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CFP for Open Panels "Can it Scale? The scalability zeitgeist, entrepreneurial thinking, and the role of STS" (#18) and "Living in the laboratory: Experimental zones and the labification of everything" (#96) -- EASST/4S Conference, Prague, Aug 18-21, 2020
We are delighted to bring to your attention two calls for papers for open panels at the EASST/4S Conference in Prague (Aug 18-21, 2020). Please consider submitting a paper, and feel free to circulate the call! The submission deadline is Feb 29, 2020.
Sebastian Pfotenhauer
(on behalf of the panel organizers)
18. Can it Scale? The scalability zeitgeist, entrepreneurial thinking, and the role of STS
Scalability is central to contemporary innovation discourses and, therefore, political and economic life. ‘Can it scale?’ Has become a cliche in venture capital firms and NGOs alike. Perhaps most prominent in discussions of platform technologies, big data, and new digital monopolies, scalability has also permeated public policy in the form of “grand societal challenges,” calls for “entrepreneurial statehood”, and scalable “living labs.” This panel questions scalability as a paradigm and ordering device in innovation and public policy. Our ambition is not to theorise scale, as geographers have long sought to do. Rather we aim to examine how actors mobilise and stabilise ideas of scale through their ‘scalable’ innovation instruments and practices, and the changing political economy associated with it. This opens the possibility of interrogating how actors mobilize, rationalize, and operationalize (the idea of) ‘scaling up’ and ‘scaling across’ space, and what it means to produce credible templates. Rather than repeating rehearsed objections to the very possibility of scalability, on the grounds that the local is irreducibly complex, this panel aims to work toward a new STS vocabulary for understanding and critiquing the entrepreneurial zeitgeist of scalability. We seek to open new avenues for enquiry, by attending to the practices through which spaces are hierarchically organised, like Russian-dolls, into scalar models of one another or ‘flattened’ into a single scalar register. The panel welcomes theoretical engagements with scalability, as well as efforts to broaden the STS toolkit for practically engaging with problems of participation, power, and justice at different scales.
Panel organizers:
Makoto Takahashi, MCTS/Technical University of Munich
Sebastian Michael Pfotenhauer, MCTS/Technical University Munich
Brice Laurent, Ecole Des Mines De Paris
Gianluigi Viscusi, EPFL
Cian O’Donovan, University College London
96. Living In The Laboratory: Experimental Zones And The Labification Of Everything
Notions of “laboratories,” “experimentation,” and “zones of exception” are presently gaining wider currency, far beyond the traditional confines of S&T and the narrow focus on lab science. From evidence-based policy-making using controlled trials, to living labs, test beds and regulatory sandboxes, all the way to design labs, urban labs, policy labs, social innovation labs, and legal labs – experimental approaches are being deployed across countless social and political settings. These labs promise to tackle social problems more inclusively, playfully, innovatively, and effectively, while at the same time invoking elements of scientific rigor, controlled experimentation, and the promise of scalability. They frequently lower regulatory burdens and overtly enrol populations into the making and testing of immature technologies, suggesting that business as usual will not produce the right solutions and that the effects of these experiments can be contained and tested before releasing them onto society at large.
This track aims to scrutinize the ongoing “labification of everything” in processes of social, political, and technological change. Building on STS traditions in lab studies, technical democracy, public engagement, and the politics of innovation, we especially invite papers asking:
– How are lab-like settings deployed across diverse settings?
– What does it mean to live in, or be exposed to, experimental settings?
– How are livelihoods, rights, and responsibilities affected by it?
– How do localized zones of exceptions challenge/reconfigure/test the state and the law?
– Which/whose problems are labs supposed to solve? Which problems do they create?
– How do labs contest/reconfigure/stabilize socio-technical orders, redistribute power and affect (in)equality?
Arzu Sedef, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
Thomas Buocz, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
Brice Laurent, CSI-Ecole Des Mines De Paris
Mathieu Baudrin, CSI-Ecole Des Mines De Paris
Sebastian Michael Pfotenhauer, MCTS/Technical University of Munich
Prof. Dr. Sebastian M. Pfotenhauer
Carl von Linde Assistant Professor of Innovation Research
Munich Center for Technology in Society (MCTS)
Augustenstr. 46, Room #456
80333 München, Germany
office: +49 89.289.29222
mobile: +49 17.3344.1148
Innovation, Society, and Public Policy Group
Coordinator, EU H2020 Consortium SCALINGS
Profiles: ResearchGate & Google Schoolar
· Engels, F., Wentland, A., Pfotenhauer S.M. “Testing future societies? Developing a framework for test beds and living labs as instruments of innovation governance,” Research Policy (2019).
· Guridi, J.A., Pertuze, J.A, Pfotenhauer S.M. “Natural Laboratories as Policy Instruments for Technological Learning and Institutional Capacity Building: The Case of Chile’s Astronomy Cluster" Research Policy (forthcoming).
· Garden, H., Winickoff, D., Frahm N. and Pfotenhauer S.M. “Responsible Innovation in Neurotechnology Enterprises” OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers (2019).
· Pfotenhauer, S.M. “Building global innovation hubs: The 'MIT Model' in three start-up universities.” In: Wisnioski, M. et al. (eds.) Does America need more innovators? MIT Press, pp. 191-220 (2019)
· Pfotenhauer, S.M., Juhl, J., Aarden, E. “Challenging the ‘Deficit Model' of Innovation: Framing Policy Issues under the Innovation Imperative,” Research Policy (2018).
· Winickoff, D. and Pfotenhauer S.M. “Technology Governance and the Innovation Process,” OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook (2018).
· Pfotenhauer, S.M. and Jasanoff, S. “Panacea or diagnosis? Imaginaries of innovation and the “MIT model” in three political cultures,” Social Studies of Science (2017).
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-EL GORE- » October 1, 2013
Pink Frost – Sundowning
October 1, 2013 Published by: Denis
The sun goes down and Mr. Shoegaze meets Mr. Grunge who both decide to do a jolly pub tour until the early morning.
Ruins sounds like a collaboration between The Smashing Pumpkins and Torche with its grungy guitar and amiable but in the same time sneaky rhythm that knocks you out of your socks when you don’t expect it.
Destructive grunge vocals and bass lines take you right back to the 90s from time to time, but it’s hard to define Pink Frost’s sound in just a few words, due to a certain love of experimentation which unhappily gives an impression of unnecessarily erring on a straight line.
The Difference then makes a difference (*bu-dum-ksh*) by turning down the volume and the noise. This unfortunately sounds like a boring version of some melancholic Foo Fighters summer hit. Just let the fury out guys, you don’t need this stuff! The listeners will be glad that the next song resumes with screeching guitars and dirty, non-pop sound. This doesn’t mean that more sensible tunes don’t work on this album, which is proven by Maybe It’s You, the secret star of Sunddowning.
Occupy within then suggests the intro of a punk song before changing into a rambling oriental psych-song. Blue Light, the last song, again strikes a calmer note, giving a warm and chilling feeling to your ears and letting the album slowly float towards the dawn of a new day.
Personally spoken, Sundowning should have more courage and let unfold itself and the power of shoegaze, but this certainly is something for fans of good-mood-grunge or alternative rock, shoegaze à la Torche (but more moderate), and maybe for lovers of California X.
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Using the pick it up the pace idiom, specifying the speed rate
The idiom pick it up the pace means to increase tempo. I need to describe a specific rate of doing thing that is being increased. For instance:
You could start out with one training a week, and then pick it up the pace up to 3 times a week.
I'm not sure if the usage pick it up the pace up to sth is correct. In the dictionary I referenced to above, there was an example describing the fact of increasing speed rate, without specifying a concrete speed.
vocabulary idioms
Dmitrii BundinDmitrii Bundin
There's no "it" in the idiom you're quoting. Even in the link, the idiom is simply "Pick up the pace". There is certainly an idiom that reads "Pick it up"... but it seems that you've smashed the two together here. – Catija♦ Aug 31 '15 at 3:43
@Catija You're right. I thought that if pick it up means to increase speed of doing some excercise then we could also just append the pace to it and get a correct expression. It's not true? – Dmitrii Bundin Aug 31 '15 at 3:52
@Catija BTW, what about specifying the increased rate? As far as I understood, pick up is generally used to just indicate that the tempo's increased, without specifying that tempo. – Dmitrii Bundin Aug 31 '15 at 3:53
Nope. It sounds really odd like that. In some uses, "pick it up" and "pick up the pace" mean the same thing, really. So "the pace" isn't necessary. – Catija♦ Aug 31 '15 at 3:53
Yep, that sentence sounds fine... though I'd personally use "You'd better pick up the pace if you want to finish it by the end of this month" It's odd how, as a native speaker, there are slight preferences... someone else could tell you something completely different, though. – Catija♦ Aug 31 '15 at 4:07
You've mashed together two different phrases in your question:
to move, work, etc., at a faster rate.
And, as you show in your question "Pick up the pace"
to speed up the tempo; to increase the rate that something is being done.
These two phrases mean about the same thing.
It would not be acceptable to combine the two phrases the way you have:
*pick it up the pace (bad)
That being said, in your example, it would be understandable for you to use "pick up the pace":
You could start out with one training a week, and then pick up the pace to 3 times a week.
You're right that "pace" usually refers to the tempo or speed of something but it's acceptable to use it to increase frequency as well.
Here's a quote from an article:
In terms of future expansion, McVeigh said: “We did two last year. I’m hoping to do two this year and pick up the pace to three to four the following year. We would like to get to 10 by the end of 2014.”
If you're worried about this, you could also use "frequency":
You could start out with one training a week, and then increase your frequency to 3 times a week.
Catija♦Catija
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged vocabulary idioms or ask your own question.
Can the word “Vote” & “Rate” be interchanged?
pick the nits - what does that expression mean?
Pick Up The Chant
The idiom “be first in Maths”
Use of the idiom 'in a nutshell'
“trust the thrust” idiom
What is a word or idiom of describing “You had pick and bring some job/assignment of trouble to me?”
which is the right idiom?
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Tag Archives: blessing
‘Blessing’ by Imtiaz Dharker
The skin cracks like a pod.
There never is enough water.
Imagine the drip of it,
the small splash, echo
in a tin mug,
the voice of a kindly god.
Sometimes, the sudden rush
of fortune. The municipal pipe bursts,
silver crashes to the ground
and the flow has found
a roar of tongues. From the huts,
a congregation : every man woman
child for streets around
butts in, with pots,
brass, copper, aluminium,
plastic buckets,
frantic hands,
and naked children
screaming in the liquid sun,
their highlights polished to perfection,
flashing light,
as the blessing sings
over their small bones.
I think this is the second poem by Imtiaz Dharker that I have posted on this blog. I just think she is an extremely exciting poet; she uses such bright, colourful language.
I love the opening of this poem, with its image of skin that “cracks like a pod”. This phrase delivers a strong image of dehydration, of drought, and of cracked earth in the heat. The cracked “pod” brings to my mind a pod of seeds, scorched by the sun so that it will never produce or grow or bear fruit…”There is never enough water.” The simplicity of this second statement to me amplifies the tragic ramifications of its significance. Nothing can grow — nothing can live — where there is no water.
In the second stanza, as the poet invites us to “imagine the drip of it”, I find that the sound of the words here are so cleverly evocative that they even make me thirsty! The sibilance of the “small splash”, and the pleasing clanging of consanants in “echoing”, “tin” and “mug” deliver such a strong image of water that is so needed after the image of the “crack[ed].. pod”… It is significant that the poet describes this sound of water as the “voice of a kindly god” because it emphasises to us that very often the people in such a situation (where water is so scarce), view the advent of such a commodity as a kindly act of god. What else is there to do when you have no possibility to improve your situation? What else is there to believe when you have no possibility of educating yourself? I imagine this poem to be set in India somewhere, because of Dharker’s background.
There is a “sudden rush of fortune” in the third stanza, when the municipal pipe bursts. I think this is very clever, the way the poet draws a parallel between financial wealth and the water. Notice that the water is “silver” — so much more bright and expensive than the “brass, copper, aluminium,/ plastic buckets,/ frantic hands” that scramble to trap just a bit of the precious liquid. I think the fact that the water comes from a “municipal pipe” is important. To me, this evokes the idea of a mistake on the part of the authorities — the pipe burst and so the water got out. When I read this poem it makes me think of corrupt authorities that could help their people, but don’t. And when the pipe bursts, the reaction is a furious scramble to get as much from the happy accident as possible. The people in the poem are described as a “congregation” here; again we have some ambiguous religious language that (to me) enforces the notion of superstitious, uneducated people, who do not know how wronged they are by the authorities.
For a moment, in the final stanza, the people — “the naked children” — become perfect, even godlike, as everything around them seems to turn to water. They stand in the “liquid sun” and are turned to gold, “polished to perfection”; they are rich as they stand in the world that has come alive thanks to the water. I think this is such a clever, and beautiful image because it really brings home to us the significance of water — how absolutely indispensable a commodity it is — and how a “rush” of water can be a miracle and a gift from god for those who are not fortunate enough to have been born in a country where it is taken for granted.
The final line, “the blessing sings over their small bones” is so very beautiful. I love the use of “sings”, and the “small bones”, and think it just reinforces the idea of the children’s mortality, reminding us that without water, they would certainly die.
blessingcorruptiondroughtimtiaz dharkerstarvationwater
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Expertise & Innovation
Microbial Risks
Vibrio species account for a significant number of foodborne infections from the consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish. They require salt to grow, and are thus associated with ocean-sourced seafood. There are four Vibrio species of primary public health concern: Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae O1 and Vibrio cholerae non-O1.
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WHAT IS VIBRIO?
Vibrio vulnificus is found in most coastal waters, primarily in estuaries where the tide flows in to a river causing fresh and salt water to mix. It is associated with plankton, shellfish and finfish. It is considered the most serious pathogenic Vibrio in industrialized nations.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is also found in coastal water estuarine environments. It is associated with marine fish and shellfish.
Vibrio cholerae O1 causes Asiatic or epidemic cholera. This organism may be found in the temperate estuarine and marine coastal areas. Cholera occurs in developing nations; periodically, epidemics can spread quickly in developing countries around the world. Sporadic cases occur periodically in industrialized nations.
Vibrio cholerae non-O1 infects only humans and other primates and has genetic differences from the "O1" strain. Non-O1 strains cause a less severe disease. Pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of the organism are found in marine and estuarine environments.
If immunocompromised people or those with impaired liver function consume seafood contaminated with even low levels of Vibrio vulnificus, a severe blood infection (septicemia) can occur. The microorganism enters the blood stream, causing septic shock, which is rapidly followed by death in many cases (about 50 percent). More than 70 percent of infected individuals have distinctive bulbous skin lesions. Consumption of contaminated seafood by healthy people can result in vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. Symptoms begin around 38 hours after consumption of contaminated food, and the disease progresses rapidly.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus causes mild or moderate gastroenteritis with symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, fever and chills. The illness persists for about 2.5 days after an incubation period of four to 96 hours after ingestion. A Food and Drug Administration risk assessment determined that 15 percent of oyster associated illnesses are caused by servings at or above 10,000/g at the time of harvest.
Vibrio cholerae O1 causes a mild or acute watery diarrhea. Onset is usually sudden, with incubation periods varying from six hours to five days. Symptoms include abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, dehydration and shock. Death may occur after severe fluid and electrolyte loss. Illness is caused when viable bacteria attach to the small intestine and produce cholera toxin. It is believed that the infectious dose is likely greater than one million organisms.
Vibrio cholerae non-O1 causes a gastroenteritis by the same name. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps and fever, with vomiting and nausea occurring in approximately 25 percent of infected individuals. Approximately 25 percent of infected individuals will have blood and mucus in their stools. Diarrhea may last six to seven days and will usually occur within 48 hours after ingestion of the organism. The infective dose is suspected to be more than one million organisms. Although rare, septicemia, as has been reported with V. vulnificus, has been reported and deaths have resulted.
HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED?
Vibrio vulnificus has been isolated from oysters, clams and crabs. Consumption of these raw or re-contaminated products may result in illness. Wound infections may result either from Vibrio-containing sea water contamination of an open wound, or by cutting part of the body on an underwater sharp object (coral, fish, etc.), followed by contamination with the organism. There is no evidence of person-to-person transmission of V. vulnificus.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been associated with consumption of raw, improperly cooked, or cooked and re-contaminated fish and shellfish.
Vibrio cholerae O1 is generally spread through contaminated water supplies by poor sanitation. Sporadic cases occur due to the consumption of raw or improperly cooked shellfish harvested from contaminated coastal waters. Vibrio cholera is part of the indigenous microflora of these waters.
Vibrio cholerae non-O1 is transmitted by consuming raw, improperly cooked, or cooked and re-contaminated shellfish.
HOW IS IT CONTROLLED?
The primary control for Vibrio is harvesting seafood from safe waters. Many countries test coastal waters for safe harvesting. Raw oyster-related outbreaks are more frequent in the summer months and are more prevalent in Gulf Coast waters than in other areas of the United States. Thus, limiting the time of harvest may also be an effective control strategy.
After harvest, seafood should be chilled to less than 5°C (41°F) to prevent growth of Vibrio. Cooking seafood to at least 65°C (149°F) will destroy Vibrio; however, this is not a control strategy for those who choose to consume it raw.
Protection from post-process contamination with raw products is important for cooked products. Cooked seafood should be eaten within two hours or promptly chilled to less than 5°C (41°F).
Growth parameters vary among the three Vibrio species.
Temperature (°C) pH Water activity Salt (percent)
V. cholerae 10 – 43 5 – 9.6 0.97 – 0.998 0.1 – 4
V. parahaemolyticus 5 – 43 4.8 – 11 0.94 – 0.996 0.5 – 10
V. vulnificus 8 – 43 5 – 10 0.96 – 0.997 0.5 – 5
Research at the University of Delaware has shown that the use of high hydrostatic pressure inactivates pathogenic strains of Vibrio.1 High-pressure processing may be advantageous over thermal treatments since pathogens such as Vibrio can be inactivated while virtually all flavor, color and nutritional constituents are maintained.
For assistance with this topic or other food safety questions for your operation, please Contact Us.
V. vulnificus
V. parahaemolyticus
V. cholera
V. cholera non 01
FDA Risk assessment
CDC - http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html
Cholera Fact Sheet - http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/
Cholera Health Topics - http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/en/
International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods. Microorganisms in Foods 5, Microbiological Specifications of Food Pathogens, Blackie Academic and Professional, New York, 1996.
1Berlin, D.L., Herson, D.S., Hicks, D.T. and Hoover, D.G. Response of Pathogenic Vibrio Species to High Hydrostatic Pressure. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 June; 65(6): 2776–2780.
Ecolab Singapore
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Keradhjj the Keras
About Keras Eggs
This egg was given out for Creature Release Week in January of 2014.
Not only are the shells of Keras eggs known to be incredibly tough and oftentimes reach 2 inches in thickness, they also provide a sharp jolt of electricity to anything that they come into contact with (excluding other Keras, of course).
Because of the specially adapted horn protruding from Keras eggs, the sparse tunderstorms in the Northern Plains are incredibly beneficial to the developing creature inside. The horn, acting similarly to a lightning rod, will take the brunt of the shock and then disperse it throughout the rest of the egg as a warming mechanism.
About the Keras Creature
The Keras makes its habitat in the vast, dry land that is the Northern Plains.
When a Keras reaches its maximum charging speed of roughly 50 miles per hour, an electrical field will fully envelop the raging creature. With the brutal impact force of weight and electricity now combined, any potential predators will soon second-guess their dinner plan.
Legends say that the name Keras translates into "living lightning" in an ancient Northern Desert language that has been long since forgotten.
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Borough of Atlantic Highlands, NJ
Ch 1 Art I Adoption of Code
§ 1-1 Adoption of Code.
§ 1-2 Code supersedes prior ordinances.
§ 1-3 When effective.
§ 1-4 Copy of Code on file.
§ 1-5 Amendments to Code.
§ 1-6 Publication; filing.
§ 1-7 Code book to be kept up-to-date.
§ 1-8 Sale of Code book.
§ 1-9 Altering or tampering with Code; penalties for violation.
§ 1-10 Severability of Code provisions.
§ 1-11 Severability of ordinance provisions.
§ 1-12 Inconsistent ordinances repealed.
§ 1-13 Ordinances saved from repeal.
§ 1-14 Changes in previously adopted ordinances.
Ch 1 Art II General Penalty
§ 1-15 Violations and penalties.
Ch 5 Boards, Committees and Commissions
Ch 15 Court, Municipal
Ch 20 Emergency Management
Ch 28 Firemen, Auxiliary
Ch 34 Length of Service Awards Program
Ch 55 Political Contributions
Ch 59 Public Works, Department of
Ch 63 Retirement
Ch 103 Background Checks
Ch 106 Balloons, Intentional Release of
Ch 110 Business Hours of Operation
Ch 120 Camping
Ch 128 Certificates of Occupancy
Ch 150 Development Regulations
Ch 156 Drug-Free School Zones
Ch 163 Excavations
Ch 196 Harbor Use
Ch 200 Housing Standards
Ch 226 Massage Parlors
Ch 260 Plastic Bags and Straws, Single-Use
Ch 272 Rental Property Registration
Ch 277 Rent Control
Ch 285 Sewer Use
Ch 303 Special Events
Ch 306 Stormwater Control
Ch 353 Water and Sewer
Agendas Budgets Comprehensive Plans Legislation Minutes Misc. Documents Resolutions
Borough of Atlantic Highlands, NJ / Part I: Administrative Legislation
[HISTORY: Adopted by the Mayor and Council of the Borough of Atlantic Highlands as indicated in article histories. Amendments noted where applicable.]
Article I Adoption of Code
Article II General Penalty
[Adopted 2-23-2011 by Ord. No. 03-2011]
Pursuant to N.J.S.A. 40:49-4, the ordinances of the Borough of Atlantic Highlands of a general and permanent nature adopted by the Borough Council of the Borough of Atlantic Highlands, as revised, codified and consolidated into chapters and sections by General Code, and consisting of Chapters 1 through 353, together with an Appendix, are hereby approved, adopted, ordained and enacted as the "Code of the Borough of Atlantic Highlands," hereinafter known and referred to as the "Code."
This ordinance and the Code shall supersede all other general and permanent ordinances enacted prior to the enactment of this Code, except such ordinances as are hereinafter expressly saved from repeal or continued in force.
This ordinance shall take effect immediately upon passage and publication according to law.
A copy of the Code in loose-leaf form has been filed in the office of the Municipal Clerk and shall remain there for use and examination by the public until final action is taken on this ordinance; and, if this ordinance shall be adopted, such copy shall be certified to by the Clerk of the Borough of Atlantic Highlands by impressing thereon the Seal of the Borough, as provided by law, and such certified copy shall remain on file in the office of the Clerk of the Borough, to be made available to persons desiring to examine the same during all times while said Code is in effect.
Any and all additions, amendments or supplements to the Code, when passed and adopted in such form as to indicate the intent of the governing body to make them a part thereof, shall be deemed to be incorporated into such Code so that reference to the "Code of the Borough of Atlantic Highlands" shall be understood and intended to include such additions and amendments. Whenever such additions, amendments or supplements to the Code shall be adopted, they shall thereafter be printed and, as provided hereunder, inserted in the loose-leaf book containing said Code as amendments and supplements thereto.
The Clerk of the Borough of Atlantic Highlands, pursuant to law, shall cause this Adopting Ordinance to be published, in the manner required, in a newspaper of general circulation in the Borough. Sufficient copies of the Code shall be maintained in the office of the Clerk for inspection by the public at all times during regular office hours. The enactment and publication of this Adopting Ordinance, coupled with availability of copies of the Code for inspection by the public, shall be deemed, held and considered to be due and legal publication of all provisions of the Code for all purposes.
It shall be the duty of the Clerk or someone authorized and directed by the Clerk to keep up-to-date the certified copy of the book containing the Code required to be filed in his or her office for the use of the public. All changes in said Code and all ordinances adopted subsequent to the effective date of this codification which shall be adopted specifically as part of the Code shall, when finally adopted, be included therein by reference until such changes or new ordinances are printed as supplements to said Code book, at which time such supplements shall be inserted therein.
Copies of the Code, or any chapter or portion of it, may be purchased from the Clerk, or an authorized agent of the Clerk, upon the payment of a fee authorized by the Borough. The Clerk shall also arrange for procedures for the periodic supplementation of the Code.
It shall be unlawful for anyone to improperly change or amend, by additions or deletions, any part or portion of the Code or to alter or tamper with such Code in any manner whatsoever which will cause the law of the Borough of Atlantic Highlands to be misrepresented thereby. Anyone violating this section or any part of this ordinance shall be subject, upon conviction, to one or more of the following: a fine of not more than $1,250, imprisonment for not more than 90 days or a period of community service not exceeding 90 days, in the discretion of the Judge imposing the same.
Each section of the Code and every part of each section is an independent section or part of a section, and the holding of any section or a part thereof to be unconstitutional, void or ineffective for any cause shall not be deemed to affect the validity or constitutionality of any other sections or parts thereof.
Each section of this ordinance is an independent section, and the holding of any section or part thereof to be unconstitutional, void or ineffective for any cause shall not be deemed to affect the validity or constitutionality of any other sections or parts thereof.
Except as provided in § 1-13, Ordinances saved from repeal, below, all ordinances or parts of ordinances inconsistent with the provisions contained in the Code adopted by this ordinance are hereby repealed; provided, however, that such repeal shall only be to the extent of such inconsistency, and any valid legislation of the Borough of Atlantic Highlands which is not in conflict with the provisions of the Code shall be deemed to remain in full force and effect.
The adoption of this Code and the repeal of ordinances provided for in § 1-12 of this ordinance shall not affect the following ordinances, rights and obligations, which are hereby expressly saved from repeal:
Any ordinance adopted subsequent to 7-31-2010.
Any right or liability established, accrued or incurred under any legislative provision prior to the effective date of this ordinance or any action or proceeding brought for the enforcement of such right or liability.
Any offense or act committed or done before the effective date of this ordinance in violation of any legislative provision or any penalty, punishment or forfeiture which may result therefrom.
Any prosecution, indictment, action, suit or other proceeding pending or any judgment rendered, prior to the effective date of this ordinance, brought pursuant to any legislative provision.
Any franchise, license, right, easement or privilege heretofore granted or conferred.
Any ordinance providing for the laying out, opening, altering, widening, relocating, straightening, establishing of grade, changing of name, improvement, acceptance or vacation of any right-of-way, easement, street, road, highway, park or other public place or any portion thereof.
Any ordinance or resolution appropriating money or transferring funds, promising or guaranteeing the payment of money or authorizing the issuance and delivery of any bond or other instruments or evidence of the Borough's indebtedness.
Ordinances authorizing the purchase, sale, lease or transfer of property or any lawful contract, agreement or obligation.
The levy or imposition of taxes, assessments or charges or the approval of the municipal budget.
The dedication of property or approval of preliminary or final subdivision plats.
All currently effective ordinances pertaining to the rate and manner of payment of salaries and compensation of officers and employees.
Any ordinance adopting or amending the Zoning Map.
Any ordinance relating to or establishing a pension plan or pension fund for municipal employees.
In compiling and preparing the ordinances for adoption and revision as part of the Code pursuant to N.J.S.A. 40:49-4, certain grammatical changes and other minor changes were made in one or more of said ordinances. It is the intention of the Borough Council that all such changes be adopted as part of the Code as if the ordinances so changed had been previously formally amended to read as such.
In addition, the changes, amendments or revisions as set forth in Schedule A attached hereto and made a part hereof are made herewith, to become effective upon the effective date of this ordinance. (Chapter and section number references are to the ordinances as they have been renumbered and appear in the Code.)[1]
Editor’s Note: In accordance with § 1-14B, the chapters, parts and sections which were added, amended, adopted or deleted by this ordinance are indicated throughout the Code by a footnote referring to Chapter 1, General Provisions, Article I. During routine supplementation, footnotes indicating amendments, additions or deletions will be replaced with the following history: “Amended (added, deleted) 2-23-2011 by Ord. No. 03-2011.” Schedule A, which contains a complete description of all changes, is on file in the Borough offices.
The following nomenclature changes are executed in the Code:
"State Department of Health" is changed to "State Department of Health and Senior Services."
"Magistrate" is changed to "Judge."
"Municipal Clerk" is changed to "Municipal Clerk."
Ratification of provisions included in the 1966 Code. The following chapters/articles were included in the codification published in 1966. In order to formally accept any substantive revisions that may have been incorporated at the time of the 1966 codification, the Mayor and Council hereby accepts and ratifies the following provisions, as subsequently amended:
Ch. 4, Alcoholic Beverages
Art. I, Sale and License Fees (See now Ch. 85, Art. I)
Art. III, Registration of Licensees and Employees of Licensees (See now Ch. 85, Art. II)
Ch. 25, Brush, Weeds and Hedges
Art. I, Brush, Plant Life, Etc., Abutting Roadways (See now Ch. 265, Art. I)
Art. II, Removal of Brush and Other Debris from Lands (See now Ch. 265, Art. II)
Ch. 27, Buildings - Occupancy Regulations
Art. I, Buildings Unfit for Human Habitation (See now Ch. 200, Art. I)
Art. II, Building Registration and Regulations (See now Ch. 272)
Ch. 46, Excavations (See now Ch. 163, Art. I)
Ch. 50, Firemen, Auxiliary (See now Ch. 28)
Ch. 51, Fire Department (See now Ch. 24)
Ch. 58, Harbor Use
Art. I, Rules and Regulations (See now Ch. 196, Art. I)
Ch. 59, Housing Code (See now Ch. 200)
Ch. 72, Licensed Occupations
Art. II, Signs and Advertisements (See now Ch. 211, Art. I)
Ch. 79, Municipal Court (See now Ch. 15)
Ch. 98, Public Health Nuisance Code (Board of Health) (See now Ch. 235)
Ch. 100, Rent Control (See now Ch. 277)
Ch. 112, Snow and Ice (See now Ch. 317, Art. I)
Ch. 130, Taxicabs (See now Ch. 327)
[Adopted 2-8-2006 by Ord. No. 03-2006]
For violation of any provision of this Code or other ordinances of the Borough of Atlantic Highlands, unless a specific penalty is otherwise provided in connection with the provision violated, the maximum penalty upon conviction of the violation shall be by one or more of the following: imprisonment in the County Jail or in a place provided by the municipality for the detention of prisoners, for any term not exceeding 90 days; or by a fine not exceeding $2,000; or by a period of community service not exceeding 90 days.
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Town of Newtown, CT
Division 1: Town Legislation
Ch C Charter
Ch 5 Aquifer Protection Agency
Ch 10 Authorities
Ch 20 Commissions and Committees
Ch 24 Design Advisory Board
Ch 33 Finances
Ch 41 Hattertown Historic District
Ch 45 Housing Partnership
Ch 87 Voting
Part II: General Ordinances
Ch 113 Animals
Ch 116 Blight
Ch 118 Child Protection
Ch 120 Civil Defense
Ch 124 Elections
Ch 132 Fire Lanes
Ch 140 Forests
Ch 144 Fracking
Ch 158 Land Use Procedures
Ch 183 Reusable Checkout Bag Initiative
Ch 185 Roads and Sidewalks
Ch 227 Wetlands and Watercourses
Part III: Regulations
Ch 300 Board of Education Gift Fund
Ch 303 Board of Ethics
Ch 310 Capital Improvement Plan
Ch 314 Commercial Landfills
Ch 350 Purchasing
Ch 355 Rules of the Legislative Council
Ch 380 Wires Over Highways
Part IV: Resolutions
Ch 410 Bazaars and Raffles
Ch 414 Board of Education
Ch 420 Community Development Action Plan
Ch 428 Fire Department
Ch 456 Property, Acquisition and Disposition of
Ch 462 Social Security
Part V: Land Use Agency Regulations
Ch 505 Forest Practices
Ch 510 Inland Wetlands and Watercourses
Ch 550 Sand and Gravel
Part VI: Regulations of Other Bodies
Ch 610 Fire Commissioners
Ch 615 Hattertown Historic District
Ch 621 Health District
Ch 690 Water and Sewer Authority
Ch 700 Special Acts
Division 2: Borough Legislation
Ch B1 Charter
Ch B4 Bamboo
Ch B13 Firearms
Ch B18 Borough Historic District
Ch B42 Special Acts
Ch B48 Taxation
Ch B53 Terms of Office
Ch B59 Trees
Ch B64 Vendors, Hawkers and Peddlers
Ch B70 Zoning
§ B70-1 PURPOSE.
§ B70-2 DEFINITION OF TERMS.
§ B70-2.01 A
§ B70-2.02 B
§ B70-2.03 C
§ B70-2.04 D
§ B70-2.05 E
§ B70-2.06 F
§ B70-2.07 G
§ B70-2.08 H
§ B70-2.09 I
§ B70-2.10 J
§ B70-2.11 K
§ B70-2.12 L
§ B70-2.13 M
§ B70-2.14 N
§ B70-2.15 O
§ B70-2.16 P
§ B70-2.17 R
§ B70-2.18 S
§ B70-2.19 T
§ B70-2.20 W
§ B70-2.21 Y
§ B70-2.22 Z
§ B70-3 DESIGNATION OF ZONES.
§ B70-3.01 Zones designated.
§ B70-3.02 Zoning Map.
§ B70-3.03 Prior maps.
§ B70-3.04 Determination of boundaries.
§ B70-4 USES.
§ B70-4.01 Permitted uses.
§ B70-4.02 Determination of use.
§ B70-4.03 Prohibited uses.
§ B70-4.04 Provisions of general application.
§ B70-4.04.1 Emergency suspension of regulations.
§ B70-4.04.2 Protection of historic features.
§ B70-4.04.3 Emergency service communication uses.
§ B70-4.04.4 Incidental public utility installations and equipment.
§ B70-4.05 Residential zones.
§ B70-4.05.1 Residential open space development.
§ B70-4.06 Special exceptions.
§ B70-4.07 Accessory uses -- residential.
§ B70-4.08 Uses permitted in professional-limited business zone.
§ B70-4.08.1 Professional uses permitted by special exception.
§ B70-4.09 Uses permitted in business zones.
§ B70-4.10 Business zone uses by special exception.
§ B70-4.11 Accessory business uses.
§ B70-4.12 Uses permitted in industrial zones.
§ B70-4.13 Accessory industrial uses.
§ B70-4.14 Performance standards.
§ B70-5 AREA, HEIGHT, BUILDING, YARD REQUIREMENTS.
§ B70-5.01 Requirements established; interpretation.
§ B70-5.02 Height limitations.
§ B70-5.03 Special yard regulations.
§ B70-5.04 Specific requirements for buildings and plots.
§ B70-6 SIGNS.
§ B70-6.01 Purpose.
§ B70-6.02 General provisions.
§ B70-6.03 Definition of terms.
§ B70-6.04 Sign area and design.
§ B70-6.05 Standards for wall signs and freestanding signs.
§ B70-6.06 Sign Illumination.
§ B70-6.07 Permitted signs.
§ B70-6.08 Sign permits.
§ B70-6.09 Sign maintenance and removal.
§ B70-7 PARKING, LOADING, LANDSCAPE AND SIDEWALK REQUIREMENTS.
§ B70-7.01 Parking facilities.
§ B70-7.02 Location of parking facilities.
§ B70-7.03 Parking space and driveway dimensions.
§ B70-7.04 Parking area and driveway standards.
§ B70-7.05 Number of parking spaces required.
§ B70-7.06 Parking for uses operating outside of ordinary business hours.
§ B70-7.07 Truck, boat and construction vehicle restrictions.
§ B70-7.08 Loading space.
§ B70-7.09 Landscape requirements.
§ B70-7.10 Lighting requirements for business, professional and industrial uses.
§ B70-7.11 (Reserved)
§ B70-8 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.
§ B70-8.01 Sale of liquor-alcoholic beverage outlets.
§ B70-8.02 Lots with restricted or no street frontage.
§ B70-8.03 Ponds and incidental excavations.
§ B70-8.04 Special exceptions or permits.
§ B70-8.05 Nonconforming buildings and uses.
§ B70-9 ADMINISTRATION.
§ B70-9.01 Zoning Enforcement Officer.
§ B70-9.02 Relationship to other regulations.
§ B70-9.03 Zoning Board of Appeals.
§ B70-9.04 Amendments.
§ B70-9.05 Severability.
§ B70-9.06 Penalties.
§ B70-9.07 Fees.
§ B70-10 SITE DEVELOPMENT PLANS.
§ B70-10.00 Purpose; specifications and standards.
§ B70-11 EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL.
§ B70-11.01 Definitions.
§ B70-11.02 Activities requiring certified erosion and sediment control plan.
§ B70-11.03 Exemptions.
§ B70-11.04 Erosion and sediment control plan.
§ B70-11.05 Minimum acceptable standards.
§ B70-11.06 Issuance or denial of certification.
§ B70-11.07 Conditions relating to soil erosion and sediment control.
§ B70-11.08 Inspection.
§ B70-11.09 Site stabilization agreement.
§ B70-12 BOROUGH OF NEWTOWN VILLAGE DISTRICT.
§ B70-12.01 Purpose.
§ B70-12.02 Approval required.
§ B70-12.03 Application for approval.
§ B70-12.04 Fees.
§ B70-12.05 Professional review; public hearing.
§ B70-12.06 Outside recommendations.
§ B70-12.07 Specific regulatory standards.
Ch B73 Zoning Administration
Town of Newtown, CT / Division 1: Town Legislation / Division 2: Borough Legislation
Chapter B70 Zoning
[HISTORY: Adopted by the Zoning Commission of the Borough of Newtown 3-1-2005. Amendments noted where applicable.]
