavy books in her arms and set about looking for her final text—Charms. She could see the book in question. It was a small, burgundy book, just at her eye level. However, with her hands already full, she couldn’t easily reach it. Sophie wrinkled her nose in annoyance and considered her options. She could set her books down, but the store was so crowded that she was sure they would be knocked over. She could just leave it, pay for what she had, and get the Charms book later. But that would take too long—she would just have to ask someone to get it for her. “Excuse me,” Sophie tried to get the attention of a group of teenage boys to her right. Unfortunately, they chose just that moment to laugh uproariously at something, and seemed not to hear her. Sophie let out a little frustrated sigh, and opened her mouth to ask again, when a voice to her left stopped her. “This one?” came a vaguely familiar voice. Turning, Sophie was unsurprised to see none other than Mitchell Cates handing her the very book she needed. Behind him, the two girls glared at Sophie. She looked questioningly at Cates—his face remained bland, but his eyes darted back the teenager girls in a panicked way that made Sophie take pity on him. “Thanks,” She said. “Actually, I need some help with some other books. Mind lending me a hand?” Cates nodded politely and even offered to help her with her load. Sophie led him to Roxy with a slight smile as he breathed a sigh of relief to be rid of the younger girls. “My friend is over here,” Sophie explained. “I didn’t really need anything.” “Thank you,” said Cates with deep appreciation, glad to have found a polite way to escape the giggling girls. “Roxy!” shouted Sophie, so as to be heard over the crowd. Roxy waved from over by the register. Once the pair had made their way close enough to be heard, Sophie tried to introduce her helper. “Roxy, this is Mitchell Cates. He’s a year or two older than us. And this is—“ “Roxanne Weasley,” Cates interrupted with a smile. “We know each other.” Sophie looked at her friend with mild interest. Roxy shrugged. “He tutored me in Charms and Arithmancy fifth year for OWLs.” “I’m still not sure why you needed it,” Cates said, with a smile as he began ringing up their purchases. “It only took a few sessions to catch you up to the rest of the class.” “The homework was boring,” said Roxy, by way of explanation. Sophie laughed. She knew for a fact that Roxy was much better at Charms than Sophie would ever be—it just seemed to come naturally to her. However, Roxy had the tendency to ignore required reading or homework if it interfered with her social plans or happened to be ‘boring.’ “Waste of potential,” commented Cates. Roxy had the decency to blush. “Look—Lily!” Roxy pointed towards the other side of the store, where Lily, Molly, and Dominique stood browsing through the half-priced books bin. Lily caught the wave and beckoned them over. Roxy left a few coins on the counter to pay for her books and took off. Sophie shrugged at Cates, saying who knows about that girl. He gave her change and her purchases and she thanked him before heading off towards her friends. “Its all rubbish,” announced Lily upon her arrival. “Absolutely nothing worth buying.” “I’m all shopped out for now—anyone up for ice-cream?” asked Molly. All the others nodded enthusiastically. “Yikes!” Dominique looked at her watch, surprised at the time. “I told Rose we’d meet her there five minutes ago. Hopefully she’s late.” “Where’s Victoire?” questioned Molly. “Am I my sister’s keeper?” quipped Dominique. “Yes,” the others chorused. Dominique rolled her eyes. “I expect she’s looking at robes or something. If she wants ice-cream, she’ll come.” The group made their towards the door—a not easily facilitated task. Each girl was weighed down with several bags and there were far too many people in the store to be comfortable. It was a relief when they were finally standing out on the street again. Sophie began a conversation with Molly, whose father worked closely with Sophie’s mother in the Ministry. She had found a book on the most ridiculous laws in the wizarding world and was telling Sophie some of her favorites when they heard someone shout from behind them. “Roxy! Sophie! There you two are!” Albus, finally noticing the girls he had escorted into Weasleys’ Wizard Wheezes had disappeared, had gone off in pursuit. Scorpius Malfoy followed behind, the tips of his hair slightly singed and smoking. Albus too had burnt a small hole through the sleeve of his shirt. Sophie wasn’t sure she wanted to know how or why. “We’re going for ice-cream,” Roxy informed him. “You can come if you promise not to use any of the Wheeze’s products you have stuffed in your pocket,” offered Dominique. The boys glanced at each other, managing to look both sheepish and sly at the same moment. Promises were made and the lively group finally began making its way down the street. Sophie had gone back to chatting with Molly for some time when they were both distracted by the conversation going on between a very shy Malfoy and the more assertive Dominique. “I’m just saying, you haven’t dated in ages. People are beginning to talk—“ “You are the only one talking about it—“Scorpius cut in, but Dominique continued. “You’ve been so down lately—it would do you good to start dating again. You and Al are already friends, I don’t know why this would be a problem.” Roxanne and Lily were laughing at Scorpius’ stunned face as Albus enumerated the many reasons why he and Scorpius could not be in a gay relationship (“First and foremost, neither of us is gay, Dom!”). Sophie and Molly began snickering with the others. “Well, fine,” Dominique conceded. “Take one of the girls then. Except not Victoire—she’s already claimed.” “Or Roxy,” piped in Molly. The others looked at her questioningly. “She’d eat him,” she explained. Everyone nodded in understanding while Roxy hissed,” What do you mean by that, cousin dear?” Scorpius made a face and tried to shrug off the comments. Sophie giggled to herself; Poor Scorpius really didn’t deserve it. But he knew how the girls got—he ought to just ignore them to deprive them of the pleasure of teasing him. “Well the obvious choices are Dominique and Rose,” offered Lily. “They are in his year, after all.” “Not Dominique,” objected Roxy. “Your features are so similar: blond hair, blue eyes, and that bone structure! I’m worried all your traits will cancel out and your children will be bland looking.” Dominique shoved her cousin playfully—“Our children would be gorgeous!” She announced to the street at large, further embarrassing Scorpius. Sophie could tell he was getting annoyed. She would later wish that she had intervened to stop the conversation here, but she was too occupied with giggling at Scorpius’ expense to bother. “Rose it is then,” announced Lily as they rounded the corner to arrive at their destination. “What a wonderful choice, Scorpius. She’s so pretty and smart. Your only problem will be Uncle Ron. Say, where do you plan to take her for the first Hogsmead trip?” “Lay off, guys,” laughed Albus, defending his friend. “Honeyduke’s, definitely,” concluded Dominique. “He knows how much she likes to try the new candy when it comes in.” Scorpius was getting slightly red in the face, getting more and more annoyed with their teasing. “Oh,” sighed Molly. “I just love a good Romeo and Juliet love story. Hope it works out better for you and Rose, Scorpius.” Scorpius ruffled his hair in agitation as he defended himself. “There’s nothing going on with me and Rose,” he protested, gaining only knowing looks and more laughter. “Oh come on, Scorpius!” Dominique teased. “I bet the whole reason you are such good friends with Albus is so you can get closer to Rose: Admit it, Malfoy, you are head over heals!” Still, no one took seriously the annoyance that Scorpius had barely been controlling. “I am not,” Scorpius all but shouted. “Nor will I ever be, in love with Rose Weasley!” There was a shocked silence. This worried Sophie—there had not been silence among the Weasley cousins all day. Normally one of the other girls would have jumped in and said, “The lad doth protest too much,” but no one was saying anything. Then Sophie noticed Roxanne’s horrified look. It was almost as though time slowed. Sophie felt like it took an eternity to turn her head to see where Roxy’s gaze was fixed, and before she even saw who it was, she knew. She knew without a doubt that Rose Weasley had come around the corner from doing her shopping and had heard nothing else but that last, terrible sentence. And it was at that moment that Sophie wondered how she had ever missed the fact that Rose Weasley was in love with Scorpius Malfoy. I am so, so sorry it took so long to update. Its been a busy time in the life of your favorite author. However, the next chapter is mostly done, so it shouldn't take as long to update next time. But how exciting! I did promise you some Albus-action :) Hope you liked it. There will be more and more in comming chapters. This was mostly a fluff chapter, with some important bits hidden inside. And the next chapter will be really fun haha. As always, please tell me what you think--was there enough Albus? How is Sophie going to handle the secret her mother told her? And what do you think of the first Rose-Scorpius interaction (as minimal as it was)? Also: the title is from the musical "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" and the quote is by Mr. William Shakespeare and is found in The Merchant of Venice, Act 4 scene 1. Chapter 9: Thus Spake Scorpius Scorpius, who seconds before had been so enraged, seemed to have the same realization. It was one of those surreal moments where everyone understood what had happened just a little too late to prevent the wreckage. Scorpius’ face froze in a horrified, gape-mouthed expression. He seemed to debate whether or not to turn around, but obviously decided to man up and face his friend. Rose Weasley stood with surprising composure in the face of such a shocking statement. For several of the longest moments of Sophie’s life, no one said anything. What was there to say? Suddenly, Scorpius burst out in the beginnings of an apology, but Rose cut him off. “Don’t worry about it Scorpius,” Rose reassured with a smile. “Its no big deal.” All seven teenagers gaped at her. She awkwardly adjusted the many bags in her arms, took a deep breath, and began again. “So you aren’t in love with me,” she said, lightly. “I’m not in love with Sophie. Sophie’s alright if I say that. Aren’t you Soph?” “Err,” Sophie was jolted out of her appalled stupefaction. “No. I mean, yes. You’re right, Rose.” “See, it really doesn’t matter. Besides, its not as though I asked you to love me. I didn’t. Ask you to, I mean,“ Rose finished briskly, if awkwardly. And with that, Rose began to walk off down the street, toting all her books and school supplies with her. She had barely gotten ten steps before Scorpius shook himself out of his stupor. “Rose,” he called. “Let me…can I help you carry your—“ “Don’t worry about it, Scorp,” Albus interjected. “I have to head that way anyway.” Albus gave his mate a brisk clasp of the shoulder before he left to do damage control. Scoprius was still to embarrassed to argue, and so the rest of the teenagers stood in semi shock as Albus relieved Rose of her load and the two walked down the streets of Diagon Ally. The group of teenagers watched until Al and Rose were beyond hearing distance, at which point Scorpius let out a frustrated groan and sank his head into his hands. “Don’t worry, Scorpius,” Lily said kindly. “Rose wasn’t bothered by it at all. Its really kind of funny if you think about it.” Scoprius looked up at her miserably, as though he wished the ground would swallow him. The point wasn’t that Rose seemed ‘fine’ (although Sophie would now bet Rose was much less than ‘fine’). The point was that no half-way decent guy wanted to say something so horrible to a girl, any girl. How do you apologize for something like that? The awkward feeling in the group was palpable. Scorpius was miserable, Sophie, Lily and Molly felt uncomfortable, and Dom and Roxy were trying their hardest not to laugh hysterically. Sophie wisely decided it was time for the group to go their separate ways. “Alright,” Sophie announced. “I….just remembered that I need another book. Why don’t you guys go in and order. I’ll just go back and get it. Scorpius can come help me.” The boy in question managed to lift his pitiful head to look at her. “I need you to come with me and carry the books,” Sophie informed Scorpius. ”Just order me one of those Sundays that changes flavors in your mouth. I’ll be back in just a minute,” She instructed Roxy. Sophie pinched the material at Scorpius’ elbow and pulled him in the direction of the book store. As they separated, Sophie and Scorpius heard the barely suppress giggles of Roxy and Lucy, with Molly’s muffled admonishments running counterpart. Sophie handed the boy her bags and turned to the North end of Diagon Alley –back towards Flourish and Blotts. The pair walked a ways in silence before Sophie said: “So how are you going to fix this one?” Scorpius gracefully tripped over nothing in his surprise. Sophie waited calmly for the boy to regain his footing and reply. Scorpius just groaned, well aware that he had truly put his foot in his mouth this time. “Well,” he said finally. “There’s only one thing to do. I’ll have to marry her.” Sophie burst out laughing. “Why, to preserve her honor?” She giggled. “Don’t laugh at me, I’m miserable!” Scorpius announced, but he was smiling too, in a sad way. There was silence for a few moments before he continued. “What if she doesn’t talk to me after that?” Sophie looked sideways at the younger boy. He really did look miserable. He was terribly worried that he had hurt a friend and had no way of resolving the issue gracefully. “She will talk to you again,” Sophie reassured. Scorpius shot her an exasperated look, clearly questioning her judgment. Sophie only smiled. “It’ll be awkward at first,” she allowed. “But you are too good friends to let your friendship disintegrate over something this insignificant.” Scorpius shook his head unhappily but seemed somewhat better. Sophie looped her arm through the younger boy’s and gave him an affectionate squeeze. “Really,” she was saying,” its going to be alright—“ But suddenly the pair was blinded by a series of flashing lights followed by the whirring and clicking of what could only be a camera. Sophie, caught off guard, turned into Scorpius’ shoulder, shielding her eyes from the onslaught. “Sophia, are you and James on another hiatus?” Came one aggressive, yelling voice. “What’s he done this time?” a second voice interjected. Sophie pulled Scorpius by his arm once she could see again, not replying to either of the questions. This kind of thing was unfortunate but not uncommon. It was best to keep going until they lost the photographers. The two reporters continued to heckle the teenagers as they