These Zoning Regulations are promulgated to secure to the Borough of Newtown the protections and benefits provided by Chapter 124 of the General Statutes, Revision of 1958, as amended. They are designed to lessen congestion in the streets, to secure safety from fire, panic, flood and other dangers, to promote health and the general welfare, to provide adequate light and air, to prevent the overcrowding of land, to avoid undue concentration of population, to facilitate adequate provision for transportation, water, sewage, schools, parks and other public requirements, to conserve the value of the buildings and to encourage the most appropriate use of land throughout the Borough of Newtown. These Regulations and the Zoning Map constitute the comprehensive plan for zoning in the Borough of Newtown.
As used in these Regulations the following terms shall have the following meanings:
"ACCESSORY USE" shall mean a use customarily incidental and subordinate to the principal use being made of the lot, but not including any use specifically prohibited by 4.04 of these Regulations.
"ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE" shall mean any beverage, the sale or dispensing of which requires a permit from the Connecticut Liquor Control Commission.
"ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE OUTLET" shall mean any packaging store, restaurant, tavern, grill or other place where alcoholic beverages are sold, whether for consumption on or off the premises, except wholesale distributors, stores selling canned or bottled beer only, or drugstores dispensing liquor on prescription only.
"ASSISTED LIVING FACILITY” shall mean an elderly housing facility as defined in § 19a-490(l) of the Connecticut General Statutes that, in addition to housing, provides a variety of basic services such as nursing services and assistance with activities of daily living to a stable resident population.
[Added 4-12-2017, effective 4-24-2017]
"BOROUGH" shall mean The Borough of Newtown.
"BUFFER" -- see "Natural buffer" and "Planted buffer".
"BUILDING" shall mean any structure having a roof supported by columns or walls and intended for the shelter, housing, or enclosure of persons, animals or chattels.
"BUSINESS BUILDING" shall mean a building, which may be comprised of more than one discrete building structure, none of which shall exceed 6,500 square feet of gross floor area, provided that:
Each such building structure is physically and visually separated; and
All such structures are situated and oriented upon the lot so as to minimize the visual mass of the various components when viewed from any public way;
Such structures are used for businesses, restaurants without drive-through service, or retail uses, including, but not limited to, a liquor package store, or for banking, office or professional uses, or for shops where personal services are customarily provided directly on the premises, including, but not limited to, barbershops, beauty shops, tailors, photographers, appliance repairs, opticians, travel agencies, custom photocopy, small equipment rental, food caterers, pharmacies, service agencies, specialized schools, secretarial services, and similar light convenience services, or any combination thereof; provided, however, that permanent sales and service areas of all such uses shall be wholly enclosed, and there shall be no permanent outdoor storage of merchandise.
[Amended 12-9-2015, effective 12-21-2015]
"CLUB" shall mean a group of persons organized solely for an ongoing recreational, social, patriotic, political, benevolent or athletic purpose or purposes, including, without limitation, country clubs and fraternal organizations, but not including such a group of persons if the facilities operated by them are open to the general public, whether or not upon payment of a fee.
"COMMISSION" shall mean the Borough Zoning Commission.
"CORNER LOT" -- see "Lot, Corner".
"DETACHED DWELLING" shall mean a dwelling surrounded on all sides by yards.
"DWELLING" shall mean a building capable of providing complete living quarters including complete kitchen and bathroom facilities.
"EMERGENCY SERVICE COMMUNICATION FACILITIES" shall mean communication equipment intended for the exclusive use of municipal and state emergency services, including police, public safety and fire services.
"EXTERNALLY ILLUMINATED SIGN" -- see "Sign, externally illuminated".
"FAMILY" shall mean one or more persons related by blood, marriage or adoption living together as a single unit, including domestic help, but not including paying guests, boarders or roomers.
"FRONT YARD" -- see "Yard, front".
"FRONTAGE" -- see "Lot frontage".
"GARAGE" -- see "Public Garage".
"GROSS FLOOR AREA" shall mean the sum of the gross horizontal area of the building measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls. Gross floor area shall include the area of the basements when used for residential, commercial, professional or industrial purposes but does not include a cellar or portion of a basement used for incidental storage or housing of mechanical or HVAC equipment.
"GUEST HOUSE" shall mean an accessory building without kitchen facilities used solely for the accommodation of guests of the family making principal use of the lot for residence purposes and for which no rental or other charge is made or received, either directly or indirectly, in cash, kind of services. The maximum area of a guest house shall not exceed 15% of the area of the principal dwelling on said lot.
"HEIGHT, BUILDING, DWELLING, OR OTHER STRUCTURES." The vertical distance from the average finished ground level, measured 10 feet from the building, dwelling, or other structure footprint to the highest point of the structure.
"HOSPITAL" shall mean a place for the diagnosis, treatment or care of human ailments, including without limitation, a sanitarium, rest home, home for the aged, nursing home and convalescent home, but not including correctional institutions or places to which persons may be involuntarily committed.
"HOTEL" and "MOTEL" shall have the same meaning and shall mean a building or buildings in which rooms, each with private bath facilities, provide temporary lodgings to transients for a consideration and which may not provide a private outside entrance to each room or suite of rooms, rooms for public assembly, or rooms for the serving of food.
"ILLUMINATED SIGN" -- see "Sign, externally illuminated" and "Sign, internally illuminated".
"JUNK YARD" means an area in excess of 200 square feet not completely enclosed in a permitted structure or building which is used for the accumulation, storage or disposal of waste, abandoned materials or used materials of any kind not being stored for immediate use on a lot.
"KENNEL" -- see "Operating a Kennel".
"LIGHT OFFICE" means those office spaces that are used to support not-for-profit and charitable organizations or off-site professional uses.
[Added 8-10-2016, effective 8-22-2016[1]]
Editor's Note: This ordinance also redesignated former Subsections A through D as Subsections B through E, respectively.
"LOCAL RESIDENTIAL STREET" -- see "Street, local residential".
"LOT" shall mean a parcel of land, of any size or shape, occupied by one principal building or devoted to one principal use and containing the permitted accessory buildings and uses customarily incidental to such principal building or use, and including such open spaces as are required under the provisions of these Regulations. Where land is undeveloped "lot" shall mean all contiguous land owned by the same owner or owners except subdivision lots owned by a person not required to obtain reapproval of the subdivision pursuant to 2.17 of the Newtown Land Subdivision Regulations effective October 1967. The mere recording or filing of a map in the Town Clerk's Office shall not constitute the creation of a lot.
"LOT, CORNER" -- a corner lot shall mean a lot bounded on two or more sides by intersecting streets, the street lines of which intersect with each other at less than 150 degrees.
“LOT COVERAGE." The entire area of a lot covered by buildings, storage, loading, impervious surfaces, driveways, sidewalks and parking areas.
"LOT FRONTAGE" shall mean the distance between the sidelines of a lot measured along the streetline, or in the case of a corner lot, measured between the sideline on one side and the streetline on the other. For purposes of this definition, the streetline of a temporary turnaround (as used in the Newtown Land Subdivision Regulations) shall be the streetline which would exist if the street were extended and the temporary portion of the turnaround eliminated.
"MAJOR COLLECTOR STREET" -- see "Street, major collector".
"MINIMUM SQUARE" means a square each side of which is the length prescribed for the zone in which the lot is situated and which is capable of being drawn entirely within the boundaries and touching the minimum front setback line of a lot in said zone. No more than 20% of the minimum square shall be classified as inland wetlands as determined by field survey.
"MOTEL" -- see "Hotel".
"NATURAL BUFFER" shall mean a space between the buildings, parking areas and uses on a lot and the lot line in which numerous trees exist, which is cleared of all rubbish and waste material, and which is sufficiently dense so as to obstruct the direct vision of the buildings, parking areas or uses on the lot on which it is located of a person standing on the adjacent lot not closer than 25 feet from the lot line.
"NURSERY SCHOOL" shall mean the providing of daytime care or instructions for not more than 15 children from two to five years in age, inclusive. Schools or places providing instruction or day care for more than 15 children or for children six years of age or older shall be considered private schools.
"OFFICE" shall have its customary use and shall mean a place within a building in which clerical, professional, administrative and non-personal services are carried out. It shall not be applicable to store, shop, bank, residential, restaurant or personal service uses.
"OFFICE BUILDING" shall mean a building devoted exclusively to office use. It may include one or more discrete building structures on the same lot devoted exclusively to office use.
"OPERATING A KENNEL" shall mean the keeping or raising of dogs for a profit or the keeping of more than 10 dogs over the age of six months without regard to profit.
“PARKING AREA." An authorized off-street area not within a building where motor vehicles are stored for the purpose of temporary, daily or overnight off-street parking.
"PARKING SPACE" means any area used or designated for use for the parking of motor vehicles.
"PERSONAL SERVICE ESTABLISHMENT" shall mean an establishment engaged in providing a service involving the care of a person, his or her apparel or his or her pets, including a barbershop, beauty parlor, day spa, nail salon, day health club, shoe repair, tailoring or dressmaking, photographic studio, apparel rental services, counseling and pet grooming, provided that pets are not kept overnight.
Editor's Note: This ordinance also redesignated former Subsections B through D as Subsections C through E, respectively.
"PLANTED BUFFER" means a strip of land dividing buildings, parking lots and uses on one lot from the boundary with an adjacent lot in which is planted two or more parallel rows of evergreen trees or evergreen shrubs of not less than 10 feet in height above ground with their lowest branches not more than three feet above ground. Said rows shall be at least 10 and not more than 20 feet apart and substantially parallel with the lot line, with the row closest to the lot line to be within 15 feet, but not closer than 10 feet to the lot line. Said trees shall be spaced 12 feet apart in said rows, alternating so that each tree is placed on a point in its row which is midway between the trees on either side of it in the adjacent row. Said trees must be maintained or replaced if necessary to provide continuous screening.
"POND" shall mean any body of water of any size created by excavation or impounded by the action of man and not existing as a natural condition in the Town.
"PROFESSIONAL BUILDING" is a structure that is used by professional persons and may include residential units, personal service establishments and light office spaces.
"PROFESSIONAL PERSON" shall mean a person who is engaged in a business such as medical, dental, legal, engineering, consulting, clerical, administrative, educational, financial, real estate and similar professions.
[Amended 8-10-2016, effective 8-22-2016[2]]
Editor's Note: This ordinance also redesignated former Subsections F through I as Subsections H through K, respectively.
"PUBLIC GARAGE" shall mean a building, or a part thereof, used for the storage, care or repair of motor vehicles for remuneration, including without limitation, the keeping of motor vehicles for hire, but excluding sales rooms for the sale of new automobiles, farm equipment, trucks and motorcycles.
"PRINCIPAL PUBLIC UTILITY INSTALLATION" is a major utility infrastructure facility that constitutes a principal use on a parcel.
[Added 4-8-2015, effective 4-20-2015]
"PUBLIC UTILITY INSTALLATION, INCIDENTAL," includes facilities and structures that aid in the delivery of public utility services to the public but does not include public utility equipment. Such installations are considered incidental only insofar as they are minor in relation to the principal use on the lot and are limited in height to the average peak roof height of buildings, any part of which are within 500 feet of the installation.
"PUBLIC UTILITY EQUIPMENT" facilitates the delivery of public utility services to the public that is either underground or it occupies less than 10 square feet of surface area, such as telephone, electric and/or cable poles, street and/or sidewalk lighting, wires, fire hydrants and accessways to underground utilities that do not project above the natural ground surface.
"REAR YARD" -- see "Yard, rear".
"RESTAURANT" shall mean an establishment preparing and serving food for consumption by patrons at tables or counters enclosed within the building where the food is served.
”SCHOOL” shall mean any boarding, day or night school or college, including one conducted by the Town or State, in which full time academic instruction is offered for one or more grades.
[Amended 5-23-2011; 4-10-2019, effective 4-22-2019]
"SETBACK." The horizontal distance from any street line or lot line to any structure, measured in a straight line from and perpendicular to such street or lot line.
"SHOPPING CENTER" means a lot containing one or more buildings integrated architecturally and in placement on the lot, devoted to various business enterprises, which use the parking and other facilities on the lot in common.
"SIDE YARD" -- see "Yard, rear".
"SIGN" shall mean any device involving the visual sense, whether ordinarily defined as a sign or not, which is intended to bring attention to the subject thereof, including without limitation, illuminated structural features and extraordinarily bright lights placed or designed to attract attention.
"SIGN, EXTERNALLY ILLUMINATED". An externally illuminated sign is one which is artificially illuminated in any manner from sources not contained within the sign.
"SIGN, INTERNALLY ILLUMINATED". An internally illuminated sign shall mean a sign which is illuminated to any degree from sources of illumination, except neon, contained within the sign itself and may include without limitation, distinctively shaped lights even though no writing or other designs appear thereon.
"SIGN, WALL". A sign which is built into or supported by a wall of a building or structure, but not merely painted on the surface of the wall.
"STATE" shall mean the State of Connecticut.
"STORY" shall mean that part of a building between a floor and the ceiling next above. An attic shall be considered a half story, unless the roof plate is more than five feet above the attic floor, or unless more than 60% of the attic floor is finished for habitable purposes, in which case it shall be considered a full story. A story which is not entirely above the average ground level at the foundation shall be figured at that fraction of a story which its height above average ground level bears to the total height of the story.
"STREET" shall mean any public highway over which the public has a right to pass and repass whether maintained by the Town or the State or any proposed street shown upon a final subdivision plan valid under the Newtown Land Subdivision Regulations effective October 2, 1967.
"STREET, ARTERIAL". An arterial street shall mean a street, whether presently existing or proposed on a subdivision plan, which is officially classified as such by the Newtown Planning and Zoning Commission in the Newtown Plan of Development.
"STREET LINE" shall mean the line marking the boundary of the street right of way.
"STREET, LOCAL RESIDENTIAL". A local residential street shall mean a street, whether presently existing or proposed on a subdivision plan, which is officially classified as such by the Newtown Planning and Zoning Commission in the Newtown Plan of Development.
"STREET, MAJOR COLLECTOR". A major collector street shall mean a street, whether presently existing or proposed on a subdivision plan, which is officially classified as such by the Newtown Planning and Zoning Commission in the Newtown Plan of Development.
"STREET, MINOR COLLECTOR". A minor collector street shall mean a street, whether presently existing or proposed on a subdivision plan, which is officially classified as such by the Newtown Planning and Zoning Commission in the Newtown Plan of Development.
"STRUCTURE" shall mean anything constructed, whether or not the resulting structure is raised aboveground. It may be constructed of natural or artificial material. Structures shall include, without limitation, swimming pools, tennis courts, garages, and parking areas.
[Amended 4-10-2019, effective 4-22-2019]
"STRUCTURAL ALTERATION" shall mean any change in a building or structure requiring a building permit under the State Building Code.
"SURVEY" shall mean class A-2 or better.
"TOPSOIL" shall mean earth materials, including loam, which are arable and which constitute the surface layer of earth material.
"TOWN" shall mean the Town of Newtown.
"TRAILER" shall mean a portable, primarily temporary living accommodation towed on wheels, transported on a truck or having its own motive power, which may or may not contain running water, bath facilities, a toilet, appropriate sanitary connections or cooking facilities.
"WALL SIGN" -- see "Sign, wall".
"WHOLESALE BUSINESS" shall mean the sale of merchandise or other commodities solely to retail or other dealers or tradesmen none of which is sold directly to members of the general public by the wholesaler.
"YARD, FRONT". A front yard is an open space across the width of the lot between the building or structure (other than driveways) nearest a street and the street line.
"YARD, REAR". A rear yard is an open space across the full width of the lot between the rear most building or structure (other than driveways) and the rear lot line.
"YARD, SIDE". A side yard is an open space extending from the front yard to rear yard between the side lot line in question and the nearest building or structure (other than driveways).
"ZONE" shall have the same meaning as the word "district" or "zoning district" as such terms are employed in Chapter 124 of the General Statutes of Connecticut, Revision of 1958, as amended.
The Borough of Newtown is hereby divided into the following zones:
Farming and residential.
Professional zone.
Industrial.
Said zones are bounded and defined on a map entitled "Borough of Newtown, Connecticut, Zoning Map", dated January 1, 2003 and filed with the Borough Clerk and which, with all explanatory matters thereon, is hereby made part of these Regulations.
All official zoning maps of the Borough of Newtown approved prior to the adoption of these Regulations shall remain on file in the Office of the Town Clerk, but shall be considered merged into the Zoning Map referred to in 3.02. Said maps shall have validity only to the extent that a court of competent jurisdiction finds them necessary to determine the location of a zoning boundary which it finds not determinable from the map referred to in 3.02 hereof.
Where uncertainty exists as to the boundaries of zones as shown on the Zoning Map, the following rules shall apply:
Boundaries indicated as following streets, railroads, brooks or rivers shall be considered to follow the center lines of such streets, railroads, brooks or rivers.
Where a boundary line is shown parallel to a street, railroad, brook or river the distance given shall be considered measured to the center line of such street, railroad, brook or river.
Boundaries indicated as following identifiable lot lines or as being parallel or perpendicular thereto, or extensions thereof, shall be construed as following such lot lines or being parallel or perpendicular thereto, or extensions thereof, even though such lot lines are not drawn accurately or to scale on the Zoning Map.
Boundaries not indicated as following streets, railroads, brooks, rivers, lot lines or other natural features shall be determined by the scale of said Zoning Map.
If the boundary of a zone cannot be determined by any of the above means, a landowner may apply to the Commission and the Commission shall determine the location of the boundary.
The principal uses permitted in the zones indicated are set forth below. Only those principal uses are permitted and all others are hereby expressly prohibited.
Where the use is expressed as a building or structure, it is intended to refer to the use commonly carried on in said building or structure.
No use shall be permitted, even if otherwise listed as a permitted principal or accessory use, which causes or results in:
Dissemination of smoke, dust, observable gas or fumes, noise, odor, vibration or light beyond the lot on which the use is being conducted. Violation of the specific performance standards established by 4.14 of these Regulations for the zones in which they apply shall automatically be considered a violation of this Section, but this Section may also be found to be violated in any zone where the Zoning Enforcement Officer finds the existence of the items listed on the first sentence of this Section without regard to said performance standards.
Menace by reason of fire, explosion or other potential hazard to person or property.
Any discharge into the atmosphere, the ground or any brook or other body of water of any substance which, in the form and quantity discharged, will damage the environmental fauna and flora of the lot in question, or which will be harmful to persons breathing the atmosphere or drinking or bathing in the water of the lot.
Unsightly outdoor storage or accumulation of chattels or personal property.
[Amended 2-12-2014, effective 3-3-2014]
[Amended 4-12-2006; 2-12-2014, effective 3-3-2014; 4-10-2019, effective 4-22-2019]
No business, commercial restaurant or professional use shall contain less than 800 square feet.
No discrete business, commercial, restaurant or professional building shall contain more than 6,500 square feet of gross floor area.
A building greater than 6,500 square feet of gross floor area existing prior to the adoption of these regulations shall be allowed to increase its gross floor area by no greater than 10%, provided that:
The existing building footprint is not increased and, if the existing part of the building to be increased in gross floor area is within the required or preexisting setback, the setback nonconformance shall not be increased; and
The increased gross floor area is required for an existing use in said building; and
There has been no previous gross floor area increase.
The Commission shall have authority to suspend operation of such of these regulations as may be done consistently with the Connecticut General Statutes and only in strict conformity with the following provisions:
[Amended 2-6-2013, effective 2-22-2013; 6-11-2014, effective 6-23-2014]
Upon an application submitted by the landowner, tenant or other person interested in a specified lot showing extraordinary hardship, substantial interference with an ongoing permitted use occasioned by fire, calamity, natural disaster or other sudden emergency and the proposed remedy, the Zoning Commission may, upon four affirmative votes, temporarily suspend, in whole or in part, the operation and application of such of these regulations as will, in its judgment, alleviate said hardship for a definite period not extending beyond one year from the date of the occurrence.
Additional applications relating to the same occurrence may be granted by the Commission for additional definite periods not to exceed one year by four affirmative votes and only upon a satisfactory explanation of the reasons why the emergency giving rise to the first and any additional orders of suspension have not been resolved within the time period provided in the first order of suspension, plus additional applications, and a demonstration by the applicant of diligence in commencing and completing permanent repairs or otherwise resolving the hardship in such a manner and to such extent as is intended to continue the previous use of the property in terms of the nature, intensity and extent thereof.
The provisions of this paragraph shall be deemed applicable to any property for which one or more suspension applications have been approved prior to the effective date of the amendment to these regulations providing for previous suspension orders and, provided further, that any application submitted pursuant to this subparagraph is submitted within 30 days after the effective date of this amendment.
Upon the granting of such an application, the Commission shall state upon the record its findings with respect to the nature and date of the occurrence, the hardship found, the section or sections of these regulations which are affected by its order and the remedy allowed. No such application may be approved without a finding that such suspension will not adversely affect the health, safety or welfare of the people of the Borough off Newtown and will not substantially affect property values.
The filing of such an application shall not suspend the operation or effect of any cease and desist order issued by the Zoning Enforcement Officer.
It is the intent of these regulations to encourage, protect, enhance and perpetuate uses, structures and appurtenant vistas of historical value which represent or reflect elements of the Borough's cultural, social, economic, political or architectural history.
"Emergency Service Communication Facilities" shall mean communication equipment intended for the exclusive use of municipal and state emergency services, including police, public safety and fire services. There shall be allowed and permitted as a second or additional use of a parcel within the Borough, by special exception, upon the joint application of the property owner and the municipal agency affected, and upon the conditions contained in this section, the installation, maintenance and use of Emergency Service Communication Facilities, upon a showing, in addition to the requirements for a special exception, that:
there is a specific articulated public safety need for such facilities that will be addressed and resolved by the installation, maintenance and use of the proposed Facilities,
the proposed physical components of the Facility impose the least burden on the neighborhood in which they are installed and on the environment when considered in light of the foreseeable useful life of the technology in relation to the reasonable growth needs of the town,
the installation, existence, maintenance and operation of the Facility will neither create nor increase a safety, quality of life or health problem,
the proposed Facility is the best feasible solution to address and resolve the stated safety problem.
The application for the particular Facility and use shall:
A. identify the applicants,
B. identify, with particularity, the public safety problem to be addressed and resolved by the proposed Facility,
C. describe, with particularity, the physical components required and proposed to address and resolve the stated safety problem, and
D. describe other measures considered by the agency to resolve the safety problem which would not require a special exception under this section, and the reasons why the proposed Facility presents a solution that is sufficiently superior to the others as to justify an exception to the general prohibition of multiple uses for properties.
Any special exception granted pursuant to this section shall be for the use and the Facility described in the application. Any addition or expansion of such Facility is hereby prohibited in the absence of a subsequent exception granted pursuant to this section.
Reasonably necessary public utility equipment is allowed in all zones in addition to the principal use on the lot and on land dedicated to public use, such as street rights-of-way, provided that its presence and/or location shall not present a hazard to persons or property.
Incidental public utility installations are allowed in addition to the principal use on a lot in all zones by special exception, provided that with respect to residentially zoned parcels there is found an overriding need arising out of public safety or convenience.
[Amended 5-23-2011]
No land, building or other structure shall be used and no building or other structure shall be erected, altered or added to which is arranged, designed, intended to be, or is capable of being used except for one of the following principal uses, provided the Site Development Plan approval has been granted in accordance with Article 10 hereof, if so required.
One-family dwelling, one per lot.
Farming, including dairying, horse raising, sheep raising and poultry raising, but excluding operating a kennel or the raising of fur-bearing animals.[1]
Editor's Note: Former Subsection C, regarding ancillary uses to other zones, which immediately followed, was repealed 2-12-2014, effective 3-3-2014.
Purpose and Intent: The intent of this regulation is to allow for greater flexibility and creativity in the design of single-family residential developments within the Borough of Newtown and to provide for larger areas of open space and the preservation of the unique natural features of land parcels in order to properly manage such growth.
Applicability: Any parcel or contiguous parcels consisting of more than 25 acres of land that lie entirely within a residential zone are eligible to apply for a Special Exception for an Open Space Residential development per § 4.06K for the following uses:
Detached Single-Family Dwelling Units with attached or detached garages, which shall be served by a private street, maintained by and at the expense of a private homeowners' association.
A clubhouse, community center, cabana, picnic pavilion, pool, tennis court, or other passive or active recreation facility, exclusively serving the dwelling units on the parcel and subject to all other area, height, and yard requirements of the underlying zone.
Any such development shall meet the standards and regulations for residential uses contained in these regulations, except that the standards contained in this subsection shall prevail over any conflicting standard otherwise applicable.
Density Calculation: The maximum number of dwelling units permitted shall not exceed 1.5 times the Developable Acreage, which is the total (gross) acreage of the parcel(s) minus any land having wetlands, watercourses, ponds, or steep slopes over 25%. In addition, the total number of units cannot exceed one per acre of the total (gross) acreage of the parcel(s).
Open Space: A minimum of 50% of the parcel must be set aside as preserved open space via a conservation easement in favor of the Borough of Newtown, resulting in the protection of the unique features of the parcel. The preserved open space may contain trails, bike paths, picnic tables, docks, un-motorized boat storage, and other features for passive recreation, but shall contain no structures nor permit motorized vehicles within.
Area, Height and Yard Requirements: Area, Height and Yard Requirements of the underlying zone and all other applicable sections of these regulations apply, and in addition:
Setbacks: In order to provide a buffer area to the neighboring parcels, the minimum setback from the public streetline shall be 200 feet or four times the regular setback for the underlying zone, whichever is greater. The minimum side and rear yards shall be 100 feet or four times the regular setback for the underlying zone, whichever is greater. No private street, driveway, parking area, or structure shall be within the minimum setback area other than that portion of a private street or required secondary accessway (if any), the sole purpose being for entrance or egress from the property to the street.
Minimum Distance Between Buildings: In no case shall the distance between buildings be less than 20 feet, except for detached garages, which must be no less than five feet from the dwelling unit they serve and 20 feet from any other building.
Wastewater Discharge and Water Supply: Any lots considered for Residential Open Space Use shall have access to public sewers and public water, and any development shall be connected to public sewers and public water before final Certificate of Occupancy.
Utilities: All utilities on the lot shall be underground.
Steep Slopes: Site layout should be designed to minimize development upon and re-contouring of slopes having 25% or more grades. Disturbance of steep slopes and the creation of steep slopes shall be avoided to the greatest extent possible.
Accessways, Private Streets, Driveways, Sidewalks, and Parking.
Accessways:
Each Residential Open Space development shall be served by a strip of land having a width of not less than one hundred (100) feet throughout its length from a public highway through which vehicular access is provided. This shall contain a private street as the primary accessway for ingress and egress.
Each parcel containing 40 or more dwelling units shall have a secondary accessway suitable for use by emergency vehicles. The secondary accessway shall be not less than 20 feet wide throughout its length. It may be located within the same strip of land as the primary accessway or in a separate location, but may not encroach upon the private street which is the primary accessway. The secondary accessway need not be paved with an impervious surface, however it shall be hard surfaced and accessible by fire apparatus. The secondary accessway shall remain unobstructed and shall be maintained at all times so that there are no impediments to emergency vehicle use.
The streets within the lot shall remain in private ownership and shall be designed for safe and easy circulation of traffic within the lot. The private streets shall be laid out with attention to the natural contours of the land and natural features on the lot. The private streets must be capable of providing easy access for all emergency vehicles.
The design speed shall be 15 mph and so posted with proper signs. The minimum horizontal curve radius shall be 70 feet, the minimum stopping sight distance shall be 65 feet and the minimum sight distance for intersections shall be 70 feet. All other construction methods and materials of the private streets shall conform to the standards for a local residential street as set forth in the Newtown Road Ordinance, as amended, except that no easement, right of way or dedication of land to the Town or Borough shall be required for the private streets.
All phases of the construction of the streets shall be inspected and certified by the applicant's licensed professional engineer. All certifications must be provided to the Newtown Land Use Agency prior to the release of any bonds.
Intersection with public highway: Private streets shall enter a public highway only in locations where the sight distance in each direction meet or exceed the requirements of the Newtown Road Ordinance and any applicable state regulations. No private street shall enter a public highway less than 75 feet from the centerline of the nearest intersecting highway or private street on the same side of the public highway. Proposed private streets shall intersect existing and other proposed streets at right angles for a distance of at least 100 feet from the intersecting street lines unless otherwise approved by the Commission. Such approval shall not be granted where the intersection is at an angle less than 60º.
Driveways: Each driveway serving dwelling units shall meet the following criteria:
Travel width: The travel width of the driveway shall at no point be less than 10 feet. Driveways serving more than one dwelling unit shall be not less than 16 feet wide.
Grading: Driveways within the lot shall not contain grades greater than 5%.
All driveways upon the site shall intersect with the private street in the development. No driveway shall intersect directly with a public highway.
Sidewalks: As part of the granting of the special exception, the Commission may require the installation of a sidewalk along any portion of the parcel which fronts on an existing public highway.
Parking: Three parking spaces per dwelling unit shall be provided off the private street. Each parking space shall contain a rectangle no less than nine feet in width and 18 feet in length. Parking spaces may be provided by use of a garage, driveway, or a paved surface dedicated to parking.
Lighting: All private streets and parking areas shall be artificially illuminated. Such lighting shall be residential in character and shall be coordinated with the landscaping plan. No direct rays from such lighting shall fall off the lot or shine into the windows of the dwelling units within the lot. All exterior lighting shall comply with the provisions elsewhere in these regulations.
Dogs: The limitations established in § 4.07E shall not apply to Open Space Residential developments. For such developments, the keeping or boarding of dogs over the age of six months not for profit shall be limited to three per dwelling unit.
[Amended 5-23-2011 ]
The following uses are permitted as principal uses subject to the granting of a special exception by the Commission in accordance with the standards, criteria, conditions and procedure which are set forth in 8.04 hereof:
Places of religious worship.
Schools and nursery schools
Principal public utilities, such as substations, pump stations, regulator valve vaults, water tanks and sewage treatment plants, having no material or motor vehicle service or storage yards.
[Amended 4-8-2015, effective 4-20-2015]
Intentionally omitted.
Public works garages and public storage areas operated by or on behalf of the Town.
Cemeteries owned by the town, by a church, or a cemetery association located in Town.
Parks and playgrounds operated by the Town.
Horticulture and wildlife reservations not operated for profit.
Governmental buildings and uses, public libraries, public museums, but not including dumps, incinerators and other garbage disposal areas, municipal garages, public works storage yards or commercial-type recreation facilities.
Residential open space development.
[Added 5-16-2012, effective 6-18-2012; amended 2-12-2014, effective 3-3-2014]
The minimum lot area for such special exception uses shall be computed as (1) four times the gross floor area of all buildings of the lot; (2) two times the area of the lot devoted to the proposed use, including without limitation, the gross floor area of all buildings and the area of all other structures, parking areas, loading areas and driveways; or (3) where a lot is split by a zone line the minimum lot area of the highest acre zone in which any part of the lot lies, whichever is greater.
Accessory uses are permitted. The following types of uses are considered accessory in all Farming and Residential Zones so long as they remain clearly accessory to the principal use on a lot and are limited as set forth below:
The office of a professional person on the premises which he owns and in which he resides.
The use does not change the residential character of the dwelling in any visible manner, nor shall there be any external evidence of the accessory use except a sign permitted by these Regulations.
Total floor area occupied by the accessory use does not exceed 25% of the floor area of the dwelling excluding the basement and the attic.
The use does not create interference with radio and television reception in the vicinity and does not create any noise, odor, vibrations, light or unsightly conditions outside the dwelling in which said uses are conducted.
There are no more than three persons employed on the premises, no more than two of whom may reside off the premises.
Nursery school.
Keeping not more than two roomers or boarders by a resident family in the dwelling, exclusive of domestic employees.
Storage of not more than one boat and/or trailer bearing current registration. Such boat and/or trailer shall be housed within a permanent structure or kept in the rear yard or side yard.
The keeping or boarding of dogs over the age of six months not for profit as follows: Not more than three -- any lot; not more than five -- minimum lot size of two acres; not more than 10 -- minimum lot size of four acres.
[Amended 5-16-2012, effective 6-18-2012; 8-10-2016, effective 8-22-2016]
No land, building or other structure shall be used and no other building or other structure shall be erected, altered or added to which is arranged, designed, intended to be or is capable of being used except for one of the following uses, provided that the Site Development Plan approval has been granted in accordance with Article 10 hereof, if so required:
One-family dwelling: one per lot.
A professional building containing less than 4,500 square feet of gross floor area.
A one-family dwelling plus the office of a professional person. (The limitations contained in 4.07A hereof do not apply to the professional office within such one-family dwelling.)
Residential units are permitted within a professional building, provided that the residential area does not exceed 50% of the allowed gross floor area of each professional building. The residential dwellings shall be located above any permitted professional use and:
Shall be a minimum of 800 square feet.
Shall allow two parking spaces for each residential unit.
Personal service establishments are permitted with a professional building, provided that the total square feet of such establishments do not exceed 50% of the allowed gross floor area of each professional building.
Light office uses are permitted in a professional building, provided that the total light office space does not exceed 50% of the allowed gross floor area of each professional building.
Assisted living facilities may be erected only after obtaining special exception subject to the standards, criteria, conditions and procedures which are set forth in § B70-8.04 and are subject to the following:
Must have public water and sewer.
Must border a major arterial road, not a secondary road.
Minimum lot area: three acres.
Maximum building size as specified in the definition of a "business building" in § B70-2.02 D.
Parking will be provided to accommodate at a minimum one space per six assisted living units plus one space per employee on the largest shift, provided that there is no resident driving.
Due to the diminished parking requirements, assisted living facilities may have lot coverage (buildings only) up to 35%.
In order to facilitate access to building entrances:
Some of the required parking may be located to the front of the building(s) if the Commission, in its discretion, finds that:
Such location is reasonably necessary in light of the specifics of a proposed special exception development; and
The overall purposes served by the comprehensive zoning laws will not be significantly affected thereby.
Such front yard parking may be located, to the extent necessary, closer than 20 feet from the street line, provided that it is adequately buffered.
The following principal uses are permitted in a Professional Zone subject to obtaining a special exception from the Commission in accordance with the standards, criteria, conditions and procedures which are set forth in 8.04 hereof:
A professional building exceeding 4,500 square feet of gross floor area. Lot frontage shall be equal to at least 1/2 the average depth of the lot, but not less than 150 feet. Sufficient parking spaces shall be provided to accommodate all persons reasonably expected to patronize said professional building at one time, which shall not be more than twice the number of spaces required under 7.05H. The requirements of 7.09 hereof shall otherwise be met except the Commission may require wider buffers, wider side or rear yards and a deeper building setback than are otherwise required where needed to screen adequately adjacent residential zones, or to meet the standards set forth in 8.04, provided that the structural coverage including parking and loading area is not required to be reduced to less than 60% of the lot area. The wall of the office building facing the street shall not be longer than 200 feet or twice the distance which it is set back from the street line, whichever is greater. All portions of the lot in excess of 10 acres are excluded in determining maximum structural coverage permitted.
No land, building or other structure shall be used and no building or structure shall be erected, altered or added to which is arranged, designed, intended to be or is capable of being used except for one of the following uses provided the Site Development Plan approval has been granted in accordance with Article 10 hereof, if so required:
A single or multi use Business building not exceeding 4,500 square feet.
A bank.
A telephone exchange, electric substation or other public utility use.
A funeral parlor.
A restaurant without drive through service.
Governmental buildings and uses, public libraries, public museums, but not including dumps, incinerators and other garbage disposal areas, municipal garages, public works storage yards or commercial type recreation facilities.
Publishing, including associated printing operations.
The following principal uses are permitted in a Business Zone subject to obtaining a special exception from the Commission in accordance with the standards, criteria, conditions and procedures which are set forth in 8.04 hereof.
Any existing filling station may be used as a combination filling station and convenience store provided:
Adequate parking is provided for the store in accordance with Article 7 hereof in addition to parking provided for the filling station.
Groceries, hot and cold sandwiches, salads and other prepared edible food products are sold for use or consumption only off the premises; no space is provided on the premises or in the building for tables, counters or other facilities designed to be used for eating and no food may be cooked; however, a microwave oven and warming ovens, appliances and other devices may be used for the preparation of sandwiches and heating prepared foods.
No door providing public access to the convenience store shall enter upon a yard in which gas pumps are located unless the distance between the wall containing said door and the edge of the gas pump island facing said wall is not less than 20 feet at the nearest point.
No person operating the gas pumps or otherwise servicing motor vehicles in the filling station area of the premises shall sell or dispense any food products in the convenience store portion of the premises, provided, however, nothing shall prohibit a cashier from acting as the filling station cashier, as well as the convenience store cashier.
A laundromat or dry cleaning establishment.
A shopping center.
The minimum area of a lot containing a shopping center is four acres.
Such lot need not have street frontage provided that it is served by a strip of land 100 feet wide, the lot line closest to the street is at least twice the distance from the street line as the required minimum lot width in the zone in which the land fronting on the street is located and a buffer is provided along the strip of land and between the shopping center lot and the rear yards of the land having street frontage, where required by the Commission.
Any other provision of these regulations notwithstanding, sufficient parking spaces shall be provided to accommodate all persons reasonably expected to patronize the stores, shops, etc. in the shopping center at one time. The ratio of one space per 200 square feet of gross floor area shall be a minimum requirement.
More than one detached building may be placed on the lot. Building and parking areas shall be arranged in such a way as to promote the orderly and safe flow of traffic within the shopping center and promote the convenience and safety of pedestrians therein.
All buildings within a shopping center shall be in harmony with each other as to architectural design and exterior surfacing.
[Amended 2-12-2014, effective 3-3-2014; 12-10-2014, effective 12-22-2014]
The requirements of Article 5 hereof shall otherwise be met except that the Commission may require wider buffers, wider side and rear yards and a deeper setback than are otherwise required where needed to screen adequately adjacent residential zones, or meet the standards set forth in 8.04, provided that structural coverage, including parking and loading areas, is not required to be reduced to less than 60% of lot area.