turned to go, unsatisfied without some sort of juicy story or comment. Finally, bored with the cold shoulder he was getting, the second started attacking Scorpius. “Stealing another bloke’s girl, Malfoy?” He taunted. “That’s not exactly exemplary behavior!” “’e can’t help it,” the other chimed in. “It’s not like his moral compass exactly points north, do it? Apple doesn’t fall far from the—“ “I haven’t stolen anything!” Scorpius exploded. “Besides, Soph and James haven’t been together since—“ Scoprius stopped in horrified silence, catching himself before finishing the sentence. Unfortunately the damage was already done. “Scorpius!” Sophie nearly shrieked, over the absolute mayhem that had erupted after his statement. Scorpius groaned in utter defeat, as the paparazzi clicked pictures with an alarming frequency, shouting questions as they did so. Sophie grabbed Scorpius to run, but they got no more than two shops down before a dozen more reporters and photographers cornered them, all yelling. “Ms. Hinds, care to comment on your recent break up with—“ “—Is this your new man—“ “How does it feel to be single?” “What do you have to say about the rumors that James slept his way through the Holyhead Harpies last season?” “Is the explanation for the recent weight gain Sophie?” It was as though an aggressive sea of flashing lights and jostling elbows surrounded Sophie. No matter where she looked, there was no escape—only another microphone shoved in her face and more invasive questions. She began to feel panicked and claustrophobic. Not knowing what else to do, Sophie grabbed Scorpius’ hand and apparated away from the mob. The pair stumbled on the grass outside of the Potter’s land, the closest a wizard could apparate to the house. Sophie took a series of calming breaths and blinked the flashing lights of her vision. To her left, she heard Scorpius sink to the ground, groaning, “Twice in one day!” Sophie struggled not to loose control of her temper, but she felt as though she could shoot fire from her eyes right then. Not even looking at the boy, she grabbed Scorpius by the collar of his shirt, hoisted him to his feet, and hauled him off towards the Potter’s house. Apparently, Albus and Rose had decided to come home rather than go for ice-cream, because they came out of the house as Sophie and Scorpius approached. “What happened,” asked Albus warily, noting Scorpius’ look of abject shame and Sophie’s murderous gaze. “Soph, I am so sor—“ “Chatty Circe over here told the paparazzi that James and I broke up,” said Sophie, pointedly, brushing past Albus and Rose to get into the house. “Oh goodness,” Rose commented in a resigned tone—already reporters were lining up as close as they could get to the house, clamoring for new information. Sophie made a beeline for the kitchen, where she knew Mrs. Potter had some blueberry ice-cream left over. Behind her she could hear Scorpius’ miserable voice explaining what had happened. “Good!” thought Sophie. “Let him be miserable. He’s ruined everything. Now I won’t be able to walk in public ever again.” The trio of sixth years entered the kitchen just as Sophie managed to find the left over ice cream. “Sophie, I am so, so sorry. I don’t know what happened. I was angry and it just slipped out…” Scorpius trailed off, not knowing what to say next. “Whatever. Its not like I can expect anything else out of you anyway.” Sophie could not remember regretting saying anything more than she did right then. Even as the words were coming out of her mouth she wished she had had the presence of mind to slap a hand across her mouth to muffle herself. Scorpius just turned and walked from the room to be miserable on the patio, while Rose and Albus stared at her in disapproving silence. After they heard the quiet click of the door announcing that Scorpius was outside, Rose looked Sophie in the eye and said,” That was uncalled for and cruel.” With that, Rose turned and followed Scorpius. Sophie dropped her head into her hands, furious with herself. She hadn’t meant it. She knew Scorpius was already miserable for what he said to Rose, and that he felt horrible about letting her relationship status slip. She knew that people made mistakes. She knew that she wasn’t really mad at Scorpius. But she had just been so upset at that moment, she had let something incredibly malicious slip out. Merlin, this day had gone south in a hurry. “I don’t know exactly what happened. I wasn’t there,” came Albus’ disapproving voice. “But you have no right to speak to Scorp like that.” Sophie took a resentful bit of ice cream, not quite calm enough to apologize for her actions, no matter how ashamed she was of them. “He didn’t intend to tell, he didn’t do it vindictively. He was provoked—its happened to all of us. I don’t understand why you are angry.” “I’m angry,” shot back Sophie, her fury rekindling a bit with this opposition. “Because he started a mob in Diagon Alley by discussing my personal business to reporters. And you can’t understand that?” “You were the one who told us—him. “ “Yeah, and I’m regretting that now.” “Look, Sophia. You knew what would happen after your break up. He isn’t the one who splashed your incredibly messy and public relationship across the tabloids. That was you. Maybe if you had shown an iota of discretion before, you wouldn’t be in this predicament now.” Sophie had never been so mad at anyone in her entire life. It took all the strength she had not to take Mrs. Potter’s china bowl and chuck it at Albus Potter’s smarmy head. Instead, she hissed, “Yeah, well no one asked your opinion Albus!” and stalked out, slamming the door childishly after her. Once alone on the porch, Sophie put her face in her hands for a moment, holding back tears. After three deep breaths, she looked around until she saw Scorpius, sitting slump-shouldered on the steps leading down to the lawn. Rose sat next to him, arm comfortably around said shoulders, murmuring comfortingly to him. At least, Sophie thought, if nothing else, Rose and Scorpius are friends again. Sophie came close and cleared her throat to make her presence known. Rose looked up with a face that said I hope you are happy with yourself. The look Sophie sent back was apologetic and signaled she wanted to talk to Scorpius alone. Rose gave her friend one last pat on the back and wandered off, close enough to see but not hear. Scorpius wouldn’t even look at Sophie when she sat next to him. For a moment, Sophie wasn’t sure she had the mettle it took to apologize—not that she didn’t want to, but it took an incredible strength to face your own incredible failings. “I didn’t mean it, Scorp,” she began quietly. “I deserved it,” the boy’s reply was muffled. “No, you didn’t. You really didn’t. We are friends. And you don’t deserve me treating you like that. You made a very simple, very forgivable mistake. I was mad because I felt very scared. I hated being mobbed like that. It doesn’t happen, but when it does, its terrifying. I was scared, so I lashed out at you.” “It was really frightening,” Scorpius allowed, his head coming up a bit. “But Merlin, Soph, I’m so sorry about letting it slip.” “Its nothing. Really. I was the one who broke up with my boyfriend. The reporters were the ones who let it get out of hand.” Scorpius was silent for a time. So, just to make sure, Sophie added,” I have never regretted saying anything more. You are a reliable and trustworthy friend. I really hope you know that.” Scorpius nodded, and Sophie smiled. "So what now?" Scorpius asked. Sophie shrugged. "I guess I'll have to get a hold of James. Go talk to my mother." "Good luck," said Scorpius, making Sophie laugh. Sophie signaled to Rose that she and Scorpius were done. The three walked back into the house together, almost at ease until Sophie caught sight of Albus. He met her look for look, completely unashamed of the accusations he had made earlier. Sophie looked away in anger with a stab of a feeling that felt uncomfortably like heartbreak. She walked passed him without speaking and headed to the fireplace. Just as the floo fumes began to whoosh her away towards the ministry, she heard Rose ask, “What did you say to Sophie?” Author's Note: Guys, I'm so sorry. I just caught up in all kinds of school craziness. I so apologize for the wait. However, I do hope you liked it! I know, I know--Mad because Albus and Sophie aren't speaking? Me too. But at least Rose and Scorpius are on good terms again! Anyway, I thought I would hurry up and get this one out. I'm going to be honest with you. There probably won't be another update until at least mid May. Finals have priority. I hope you can wait that long! The title is a parody of "Thus Spake Zarathustra" by F. Nietzsche and the quote is from Much Ado About Nothing (Another of my favorite Shakespeare plays). Chapter 10: The Heart of the Matter “We just grew apart.” “Not as friends, just as lovers,” Mr. explained. Although the awkwardness was palpable in the room, the two teens comported themselves well and made sure to assure this reporter that they and their families would remain close, despite the shocking breakup. For a duo famous for their tumultuous on-again-off-again relationship, Ms. Hinds and Mr. Potter took pains to establish that they were, in fact, calling it quits for good. “We do want to thank absolutely everyone who has been involved in our relationship,” implored Sophia Hinds. James Potter agreed. “So many people have been supportive over the years. Dating in the limelight is different. In fact, we almost felt as if we were letting people down.” “Which is why we were so hurt about the reporters leaking the story before we were ready to come forward with it. We wanted to be the ones to tell everyone. If nothing else, we wanted it to come from us.” As many will remember, James Potter and Sophia Hinds have captured the hearts and minds of the wizarding world as the hottest “it couple” since they began dating three years ago. Their relationship, lasting longer than some marriages, was, as yours truly mentioned in a piece memorializing the war, “ a bright beacon of hope and a representation of the next generation.” They used their considerable celebrity to support groups such as Muggle2Magic (a nonprofit group promoting harmony between magical and non-magical communities), as well as All Creatures Equal (a lobbying foundation supporting non-wizard magical creatures). Potter and Hinds plan to continue their philanthropic work, stating that their relationship status, or lack there of, has not diminished their passion for these causes. But the question on every reader’s lips is: “What’s next?” If not an extravagant wedding, what can we look forward too from the famous James Potter and Sophia Hinds? “Quidditch, I suppose,” replies James first, looking embarrassed. “I’ve put in a few applications, so we’ll see.” “He’s brilliant,” beams Hinds, supportively. “This time next year you’ll be writing about his career, not his relationship.” The illustrious daughter of the Minister of Magic states that she’s not quite sure yet what she wants to do. “I’m looking at magical law,” she says, but mentions she’s still unsure. “I don’t want Maddy (Hinds) to think I’m following in her footsteps.” And because it couldn’t be left unasked, this reporter ventured the question: Is the rumor about Scorpius Malfoy true? Hinds and Potter exchanged a rueful smile. “we’re friends,” Hinds assures. “And that’s all. The reporters seemed incredibly excited when they took those pictures, as though Scorpius and I never hang out. We grew up together.” “I guess its hard for people to accept our split without a scandal. Gotta sell those papers,” jokes Potter. And there it is—the end of a three-year relationship. Just as they were examples to other young people while they were dating, they continue to prove themselves to be exemplifying. “Laid it on a bit thick, don’t you thing?” was Maddy’s only comment after she finished reading the prophet article the next morning. Sophie lay face down on the table, miserable. “It’s loads better than the one in ‘Teen Witch,’” Sophie replied without lifting her head. The article in question was an in depth look at the secret affair of Sophie And Scoprius complete with a picture of a heart broken James with the quote,” She broke my heart—I never saw it coming!” Maddy, who at the wise old age of 18 refused to read Teen Witch anymore, laughed and assured Sophie that she would take her word for it. All in all, the backlash was not as bad as it could have been. The prophet article had deflected most of the attention, turning the story from a free-for-all gossip piece into something more manageable. There was even a picture with the piece, with James and Sophie smiling at the camera while the reporter tried to look both hard hitting and attractive (a feat she almost pulled off). The Teen Witch article would not be believed or would be forgotten soon. For all the big fuss she had made, this might be the least scandalous part of her fake relationship. But Sophie was still unhappy. Maddy was very kindly pretending that Sophie was upset about the story, but they both knew differently. Sophie still could not get over the fight with Albus. She knew he had been in the right to chastise her the way he had. She had behaved terribly. But she was so incredibly embarrassed to have behaved that way in front of him that she was unable to apologize. In fact, she was so embarrassed that she was starting to get mad at Albus for making her embarrassed. So instead of making up, Sophie was content to sulk around the house, making the occasional pointed comment about how “some people weren’t perfect either!” Maddy had allowed this behavior to continue, but was wondering if she ought to say something. Sophie had always been especially sensitive to Albus’ disapproval. But at the same time, the two had always been great friends. They had been fighting and making up since they were children. They probably just needed time to work things out on their own. Try as she might, Sophie didn’t seem to be able to ignore what he had said. She hated the thought that Albus was so disapproving of her relationship with James. She had known, of course. He brought it up from time to time. But the reiteration of his sentiments just when Sophie was feeling particularly low was distressing. Some opinions—like the gossip writers for the Daily Prophet—didn’t matter. But the opinion of those she loved and respected were invaluable. That’s why it hurt so much when Albus disapproved. Sophie poked at her oatmeal unenthusiastically as Maddy finished the paper. After a few particularly violent stabs, Maddy decided something needed to be done. “Sophie,” she interrupted. “Lets go out!” Two days later, Sophie, Roxy, Dominique, Victoire, Maddy, and Olivia (a school friend of Maddy’s) gathered at Victoire’s flat on Diagon Ally. Hair was elaborately dressed, make-up was applied, wiped off, and reapplied to look exactly the same. Excitement was in the air. For Maddy, Victoire, and Olivia, who had all started jobs recently, this was the first real night out since graduation. Roxy was a seasoned pro, but Sophie and Dom rarely went clubbing. In fact, Sophie was kind of nervous—she wasn’t even sure what she was supposed to do on the dance floor, unless it involved a waltz or a fox trot. To her left, Roxy was doing some warm up stretches. Sophie sent her friend a questioning look. “What?” Roxy said. “Don’t come running to me when you pull a hamstring!” “Whaton earth does she think I’ll be doing that I’ll pull a hamstring?” Sophie mused aloud to the room at large. “Anything you want,” replied Victoire. The older girl was dressed to the nines and absolutely gorgeous. Sophie made a mental note not to stand to close to her on the dance floor. “You know, Soph, this is one of the few times in your life anyone will forgive you for acting out. All you have to say is, ‘I don’t know what came over me—I was just so heartbroken about Jamie.’” Maddy shoved her friend in the shoulder, moving her out of the way of the mirror so she could apply some mascara. “Oy, don’t give my baby sister any ideas. Tonight is a night of good, clean fun.” “Yeah, good, clean fun with a little alcohol and hopefully some blokes!” Olivia, the most outgoing and entertaining of Maddy’s friends, had just broken up with her most recent boyfriend and was the most excited about going out. “Olivia, this will not be like Halloween sixth year,” warned Maddy. “What happened Halloween sixth year?” Dominique questioned with amused interest. “We had milk and cookies and went to bed early,” Vic rushed to say while Maddy simultaneously burst out,” Never you mind!” The three younger girls giggled as Olivia wiggled her eyebrows at her two friends. “That’s alright,” she said. “I’m not up for another Halloween.” “Alright ladies,” Victoire said, authoritatively. “As the designated apparator of the night, I say its time to head out.” “Meet at the Siren’s Call?” asked Roxy, referring to the club they had decided on earlier in the night. It was a club in Harlow which served a largely magical cliental and was, according to Roxanne, wonderful for dancing. “Last one there pays for drinks!” announced Dominique before promptly dissapparating. Sophie closed her eyes, felt the familiar dizzying lurch, and suddenly, she was standing in the apparition section behind the bar. Although it was still early, the club was beginning to buzz with activity. There was the start of a crowd on the dance floor, but there was still room to move. “Perfect!” exclaimed Roxy when she saw this, and promptly abandoned her friends to begin dancing. “You getting anything to drink?” yelled Dom after her cousin. Roxy just waved her hand in a manner that said ‘no right now.’ Roxy rarely drank, anyway. Maddy was already at the bar, telling the handsome barkeeper their orders. “You’re drinking red wine on our crazy girls night out?” Vic laughed at her friend as Maddy began passing out the drinks. “I like what I like,” Maddy replied, unbothered. She handed Sophie something fizzy and blue and said,” You’ll like it. But drink slowly.” “You are letting me have alcohol?” Sophie teased, feigning surprise. Maddy stuck out her tongue and replied,” Only if you promise to be responsible.” “Yes mother,” answered Sophie and went off to a side table with Dom to finish their drinks and watch Roxy dance. Sophie was not sure how—every other Weasley in existence had terrible coordination—but Roxy was a natural dancer. At that very moment, she was doing some sort of Samba, catching the eye of everyone in the club. “She looks so happy,” commented Dom in an off-handed manner as she sat. Sophie and Dom shared the opinion that Roxy’s time and talent was wasted—all she wanted to do was be some sort of social butterfly. She had no other ambition but to go out every night, dance, and have fun. Never mind that she was brilliant. Roxy just wanted to marry some rich wizard and have fun for the rest of her life. “If I could dance like that, I’d be happy too!” Sophie giggled. Dom laughed as well, imagining herself out on the floor and knowing it would not look anything like Roxy’s demonstration. “Sophie, are you really alright?” Dom asked the question hesitantly, not making eye contact. “Yeah,” Sophie replied out of habit. She and Dom were friends, but if she was going to confide in anyone, it would be James or Roxy…or Albus, but that wasn’t happening, was it. If only Albus could see her now, he would probably say something like ‘is this how a future Minister of Magic should act? Sulking in a club when she knows she’s done something wrong?’ Actually, it was more likely he would not say anything; he would just give her that Albus-look he did when he thought she ought to be doing something she wasn’t. “It’s not like he’s a saint!” muttered Sophie to her drink. “What?” Asked Dom, confused. “Its nothing,” winced Sophie, embarrassed. The two sat in silence for a few seconds before Sophie burst out,” Its just—“ “It’s just…?” Dom inquired. “I…said something I didn’t mean. First to Scorpius, and then to Albus.” “Rose told me,” Dom said, and Sophie wasn’t surprised. Rose and Dom were actually very close, considering they were only cousins. “It was perfectly understandable. You were under quite a lot of stress. And you apologized—sometimes that’s all you can do.” “ImightnothaveapologizedtoAl,” muttered Sophie indistinguishably into her drink, purposefully not meeting Dom’s eyes. “What?” her friend asked in genuine confusion. “I didn’t actually apologize to Al, per say.” “Why not?” Dom didn’t seem to be judging, only curious. “At first, I was just so mad. But now…I said something horrible and acted terribly. I’m not sure I can face him after that.” Dom snorted into her drink. “Sophie, Albus has done much worse. He can’t exactly blame you for losing your temper now and again. Do you remember the time in his second year when he was so mad at James that he broke his new broomstick?” “I’d forgotten about that.” “How could you,” Dom commented dryly. “James brings it up every single time Al asks to borrow his broom, even now. We all do rubbish things now and again.” “Dom, what if he doesn’t forgive me, though?” Dominique waved it off as an impossibility. “Don’t be ridiculous. This is Albus we are talking about—you’ve been friends since he was in diapers. He is physically unable to ignore your apology. Now, Sophie, you will stop sulking and come dance with me.” “But I’m a terrible dancer,” Sophie said, putting her glass down on the tale and getting up to follow Dom out to the floor. “So am I,” Dominique replied blithely. “That’s half the fun.” “I’m not sure your definition of fun is correct,” Sophie ventured. “Maybe we should cross-reference.” “Nonsense!” Was Dom’s only reply before dragging her friend out into the middle of the fray. Sophie could honestly say that the first two minutes of dancing were the most awkward of her life. First, there was some head bobbing, then some bizarre shoulder movements. Roxy took one look at her friend and cousin and burst out laughing so hard that she doubled over. But by the third minute Sophie had decided that she did not care that she looked like some sort of flailing octopus—she was having fun. So together, she and Dominique danced atrociously in the center of the dance floor. Occasionally, Maddy, Vic, or Olivia would join the circle and once Roxy grabbed Sophie for a dramatic tango down the center of the floor (which only resulted in Sophie’s laughing so hard that tears rolled down her cheeks). After some time, Sophie realized that she was absolutely parched and motioned to Dom that she needed some water. Getting off the dance floor took considerably more effort than getting on, but Sophie did eventually manage. Sophie asked the bartender for a glass of water and sat on one of the stools, amazed at how much dancing had worn her out. “Sophia Hinds?” There was a male voice to her left. Sophie turned toward it and immediately recognized the boy next to her as Mitchell Cates, the Ravenclaw who had tutored Roxy the year before—they had met in Flourishes earlier in the week. “Sophie, please,” she replied with a smile. “I’m Sophie to friends.” “Well then, if we are going to be friends, I must be Cates,” he returned the smile. “What?” Sophie asked, confused. Mitchell Cates looked slightly embarrassed. “No one but my mum calls me Mitchell. I’m just Cates—always have been.” “Then Cates, I have to have to say—because I am such a good friend—I would never have expected to see you here.” He laughed. “Because I was a Ravenclaw?” “Because you were a Ravenclaw turned bookstore keeper who comes to a club with ink stains on his hands,” replied Sophie, pointing to the very obvious marks stating that Cates had using a quill all day. “Well, maybe that’s exactly why I needed to get out. You here with anyone else?” His eyes were already scanning the dance floor, as if looking for someone. “Yeah,” Sophie answered, and pointed out the rest of her group. Roxy was, as always, the center of the crowd, moving to the music with a grace and fluidity that never failed to impress Sophie. “Geez. She sure can move,” Cates gave a low whistle. Sophie agreed and commented on her own lack of coordination. They chatted a while longer and Sophie realized she might be flirting. It was a strange feeling—the only flirting she was used to was fake, so she wasn’t entirely certain she was interpreting the situation correctly. But if this was flirting, then it was very fun. And Cates was being so nice, not at all like Albus who was— Sophie looked down at her water, immediately unhappy again. Albus was probably off not thinking about her at all, having fun with other people. “Something wrong?” Cates asked. “I...no, nothing.” “Oh,” if he was confused, he didn’t show it. “I apologize. I must have misinterpreted your interest in our conversation as unhappiness.” Sophie made a face at him, smiling in spite of herself. “I’m on the outs with a friend,” she explained. “I don’t know how to ask for forgiveness but I don’t think I can go much longer without fixing things.” “Well, I know this may not be what you want to hear, I think the answer is pretty obvious.” “Yeah..” replied Sophie, unenthusiastically at the idea of humbling herself before Al. “Yeah,” Cates said sadly. “You’ll have to get absolutely sloshed at the club tonight and flirt atrociously with a handsome stranger at the bar.” Sophie laughed in spite of herself. Cates grinned at her over his drink and said,” Look, there’s that smile again.” Still smiling, Sophie said,” I think….I have to go and talk to someone. Thanks for cheering me up.” “Oh, fine,” Cates teased. “Leave me here all by my lonesome. Its just as well—I was fancying a dance and after watching you ‘bust a move’ I think I’m better off asking Roxanne.” Sophie gave Cates a shove for insulting her dancing, waved a goodbye, and headed off in the direction of Maddy. A few very fit blokes were chatting up Victoire and her sister, and Maddy was not pleased when Sophie waved her over. “What?” Maddy hissed, while simultaneously smiling at and attractive Italian. “I’m heading out early.” “Why?” Suddenly, Maddy was more concerned than irritated. “I’ve got to apologize to Albus.” Maddy raised an incredulous eyebrow. “Soph, you’ve been avoiding that all week. Why do you suddenly—wait, how much did you have to drink?” “Oh Sophie, I know this sounds like a good idea, but it’s the alcohol talking. You’ll only end up making a fool of yourself.” “Mads, I only had the one.” “You can’t even remember how much you’ve had. I’m a terrible older sisters, exposing her baby sister to this kind of environment. Here, I’ll help you home.” “Maddy! I’m fine!” Sophie shook her elbow out of Maddy’s hold. “Really I am. I’m not drunk, I just realized that I can’t really have fun until I’ve gotten this off my chest. It will take me five minutes—I’ll be right back.” Her sister looked her up and down, suspiciously. “Listen, just walk in a straight line really quickly—“ “Maddy,” Sophie said, exasperated. “Fine, but check in when you get to the Potter’s. I want to make sure you haven’t splinched yourself.” “Sure thing mum,” Sophie teased before apparating out of the club. When her feet touched the ground again, she was standing in the slightly dewy grass outside the Potter’s house. The heels that Roxy had forced on her wobbled a bit as she made her way across the lawn to the door. Once on the porch, she rang the door bell and waited for the response. A breeze rustled the trees as Sophie strained her ears to hear someone coming to the door. Perhaps she should have thought this through. She didn’t even know if the Potters were home. Just as Sophie convinced herself to walk back to the apparition site and return to the club, the door opened. “Sophie?” asked James, confused. “Come in—is something wrong?” “Um, well. I just wanted to see if Albus was home for a chat.” Sophie looked around, guilty. She knew that James knew about her little out burst with Al. She hoped he would not make a big deal about it. “Yeah,” James replied. “He’s just upstairs in his room.” Sophie nodded and started towards the stairs. “And Soph?” the sound of James’ voice stopped her momentarily. “I know you’ve done wrong, but don’t be too hard on yourself. It could have happened to anyone.” Sophie nodded with a rueful smile and made her way to Albus’ room, steeling herself for the worst. In front of his door she took a deep, calming breath and knocked. “Hey, Al.” Sophie knew he was standing before her in the doorway, but she kept her eyes glued on the ground. If she looked him in the eyes, she knew she wouldn’t be able to finish. So, focusing on Al’s bare feet and pajama bottoms, Sophie blurted, “I’m so sorry for the way I acted the other day. You were right; I was way out of line. And I already said as much to Scorpius, so you don’t have to worry about—“ Sophie didn’t even get to finish talking before warm, strong arms enveloped her and Al pulled her into a very comforting hug. “I hate when you are mad at me. I hate that you are disappointed in me. I’m not perfect, Al, but you have to forgive me, you have to!” “No Soph, I should be apologizing. I knew you were under stress and didn’t mean it. I shouldn’t have snapped at you. And I didn’t know how to ask your forgiveness.” “Well,” Sophie pondered, her head resting in the crook of his neck. “Groveling is a good place to start.” She heard the rumble of his laughter reverberate in his chest, and for the first time in days she felt complete. It was never good to be on the outs with a friend, especially when that friend meant as much to her as Al did. They stood there like that, Sophie leaning on Al, his hand tracing circles on her back for a few moments, until Albus seemed to realize how close they were and disentangled himself. “So,” he transitioned, only slightly awkwardly. “ Where were you that you were all dressed up?” Sophie looked down, forgetting momentarily the short dress and high heels that was her uniform for the night. “Oh, girls night. Roxy