If the proposed shopping center has frontage on a street, the wall of any building running in the same general direction as the street shall not be longer than 200 feet or twice the distance which it is setback from the street line, whichever is greater.
Office or Business building exceeding 4,500 square feet of gross floor area. Lot frontage shall be equal to at least 1/2 the average depth of the lot, but not less than 150 feet. Sufficient parking spaces shall be provided to accommodate all persons reasonably expected to patronize said building at any one time, provided that in any mixed use Business building a minimum of five parking spaces shall be provided for each 1,000 square feet of rentable space. The requirements of 7.09 hereof shall otherwise be met except that the Commission may require wider buffers, wider side or rear yards and a deeper building setback than are adjacent Residential Zones, or to meet the standards set forth in 8.04, provided that structural coverage including parking and loading areas is not required to be reduced to less than 60% of lot area. The wall of the building facing the street shall not be longer than 200 feet or twice the distance, which it is set back from the street line, which ever is greater. Lot area shall not exceed 10 acres unless all portions of the lot in excess of 10 acres are excluded in determining maximum structural coverage permitted.
A bed and breakfast.
Multi-specialty veterinary hospital providing, but not limited to, surgical, emergency, medical and oncology treatment for animals referred by outside veterinarians. Such a hospital does not provide routine or general veterinary services (i.e. vaccines, boarding or grooming). No outdoor runs are permitted and such a hospital shall be connected to public sewer.
Restaurant with outdoor service, provided that such restaurant holds a restaurant permit in accordance with the provisions of Section 30-22 of the Connecticut General Statutes, as amended from time to time, and provided further that such outdoor dining area be enclosed by a wall or fence sufficient to reasonably ensure that access thereto is accessible only through the enclosed restaurant area.
[Added 12-10-2014, effective 12-22-2014]
The following uses are examples of uses considered accessory to business uses and will be permitted in all business zones so long as they remain clearly accessory to the principal use on each lot.
Outdoor electrical apparatus, the sole function of which is to provide electrical service to the buildings on the lot.
Adequately screened containers for the disposal of refuse which are emptied periodically, at least weekly. Except as allowed with an annual permit, storage of other machinery, equipment, merchandise or similar items outdoors is prohibited.
Exterior lighting, including without limitation, lighting for gasoline service station pumps and outdoor sales areas and storage, where permitted, except that all such lighting shall be so arranged that no direct rays therefrom fall off the lot on which it is located.[1]
Editor's Note: Former Subsection D, regarding outside sales, displays, and storage, which immediately followed, was repealed 4-10-2019, effective 4-22-2019.
No land, building or other structure shall be used and no building or other structure shall be erected, altered or added to which is arranged, designed, intended to be, or is capable of being used except for the following principal uses provided the Site Development Plan approval has been granted in accordance with Article 10 hereof, if so required.
In all Industrial Zones the following uses are permitted:
Operation of a public utility authorized to furnish service to residents of the Town.
Buildings containing executive offices for a single corporation or related corporations, but excluding offices devoted to the sale of real or personal property to the general public on the lot in question.
Printing and publishing establishments.
Light industrial uses including manufacturing, fabricating, processing, converting, altering packaging, bottling or assembling of products, the operations of which are conducted solely within an enclosed building or group of buildings.
Wholesale business.
Storage in bulk of and warehouses for such materials as building material, clothing, cotton, drugs, dry goods, feed, food, furniture, hardware, ice machinery, pipe, rubber, shop supplies, or wood. If storage is to be provided outdoors a planted or natural buffer shall be provided between the items stored and the front and side lot lines and between the items stored and the rear lot line if adjacent to a Residential Zone.
More than one principle use may be permitted in the same structure or building subject to the following:
Parking for each such use shall meet the requirements of Section 7.05.
A maximum of four tenants shall be allowed.
The following uses are examples of types of uses considered accessory and will be permitted in all industrial zones so long as they remain clearly accessory to the principal use on each lot:
Eating facilities for the accommodation of persons employed on the premises and for visitors but not open to the general public.
Garages to shelter vehicles owned by the person, business or industry occupying the lot and his agents and employees.
Outdoor electrical apparatus, the sole function of which is to provide electrical service for the operations conducted on the lot.
No use permitted in an Industrial Zone shall be carried on in such a way as to violate any of the following performance standards. The charts and documents referred to below establishing the performance standards are on file with the Town Clerk of the Town of Newtown and constitute a part of these Regulations as set forth in full herein.
Smoke, Dust or other Air Contaminant. Smoke, dust or other air contaminant shall not be discharged into the atmosphere for a period or periods aggregating more than three minutes in any hour, which is dark or darker in shade than that designated as No. 2 in the Ringelman Chart, as published by the United States Bureau of Mines, or which is of such opacity as to obscure an observer's view to a degree equal to or greater than does smoke, designated as No. 2 on the Ringelman Chart.
Noise. No sound pressure level shall exceed the decibel levels in the designated octave bands shown below. Sound levels shall be measured at the lot lines within which the subject use is located, and with a sound level meter and associated octave band filter manufactured in accordance with the American Standards Association. Measurements shall be made using the flat network of the sound level meter.
Maximum Permitted of Octave Bands of Cycles per Second
Maximum Permitted Sound Pressure in Decibels at Lot Line
Odors. Offensive odors noticeable off the lot but within the Industrial Zone where the use is located shall not exceed the standards established as a guide by Table III (Odor Thresholds) in Chapter 5: "Air Pollution Abatement Manual," copyrighted 1951 by the Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Vibration. Vibration noticeable off the lot but within the Industrial Zone shall not exceed the standards developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bulletin No. 442, or any revision thereof.
The regulations concerning the area of lots, height of buildings, yard dimensions and similar requirements for each zone are set forth in the following charts. Unless otherwise provided in the section by which a use of building is specifically permitted, no building, dwelling or other structure shall be erected, altered or added to except in conformity with the requirements of said charts. Where the section permitting a building or use states a requirement inconsistent with said charts, such as certain sections permitting uses by special exception, said section shall control.
No dwelling, building or other structure may exceed 35 feet in height above average ground level regardless of the number of stories except buildings or structures used in farming not inhabited by humans.
The height limitations of these Regulations shall not apply to the spires, towers or belfries of churches, flagpoles, residential radio or television antennae, or electric utility transmission towers and cables.
Air conditioning units, elevator shafts and mechanical devises used in connection with manufacturing which cannot be placed at a height of less than 35 feet for engineering or technological reasons may be installed above the roof line of the building within the perimeter of the roof in an Industrial Zone provided:
Such structure is not more than 40 feet above average ground level or the height of such structure above the roof line is not greater than 50% of the height of the roof line, whichever is less.
The total square foot area of all such structures measured at their widest point shall not exceed 10% of the total square foot roof area.
The bulk of said structures, computed using the maximum dimensions for height and square foot area for each structure, shall be included in computing the bulk limitation required by 5.01 of these Regulations.
Municipal buildings and public schools may be erected to a height exceeding 35 feet provided that the front, rear and side yards shall each be increased by two feet for each one foot by which such building exceeds 35 feet. Existing municipal buildings which, on May 22, 1995, exceed the height limitations contained in Section 5.02 of these regulations, may be altered or enlarged, provided that the maximum structure does not exceed the maximum elevation of the existing structure and provided further, that any such alteration or enlargement shall comply with all zoning and building requirement
Corner lots. All yards bounding on a street shall meet the minimum requirements for front yards whether or not said street is presently maintained by the Town.
Buildings housing horses, cattle, sheep or poultry, whether as a principal or accessory use of the premises, shall be located at least 100 feet from any property line.
There shall be no side or rear yard required in any Industrial Zone adjacent to a railroad right of way actually containing track.
ADA structural exemptions. Structural alterations to single family residences including but not limited to handrails or wheelchair ramps, which are necessary to provide access to individuals with a physical disability shall be exempt from the applicable minimum yard setback and maximum lot coverage requirements provided that the proposed structure meets the following criteria:
The proposed structural alteration must comply with applicable guidelines for the American Disabilities Act (ADA); and
A Certificate of Occupancy has been issued for the residence or the residence has been in existence prior to October 1, 1971. An A-2 survey shall not be required provided that the applicant can illustrate, to the satisfaction of the Zoning Enforcement Officer, the proposed structure is located wholly within the subject property boundary and access will not affect adjoining property or the public right of way.
No building or structure shall be erected for business, professional, or industrial use unless built of materials and of building designs appropriate for a scenic, rural New England town, recognizing architectural scale, rhythm, and proportion, avoiding monolithic building forms the architectural appearance of which is devoid of traditional scale, rhythm, and proportion. It is within the purpose of this section to encourage the use of traditional materials and forms, along with fractured facades and roof forms in order to control the scale of the built environment and maintain, to the extent possible, the traditional character of the Borough of Newtown.
It is the intention of these Regulations that all structures and land used to be provided with sufficient amount of off-street parking area to meet the needs of persons employed at or making use of such structures or land uses. No permit for the erection of a structure or alteration of an existing structure in the excess of $500.00 or for the development of a land use shall be issued unless off-street parking areas shall have been laid out in the plan, in accordance with the appropriate requirements for the structure and uses set forth in this Section below, and approved by the Commission as provided in Paragraph F of this Section.
Structures and land uses in existence at the time of the adoption of these Regulations shall not be subject to the requirements set forth below, providing that any parking areas now existing to serve such structures or uses shall not be reduced in the future except where they exceed the requirements in which case they shall not be reduced below these Requirements. Required parking area for any enlargement or extension, shall, however, be provided as a condition for the issuance of any building permit for such enlargement or extension in the future.
When Business, Professional or Industrial Zones border any Residence Zone, no building permit for the erection or alteration of a structure in excess of $500.00 or for the development of a land use shall be issued until a suitable landscape screen shall have been laid out on the Plan and approved by the Commission. Whenever the boundary between a Residence zone and a Business or Professional or Industrial zone shall be a street, the Commission may require the installation of a suitable landscape screen along said street line.
The plans for any commercial, professional or industrial building or structure or the alteration of existing structures for which site development plan approval is not required by the provisions of Article 10 but which will cost in excess of $10,000.00 shall be submitted to the Commission for approval prior to issuing a Zoning Permit by the Zoning Enforcement Officer. Said plan shall show specifically the location and size of the off-street parking area and landscape screen which may be required to comply with this Section and the means of access to such parking area from the public street or highway. The Commission may withhold its approval from any plan which does not comply with the provisions of this Regulation or does not make adequate provision for safety to traffic on the public street, safety to pedestrians using the parking facility. Required plans shall be drawn and sealed by a licensed architect and/or engineer and/or surveyor and submitted in five copies.
Nonconformity of any lot in an R-1 Residence Zone with the specific requirements for plots in an R-1 Residence Zone contained in this Section 5.04 shall not prevent the erection, enlargement, alteration or maintenance on such lot of a building or buildings in accordance with the provisions of these Regulations which were applicable to such a lot immediately prior to December 14, 1963, provided:
Such lot is one which immediately prior to December 14, 1963, existed as a conforming or allowable non-conforming building lot under the Zoning Regulations of the Borough of Newtown then in effect.
Such lot shall not at any time on or after December 14, 1963, have adjoined other land directly owned, or indirectly, in whole or in part, by the same owner which would have enabled such owner to conform with the requirements of R-1 Residence Zones under these Regulations.
Nothing in the amendments to the Zoning Map, the Zoning Boundaries and the Zoning Regulations of the Borough of Newtown, effective December 14, 1963, shall be deemed to prevent the erection of a one-family house on any lot of less than required size shown on a map duly filed with the Town Clerk prior to May 1, 1956.
Table of Specific Requirements for Buildings and Plots
Farm and Resid.
Bus.
Minimum lot area in acres
Minimum lot width at street line:
Minimum set back (front yard)
From the street line
From the center line of street
The average setback of existing structures on the same side of the street within 150 feet of the side lines of the lot in question. (The greater of a) or b) for Farming and Residential; greater of a) or b) or c) for Industrial
Minimum side and rear yards
Minimum side and rear yards adjacent to limited access highways
Minimum Square (see definition 2.13.B)
Minimum usable gross floor area, single story dwelling
Minimum gross floor area, multi-story dwelling
Maximum structural coverage in Percentage of lot area:
Buildings alone
(See 4.06)
Buildings, storage, loading, impervious surfaces, driveways, sidewalks and parking areas
Bulk in cubic feet of all buildings, structures and materials stored outdoors shall not exceed the square footage of lot area times the following number
Planted buffer (rows)
Any new lot created after the effective date of this regulation shall contain an area of land at least equal to the minimum lot area in acres for the zone in which it is located, exclusive of wetlands, watercourses, FEMA 100-year floodplains, and natural slopes of 25% or greater. If the lot is a rear lot, then the area of the access strip of land intended for the driveway must also be excluded from the calculation of the minimum lot size.
Signage should enhance and not detract from the harmony and historic character of the Borough of Newtown while meeting the need for adequate business identification, advertising and visual communication. It is the responsibility of the Borough to promote public safety, protect property values, minimize visual clutter and enhance the physical appearance of the Borough. The intent of these regulations is to fulfill the aforementioned responsibilities and give due consideration to the protection and enhancement of the Borough of Newtown's historic character.
[Amended 3-20-2012, effective 4-15-2012; 2-12-2014, effective 3-3-2014]
No zoning permits or site plans shall be approved if the proposed signage is not in conformance with these sign regulations.
Directional signs shall contain no advertising.
In all zones other than Residential, signs must be located on the same lot as the building or use to which the sign applies, the wording on the sign shall be limited to the name, trade name, address and profession of the person, organization, building, business or industry using the building lot or building, words descriptive of the items grown, produced, manufactured, sold or stored thereon or the services rendered thereon.
If any lot lies in two or more zones, the sign regulations for the more restrictive zone will apply to the entire lot.
Window advertising signs are not allowed in any zone.
Relationship to the streets.
In all zones other than Residential, no sign shall be located closer than 25 feet from the paved or traveled portion of any road in any zone with the exception of names and addresses attached to mailboxes or signs placed flush against the front wall of a building in existence.
Signs shall not conflict with the following corner visibility requirements. Signs shall not be so located as to obstruct or interfere with the visibility of vehicular or pedestrian traffic; they shall not obstruct or interfere with the view of any traffic control sign, signal or device. The minimum required lines of sight are:
Local residential streets and unclassified streets: 150 feet;
Minor and major collector streets: 200 feet;
Arterial streets: 250 feet.
Where the paved or traveled portion of such street is widened, then any sign obstructing the new lines of sight shall be set further back to conform to these requirements.
Signs shall be classified by structural type and by functional type.
Structural types of signs are defined as:
Freestanding Sign: a sign placed on the ground or supported by one or more uprights, poles or other supports placed in or upon the ground.
Wall Sign: a sign attached to the exterior surface of the structure and to the unit to which it pertains, or forms the background surface of the sign and which does not project more than 12 inches from the structure.
Projecting Sign: a sign which is wholly or partly dependent upon a building for support and which projects more than 12 inches from the building.
Portable Sign: a sign which is not permanent and not affixed to a building, structure or the ground.
Window Sign: a sign either (a) located on a window or (b) located within the building which can be viewed through the window of the structure.
Hanging Sign: a sign that is suspended from the front of and parallel to the building structure. The sign shall not extend beyond the front of the structure.
[Added 12-9-2015, effective 12-21-2015]
Functional types of signs are defined as:
Identification Sign: A roadside identification sign or a building identification sign freestanding sign[1] located on the premises which indicates the name, address and/or identifying symbol of a development containing a professional office building, a residential development, an industrial park or commercial center, a shopping center, a school park, a place of worship, a hospital or other public or semiprivate facility.
Editor's Note: So in original.
Name-Plate Sign: located at the premises which indicates the name and occupation or profession of each occupant of the premises.
Real Estate Sign: a sign which pertains to the sale, lease or rental of the premises, or a portion of the premises, on which the sign is located.
Construction Sign: a temporary sign located on the premises on which construction is taking place during the period of such construction which may indicate the names of the design professionals, contractors, owners, financial supporters, sponsors and/or similar individuals or firms having a role or interest with respect to the structure or project.
Business/Professional Sign: a sign which directs attention to a business or profession on the premises on which the sign is located. Such signs shall include those of individual retail, wholesale, industrial, commercial and professional establishments.
Production Advertising Sign: a sign that promotes one or more products or services except as defined above.
Directional Sign: a sign limited to directional messages for pedestrian or vehicular traffic.
Temporary Sign: a sign which is limited to a specific period of time.
Directory Sign: a sign that provides information to an interior building/occupant.
Other Definitions:
Interior Building: a building that does not have an accessible road frontage and is set back and behind a building with accessible road frontage.
Computation of Sign Area:
The area of a sign shall be computed from the outer dimensions of the frame, trim or molding by which the sign is enclosed. When a sign consists of freestanding letters, symbols or characters its area shall be computed as the area of the smallest rectangle which encloses all of the letters, symbols or characters.
When a sign consists of two or more faces, only one face of the sign shall be used in computing the sign area if the faces are parallel to and within 12 inches of each other. Otherwise, all faces of the sign shall be used to compute the sign area.
When a sign consists of two or more faces, only one face of the sign shall be used in computing the sign area if the faces are parallel to each other and part of a single sign structure. Otherwise, all faces of the sign shall be used to compute the sign area.
Design: The design of the sign shall not include moving parts or a material giving the appearance of motion.
Standards for wall signs:
No wall sign shall extend beyond the outer edge of any wall of the building to which it is attached.
A wall sign shall be parallel to the wall to which it is attached and shall not project more than 12 inches therefrom.
No wall sign shall be painted directly on any wall.
No wall sign shall extend above the eaves of the building to which it is attached.
Standards for freestanding signs:
In residential zones, the height of any freestanding sign shall not exceed six feet. In non-residential zones, the height of any freestanding sign shall not exceed the height of 10 feet. The height of the sign shall be measured from the ground to the top of the sign.
In all zones other than Residential, no part of any freestanding sign shall be located within 10 feet of any property line. In Residential zones, no part of any freestanding sign shall be located within 10 feet of any side property line.
Only one freestanding sign shall be permitted on a lot even if there is more than one building or use on that lot.
When a sign is externally illuminated, the light source shall be directed on that sign and shielded so that the beams or rays of light do not shine or directly reflect onto the adjacent properties or street and in harmony with the neighborhood.
An externally illuminated sign located on a lot adjacent to or across from the street from a residential zone shall not be illuminated between the hours of 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m.
Illumination shall be non-animated and non-flashing.
Internally illuminated signs are not permitted.
Subject to these regulations, the following signs are allowed without a permit:
Not more than one real estate sign for each lot is allowed on which the sign is located; such sign not to be illuminated or exceed six square feet in area in residential zones or 12 square feet in non-residential zones.
Real estate signs shall be removed 30 days after the sale, lease or rental.
One identification sign, not to exceed nine square feet in area, to identify a public or semi-public facility. The identification sign for a place of worship, school, museum or similar institution may include as part of its sign area, a bulletin board on which messages and announcements of activities and programs can be displayed.
Subject to these regulations, the following signs are permitted for allowed residential uses in a Residential Zone with a sign permit:
[Added 3-20-2012, effective 4-15-2012; 2-12-2014, effective 3-3-2014]
For non-residential uses other than governmental buildings, one freestanding sign meeting the following requirements:
the sign shall be of the hanging-type, supported by a single post;
not larger than two square feet with the longest side not more than three times the length of the shortest side;
signs shall be located between the side property lines of the lot on which the referenced use is located, as extended to the center line of the street;
no portion of such sign shall be located within 10 feet from the edge of that portion of the street designed for motor vehicle use.
Subject to these sign regulations, the following signs are allowed with a special temporary permit:
Temporary signs including banners, pennants, valances, flags, streamers, inflatables and A-frame signs provided that:
a temporary permit has been issued by the Zoning Enforcement Officer indicating the nature, size, location and tenure of the signs;
the permit shall be valid for a period not to exceed 10 days;
the signs shall be removed within 48 hours after the event to which they relate;
such signs shall not be illuminated;
Temporary non-banner type signs shall not exceed nine square feet in area to include both sides and temporary banner signs shall not exceed 90 square feet in area; and
up to four temporary sign permits may be obtained in any one calendar year relating to a single location.
Temporary sign permits may be obtained for charitable and other nonprofit events within the Town of Newtown, nonrecurring professional or business events such as grand openings, going out of business, clearance sales, seasonal promotions and events.
Subject to the requirements of the preceding section, only one temporary banner or sign at a time, for public service, non-profit purposes, in connection with an event transpiring within the Borough or Town of Newtown, may be hung or posted over Queen Street, between its intersection Page A6-6 with Church Hill Road and its intersection with Glover Avenue. Permits for such banner signs may be issued by either the Warden of the Borough or the Borough Zoning Enforcement Officer.
Subject to these regulations, the following signs are allowed in a professional zone with a permit:
One identification sign per property not to exceed eight square feet in area; and
One wall or hanging sign per building occupant not to exceed four square feet in area or six feet in length and affixed to their occupied space. The information on a wall or hanging sign, not to exceed four square feet, may be placed on an awning, provided that a wall or hanging sign is not placed on the building. The wall sign, hanging sign, and signage on the awning shall be compatible with the distinctive character and architecture of the building.
For Professional zoned properties with multiple buildings, an additional directory sign not to exceed eight square feet in area will be allowed for each interior building. The interior directory-style sign shall not be directly visible from a roadway.
Properties/buildings located in the Village District where all parking is located within the rear yard or rear of building shall be entitled to one identification sign for each accessible road frontage and two wall signs per building occupant, one visible from the street and the other visible from only the rear parking. Name plate signs not to exceed two square feet in area may be used in lieu of the wall signs in the rear of the building and must be visible only from the rear parking.
Subject to these regulations, the following signs are allowed in a Business zone with a permit:
One identification sign per property not to exceed eight square feet in area; and either
One projecting business sign per building occupant not to exceed eight square feet in area; or
One wall or hanging sign per building occupant not to exceed 14 square feet in area, except that the business establishments having an excess of 50 linear feet of building frontage shall be allowed an additional one square foot of sign area for each five linear feet of such building frontage; provided, however, that no such business establishment shall have a total sign area in excess of 25 square feet. Up to four square feet of the wall or hanging sign allowance may be placed on an awning and will be included in the total sign allowance. The wall sign, hanging sign, and signage on the awning shall be compatible with the distinctive character and architecture of the building.
[Amended 12-9-2015, effective 12-21-2015; 4-10-2019, effective 4-22-2019]
For Business zoned properties with multiple buildings, an additional directory sign not to exceed eight square feet in area will be allowed for each interior building. The interior directory-style sign shall not be directly visible from a roadway.
Properties located in the Village District and where all parking is located within the rear yard, shall be entitled to one identification sign for each accessible road frontage and two wall business signs per building occupant, one visible from the street and the other visible only from the rear parking. Each such sign shall not exceed 14 square feet in area, except that business establishments having in excess of 50 linear feet of frontage shall be allowed an additional one square foot of sign area for each five linear feet of such additional frontage provided, however, that no such business establishment shall have any single sign that exceeds 25 square feet in area.
Subject to these regulations, the following signs are allowed in an Industrial zone with a permit:
One freestanding sign not to exceed 20 square feet in area; and
Two industrial or name plate signs, as applicable, not to exceed four square feet in area per building occupant; and either:
One wall industrial sign per building occupant not to exceed 14 square feet in area, except that the business establishments having an excess of 50 linear feet of building frontage shall be allowed an additional one square feet of sign area for each five linear feet of such additional frontage; provided, however, that no such industrial establishment shall have a total sign area in excess of 25 square feet; or
One projecting sign per building occupant not to exceed 16 square feet in area.
For Industrial zoned properties for multiple industries within the property, the freestanding sign area may be increased by two square feet per industrial tenant with an industry in that property. The total freestanding signage shall not exceed 24 square feet.
For municipal buildings and municipal uses (in a residential zone), signage allowances of § B70-6.07C(1) shall apply for one freestanding sign, with a maximum of two sides, which directs attention to the governmental facility with additional sign area permitted for offices or uses and/or preexisting nonconforming uses on the premises on which the sign is located and/or specific events taking place therein or on the grounds thereof. The additional sign area shall not exceed two square feet per office, use and/or specific event. Such event signs may be changed from time to time without prior approval and are limited to events taking place and such events as are planned to occur within the 30 days next following any change in the event sign.
[Added 2-12-2014, effective 3-3-2014[1]; amended 4-10-2019, effective 4-22-2019]
Editor's Note: This ordinance also repealed former § B70-6.07.1, Signs in residential zones, added 3-20-2012, effective 4-15-2012, which immediately followed.
District identification signs shall meet the following requirements:
Not larger than five square feet with the longest side not more than two times the length of the shortest side.
The sign shall be of the hanging type, supported by a single post.
Village District identification and business sign.
Properties in the Village District other than those zoned residential and properties zoned residential on which the principal use is not a residence shall be entitled to one roadside identification sign for each accessible road frontage and not more than two wall signs per business occupant, one visible from the street and the other, where all parking is located within the rear yard, visible only from the rear parking area. Such wall signs may be composed of multiple parts if building design makes such a multipart sign more consistent with Village District goals. Each such sign, including a multipart sign, shall not exceed the wall sign square footage specified in each zone, except for establishments having in excess of 50 linear feet of building frontage shall be allowed an additional one square foot of sign area for each five linear feet of building frontage; provided, however, that no such establishment shall have any such sign that exceeds 25 square feet in area.
On properties located in the Village District containing shopping centers and multicomponent business, professional and industrial developments on which an anchor or principal building structure is set back from the roadway at least 200 feet, such shopping center or business, professional or industrial development may have, in lieu of a roadside identification sign, one building identification sign located either on the face of the building or on a roof element such as a cupola. Such shopping center or business, professional or industrial development with three or more discrete business buildings may have up to two building identification signs per center or development.
Building identification signs shall be set back from the traveled portion of the adjacent roadway at least 200 horizontal feet and be no larger in area than 30 square feet, provided that four additional square feet may be added for each additional 100 feet the sign is back from the traveled portion of the adjacent roadway. Such signs shall otherwise conform to general sign regulations contained herein.
One additional projecting sign per tenant located at the main business entrance if the center or development has a pedestrian walkway. The sign shall contain the business name and will not exceed two square feet.
No sign shall be constructed, erected, altered or otherwise changed except for signs specifically allowed without a permit as provided herein.
All sign permit applications shall be signed by the applicant and owner of the lot on which the sign will be located and shall be accompanied by the following:
For freestanding signs: a sketch drawing to scale of the building frontage facade, showing locations, dimensions and area of all existing and proposed signs on the premises; and
Plans and specifications of the proposed sign, including its dimensions, area, maximum and minimum height, proposed message and design, materials, colors, method of construction and illumination.
Where a building or use is allowed only upon the obtaining a special exception, all signs for such building or use shall be governed by these regulations. All signs for such building or use shall be part of the application for said special exception.
All permits shall be issued by the Zoning Enforcement Officer.
All signs, together with their supports, braces, guys and anchors, shall be kept in good working order and safe condition.
The owner of the lot on which the sign is located shall be directly responsible for keeping such sign, including its illumination sources, in good working order and safe condition and maintained in its original condition.
Unsightly, damaged, deteriorated signs or signs in danger of falling shall be returned to their original condition or removed.
With the exception of real estate and temporary signs, all signs and their supports, braces, guys and anchors, which pertain to a business no longer conducted on the premises where such sign is located shall be removed by the owner of the lot on which the sign is located within five days following cessation of the relevant activity.
Non-conforming signs shall be completely and totally removed at such time as the use changes or ownership of the business changes.
[Amended 12-10-2014, effective 12-22-2014]
Parking facilities meeting these Regulations shall be provided off the street right-of-way for all new buildings erected, for all existing buildings which are enlarged to an extent exceeding 20% of the floor area existing on (effective date of these Regulations) and for all premises where the use is changed subsequent to said date. Parking facilities shall be sufficient to accommodate the motor vehicles of all occupants, employees, customers, and others normally visiting the premises at any one time. For those buildings where on-street parking is provided, 25% of the designated on-street parking spaces within 500 feet of the property lot may be included in the minimum required parking spaces for that building.
Except as noted in § B70-7.01, parking facilities shall be on the same lot with the use used to compute the requirements for the number of off-street parking spaces, except that in Professional, Business and Industrial zones, the required off-street parking facilities may be provided on a different lot, provided that (a) the nearest boundary of the paved portion of the parking facility is within 500 feet of the building lot on which the building use is being served, (b) that the right to use such off-site parking, whether the right is exclusive or shared, is secured to the primary site by long-term agreement, and (c) off-site parking is located on the same side of the street as the principal use and is connected by sidewalks or equivalent pedestrian access.
Each parking space shall be capable of containing a rectangle nine feet in width and 20 feet in length and be contiguous to a driveway permitting access to a street.
Driveways (other than driveways serving a single family residence without an accessory use requiring parking) contiguous to parking spaces to be used for one way travel, shall not be less than the following widths, whether or not the parking spaces are on one or both sides of the driveway:
Twelve feet for parallel and thirty-degree angle parking.
Fifteen feet for forty-five-degree angle parking.
Eighteen feet for sixty-degree angle parking.
Twenty feet for ninety-degree angle parking.
Driveways (other than driveways serving a single family residence without an accessory use requiring parking) contiguous to parking spaces to be used for two way travel shall not be less than 20 feet wide no matter what the angle of parking.
No parking space shall be permitted closer than 20 feet from the street line, except for parking spaces existing at the inception of this regulation. Parking spaces are permitted within a setback area, provided that:
The parking spaces were in existence or approved prior to the inception of this amendment; or
The parking spaces are to the rear of the lot or building so as to minimize the visibility from the street; and
The parking spaces are no closer than 20 feet from a street line; and
The parking spaces are allowed only to the extent of meeting the minimum parking requirements. Parking within the setback shall be minimized to the maximum extent possible; and
The parking spaces abutting a residentially zoned property comply with the buffering requirements of § B70-7.09A(3) of these regulations unless § B70-7.04A(1) applies.
The parking spaces for assisted living facilities comply with § B70-4.08G of these regulations.
Except for the parking required for a single family residence without an accessory use requiring parking, all parking spaces and areas shall have impervious, bituminous concrete or equivalent surfacing, shall be adequately drained so that water does not collect or stand on the surface, shall have each parking space clearly marked and driveways shall be marked to indicate the direction of travel. Provided, however, that approved pervious pavers may be used upon application therefore if:
[Amended effective 5-22-2006]
The Commission finds that, if the proposed developments or any portion thereof are within a regulated wetland area or affects a regulated wetland area, the Inlands Wetlands Commission, after having fully considered the purposes of Sections 22a-36 through 22a-45 of the General Statutes and the factors contained therein, has previously found that the proposed use of pervious pavers, and the location and extent thereof, will have an acceptable degree of impact on the environment, provided, however, that the Commission may, upon the affirmative vote of four members override a finding of the Inlands Wetlands Commission under this section, and
The Commission finds that the proposed use of such pervious pavers.
Is consistent with the comprehensive plan and the Plan of Development, and
Is reasonably necessary after considering the health, safety and convenience of the community, preservation of property values, the impact on density and traffic congestion and alternatives to their use.
Driveways (other than driveways serving a single family residence without an accessory use requiring parking) providing access to a parking area from a street shall be at least nine feet wide if one way and 20 feet wide if two way, and if providing access to a parking area of more than 10 parking spaces shall not enter a public highway less than 75 feet from the center line of the nearest intersecting street on the same side of the street as the driveway.
The perimeter of any parking area in a Professional, Business or Industrial zone shall be provided with a curb not less than six inches in height appropriately backfilled with earth material. If the parking area on a lot serving a nonconforming use in a residential zone is paved or otherwise improved subsequent to the date of these Regulations, said curb shall also be installed.
Parking in Business and Professional zones will be to the rear of the building away from the street line. Placement of buildings shall not interfere with vehicular or pedestrian sight lines.
For all new construction and substantial reconstruction of buildings for non-residential uses, except those lots abutting Main Street, curbing of driveways and on the street shall be granite curbing, which shall have a beveled edge along the outside edge facing the street or drive.
The number of parking spaces set forth in the following schedule of requirements will be considered as the minimum required for each such use to meet the standards set by 7.01 hereof, subject to the exception provided by 7.06 below. The schedule is intended to be representative and not inclusive, and the minimum parking required by 7.01 hereof for permitted uses not specified herein shall be determined by reference to the most similar use for which a requirement is given. More parking spaces may be required where the Zoning Enforcement Officer reasonably determines that the nature of the use is such that more vehicles than the minimum number of spaces specified herein are probably going to be parked in connection with such use at one time.
Places of assembly with fixed seats, such as a theater, church, auditorium, or funeral parlor - two spaces per six seats. Where pews or benches are used as fixed seats, two spaces will be required per nine linear feet.
Places of assembly without fixed seats such as banquet halls and club houses, including volunteer fire departments - one space for 100 square feet of gross floor area (limited in the case of volunteer fire departments to the area of the fire house used for meetings or banquets) subject to the exceptions of 7.06.
Bowling alleys - five per bowling lane.
Hotels or motels - one space for each bedroom, plus one for each employee on the largest shift.
Restaurant or Tavern - one space per two seats (or per four linear feet of bench), plus one for each employee on the largest shift.
Uses permitted by 4.09A shall require parking at the rate of one space per 200 square feet of gross floor area or part thereof and any use permitted as an accessory use pursuant to 4.07A wherein articles are sold on the premises shall require parking at the rate of one space per 75 square feet of gross floor area or part thereof (limited in the case of residences to the area of the residence actually devoted to the accessory use permitted by 4.07A)."
Professional office buildings, the portion of buildings used for banking or publishing, and professional offices carried on as an accessory use pursuant to 4.07A - one per 250 square feet of gross floor area (limited in the case of residences to the areas of the residence actually devoted to the accessory use permitted by 4.07A).
All industrial uses and uses permitted by 4.09C - one per employee on the largest shift plus one per industry or business vehicle usually kept on the premises.
Roadside stands for a sale of agricultural produce or nursery stock - one space per linear foot measured on the longest dimension of the stand - not less than 10.
Single family residential dwellings - two spaces (which may be provided by the use of an enclosed garage or breezeway).
Dwellings carrying on an accessory use pursuant to 4.07A which is not a professional office nor any portion of which is devoted to retail sales - dwelling requirements plus one space for each employee not residing on the premises.
Nursery school as an accessory use pursuant to 4.07B - dwelling requirement plus one space for each employee or other supervising parent.
Where roomers or boarders are kept by a family pursuant to 4.07C - dwelling requirement plus one space for each roomer or boarder.
Public libraries - one space for each 500 sq. feet of gross floor area.
Use of small car parking spaces.
Uses obtaining approval of a site development plan for which the minimum number of parking spaces to be provided determined by application of Section 7.05 is at least 50 may utilize small car parking spaces containing a rectangle eight feet width plus 16 feet length for not more than 25% of the total number of parking spaces provided. Uses existing on July 13, 1985 for which the minimum number of parking spaces which should be provided by application of Section 7.05 is at least 50 may modify their parking lots to utilize small car parking spaces for not more than 25% of the total number of parking spaces provided by application to and approval by the Commission. Any application to permit small car parking spaces for existing uses shall be accompanied by a survey plan of all parking lots and driveways serving the existing use, drawn to scale of not less than one inch equals 40 feet, certified by a registered land surveyor as meeting the A-2 classification of the Connecticut Technical Council. Said plan shall also show the information required by Subsection 7.05P.2 below and all other information and improvements described in this Article 7. Small car parking spaces shall not be allowed unless approved by the Commission under site development plan review or by application to an existing use.
Small car parking spaces shall be laid out in groups of four or more. Pavement markings shall be different from the regular sized parking spaces and shall contain the phrase "COMPACT VEHICLE ONLY" in letters not less than nine inches high in each small car space. Pavement markings shall be maintained and repainted as needed to clearly delineate the difference between small car parking spaces and regular sized parking spaces.
Churches, theaters, banquet halls, and other similar uses, the parking requirements for which are likely to occur during hours other than ordinary business hours, may provide not more than 50% of the required parking space through the use of parking spaces provided by adjacent buildings and uses which do carry on the major portion of their business during ordinary business hours, provided the nearest boundary of said parking area is within 500 feet of the church, theater, bowling alley, banquet hall or similar use and provided further that the owner of said adjacent parking space notifies the Zoning Enforcement Officer in writing prior to the granting of any building permit to said church, theater, bowling alley, banquet hall or other business that said church, theater, bowling alley, banquet hall or other business may use said adjacent parking lot during other than ordinary business hours. Revocation of such permission by the owner of said adjacent parking lot shall be sufficient cause to revoke a building permit issued in reliance on said permission, or to refuse a Certificate of Occupancy, and if a Certificate of Occupancy has already been issued when such permission is revoked, said church, theater, banquet hall or other business shall immediately conform to the requirements of 7.01 hereof or be subject to the penalty provided by the General Statutes for the maintenance of a use in violation of the Zoning Regulations.
Vehicles for which registrations are required to be obtained from the State of Connecticut before using the public highways, including without limitation, cars, trucks and trailers, which do not have a currently valid registration permitting them to travel on the public highways, except operable motor vehicles used on farms, shall not be parked or stored on any lot unless completely enclosed within a building or other structure.
Boats, boat trailers and unoccupied trailers having a current registration to use the public highways may be parked or stored (one of each) outdoors only if parked or stored in a rear or side yard as far from the lot line as possible.
Plumbers, electricians and similar artisans and tradesmen using panel, pickup or similar trucks in their trade or business may park said trucks on the same lot as the dwelling they occupy in any zone provided that no more than one such truck is so parked or stored on the lot per occupant engaged in such trade. Parking of light pickup and panel trucks not in excess of 1.5 tons capacity used for transportation by occupants of the lot, whether or not artisans, is also permitted.