and the others are still out living it up.” “And you left early for little old me?” Albus grinned a crooked smile and Sophie’s heart melted. He retreated into his room and sat back at his desk which was covered in a thick layer of papers, books and quills. “Its hard to have fun when you are feeling guilty about something. “ Sophie sat at the edge of Al’s surprisingly neat bed and took off her shoes, which had bothered her feet much more than she had realized until she left the club. “Soph, you didn’t have to feel guilty about that.” Albus had turned his desk chair towards her, his head bowed in shame. He ruffled his hair uncomfortably. “I didn’t mean—its just that Scorpius has it so much harder than we do. And his family’s been going through some rough media as well. Did you see that nasty article in the Prophet two weeks ago?” Sophie nodded—with all the tension surrounding the Magical Equality laws that the Potters were supporting, the media had had a field day. Two weeks ago, a particularly unpleasant article had been written that had alleged the reason the Malfoys had not publically supported the equality act was that they were Purists and had then commenced to remind the public of the Malfoy’s sordid past in dark magic. It had not been flattering. “But no matter about the Malfoys. I know you didn’t mean any of it—you’ve just been under so much stress.” “Things have been crazy over the few months, haven’t they?” Sophie began, hesitantly. “You can say that again,” answered Albus, leaning back in his chair precariously. “Things have been crazy—“Sophie said teasingly, before Albus cut her off by throwing a pillow at her. Sophie caught it and threw it back, giggling. “Al,” Sophie began again, more seriously. “What do you think about the Magical Equality laws?” He raised an eyebrow. “What brought that on?” Sophie shrugged and picked at a loose string on his comforter. “Well, I think it’s the right thing to do. But I think it will be years before its in place, and years after that before it becomes something most witches and wizards actually believe in. Our parents certainly have a fight on their hands to get that law to make the changes they want it to.” Sophie looked at him, amazed again at the enigma that was Albus Potter. “Yeah, I’m coming to believe the same thing. James doesn’t worry about it too much—he just thinks that everybody will agree once the law is finalized. But not everyone is like our families.” “James likes to think the best of everybody,” Albus said this with a smile, meaning it as a compliment. “It’s a good thing,” Sophie agreed. "Its just that issues like this are so complicated. You have to change the oppinions of an entire poplulation of wizards." "And with the deep prejudices set in place, it will be hard." It was one of the reasons that Sophie loved Al so much. He thought about these dilemmas teh same way she did--focusing on what was right but understanding the difficulties that came with the task. And it was in that moment she made up her mind--she was going to tell Albus. “I need to talk to you about something. And I don’t think I can talk to anyone else about it,” Sophie's heart was beating out of her chest. She was about to tell her biggest secret, but she had to know what he thought. She needed his advice. "You have to promise me that you won't tell anyone what I say." “What do you mean?” now Albus was suspicious. “Al,I have to tell someone. I can't keep it to myself any longer.” Sophie took a deep breath and let it out in a rush. “They think that the attacks on the ministry were orchestrated by magical creatures unhappy that the Magical Equality Law hasn’t been signed yet.” Al stared at her, mouth agape. “Oh.” Hello All! I know--its been so long since I last posted. I'm so sorry! But in my defense, I've never had such a busy summer. I hope this being extra long helped out :) So what do you guys think about Sophie telling Al her secret? Good idea or bad idea? And how do you think he will respond? As always, any characters you recognize are not mine (JKR is amazing!). The title is from Graham Greene's novel ("The Heart of the Matter") and the summary quote is from Shakespeare's "Two Gentlemen of Verona." Chapter 11: Catch 22 “What?!” yelped Albus, surprised. Sophie opened her mouth to repeat the sentence, but before she had even uttered the first syllable, Albus leaped across the room and shut the door, an almost frantic look in his eyes. Sophie shut her mouth in surprise. “Please tell me,” began Al slowly. “That I misheard you and completely overreacted to your saying something perfectly normal.” “Like about how I’m excited for the Malfoy’s Summer Ball?” Asked Sophie, playing along with his charade. “Yes. Please Merlin tell me you said something about their ball and I flipped out unnecessarily. “ “You know I didn’t,” Sophie’s voice was sad. “I’m sorry I dumped this on you.” “I’m trying not to be irritated, Soph, but that’s a lot to tell me all of a sudden,” Al looked sad and unhappy, but not angry. He ran a hand over his face and absentmindedly ruffled his hair, a mannerism he had adopted from James. “I’m so, so sorry. Its just that I’ve been not saying it for so long. I ask Roxy where we are going for lunch, and I want to tell her. I went into Diagon Ally to buy a pair of shoes and wanted to shout it from the street corners. Its bursting out all over the place and I hate keeping secrets.” “I suppose we can’t say anything. Of course we can’t.” “Nobody has sworn me to secrecy or anything,” offered Sophie, hesitantly. Al smiled ruefully. “Even so, we couldn’t. It would cause so much more harm than good.” Sophie looked into his eyes and knew in that moment that he felt exactly the same way she did. He struggled with the decision as she had, and for the same reason. There was a moment where Sophie felt completely in tune with Albus, and never before had she wanted to kiss him so badly as now. It is an incredibly powerful feeling, to find someone who shares your ideals, with whom you feel so in tune. But then Sophie remembered who she was and what Albus thought of her, and just barely prevented herself from doing something extremely embarrassing that would have deeply threatened their friendship. Albus Potter was blissfully unaware of the turmoil going on in his friend’s heart. Instead, he was focusing on the problem at hand. In one short sentence, Sophie had caused an issue he believed in firmly—the Equality Act—to look very different to him. He was not rethinking his stance on the fact that all magical creatures should have the same basic rights. It was simply that up until this point, he had only seen the good, the downtrodden, put-upon side of the fight. Now he was seeing that even the “right” side had bad components. It was disconcerting to be sixteen and be reminded that good and evil are rather hazy and overlapping descriptions. Life would be so much easier if they weren’t. Albus groaned in frustration, wondering what this information would mean for the future of the bill, for magical kind. Suddenly Sophie was beside him, an arm around his shoulders and her head resting near his own. “They aren’t bad, just confused and tired of waiting to be treated like equals.” Albus smiled. “I know.” And Sophie knew that he did. “Do you remember when you were a second year?” “Vaguely,” replied Albus, dryly, wondering where this was going. “Its just that, all those years ago I asked you what you wanted to be when you grew up. Do you remember what you told me?” “Quidditch player,” Albus said with some confidence. There had been a brief period in his life where he wanted to do anything and everything that James did. “No,” answered Sophie. “You told me you wanted to be Headmaster of Hogwarts and I laughed at you.” Albus grew quiet. “I remember,” he replied slowly, because now he did. “I thought, what a silly thing to want to be when you are twelve. Especially when there are so many more interesting things to want to be. Rose wanted to be a Dragon Tamer. James wanted to be a quidditch player. But you wanted to be a teacher.” Sophie was smoothing his jumper in a distracted way that was distracting him. He had forgotten that he had ever told her, and was not sure how he felt that she remembered something so silly. “And I asked you why on earth you wanted to do that, and you replied that you wanted to change things. Big things. Like Gryffindors and Slytherins. You told me, at eleven, that having everyone divided into houses only kept the old hatred alive, and that if you were going to change the world you needed to change the people. And if you want to change people, you change how you teach them. Slytherin, Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw—those labels didn’t matter. You wanted to show that what mattered was who each person was.” “I’m sure I don’t remember it sounding nearly that eloquent,” mumbled Al, embarrassed. “Well I do. And it really made an impression on me. I’ve always remembered it. Its why I thought. Well. I thought that if I told you, you wouldn’t run off making assumptions and judging. You would know that that there are good and bad people on both sides of the argument.” There were a few long moments of silence, before Al said with a smile,” I can’t believe you remember that. It was years ago and I was just a kid.” “Of course I remember it,” laughed Sophie. “That was the moment I first…realized you were going to grow up to be something special.” Sophie gave his shoulders a final squeeze and rolled to the end of the bed where her shoes where. The real end to that sentence was the moment I first realized I loved you. But Sophie would never say that sentence aloud. Instead, she smiled over the familiar memory of an eleven year old standing out in the December snow, promising her that he would change the world one day. “I’m not mad, you know. That you told me. Its just a lot. Actually, I’m kind of flattered.” “Well, you should be flattered, me being so important and all,” Sophie drawled, trying to figure out how the strappy shoes went back on. “Our world is really changing, isn’t it.” “Maybe it always was, and we just didn’t see it until now. Makes me wonder what all I missed.” The shoes were on and her purse was located. It was time to go back to the club. As she had promised Maddy, it had taken no more than five minutes. Well, twenty. But Mads had been busy with the Italian, and surely had not noticed her prolonged absence. “You off?” Asked Albus. “Yeah, the night is still young. You know me, party animal and all that.” “You come here, deliver earth shaking new information, and then just abandon me?” teased Al. Sophie spun around, apologetic. She really had done that. “I’ll stay if you want me too,” she offered. And for three heart breakingly exciting seconds, she thought he would ask her too, but instead he smiled and told her to go finish her night. “In all honesty, the more I think about it, the less surprised I am. It was only a matter of time before something like this happened.” “To be fair, they really don’t know who did it,” Sophie elaborated. “They just suspect. But even a suspicion is enough to give the Purists a boost and change the feelings of the public towards the law. If they had something more substantial, they would say something.” “Knowing my father, of course they would. He can’t stand for government to lie to the people. He probably can’t even stand this white lie.” “Some times you have to, in order to keep people safe. Imagine all the riots that would occur if it came out that non-wizard magical creatures could break into the Ministry and do all that damage. There would be a public outcry to put everything that wasn’t human in a cage. And I can’t imagine that would go over well.” “We’d be three seconds from an interspecies magical war,” answered Albus gravely. Sophie looked at him, again seeing a glimpse of the amazing man she was sure he would become. She shook herself out of the solemn moment and smiled. “On that happy note,” she laughed. “I will take my leave.” Albus managed a smile in return and ushered her towards the door. “Oh, now that we are friends again, am I going to see you at the Malfoy’s Ball?” “Of course, good sir! It is only the social event of the season—I would never miss it!” Sophie teased. The first hour was always fun—seeing people she had not seen in months, the excitement, the food. But as the evening wore on, making small talk with the adults and dancing with the children of her mother’s friends occupied her time. It was an event she both looked forward to and dreaded. “Yeah, well, I’ll be the handsome one in the fancy dress robes,” teased Albus. “He’s lying of course—that will be me.” James sauntered in from the den, having heard then come down the hall. “Alls well?” He questioned. “Right as rain,” sang Sophie, and she stepped into his arms for a goodbye hug. She had not seen him in days. It was odd, missing someone who had been such and important part of your life. Sophie was reminded that seventh year would be quite an adjustment, if only because James would not be around as much. “Sure you don’t want to hang around? Mum and Dad are out at an event and Lily’s at a friend’s. Really, Al and I are just tearing the house apart we’re so bored.” “Its practically in ruins,” lamented Albus as he gave her a quick kiss on the cheek in farewell. “Yeah, yeah. I can tell,” Sophie smiled. “But if I stay any longer Maddy will get worried.” Sophie waved a cheerful goodbye and walked off towards the apparition site. Just before she popped off she heard James ask Albus, “So what did you talk about for so long?” but she apparated before she could hear Al’s reply. Back at the club, Sophie was able to lose herself in the music. She danced with Dom and Victoire, chatted with a cute boy at the bar, and played a never-have-I-ever-esque drinking game with Maddy and her Italian suitor. For the first time in weeks, she felt completely free—no one was mad at her, nobody thought she was dating James, and she had Al to talk to about the Magical Equality Act. For a brief, glorious moment, her life seemed normal, open, and guilt free. I know its been forever--in my defense, this has been a really difficult semester. And I know that this is a bit shorter than normal, but if I added any more it would have been too long, so I decided to end it where it is. Also, if you see any typos, please tell me--I edited this very late at night and I am prone to miss things. The quote in the summary is from Henry IV by W. Shakespeare. I chose it because there is an underappreciated side of boldness and valor that requires you to put aside your personal beliefs to bring about the greater good. In my mind, this is something that a Slytherin or Ravenclaw might understand better than a Gryffindor (one reason why Albus understands better than James might). Have a lovely holiday and expect more updates now that the semester is over. Cheers! http://www.harrypotterfanfiction.com	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409275
__label__cc	0.743076	0.256924	Van & Roxanne Vancouver Island Psychic Roxanne Paragliding … and crashing in Nepal HealingSearch.com Mind Body Fitness, Inc. Paragliding launch Pokhara, Nepal About ten years ago my husband and I decided to celebrate our 50th birthdays and 30th anniversary by spending four months in Nepal learning to paraglide. It was an amazing, and yes, frightening experience. Some days we would be circling in the sky with huge eagles and buzzards close enough to touch, beautiful Lake Thewa sparkling thousands of feet below us, and massive 25,000 foot peaks dominating the horizon. Truly, a life-changing adventure. Little did we know. On the morning of Christmas Eve, I launched off the hill for my 52nd flight, leaving my husband and a friend standing on the cliff as I flew down the ridge and out of sight. I didn’t know it would be fifteen minutes before wind conditions would allow them to take off. And they didn’t know I was about to crash near the landing site and break my back. Pokhara from the air I lay in a crumpled heap in a rice paddy at the bottom of a cliff. I couldn’t stand. The slightest movement brought agonizing spasms. Local children and women huddled around me but didn’t know what to do. A dog licked my face. I saw a vision in the clouds – my mother’s face showing shock and concern, and filling me with love. Twenty minutes later my husband landed nearby, ripped himself out of his harness and raced over. Another paragliding friend arrived shortly after. There was no ambulance, no helicopter, no emergency service to call, so they very carefully got me up the hill and to a taxi. Our hotel and home for 4 months I refused to go to the hospital, insisting they take me back to our hotel instead. Which is why I was sitting on the fourth-floor terrace of our hotel two hours later, fighting off spasms and fear, when gunfire erupted in the street below as Maoist guerrillas attacked a police checkpoint in front of our hotel. ‘Long Live Maoists’ graffiti At first it sounded like fireworks. But then women started screaming and someone yelled, “They’re killing each other! They’re killing each other!” I started sobbing and tried to get out of my chair. My husband dragged the chair with me in it off the terrace and back into the safety of our room. It was Christmas Eve, 2004. 4th-floor terrace we were on when the Maoist guerillas attacked the police checkpoint directly below us on the street and the bullets started flying. Two weeks later, I finally went to the local hospital where they took x-rays of my spine and found evidence of massive trauma. But the doctors insisted it was from a very old injury. I asked how they knew that, and they said, “Otherwise you wouldn’t be walking.” They said no paragliding for two weeks, but other than that, expressed little concern. Roxanne in bed in the Hotel Tropicana ICU, insisting, “I’m fine. My back’s just a little sore.” So ten days later we were still in Nepal and I was well on my way to recovery (and more flying, I thought), when we got word that my mother-in-law had just passed away after a long illness. Then, the next day, the King of Nepal declared martial law and locked down the country because of the war happening around us. He closed the airports, and cut off all phone and internet service indefinitely. We were stranded with no way out of the country. We tried to be as philosophical as possible about our circumstances, but a few days later we were once again pushed up against the wall when a visiting Swiss Radiologist happened to have a look at my x-rays. The instant he saw them, his eyes opened wide in dismay and he said, “I don’t think this is an old injury! See these? These are bone fragments in your spinal canal. If one of them shifts you could be instantly paralyzed. You shouldn’t be walking. You shouldn’t even be standing!” Roxanne’s burst vertebra Our journey instantly took another twist: it became a tour of medical facilities in Nepal. A CAT-scan in Pokhara reaffirmed the Radiologist’s concern. An MRI in Kathmandu confirmed his diagnosis – it was a very recent burst fracture of the third lumbar vertebrae. I must not carry anything bigger than an apple. I must avoid any trauma or jarring action. (Have you ever taken a taxi ride in Asia??) And there was nothing anyone could do: I would have to see a neurosurgeon as soon as I returned to Canada. Suddenly, every pothole in the road became a mortal enemy. Every twinge from my back came with a vision of life in a wheelchair. Every moment of not knowing what was in store sucked emotional energy from my husband and me like a giant black hole. And then we met Dr. Banskota, an American-trained orthopedic surgeon who runs a hospital in Kathmandu where they do free surgery on underprivileged children with terrible deformities whose parents could never afford the operations. Dr. Banskota and patient And as we sat with him in his office, he exuded such love, such optimism, and such wonderful stories of the body’s remarkable ability to heal itself, that by the time we left him, we had been transformed. For the first time in many days, we had hope. The next day, we flew to Europe. And several days after that, we were back in Vancouver. Every one of the x-ray technicians, emergency-room doctors and neurosurgeons who saw my collection of x-rays, CAT scans and MRI’s over the next several weeks was astounded that I was walking. And a few months later it was decided that surgery was too risky, and that my spine had stabilized enough to minimize immediate risk of paralysis. Recovery was now up to me. But my neurosurgeon made one thing perfectly clear, “My lady, you have used up every one of your nine lives.” My husband and I had gone through the most intense five months of our thirty years together. We had floated in the air thousands of feet above the earth. We had witnessed death, been touched deeply by it, and come closer to losing each other than ever before. And we had come out of it closer than ever before. A friend later insisted, “I knew that trip was going to be a disaster for you.” But we don’t look at it that way at all. In fact, it is still our favorite journey ever. And when people look at me today they have no clue of how close I came to dying or life in a wheelchair. But I do my best to never forget. And I’ll be forever grateful for the many self-healing techniques we’ve collected and been teaching others for many years. Suddenly I had to put them to good use myself! (Van designed a short yoga program for me that was so effective Whistler’s premier physiotherapist would like to take me to conferences to show other physios what self-healing techniques can accomplish.) Van and I have been together now for over forty years now, and many of those were spent on the road, traveling and living overseas. But this adventure, celebrating our fiftieth year on the planet, was our most memorable. It changed everything. And we don’t regret it one bit. With every good wish (and safe landings!) on your own adventures, Roxanne K. Chappell Roxanne & Van in Australia, 1974 In Pokhara, Nepal, 2004, just before Christmas Eve! © 2020 Mind Body Fitness, Inc. *PLEASE NOTE: All the material on this site is for general information and education purposes only. You should always consult with your physician and other health care providers before making any decisions that might affect your health.	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409276
__label__wiki	0.617555	0.617555	Welcome to USF Health at the University of South Florida, Tampa Patient embraces commitment of bariatric surgery and succeeds with USF-TGH expert team Written by Sarah Worth · August 7, 2014 @ 8:44 am · Filed under College of Nursing, College of Pharmacy, College of Public Health, Diabetes Center, Morsani Center for Advanced Healthcare, Morsani College of Medicine, Patient Care, Physical Therapy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Uncategorized, USF Health Lead Story Jeana Hadley considers herself a decent example of good health – she eats right, exercises and maintains a healthy weight. But that model of healthy living is worlds away from the path she was on five years ago, when she weighed 300 pounds. Jeana Hadley said the desire to live for her family when confronted with an obesity-related heart scare motivated her to commit to weight-loss surgery and a new healthy lifestyle. What caused her to turn things around, to stop overeating, to stop secretly eating, and to finally be able to stick to (at least most of the time) common sense food choices and serving sizes? Hadley doesn’t hesitate with an answer. It’s because of bariatric surgery. More specifically, its’ because of the team of experts at the TGH+USF Bariatric Center who, well before her surgery, looked at every aspect of her struggle with obesity: her co-morbid conditions, her eating and exercise habits, and her tendencies and associations with food. “The bariatric surgery saved my life, but it was the entire team who helped me to succeed with keeping the weight off for these five years,” Hadley said. Obesity is complicated and can only be treated successfully when a high level of attention is given to every issue that surrounds it. That’s why the TGH+USF Bariatric Center has grown to be so successful – it is staffed with experts trained to address every issue related to the patient’s obesity. Those issues not only include the secondary health problems that haunt obese patients, such as diabetes, sleep apnea and hypertension, but the other aspects of obesity that have kept these patients from keeping their weight down in the past, such as the psychological reasons for overeating and the physical issues of exercise. “We are looking at the patient as a whole and helping them with every area that is keeping them from succeeding,” said Michel Murr, MD, professor of surgery at the USF Health Morsani College of Medicine and director of TGH+USF Bariatric Center. Dr. Michel Murr USF has been offering bariatric surgery since 1998 and has gained a national reputation for its integrated and comprehensive approach. In 2013, the team moved into a 5,500-square-foot facility in the Harbourside Medical Tower on the Tampa General campus. The expanded space features examination rooms and education rooms where patients work with Center staff as they progress through the program. Anyone interested in bariatric surgery must attend an informational session held at the Center weekly. Patients admitted to the program then spend three to six months learning the nuances of what bariatric surgery means – the life-long commitment and dietary regimen they face – before surgery is performed. USF President Judy Genshaft and Dr. Murr, center left and right, with officials from Tampa General Hospital and USF Health, at the grand opening last year of the TGH+USF Bariatric Center. At its core, Dr. Murr said, the TGH+USF Bariatric Center offers patients a truly interdisciplinary approach to treating obesity. “When we started this program in 1998, we knew the value of an interdisciplinary approach to treating patients,” he said. “It’s used extensively and successfully in the treatment of cancer. And we know the importance of continued follow-up care, the very same idea used so successfully in cardiac rehabilitation.” But in the management of obesity, these approaches tend to be absent, he said. The team at the USF Bariatric Surgery Program offers patients surgeons, dieticians, psychologists, internists, exercise physiologists, among others. Basically, there is an expert for every health issue facing obese patients, Dr. Murr said. “Patients are successful because we help them with every roadblock and issue they are likely to face,” he said. Jeanna Hadley vividly remembers the day she decided to pursue bariatric surgery. It was in 2007. She had already faced doctors diagnosing her with high-blood pressure, acid reflux, ulcers, and prediabetes. And her family history made her realize she could die young – Hadley’s father died of a heart attack at age 56. Her grandfather died in his 40s. The clincher, however, – the moment that awakened something unstoppable inside of her – was when she had her own heart scare at age 40. Knowing her family history helped elevate the panic she felt when doctors prescribed a round of heart tests. “I was a single mom and I realized no one else would raise them like a mother could,” she said. “I realized I needed to live.” Hadley’s bariatric surgery was on June 29, 2010. “There was a little pain, but overall, totally manageable,” she said. “Of all the improvements this surgery provided, what happened fastest was that my high blood pressure returned to normal immediately after surgery. It really worked! Now I don’t have to take these stupid blood pressure pills anymore.” In addition to reversing her high blood pressure, the surgery also caused Hadley’s sugars, triglycerides and cholesterol numbers to improve, dropping by half. “Body-wise, the surgery was like a chemical re-set button,” she said. Because success depends a lot on the individual, Hadley was adamant with herself to stay on track, starting with some of the “techniques” even before the surgery. “I followed the guidelines to the letter,” Hadley said. “I figured I had made the monumental decision to have the surgery and I actually had the surgery, so why would I do something to screw things up and keep the surgery from helping me succeed.” She even started her routines before surgery, measuring foods to get a feel for the right amount and keeping a food journal, Hadley said. Post-surgery, starting in the hospital, compliance meant a clear liquid diet for three days, followed by a few days of a full liquid diet that included protein shakes, then four weeks of soft, pureed foods, mostly protein based. “They said I could eat strawberries after six weeks but I didn’t have any for six months, that’s how obsessed I was with doing this right,” she said. “I pureed everything. The mini food processor and I got really close those first few months.” Central to every step, though, was protein. “Protein has to be a focus and includes supplements,” said Erica Govsyeyev, MS, RD, LDN, clinical nutrition specialist and a dietitian for the TGH+USF Bariatric Center. “There is no wiggle room when you’re eating such small amounts so it’s important to get as many nutrients as possible with each meal.” While most people should aim for 45 to 60 mg of protein each day, Govsyeyev said, bariatric patients should nearly double that, aiming for 60 to 80 mg each day. Today, Hadley still eats very small meals focusing on healthy choices, including lean proteins (fish, skinless chicken and lean beef). Her 5-year path from surgery to this point went something like this: Her weight went from a peak of 300 pounds to 285 prior to surgery to a low of 133 a year later, a weight she realized was too low so now she hovers in the low 150’s (she’s 5’6” tall). She weighed herself every day for several years, but now only every few days. Post-surgery was a six-week gradual