Heavy machinery and equipment generally prohibited in Residential and Farming and in Professional zones.
Except for equipment and vehicles operated by a public authority or public utility, and except as otherwise provided below, the presence of any piece of construction machinery or other equipment, dump truck, garbage truck or other heavy truck of a type not ordinarily used as a means of transportation for people exceeding 500 pounds gross weight ("heavy equipment") is prohibited in all Farming and Residential and Professional zones, whether or not used or owned by an occupant of the lot. Such heavy equipment, when parked or stored in other zones, and all operable motor vehicles used on farms which are parked or stored outdoors, shall be screened from the street and adjacent residentially and professionally zoned property.
Heavy equipment permitted in certain circumstances. The presence of heavy equipment is allowed in the following circumstances; provided, however, that the work is diligently prosecuted:
Relating to approved site plan or special exception. Heavy equipment may be present on properties in such zones only to the extent necessary to facilitate repairs and/or improvements to the property on which they are present (hereinafter, "the Work"), provided that specific provision therefor has been made in any site plan or special exception approval.
Relating to building permits for work by independent contractors. Any property owner or person in control of property may have heavy equipment on Residential and Farming or on Professional zoned property in conjunction with, and only insofar as is necessary for the completion of the Work by an independent contractor for which a building permit has been issued in advance, provided that any such time period shall not exceed 45 consecutive days from the beginning to the end of the Work period.
General permit.
Any property owner or person in control of property may have heavy equipment having a gross weight in excess of 500 pounds on Residential and Farming or on Professional zoned property in conjunction with, and only insofar as is necessary for the completion of the Work, one time for a period of not more than seven consecutive days in any three-month period pursuant to the general permit established by this subsection.
Any property owner or person in control of property may have heavy equipment having a gross weight of 2,000 pounds or greater on Residential and Farming or on Professional zoned property either in conjunction with, and only insofar as is necessary for the completion of the Work, one time for a period of not more than 48 consecutive hours in any three-month period pursuant to the general permit established by this subsection.
Heavy machinery or equipment owned by or under the control of any licensed tradesperson may be present on Residential and Farming or on Professional zoned property belonging to others during the time necessary to effect improvements or repairs contracted by the property owner or occupant.
Heavy equipment permit.
Any property owner or person in control of property may have heavy equipment on Residential and Farming or on Professional zoned property in circumstances other than those specified above with a heavy equipment permit. The Zoning Enforcement Officer may issue up to four heavy equipment permits in any twelve-month period for not more than 10 days each with respect to any single property. The Zoning Enforcement Officer shall refer all other applications to the Zoning Commission for review and action thereon.
The applicant for any such permit shall provide the following information and such other information as may assist the issuing authority in determining the necessity for the presence of such equipment on the property for the period for which the application is made:
The name of the property owner and the address of the property;
A description of the nature and extent of the Work;
The proposed beginning and ending dates of the Work;
A description of the types and number of pieces of heavy equipment required for accomplishment of the Work;
A statement of the proposed workforce expected to be engaged in accomplishing the Work; and
The reason, if any, why the presence of such heavy equipment for periods in excess of those provided for generally is necessary to the accomplishment of the Work.
Copies of such application(s) and/or permit(s) may be distributed to the Zoning Enforcement Officer, the Building Department, the Inland Wetlands Agency and/or other governmental agencies as deemed appropriate.
Space for loading and unloading shall be provided by all hospitals, hotels, restaurants, retail business, wholesale business and all manufacturing and other industrial uses at the rate of 400 square feet for each 15,000 square feet of floor area or fraction thereof up to 30,000 square feet, and 400 square feet for each 30,000 square feet of floor area or fraction thereof in excess of 30,000 square feet. Parking spaces required by 7.01 hereof may not be used to provide the required loading space.
The required loading space shall have adequate concrete, bituminous concrete or equivalent surfacing, and all artificial lighting used to illuminate the loading space shall be so arranged that no direct rays from such lighting fall off the lot containing said loading space.
Site development in all zones shall preserve major trees and existing landscape features wherever possible, and provide intensive replanting of all disturbed areas to control erosion, to moderate climatic extremes, and to preserve the rural residential quality of the community.
Landscaping: The many mature trees in the Village District are to be maintained to the extent possible consistent with a high quality overall design for the site.
Landscape plans are required for all applications. Plans shall provide the following information:
A plan showing the grade of the landscape.
A maintenance plan including an irrigation or a drip irrigation system.
A plan for complete screening of utility installations, trash, fences, parking, outbuilding, storage areas, loading areas and lighting.
Plants should be selected with consideration of location and overall effect upon neighboring properties and streetscape. Provide the plants common and scientific names, size of plant ball or caliber, plant height at installation and height at maturity, form, growth habit and expected life span, plants disease and pest resistance and where near road or driveways, the salt resistance. Invasive plants are not permitted. Plants listed on University of Connecticut's invasive plants list are not permitted.
All non-residential lots abutting residentially zoned property shall maintain an effective planted buffer of at least 50 feet in depth along the common boundary with such residentially zoned property in accordance with Section 2.16.B, provided, however, that in the event that any such abutting residentially zoned property is devoted to a use that would require a special exception pursuant to these Regulations, and a fifty-foot buffer is not reasonably necessary to protect such special exception use from the proposed activity on such non-residential lot, then the Commission shall have the authority to approve a planted buffer less than 50 feet in depth. The planted buffer requires sufficient depth and density of planted and natural growth to form an effective buffer, and may require supplemental planting as determined necessary by the Commission.
Types of landscape treatment:
Details of the proposed planting shall be shown on the required site plan, including location, specie, initial and mature size, density, and spacing of all plantings and other significant landscape features.
Various types of landscape material required are:
Shade trees; for purpose of summer shade for roads, parking, buildings and activity areas. Requires hardy deciduous trees, minimum two-inch caliper 12 inches above ground, with shade tolerant ground cover (ground cover plants, low shrubbery, grass or mulch) in adjacent ground area.
Slope plantings: for purpose of stabilizing cut banks and controlling erosion. Requires hardy shrubs, erosion-resistant plants and vines, terracing, stabilized rock cuts or retaining walls wherever slope would exceed 1.0:1.5 (vertical: horizontal), rip-rap or stabilizing planting along created drainage channels.
Open Landscaping: for purpose of site aesthetics, building enhancement, recreation. Requires perennial grass or ground cover, suitable shrubs, trees or ornamental plantings, regularly maintained for attractive appearance.
Screening: for purpose of visual concealment of specific areas (such as parking and commercial areas). Requires dense evergreen hedge in double offset rows, of hardy type with full growth at ground level and at least eight feet in height. May also require supplementary fences or masonry walls, or both, as determined necessary by the Commission.
Natural Buffer: for purpose of interrupting light, sound and visibility between incompatible uses through retention of natural woods and dense undergrowth. Requires sufficient depth and density of natural growth for effective buffer, and may require supplemental planting as determined necessary by Commission.
Required landscaped areas - minimum type required.
Surrounding parking lots and non-residential uses (including buildings, storage and all activity areas) in Residential Zones.
Screening, planted buffer, or effective natural buffer.
Parking lot islands, and adjacent to paved parking in all Zones.
Shade trees at average spacing of 30 to 40 feet plus landscaping or natural buffer.
Bank slopes within and adjacent to developed areas in all Zones.
Slope Plantings
Roadsides, in all non-residential zones.
Shade trees at average spacing of 30 to 40 feet plus appropriate open landscaping or natural buffer.
Adjacent to Residential Zone Boundary lines, in all non-residential zones.
Screening or effective natural buffer, or planted buffer or the combination.
Front, side and rear yards, wherever roadways or available for Planting, in all Zones.
Open landscaping, natural buffer, or visible combination of both.
Suitability of plantings.
Plantings chosen must be well suited to environmental conditions, properly installed and located to serve intended purposes (see Sections 7.09A and 7.09B).
Placement of plantings shall not interfere with safe visibility at road intersections or exit driveways, nor cast dense winter shadows on potentially icy roadways.
The owner of the site shall be responsible for proper maintenance of all plantings and other installed landscaped features as shown on the approved site plan, and for replacement of such in event of its non-thriving, demise or destruction.
The Commission may require a performance bond, to remain in effect at least three years, to assure the proper survival or replacement of plantings and landscaping shown on the approved site plan.
Street trees. Trees for the purpose of planting under power lines, adjacent to public roads, and within 25 feet of buildings. Street trees must grow no more than 30 feet at maturity, must be noninvasive and must not be on the Connecticut Banned Plant List (UCONN). Street trees that are selected must thrive in the following conditions:
Minimal amounts of water, road, deicing salts, restricted root zones, soil compaction, high soil alkalinity to leaching from cement, low soil fertility, poor soil structure, pollution and toxins, winds created by clusters of buildings, radiated heat and light, and people pressure.
General: The following regulations shall apply to the provision of any outdoor illumination in connection with a use of land, buildings and other structures within the Borough. The purpose of this section is to enable the provision of sufficient outdoor illumination for safety, convenience and security while minimizing sky glow, safeguarding against discomfort glare and disability veiling glare, minimizing the trespass of light on adjacent properties and avoiding the adverse effects from illumination upon the use, enjoyment and value of property and upon the appearance and beauty of the Borough.
Definitions: For the purpose of these Regulations, certain lighting terms are defined as follows.
Footcandle: A unit of illumination (light flux on a surface); one footcandle equals one lumen of light flux distributed evenly on one square foot of surface.
Footlambert: A unit of brightness (light seen by the eye); one footlambert equals either one lumen of light flux reflected by one square foot of a reflecting surface or one lumen of light flux emitted or transmitted by one square foot of a diffusing surface.
Luminaire: A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps, together with any reflectors, refractors, diffusers, baffles or other devices to distribute the light, and with parts to position and protect the lamps and to connect the lamps to the power supply.
Standards: Outdoor illumination that is subject to this Section shall conform to the following standards:
Glare: All outdoor illumination shall be provided and maintained in a manner that safeguards against discomfort glare and disability veiling glare in any street and upon pedestrian ways and vehicular parking, loading and circulation areas on the lot where located and on any other lot.
Area lighting: Area lighting luminaries, whether on poles, attached to buildings or otherwise provided, but excluding floodlighting luminaries, shall conform to the following:
Such area lighting shall be provided by means of full cutoff type luminaries.
Such full cutoff luminaries shall be located or shielded so as to deliver no more than .05 footcandles of illumination at the property line, which illumination shall be measured in both a horizontal and vertical planes at the property line.
No area lighting luminaire shall be located more than 14 feet above the ground.
Floodlighting: Floodlighting luminaries shall be used only for illumination of buildings and other structures and architectural and landscape features and shall conform to the following:
Floodlighting luminaries shall be shielded, such as by visors, or baffles, to minimize spillage of light beyond the outside edge of the object being illuminated.
Floodlighting luminaries shall be aimed at buildings and away from adjacent properties.
No floodlighting illumination shall be permitted within 200 feet of a Residential zone.
Any floodlighting illumination shall not result in the luminance (brightness) of the illuminated object exceeding five footlamberts.
No floodlight luminaire shall be located more than 14 feet above the ground.
Floodlight luminaries shall be located or shielded so as to deliver no more than 0.05 footcandles of illumination at the property line, which illumination shall be measured in both a horizontal and vertical planes at the property line.
No lighting shall be constructed, erected altered or otherwise changed without a permit application filed and approved. All Lighting Permit applications shall be signed by the applicant and owner of the lot on which the lighting will be located.
Lighting other than that approved in the design guidelines may be presented via the permit process, subject to all other Sections of this regulation, and shall be accompanied by the following:
A sketch drawing to scale of the building facades;
A plot plan showing locations, dimensions and types of all existing lights on the premises; and
Plans and specs for the proposed lights including locations, dimensions, maximum and minimum height, proposed design materials, photos of the proposed lighting fixtures, bulb types, bulb wattage, bulb Color Rendering Index, footcandle, shielding, filters, directional fixtures, housings, utility connections, transformers, louvers, reflectors, lenses, staking, mirrors, caging, screening and landscaping.
§ B70-7.11 (Reserved) [1]
Editor's Note: Former § B70-7.11, Sidewalk requirements, was repealed 4-10-2019, effective 4-22-2019.
[Amended effective 8-1-2005 2-6-2013 effective 2-22-2013]
The provisions of this section shall not apply to grocery establishments, to stores selling canned or bottled beer only, to drugstores dispensing liquor on a prescription only, or to full-service restaurants whose primary purpose is to prepare and serve meals for consumption on the premises with an alcoholic beverage as an accompaniment to those meals.
No alcoholic beverage outlet shall be located in a store where any door providing customer access to the store is less than 300 feet measured in a straight line from the nearest property line of land occupied by any school or church, provided that no existing premises used as an alcoholic beverage outlet shall be deemed a violation of these regulations through the subsequent erection of a school or church.
A lot in any zone existing as of December 14, 1963, having sole access to a street by means of an easement, right of way or strip of land, and a lot having frontage only on a private road or trail shown on a subdivision plan filed in the Newtown Town Clerk's Office which is not valid under the Newtown Land Subdivision Regulations effective October 2, 1967, may be used for uses permitted in the zone and permitted buildings erected, altered or enlarged thereon provided that said easement, right of way, strip of land, private road or trail is at least 12 feet wide and will permit unlimited access for owners of such lot and for all public utilities.
Lots other than those having frontage on such a private road or trail may be so used and the permitted buildings erected, altered or enlarged only if the lot has not been owned or controlled by a person or persons owning or controlling any other means of access to a street or a wider easement, right of way or strip of land at any time subsequent to December 14, 1963. If said lot cannot meet the area or minimum square requirements for the zone in which it lies it may still be used provided that it has not been reduced in area at any time subsequent to December 14, 1963, and did not and has not since said date adjoined other improved or unimproved land owned or controlled by the same person owning or controlling said lot.
The same requirements set forth in Subsection 1 hereof shall apply to lots having frontage only on such private roads or trails.
Said lots shall conform in all other respects to the provisions of these Regulations.
In establishing front, side and rear yards for any lot without street frontage permitted in this Section 8.02, the front yard of any such lot may be considered located on that portion of the rear lot nearest to the street to which such lot has access or adjacent to whichever lot line is closest to a dwelling or other building existing or under construction on an adjacent lot.
No building or other structure shall be constructed on any lot without street frontage, except those on private roads or trails, unless each such lot has its own driveway to the street which is constructed with an all weather surface capable of supporting fire apparatus or similar mobile equipment during all seasons of the year.
Where property exists in a residential zone (one acre) capable of being divided into more lots than it has street frontage for, said property may be subdivided, pursuant to law, into three or more lots provided that no more than one rear lot shall be created for every two lots with street frontage and the area of the access strip of land may not be included in computing the area of the rear lot.
Excavations of earth materials, but not the removal thereof from the premises, shall be permitted in any zone when clearly incidental to the construction of buildings or structures on the property, or the construction of ponds of 1/4 acre or less in size. The creation or enlargement of such 1/4 acre pond, revision of the channel or a watercourse or any other landscaping excavations carried on by the use of bulldozers, payloaders or similar power driven excavating machinery shall require a Zoning Permit.
Ponds in excess of 1/4 acre or the enlargement of any existing pond to a size greater than 1/4 acre shall require a special exception permit to be obtained. Such pond shall be for one of the following purposes only, the criteria and standards for which are as follows:
Fire protection. Such ponds shall provide year-round access for fire equipment and have a dry hydrant installed which is designed to meet the requirements of the local fire company. The storage capacity of fire protection ponds will be sufficient to protect specifically designated buildings and woodland areas. Design for fire protection ponds will be required and a copy of such design showing the location, volume and maintenance of such pond placed on file at the local fire company. Minimum depth: eight feet.
Recreation. Must be for private nonprofit family use (fishing, boating, swimming, etc.). Minimum depth: six feet.
Irrigation. Such ponds must be designed for the water requirements of the crops to be irrigated, considering the effective rainfall that can be expected during the growing season, the application efficiency of the irrigation method used, loss due to evaporation and seepage, and the recharge capacity of the watershed supplying the pond. Minimum depth: six feet.
Wildlife. Minimum depth of six feet for only 1/2 the area of the pond. The remaining area should be a maximum of three feet deep. In lieu of a pond, a wildlife marsh may be constructed having a minimum water area of 1/2 acre and a maximum depth of three feet.
Livestock watering. Size of pond should be related to the number and kind of livestock to be watered and the expected daily consumption thereof. Minimum depth: six feet.
Ornamental. Must be accessory to the use of a lot for a permitted principal use. Minimum depth: six feet.
No pond constructed under a special exception permit shall be a ruse for a mining operation. The maximum depth allowable shall be the least necessary in order to carry out the purpose of the pond.
Applications for a zoning permit or a special exception permit, as the case may be, for a pond shall include a map (which may be a United States Geodetic Survey) showing the watershed area and an exact computation of the area thereof, and a computation of the peak flow from said watershed for a ten-year or twenty-five-year flood depending on whether it is a dug or impounded pond. No pond shall cause the total area of all ponds in the watershed area, including the pond to be constructed, to exceed 1/10 of the watershed area. The sides of all ponds shall have a maximum slope of three feet horizontal to one foot vertical. The outlet of dug ponds shall be capable of carrying the flow of a ten-year flood, and the outlet of a pond created by damming a stream shall be capable of carrying the flow of a twenty-five-year flood. Said computations and applications shall be signed by a registered professional engineer.
The Applicant for a special exception permit need meet only the following criteria for special exceptions and permits: § 8.04E(1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6). The powers and procedures set forth in § 8.04F, G, H and I shall be followed. If topsoil or other earth material is to be removed from the premises pursuant to said special exception permit, then a construction permit as set forth in the Newtown Sand and Gravel Regulations shall be obtained concurrently with said special exception permit. Topsoil may be removed only in accordance with § 8.03B hereof. In addition to the portions of § 8.04F which apply, the Commission may impose conditions on the construction of a pond under special exception permit to avoid stagnation and insure the continued vitality of the pond.
No topsoil shall be removed from any land in the Borough except incidental to construction of a building or other structure for which a zoning permit is required and then only as set forth below:
The applicant for such zoning permit shall state at the time the permit is sought that he intends to remove the topsoil from the premises.
The area of the premises from which the topsoil is to be excavated and an area for the stockpiling of such topsoil during construction shall be shown on the plot plan submitted by the applicant. No topsoil shall be stripped except from the smallest area necessary for the construction of said building or structure and the area of the excavation necessarily incidental thereto. All areas shown shall be related to existing monuments or features on the lot or otherwise with sufficient clarity so that the exact areas to be excavated and used for stockpiling can be determined by the Zoning Enforcement Officer. A construction permit for the removal of said topsoil must be obtained as set forth in the Newtown Sand and Gravel Regulations concurrently with the zoning permit or the zoning permit is void.
All topsoil excavated pursuant to the zoning permit shall be stockpiled on the area designated therefore on the plot plan during the course of construction and none may be removed prior to the certification provided in Subsection 5 below.
When the Zoning Enforcement Officer inspects for the issuance of a Certificate of Zoning Compliance pursuant to Section 9.01C hereof, he shall inspect the premises owned or controlled by the applicant, and determine whether or not any portion thereof, other than rock outcroppings occurring naturally, has been stripped of topsoil either by man or by erosion. If the Zoning Enforcement Officer determines that portions of the applicant's premises have been so stripped, he shall refuse to issue a Certificate of Zoning Compliance until such time as the stockpiled topsoil has been spread over the stripped area to a depth of at least six inches.
When the Zoning Enforcement Officer, on the first or any subsequent inspection, determines that no area of the applicant's premises requires a covering of topsoil as aforesaid, then he shall clarify that the remaining stockpile of topsoil is surplus and may be removed by the applicant. A certificate of Zoning Compliance shall not be issued until satisfactory removal or spreading of said stockpile has occurred, and after the issuance of such a certificate, no further removal of topsoil from the premises shall occur.
No earth materials (other than topsoil the removal of which is governed by Subsection B hereof) in excess of 100 cubic yards per year may be removed from any land in the Borough of Newtown except where clearly incidental to construction of a building or other structure for which a zoning permit is required, and then only as set forth below:
An amount equal to the volume of that portion of any building or other structure constructed below grade level plus 100 cubic yards may be removed without submission for the detailed plans and the making of the finding required by Subsections 2 and 3 below.
An amount in excess of the amount provided in Subsection 1 above may be removed only if such removal is shown as part of the site development work on the application for the zoning permit. Where such removal is shown the applicant shall submit a topographical map showing existing contours and finished contours at intervals of two feet for grades less than 3% and five feet for grades of 3% and up, together with an exact computation of the quantity to be removed and an outline of the area to be excavated and the location where topsoil will be stockpiled during construction.
Before issuing a zoning permit permitting excavation and removal in excess of the amount specified in Subsection 1 above the Zoning Enforcement Officer must find in writing that the proposed excavation is clearly incidental to the construction of the building or structure for which the permit is sought. In determining whether or not such excavation is clearly incidental the Zoning Enforcement Officer should consider factors such as the feasibility or constructing the building or other structure at the existing contours, the percent of lot area to be excavated, the relative value of the material to be removed and the cost of the proposed building or structure, whether or not the difficulty of construction at existing contours was the result or prior acts of the applicant or his predecessors in interest, the primary nature of the applicant's business and any additional relevant factors affecting the lot in question. A Construction Permit for the removal of said earth material must be obtained as set forth in the Newtown Sand and Gravel Regulations concurrently with the zoning permit for the zoning permit is void.
All topsoil stripped from the excavation area shall be stockpiled on the area designated therefore on the map submitted and all of it shall be respread on the excavated area prior to issuance of a Certificate of Zoning Compliance unless its removal was specifically permitted and is carried out in accordance with Subsection B above.
The following regulations govern the granting of any special exception permit by the Commission.
The Board shall require an application on a form which it prescribes which shall be submitted to the Commission at least 15 days prior to its regular monthly meeting. Said application shall contain a written statement of the proposed use, appropriate information concerning the applicant and his interest in the property for which the special exception is being sought, and the names and addresses of owners of property which may be affected by the granting of the special exception and in any event, the owners of property lying within 1,000 feet of the boundaries of the parcel for which the special exception is being sought.
In addition four copies of a site plan shall be submitted with the application. Said plan shall be drawn to a scale of not less than 40 feet to the inch and shall meet the A-2 classification of the Connecticut Technical Council. Said plan shall show the following information, which may be submitted in several documents or maps provided that each document or map is submitted in quadruplicate:
The perimeter of the lot and an outline of those areas of the lot to be devoted to the use for which the special exception is being sought with the areas of each computed.
Existing contours at not more than five-foot intervals.
Proposed contours at not more than five-foot intervals.
Location of all existing buildings, wells, sewage disposal facilities, utility installations, drainage facilities, ponds, swamps, watercourses, rock outcroppings and existing wooded areas on the site for which the special exceptions are being sought, location of all proposed structures, signs, loading areas, parking areas including stalls and curbing, all planting, landscaping and buffer areas, proposed water supply and sewage disposal systems, all storm drainage structures and facilities, and all gas, electric and other utility installations. Gross floor area of all buildings to remain or to be built on the lot shall be shown.
four copies of a general location map showing the surrounding property within 500 feet of the area proposed for a special exception, including all existing structures, wells, sewage disposal facilities, roads, storm drainage systems, ponds, swamps, watercourses, rock outcroppings, wooded areas, names of contiguous property owners and contours at not less than ten-foot intervals. This map need not be drawn to scale, provided that the scale is not varied in any way which misleads the viewer, and all the required information is shown.
Architectural rendering of all proposed buildings, structures or signs, together with a description of the nature of the exterior surfaces and all exterior features such as, but not limited to, doors, windows, fire escapes, signs and lighting.
The following standards and criteria shall be met by all uses which are permitted only be special exception or permit, in addition to those standards and criteria which are otherwise set forth in these Regulations. No special exception shall be granted by the Zoning Commission unless it finds that all these standards have been or will be met. Approval without such findings shall be null and void and the Zoning Enforcement Officer shall not issue a Zoning Permit or Certificate of Zoning Compliance in such a case.
The proposed use shall be in harmony with the general character of the neighborhood.
The proposed use shall not be inconsistent with the intent and purpose of these regulations.
The proposed use shall not substantially impair property values in the neighborhood.
The proposed use shall not create a traffic hazard on existing streets.
The proposed use shall not create a health hazard to persons on or off the lot on which the use is proposed.
All applicable sections of these Regulations and all other applicable Town and State laws, ordinances, regulations or codes, including without limitation, the Town Sanitary Code, Town Sand and Gravel Regulations and State Health Code, shall be complied with. It shall be the duty of the applicant to list on his application the various sections of the Town and State laws, ordinances, regulations and codes which govern his proposed use and buildings.
The architectural design of the proposed building shall be in harmony with the design of other buildings on the lot and within 1,000 feet of the perimeter of the lot for which the special exception is sought.
Construction proposed on the site shall be carried out so as to utilize the site in a manner which results in the least defacement of the natural features thereon, such as trees, rock outcroppings, etc.
The lot shall contain the minimum area required for the special exception use.
In granting any special exception the Commission may impose conditions on the buildings and structures proposed to be built and on the use of the property, including without limitation, increasing the minimum yard, parking and landscape requirements otherwise applicable, as are necessary to preserve the general character of the neighborhood, to protect the public health, safety and convenience of the persons and properties affected by said special exception, to stabilize and improve property values in the neighborhood, and to meet the standards set forth in Subsection E hereof.
When any special exception granted by the Commission is utilized, the use, buildings and other structures shall comply in all respects with the application, site plan and architectural plan as finally approved, as well as the conditions imposed by the Commission under this said Section.
The applicant shall notify the Commission of any proposed change to the special exception and shall obtain the approval of the Commission of any change to such approval prior to the implementation thereof. The Commission may approve non-substantial modifications of a previously approved Special Exception without a public hearing and without special notices otherwise required. Prior to the issuance of any Certificate of Occupancy, the applicant shall submit to the Commission a certification by each of the applicant's engineers and architects that there are no variances or deviations from the approved special exception. The certification required by this section shall be deemed to be of the essence of a Certificate of Occupancy issued in reliance thereon.
The Commission shall hold a public hearing on each application for a special exception, the date, time, place and purpose of which shall be warned in the same manner as an amendment to these Regulations. The applicant shall be required to pay an application fee pursuant to Section 9.07.
If the owners of 20% or more in area of all land (other than streets) lying outside of but within 500 feet of each boundary line of the property proposed for a special exception objected to the proposed special exception in writing prior to Commission action, then the Commission may grant said special exception only upon the affirmative vote of at least four members of the Commission (including alternates designated to sit for absent members).
Any special exception granted by the Zoning Commission shall cease to be effective two years after the date of approval.
Any party aggrieved by the decision of the Zoning Commission on any application for a special exception may appeal said decision of the Board of Appeals within 15 days of the effective date of said decision.
Any building, structure or use of land, either principal or accessory, lawfully existing at the time of adoption of these Regulations, or any amendments thereto, may be continued although such building, structure or use does not conform with the provisions of these Regulations.
Once a nonconforming use has been abandoned, neither it nor any other nonconforming use shall thereafter be reestablished. The discontinuance of a nonconforming use and the replacement thereof by a conforming use, for any period of time, no matter how short, shall constitute abandonment of the nonconforming use. Such replacement by a conforming use shall occur when that portion of the lot or building formerly devoted to a nonconforming use is issued for a conforming use. When a nonconforming use has not been actively conducted for a period of one year for whatever reason except the reconstruction of a building or structure in which it was conducted because of casualty loss, then it shall be presumed abandoned and a Zoning Permit will be necessary before any use is made of said premises. If the owner of said premises desires to resume said presumptively abandoned nonconforming use, he may apply to the Zoning Board of Appeals which shall conduct a hearing and determine whether or not said nonconforming use was abandoned. The burden of proof shall be upon the applicant to show that the use was not in fact abandoned.
No lot on which a nonconforming use has been conducted shall be used for any other use which does not conform to the requirement of these Regulations whether or not such new use would be more or less detrimental to the neighborhood than the nonconforming use already existing.
When a building in which a nonconforming use is conducted, or which is itself nonconforming as to size, coverage, or location on the lot, is damaged or destroyed by fire, explosion, act of God or catastrophe not brought about by or on behalf of the owner, lessee or other person in possession and control of said nonconforming building, it may be restored or reconstructed and used for said nonconforming use provided that: 1. the restored or reconstructed building covers no greater area, has no greater cubic content, and is at least as conforming as to location on the lot as was the building damaged or destroyed and 2. in case of destruction of the building, a Class A-2 survey is filed with the Clerk of the Borough of Newtown, depicting its location on the lot, such survey to be filed at or before the time an application to demolish the building is filed. The foregoing notwithstanding, any such nonconformity shall be lost unless restoration or reconstruction, as the case may be, is substantially started within the later of two years from the date public sewers are available according to the plan adopted by the WPCA as of the effective date of this revision or one year from the original damage or destruction or unless the building is demolished and a Class A-2 survey is filed with the Clerk of the Borough as stated above.
No nonconforming use may be extended to any property not owned by the owner of the nonconforming use on the date on which it became nonconforming by virtue of these Regulations. No building in which a nonconforming use is conducted may be enlarged either in area or cubic content. Such a building may be otherwise altered, improved or rebuilt.
Any building in which a conforming use is conducted and which has been made nonconforming as to front, side or rear yard dimensions, height or minimum size of dwelling by virtue of these Regulations or the amendments thereto may be enlarged, altered or maintained notwithstanding any such nonconformity, provided that the enlargement or alteration of said building shall not increase the degree of such nonconformity, that said building shall comply with all other provisions of these Regulations for the zone in which it lies, and that the lot on which it is located has not, at any time after said building became nonconforming, been reduced in size so as to increase such nonconformity.
Nonconformity of any improved or unimproved lot with the provisions of these Regulations concerning minimum lot area, minimum width at the front line or minimum square shall not prevent the erection, enlargement, alteration or maintenance on such lot of a building or buildings which, as so erected, enlarged, altered or maintained shall comply with all of the other provisions of these Regulations for the zone in which it lies, if such lot was in existence on December 14, 1963, and if it was not at any time thereafter reduced in area and did not adjoin another improved or unimproved lot or lots owned or controlled by the person or persons owning or controlling the lot in question on said date or at any time thereafter.
Nonconformity of any lot as to minimum lot area, minimum width at the front lot line, minimum square, or ratio of rear to front lots, in a subdivision approved by the Commission (or the Newtown Planning Commission) prior to (effective date) shall not prevent the construction of a building thereon by a person who is not required to seek reapproval of said subdivision pursuant to 2.17 of the Newtown Land Subdivision Regulations.
Access to any industrial zone may be had through any Business or any other Industrial Zone, but the area of the lot through which access is obtained shall not be included in computing minimum lot area or frontage. Access to Business and Industrial Zones is not allowed through Residential or Professional Zones except by special exception.
The Commission shall designate one or more Zoning Enforcement Officers one of whom shall serve as the Chief Officer and all other Zoning Enforcement Officers shall serve under his direction. Said Zoning Enforcement Officer shall administer and enforce these Regulations and shall implement and enforce the decisions of the Zoning Board of Appeals. Said Zoning Officers shall issue Zoning Permits as hereinafter set forth, make the inspections required in the administration and enforcement of these Regulations and the decisions of the Zoning Board of Appeals, issue or deny Certificates of Zoning Compliance as set forth herein, issue orders to cease and desist from the violations of these Regulations and are hereby authorized to inspect any lot, premises, building or use, whether public or private, where said Zoning Enforcement Officers have reason to believe it is or is about to be in violation of these Regulations. Said Zoning Enforcement Officers shall institute civil actions in accordance with the General Statutes to prevent or abate violations of these Regulations and, if authorized, shall arrest, or they may seek warrants for the arrest and conviction of any owner, lessee or agent of such owner or lessee, of any building, premises or part thereof in which a violation of these Regulations has been committed or is being committed or the agent, architect, builder, contractor or any other person who commits, takes part or assists in any such violation. In addition, said Zoning Enforcement Officers shall issue orders to discontinue such violations and, if violations are not discontinued within 10 days of such order, shall institute civil actions to recover the civil penalties provided by Statute. Where reference is made in these Regulations to "Zoning Enforcement Officer" in the singular shall be deemed to be a reference to any and all Zoning Enforcement Officers who have been appointed hereunder.
Zoning permits.
Before any land, building or other structure is devoted to a new or changed use, whether or not the owner believes such new or changed use is conforming to these Regulations, or before the erection, enlargement or structural alteration of any structure is commenced, a Zoning Permit shall be obtained from a Zoning Enforcement Officer. The application for such zoning permit shall be accompanied by a plot plan and the Zoning Enforcement Officer may request from the applicant in writing sufficient information so that the Zoning Enforcement Officer may determine that the proposed building, structure or use complies with the provisions of these Regulations in all respects or Site Development Plan approval may be obtained in accordance with Article 10 hereof, if so required. Except for single family uses, no change in occupancy, use or mix within any building shall be made without prior review and approval by the Borough Sanitarian and Zoning Enforcement Officer.
No Zoning Permit shall be issued until the permits required by the Newtown Sanitary Code as to wells and sewage disposal systems, and the driveway permit required by the Town Road Ordinance have been obtained by the applicant, if applicable to the use, building or structure proposed. No such Zoning Permit shall be issued unless the Zoning Enforcement Officer has certified in writing that the proposed building or use complies with all the provisions of these Regulations and all conditions which have been imposed by the Commission or Board of Appeals, where applicable. No building or permit should be issued until the Zoning Permit has been issued.
Upon completion of the foundation of any building or structure for which the Zoning or Building permits have been issued, and before proceeding any further with the construction of said building or structure, a certified survey by a licensed professional engineer or land surveyor meeting the requirements of the A-2 class survey of the Connecticut Technical Council shall be filed by the holder of the Building and Zoning Permits with the Zoning Enforcement Officer. Such survey shall show such foundation and any existing or proposed well, septic tank and fields and indicate the distances therefrom to the street line, the side and rear lot lines of the lot on which the building or structure is situated and the distances to the well and septic tank and fields.
Any Zoning Permit issued hereunder shall cease to be effective six months after the date of issuance (or after the date on which it is finally determined to be valid if challenged by appeal to the Zoning Board of Appeals or the courts) unless the use for which the permit is sought is being actively conducted on the lot or unless work has been commenced and is being diligently pursued on the building or other structure for which the Zoning Permit was sought.
Applications for Zoning Permits shall be accompanied by a fee to be computed as follows:
For alterations only, resulting in no increase of space, and for new or changed uses of land, building or structures not involving alterations or additions—no fee.
For all other applications, see Section 9.07.
Certificate of zoning compliance. No lot or building shall be occupied or used in whole or in part for any purpose until a Certificate of Zoning Compliance shall have been issued by the Zoning Enforcement Officer stating that the lot, building or structure complies with all the provisions of these Regulations. The building or the structure is complete and ready for occupancy or use, the applicant shall notify the Zoning Enforcement Officer who shall, within 30 days from the receipt of such notice, inspect the lot, building or structure and issue a Certificate of Zoning Compliance of such lot, building or structure comply with all of the provisions of these Regulations, and any special conditions imposed by the Commission or the Zoning Board of Appeals. Prior to issuing a Certificate of Zoning Compliance the Zoning Enforcement Officer may require further written statements from the owner, his agent or any person who is to occupy the premises concerning any information he deems necessary in order to determine whether or not the provisions of these Regulations are being and will be met. Where a portion of a building or structure is ready for occupancy or use the Zoning Enforcement Officer may issue a Certificate of Zoning Compliance as to that part only and no other portion of said building or structure may be used or occupied until a subsequent Certificate(s) of Zoning Compliance is/are obtained therefore.
The violation by any person seeking a Zoning Permit or Certificate of Zoning Compliance of the provisions of the Newtown Sanitary Code, the Newtown Road Ordinance, the Land Subdivision Regulations, the Newtown Sand and Gravel Regulations or any other regulations within the "police power," so-called, subsequently adopted by the Town of Newtown acting through its legislative body or its boards or commissions, shall constitute a violation of these Regulations and, while said violation is continuing, shall be sufficient cause to refuse to issue or revoke said Zoning Permit or to refuse to issue said Certificate of Zoning Compliance.
The Zoning Board of Appeals of the Borough shall have the powers of the State of Connecticut and these Regulations. In exercising its power to vary these Regulations it may do so in the case of an exceptionally irregular, narrow, shallow, or steep lot or other exceptional physical conditions as a result of which strict application would result in exceptional difficulty or unusual hardship that would deprive the owner of the reasonable use of the land or building involved, but in no other case. No variance in the strict application of any provisions of these Regulations shall be granted by the Board of Appeals unless it finds:
That there are special circumstances or conditions fully described in the findings of the Board, applying to the land or buildings for which the variance is sought, which circumstances or conditions are peculiar to such land or building, and do not apply generally to land or buildings in the neighborhood, and have not resulted from any act subsequent to the adoption of these Regulations, whether in violation of the provisions hereof or not.
That, for reasons fully set forth in the findings of the Board, the aforesaid circumstances or conditions are such that the strict application of the provisions of this ordinance would deprive the applicant of the reasonable use of such land or building and the granting of the variance is necessary for the reasonable use of the land or building, and that the variance as granted by the Board is the minimum variance that will accomplish this purpose.
That the granting of the variance will be in harmony with the purposes and intent of these Regulations, and will not be injurious to the neighborhood or otherwise detrimental to the public welfare.
These Regulations may be amended, added to or repealed and the boundaries of the zones shown on the Zoning Map may be established, altered or eliminated in accordance with the procedures established by the General Statutes either on the initiative of the Commission or upon receipt of a written application for such a change.