increase in food density: a liquid diet to soft foods to regular food (only about three ounces at each meal). Today, she eats four to six meals each day, each about four to five ounces, depending on the density of the food. Pre-surgery and immediately post-surgery, she could barely walk a mile. By four months after surgery was able to walk five miles. Then she started running. And now is running regularly and racing in marathons. Since the surgery, she takes daily supplements of specialized multi-vitamins, calcium and vitamin D, gets B12 shots twice a month and an iron infusion once a year for anemia, a side effect for some bariatric patients. USF’s Bariatric Surgery Program is standing out nationally, not just for its team approach for treating patients, but also because the team tracks each patient’s progress both during the program and for more than five years after surgery. The goal is to pinpoint what is working and what is not working for the patients, Dr. Murr said. “We are evidence-based and outcome-driven,” he said. That kind of data is what Dr. Murr is publishing in journals and sharing with colleagues around the globe. The results are showing that bariatric surgery works and there are immediate and long-term improvements to the co-morbid conditions of obesity, such as diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea and stress urinary incontinence. Some of Dr. Murr’s newest research is showing that bariatric surgery can also result in significant improvement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), resolving liver inflammation and reversing early-stage liver fibrosis, the thickening and scarring of liver tissue, by reducing fat deposits in the liver. Data are also showing that, because of the intense team approach, these patients are successful in keeping their weight under control. The process is this. First, patients undergo an initial evaluation and are provided with information about the surgery, which lays out what their realistic expectations should be. Then patients attend several support groups and an orientation program that describes the surgery, its outcomes, its long-term effects and who qualifies for it. This gives them a realistic snapshot of what surgery is and what it means for the rest of their lives. Next is an extensive psychological evaluation, where patients and psychologists really delve into a patient’s perception of health, the surgery and the life-long commitment it requires. If patients have passed muster to this point, they then meet with team members to set up a personalized plan for post-operative care and follow-up, including extensive input from dieticians and exercise physiologists. “Surgery doesn’t fix everything,” dietitian Govsyeyev said. Govsyeyev meets with bariatric patients like Hadley long after their surgeries, using realistic food props to help illustrate portion size and a meal’s health components. “You’re still going to have challenges and stresses,” she said. “We work to define areas where they may struggle to help set them up for success.” In addition, many secondary problems are addressed: high blood pressure is under control, sleep apnea is under control, etc. Only at this point do they undergo bariatric surgery. The entire process can take six weeks or more, but that pace is a good thing, Dr. Murr said. “Each patient has to have all of the information necessary to make such a huge decision and to be completely sure that surgery is right for them and that they know full bypass is not reversible,” he said. “They have to have realistic expectations of the surgery. I want them to be ready and not rush to a decision.” This extensive process offers the best outcomes with the fewest complications, he said. The team approach is so powerful that many times a patient will not require surgery in order to successfully manage their weight. Many times, it’s during that intense evaluation that a patient’s core problems are addressed, and a plan is defined that will help the patient succeed without having to go to the extreme of bariatric surgery, Dr. Murr said. At home, Hadley is straightforward with her boys. “Before the surgery, I told them ‘This is what Mommy is doing and I need your support,’” she said. Her boys, ages 15 and 17, never had a problem going along with her new health and food regime. “They were great,” she said. “They never told me ‘I’m not eating that!’ And the boys are healthier because I’m paying so much more attention to healthy foods. They are so much healthier than I was at those ages. But I tell them they still need to watch. They still have our family genes.” For Jeana Hadley, the surgery saved her life. She even continues attending the educational sessions at the Bariatric Center, although this time she brings the post-operative patient perspective. “Now I’m sharing my success story with people considering the surgery,” she said. “I tell them ‘I was where you are now,’ because I know how great it is to talk to someone who has already gone through the journey.” “And the USF team was great and was in touch with what my individual needs were.” To hear more about the TGH+USF Bariatric Center, please call (813) 844-7473. Notes from Jeana Hadley – Form good habits: start a food log and measure food before the surgery. Better yet, start before the education sessions. “We’re all creatures of habit, so establishing habits ahead of time makes it much easier after surgery.” – Make the best use of the education sessions. Keep attending to reinforce the information and tips. – Your taste buds will change. Everything will taste differently. “Diet drinks now taste sour.” – Know your limit: Always measure because, while one piece should satisfy, more will make you sick. Photos by Eric Younghans, USF Health Office of Communications Tags: bariatric surgery, Jeana Hadley, Michel Murr, obesity, Tampa General Hospital, TGH, USF Health, weight loss MCOM’s Dr. Xingmin Sun Recognized with Excellence in Innovation Awards View USF Health Honors & Awards by Sarah Worth Search USF Health News Check out facts about USF Health with our USF Health fact sheet MCOM Annual Report 2018 SPTRS recognizes first culture champion Second Quarter 2019 Winners Earn Press Ganey Awards USF Health APRN recognized as Culture Champion Members of College of Public Health recognized for quick action USF Health Video Blog Can’t find a news post? Find the news we've covered over the last five years in our USF Health News Archive USF Health Communications Media relations, internal/marketing communications, social media, community outreach and more. 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__label__wiki	0.502309	0.502309	Landscaping Rock Placement: Do-It-Yourself Tips A border keeps rocks in place. Image Source/Photodisc/Getty Images 1 Make a Rock Garden on a Sunny Slope 2 Remove Landscaping Rocks Out of Beds 3 Make a Rock Lawn 4 Landscape Around Porches With Rocks You don't need a professional landscaper to install a durable rock area in your yard. Placing a mix of boulders, river rocks, gravel and other rock types is a DIY project you can probably handle in a weekend. The mix of rock styles creates a natural look for the rock landscape. With a lot of muscle and basic landscape design principles in mind, you can place your own rocks in a low-maintenance landscape that fits yours needs. It's just as true in landscaping as it is in real estate. Rock can increase the heat in the immediate area on hot days. Any plants in the area need to be able to tolerate the higher temperatures and may need more watering. If you use rocks on or near a seating or entertainment area, expect your guests to feel the heat. Rocks can sometimes become dangerously hot in extreme temperatures. The location is also a factor when you install the rock. A rocky area in a far corner or in a part of the yard that is difficult to reach creates more work for you when moving the heavy rock. Think Natural If you plan to use larger boulders or rocks as focal points, the arrangement should replicate rocks in nature. You won't see a lot of perfectly lined up boulders in their natural state. For a natural look, arrange a group of larger boulders made from the same type of rock but in different shapes and sizes. An odd number of boulders tends to look most natural, advises Landscaping Network. Smaller rocks around the larger focal points provide ground cover for the area. Sink It Down A large rock plunked down on top of the soil is a dangerous landscaping practice. Partially burying the larger rocks prevents them from tipping, should someone sit or stand on them. The rocks also look more natural because larger rocks in nature tend to sit partially underground. If you're only using small rocks, such as river rocks or pea gravel, digging down before you place the rocks allows you to have a thicker layer while keeping the rocks level with the surrounding ground. A border helps keep smaller rocks from moving into the lawn. The border prevents a lawn mower from catching and throwing any rocks along the edge. Don't Strain Landscaping rock -- even small types -- take a lot of effort to move because they're so heavy. When doing your own rock project, have the rocks delivered as close to the work area as possible to minimize the work. If you're bringing the rock home yourself in a truck, back up the vehicle next to the area where you're landscaping. A wheelbarrow can help when you're moving smaller rocks. Don't overload the wheelbarrow, because it will be too difficult to push and steer if it's too heavy. If you're using boulders, you may need to rent a skid loader. Southern Mulch: DIY -- Landscaping With Rocks Landscaping Network: Selecting & Placing Boulders and Rocks Based in the Midwest, Shelley Frost has been writing parenting and education articles since 2007. Her experience comes from teaching, tutoring and managing educational after school programs. Frost worked in insurance and software testing before becoming a writer. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in elementary education with a reading endorsement. Frost, Shelley. "Landscaping Rock Placement: Do-It-Yourself Tips." Home Guides \| SF Gate, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/landscaping-rock-placement-doityourself-tips-101291.html. Accessed 20 January 2020. Frost, Shelley. (n.d.). Landscaping Rock Placement: Do-It-Yourself Tips. Home Guides \| SF Gate. Retrieved from http://homeguides.sfgate.com/landscaping-rock-placement-doityourself-tips-101291.html Frost, Shelley. "Landscaping Rock Placement: Do-It-Yourself Tips" accessed January 20, 2020. http://homeguides.sfgate.com/landscaping-rock-placement-doityourself-tips-101291.html Landscape With Decorative Rock Mounds Dispose of Landscaping Rocks Boulder Planting Ideas Equipment for Removing Rock From a Yard Keep Small Rocks in a Flowerbed from Moving What Kind of Crushed Rocks Do You Use for Artificial Grass? Cover a Grass Yard With Rock Break Up Rock for a Wall Landscape With Artificial Rocks Should All Landscape Rock Borders Be Made With Same Kind of Rocks? What Type of Gravel Is for a Koi Pond? What Happens if a Lawn Mower Hits a Rock?	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409286
__label__cc	0.748312	0.251688	Is Iceland as egalitarian as the U.N. thinks? mad_cat In Blog Posts On January 14th and 15th there will be a men’s conference at the UN. Sounds great—finally men will get a voice, right? Right … ? It sounds good until you hear that the #HeforShe spokeswoman is working with Iceland in hosting this. You guessed it, Emma Watson. So rather than this being about men for men, it is about men helping women. http://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/emma-watson-delivers-game-changing-speech-on-feminism-at-un-1.2017993 The #HeforShe campaign is nothing more than a recruitment drive of white knights coming in to rescue women from themselves by putting all the responsibility for women‘s problems on them. But don’t worry, men, Emma recognizes that you have issues as well. Although she doesn’t speak to how to get them resolved. In response to this, Iceland is taking the next step: a conference by men, for men, to discuss men‘s responsibility to help women. Iceland has been knighted in the #HeforShe campaign to enlist men in the highest honor that a man can serve: women. When I first saw this, my first question was: Why Iceland? In my research, I found a study that evaluated more than 140 countries over a span of nine years for gender equality. It should be noted that no country got a perfect score. However, Iceland got the highest score. So if Iceland got the highest score, that means they know something about gender equality, right? Men and women working together in a state of harmony, building a true egalitarian society? Yeah … you probably guessed that this is leading to some bullshit. That bullshit is The Global Gender Gap Report. Each year a new report is released that measures gender equality in a country. The highest score is 1, indicating that the country truly represents a gender equality state. Iceland is the highest–scored country, with 0.8594. Due to this, Iceland is leading the charge of gender equality in the UN. Seems like a good idea. However, with many biased tests, there is much more to the story. There is what you are told to believe and then there is what you are not told. Lucky for us they have provided much information on how they came to their conclusion. From the 2014 report: The Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria, and provides country rankings that allow for effective comparisons across regions and income groups. The rankings are designed to create greater awareness among a global audience of the challenges posed by gender gaps and the opportunities created by reducing them. The methodology and quantitative analysis behind the rankings are intended to serve as a basis for designing effective measures for reducing gender gaps. Seems straightforward. However, to see the bullshit, we need to dig some more. Our aim is to focus on whether the gap between women and men in the chosen variables has declined, rather than whether women are “winning” the “battle of the sexes”. Hence, the Index rewards countries that reach the point where outcomes for women equal those for men, but it neither rewards nor penalizes cases in which women are outperforming men on particular variables in some countries. Thus a country, which has higher enrolment for girls rather than boys in secondary school, will score equal to a country where boys’ and girls’ enrolment is the same. This survey is directed toward women and how they compare with men. A variable will get the score of 1 if women are equal to men in any fields. However, if women surpass men in any field, then it is treated as if women were equal to men in said field. The bias represented here presents two problems. First, it is not concerned with any disadvantages that men may face in society. After all, this is the Global Gender Gap Report. Now, yes, there are areas where women do not have the representation that men have, except that there are social pressures put on men that may invalidate some of this testing. The second problem is when women surpass men; this creates a gender gap, but the report ignores that. The survey doesn’t represent a gender gap test; instead, it represents a woman’s status test. The study does not measure where the gap exists in our society, rather what a woman‘s status is within a given society. For that, this is not about gender equality. Instead, it is about the representation that women have in the form of domination of any given society. Let‘s take a look at the results page for the United States from the report: http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2014/economies/#economy=USA The United States is ranked 20 out of 140 countries. With 19 countries fairing better, that indicates that U.S. women need advocacy. However, upon closer examination of the study‘s overall conclusion, I feel there are several things wrong with this page. Let me go ahead and point out a few: 1. Everything is set to a female-to-male ratio, ignoring gaps indicated by a male-to-female ratio. A feminist will argue this is done because men are a privileged class and are already represented in all parts of society, so this is measuring the injustice of women. If that‘s the case, call it a female status test. Gender gap test would measure both extremes. It is studies similar to this that validate feminist claims that men are a privileged class, studies that are biased to begin with to find the results feminists want them to find, creating circular reasoning. Feminists use the research to say that it exists, but the study states it exists because the researchers already believed it exists. Researchers started with a conclusion and worked backwards to find evidence to support their conclusion, which is not how a research study is done. Start with an observation and collect evidence. Test your evidence based on a hypothesis until your hypothesis accommodates all evidence. Only then can you make a conclusion that is ready for peer review. Instead, we get researchers drawing a conclusion and cherry-picking evidence to capture the narrative they are trying to tell, which is also known as conclusion-based research. 2. Under the “Economic Participation and Opportunity” subindex, wage equality is set at .66, indicating that women earn 66% of what men earn. Also of note, there are no figures for this. Current feminist theory states that women make $0.76 to a man‘s $1.00, which would be 76%. More than that, however, the wage gap in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom has been debunked. 3. Estimated earned income is the same for men and women. Wait a minute? If women earn 66% of what men do, then how can the estimated earned income be the same? I guess what they are saying is that men and women earn the same income, but women earn less of an income than men. It makes perfect sense if you don’t question it. 4. Weights and measures. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR14/GGGR_CompleteReport_2014.pdf When it comes to statistical analysis, weight is a way of modifying the stat to give more importance to it. So you have two stats, but one is more important than the other, so you might take that stat and multiply it by 2 to indicate it is twice as important as the other stat. Let‘s look at “Education Attainment” and their weights. In the case of this study, the higher weight a variable has, the greater importance it defines. Primary is elementary school; secondary is high school, and tertiary is college. So what this is saying is that how well you do in elementary school is four times more important than college. And how well you do in high school is twice as important as college. Let‘s not forget that the ability to read is more important than college. Why would there be less emphasis on college? College is what creates work for politics, STEM fields, and other high–paying jobs. The more successful people in society have graduated from college. So what gives? Look at these stats for the United States. The first three in the list, they are practically tied, which is consistent with most of the top 20 countries I researched. Also, consistent was higher college enrollment among women than among men. I believe this got lower weight, to affect the overall score. Since the report compares women with men as a measure of equality, the researchers attempted to downplay accomplishments of women to support the narrative of women‘s oppression in society. Ultimately, the researchers don’t care about the gender gap. Rather, they only care when men dominate women in a given field and ignore when women dominate men in a given field. 5. Life is twice as important as death. Seems logical. So we have two stats: birth rate and life expectancy. We don’t have any statistics for birth rate. However, it has a weight of .693. Death rate has a weight of .307, so the birth rate is more than twice as important. How is the birth rate a gender issue? Sure, there are some countries that do abort children of an undesired gender. It‘s very unfortunate that happens, but a minority of countries do this. Why punish all countries of gendered-specific abortion? In countries that are not gendered-specific with abortion, the rate of birth is entirely random. There is no justification for the birth rate to hold twice the value of the death rate. The measurement of death is crucial. While biologically we all die when we die, quite often people die prematurely. The reason for premature death is critical, as it is a gender issue. A gender with a shorter lifespan faces greater adversity than one that lives longer. In the United States, men are seen to have a shorter lifespan. In fact, this study shows how true that is. In essence, men are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, respiratory disease, HIV, tuberculosis, and malnutrition. Not mentioned here is that men make up more of the homeless population, have a higher suicide rate, and have a higher rate of work-related deaths. So does the fact that women live longer than men make it a more gender-balanced society? In the end, this is about female oppression. Feminist researchers want more focus on areas where they can point to a gap that favors men, thus claiming that more boys are born than girls, so they can alter the score. It is true that more boys are born each year than girls, at a rate of 1.05 males to 1 female. However, men die younger and more often than women do. Looking at the CIA Factbook website, I found the information this study used for these stats: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female 6. Politics The reason Iceland did so well on this survey and the United States did so poorly was women‘s representation in politics. Iceland has about 66% women representation in their politics than the United States at 19%. What hurt the United States the most was that they had no female presidents, which had the most weight. When it comes to politics in the United States, we have to remember that all politicians are elected. Summing up the system into the total number of female presidents undervalues the complexity of the system. It should be noted that women represent the largest voting group. If all the women in the United States voted for the same woman for president, that woman would win the election—even if she is not on the ballot. More than that, the gender of a politician doesn’t indicate individual politics. It has been shown that female politicians have worked against the feminist narrative. Men can also be pro-feminist. Our next president could be male but give into all feminist lobbies and promote everything they want. Under that circumstance, women would not be underrepresented, but this survey would still say the country failed this portion because the president was male. Female politicians can also go against women‘s groups‘ stated interests. Republican and Democrat women don’t agree on women‘s issues. Are both groups right about women‘s best interests even when they contradict each other just because they‘re women? Politics is not as a gendered problem in the United States, but since so few females are in office, it is treated as one. I try to turn the question back on them: Did you vote in the last election? Who did you vote for? Why didn’t you vote for a woman? This report is fundamentally flawed in so many ways. While it states it is looking at the gender gap for individual countries, it is reporting a feminist threat narrative. Said narrative is prompting Iceland to say they are the most gender-balanced society in the world, which gives them clout to host a discussion on men’s gender issues in January. This study is saying that Iceland is the most female-represented society in the world. Rather than look at the information and draw conclusions from there, the researchers instead started with a conclusion and did everything they could to make the study fit their narrative. Even to the point of undervaluing college education below that of elementary school. Just so they could show that women are oppressed. In my next article, I will take the numbers provided and attempt to show how egalitarian a country is, by comparing both men and women to each other. While I don’t trust the numbers they came up with, I want to demonstrate that their conclusion is wrong, even with the numbers they conjured up. Hear more from mad_cat on Youtube. To see more of Kukuruyo’s artwork, visit Kukuruyoart. Author at Concrete Desk Once a member of the Honey Badgers, he left due to real life issues going on that required more of his focus. He is doing all that he can to make a career out of writing, but still is in the movement to give voice to men that so rarely get their voice heard. On YouTube, he is known as the Angry Egalitarian. He's an easy going guy who loves deep analytical thought, enjoys gaming, and being goofy. Latest posts by mad_cat (see all) The Worst Crime - December 3, 2016 Feminists Inject Shame Into Male Contraception - November 2, 2016 Is there Racism While Driving? - September 22, 2016 #men #MRA activism anti-feminism Bad Science Damseling Demonization double standards Equality Evidence Collection Female Privilege feminism feminist logic feminists gender Gender Stereotypes Good Intentions gynocentrism Gynonormativity Hyperagency It's Shit Like This Feminists Male Disposability media bias Men's Movement men's rights misandry OMFG! The Gender Lens Stop to think says: The global gender gap report appears to be one of the most apparent attempts at academic fraud in quite some time! MGTOW 4Ever says: I support Feminism I think its fantastic. The more broken the society becomes the more men will abandon it and do their own thing. That means men will be freed from their Gender roles of provider and protector. Women can have kids by them selves and work and provide for them selves as well. There are 10% of men that don’t give a shit any more in the USA wait till that number hits 30% then who is going to pay for all the entitlements? Men will not complain, they will just keep on trucking like they always have, its women that will start bitching and complaining about no good men available to be exploited. By mad_cat January 4, 2015 Honey Badger Radio: The unkindest cut Honey Badger Radio: Feminist Grinches	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409289
__label__cc	0.611568	0.388432	Home News US announces sanctions on Chinese companies US announces sanctions on Chinese companies The United States on Wednesday announced sanctions on Chinese companies for buying Iranian oil, stepping up pressure despite European attempts to arrange talks between Washington and Tehran. Speaking to a pressure group opposed to the Iranian regime on the sidelines of the United Nations, Pompeo said the actions were in response to violations of unilateral US sanctions. “We’re telling China, and all nations — know that we will sanction every violation of sanctions of all activity,” Pompeo told United Against a Nuclear Iran. He said that sanctions were being placed both on the companies and on their chief executives. Pompeo said that the United States was also aiming to split the elite Revolutionary Guards from the rest of the Iranian company. The unit, known formally as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), is in charge of protecting the regime and has vast business holdings. “The United States will intensify our efforts to educate countries and companies on the risk of doing business with IRGC entities, and we will punish them if they persist in defiance of our warnings,” Pompeo said. The actions come as France leads last-minute efforts to arrange a meeting at the United Nations between US President Donald Trump and his Iranian counterpart Hassan Rouhani to defuse tensions. (AFP) Previous articleArrests made after police break up Sha Tin protest Next articleBeijing to unveil new weapons at military parade	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409290
__label__cc	0.589839	0.410161	Dec. 3, 2019 9:33 AM EST Golf Glance AP-GLF--Golf Glance HERO WORLD CHALLENGE Site: Nassau, Bahamas. Course: Albany Golf Club. Television: Wednesday-Thursday, 1-4 p.m. (Golf Channel); Friday, 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. (Golf Channel); Saturday, 10 a.m.