Any application for an amendment, change, addition or repeal of these Regulations or the establishment, alteration or elimination of the boundaries on the Zoning Map shall be filed first with the Zoning Enforcement Officer at least 15 days prior to the regular monthly meeting of the Commission. Said application shall be accompanied by a fee in accordance with Section 9.07. The cost of publication shall be borne by the Applicant.
Any such application shall make specific reference amendment or change to the portion of these Regulations to be amended, changed, added to or repealed and shall contain the text of the proposed amendment or change.
Any application to establish, alter or eliminate a zoning boundary or zone set forth on the Zoning Map shall be accompanied by a Class A-2 or B-100 map by a registered land surveyor drawn to scale showing the exact area for which such change is being sought and delineating any proposed new zoning boundaries with reference to existing monuments, natural features or otherwise so that all persons affected can know the area for which the change is sought. Such an application shall include the name of all property owners within the area for which the change is sought and within the number of feet of the perimeter thereof established by the General Statutes, presently 500 feet, within which area a protest may be filed according to such statute. Said application shall also contain a sufficient description of the property which may be used by the Commission in publishing the notice of hearing on said change.
If any Section, Subsection, clause, phrase, or any provision of these Regulations is, for any reason, finally adjudicated to be invalid or unconstitutional by a court of competent jurisdiction, such portion shall be deemed a separate, distinct and independent provision, and such adjudication shall not affect the validity of the remaining portion hereof.
The procedure and penalties for violations of these Regulations shall be as set forth in Section 8-12 of the General Statutes, as from time to time amended.
Please note that the Commission may determine that it is reasonably necessary to engage the services of an outside consultant or consultants to assist with evaluating any application submitted pursuant to these regulations or in inspecting or verifying improvements made or being made pursuant thereto. In that event, the fees and costs incurred by the Commission with respect thereto shall be assessed as additional fees in relation to any such application. Such additional fees shall be paid regardless of the outcome of the application and, in any event, prior to and as a condition of the issuance of any certificate of approval or permit issued in consequence of said application.
The following fees shall be submitted with, and as a part of, applications and petitions for:
Change of zone
Site development plans
Special exceptions/special permits (cost of transcript extra, if required)
Temporary retail sales
Roadside stands
Tag sales, auction sales
Circus, carnival (entertainment)
Zoning permits (see Section 9.01.b.5.)
$12 per 100 sq. ft.
Village district
Basic fee
Plus cost of architectural review
Zoning regulations (plus $5 postage if required)
Zoning map (plus $3.50 postage if required)
For any special meeting requested by applicant or petitioner, and any special meeting required regarding any application or petition (plus cost of publication, if required)
For any application not listed above that requires a hearing
Purpose. The Site Development Plan approval process is hereby established by the Zoning Commission in an effort to aid in the upgrading of future development of the Borough of Newtown; in an effort to encourage the appropriate development in the use of land and buildings; and in an effort to diminish detrimental effects on neighborhood characteristics and property values.
Site Development Plan approval is required for any development involving the erection of any new structure greater than 1,500 square feet in area and/or the reconstruction, enlargement, extension or structural alterations of existing structures which would result in an increase in the gross floor area of greater than 1,500 square feet. Excepted from this requirement are the lawful construction, alteration and occupancy of single family dwellings and uses accessory thereto.
The Commission shall require an application on a form which it prescribes. Said application shall contain a written statement of the proposed use, appropriate information concerning the applicant and his interests in the property for which Site Development Plan approval is being sought.
In addition, the following information shown either on a Site Development Plan, supplemental plans drawn to a scale of not less than one inch equals 40 feet (except where otherwise specified), said plan not to exceed 25 inches by 37 inches, reports or documents:
Name and address of owner and of developer, if different.
Scale, north arrow, date, and zone classification.
Signature and seal of a professional engineer, and/or surveyor, and/or architect, where applicable, licensed to practice in Connecticut.
Names of all abutting property owners. All zone or municipal boundaries within 1,000 feet of the property.
Perimeter of property involved together with total property area.
A map showing the proposed area of construction at a scale of not less than one inch equals 20 feet.
All proposed improvements to the property, including paved parking areas, walks, landscaping, building setback dimensions, wells or water supply, septic systems (including 100% reserve area), drainage with invert elevations at basins, and pipe size, utilities, signs, (size, type and location), outdoor lighting, erosion control and curbing (with all radii shown).
The location of each proposed septic system, detailed design computations for septic systems including type of sewage, equipment data sources and layout of system and the location and results of each deep test hole and percolation test and/or approval from WPCA.
Preliminary building plans including schematic floor plans, exterior elevations and perspective drawings.
Existing and proposed contours at intervals not to exceed five feet, smaller intervals may be necessary to show characteristics of that terrain. Proposed spot elevations at strategic locations.
The volume of earth to be removed from the site or to be filled into the site.
All existing topographical features on and within 50 feet of the property, structures, paved areas, foliage limits, wetlands, watercourses, underground utilities, septic systems, wells, isolated trees, stone walls, driveways, paths, ledge outcroppings or boulders, easements and building setback lines.
Proposed open space such as parks, lawn areas and recreation facilities and such proposed covenants, easements and other provisions relating to dimensions, location and density of such buildings and public facilities as are necessary for the welfare and maintenance of the development and are not inconsistent with the best interests of the Borough.
The percentage of building coverage and lot coverage.
Location and dimensions of loading, storage, refuse collection, exterior machinery and equipment, and parking areas including the location, dimensions and number of vehicle spaces and traffic islands.
Proposed vehicular and pedestrian circulation patterns including location and dimensions of private and public streets and common drives.
Field measurements of sight distances in both directions from each access to Town and State Roads.
A traffic survey of the area or any other information which the Commission may reasonably require or the applicant may wish to submit.
If filed with a Village District application, a block face drawing in accordance § B70-12F5, Streetscapes.
In addition, the Commission shall receive the following:
A statement from the Fire Marshal on firefighting feasibility of the proposed development, recommendations and/or approval.
An inland/wetlands license from the Conservation Commission, if required.
A statement from the Borough Engineer detailing recommendations and/or approval.
Approvals from the Water/Sewer Authority and Aquarion if required by the Commission and normally obtained as a stipulation detailed in the Commission's approval of the application.
A statement from the Police Department detailing recommendations and/or approval.
A statement from the Conservation Director detailing comments, recommendations and/or approval.
A statement from the Health Department on the water and wastewater disposal needs of the development, recommendations and/or approval.
A statement from the Planning Commission that the application is in accordance with the Town of Newtown Plan of Conservation and Development.
A report from the Village District's consultant per § B70-12.05A if required.
No Site Development Plan shall be approved by the Commission unless it finds that the following standards and criteria have been or will be met:
The architectural design and renderings of buildings, including among other elements, the building material, roofline and building elevations, shall be of such character as to harmonize with the neighborhood, and to protect property values in the neighborhood.
All details of the Site Development Plan are designed and arranged so as not to create a health or safety hazard to persons or property on or off the road on which the development is planned.
All details of the Site Development Plan are planned to conserve as much of the natural terrain and vegetation as possible.
All details of the Site Development Plan are planned to minimize excessive light and noise.
All details of the Site Development Plan are in keeping with the general intent and spirit of the Borough Zoning Regulations.
Utilities and drainage have been so laid out so as not to unduly burden the capacity of such facilities.
The streets and drives will be suitable and adequate to carry anticipated traffic within the site.
All applicable sections of these Regulations and all other applicable Borough, Town or State Laws, ordinances, regulations, or codes shall be complied with.
The Commission may at its discretion hold a public hearing on any proposed development requiring a Site Development Plan. Said public hearing shall be heard within 65 days of the submission of a complete Site Development Plan.
Notice of such public hearing shall be warned in the same manner as an amendment to these Regulations.
Minor changes in an approved Site Development Plan may, with the written approval of the Zoning Enforcement Officer, be made, provided such changes shall in no way affect the overall layout, design, density, impact or nature of the Site Development Plan. Such minor changes may include, but are not limited to, the locations of catchbasins, manholes and other technical aspects of drainage, slight alterations of the location of roads, structures or buildings due to unforeseen topographical or geological features, slight alterations of finished contours, minor rearranging of lighting standards. If the Zoning Enforcement Officer shall have any question as to whether such a proposed change is minor, such change shall require the review and written approval of the Commission.
The applicant shall notify the Commission of any proposed change to the approved site plan and shall obtain the approval of the Commission of any change to such approval prior to implementation thereof. Prior to the issuance of any Certificate of Occupancy, the applicant shall submit to the Commission a certification by each of the applicant's engineers and architects that there are no variances or deviations from the approved site development plan. The certification required by this section shall be deemed to be of the essence of a Certificate of Occupancy issued in reliance thereon.
Any site plan approval granted by the Zoning Commission shall cease to be effective two years after the date of issuance.
These Regulations may be cited as "Erosion and Sediment Control Regulations of the Borough of Newtown, Connecticut," and are adopted for the purpose of conforming with and adhering to the requirements and public policy as set forth in Public Act 83-388.
"Certification" means a signed, written approval by the Commission, that a soil erosion and sediment control plan complies with the applicable requirements of these Regulations.
"Commission" means the Borough Zoning Commission.
"Conservation Director" means the Conservation Official of the Borough of Newtown.
"County Soil and Water Conservation District" means the Fairfield County Soil and Water Conservation District established under Subsection 2 of Section 22a-315 of the General Statutes.
"Development" means any construction or grading activities to improved or unimproved real estate.
"Disturbed area" means any area where the ground cover is destroyed or removed leaving the land subject to accelerated erosion.
"Erosion" means the detachment and movement of soil or rock fragments by water, wind, ice, gravity machinery or manmade activity, etc.
"Grading" means any excavating, grubbing, filling (including hydraulic fill) or stockpiling of earth materials or any combination thereof, including the land in its excavated or filled condition.
"Inspection" means the periodic review of sediment and erosion control measures shown on the certified plan.
"Sediment" means solid material, either mineral or organic, that is in suspension, is transported, or has moved from its site of origin by erosion.
"Soil" means any unconsolidated mineral or organic material of any origin.
"Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Plan" means a scheme that minimizes soil erosion and sedimentation resulting from development and including, but not limited to, a map and narrative.
A soil erosion and sediment control plan shall be submitted with any application for development when the disturbed area of such development is cumulatively more than 1/2 acre.
A single family dwelling that is not part of a subdivision of land shall be exempt from these Regulations.
To be eligible for certification, a soil erosion and sediment control plan shall contain proper provisions to adequately control accelerated erosion and sedimentation and reduce the danger from storm water runoff on the proposed site based on the best available technology. Such principles, methods, practices necessary for certification are found in the Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control, as amended. Alternative principles, methods and practices may be used with prior approval of the Commission or the Conservation Director, its designated agent.
Said plan shall contain, but not be limited to:
A narrative describing:
The development.
The schedule for grading and construction activities including:
Start and completion dates.
Sequence of grading and construction activities.
Sequence for installation and/or application of soil erosion and sediment control measures.
Sequence for final stabilization of the project site.
The design criteria for proposed soil erosion and sediment control measures and storm water management facilities.
The construction details for proposed soil erosion and sediment control measures and storm water management facilities.
The installation and/or application procedures for proposed soil erosion and sediment control measures and storm water management facilities.
The operation and maintenance program for proposed soil erosion and sediment control measures and storm water management facilities.
A site plan map at a sufficient scale to show:
The location of the proposed development and adjacent properties.
The existing and proposed topography including soil types, wetlands, watercourses and water bodies.
The existing structures on the project site, if any.
The proposed area alterations including cleared, excavated, filled or graded areas and proposed structures, utilities, roads and, if applicable, new property lines.
The locations of and design details for all proposed soil erosion and sediment control measures and storm water management facilities.
The sequence of grading and construction activities.
The sequence for installation and/or application of soil erosion and sediment control measures.
The sequence for final stabilization of the development site.
Plans for soil erosion and sediment control shall be developed in accordance with these Regulations using the principles as outlined in the Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control, as amended. Soil erosion and sediment control plans shall result in a development that: minimizes erosion and sedimentation during construction, is stabilized and protected from erosion when completed, and does not cause off-site erosion and/or sedimentation.
The minimum standards for individual measures are those in the Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control, as amended. The Commission may grant exceptions when specifically requested by the applicant if technically sound reasons are presented.
The appropriate method from the Connecticut Guidelines for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control, as amended, shall be used in determining peak flow rates and volumes of runoff unless as alternative method is approved by the Commission.
The Commission shall either certify that the soil erosion and sediment control plan, as filed, complies with the requirements and objectives of these Regulations or deny certification when the development proposal does not comply with these Regulations.
Nothing in these Regulations shall be construed as extending the time limits for approval of any application under Chapters 124, 124A or 126 of the General Statutes.
Prior to certification, any plan submitted to the Commission shall be reviewed by the Conservation Director who shall make recommendations concerning such plan, provided such review shall be completed within 30 days of the receipt of such plan.
The Commission may forward a copy of the development proposal to the Northwest Conservation District, to the Newtown Inland Wetlands Commission, and any other Town of Newtown Department, commission or agency, or any consultant for review and/or comment.
The estimated costs of measures required to control soil erosion and sedimentation, as specified in the certified plan, that are a condition of certification of any modified site plan, if such a modified site plan is submitted for review by the Commission, may be required to be covered in a performance bond or other assurance acceptable to the Commission in accordance with the provisions specified in the appropriate sections of the Zoning Regulations of the Borough of Newtown and the Subdivision Regulations of the Town of Newtown, as from time to time amended.
Site development shall not begin unless the soil erosion and sediment control plan is certified and those control measures and facilities in the plan schedule for installation prior to site development are installed and functional.
Planned soil erosion and sediment control measures and facilities shall be installed as scheduled according to the certified plan.
All control measures and facilities shall be maintained in effective condition until the sign-off of the certificate of occupancy or the designated date reflected in the site stabilization agreement to ensure the compliance of the certified plan.
Inspection shall be made by the Commission or the Conservation Director, its designated agent, during development to ensure compliance with the certified plan and that control measures and facilities are properly performed or installed and maintained. The Commission may require the permittee to verify through progress report that soil erosion and sediment control measures and facilities have been performed or installed according to the certified plan and are being operated and maintained. It shall be the responsibility of the permittee to provide proper notification for inspection of control measures and facilities that are required prior to proceeding with any development work which is affected by the installation of these measures. Failure to provide this notification shall nullify any approvals given by the Commission on the project site.
A site stabilization agreement between the applicant and the Borough of Newtown shall be a requirement for a certificate of occupancy sign-off during the nongrowing months of the year.
In 1998, the Zoning Commission of the Borough of Newtown began a project to establish a Village District in accordance with the authority provided by § 8-2j of the General Statutes and to incorporate in the district a set of design guidelines that would protect the distinctive character, landscape and historic values set forth in the Plan of Development. The members of the committee considered State, regional and municipal policies and past decisions and studied similar documents from regulatory commissions of village districts in other jurisdictions, as well as the federal standards for rehabilitation of properties.
Village District development is controlled by zoning regulations that are to be interpreted with the help of such Village District Design Guidelines as may be adopted by the Commission from time to time. Guidelines have a role that is different in nature from the zoning regulations. Guidelines do not always dictate specific limits, nor does strict adherence to them necessarily assure approval. Evaluation of buildings requires judgment in studying plans submitted. The Commission has to consider each design on its own merit, as well as its effect on the neighborhood and the Borough as a whole. By themselves, guidelines do not guarantee excellent or even mediocre architecture. The important point is that by following these guidelines, the property owner is doing his part to help the Commission protect the fragile, irreplaceable environment of the Borough.
The guidelines are not designed to promote any particular architectural styles. Their role is to protect existing properties against incorrect alterations and, as new buildings are built and additions made to existing structures, to preserve the continuity and architectural unity of the district. Within that overall unity today are a variety of styles and settings, and, as a result, different new buildings could be compatible. Some buildings, however, may not be. For that reason, the intent of the guidelines is to be selective-and sometimes restrictive-in order to exclude designs that would erode the historic, cultural and economic resource built up over generations.
Historic Continuity
The historic value of the commercial center of the Borough is found in the design of its individual buildings, the street scene, and the overall relationship of buildings, streets and topography as well as vehicular and pedestrian traffic and densities of uses. The architecture and the street scene are a reflection of a society, economy, and technology somewhat different from today's. The Borough's commercial center evolved in a simpler society and before the widespread availability of electricity, large machinery, easy transportation, low cost steel and glass, and elevators. The general appearance of street vistas and the present character of separate buildings represent an accumulation of many periods. The overall pattern of streets, lots, buildings, and landmarks was established in the 18th century and followed in the 19th and 20th centuries. Today, caution and vigilance remain essential to the continued preservation of the Borough through regulation of the commercial center.
Distinctive Character
Anything as subtle as charm is difficult to define, and the quaint and distinctive character of the center defies exact definition as well. Its history and that of the Town as a whole inform it. The component parts of the Borough interrelate in a subtle and distinctive way: the repetition and similarity of house after house with similar or special architectural details and seldom of greater height than three stories; a mix of small and grand houses on small lots facing adjacent streets; a variety of small business and professional offices. These elements have produced the ambience of the Borough for leisurely living and have given it quaint and distinctive New England small town charm that is found with decreasing frequency.
Overall Unity
Courts have not attempted to define these special qualities but rather have looked more toward a total concept or overall unity, as the definitive statement. The wording of the "Village District" statute, general rather than categorical, seems to take into account that, within the overall entity of a Village District, there is a spread of historic styles, cultural influence, land use and density. However general this phraseology, its thrust and intention are unmistakable.
Design Quality
While the quality of a building's design may not improve with age, every generation must evaluate the significance of architectural styles and examples, being guided by the wisdom of the past and wary of its folly. Some buildings that are interesting and intriguing now, for instance, were previously considered to have very little value.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE VILLAGE DISTRICT DISTINCTIVENESS
While a statement in the Introduction suggests that defining the "quaint and distinctive character" of the Borough and its commercial center is difficult, the major physical components of its distinctiveness are not mysterious or elusive. The Commission, in attempting to fulfill its legal responsibility to preserve its rural New England village character, recognizes that size, scale and design of buildings, along with workable pedestrian and vehicular traffic patterns are essential physical components of the distinctiveness and uses them in evaluating the appropriateness of physical changes proposed within the District.
Scale of the district. Vertical as well as horizontal distance is measured in human footsteps. Human size and untaxed physical capability, along with available technology and material, established the scale of the district. This human scale, reflected in the size of buildings, contributes more to the distinctiveness of the commercial district than any other single component.
Texture of typical street scene (pattern created by scale, setback, landscaping, density, traffic generation, signs, etc.).
The typical street scene facilitates pedestrian traffic AND unfettered access to commercial uses.
The predominant ratio of solid wall area to area of openings, proportions and directional emphasis of wall openings and roof, parapet and floor shall be respected and maintained wherever possible.
Typical building materials (walls: brick, wood; roofs: slate, wood and tile shingles). Design unity within the District is greatly enhanced by the use of relatively few materials and their repetition. Materials for exterior walls, doors, windows, roofs, paving, etc. shall be compatible in quality, color and texture with existing prevalent materials in the neighborhood.
Typical commercial building site plan. The pattern within the Borough and the District is of relatively small residential and commercial buildings, punctuated by larger public buildings. Commercial buildings, however, should not substantially exceed other commercial buildings in the vicinity in mass, nor should they dominate them.
Liaison with Town.
Visual contact: Because of the distinctive views of the Borough offered from Castle Hill Road and other sites in the Town, care should be taken to prevent the introduction of elements that would disrupt those distinctive views.
Physical access: Free-flowing, convenient traffic patterns, both vehicular and pedestrian, are the lifeblood of commerce and social intercourse. It is essential to public safety and to maintaining property values. Accordingly, it is one of the essential elements to be preserved, both for the short term and long term health of the community. Church Hill Road and Queen Street are burdened with a number of existing uses that contribute to the traffic problems currently existing in the District, including three schools and a significant shopping center. Church Hill Road, moreover, previously provided the primary access for trucks between Route 184 and Route 25. With the upgrade to the railroad underpass, it will undoubtedly again provide that access. The Borough, however, has little discretion with respect to controlling traffic facilities on those two roadways—roadways that are at the crossroad of the District.
Size and proportion:
The specific size of individual building elements makes a very significant difference in their appearance. Small differences in size may be readily apparent, particularly when they constitute a large proportional difference.
Certain elements are limited in their size because of historical building conventions and 19th century construction technology. In some instances, changes in building technology have resulted in corresponding changes in the prevalent sizes of particular elements. And while technological improvements through time have allowed increases in scale, such advances should not dictate changes in the community. The possible should not control the desirable. Thus, improperly sized buildings or uses would be detrimental to the overall well being of the District, especially given limited traffic facilities.
In general, it can be said that buildings of various styles derive much of their effect and importance from the fact that their various parts adhere to systems of scale and proportion that are unique to the respective styles. So, too, with community styles. To tamper with these relationships can be detrimental to the sense of the building and the community alike. Although the rules of scale and proportion are too numerous to set down here, decisions are based upon the Commission's knowledge of the norms.
Density: Density of use and mass of structure shall be vigorously held to the legally permitted level, as per the Zoning Ordinance of the Borough of Newtown.
Streetscapes:
Proposed additions to existing structures and new buildings shall not be higher than the predominant building height on the blockface between the two intersecting streets.
Applicants for volumetric additions affecting the street facade must prepare a blockface drawing of the structure or structures proposed showing the area thereof as seen from the street, along with similar blockface drawings of other buildings and structures in the immediate neighborhood, all rendered in the same scale, so as to show the proportional relationship of the proposal to other buildings and structures in the area.
PREDOMINANT CHARACTERISTICS.
The distinctiveness of an area is created by its predominant characteristics, not the exceptions or deviations. While the Village District has variety in building designs, this variety is within discernable limits. Uncontrolled variation or designs out of context will not preserve the District's distinctiveness.
Though change is inevitable, even in an historic district, accommodating the District to the requirements of contemporary life should not be achieved at the cost of the integrity of the district's unique environment.
ADDITIONS AND NEW BUILDINGS.
All structures should be recognizable products of their time of construction. Contemporary design for additions to existing buildings and new structures is encouraged, but contemporary designs must be compatible with the distinctive character of the district and related to neighboring historic buildings in size, scale, materials, and site plan.
The size of buildings must be limited as heretofore indicated to preserve the scale of the District. Large-scale buildings are alien to the distinctiveness of the Village District and the Borough. Any good faith effort to comply with the legal requirement to preserve its distinctive character does not permit approval of large-scale commercial buildings.
With this background in mind, the following District Regulations are adopted:
[Amended 9-21-2016, effective 10-3-2016]
Village District. The purpose of these regulations is to protect the Village District, which is comprised of those properties that abut Church Hill Road on the northern side between Wendover Road and the railroad tracks that mark the Borough boundary, those that abut Church Hill Road on the southern side that do not abut Main Street, those properties any portion of which abuts Queen Street on the easterly side between Church Hill Road to and including Newtown Middle School, and on the westerly side for a distance of 800 feet measured from Church Hill Road in accordance with the authority and intent of § 8-2j of the General Statutes, as amended from time to time. In the event there is a conflict between the requirements of the Village District Regulations and the regulations applicable to the underlying zone, those in the Village District Regulation will control.
Protection of Main Street Village Design District.
The purpose of these regulations is also to protect the Main Street Village Design District, which is comprised of those properties that abut Main Street extending to Johnny Cake Lane and South Main Street and those that abut Church Hill Road on the northerly side between Main Street and Wendover Road within the Borough of Newtown.
All properties lying within the Main Street Village Design District shall be subject to and shall conform to the requirements and standards contained in Article 12 of the Borough of Newtown Zoning Regulations, insofar as they are applicable, and shall be subject to Village District review thereunder; provided, further, that properties in the Main Street Village Design District shall not be required to comply with the curbing, sidewalk and sidewalk lighting requirements contained therein.
Historic District properties exempt.
[Added 11-8-2016, effective 12-1-2016]
Village District approval in accordance with these regulations, in addition to the requirements of the underlying zoning district regulations, is required prior to any proposed new construction, substantial reconstruction and rehabilitation of properties within the District and in view from public roadways.
An application for Village District approval shall be submitted on a form to be provided by the Commission and shall contain such information as will allow the Commission to make a reasoned decision on each of the following design criteria, in addition to criteria set forth in the Zoning Regulations relating to uses and buildings permitted in Business and Professional zones, including, but not limited to the following:
Proposed buildings and modifications to existing buildings shall be constructed with appropriate materials and of building designs appropriate for a scenic and rural New England town, recognizing architectural scale, rhythm and proportion, and shall avoid large monolithic building forms.
Proposed buildings or modifications to existing buildings shall be harmoniously related to their surroundings, the terrain in the district and to the use, scale and architecture of existing buildings in the district that have a functional or visual relationship to the proposed building or modification.
All spaces, structures and related site improvements visible from public roadways shall be designed to be compatible with the elements of the area of the village district in and around the proposed building or modification.
The color, size, height, location, proportion of openings, roof treatments, building materials and landscaping of the property that is to be improved and any proposed signs and lighting shall be evaluated for compatibility with the local architectural motif and the maintenance of views, historic buildings, monuments and landscaping, and
The removal or disruption of historic, traditional or significant structures or architectural elements shall be minimized.
All development in the Village District shall be designed to achieve the following compatibility objectives:
The building and layout of buildings and included site improvements shall reinforce a rural New England village theme in its buildings and streetscape patterns and the placement of buildings and included site improvements shall assure there is no adverse impact on the district:
Proposed streets shall be connected to the existing District road network, wherever possible;
Open spaces within the proposed development shall reinforce open space patterns of the district, in form and siting;
Locally significant features of the site such as distinctive buildings or sight lines of vistas from within the District, shall be integrated into the site design;
The landscape design shall complement the District's landscape patterns; and
The exterior signs, site lighting and accessory structures shall support a rural New England village architectural theme.
The scale, proportions, massing and detailing of any proposed building shall be in proportion to the scale, proportion, massing and detailing in the District.
At the time of filing an application for Village District approval, the applicant shall pay a fee which will be comprised of a basic fee in accordance with Section 9.07 plus the cost to the Borough of Newtown for outside review as required by the following section, as that cost is established from time to time. The full fee under this section shall be paid prior to, and as a condition of, the issuance of the Commission's decision on the application. By submitting a Village District application, or authorizing another to make such an application on his behalf or with his consent, the owner of property that is the subject of the application agrees that, if the fee required by this section is not paid in full (including that portion of the fee necessitated by application review by a design professional) at the time the Commission issues its decision thereon, the amount of the fee remaining unpaid shall become a lien upon the property in favor of the Borough of Newtown, and the owner consents to the filing of a notice of lien therefore on the Land Records.
All applications for new construction and substantial reconstruction within the District and in view from public roadways may be subject to a referral, at the discretion of the Borough of Newtown Zoning Commission, to an architect or architectural firm, landscape architect, or planner who is a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners selected and contracted by the Commission and designated as the Village District consultant for such application upon receipt. The consultant shall report his findings to the Commission within 35 days after the referral.
All such applications shall be considered at a public hearing to be conducted in accordance with the procedures and schedule provided in Title 8 of the General Statutes and these Regulations for special exceptions.
The Commission may approve non-substantial modifications of any Village District approval without a public hearing and without special notices otherwise required.
The commission may seek the recommendations of any town or regional agency or outside specialist with which it consults, including, but not limited to, the regional planning agency, the municipality's historical society, the Connecticut Trust for Historic Preservation and The University of Connecticut College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Any reports or recommendations from such agencies or organizations shall be entered into the public hearing record.
All activity subject to Village District review shall comply with the following standards; provided, however, that any construction, reconstruction or rehabilitation of property during a five-year look-back period that does not increase the gross floor area of a building by more than 500 square feet is exempt from such of the following infrastructure regulations as would otherwise require installation of sidewalks, granite curbing and sidewalk lighting:
Design and placement of buildings. New construction, substantial reconstruction and rehabilitation of buildings shall conform to the following:
Permitted building designs are those appropriate for a scenic and rural New England village that recognize architectural scale, rhythm and proportion, avoid large monolithic building forms whose architectural appearance is devoid of traditional scale, rhythm and proportion, the design of which implements the use of traditional forms, shapes, and material.
Loading and unloading areas shall be located at the rear or side of the building and screened from view from the adjacent properties, street and parking areas.
Dumpsters and storage areas shall be located at the rear or side of the building and screened from view from the adjacent properties, street and parking areas.
Utility equipment shall be located at the rear or side of the building and screened from view from the adjacent properties, street and parking areas. If the equipment creates noise or odor it is to be housed within a building that eliminates the sound or odor.
Parking will be to the rear of the building, away from the street line. Placement of buildings shall not interfere with vehicular or pedestrian site lines.
[Added effective 12-21-2015]
Maintenance of public views. No building shall be so designed or constructed, nor shall it be of such placement, height, or mass, as to obstruct the following public views:
View from Main Street looking east down Church Hill Road.
View of or from the flagpole.
View from Castle Hill.
View of the Meeting House.
View of Trinity Church.
Design, paving materials and placement of public roadways.
[Revised effective 12-21-2015]
Road edge definition and curb cuts will be designed:
To control vehicular traffic congestion on streets and to improve the pedestrian environment. Vehicular traffic shall be improved by the management of the number of driveways accessing the streets and crossing the sidewalks. Pedestrian traffic shall be improved by constructing pedestrian circulation patterns of uninterrupted walkways safe and separate from vehicular traffic.
To improve identification of pedestrian crosswalks, the pavement shall be distinctive in color and of a material both raised slightly above road level and textured. Acceptable materials are compressed, colored and imprinted concrete, paver blocks, Belgium block, cobblestone, brick or other similar materials.
Curbing of driveways and on the street shall be granite curbing, which shall have a beveled edge along the outside edge facing the street or drive.
For all new construction and substantial reconstruction of buildings in the Village District, sidewalks are to be installed along the street frontage and through accessways. The Borough Sidewalk Ordinance is on file with the Borough Clerk and with the Newtown Town Clerk, and sidewalk lighting is to be installed in accordance with the Village District Sidewalk Lighting Plan. Sidewalks must continue across driveways clearly designating the pedestrian's right-of-way. Sidewalk lighting is to be installed in accordance with the Village District Sidewalk Lighting Plan.
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YOU ARE BROWSING: Guggenheim
23 November 2016 by Kwaku Boateng in EXHIBITIONS
TALES OF OUR TIME : China faces forward in a thought provoking exhibition at the Guggenheim.
The artists in this exhibition challenge the conventional understanding of place. By portraying often-overlooked cultural and historical narratives, Chia-En Jao, Kan Xuan, Sun Xun, Sun Yuan & Peng Yu, Tsang Kin-Wah, Yangjiang Group, and Zhou Tao explore concepts of geography and nation-state.
7 November 2014 by Rachel Bennett in Art Reviews., EXHIBITIONS, NEWS
From Abu Dhabi Art: Guggenheim Abu Dhabi’s Declaration of Curatorial Intent
The exhibition, the first of works from their accumulating collection, has depth and variety. It is both an innovative curatorial success and a compelling statement of intent
24 October 2013 by VC Maurer in Art Stuff New York, NEWS
Vito Schnabel presents: Ron Gorchov ‘MONSIEUR X’
With only 9 days left, this is a must see New York show-As most of you probably already know, Ron Gorchov is categorized as a groundbreaking American artist, along with Frank Stella and Ellsworth Kelly, he is just one more name to know and Vito Schnabel is bringing his prolific and thoughtprovoking works straight to you!
10 July 2013 by VC Maurer in NEWS
11 things to do in New York before the 14th of July!
GalleristNY top art critics reveal top 11 things to do in the big apple before the art world passes you by!
13 April 2012 by Mark Westall in NEWS
The Guggenheim UBS MAP Global Art Initiative Launched
Richard Armstrong, Director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and Foundation, and Jürg Zeltner, CEO of UBS Wealth Management, today announced an ambitious five-year collaboration to chart creative activity and contemporary art from around the world.
22 August 2011 by Mark Westall in Art Previews
Kandinsky’s Painting with White Border at Guggenheim Museum
Painting with White Border, May 1913) and Sketch I for Painting with White Border (Moscow), 1913) in the Guggenheim Museum’s conservation lab © 2011 Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. October 21, 2011–January 15, 2012 Completed nearly 100 years ago, the canvas Painting with White Border (Bild mit weissem Rand, May 1913) by Vasily Kandinsky (1866–1944) was […]
31 May 2011 by Mark Westall in NEWS
Guggenheim goes out onto the streets of New York – stillspotting NYC
While the vitality and stimulation of the urban environment can be pleasant, those living in or visiting densely populated areas, such as New York, can have wildly different experiences. The ever-present cacophony of traffic, construction, and commerce; the struggle for mental and physical space; and the anxious need for constant communication in person or via […]
19 July 2010 by Mark Westall in NEWS
Guggenheim Museum Launches YouTube Play: A Biennial of Creative Video Blog
The Take is a blog created by the Guggenheim and inspired by YouTube Play. A Biennial of Creative Video. With writing by experts, scholars, and artists from the worlds of film, video, and Internet culture, the Take will feature discussions on digital content, the history of video art, and online video and its effects on […]
1 July 2009 by Mark Westall in EXHIBITIONS, NEWS
First UK Retrospective of Spanish Designer and Artist Javier Mariscal at the Design Museum
The Design Museum presents the first UK retrospective of Spanish designer and artist Javier Mariscal. Regarded as one the world’s most innovative and original designers of our time, Mariscal’s rich and diverse body of work spans kooky cartoon characters to stunning interiors, from furniture to graphic design and corporate identities. The exhibition and graphics will […]
9 June 2009 by Mark Westall in NEWS
Guggenheim Teams with Google in Global Design Competition Inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and Google today announced the launch of Design It: Shelter Competition, a global, online initiative that invites the public to use Google Earth and Google SketchUp to create and submit designs for virtual 3-D shelters for a location of their choice anywhere on Earth. The competition opens today, June 8, […]
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ePlus is known for our engineering talent and rigor, and we employ many experts who have a keen pulse on the IT industry. From security, cloud, and storage to lifecycle and deployment services, our staff has a unique perspective. Read our thought leadership articles below.
Digital Infrastructure Blog
Medical Information Security & Medical Imaging Encryption
Ken Puffer
Securing networks from outside threats and periodically evaluating these tools and alerting mechanisms has become commonplace in most organizations. It is reassuring to see that external threats have gained the attention of hospital boards and that additional support is being put behind data security. With the continuing instances of breaches and ransomware attacks that are reported, the process of effectively protecting an organization remains complicated.
Cyber Security 2020: A Look Ahead
ePlus Security Team
Hindsight is 2020 -- and given the increase in cyber-attacks we saw in 2019 -- we don’t need a crystal ball to predict that 2020 and the coming decade will keep cyber security in the limelight as the single most important foundational anchor to organizational success, and smooth operations. A fresh new decade will bring with it a freshly evolved set of threats, concerns and sophisticated cyber-attacks.
Cyber Security Insurance
Cyber Security Insurance, or Cyber Liability Insurance, is a category of insurance products that is intended to cover losses associated with data breaches, network security failures and business interruption from these events. Cyber Security Policy coverage varies, but most include: errors & omissions, media liability, network security and privacy.
Paul Lenhard
The 2019 Holiday season is in full swing. While we spend time with loved ones, search for the next “it” device, or simply take a breath from this year’s pace of life, we must remain cognizant that threat actor campaigns are ready to catch us off guard. Our data continues to be under constant attack. Here are a few helpful tips to ensure you’re adequately protected all season long.
A Managed Security Services Q&A for First-Time Buyers
Ron Barnes
How common is cybercrime? Well, one expert notes a ransomware attack occurs every 14 seconds. And in a separate article, he says cryptojacking, distributed denial of service attacks, phishing, and other schemes are costing the world economy $2 trillion a year.
Poor East-West Visibility Gives Hackers a License to Steal
Sam Curcio
Lack of visibility into east-west traffic is a problem for data-center operators and their ongoing battle to prevent a breach or theft of sensitive and confidential information. If organizations cannot monitor and log internal network segments, they cannot respond to active threats or prevent hackers from stealing confidential and sensitive information which often times includes customer and employee data.
Enterprises looking to the future of Information Security should look to Purple Teaming Exercises
Brian Zimmer
Enterprises looking to the future of Information Security should look to Purple Teaming Exercises. Partnering together as a single Purple Team, defenders – the Blue Team - and the attackers – who are the Red Teams – can better prepare the enterprise for modern adversaries.
4 Myths About GPU Acceleration
Andrew Malinow
Despite a steady increase in GPU development activities, misunderstandings about the value of using GPUs to accelerate workloads persist. In this post, I debunk four of these myths and explain why I think the technology has broader utility than standard artificial intelligence (AI) use cases might suggest.
Facial Recognition Systems
Every technology has its place, and the people that use the systems have a responsibility to society to ensure the systems are not misused, and data captured is handled appropriately. Technology giants have acknowledged this and called for government regulation of face recognition technologies due to their far-reaching impacts.
The Role of Network Access Controls in Healthcare Mergers
Healthcare systems and providers have been seeking ways to increase efficiency and productivity while embracing value-based care models and enabling patient empowerment. Efforts to make these goals a reality have manifested in two ways: the adoption of new tools and technology and through mergers and acquisitions.
Three Features that Enable NAC Solutions to Secure Healthcare Networks
With recent advancements in technology, the healthcare space is changing. Specifically, new applications and connected devices are being developed to improve productivity and patient access to medical information. This is known as the consumerization of IT, in which technology tools and solutions focus on empowering the end user. In healthcare, this means the patient or physician.
Demystifying Cloud Security
Jeff McCardel and Sam Curcio
An increasing number of organizations are investigating options to migrate workloads to the cloud or replace legacy applications with a software as a service (SaaS) application. Moving assets from on-premise to the public or private cloud can enable substantial positive business outcomes but requires additional thought around how to protect sensitive information to maintain compliance, audit and privacy requirements.
Top 10 IT Healthcare Trends to Watch
George Pashardis
Anyone who walked around the Healthcare Information Management and Systems Society (HIMSS19) show in February saw some distinct themes in Healthcare IT emerging. Healthcare IT is forward-looking, futuristic, full of possibility and global. Keep reading for a breakdown of what’s hot, what’s emerging, what’s top of mind– and what’s full speed ahead.
Beyond Cloud – Why You Need A Multi-Cloud Architecture
ePlus Cloud Team
Are you pursuing a multiple cloud strategy? If so, you’re among the majority of companies. In fact, according to Rightscale’s 2019 State of the Cloud survey, 94% of respondents said they use cloud platforms in their enterprise. Not just one cloud platform—on average, they use almost five. In fact, 84% of respondents have a multi-cloud strategy.1
An Interview from the Road: RSA Conference 2019
Marc Cohen | Jason Nelson
Read more as we talk with our team on the ground at this year’s RSAC. ePlus Lead Security Engineer Jason Nelson attended sessions, and Marc Cohen, ePlus Solutions Director walked the floor, saw the demos and talked the talk!
The Growing Importance of 'Security by Design'
"Security by design" is at an inflection point as a result of advances in automation, orchestration, artificial intelligence and machine learning, says Lee Waskevich of ePlus Technology. In a video interview with Information Security Media Group at RSA Conference 2019 in San Francisco, Waskevich discusses: why security by design is at a critical turning point; leveraging automation, orchestration, AI and ML; and the need for changes in organizations' cultures.
Business Transformation Begins with Data Center Modernization
The world is experiencing a top-to-bottom digital transformation that will impact virtually every aspect of business, from competitive capabilities to security exposure. Making that transformation requires the essential elements of a modern data center – and a solid plan with a trusted advisor to help set them into place.
California Data Privacy Bill: What You Need to Know
Sophat Chev
The first data breach of 2019 took place less than 24 hours after the new year. The Australian State of Victoria reported an estimated 30,000 civil identities exfiltrated by way of spear phishing (using email to lure its victim to initiate a vulnerability). The agency claims all personal identifiable information (PII) was encrypted, which thankfully renders the data exfiltrated unusable. This security approach was a result of a compliance effort to meet the GDPR requirement for encrypting all PII data.
Reduce Your Attack Surface with an IoT Security Strategy
There is no doubt that the world of the Internet of Things (IoT) is here to stay. Consumer grade products such as TVs, speakers, toys, wearables, appliances and much more continue to flood the retail space offering enticing features to consumers. Learn how to reduce your attack surface with an IoT security strategy.
SamSam Ransomware: How ePlus Helps Mitigate Threats
In early December, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) issued an alert regarding SamSam ransomware. Threat actors exploit Windows servers to gain persistent access to a victim’s network, utilizing SamSam to infect all reachable hosts.
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(-) Remove <label class='research-domain' title='Diagnostics, Therapies, Applied Medical Technology and Public Health'>LS7 (12)</label> filter LS7 (12)
(-) Remove <label class='research-domain' title='Applied Life Sciences and Non-Medical Biotechnology'>LS9 (4)</label> filter LS9 (4)
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Project acronym BIOCCORA
Project Full biomechanical characterization of the coronary atherosclerotic plaque: biomechanics meets imaging
Researcher (PI) Jolanda Wentzel
Host Institution (HI) ERASMUS UNIVERSITAIR MEDISCH CENTRUM ROTTERDAM
Summary Myocardial infarction is responsible for nearly 40% of the mortality in the western world and is mainly triggered by rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries. Biomechanical parameters play a major role in the generation and rupture of vulnerable plaques. I was the first to show the relationship between shear stress – one of the biomechanical parameters - and plaque formation in human coronary arteries in vivo. This accomplishment was achieved by the development of a new 3D reconstruction technique for (human) coronary arteries in vivo. This reconstruction technique allowed assessment of shear stress by computational fluid dynamics and thereby opened new avenues for serial studies on the role of biomechanical parameters in cardiovascular disease. However, these reconstructions lack information on the vessel wall composition, which is essential for stress computations in the vessel wall. Recent developments in intravascular image technologies allow visualization of one or more of the different plaque components. Therefore, advances in image fusion are required to merge the different plaque components into one single 3D vulnerable plaque reconstruction. I will go beyond the state-of-the art in image based modeling by developing novel technology to 3D reconstruct coronary lumen and vessel wall, including plaque composition and assess biomechanical tissue properties allowing for full biomechanical characterization (shear stress and wall stress) of the coronary plaque. The developed technology will be applied to study 1) vulnerable plaque progression, destabilization and rupture, to improve identification of risk on myocardial infarction and 2) predicting treatment outcome of stent implantation by simulating stent deployment, thereby opening a whole new direction in cardiovascular research.
Myocardial infarction is responsible for nearly 40% of the mortality in the western world and is mainly triggered by rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries. Biomechanical parameters play a major role in the generation and rupture of vulnerable plaques. I was the first to show the relationship between shear stress – one of the biomechanical parameters - and plaque formation in human coronary arteries in vivo. This accomplishment was achieved by the development of a new 3D reconstruction technique for (human) coronary arteries in vivo. This reconstruction technique allowed assessment of shear stress by computational fluid dynamics and thereby opened new avenues for serial studies on the role of biomechanical parameters in cardiovascular disease. However, these reconstructions lack information on the vessel wall composition, which is essential for stress computations in the vessel wall. Recent developments in intravascular image technologies allow visualization of one or more of the different plaque components. Therefore, advances in image fusion are required to merge the different plaque components into one single 3D vulnerable plaque reconstruction. I will go beyond the state-of-the art in image based modeling by developing novel technology to 3D reconstruct coronary lumen and vessel wall, including plaque composition and assess biomechanical tissue properties allowing for full biomechanical characterization (shear stress and wall stress) of the coronary plaque. The developed technology will be applied to study 1) vulnerable plaque progression, destabilization and rupture, to improve identification of risk on myocardial infarction and 2) predicting treatment outcome of stent implantation by simulating stent deployment, thereby opening a whole new direction in cardiovascular research.
Project acronym BioLEAP
Project Biotechnological optimization of light use efficiency in algae photobioreactors
Researcher (PI) Tomas Morosinotto
Summary New renewable energy source are highly needed to compensate exhausting fossil fuels reserves and reduce greenhouse gases emissions. Some species of algae have an interesting potential as feedstock for the production of biodiesel thanks to their ability to accumulate large amount of lipids. Strong research efforts are however needed to fulfil this potential and address many issues involving optimization of cultivation systems, biomass harvesting and algae genetic improvement. This proposal aims to address one of these issues, the optimization of algae light use efficiency. Light, in fact, provides the energy supporting algae growth and must be exploited with the highest possible efficiency to achieve sufficient productivity. In a photobioreactor algae are highly concentrated and this cause a inhomogeneous light distribution with a large fraction of the cells exposed to very low light or even in the dark. Algae are also actively mixed and they can abruptly move from dark to full illumination and vice versa. This proposal aims to assess how alternation of dark/light cycles affect algae growth and functionality of photosynthetic apparatus both in batch and continuous cultures. In collaboration with the Chemical Engineering department, experimental data will be exploited to build a model describing the photobioreactor, a fundamental tool to improve its design. The other main scope of this proposal is the isolation of genetically improved strains more suitable to the artificial environment of a photobioreactor. A first part of the work of setting up protocols for transformation will be followed by a second phase for generation and selection of mutants with altered photosynthetic performances. Transcriptome analyses in different light conditions will also be instrumental to identify genes to be targeted by genetic engineering.
New renewable energy source are highly needed to compensate exhausting fossil fuels reserves and reduce greenhouse gases emissions. Some species of algae have an interesting potential as feedstock for the production of biodiesel thanks to their ability to accumulate large amount of lipids. Strong research efforts are however needed to fulfil this potential and address many issues involving optimization of cultivation systems, biomass harvesting and algae genetic improvement. This proposal aims to address one of these issues, the optimization of algae light use efficiency. Light, in fact, provides the energy supporting algae growth and must be exploited with the highest possible efficiency to achieve sufficient productivity. In a photobioreactor algae are highly concentrated and this cause a inhomogeneous light distribution with a large fraction of the cells exposed to very low light or even in the dark. Algae are also actively mixed and they can abruptly move from dark to full illumination and vice versa. This proposal aims to assess how alternation of dark/light cycles affect algae growth and functionality of photosynthetic apparatus both in batch and continuous cultures. In collaboration with the Chemical Engineering department, experimental data will be exploited to build a model describing the photobioreactor, a fundamental tool to improve its design. The other main scope of this proposal is the isolation of genetically improved strains more suitable to the artificial environment of a photobioreactor. A first part of the work of setting up protocols for transformation will be followed by a second phase for generation and selection of mutants with altered photosynthetic performances. Transcriptome analyses in different light conditions will also be instrumental to identify genes to be targeted by genetic engineering.
Project acronym BIOMECHTOOLS
Project Biomechanical diagnostic, pre-planning and outcome tools to improve musculoskeletal surgery
Researcher (PI) Nicolaas Verdonschot
Host Institution (HI) STICHTING KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT
Summary The aetiology of many musculoskeletal (MS) diseases is related to biomechanical factors. However, the tools to assess the biomechanical condition of patients used by clinicians and researchers are often crude and subjective leading to non-optimal patient analyses and care. In this project innovations related to imaging, sensor technology and biomechanical modelling are utilized to generate versatile, accurate and objective methods to quantify the (pathological) MS condition of the lower extremity of patients in a unique manner. The project will produce advanced diagnostic, pre-planning and outcome tools which allow clinicians and researchers for detailed biomechanical analysis about abnormal tissue deformations, pathological loading of the joints, abnormal stresses in the hard and soft tissues, and aberrant joint kinematics. The key objectives of this proposal are: 1) Develop and validate image-based 3-D volumetric elastographic diagnostic methods that can quantify normal and pathological conditions under dynamic loading and which can be linked to biomechanical modelling tools. 2) Create an ultrasound (US)-based system to assess internal joint kinematics which can be used as a diagnostic tool for clinicians and researchers and is a validation tool for biomechanical modelling. 3) Generate and validate an ambulant functional (force and kinematic) diagnostic system which is easy to use and which can be used to provide input data for biomechanical models. 4) Create and validate a new modelling approach that integrates muscle-models with finite element models at a highly personalized level. 5) Generate biomechanical models which have personalized mechanical properties of the hard and soft tissues. 6) Demonstrate the applicability of the personalized diagnostic and pre-planning platform by application to healthy individuals and patient subjects. Support from the ERC will open new research fields related to biomechanical patient assessment and modeling of MS pathologies.
The aetiology of many musculoskeletal (MS) diseases is related to biomechanical factors. However, the tools to assess the biomechanical condition of patients used by clinicians and researchers are often crude and subjective leading to non-optimal patient analyses and care. In this project innovations related to imaging, sensor technology and biomechanical modelling are utilized to generate versatile, accurate and objective methods to quantify the (pathological) MS condition of the lower extremity of patients in a unique manner. The project will produce advanced diagnostic, pre-planning and outcome tools which allow clinicians and researchers for detailed biomechanical analysis about abnormal tissue deformations, pathological loading of the joints, abnormal stresses in the hard and soft tissues, and aberrant joint kinematics. The key objectives of this proposal are: 1) Develop and validate image-based 3-D volumetric elastographic diagnostic methods that can quantify normal and pathological conditions under dynamic loading and which can be linked to biomechanical modelling tools. 2) Create an ultrasound (US)-based system to assess internal joint kinematics which can be used as a diagnostic tool for clinicians and researchers and is a validation tool for biomechanical modelling. 3) Generate and validate an ambulant functional (force and kinematic) diagnostic system which is easy to use and which can be used to provide input data for biomechanical models. 4) Create and validate a new modelling approach that integrates muscle-models with finite element models at a highly personalized level. 5) Generate biomechanical models which have personalized mechanical properties of the hard and soft tissues. 6) Demonstrate the applicability of the personalized diagnostic and pre-planning platform by application to healthy individuals and patient subjects. Support from the ERC will open new research fields related to biomechanical patient assessment and modeling of MS pathologies.
Project acronym DustTraffic
Project Transatlantic fluxes of Saharan dust: changing climate through fertilising the ocean?
Researcher (PI) Jan-Berend Willem Stuut
Host Institution (HI) STICHTING NIOZ, KONINKLIJK NEDERLANDS INSTITUUT VOOR ONDERZOEK DER ZEE
Summary Massive amounts of dust (~1 Billion Ton) are blown from the Sahara into and over the Atlantic Ocean every year. This dust strongly alters the atmosphere through blocking incoming solar radiation [cooling the atmosphere] and trapping outgoing heat that was reflected at the earth’s surface [warming the atmosphere]. In addition, aerosols carry huge amounts of metals and nutrients that can boost marine life, but also vast amounts of microbes, spores, and pathogens that are harmful for both marine- and terrestrial (including human!) life. The net effect of cooling/warming and ocean fertilisation/poisoning is presently far from understood as it depends on a complex set of parameters related to dust emission, dispersal, and deposition. In order to quantify these parameters, I propose to develop and apply a novel approach to study the transatlantic flux of Saharan dust and its environmental effect on the ocean by deploying a transect of seven ocean moorings with a dust-collecting surface buoy below the Saharan dust plume from NW Africa to the Caribbean. Sampling dust in air as well as under water at a biweekly resolution for initially one complete year will for the first time allow to: 1) quantify the seasonal variability in Saharan dust export into the Atlantic, 2) distinguish between high-altitude summer plumes versus low-level winter trade-wind transport, 3) quantify source-to-sink changes in particle size and the related (metal, nutrient, and biological-) composition of the dust, and 4) determine the in situ bio-availability of the associated nutrients and their potential fertilisation of the photic zone. These unique, seasonally and spatially resolved data will bridge the gap between the bi-weekly sediment-trap record off Cape Blanc (NW Africa, since '85) and the daily dust fluxes recorded on Barbados (Caribbean, since '73). Subsequently, the data can be extrapolated back in time in marine sediments, which are an archive for dust transport and carbon pump in the past.
Massive amounts of dust (~1 Billion Ton) are blown from the Sahara into and over the Atlantic Ocean every year. This dust strongly alters the atmosphere through blocking incoming solar radiation [cooling the atmosphere] and trapping outgoing heat that was reflected at the earth’s surface [warming the atmosphere]. In addition, aerosols carry huge amounts of metals and nutrients that can boost marine life, but also vast amounts of microbes, spores, and pathogens that are harmful for both marine- and terrestrial (including human!) life. The net effect of cooling/warming and ocean fertilisation/poisoning is presently far from understood as it depends on a complex set of parameters related to dust emission, dispersal, and deposition. In order to quantify these parameters, I propose to develop and apply a novel approach to study the transatlantic flux of Saharan dust and its environmental effect on the ocean by deploying a transect of seven ocean moorings with a dust-collecting surface buoy below the Saharan dust plume from NW Africa to the Caribbean. Sampling dust in air as well as under water at a biweekly resolution for initially one complete year will for the first time allow to: 1) quantify the seasonal variability in Saharan dust export into the Atlantic, 2) distinguish between high-altitude summer plumes versus low-level winter trade-wind transport, 3) quantify source-to-sink changes in particle size and the related (metal, nutrient, and biological-) composition of the dust, and 4) determine the in situ bio-availability of the associated nutrients and their potential fertilisation of the photic zone. These unique, seasonally and spatially resolved data will bridge the gap between the bi-weekly sediment-trap record off Cape Blanc (NW Africa, since '85) and the daily dust fluxes recorded on Barbados (Caribbean, since '73). Subsequently, the data can be extrapolated back in time in marine sediments, which are an archive for dust transport and carbon pump in the past.
Project acronym FWGDekker
Project Novel tools to read and write the epigenetic code in inflammation
Researcher (PI) Frans Jacobus Dekker
Host Institution (HI) RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN
Summary Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as, for example, asthma, afflict millions of people worldwide. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms that drive inflammation remain poorly understood. Enzymes play a crucial regulatory role in inflammation and represent potential drug targets. Nevertheless, the activities of these enzymes are poorly studied due to a lack of convenient tools for modulation and detection. The importance of this issue is demonstrated by my previous work on small molecule probes for protein palmitoylation. It becomes increasingly clear that the slow advance in the development of chemistry-based methods to study enzyme activity in its physiological context delays drug discovery. To address this problem further, I will develop novel detection methods and small molecule inhibitors to study inflammatory signal transduction pathways. Protein acetylations at lysine residues have a broad regulatory scope. Acetylations of histones form a major part of the histone code for epigenetic regulation of gene-transcription. In addition, reversible acetylations of non-histone proteins proved to be crucial for regulation of nuclear factor kB (NF kB) mediated gene transcription. I aim to study the role of acetylations of histones and other proteins in NF kB mediated gene transcription. Firstly, I will develop a novel bioorthogonal ligation strategy for chemical labeling of protein acetylation in cells (aim 1) by employing the oxidative Heck reaction. Secondly, I will be the first to systematically investigate changes in protein acetylation in response to activation of the NF kB pathway using a proteomics strategy (aim 2). Thirdly, I will develop small molecule inhibitors of acetyltransferases and study their impact on acetylations that regulate the NF kB signaling pathway (aim 3). Ultimately, these newly developed detection methods and small molecule inhibitors open up opportunities for drug discovery aimed at epigenetic regulation of NF kB mediated inflammation.
Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as, for example, asthma, afflict millions of people worldwide. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms that drive inflammation remain poorly understood. Enzymes play a crucial regulatory role in inflammation and represent potential drug targets. Nevertheless, the activities of these enzymes are poorly studied due to a lack of convenient tools for modulation and detection. The importance of this issue is demonstrated by my previous work on small molecule probes for protein palmitoylation. It becomes increasingly clear that the slow advance in the development of chemistry-based methods to study enzyme activity in its physiological context delays drug discovery. To address this problem further, I will develop novel detection methods and small molecule inhibitors to study inflammatory signal transduction pathways. Protein acetylations at lysine residues have a broad regulatory scope. Acetylations of histones form a major part of the histone code for epigenetic regulation of gene-transcription. In addition, reversible acetylations of non-histone proteins proved to be crucial for regulation of nuclear factor kB (NF kB) mediated gene transcription. I aim to study the role of acetylations of histones and other proteins in NF kB mediated gene transcription. Firstly, I will develop a novel bioorthogonal ligation strategy for chemical labeling of protein acetylation in cells (aim 1) by employing the oxidative Heck reaction. Secondly, I will be the first to systematically investigate changes in protein acetylation in response to activation of the NF kB pathway using a proteomics strategy (aim 2). Thirdly, I will develop small molecule inhibitors of acetyltransferases and study their impact on acetylations that regulate the NF kB signaling pathway (aim 3). Ultimately, these newly developed detection methods and small molecule inhibitors open up opportunities for drug discovery aimed at epigenetic regulation of NF kB mediated inflammation.
Project acronym GENOMICMEDICINE
Project Towards evidence-based genomic medicine: filling the evidence gaps through modelling studies
Researcher (PI) Anna Caecilia Josephina Wilhelmina Janssens
Host Institution (HI) STICHTING VUMC
Summary At increasingly high rate, genome-wide association and whole genome sequencing studies unravel genetic variants implicated in common diseases such as coronary heart disease, cancer, dementia and type 2 diabetes. One of the major promises is that these advances will lead to more personalized medicine, in which preventive and therapeutic interventions are targeted to individuals based on their genetic profiles. There is increasing interest in the early adoption of novel applications and many commercial applications are already marketed without supporting empirical evidence. Already now, regulatory agencies like the US Food and Drug Administration face substantial gaps in empirical evidence, which hamper proper recommendations. The increasing interest in genomic medicine, the evidence gaps and the scarcity of research budgets are strong incentives to search for novel strategies that make the process of translation research more efficient and effective. This project aims to investigate modelling approaches that can be used to predict the expected outcomes of empirical studies on the basis of published epidemiological and intervention studies. This approach can be used to 1) identify genomic applications that are promising and warrant further empirical research, and 2) fill in evidence gaps by identifying applications that are not expected to improve health or health care. When they are valid, precise and simple, modelling studies can optimize the process of translational research so that time and money are allocated to the most promising applications. In this project, I will 1) characterize empirical studies in translational research in terms of the main outcome measures used and their key determinants; 2) develop simulation models that predict outcome measures; 3) investigate how accuracy and precision of the estimates vary with varying model complexity; and 4). investigate the generalizability of the modelling approaches.
At increasingly high rate, genome-wide association and whole genome sequencing studies unravel genetic variants implicated in common diseases such as coronary heart disease, cancer, dementia and type 2 diabetes. One of the major promises is that these advances will lead to more personalized medicine, in which preventive and therapeutic interventions are targeted to individuals based on their genetic profiles. There is increasing interest in the early adoption of novel applications and many commercial applications are already marketed without supporting empirical evidence. Already now, regulatory agencies like the US Food and Drug Administration face substantial gaps in empirical evidence, which hamper proper recommendations. The increasing interest in genomic medicine, the evidence gaps and the scarcity of research budgets are strong incentives to search for novel strategies that make the process of translation research more efficient and effective. This project aims to investigate modelling approaches that can be used to predict the expected outcomes of empirical studies on the basis of published epidemiological and intervention studies. This approach can be used to 1) identify genomic applications that are promising and warrant further empirical research, and 2) fill in evidence gaps by identifying applications that are not expected to improve health or health care. When they are valid, precise and simple, modelling studies can optimize the process of translational research so that time and money are allocated to the most promising applications. In this project, I will 1) characterize empirical studies in translational research in terms of the main outcome measures used and their key determinants; 2) develop simulation models that predict outcome measures; 3) investigate how accuracy and precision of the estimates vary with varying model complexity; and 4). investigate the generalizability of the modelling approaches.
Project acronym IEMTX
Project Therapies for inborn errors of metabolism
Researcher (PI) Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
Summary We discovered that phenylbutyrate, prevents both in vitro and in vivo the inactivation by phosphorylation of the branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC). We show that phenylbutyrate is effective for treatment of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) due to deficiency of branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), and has potential for therapy of deficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC). We propose to investigate phenylbutyrate for PDHC deficiency in a zebrafish model and in PDHC-deficient patients. We have recently developed a systems biology tool for prediction of drug mode of action starting from their gene expression profiles. This tool has a significant potential for drug discovery and repositioning. Through this approach, we found several FDA-approved drugs sharing with phenylbutyrate a similar mode of action. We propose to investigate the efficacy of these drugs for increasing the enzymatic activity of both BCKDC and PDHC and their therapeutic potential. While useful for proof-of-concept studies animal models are not suited to predict patient response to drugs which depends upon multiple factors including type of mutation and affected enzyme subunit. We propose to develop PDHC deficient neurons and MSUD hepatocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients’ fibroblasts. Drug response in these disease-relevant cell types will better predict clinical response of patients. Human iPSCs will be generated through a novel system based on high cloning capacity, non-integrating helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) vector expressing a combination of reprogramming factors. We will investigate altered metabolic pathways in PDHC deficient neurons and MSUD hepatocytes to search for effective drugs by an innovative systems biology approach. In summary, the results of the proposed study have the potential to provide novel and effective treatments for MSUD and PDHC deficiency.
We discovered that phenylbutyrate, prevents both in vitro and in vivo the inactivation by phosphorylation of the branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC). We show that phenylbutyrate is effective for treatment of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) due to deficiency of branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), and has potential for therapy of deficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC). We propose to investigate phenylbutyrate for PDHC deficiency in a zebrafish model and in PDHC-deficient patients. We have recently developed a systems biology tool for prediction of drug mode of action starting from their gene expression profiles. This tool has a significant potential for drug discovery and repositioning. Through this approach, we found several FDA-approved drugs sharing with phenylbutyrate a similar mode of action. We propose to investigate the efficacy of these drugs for increasing the enzymatic activity of both BCKDC and PDHC and their therapeutic potential. While useful for proof-of-concept studies animal models are not suited to predict patient response to drugs which depends upon multiple factors including type of mutation and affected enzyme subunit. We propose to develop PDHC deficient neurons and MSUD hepatocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients’ fibroblasts. Drug response in these disease-relevant cell types will better predict clinical response of patients. Human iPSCs will be generated through a novel system based on high cloning capacity, non-integrating helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) vector expressing a combination of reprogramming factors. We will investigate altered metabolic pathways in PDHC deficient neurons and MSUD hepatocytes to search for effective drugs by an innovative systems biology approach. In summary, the results of the proposed study have the potential to provide novel and effective treatments for MSUD and PDHC deficiency.
Project acronym LIGHTDRIVENP450S
Project Light-driven Chemical Synthesis using Cytochrome P450s
Researcher (PI) Birger Lindberg Møller
Summary The goal of this proposed research initiative is to engineer chloroplasts into production units for high value bio-active natural products. The first aim is to re-route the biosynthetic pathways for these compounds into the chloroplast and to boost compound formation by optimizing and channeling reducing power from photosystem I into to the energy demanding steps. By these measures we aim to overcome the inherent limitations in plants to channel photosynthetic fixed carbon and reducing power directly into production of desired bioactive natural products. Our production targets are diterpenoids with the anti-cancer drug ingenol-3-angelate and the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin as the two chosen test compounds. Formation of the complicated hydroxylated core structures of these compounds is catalyzed by diterpenoid synthases and cytochrome P450s. These will be identified and expressed in the chloroplast. The ultimate aim is to construct a single supramolecular enzyme complex effectively using solar energy to produce complex diterpenoids. This will be accomplished by tethering the terpenoid synthases and the key P450 enzymes directly to the photosystem I complex using some of the small membrane spanning subunits of photosystem I as membrane anchors. The experimental systems used will initially be transient expression in tobacco and then move to stably transformed moss (Physcomitrella patens). The production system is built on the “share your parts” principle of synthetic biology and the aim is to construct a modular ‘tool box’ as template for tailoring the synthesis of a whole range of valuable bioactive diterpenoids. Typically, these are difficult to obtain because they are produced in very low amounts in plants difficult to cultivate. The proposal opens up entirely new research horizons and removes current bottlenecks in industrial exploitation. The technology holds the promise of true sustainability as it is driven by solar power and CO2.
The goal of this proposed research initiative is to engineer chloroplasts into production units for high value bio-active natural products. The first aim is to re-route the biosynthetic pathways for these compounds into the chloroplast and to boost compound formation by optimizing and channeling reducing power from photosystem I into to the energy demanding steps. By these measures we aim to overcome the inherent limitations in plants to channel photosynthetic fixed carbon and reducing power directly into production of desired bioactive natural products. Our production targets are diterpenoids with the anti-cancer drug ingenol-3-angelate and the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin as the two chosen test compounds. Formation of the complicated hydroxylated core structures of these compounds is catalyzed by diterpenoid synthases and cytochrome P450s. These will be identified and expressed in the chloroplast. The ultimate aim is to construct a single supramolecular enzyme complex effectively using solar energy to produce complex diterpenoids. This will be accomplished by tethering the terpenoid synthases and the key P450 enzymes directly to the photosystem I complex using some of the small membrane spanning subunits of photosystem I as membrane anchors. The experimental systems used will initially be transient expression in tobacco and then move to stably transformed moss (Physcomitrella patens). The production system is built on the “share your parts” principle of synthetic biology and the aim is to construct a modular ‘tool box’ as template for tailoring the synthesis of a whole range of valuable bioactive diterpenoids. Typically, these are difficult to obtain because they are produced in very low amounts in plants difficult to cultivate. The proposal opens up entirely new research horizons and removes current bottlenecks in industrial exploitation. The technology holds the promise of true sustainability as it is driven by solar power and CO2.
Project acronym MASS-CARE
Project Molecular Self Screening for Cervical Cancer Prevention
Researcher (PI) Christophorus Meijer
Summary Cervical carcinoma is a preventable cancer caused by a persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (hrHPV). Several western countries have implemented nation-wide screening programs based on the detection of abnormal cells in cervical smears (cytology) for cervical cancer prevention. Although these programs have markedly reduced incidence in developed countries, even the most sophisticated cytology-based screening programs miss significant numbers of high-grade cervical lesions and fail to further reduce cervical cancer incidence. Besides loss to follow-up of women with abnormal cytology, the major causes underlying failure are: - Low sensitivity of the primary cytology based screening test, which is subjective, often not or poorly quality assessed (QA) and has low sensitivity for precancerous lesions - Incomplete coverage of women invited to participate in the screening program Remarkably, in developed countries with a successful nation-wide cervical screening programme 55% of all carcinomas are diagnosed in women who do not participate. Moreover, the lack of QA cytology in medium and low resource countries is one of the main reasons why incidence and mortality stay high in these countries. In recognition of these shortcomings the MASS-CARE project envisions a novel, objective, full molecular self-screening approach that enables molecular screening and triage for referral to the gynaecologist using self-collected cervico-vaginal samples as an alternative tool for cervical cancer screening. In particular, we aim to discover molecular triage markers specific for the stratification of women with hrHPV positive self-samples. The research team headed by professor Meijer has a strong track record of cutting edge translational research, has state-of-the art molecular tools in place and is equipped with unique biobanks of clinical cohorts of thousands of hrHPV positive women that are needed to successfully execute this ambitious project.
Cervical carcinoma is a preventable cancer caused by a persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (hrHPV). Several western countries have implemented nation-wide screening programs based on the detection of abnormal cells in cervical smears (cytology) for cervical cancer prevention. Although these programs have markedly reduced incidence in developed countries, even the most sophisticated cytology-based screening programs miss significant numbers of high-grade cervical lesions and fail to further reduce cervical cancer incidence. Besides loss to follow-up of women with abnormal cytology, the major causes underlying failure are: - Low sensitivity of the primary cytology based screening test, which is subjective, often not or poorly quality assessed (QA) and has low sensitivity for precancerous lesions - Incomplete coverage of women invited to participate in the screening program Remarkably, in developed countries with a successful nation-wide cervical screening programme 55% of all carcinomas are diagnosed in women who do not participate. Moreover, the lack of QA cytology in medium and low resource countries is one of the main reasons why incidence and mortality stay high in these countries. In recognition of these shortcomings the MASS-CARE project envisions a novel, objective, full molecular self-screening approach that enables molecular screening and triage for referral to the gynaecologist using self-collected cervico-vaginal samples as an alternative tool for cervical cancer screening. In particular, we aim to discover molecular triage markers specific for the stratification of women with hrHPV positive self-samples. The research team headed by professor Meijer has a strong track record of cutting edge translational research, has state-of-the art molecular tools in place and is equipped with unique biobanks of clinical cohorts of thousands of hrHPV positive women that are needed to successfully execute this ambitious project.
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Leadership and collaboration for economic innovation and inclusive growth
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Digging Deeper: in search of Metropolitan Economic Data at the subnational level
In 2014, a small group of city officials who regularly attend Economies of Regions Learning Network learning events advocated for a learning event that focused specifically on metropolitan economic data. There was a strong contention amongst these officials that in order to make sound decisions about economic development at the local level that accurate economic data about key metropolitan and sub-metropolitan market, sectoral and employment trends is critical. However, there was also a concern that local level data (i.e. at municipal level or lower) is difficult to obtain. An initial two workshops were held on 24 August and 13 November 2014. Participants at the workshops raised the need for a structured inter-governmental collaboration regarding metropolitan and regional economic data and analysis. This collaboration was entitled the "Digging Deeper" collaboration. Stated simply, the main priorities of the collaborators are to improve sub-metropolitan data about firms and jobs. In November 2014, members of the Digging Deeper collaboration presented at the City Budget Forum at National Treasury in order to seek support to formalise an inter-governmental process. The City Budget Forum was supportive and recommended seeking support from the Minister of Finance.
In February 2015, the Minister of Finance signed a memorandum providing support for the establishment of an inter-governmental process to generate meaningful sub-metropolitan information about employment and economic activity for purposes of metropolitan and regional economic analysis. The memorandum recommended that a Technical Working Group (TWG) on Metropolitan Economic Data comprising of representatives of metropolitan municipalities, National Treasury, Stats SA, SARS, Department of Labour, Department of Trade and Industry, Department of Performance Monitoring and Evaluation, South African Cities Network, South African Local government Association, COGTA and others be established.
The TWG was established and adopted a project management approach. Projects that (a) improve the availability and quality of data and (b) improve analysis and application of data, were identified and scoped. These projects are resourced by the officials who make up the TWG in order to realise the benefits of the intergovernmental approach that has always been the ethos of this collaborative effort. Another ethos of the Data TWG is that data exchange between national and local government is considered a two way process. The Economies of Regions Learning Network has provided a co-ordination and secretariat role and where needed technical advisory support to the projects. The Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Gauteng City Region Observatory (GCRO) and UCT's Data First attend as research partners and Code for South Africa and Code for Durban as open data / technology partners. The Data Technical Working Group meets on a quarterly basis and where the meeting is held is rotated between the metros.
Some of the notable achievements of the Data Technical Working Group include the Statistician General inviting the Data Technical Working Group to present a consolidated city data request to Stats SA, the development of a youth employment/unemployment data portal, TWG members acting as a reference group for the Urbanisation Review underway in South Africa and support to the development of a National Treasury municipal finance data portal. Through the Data Technical Working Group network, Stats SA has offered free SuperCross and QGIS training in most of South Africa's metropolitan municipalities in order to enable city officials to draw off census data and graphically depict it. The Data Technical Working Group has also provided ArcGIS training to members. The networking function of the group has proved invaluable with members being able to alert each other to initiatives underway across the metros with a view to learning from these efforts and replicating them. There has also been enormous value in understanding existing avenues for sourcing data in order to avoid duplication of efforts and to find ways to work synergistically.
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1 hour ago, Hersh said:
I’m not telling y’all to let it go. Be mad all you want. If y’all want to call for Biden to drop out, have at it. If he’s the nominee, don’t vote for him.
I understand why people are mad about his comments. If you think his remarks make him worse than Trump, okay.
I already said I'd vote for biden if he was the nominee, we cool, but this is going nowhere.
2 hours ago, visionary said:
This is pandering for Latino votes and is an awful policy position.
4 minutes ago, BenningRoadSkin said:
And he told us he wasn’t a president for black People.
Uh, no he didn’t. Unless you mean exclusively for black people.
Uncle Tom Obama... I mean, really. Give me a ****ing break. You’re just saying **** now which if I’m being honest, is a pretty common theme with you.
Edited September 15, 2019 by Sacks 'n' Stuff
Cooked Crack
13 minutes ago, No Excuses said:
Yeah, some people should be deported.
BenningRoadSkin
2 hours ago, Sacks 'n' Stuff said:
I didn’t call Obama that nor was suggesting he was. My post is solely about the Democratic party’s treatment of black issues. It’s been put on the back since the end of the Civil Right’s movement with Raygun. The party has asked black voters to vote against an increasingly racist party instead of doing anything tangible to uplift the black community.
Obama’s presidency saw black wealth decline by nearly 2/3rds during his presidency.
https://www.peoplespolicyproject.org/2017/12/07/destruction-of-black-wealth-during-the-obama-presidency/
bearrock
18 minutes ago, BenningRoadSkin said:
Name me a politician in the history of human race capable of passing New Deal era programs in 2008-2016 in the United States without resorting to totalitarianism. Then I'll start throwing stones at Obama.
Rufus T Firefly
The Run Stopper
OK, can we please end the urination battle now?
4 minutes ago, Rufus T Firefly said:
No. .....the Dem primary must continue.
Urination battle... I figured it was to see which teen prostitute would be saying to herself, "my god, look what's on top of me" when the pres visits Russia next year.
17 minutes ago, bearrock said:
See you’re not following things again.
My post was critical of the Democratic Party since the end of the Civil Rights Movement. That includes Obama but isn’t solely him.
Saying that, the massive loss of black wealth happened under his watch.
Lastly, the Democrats have had no desire to pass New Deal level policies since Reagan. That includes Vice President Biden. FFS, Obama offered to gut Social Security to appease the GOP. Run-of-the mill Republicans have been able to pass policies that have eradicated the New Deal and Civil Rights Movement, with help of many Democrats. This is why we must vote with policy in mind even though #resist is convinced the world will be good once Trump is out.
This is why a lot of progressives are excited over Sanders and Warren, and to an extent Yang. And why many don’t want a Biden nomination .
Yeah, my bad. I meant to address whoever posted this thing
Obama’s presidency saw black wealth decline by nearly 2/3rds during his presidency.
Cause that paper argues that what would have prevented destruction of Black wealth after the financial crisis would've been New Deal era initiative of government buying up bad mortgages and refinancing them on favorable terms. I'm sure if Obama had endless supply of unicorns and sunshines, he would have handed them out like candy too.
Yeah, sorry for not paying attention. I was calling the person who posted that link naive and that argument totally without merit. Sorry if that wasn't you.
Edited September 16, 2019 by bearrock
Edited September 15, 2019 by visionary
2 hours ago, bearrock said:
Yeah, and am I missing something or is the massive loss of black wealth referenced in that article something that affected Americans across the board, irregardless of race?
I'm sure if Obama had endless supply of unicorns and sunshines, he would have handed them out like candy too.
Yeah, the problem is he did have this endless supply of unicorns and sunshines and candies. He just handed it to the banks and bad actors who created the problems and that lead to more problems.
Those incentives were worsened by the lax treatment of servicers by both the Treasury Department and the Department of Justice. Given the adverse incentives, some servicers tricked people into foreclosure, according to several investigations and sworn testimony from Bank of America whistleblowers. By repeatedly “losing” people’s paperwork, falsely telling them relief was imminent, or other such tricks, the servicer could string the homeowner along, squeezing out a last few payments before foreclosing on them. Others simply botched the paperwork through incompetence, with the same effect.