-noon (Golf Channel), noon-3 p.m. (NBC). Purse: $3.5 million. Winner’s share: $1 million. Defending champion: Jon Rahm. Last year: Rahm went from a three-way tie for the lead to a four-shot victory by closing with a 7-under 65. Tournament host Tiger Woods finished 17th against the 18-man field. Notes: The entire 12-man American team for the Presidents Cup is in the field, including U.S. captain Tiger Woods. ... The tournament starts Wednesday and ends Saturday, after which the U.S. team will take a charter to Australia for the Presidents Cup, arriving at Royal Melbourne on Monday morning. ... Rickie Fowler plays for the first time since the Tour Championship. He was picked to replace Brooks Koepka in the Presidents Cup. ... Dustin Johnson, who had knee surgery on Sept. 5, decided to withdraw to make sure he was ready for the Presidents Cup. He was replaced by Chez Reavie. ... The two sponsor exemptions went to Henrik Stenson and Jordan Spieth, both outside the top 40 in the world. This gives Spieth a chance to assure he stays in the top 50 until he plays next at the Sony Open. ... Justin Rose makes his primary resident at Albany in the Bahamas. ... Woods is a five-time winner of his holiday event, though he has not finished within 10 shots of the winner in his three previous appearance at Albany. ... Only three non-Americans are in the field — Rahm, Stenson and Rose. Next week: QBE Shootout. Online: www.pgatour.com PGA TOUR OF AUSTRALASIA EMIRATES AUSTRALIAN OPEN Site: Kensington, Australia. Course: The Australian GC. Yardage: 7,207. Par: 72. Television: Wednesday-Saturday, 8 p.m. to 1 a.m. (Golf Channel). Purse: A$1.5 million. Winner’s share: A$270,000. Defending champion: Abraham Ancer. Last week: Josh Younger won the NSW Open. Notes: The Australian Open is the first of 16 events in 11 countries that offer qualifying spots for the British Open next year. The leading three players, not already exempt, finishing in the top 10 and ties will earn a spot at Royal St. George’s. ... The tournament precedes the Presidents Cup at Royal Melbourne. It usually has a strong field, except that U.S. captain Tiger Woods is hosting his Hero World Challenge in the Bahamas. ... Eight players from the U.S. team were in the 2011 Australian Open. There are none this time. ... International captain Ernie Els, vice captains K.J. Choi and Geoff Ogilvy and six Presidents Cup players are in the field. ... Jason Day withdrew from the Australian Open and Presidents Cup because of a back injury. ... The Australian Open is the fifth-oldest national open behind Britain, the United States, South Africa and Canada. ... Past champions include Gene Sarazen, Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Tom Watson and Greg Norman. Next: Australian PGA Championship on Dec. 19-22. Online: www.pga.au.or EUROPEAN TOUR and ASIAN TOUR and SUNSHINE TOUR AFRASIA MAURITIUS OPEN Site: Heritage Bel Ombre, Mauritius. Course: Heritage GC. Yardage: 6,986. Par: 71. Television: Thursday-Friday, 3:30-8:30 a.m. (Golf Channel); Saturday-Sunday, 2:30-7:30 a.m. (Golf Channel). Purse: 1 million euros. Winner’s share: 166,667 euros. Defending champion: Kurt Kitayama. Race to Dubai leader: Pablo Larrazabal. Last week: Pablo Larrazabal won the Alfred Dunhill Championship. Notes: Only four Australians are in the field of a tournament held opposite the Australian Open. ... The field includes Nicolas Colsaerts and Thomas Pieters of Belgium, two former Ryder Cup players. ... Former British Open champion Paul Lawrie is playing on a sponsor invitation. ... The tournament is tri-sanctioned among the European Tour, Asian Tour and Sunshine Tour. ... The tournament has been part of the European Tour schedule since 2015. ... With only three tournaments left, Jazz Janewattananond of Thailand leads the Order of Merit on the Asian Tour by nearly $300,000. Next week: South African Open (Sunshine Tour); Indonesian Masters (Asian Tour); Australian PGA (Europe) on Dec. 19-22. Online: www.europeantour.com and www.asiantour.com and www.sunshinetour.com PNC FATHER-SON CHALLENGE Site: Orlando, Fla. Course: Ritz-Carlton GC. Yardage: 7,120. Par: 72. Television: Saturday-Sunday, 11 a.m. to noon (Golf Channel), noon to 2 p.m. (NBC). Purse: $1,085,000. Winner’s share: $200,000. Defending champion: Davis Love III and Dru Love. Notes: Davis Love III and his son are not back to defend the title. Dru Love played 10 times on three tours since the last Father-Son Challenge, five of them on the MacKenzie Tour in Canada. ... Annika Sorenstam is the first female professional to play the Father-Son. She will be playing with her father, Tom. ... Jim Furyk is playing with his father, Mike. The other 18 players are playing with a son, daughter or grandson. ... Jack Nicklaus returns with grandson G.T., who made an ace at the Par 3 Tournament at the Masters this year. ... Only major champions are in the field — 11 won the British Open, 10 won the U.S. Open, seven won the PGA Championship and six won the Masters. Online: www.pgatour.com/champions Japan Golf Tour: Golf Nippon Series JT Cup, Tokyo Yomiuri CC, Tokyo. Defending champion: Satoshi Kodaira. Online: www.jgto.org PGA Tour Latinoamerica: Shell Championship, Trump National Doral (Golden Palm), Doral, Fla. Defending champion: Michael Buttacavoli. Online: www.pgatour.com/la/en Ladies European Tour: Magical Kenya Ladies Open, Vipingo Ridge, Kilifi County, Kenya. Defending champion: New event. Online: www.ladieseuropeantour.com Staysure Tour: MCB Tour Championship, Constance Lemuria, Praslin, Seychelles. Defending champion: New event. Online: www.europeantour.com/staysuretour British Open Golf PGA Championships	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409294
__label__wiki	0.953503	0.953503	KERN-AM Latest Waco News No. 2 Baylor women Big 12-record 45th straight league win WACO, Texas (AP) — No. 2 Baylor goes much deeper than its starting five, and coach Kim Mulkey is getting more confident in those players coming off the bench. Mulkey is getting plenty of chances to use them all, and the defending national champion has another record winning streak. Moon Ursin, one of the... Manek lights it up in Oklahoma's 83-63 win over TCU Jan. 18, 2020 5:21 PM EST Brady Manek made his home in the corner. Oklahoma’s junior forward found plenty of opportunities for his favorite shot — the corner 3-pointer — on Saturday against TCU and took advantage. Manek scored a career-high 31 points to help the Sooners to an 83-63 home win over the Horned Frogs.... Baylor hires LSU's Aranda as head coach Baylor hired LSU defensive coordinator Dave Aranda as its new head coach Thursday, three days after the Tigers completed their undefeated national championship. Aranda, a head coach for the first time, takes over a Big 12 program in much better shape than it was when Matt Rhule got there more than three years... AP source: Baylor finalizing deal to hire LSU's Dave Aranda as new football coach. WACO, Texas (AP) — AP source: Baylor finalizing deal to hire LSU's Dave Aranda as new football coach. No. 2 Baylor wins 13th in a row 68-55 over Iowa State WACO, Texas (AP) — Davion Mitchell took the inbound pass for No. 2 Baylor at the end of the first half, quickly worked his way down the court and stopped just short of the 3-point line on the right wing and got fouled, just as he expected. Mitchell made all three of his free throws with less than a second... Title defenders: No. 2 Baylor women on roll into Big 12 play WACO, Texas (AP) — Baylor coach Kim Mulkey will point out that the only loss for the second-ranked Lady Bears — to current No. 1 South Carolina, at the end of November — was a game they played without standout senior post Lauren Cox. The preseason AP All-American is healthy now, and so are... Baylor All-America DE Lynch bypassing senior season for NFL WACO, Texas (AP) — All-America defensive end James Lynch says he is bypassing his senior season at Baylor for early entry into the NFL draft. Lynch announced his decision in a social media post Monday, and said that choosing Baylor was the best decision of his life. The 6-foot-4, 295-pound defender said he... Pair of No. 2 Bears: Baylor men and women ranked AP No. 2 WACO, Texas (AP) — Baylor has a pair of No. 2s in The Associated Press polls, with both the men's and women's basketball teams ranked second. The Bears and Lady Bears, both 13-1 overall, were also ranked in the top two at the same time in January 2017. “It says a lot about both of our programs,... Baylor jumps to No. 2 in AP Top 25; Gonzaga stays No. 1 Good luck finding any team in the country that notches a better pair of road wins in the same week than Baylor, which followed up a victory at Texas Tech by invading Allen Fieldhouse and thumping Kansas on its home floor. As a result? The Bears leapfrogged the Jayhawks and Duke into the second spot in The... No. 6 Baylor women beat Oklahoma State 94-48 after UConn win WACO, Texas (AP) — NaLyssa Smith and No. 6 Baylor followed up that streak-busting win at top-ranked UConn with another big victory at home. Smith had 30 points and 15 rebounds, both career highs, and the Lady Bears beat Oklahoma State 94-48 in their Big 12 home opener Sunday. That extended what is now the... LOADING MORE STORIES	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409295
__label__wiki	0.914109	0.914109	by Brandon Hill — Monday, October 22, 2018, 08:55 AM EDT Atari Retro Handheld Console Brings Woodgrain Atari 2600 Love to Nostalgic Gamers It looks as though the VCS isn't the only "new" console on the way from Atari. The company has announced that it will soon be releasing the Atari Retro Handheld, which is in essence a portable version of the classic Atari 2600 home console. However, while the original Atari 2600 hooked up to your old 13-inch(ish) tube television, the Atari Retro Handheld has all the action taking place on a rather small 2.4-inch display. Flanking the display is a directional joystick on the left and two game buttons on the right. You'll also find select and start buttons near the top of the device. Atari is really playing up the retro aspect of its new portable device with the same ribbed black plastic styling and woodgrain trim found on the original Atari 2600. As for games, Variety reports that the Atari Retro Handheld will come with 50 games preinstalled including Asteroids, Breakout, Centipede, Missile Command, and Pong. And if playing on the tiny 2.4-inch display gets tiring after a while (and it likely will), there are A/V connectors on the console so that you can hook it up to your big screen television. If that wasn't enough, the company has also unveiled the Atari Plug & Play Joystick, which is available in both PC and TV versions and is patterned after the original Atari one-button controller. The PC version comes with 100 games preinstalled, while the TV version cuts that number in half. Atari has priced the Atari Retro Handheld console at £34.99, while the Atari Plug & Play Joysticks are priced at £24.99. The Atari Retro Handheld is currently available from Amazon UK, with a scheduled release data of October 26th. There is currently no word on U.S. availability. Tags: Atari 2600, Atari, atari vcs, atari retro handheld Via: Amazon UK	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409296
__label__wiki	0.644512	0.644512	EZ-Link and NETS to join hands to push for cashless payment in Singapore hawker centres webadmin on April 15, 2016 Blog, creative one page psd, creative psd, Works 3D 0content Two local payment giants EZ-Link and NETS announced in a joint statement their first interoperable payments system which e-payments can be made by EZ-Link and concession cards through all NETS terminals at hawker centres in Singapore. The objective of this collaboration is to make cashless payment an easy, attractive and available option for both consumers and merchants in Singapore. From April 2018, EZ-Link and concession cardholders will be able to tap their EZ-Link cards and concession cards, on NETS terminals to make cashless payments for meals and drinks at hawker centres. To start with, EZ-Link cards will be accepted at around 1,000 stalls in more than 30 hawker centres. Some of these hawker centres are the ones at Beo Crescent, Tanjong Pagar, Yishun Park and Zion Road, Singapore Polytechnic, Republic Polytechnic, Nanyang Polytechnic, Temasek Polytechnic and the National Technological University. According to a report by Straits Times, some of the NETS-enabled food stalls currently display a QR code that works with the e-wallets of DBS Bank, OCBC Bank and United Overseas Bank (UOB), as well as the NetsPay e-wallet. This QR code will soon be changed to the SGQR code, which will work with more e-wallets such as Singtel Dash. There has been concerns that e-payment advancements will not be able to benefit senior citizens and students with do not have bank accounts. To ensure that no member of the society is left behind in this journey towards a cashless society, the partnership also supports the use of concession cards for payments at NETS terminals in hawker centres. It is expected that the partnership will expand in scale and reach upon its launch. In the joint statement, EZ-Link CEO Nicholas Lee was quoted to comment that the two firms “hope to continue to establish similar partnerships to increase our acceptance points across Singapore, and empower Singaporeans of all ages in the nation’s cashless journey.” At the moment, EZ-Link cards focus on facilitating payment for public transport while NETS has around 100,000 acceptance points that primarily serve transactions in the retail sector by allowing consumers to make direct deductions from their bank accounts through their ATM cards. Other uses of NETS include the Electronic Road Pricing and carpark payment with its CashCard. As previously reported, e-payment is one of the selected focus areas in the city-state’s Smart Nation initiative. For example, in June 2016, PayNow was launched to enable customers of participating banks to transfer and receive Singapore Dollar funds from one bank to another almost instantly, using just their mobile number or Singapore National Registration Identity Card (NRIC) or Foreign Identification Number (FIN). However, the e-payment landscape in Singapore is characterized by the presence of multiple initiatives. As Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong noted in his National Day Rally Speech last year, the many e-payment systems in Singapore are not integrated or unified. This collaboration between EZ-Link and NETS will hopefully accelerate Singapore’s drive for a cashless society. Template Sticky Stay Tuned Coming Soon!	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409304
__label__wiki	0.59103	0.59103	Whisper the Wolf Weapons, Video Game Items Egg Pawns wielding Egg Spears surround Sonic. Egg Spears were lance-like weapons that were commonly utilized by the robotic Egg Pawns of the Eggman Empire. Usage Aboard the Egg Fleet Sonic destroys an artillery cannon with an Egg Spear. When Sonic snuck onboard a battleship of the Egg Fleet, he was found by Neo Metal Sonic, who commanded a number of Egg Pawns to attack Sonic. A number of these possessed Egg Spears and surrounded Sonic, but Sonic managed to disarm one of them and use its Egg Spear to spin around with it in hand, defeating the Egg Pawns surrounding him. He then threw it at a nearby artillery cannon and obliterated it. (IDW Sonic the Hedgehog: #7) The Battle for Angel Island Later, the Egg Spears would be wielded by the Egg Pawns guarding Angel Island, although that did little to stop the Resistance and their allies when they came to liberate Angel Island. (IDW Sonic the Hedgehog: #9, #10) The Egg Spear resembles a stereotypical lance more than a spear, but very long by comparison, being easily over twice the height of an Egg Pawn in length. It has a cone-shaped head that is white and orange, and the sharp tip is orange. It also has a large, thick, and round orange vamplate as well as a thin orange and black grip. The Egg Spear was based on the weapon of the same name in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game series where it first appeared in Sonic Heroes]. It was unnamed in the comic, but its name is considered tier 2 canon by this site's canon policy, as it does not contradict already established canon from tier 1. The Egg Pawns, who use the Egg Spears, made their debut appearance together in the same game. Retrieved from "https://idwsonic.fandom.com/wiki/Egg_Spear?oldid=5335" Video Game Items	cc/2020-05/en_middle_0097.json.gz/line1409305

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