Much of that behavior was illegal, and violated the administration’s stated hamp rules. But not only did the Department of Justice decline to thoroughly investigate servicer abuses, the Treasury Department did not permanently claw back a single one of its payments to abusive servicers that had violated its rules...
Why not? Neil Barofsky, the bailout inspector general, later testified that protecting the banks was the actual goal. The administration’s aim was to “foam the runway” for the banks, as Barofsky witnessed Tim Geithner tell Elizabeth Warren. HAMP failed, in other words, because it was not designed to help homeowners.
As a result, in many cases HAMP actively enabled foreclosure. Its re-default rate — the fraction of people who got a modification and later defaulted out of the program — was 22 percent as of 2013. Only about $15 billion of the original $75 billion appropriation was spent by mid-2016.
The other thing is Obama had control of the house and senate his first two years and didn't create teh programs that was needed.
it affected black households more because black wealth was tied into homeownership more than any other group, and black people were playing catch up due to stuff like slavery, redlining, etc.
The Dems didn't do anything to alleviate the matters.
According to your paper, it affected Latinos worse.
Its a pretty stupid article anyway. Pretty clearly dude started with his conclusion and then did some amazing statistical and literal gymnastics to get there. This is one of my favorite parts...
”As a result, the percentage of black homeowners who were underwater on their mortgage exploded 20-fold from 2007 to 2013.”
2007? They even include a handy graph that shows a monster spike in 2007 which continues into the start of his presidency followed by steady improvements after that.
7 hours ago, BenningRoadSkin said:
First, Obama did not have control of both houses for two years (unless you're counting less than filibuster proof 60 as control)
https://www.ohio.com/article/20120909/NEWS/309099447
On January 20th, 2009, 57 Senate seats were held by Democrats with 2 Independents (Bernie Sanders and Joe Lieberman) caucusing with the Democrats...which gave Democrats 59 mostly-reliable Democratic votes in the Senate, one shy of filibuster-proof “total control.” Republicans held 41 seats.
The 59 number in January, 2009 included Ted Kennedy and Al Franken. Kennedy had a seizure during an Obama inaugural luncheon and never returned to vote in the Senate.....and Al Franken was not officially seated until July 7th, 2009 (hotly contested recount demanded by Norm Coleman.)
The real Democratic Senate seat number in January, 2009 was 55 Democrats plus 2 Independents equaling 57 Senate seats.
An aside....it was during this time that Obama’s “stimulus” was passed. No Republicans in the House voted for the stimulus. However, in the Senate.....and because Democrats didn’t have “total control” of that chamber.....three Republicans.....Snowe, Collins and Specter, voted to break a filibuster guaranteeing it’s passage.
Then in April, 2009, Republican Senator Arlen Specter became a Democrat. Kennedy was still at home, dying, and Al Franken was still not seated. Score in April, 2009....Democratic votes 58.
In May, 2009, Robert Byrd got sick and did not return to the Senate until July 21, 2009. Even though Franken was finally seated July 7, 2009 and Byrd returned on July 21.....Democrats still only had 59 votes in the Senate because Kennedy never returned, dying on August 25, 2009.
Kennedy’s empty seat was temporarily filled by Paul Kirk but not until September 24, 2009.
The swearing in of Kirk finally gave Democrats 60 votes (at least potentially) in the Senate. “Total control” of Congress by Democrats lasted all of 4 months. From September 24, 2009 through February 4, 2010...at which point Scott Brown, a Republican, was sworn in to replace Kennedy’s Massachusetts seat.
Some things to unpack here. TARP (which HAMP was part of) passed during the first window with the help of 3 GOP senators. If Obama said he would refuse to pass a bailout bill because he wanted a New Deal like program, he would have been (rightly) lambasted by both sides. If he included government buy back of underwater mortgage in the bailout bill, there was a snowball's chance in hell of the GOP senators and Blue Dog Dems supporting it.
If you want to argue that Obama could have supplemented HAMP with a New Deal type program during the 4 month window, you forget that this was the same Congress that would not even give him a public option in the ACA (which would have been magnitudes less controversial than the federal government outright buying bad debts). Just simple math shows that Dem's 60 in the Senate included the recently turned Arlen Specter, who never would've voted for such a program. Especially so, considering that they just recently passed an albatross bailout package a few months ago (a very controversial one at that), even moderate dems would be wailing in private (perhaps in public too) that the president has lost his mind.
TL:DR, you're wrong.
10 hours ago, Cooked Crack said:
Thats would be a pretty stupid thing for a President to say. Telling Iran we won’t support a US ally militarily does not make the problem go away or help solve it. It just weakens the US’s negotiating position and helps Iran.
Questioning and perhaps going the extra way by discarding our alliance with Saudi Arabia is perfectly fine as a policy position. There is no hard and fast rule that we must support the Saudi's at all costs.
We are probably 20 years too late already in evaluating our relationship with the Saudi kingdom.
14 hours ago, visionary said:
Mayor Pete is right. Beto’s Call for gun confiscation helps the NRA and opponents of gun reform. We can wish that wasn’t true, but it’s obviously so. I also doubt his sincerity in claiming that wide ranging support exists for the federal government confiscating weapons at this point. No one credible believes that, and Beto doesn’t strike me as a stupid person. So I’m left believing that he’s just bull****ting to try to drum up some support for a faltering campaign.
8 minutes ago, No Excuses said:
I disagree because of the timing. This isn’t happening in a vacuum. Right now Iran is growing it’s influence in the region and they are a dedicated enemy if the United States. Policy positions can’t just ignore the reality of what’s actually occurring right now. Telling Saudi Arabia they’re on their own, publicly, is an irresponsible move diplomatically that harms US interests.
i agree with you that the Saudi relationship needs to be re-evaluated. There are ways to do that significantly more advantageous than attention grabbing tweets. You’d think we’d all have learned this lesson by now.
15 minutes ago, Destino said:
I think maybe this is a misinterpretation, but I could be wrong. I don't think he's saying we wouldn't support SA, obviously we do. I think he's saying that the US is going to go to war in place of SA. Regardless though, I think it's in response to POTUS effectively saying he will let SA dictate what we do.
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GWENT Masters Season 2
Gwent | January 9, 2020
GWENT Masters is back with the new competitive season! This article will provide you with all the necessary information about its schedule, format, prizes, and other key aspects.
GWENT Masters Season 2 officially kicks off on January 9th, with the start of the Ranked Season of The Wolf.
PRO RANK AND MMR
The Pro Rank is the highest achievable rank in the game’s standard Ranked Play. It is the entry point for players wishing to join the world of GWENT esports. Each Ranked season lasts 1 calendar month and at the end of each one, the top 200 Pro Rank players are rewarded with Crown Points.
Each game you play with a faction unlocks a portion of its fMMR. To unlock 100% of a faction’s fMMR, a player needs to complete at least 25 games with that faction. Similarly, playing 20 games will only unlock 80%, and so on.
Though your current overall and faction MMRs will constantly shift depending on the results and amount of matches you play, your ranking placement will be based on the highest overall MMR you have achieved during the Ranked Season. This is called ‘peak MMR’. For example, if you are ranked 3rd with 8200 MMR at any point in a season and lose a number of games, causing your current overall MMR to drop significantly, you will remain ranked 3rd until the end of that season — unless another player surpasses your overall peak MMR of 8200.
The Pro Rank rating is global and takes into account players participating in Ranked Play across all regions GWENT is currently available in. After a Ranked Season ends, all MMR is reset. The top 500 Pro Rank players will retain their top positions, while other players will be demoted to rank 3, but will still be able to climb back next season and join the race immediately.
Players can check their ranking, as well as their global MMR, at any time on the Rankings page. Additionally, the distribution of fMMR between different factions will be visible in-game via a player’s profile.
CROWN POINTS
Throughout GWENT Masters, players will be competing for Crown Points. These are used to reward the best GWENT players for their achievements during GWENT Masters — as well as determine participants of the Season 2 Final event (World Masters) in December 2020.
Players will receive Crown Points for placing in:
the top 200 of the Pro Rank at the end of each season
official GWENT Open tournaments organized by CD PROJEKT RED
licensed GWENT tournaments not organized by CD PROJEKT RED
Starting with January’s Ranked Season, and spanning up until September 2020, players who finish in the top 200 of the Pro Rank leaderboard will receive Crown points according to their placement.
Contrary to the previous season, Crown points will no longer give players direct invitations to GWENT Open tournaments, but they still will be useful in the long run. Players with the most Crown Points will be invited to the World Masters event in December 2020, along with the winners of the 4 GWENT Open tournaments.
ONLINE QUALIFIERS
Each month (from February to September) the top 16 and top 64 players from the Pro Rank leaderboards of the previous month will be invited to play in online qualifiers leading to the closest GWENT Open. For example, based on January 2020 (Season of The Wolf) Pro Rank standings, participants of 2 Online Qualifiers in February 2020 will be selected.
The 1st online qualifier will be held monthly for the top 16 players in the Pro Rank leaderboard of the previous month. The format of this tournament will be double elimination. Winners of both lower and higher brackets will reserve their spot at the closest upcoming GWENT Open tournament. The 14 players who do not qualify in the 1st online qualifier will be able to try again in the 2nd online qualifier in the same month.
The 2nd online qualifier will be held monthly for the top 64 players in the Pro Rank leaderboard of the previous month. The format of this tournament will consist of 2 stages:
Day 1 – Swiss system for top 64 players (6 rounds)
Day 2 – Double elimination system for top 16 players based on Day 1 results.
Winners of both lower and higher brackets will reserve their spot at the closest upcoming GWENT Open tournament.
The official rulesets of online qualifiers, their schedule, and other important details will be communicated in advance before each tournament of that type.
GWENT Open is the main type of the official GWENT Masters tournaments. Each GWENT Open event will see a total of 8 participants:
4 finalists of 2 Online Qualifiers held 1 month prior to GWENT Open
4 finalists of 2 Online Qualifiers held 2 months prior to GWENT Open
Example: If a GWENT Open is held in April 2020, it will comprise of 4 finalists of 2 online qualifiers held in February 2020 and 4 finalists of 2 online qualifiers held in March 2020.
There will be a total of 4 GWENT Open events during a GWENT Masters series, with each one offering a 10 000 US dollars base prize pool, as well as a guaranteed spot in the upcoming World Masters event for the winner. All other participants will also receive Crown Points for placing as follows:
2nd place – 10 CP
3rd-4th place – 5 CP
5th-8th place – 1 CP
The season will conclude with the GWENT World Masters — the ultimate tier of official tournaments organized by CD PROJEKT RED. A total of 8 players will compete in this grand finale tournament from among:
up to 4 winners of previous Open events
up to 7 players with the most Crown Points accumulated over the Ranked Seasons leading up to GWENT World Masters.
The total prize pool of the GWENT World Masters will be at least 50 000 US dollars prize pool.
PRIZE POOLS
The offline GWENT Masters tournaments organized by CD PROJEKT RED each have a different base prize pool:
GWENT Open – 10 000 USD
Quarterfinal match stake – 500 USD
Semifinal match stake – 1000 USD
Final match stake – 1000 USD
Additionally, each participant receives 500 USD, and the winner 1000 USD
GWENT World Masters – 50 000 USD
Base prize pool distribution TBA
How much prize money a participant receives depends on the result of the match. For example, during a quarterfinal match of a GWENT Open tournament the participants will be competing for 500 USD. If the overall match result is 3:0, the winner will receive 500 USD and the loser will receive 0 USD, if it would be 3:1 the winner gets 375 USD and the loser gets 125 USD, if it would be 3:2 the winner gets 300 USD and the loser gets 200 USD.
Additionally, with Season 2 we’d like to give the most devoted GWENT Masters fans the ability to contribute to the prize pool of their favorite competition. Prior to each GWENT Open, and the 2020 World Masters, we will place special offers on select items in Shupe’s shop. Each purchase of such items will contribute the percentage of revenue to the prize pool and will be distributed equally between all participants. We’ll be sharing more information on this later, so stay tuned for updates!
LICENSED TOURNAMENTS
Third-party partners can apply for a license from CD PROJEKT RED to host their own GWENT tournaments. They will be required to follow the official conduct and ruleset of GWENT Masters, with any additional rules on top needed to be approved by CD PROJEKT RED. Contrary to the previous season, there is no minimum required cash prize for this type of tournament. In addition to Crown Points rewards for placing, CD PROJEKT may provide additional spots in 64-players Online Qualifiers for the tournament winners — the exact amount of Crown points and/or additional qualification rewards will be determined between the tournament’s organizer and CD PROJEKT RED. Each licensed tournament should have open qualifiers to select participants, and can be held either on-site, or online.
These are tournaments organized by the player community. The prize pool of these events should not exceed 10 000 US dollars and getting a license from CD PROJEKT RED will not be necessary to organize one. Community tournaments can take place online, as well as on-site. However, players will not receive Crown Points for either participating or placing in them.
If you’d like to host your own community-powered GWENT tournament, make sure to check out and follow the official GWENT community tournament guidelines on the website.
Make sure to follow us on Twitter @GWENTMasters for regular updates!
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Bathing at Dogo Onsen Honkan
My first visit to Japan's oldest hot spring
By Tony Mariani Feb 10, 2013 - 8 min read
Dogo Onsen Honkan
Having been to Matsuyama several times, and each time visiting the Dogo Onsen area, I was curious to visit the hot spring by myself and experience the waters of Japan’s oldest hot spring, or onsen in Japanese. Being a westerner and speaking little Japanese, I was a bit intimidated to go there by myself. Getting over that was a great experience.
I was told by my wife, who is from Matsuyama, that the onsen is popular with the Japanese who come to visit. And it is very popular. People pose in front of the entrance and have their pictures taken (and so did I). I was also told that the water is very hot. I still wanted to visit Japan’s oldest hot spring and experience it for myself.
If you have never visited a hot spring in Japan, you must understand the etiquette required for a successful visit to a Japanese onsen. There are public onsen and private onsen. A private onsen gives you privacy. You still bath before entering the hot spring but it is either secluded or private. You pay a premium for a private onsen. A public onsen is still segregated by sex. Women and men bath separately.
When I first entered Dogo Onsen, I indicated what type of bath experience I wanted. There are two types of baths (each has one for men and one for women). One is called Kami-no-yu (Water of the Gods), which is a spacious public style bath. The other is called Tama-no-yu (Water of the Spirits), which is a more private and high grade bath. I choose the more private public bath (Tama-no-yu). Being a westerner, I was greeted with Japanese politeness (the staff at the onsen appreciate foreign guests).
After removing my shoes and placing them inside a locker, I was guided to the changing area. To get there, I walked down narrow corridors and climbed creaky, steep stairs. The dressing area is an open area with families sitting and relaxing before or after their soaking in the healing waters of the onsen. I was greeted in Japanese by the staff to which I replied “wakatimasen” (I do not understand). I was then given a robe (Yukata) and a pictorial book of where I am to go and onsen etiquette. It was a great help. You do not need to be fluent in Japanese to enjoy Japan’s oldest onsen.
Standing by my station (you have an area on the floor designated for yourself or your party) lies a tray to hold my clothing. To undress I placed the robe they provide you over my clothing, then undressed. Yes, there are women and children around but it is quite normal as long as you conduct yourself with proper etiquette. Once undressed, you must fold and place your clothing in a neat pile inside your tray.
I then walked to the onsen area adjacent to the dressing room. Keep in mind that Dogo Onsen is in an old wooden building. The walkways are narrow and I had to descend stairs to access the dressing areas and public baths. It is creaky, funky and a fun experience.
Walking down to the men’s public bath, there was a place to place my robe and undress. The onsen is behind a closed door to keep drafts from interrupting the bathing experience. I took the robe off then entered the bath. There are stools outside the onsen itself with hoses and water faucets. It's there you sit and wash yourself before entering the bath. This is Japanese bath procedure;
Before entering the bath, rinse your body with hot water.
Enter the bath and relax.
After exiting the bath, wash your body with soap and hot water outside the bath.
After rinsing off the soap, enter the bath and relax again (be careful not to stay in the bath too long because of the water’s high temperature).
Exit the bath when finished.
Dry off and put the yukata on. Relax in the lounging room.
My first thought before I entered the water was “how hot can it be?” Well, Dogo Onsen is hot, very hot. Not scalding hot but definitely hot. I kidded my wife about the pictures you see of Japanese sitting in an onsen with a folded towel on their head. My wife said that the Japanese do not do that. Well, they do. I did see a Japanese visitor to the onsen with a folded towel on top of their head sitting in the hot spring.
The water is hot but it is silky smooth. It’s like sitting in a large stone bowl. There's a deep end and a shallow end. The bath is public so you're not alone. It's not polite to stare, but you can acknowledge another person if you want or not. The Japanese are always polite. The important thing is to enjoy the onsen experience. If the water is too hot, you can climb out, sit on the edge, cool off and enter it again.
After leaving the bath, I exit the onsen and use the towel provided to dry myself off. I then put the yukata on and return to the dressing area. The dressing area is open to the outside. There are doors that open and visitors can walk around the balcony and sigh- see or just relax with friends. Greeting me on my return was Japanese green tea and osembi (Japanese rice crackers). It is nice to sit and sip tea and contemplate the hot spring waters (and cool off).
After the tea and snack, I dress in the same fashion as undressing. Japanese children have a great time at this onsen and many families come there to soak in the hot waters. When I was on my way out, I was greeted by one of the staff who spoke English. I was asked if I was interested in having a tour of the onsen. Of course I said yes.
I was given a bit of history of the onsen. It is said that according to legend, Dogo Onsen was found during the age of the gods when a white heron put its injured leg into hot water gushing out from a crevice in some rocks and found its leg healed as a result. According to another legend, one god put another ailing god into the hot spring and the god recovered. That is the legend of “Tama-no-ishi” (a round rock).
The onsen was visited by many famous novelists and among them is Natsume Soseki, one of the most famous novelists of the Meiji era. Soseki has a room dedicated to him at the hot spring and wrote about the main building of Dogo Onsen in his novel “Botchan.”
The building itself features shrines around the exterior. On the roof, on top of the drum tower, is a statue of the legendary white heron. The creaky wooden structure was built in 1894 and is considered a property of cultural importance.
Dogo Onsen is unique in that it's the only hot spring in Japan with a special bath built for the Japanese Imperial Family. This was constructed in 1899 and there's a private entrance for the royal family behind the main entrance on the opposite side of the building. I was given a tour and shown where Emperor Hirohito would sit and relax after the bath. The royal family has their own onsen, but currently it's roped off and drained of water. It's a time capsule and a walk back in Japanese history. Emperor Hirohito was the last of the royal family to visit the hot spring.
After leaving the onsen, it's nice to walk around the area and enjoy the local shops or go back to your hotel and relax.
Notes: How to wear a yukata. A yukata is a kind of Japanese kimono but less formal. It's a Japanese style robe. When putting on the yukata, center it in the front by holding each sleeve with your arms outstretched. Then hold both lapels and put the right lapel across your body first and the left one over that. Don’t put it on too tight. The belt should be tightened on the waist for women and on the hip bone for men. Tighten the belt, but not too tight.
Tony Mariani @tony.mariani
An American married to a lovely woman from Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture. I first visited Japan in 1995 on business and have loved Japan and the Japanese since then. When in Japan, live like the Japanese and embrace their culture with respect and admiration.
5-6 Yunomachi, Dogo, Matsuyama, Ehime (Directions)
Questions about Matsuyama?
Dogo Onsen
By Chris Cooper
By Rod Walters
Dogo Onsen: Tradition Stripped Bare
Dogo Biiru Kan Brewery Restaurant
Discover Matsuyama
Mt. Fuji & Yamanakako before Dawn
Tranquility of Shinjuku Gyoen
Exploring Kumamoto Castle
Ten Million Dollar Night View, Kobe
Hōryūji Temple in Nara
Zuihoden Mausoleum
Kusatsu Onsen Getaway
Yunotsu Hot Spring
By Tristan Scholze
Tokyo Winter Breaks: Kusatsu Onsen..
By Peter Sidell
Yakushi-yu
Ooedo Onsen Monogatari
By Todd Wojnowski
Explore Beauty & Spa around Japan
https://en.japantravel.com/ehime/visiting-dogo-onsen-honkan/3691
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Hachiko Statue University of Tokyo
The beloved Japanese Akita is reunited with his master
By Jessica A Paje Apr 21, 2015 - 3 min read
After 80 years, the beloved Hachiko has been reunited with his master at the University of Tokyo in Bunkyo Ward. A national symbol of family loyalty, this is the second bronze statue erected in Tokyo to commemorate the bond between the Akita and Professor.
In 1924, Hidesaburo Ueno, a professor in the Department of Agriculture at the University of Tokyo, took Hachiko in as a pet. Their daily routine included walking to nearby Shibuya Station during the workweek. At the end of the day, Hachiko would return to the station on his own to eagerly greet his master.
In 1925, their daily routine would come to an end. Professor Ueno suffered from a cerebral hemorrhage. He died and never returned to Shibuya Station. Although Hachiko was given away after Ueno's death, for the next nine years he would routinely escape and appear precisely when the train was due at the station to wait for his master. On March 8, 1935, Hachiko passed away without ever being able to see his master Ueno again.
A year before Hachiko’s passing, the first bronze statue was erected at Shibuya Station in April 1934. After World War II, it was replaced in August 1948. Till this day, the bronze Hachiko stands guard at the Hachiko Exit of Shibuya Station, which is now a popular hang out, meeting spot, and tourist landmark.
On March 9, 2015, the 80th death anniversary of Hachiko, a second bronze statue was erected. The beloved Akita Inu is happily reunited with his master, Professor Ueno. The new statue was made possible through the assistance of an online charity and Faculty of Agriculture. It was sculpted by Tsutomo Ueda from Nagoya and depicts a very excited Hachiko jumping up to greet his master at the end of a workday. Ueno is dressed in a hat, suit, and trench coat, with his briefcase placed on the ground. Hachiko wears a studded harness as seen in his last photos. Nothing but love, loyalty, and happiness radiates from this memorial. It is a true testament to the depths of a dog's heart; loving a human more than he loves himself.
Several books and movies have been made about this legendary loyal dog. Hachiko is known to be a hero of Japanese children's books and in 2009, the Hollywood film "Hachi: A Dog's Story" was released starring Richard Gere (a remake of the 1987 Japanese film "Hachikō Monogatari").
To access the new Hachiko statue on the grounds of the Department of Agriculture at the University of Tokyo, take the Nanboku Line and exit Todaimae Station. Enter the Nou-Seimon gate (Yayoi Section of the Hongo Campus) and the statue is immediately to your left. If you are passing through the Main Campus, you'll want to take the Overhead Foot Bridge. Refer to #23 on any of the Campus Maps.
Jessica A Paje @jessica.paje
Originally from San Diego, California, I lived in Japan for 4-1/2 years and now I am currently based out of Honolulu, Hawaii. In December 2010, I arrived in Yokosuka with a new outlook on my future. Mainly, to refocus on family and let my curiosities take us to places we’ve only dreamt of. Along the way, we’d hopefully develop new friendships and simply collect memories to last a lifetime. Then, there was the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011. I will never forget that experience and the devastating effects it had on the entire country. I asked the community, “What can I do to help?” Collecting, sorting, and packing donations, was the least I could do. I also ended up going back to California for one month, raised a small monetary donation for Red Cross, and secured a few phone interviews to help spread the word on how others from the United States could assist. I was determined to show my family, friends, and folks across the world that it would be okay to return to Japan. After all, I wanted them to know that all of the little things that make up this beautiful country still existed. What better way than to use a platform such as JapanTravel.com to share photos and stories full of life, history, and culture. It is a pleasure to say I have contributed more than 150 articles to a database that now collectively holds more than 15,000! This journey has not only allowed me to realize my initial goals, but I’d like to think that it has somehow played a role in sparking an interest locally and across the globe for others to experience all that is published here and more. I invite you to also share your wonderful stories, offer comments, and ask questions right here on JapanTravel. Feel free to contact me at jessica.paje@japantravel.com. Safe travels! ٩( ๑╹ ꇴ╹)۶
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan (Directions)
u-tokyo.ac.jp
Questions about Tokyo?
Nezu Shrine – Azaleas on a Hill
By Tomoko Kamishima
Bunkyo Azalea Festival
By Elena Lisina
Nezu Shrine
By Nicole Bauer
Nezu Jinja
By Valerie Kor
Discover Tokyo
Michinoku Park
Fuji-Q Highland Amusement Park
Hayama Isshiki Beach in June
Tōdai-ji, Deer, and Gardens in Nara
Sunrise at Lake Biwa
Sunset Beach at American Village
Fuji-san
Shikoku Pilgrimage No. 21 Temple
Hachiko Statue in Shibuya
By Ignatius Koh
Kiyomizu Temple and Otowa Waterfall..
By Stefanus Husin
Todaiji Temple in Nara
Walk the Old Hakone Highway
Explore Culture around Japan
Elena Lisina 4 months ago
Worldwide famous story of Hachiko! Isn't that amazing?
Reply Show all 1 replies
Sleiman Azizi 4 months ago
My mother wants to visit Hachiko in Shibuya.
JapanTravel Guest a year ago
Lester Goh 4 years ago
Because everyone loves a happy ending :D
Olga 4 years ago
Very touching!
Justin Velgus 4 years ago
I heard about the new statue, but it is great to get the background info and pics! I hope I can view it. Such a great story.
https://en.japantravel.com/tokyo/hachiko-statue-university-of-tokyo/20013
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AF-S NIKKOR 105mm f/1.4E ED
The portrait of perfection.
Meet the new standard by which all short telephoto lenses will be measured against, the world's first* full-frame 105mm with an f/1.4 aperture. A marvel of optical precision, distortion correction and craftsmanship. It's fast maximum aperture make this an ideal optic for available light—recommended for portraiture or indoor sports. This short telephoto lens can defocus backgrounds with painterly finesse and isolate subjects with three-dimensional fidelity. For those seeking the ultimate in image quality in photography or videography, there's no close second.
*Among AF lenses for digital SLRs compatible with FX-format image sensor; as of July 27, 2016; statement based on Nikon research.
View Sample Photography(View in a lightbox)
© Drew Gurian
Gorgeous background defocus
World's fastest, brightest 105mm full-frame lens
An excellent performer for available light, the AF-S NIKKOR 105mm f/1.4E ED also excels when using Nikon Speedlights—indoors or out. Create beautiful portraits with minimal depth of field as well as using Advanced Wireless Lighting with Auto FP High Speed Sync. Its f/1.4 maximum aperture and nine-blade diaphragm produce a superior bokeh effect with large, smooth spheres with gradual alteration. The focal length (105mm on FX cameras, 158mm on DX cameras) creates an ideal working distance that's close enough to interact with the subject.
© Vincent Versace
Ultimate image quality
A must-have for serious shooters
This is the culmination of Nikon's expertise in lens design, optical excellence and industry leading innovation. Its new optical design creates ultra-high definition across the entire frame, especially when used with one of Nikon's full-frame (FX) high-resolution DSLRs. Its a lens that pushes boundaries of imaging possibility, one that can take your photography and videography to a thrilling new level. What will you achieve with it?
© Drew Gurian, Vincent Versace
No compromises accepted
Pure, distortion-free photos and videos
Chromatic aberration, ghosting and flare is minimized by three Extra-Low Dispersion (ED) elements. Nano Crystal Coat (N) outperforms conventional antireflection coatings over a broad wavelength range for maximum contrast. Like the AF-S NIKKOR 58mm f/1.4G, point light sources are reproduced naturally without sagittal coma flare and minimized astigmatism, even at the frame edges. An electromagnetic diaphragm (E) maintains consistent exposure during high-speed capture, while fluorine coat ensures a lifetime of brilliant performances.
Superior imaging at your fingertips
The new AF-S NIKKOR 105mm f/1.4E ED joins other NIKKOR f/1.4 lenses in the Gold Ring Series, which include only premium primes with Nano Crystal Coat and pro-grade build quality. These other lenses include the AF-S NIKKOR 24mm f/1.4G, AF-S NIKKOR 35mm f/1.4G, AF-S NIKKOR 58mm f/1.4G, AF-S NIKKOR 85mm f/1.4G.
Electromagnetic Diaphragm Mechanism
An electromagnetic diaphragm mechanism in the lens barrel provides highly accurate electronic diaphragm or aperture blade control when using auto exposure during continuous shooting. With conventional D/G type lenses, the diaphragm blades are operated by mechanical linkage levers.
ED (Extra-Low Dispersion) Glass
An optical glass developed by Nikon that is used with normal optical glass in telephoto lenses to obtain optimum correction of chromatic aberrations.
Fluorine Coat
Photographers need gear that can withstand the elements. Nikon’s fluorine coat effectively repels dust, water droplets, grease or dirt, ensuring easy removal even when they adhere to the lens surface. Nikon’s fluorine coat endures a high frequency of lens surface wiping and its anti-reflective effect also contributes to the capture of clear images.
IF Lens
A NIKKOR lens in which only the internal lens group shifts during focusing. Thus, IF NIKKORS do not change in size during AF operation, allowing for compact, lightweight lenses capable of closer focusing distances. These lenses will be designated with the abbreviation IF on the lens barrel.
Select NIKKOR lenses have a focusing mode which allows switching from automatic to manual focusing with virtually no lag time by simply turning the focusing ring on the lens. This makes it possible to seamlessly switch to fine manual focusing while looking through the viewfinder.
Nano Crystal Coat
An anti-reflective coating developed by Nikon that virtually eliminates internal lens element reflections across a wide range of wavelengths. Nano Crystal Coat solves ghost effects caused by red light and effectively reduces ghost and flare caused by light entering the lens diagonally.
Silent Wave Motor
AF-S NIKKOR lenses feature Nikon’s Silent Wave Motor (SWM). This technology converts “traveling waves” into rotational energy to focus the optics. This enables high-speed autofocusing that's extremely accurate and super quiet.
The lens incorporates an electromagnetic diaphragm mechanism. The following cameras are compatible with this lens:
D5, D4 series, D3 series, Df, D850, D810, D810A, D800 series, D750, D700, D610, D600, D500, D300 series, D7500, D7200, D7100, D7000, D5600, D5500, D5300, D5200, D5100, D5000, D3400, D3300, D3200, D3100, Nikon 1 J1, J2, J3, J4, J5 with FT-1, Nikon 1 V1, V2, V3 with FT-1, Nikon 1 S1, S2 with FT-1
f/ 1.4
FX/35mm
AF-S (Silent Wave Motor)
Approx. Dimensions (Diameter x Length)
(94.5 x)
(106mm)
(985 g)
Collapse Specifications
Nikon F-Bayonet
f/ 16
Maximum Angle of View (DX-format)
15°20'
Maximum Angle of View (FX-format)
23°10′
Maximum Reproduction Ratio
Lens Elements
Lens Groups
Compatible Format(s)
FX in DX Crop Mode
Diaphragm Blades
Distance Information
ED Glass Elements
Internal Focusing
Minimum Focus Distance
1.0 m from focal plane
AF, Manual
Accepts Filter Type
Screw-on
distance from camera lens mount flange
Based on CIPA Guidelines
Learn more about the Supplied LC-82 82mm Snap-On Front Lens Cap
Our apologies. We just ran out of this item.
Learn more about the Supplied LF-4 Rear Lens Cap
Learn more about the Supplied HB-79 Bayonet Lens Hood
Learn more about the 82mm Neutral Colour NC Filter
Learn more about the 82mm Circular Polarizing Filter II
View Download Center View in a new window
HomeNikon ProductsLensesPeople and EventsAF-S NIKKOR 105mm f/1.4E ED
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Feature Toggles
16 April 2016 - 9:07am -- Pedro Portella
Considering you accept the definition of Continuous Delivery (CD), based on one of the three schools of thought: “Continuous Delivery has to do with Agile Software Development.”
Then, you probably also remember one of the Agile Manifest Principals: “Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software.”
And so, assuming that Continuous Delivery is a good way to improve customer satisfaction and keep the momentum going in the digital department, how can we actually make this a reality? Hint: Feature Toggles.
Feature Toggles for Continuous Delivery
Feature Toggle has a lot of pros and cons, but this article will assume we can bypass the problems of for now.
According to Wikipedia, Feature Toggle is “a technique in software development that attempts to provide an alternative to maintaining multiple source-code branches (known as feature branches).
Continuous release and continuous deployment provides developers with rapid feedback about their coding. This requires the integration of their code changes as early as possible. Feature branches introduce a bypass to this process. Feature toggles bring developers back on track, but the execution paths of their features are still 'dead' if a toggle is 'off'. But low effort is required to enable the new execution paths just by setting a toggle to "on".
“The technique allows developers to release a version of a product that has unfinished features. These unfinished features are hidden (toggled), so they do not appear in the user interface. This allows many small incremental versions of software to be delivered without the cost of constant branching and merging.”— Wikipedia
Why Feature Toggle is best to achieve Continuous Delivery?
Now that we've established what Continuous Delivery (CD) and Feature Toggle (FT) is, so why do I think FT is the way to achieve CD? Well, that is quite an easy question to answer.
Google, Netflix, Flickr have being using this approach for a few years, and now the rest of the Digital Industry is starting to picking that up.
My experience with Feature Toggles, at Air New Zealand has been really positive, and I can see it gives peace of mind to release code more frequently — not to mention the ability to run A/B testing, which is a plus!
Therefore, I say: Feature Toggles for Continuous Delivery!
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Music festival on the Greek island of Chios
Opportunities for reflection
An inspirational idea from a violinist and a composer has led to the establishment of a new music festival on the Greek island of Chios. Their idea is to help build bridges between refugees and islanders – and maybe make the hard winter a little easier to bear. By Astrid Kaminski
The cellist stares at the feet of the oboist. The children and teenagers to his right and left are doing the same, as are the older boys, despite their best efforts at studied nonchalance. They look tired, but that′s hardly surprising since they had to wash their clothes between three and four in the morning.
The middle of the night is the best time to find warm water here in the so-called ′hotspot′ refugee camp in Vial on the eastern Aegean island of Chios. Despite the occasional stifled yawn, there is no let-up in practising the dance routine. The oboist Demetrios Karamintzas, who played with the Barenboim Said Academy in the Palestinian territories for many years, is rehearsing the basic steps of the dabke with them.
The musical accompaniment, an old folk song from Chios, is as unusual as the dancing musicians. The melody is performed instrumentally first of all and then sung. It is a song about an apple tree with beautiful apples. But the tree is growing on a cliff and reaching its fruit is difficult. Chiosian actress Avgoustina Lykourina acts out the dilemma through her movements and gestures.
Music and body language are the best modes of communication in this workshop group of Kurdish, Afghan, Syrian and Greek children and adolescents. And it is through this body language and the gestures that, as they grow in confidence, they are able to reveal their memories: an Afghan nursery rhyme, a Syrian ballad, a faster version of the dabke. Getting together in a room, such as here in the small philharmonic concert hall in the city of Chios, is unusual for them.
Immediate success
This past summer, violinist Olga Holdorff-Myriangou and composer Eleftherios Veniadis, both of whom have family roots on Chios and a working base in Berlin, set up the Chios Music Festival with the support of the Allianz Cultural Foundation. It was an immediate success.
Now, in late autumn, the festival is having a week-long reprise with a focus on workshops that bring native islanders and refugees together. The team, made up of an actress and seven internationally successful musicians, who also happen to be blessed with excellent social skills, is a stroke of luck.
A treat for refugees and Chios residents alike: musicians at this year′s Chios Music Festival – from left to right, Demetrios Karamintzas, Olga Holdorff-Myriangou, Martin Smith, Leila Weber and Spyros Tzekos
Demetrios Karamintzas, for example, helped create the "MitMachMusik" project for refugee children in Berlin, violist Leila Weber the "Hangarmusik" project. In Chios the team wants to use the power of music to bring people together and give them the strength to face the hard days of winter.
"For some it is hell"
"It could be a paradise here, but for some it is hell," says Olga Holdorff-Myriangou. She would like her festival, at the very least, to create happy memories. Though a modest wish, it may not be granted. The Vial camp is overcrowded and the refugees have much to endure: rain, cold, heaped up piles of rubbish, rats and inadequate sanitation and hygiene facilities.
The hotspot is located several miles outside the island capital of Chios. Designed to hold 1,100 people, it currently holds over 2,000, including around 350 children and is divided into a supervised official and a non-supervised part. While a group of men complain about the Greek police, the unaccompanied women here would like to see a greater police presence at the camp. Fear of their situation makes getting a good night′s sleep impossible.
All on one page
Interview with oboist Demetrios Karamintzas: "These children deserve the same opportunities as children anywhere else"Book review: ″Auf der Flucht″ by Karim El Gawhary and Mathilde Schwabeneder: Born in the wrong placeEurope′s refugee deal with Turkey: The end of the road
Arab music, Daniel Barenboim, Immigration, Migration, Musical worlds, Places of Dialogue, Refugees
Astrid Kaminski
Europe, Greece
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List of miscellaneous General Hospital characters
The following are notable characters from the American soap opera General Hospital who do not warrant individual articles.
1 Shawn Butler
2 Max Giambetti
3 Milo Giambetti
4 Abby Haver
5 Matt Hunter
6 Epiphany Johnson
7 Diane Miller
8 Coleman Ratcliffe
9 Anthony Zacchara
Shawn Butler
Portrayed by
Sean Blakemore
Robert Guza, Jr.
Former science teacher
Former U. S. Marine
Former Hired mercenary
Former bodyguard for Carly Corinthos and Josslyn Jacks
Port Charles, New York
Raised in Detroit[1]
Ray Butler[2]
Carly Corinthos
Shawn Butler is a fictional character from the original ABC Daytime, soap opera, General Hospital portrayed by Sean Blakemore. The character first appears on January 21, 2011 on a recurring basis. On April 6, 2011, Blakemore was put on contract with the soap. [3]
Shawn is first seen comforting Molly Lansing who has just witnessed a car accident which triggers memories of her family friends in a bus crash. Molly believes she is suffering from bipolar disorder but Shawn helps her realize it is just posttraumatic stress disorder which he suffered from himself, being a former marine. Shawn then meets Carly Corinthos, Molly's aunt. The two seem to make a connection. Shawn reveals he is in Port Charles to interview for a security position. Carly wants to repay him for taking care of Molly. He doesn't accept.
He later bumps into his boss Theo Hoffman, who is later revealed to be the crime figure, The Balkan. Theo, who is also an attorney works with Diane Miller and Alexis Davis, Molly's mother. Shawn is sent to beat up Johnny Zacchara on Theo's orders to remind Johnny he has a job to do. He is later sent to follow Siobhan McKenna, another person who works for The Balkan. Theo fears detective Lucky Spencer may have turned Siobahn.
On February 18, Shawn is sent to kidnap, Brenda Barrett on her wedding day and bring her to Theo. Shawn never gets the chance because there are too many witnesses. Shawn is followed by Sam McCall who tries to stop him. He takes her hostage until her boyfriend, hitman Jason Morgan, arrives. Shawn explains he never signed on as a killer which is why he couldn't go through with the job. Jason and Sam enlist Shawn to help them get evidence against Theo. Shawn is almost killed during a shoot out. Carly finds a wounded Shawn and takes him back to her house to patch him when mobster Sonny Corinthos, Brenda's new husband arrives and threatens to kill him. Sonny's son Dante Falconeri manages to talk his father out of killing Shawn.
When Shawn is in the hospital, he foils another attempt on his life by Theo while Molly watches. When Shawn goes to retrieve some documents that can help Jason find Theo, who kidnapped Brenda, he is shot once again and goes to Carly's house, explaining he didn't want to risk going to Jason and Sonny directly in case Theo's henchmen were waiting for him. Carly is the only person he trusts at this point. She patches him just in time for her estranged husband, Jasper Jacks, to catch them together and assume the worst.
When Franco begins to menace Carly and Josslyn, Jason hires Shawn to be their bodyguard. Jax doesn't approve and attempts to pay Shawn to leave town. He refuses saying it is his job to protect Josslyn. On April 20, Shawn is approached by Molly, who asks to interview him about his time in Afghanistan for a school project. Though flattered, Shawn tells Molly he can't talk about his experiences. In May 2011, Jax digs up some dirt on Shawn in order to use it against Carly in their custody case. Instead, Shawn quits. Carly later rehires him. Shawn continues clashing with Jax. Shawn later opens up to Carly about his family and that he previously lived in Seattle and has two sisters who are teachers. After Jax digs up more dirt on Shawn's past that could be used against Carly in the custody battle for Josslyn, and reveals it to Carly, she is forced to regretfully fire him. Jax subpoenas Shawn in his custody battle with Carly over Josslyn.
In July 2011, Shawn takes a special interest in Carly and Josslyn believing Jax will be back and won't stop until he get Josslyn back. He even ends up baby sitting Josslyn with Carly's approval. Shawn also reveals that he worked as a science teacher before he enlisted in the marines and he was offered a similar job in Washington, D. C. and Carly urges him to take the job. On August 8, Shawn attempts to stop Jax from kidnapping Josslyn, but his efforts are stalled when goes into a trance like state and begins having flashbacks of a little girl that he accidentally hurt. Fortunately, Shawn is able to bring Josslyn back to Carly after Dr. Robin Scorpio talks Jax into it.
Shawn serves as a distraction for Carly after Jax's plane crashes and he is presumed dead. Later, Shawn reveals that Carly's boat, the Silent Lady is missing from the dock and that it was Jax who took it and he also points out that she hasn't signed her divorce papers yet. Meanwhile, Carly pressures Shawn to take a teaching job at PC High. On September 15, it is learned that Shawn has been hired by Jason to assist Sonny in running the organization, while Jason is preparing to get married. Later, Shawn cooks for Carly at Kelly's and they would also dance together.
Later, when Sonny's son Dante is shot at the coffee wearhouse, Shawn comes to keep the cops from jumping to any conclusions and discovers has left stolen drugs inside. After getting rid of the cops by building a bomb, Shawn & Carly move the drugs into the panic room and end up getting locked inside. Carly spends the next few hours trying to get Shawn to open up about his life. He eventually reveals that he is originally from Detroit and they manage to escape when Carly unknowingly steps on a button. In order to keep the cops from questioning them any further, Carly insinuates that she and Shawn slept together, and Michael overhears. Michael then tells Sonny about the "incident" causing Sonny to fire Shawn.
In October 2011, when Carly receives a present from Franco, for Josslyn, she goes to Shawn for help. She believes Jason and Sam are in danger on their honeymoon in Hawaii and Shawn decides to go to Hawaii to check on things. But Carly follows him to the airport with Josslyn. Jason notices that Shawn is a little flustered around Carly but doesn't think much of it. He then realizes something is going on when Carly is acting funny as well. The two bond over the next few days and on October 27, they share their first kiss.
In November 2011, on Carly's birthday, she has a few drinks at Jake's while trying to make Shawn jealous after she finds him on a date with another woman. The two are later talking out by the docks and find the body of Dr. Lisa Niles floating in the water. They must pretend that they sleeping together again to maintain that they had nothing to do with the murder. On November 11, Veteran's Day, Carly finds Shawn at Kelly's sending a package to a little boy named TJ. TJ was the son of one of Shawn's fellow marines, Tommy. Tommy was the man that Shawn accidentally killed during combat. Later, Shawn opens up about his father, "Big Ray" Butler. He and his dad were very close and always shared a glass of milk each night before they went to bed. One night when Shawn was 6 years old, they ran out of milk, and Ray decided to go to the store to get some, bringing Shawn along. When Shawn is in the candy isle, they here commotion in front of the store and sends Shawn to hide. Shawn gets scared and runs to his father's side as a gang member shoots him. Shawn hangs a flag for veterans in Kelly's window and they later salute his dad with a glass of milk.
Max Giambetti
Derk Cheetwood
Bodyguard for Sonny Corinthos
Maximus Giambetti
Sibling(s)
Milo Giambetti
(paternal half-brother)
Diane Miller (2008-2011)
Max Giambetti is a fictional character on the long running ABC soap opera General Hospital. He first appeared in 2002 and remained on the series since. He is portrayed by Derk Cheetwood.
Max is Sonny’s driver and bodyguard. He has been a faithful employee of Sonny’s for years. Max would do anything for Sonny. He’s gone above and beyond the call of duty to tend to Sonny’s business. Max has also been there for Sonny’s battles with his mental illness. He has always kept Sonny’s family safe. Max is the ideal employee. He is loyal, honest, sincere, sweet, and funny.
It’s unfortunate Max doesn’t have a woman in his life. He’s handsome and well mannered. Recently there was some great chemistry between Max and Diane Miller. It’s true Max has a bit of a crush on Carly. Out of respect for Sonny, Max has never acted on his feelings. He did, however, leave Sonny to go work for Carly at the Metro Court. Recently, Max came back to work for Sonny.
We don’t really know much about Max’s past. We do know Max is the older brother of Milo Giambetti. Together, Max and Milo are hilarious. It probably doesn’t hurt actors Derk and Drew Cheetwood are brothers in real life as well. We really need to see much more of this character.
Drew Cheetwood
Milo Giambetti is a fictional character on the long running ABC soap opera General Hospital. He has been portrayed by Drew Cheetwood since the character's first appearance in 2006.
Milo is an employee of Sonny’s. He divides his time between playing bodyguard and driver. Milo is young and a bit inexperienced. He is sort of hot headed. Milo uses his brawn, not his brain to resolve problems.
Milo is a sweet and sincere guy. He is loyal, trustworthy, and well mannered. He’s also really funny. Sometimes, Milo talks “out of turn.” Max usually corrects him. Milo is very easy on the eyes. It’s safe to say Milo is also a bit “dense.” Though Milo is no rocket scientist, he means well and does what he’s told.
Milo doesn’t really have a love interest. He does have a one-way crush on Lulu Spencer. The two have never gone beyond being friends. Milo treats Lulu with respect and courtesy. He literally would do anything for her. Milo fell for Lulu when she needed protection and came to stay with Sonny.
Milo is the younger brother of Max Giambetti. The two brothers have a pretty typical relationship. Real life brothers, Drew and Derk Cheetwood have great on screen chemistry.
Not much is known about Milo’s past.
Abby Haver
Andrea Bogart
Robert Guza Jr.
Abigail Martha Haver
(full name)
(former stripper name)
Executive Assistant at ELQ
827 Emerson, Apartment 3-C
Brandon Lowell
(dated, deceased)
Michael Corinthos
(lovers/dating, 2010-present)
Abigail Martha "Abby" Haver is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. She has been portrayed by Andrea Bogart on a recurring status since the character's first appearance in October 2010.
Abby Haver is first introduced as a friend of Sam McCall's as Candy, a stripper. When Michael Corinthos tells his uncle, Jason Morgan he doesn't have any experience with a girl, Sam decides to help and calls Abby. Michael pushes Abby away when he feels they are moving too fast. Despite a disastrous first "date" they continue run into one another. The two later bump into one another at Kelly's Diner. Michael is with his cousin, Molly. Abby admits she does like Michael and would really like to see him again. Abby later encourages Michael to enjoy his years in high school. She opens up about when she was in an abusive relationship. Michael almost opens up about being in prison, but he changes his mind.
Michael and Abby continue to meet at Kelly's to talk about their pasts and their future ambitions, and to get to know one another better. Later on one of their dates, they both admitted to enjoying their talks and spending time with one another. On November 17, Michael and Abby ran into each another on the docks and decided to exchange phone numbers. On December 10, Michael asked Abby out. She agreed. They decided to start dating. Their happiness is short-lived however, when Michael's mother Carly comes upon them in Kelly's and disapproves of their relationship because of the age difference. Michael opened up to Sam. He told her about his feelings for Abby at the same time his mother was warning Abby away. However after a long conversation and a brief run in with Kiefer's best friend, during which Abby defended Michael, she came around and accepts Michael's offer to go on a date. Carly continues to disapprove of Michael and Abby's relationship and tries to keep them apart, but both Michael and Abby warn Carly to stay out of their relationship.
On January 31, Abby's ex-boyfriend Brandon Lowell tries to rape Abby in the street. Micheal hears her screams. After he comes over to try and help, he gets flashbacks of him and Carter in prison. He momentarily freezes during this recollection. When he breaks out of it, he begins to beat Brandon until Jason comes and pulls him off of him. Dante arrests Brandon. Abby is taken to the hospital. Michael and Jason sit down to have a talk. He finally breaks down and admits to Jason that Carter raped him in prison. Michael later tells Dante and Abby the truth about what happened to him in prison. Abby remains supportive of him. Abby soon decides she wants better for herself and she no longer wanted to be a stripper. So with Michael supporting her and by her side, she went to Johnny Zacchara, the owner of the club where she previously worked and quit her job. While Abby searches for another job and Michael comes to terms with the events in his life, they continue to date, and soon decide to go on their first real date together at her apartment. On March 28, Michael and Abby make love for the first time. In August 2011 Michael takes Abby to his father's island in which she enjoys the first night but after the second day the two get into an arguement about responsibility and work. After a bit, Abby sees Michael is starting to act like his father Sonny and worries he will still join the mob and parade her around like his father's island girls.
Matt Hunter
Jason Cook
Matt Drake
(by J.T.)
Surgeon at General Hospital
Noah Drake
Donna Hunter
(deceased)
Patrick Drake
Unnamed Sibling
Lisa Niles
(briefly dated)
Maxie Jones
(Dating/lovers)
Elizabeth Webber
(kissed, 2011)
Nieces and nephews
Emma Drake
Other relatives
Robin Scorpio
(sister-in-law)
Dr. Matthew Randall "Matt" Hunter is a fictional character on the soap opera General Hospital. He has been portrayed by Jason Cook since the characters first appearance in 2008.
Not much was known about Dr. Matt Hunter when he arrived in Port Charles in June of 2008 except he had beaten out thousands of applicants for a medical fellowship paid for by Nikolas Cassadine. Matt spent his time shuffling between the new Emily Quartermaine Clinic and General Hospital. He was charming with the ladies, but appeared to have dark secrets. He met with Logan Hayes at one point in what appeared to be an attempt to distribute counterfeit drugs. Maxie Jones interrupted them.
Maxie took an instant disliking to the young handsome doctor. Her attitude didn't improve when she learned Mac had rented out Georgie's bedroom to him. Maxie objected to Matt staying in her slain sister's room. She took every opportunity to discredit the doctor so Mac would be forced to throw Matt out of her home. To her frustration, each of her attempts failed miserably. Despite her animosity, Matt revealed part of his past to Maxie. In August 2008, Matt told her he had lost a patient due to the counterfeit drugs. He had trailed the drugs to Port Charles, which was why he had accepted the fellowship.
Matt's investigation nearly cost him his life when Jerry Jacks decided to eliminate the people snooping into the drug ring. He set the Emily Quartermaine Clinic on fire with Matt and nurse Nadine Crowell trapped inside. Luckily, Nikolas managed to save Matt and Nadine before they perished in the fire.
While Matt recuperated from extensive second degree burns and smoke inhalation at General Hospital, he received a visit from his father, Noah Drake. Patrick was stunned to learn he had a half-brother. Matt was not enthusiastic. He had known about Patrick all along but had never reached out to his brother because of their father. Noah had made it clear he wanted nothing to do with Matt long before. Matt had been the product of a brief affair Noah wanted to forget. He had sent child support to Matt's mother but had never had any contact with his son.
Over the months, Patrick tried to get to know his younger brother. Matt was resistant at first, but eventually he became receptive to the overtures. By the time Patrick married Robin, Matt was a welcomed member of his brother's family. Noah, however, continued to keep his distance from Matt.
In February 2009, Matt was exposed to a deadly biotoxin during a routine surgery for an accident victim. The biotoxin took the life of nurse Leyla Mir. Matt survived but was overwhelmed with guilt because he had exposed his surgical team to the deadly toxin. No one blamed Matt because he'd had no way of knowing the patient had swallowed three spheres of the poison before the car accident necessitating the surgery.
Matt and Patrick grew closer when Patrick and Robin had a daughter named Emma. Matt was concerned about some of Robin's behaviors as she adjusted to motherhood. He suggested Robin might have postpartum depression. Patrick disagreed and was offended by Matt's comments. In time, Patrick agreed Matt was correct. Matt helped Patrick stage an intervention for Robin to address her illness. While Robin was away receiving treatment, Matt temporarily moved in with Patrick to help care for Emma.
Patrick's reputation as a brilliant surgeon continued to overshadow Matt's efforts at the hospital. When Mayor Floyd's mistress, Brianna Hughes, required surgery after a fall in the shower, Matt insisted he could perform the risky surgery without Patrick's assistance. Brianna died on the operating table. Although Matt had not made any mistakes during the surgery, many hospital staff members insinuated Patrick's surgical brilliance could have saved her. Brianna's parents filed a medical malpractice suit against Matt. The suit was later dropped when injuries the mayor's wife, Andrea Floyd, inflicted on Brianna were deemed the cause of Brianna's death.
Matt enjoyed flirting with many of the women in Port Charles, but he was especially drawn to Robin's cousin Maxie. At the time, Maxie was engaged to Spinelli. Matt accused Maxie of not being ready to get married. When Maxie continued to rebuff his attempts to date her, Matt asked Lulu Spencer to be his date to the hospital carnival. The date never happened because Matt had to work.
When Patrick's former college girlfriend, Lisa Niles, moved to Port Charles, Matt sensed Lisa was still interested in Patrick, despite her claims otherwise. Matt received the go-ahead from his brother to pursue Lisa, but she only wanted Patrick. Although Patrick doubted Matt's theory Lisa wanted to rekindle her college romance, Matt warned Lisa that Patrick loved his wife.
Maxie eventually warmed up to the idea of dating Matt when she planned to use Matt to make Spinelli jealous. Maxie explained Spinelli would see her with another man and then Spinelli would pursue her once again. Maxie's plan backfired when Spinelli decided to let her go. Maxie developed real feelings for Matt. Eventually, Matt and Maxie's relationship became real.
Matt and Maxie hit a snag in their relationship when Matt questioned Robin's sanity. Lisa and Robin often argued publicly, and each accused the other of being mentally unstable after Patrick's one-night stand with Lisa was revealed. Matt doubted Maxie when she claimed to have seen Lisa trying to inject a syringe into Robin's IV line. Only Maxie had seen the syringe. When Matt and Patrick searched, they were unable to find it. Matt showed Maxie he believed her when he agreed to help Maxie search for the syringe. Maxie and Matt broke in to Johnny Zacchara's penthouse. They did not find the syringe but overheard a conversation between Johnny and Lisa that confirmed the syringe existed and was in Johnny's possession.
Matt and Maxie grew closer. Maxie panicked when she found a small jewelry box in Matt's coat pocket with an engagement ring. Maxie feared Matt would propose, so she explained to him she wasn't ready to get married. Matt quickly explained the ring actually belonged to Robin. Matt had picked up the ring from the jeweler's on Patrick's behalf. Matt assured Maxie he was perfectly content to take things slowly because he wasn't ready for marriage either. Matt and Maxie ended the night with a game of Twister.
On October 6, Matt tells Elizabeth that his mother, Donna, died from compantics resulting in a childbirth. His sibling was born stillborn and Patrick doesnt even know.
Epiphany Johnson
Sonya Eddy
Head Nurse at General Hospital
Toussaint Dubois
(dating; 2008-present)
Stanford Johnson
Epiphany Johnson is a fictional character on the soap opera General Hospital. She has been portrayed by Sonya Eddy on a recurring status from 2006-2007, and on a contract status from 2007-present.
Non-nonsense nurse Epiphany Johnson is a force to be reckoned with. A full-figured woman who speaks her mind and doesn't mince words, Epiphany is quite intimidating. She is a dedicated nurse who doesn't tolerate anyone giving less than 110%. She will call out doctors and nurses alike, when she feels they are being less than professional. She has a strong moral compass never tested more than when her only son, Stanford, decided to go to work for mob boss, Sonny Corinthos. Epiphany strongly disapproved of her son squandering his education on spying for the mob. Despite her objections to Stan's career choices, Epiphany loved her son fiercely. She never stopped trying to convince him to make different choices. Sadly, Epiphany would see her greatest fear realized when, during a phone call with Stan, she heard him killed in a mob-ordered hit. The pain of losing her son in such a violent manner took its toll on Epiphany.
In February 2008, Epiphany suffered a serious heart attack and collapsed in the hospital locker room. She had just received her son's cremated ashes and was clutching them in her hands when they found her. Luckily, the doctors were able to save her life.
Diane Miller
Carolyn Hennesy
Partner in Mason, Petrovich, and Miller Law Firm
Max Giambetti (2008-2011)
Diane Miller is a fictional character on the soap opera General Hospital. She has been portrayed by actress Carolyn Hennesy since the character's first appearance in late December 2006.
In January 2007, mobster Sonny Corinthos hired Diane Miller to represent him based on her reputation as a brilliant attorney with a dry wit, acerbic observations, blunt manner, and nearly perfect courtroom record. Her top-notch trial skills worked. With Diane's help, Sonny once again escaped the long arm of the law. As Sonny was on trial for the death of Lorenzo Alcazar, Diane advised Sonny to remarry his ex-wife Carly Jacks so she wouldn't have to testify against him. When a woman with information that exonerated Sonny stepped forward, Diane informed Sonny he could annul his marriage to Carly, but he convinced Diane not to tell Carly.
Diane next defended Sonny's top enforcer, Jason Morgan, implicated in the murder. Sam, who was working against Jason at the time, and Carly hated each other. Diane happened to walk into Jason's penthouse as Sam and Carly got into a fistfight. After forcefully getting their attention, Diane informed the women the police were on their way with a search warrant to look for evidence to tie Jason to the crime. Diane kept the cops from finding anything incriminating.
Elizabeth was added to the list of witnesses for the prosecution. Jason worried it might be revealed he was the father of her youngest son Jake. Opposing council Ric Lansing also knew the truth. He had a videotape showing Jason with a gun and audio of Alcazar uttering the name, "Morgan," before a gunshot and a thud.
Evidence surfaced that cast doubt as to whether Alcazar was actually dead. Diane cross-examined the county coroner and got him to admit he had never performed an autopsy on the man presumed to be Alcazar. The new information was enough to sway the jury who acquitted Jason.
Kate Howard, editor in chief of Crimson, had a mishap with a police cruiser, having sideswiped it. Diane worked a plea bargain with the prosecutor, who had a thing for high fashion. She bribed the prosecutor with couture apparel. Kate was given community service at the hospital. Diane's love of fashion and the finer things in life, especially shoes, was enhanced by her friendship with Kate. Her occasional legal work for Kate has been rewarded with sneak peeks at the latest fashion trends and some delectable apparel.
Diane next represented Elizabeth Spencer, who was divorcing her husband, Lucky. Lucky hired Diane's rival, Alexis Davis. As the two attorneys worked together on a settlement, they began to become friends. During the proceedings, Lucky and Elizabeth agreed to share custody of Jake and Cameron.
In January 2008, both Diane and Alexis Davis were nominated for Litigator of the Year. On their way to the ceremony, they were kicked off of a plane for bickering and arguing with the flight attendant, rented a car, got stuck in the middle of nowhere with a flat tire, and got into trouble at a dive bar.
On the way home from Philadelphia, after having missed the ceremony, their rental car broke down -- again. They broke into another dive bar for shelter. Because it was freezing and the thermostat was out of order, they had to put on their cherished designer gowns and a couple of found coats over their clothes to keep warm.
During the night, Diane said she felt she didn't deserve the award. If she were to win, she would give it to Alexis. She explained she'd once represented a man accused of rape. The man had been accused of raping and murdering a teenage girl because she was black. He was actually guilty. Diane knew she could have gotten him off but hadn't been able to bring herself to have a racist murderer released. However, he had been stabbed in prison. Diane had felt she was partially responsible for his death. Despite her guilt, she knew she'd done the right thing. Alexis refused to accept the award, admitting he had killed Lorenzo Alcazar's brother, Luis, because he had been responsible for the death of her sister.
That April, Jason retained Diane to represent his mother, Monica, after she was arrested for drunk driving and hit-and-run, which occurred the same night Alexis' daughter, Sam, had been hit by a car. At the trial, Sam stated she wanted to drop the charges, but the judge refused. Alexis and her nephew, Nikolas, argued Monica should not be sentenced because she was a valuable asset to the community. Monica was sent to rehab and given six months of community service.
After Sonny's eldest son, Michael, was shot in an attempt on Sonny's life, Diane and Alexis had drinks at Jake's. Alexis worried about her daughters, as she knew Sonny's life endangered their safety too. Diane, having had a bit too much to drink, retreated to Sonny's house and encountered a drunken Max. He was devastated Michael was in a coma and felt guilty he hadn't been at the warehouse to protect Michael and Sonny. To comfort Max, Diane kissed him.
Later, Alexis walked in, shocked to find Diane and Max in the throes of passion on the couch. Sonny was furious after he found out about their relationship and ordered them to end it, even going so far as to threaten to end Max's job. After Diane failed to keep Anthony Zacchara in prison, Sonny vowed to send Max to Puerto Rico because his relationship with Diane was throwing her off her game. Max stood up to Sonny and forcefully told him to back off, which Sonny seemed to respect.
Diane tried to help Alexis devise a legal means to force Sonny to give up custody of Kristina, Sonny and Alexis' daughter.
To keep the Corinthos Empire safe from the Zaccharas, Sonny and Jason cooked up a plan to have Jason take the helm of the business, effectively allowing Sonny to retire. Once running the "Morgan Organization," Jason made it clear to Diane and Max he had no problem with their relationship as long as it did not interfere with business.
During a break from counseling Damien Spinelli on how to woo Maxie, Diane presided over the agreement between Sonny and Carly. To protect their boys, it gave full custody of Michael and Morgan to Carly.
As Max showed Diane the engagement ring Sonny had bought Kate, Diane mistakenly believed Max had asked for her hand in marriage. Caught off-guard, she agreed. She quickly called Alexis and admitted she wasn't ready to marry -- anyone. Max confided in Sonny he'd jumped the gun and wanted to back out. Unbeknownst to either pair, Alexis had pushed Diane to give the ring back. Sonny advised Max to ask for it back. Once face-to-face, Diane and Max blurted at the same time they were not ready for marriage.
In July, Diane agreed to help Patrick Drake sue Robin Scorpio, represented by Alexis, for visitation/custody rights of their then-unborn child. However, without any effort by either attorney, Patrick and Robin agreed during the hearing to share custody.
After Logan Hayes was found dead, Jason was arrested for murder. Diane agreed to represent him. She wanted to point the authorities toward Lulu Spencer. Jason refused to implicate Lulu. Sonny wanted to regain control over his organization. Jason refused, pointing to Sonny's increasingly erratic behavior. Neither Jason nor Sonny would allow Diane to drop them as clients, so she kept representing both of them, despite the clear conflict of interest.
Upon discovering Sonny, though engaged to Kate, had engaged in a one-night stand with his ex-wife, Carly, Diane pushed Sonny to be honest with Kate. When the truth was revealed, Kate forgave Sonny. Carly and her husband, Jasper "Jax" Jacks, broke up. Max told Diane it was her fault Carly and Jax's marriage was on the rocks. Max agreed it wasn't really cheating, since Sonny and Kate had not yet been married.
Diane asked, based on Max's definition of faithfulness, if he'd ever cheated on her. He answered indirectly, asking how he could have cheated, as they'd only had a casual relationship. Diane angrily broke up with him. Later, she broke down in Jason's arms. The following day, Max showed up with a boom box blasting Al Green's song "Let's Stay Together."
During Sonny and Kate's fall wedding ceremony, Anthony attempted to kill Sonny but hit Kate instead. Anthony framed rival gangster Andrei Karpov. Diane tried to keep Sonny's involvement with Karpov secret, but the truth was discovered. To protect Kate, Sonny broke off his engagement.
When Diane found out that Max's father, Maximus Giambetti, was headed to town, she also learned Milo, whom their father called "Mario," was Max's half-brother. Their father had been deported to Sicily because of his mob activity. Diane, Milo, and Jason agreed to help Max pretend to be the head of the organization. As Max, Milo, and Diane showed Maximus the office, Jason arrived, dressed casually. Diane introduced him as Max's bodyguard. Over the next few days, others were inadvertently drawn into the ruse, including Carly and Claudia, who both pretended to be amorously linked to Max -- which infuriated Diane.
After Karpov was found dead, Jason was the top suspect. To help Jason, Spinelli hacked into the Department of Defense, Witness Protection, and Interpol databases. FBI Agent Rayner discovered what Spinelli had done and arrested him for treason. Rayner was using Spinelli as a bargaining chip to get the goods on Jason or Sonny. Diane did what she could to keep Spinelli, Jason, and Sonny from being tried.
Diane agreed to represent Carly in her divorce proceedings. Naturally, Alexis represented Jax. Neither Diane nor Alexis wanted the couple to split and hatched a plan to emphasize to each of their respective clients the downside and pitfalls of divorce. The couple eventually decided to reconcile.
After the mysterious death of Brianna Hughes in the hotel room of Mayor Floyd, the Hughes family hired Diane to represent them in a wrongful death lawsuit against Patrick. Alexis begged Diane not to take the case but would not explain why it was so important to her. Alexis finally admitted to her friend she and the mayor had once had an affair. As if things couldn't get worse, Alexis was arrested and charged with hit-and-run after someone ran Claudia off the road.
Though Alexis didn't believe she had caused the accident, she suspected Kristina might have. Diane represented her friend, but it was Nikolas who worked his political connections to get Alexis sentenced to community service.
After Sonny discovered Claudia was responsible for Michael having been shot and put into a coma for a year, he verbally attacked her at her birthday party. Many people witnessed his tirade. Claudia, feeling her back was against a wall, kidnapped a very pregnant Carly, stole a car, and drove away. Carly was able to get away from her captor as she went into labor and gave birth to baby Josslyn in a cabin. Claudia found them and, in a state of mental breakdown, thought the baby was hers.
As Carly was begging for Claudia to give her baby back, Michael entered the room and saw Claudia with his baby sister in a basket. He reacted by grabbing an ax handle and striking Claudia, killing her. Jason, Sam, Carly, and Sonny helped cover up Michael's involvement.
After Sonny shot Dominic, not knowing his name was really Dante Falconeri and Dante was his son with Kate's cousin Olivia, Diane got Sonny out on bail. The catch was, the bail was so high he would lose everything he owned if he were to skip bail and go on the run. Despite that, Diane and Carly urged Sonny to leave town and be a free man. Sonny refused, wanting to build a relationship with Dante. He also worried the spotlight of Claudia's trial might turn toward Michael. In fact, Sonny decided to confess to Claudia's murder.
Diane's defense of Sonny against murder charges in Claudia's death allowed her to finally team up in the courtroom with her dear friend Alexis. The partnership took a little prodding on Diane's part. Alexis finally saw it Diane's way and joined the defense team on Diane's terms, as a partner in Diane's firm. Once again, Diane's power of persuasion ruled the day.
After court one day, Alexis walked into her living room to find Kristina, who had been dating physically abusive Kiefer, beaten and unconscious -- just as Kiefer ran out of the house. She carried her daughter to the car and drove her to the hospital. As Kiefer emerged in the road, a stunned Alexis hit him and kept driving. Kiefer later died from his injuries. Diane informed Alexi, because it was her second hit-and-run and the victim died, she would likely serve time. Diane advised Alexis to either confess immediately or not at all. Diane was successful in keeping Alexis from serving time. Kiefer's father launched a civil suit.
During the contentious trial, both the Diane/Alexis team and prosecutor Claire Walsh engaged in ethically questionable tactics. Diane encouraged Maxie to perjure herself and knowingly accepted Carly's bogus testimony. The adults in Michael's life arranged for him to leave the country until the trial ended. Claire assumed Michael's testimony would incriminate Sonny. Claire did everything she could to find Michael, including taking Morgan out of school on false pretenses to question him about Michael's whereabouts.
Judge Carroll became very impatient with their courtroom antics. As the jury deliberated, Dante connected with Michael, who had returned to Port Charles. Michael gave Dante the proof Michael had been the one to kill Claudia -- the bloody shirt he'd worn that night. Dante, knowing Michael had simply defended his mother, went to court and announced Sonny hadn't done the deed. Dante assumed Michael would be ordered to attend counseling and given community service.
However, Judge Carroll, angry the trial had been a farce and feeling Michael would be better off in prison than surrounded by the violence dominating his childhood, sentenced Michael to five years in Pentonville with the possibility of parole after two.
Diane filed an appeal. Claire agreed to help right the injustice. Diane helped Claire convict Jason, with the condition Jason be sentenced to Pentonville and share a cell with Michael to protect him from the guards and other prisoners. Dante convinced Judge Carroll to reverse his decision. The judge insisted Michael live with Dante and he have minimal contact with Sonny. Diane began working on a way to get Jason freed but was doubtful it would work. Diane was forced to break the bad news to Jason he wasn't getting out of prison anytime soon. Claire agreed to let Jason out of Pentonville in order to act as bait for psycho artist Franco and later got him out permanently on a technicality.
To distract himself from Brenda, Sonny focused his attention on Claire. Diane called him out about using Claire to compromise the prosecution. Diane was always suspicious of Claire's agenda and berated Sonny for trusting her. After seeing Sonny and Brenda kiss, Diane confided in Alexis the wrath of a scorned Claire would not be pretty. As Diane predicted, Brenda and Sonny renewed their relationship. To Diane's surprise, Claire elected to stay in Port Charles and told Diane and Alexis she wanted to join their firm. Diane cautioned Claire to think carefully about what it would be like to live in the same town as Sonny and see him with another woman.
Brenda and Dante were being sued in a wrongful death suit over the killing of a henchman of an international criminal known as the Balkan. Brenda had shot the henchman in self-defense. Theo Hoffman was sent from Diane and Alexis' New York office to defend them. Theo had a very abrasive personality. Jason didn't like the way he was treating Brenda. Diane explained Theo was getting Brenda ready to testify. She would do the same thing.
Jason was afraid Brenda would crack. If the truth about Brenda and Dante's hiding the body of the Balkan's son, Alexander, were revealed, Dante could lose his badge. Michael's parole would be in jeopardy. Over Diane's strong objections, Jason ordered Spinelli to do a background check on Theo. Diane refused to condone an illegal investigation of a colleague. After all the cases she'd handled for Jason, Diane resented his lack of faith in her and her firm. d She did her best to distract Spinelli from the search.
Spinelli had decided to write the adventures of the Jackal P.I. After overhearing Diane composing what sounded like a steamy romance novel, he thought she would be the perfect collaborator. Eager to explore her creative roots, Diane relished the assignment.
Lucky wanted Spinelli to investigate a possible connection between Jerry Jacks and Alexander, the Balkan's son. Diane explained because Alexander was killed years before, the trial had to be cold. Lucky called her on the fact because she was Jason's lawyer, she knew Brenda had killed Alexander. Dante had covered it up. Because of attorney/client privilege, Diane was not able to discuss the case. She did wonder if Lucky had reason to believe the Balkan was someone other than Jerry. Lucky hoped it was Jerry because then Siobhan and Brenda would be safe. Diane questioned Lucky about Siobhan's intentions to stay in the States if the Balkan were caught.
Diane delivered an unsolicited pre-nuptial agreement to a surprised Sonny. Sonny called Diane on planning his divorce when he'd only just gotten engaged. Diane explained it was a precautionary measure and wondered if he was having doubts. Sonny reminded Diane he paid her to be his lawyer not his shrink. Diane assured Sonny she only wanted what her clients wanted. Ideally, Sonny and Brenda would live a long and happy life. If not, Diane wanted to be sure his assets were protected. She asked Sonny why, if he was as concerned as he said he was about the safety of the people close to him, he was he going through with his wedding to Brenda when the Balkan was a serious threat. Sonny told her Brenda thought he was worth the risk.
Diane was in the throes of creative storytelling when Carly arrived, looking for Spinelli. Carly blurted out she had to stop Brenda and Sonny's wedding. She wanted to make sure their conversation was covered by attorney/client privilege. Diane confirmed Jason's generous retainer assured it was. Carly admitted she might have circumvented a few laws when she obtained information. Brenda and Dante had not only slept together but they had a child, which meant Sonny was marrying the mother of his grandchild. She needed Diane's help in getting her hands on the copy of proof. Diane was incredulous Carly wanted her to help in blowing her prize client, Sonny's, wedding apart.
Diane chalked Carly's information up as one of her crazy schemes -- twisted but genius. Diane was intrigued but needed the facts. She admitted it would be incredible material for one of her books. Carly explained she had put Spinelli on the case. She produced a document stating Dante had signed away all legal rights to Brenda's child. Because Carly had obtained the document illegally, she needed Diane to get her legal proof. Diane reminded Carly that Carly was asking her to get evidence against her most lucrative client.
Although Diane admitted Carly painted a horrifying scenario, Diane wondered why she would risk getting fired. Diane agreed to help but only after she swore Carly to secrecy about Diane's involvement. Spinelli had covered his knowledge of the facts by telling Jason he and Diane had started to write a series of books about the adventures of the Jackal P.I. Jason warned Diane if he appeared in the book in any way, shape, or form, Diane would risk suing herself on Jason's behalf.
Coleman Ratcliffe
Blake Gibbons
(2002–present)
Mitchell Ratcliffe
(legal name)
Owner of Jake's Bar
Courtney Matthews
(infatuation)
Skye Chandler
(lovers)
Tracy Quartermaine
(flirtation)
Kate Howard
(dated;2010–2011)
Coleman Ratcliffe is a fictional character on the soap opera General Hospital. He has been portrayed by Blake Gibbons on a recurring status since 2002.
Coleman owned The Oasis, the bar a drunken AJ crashed into. In order to keep Coleman from turning AJ over to the police, Courtney agreed to strip for him, and was quite successful until AJ, not realizing Courtney had paid off their debt, set fire to Coleman's bar. Jason leaned on Coleman, telling him he had witnesses who would claim Coleman set his own bar on fire. Coleman accepted a lump sum of cash from Jason to keep his mouth shut. Coleman used that money to buy Jake's Bar. Coleman continued to be intertwined with the Quartermaines. It wasn't long before he was revealed to be the man stalking Courtney. Courtney shot him with a gun Jason had given her for protection. When Coleman ended up in the hospital, he made it through surgery and told Taggart that AJ had hired him to stalk Courtney so she would stay with him. This was the end of things for Courtney and AJ and the beginning of Courtney and Jason. Coleman didn't give up his plans on being with Courtney.
After seeing a drunken Skye Chandler run down Nikolas Cassadine with his car, Coleman stepped forward and took the blame. His plan was to convince Skye to help him look like a better man in the hopes Courtney would turn to him. He tried to blackmail Skye to make that happen. The two fell into bed together. When Luis Alcazar was murdered, Coleman found out from a feverish Skye she was actually the killer, but paired up with her and AJ Quartermaine to frame Brenda and to protect Skye. Skye proved to be innocent. Coleman was soon free to pair up with Faith Rosco, who wanted to use him to get close to Sonny Corinthos. He remained in AJ's pocket, though, and was soon charged with taking incriminating photos of Sonny and Faith. He told Faith, who not only agreed, but offered to help him out!
Once Faith was out of the picture, Coleman hired on to Tracy Quartermaine, who wanted him to steal the treasure from The Courage on her behalf. Unfortunately, a fire at the hotel put a crimp in his plans. Luke ended up with the treasure. Coleman next took a try at playing private investigator, and was instrumental in helping Carly find her father. Once they learned her father was John Durant, a prosecutor famous for his vendetta against the mob, Coleman helped Carly conceal the truth from Sonny, lying about what kind of man her father really was. He then enjoyed a turn as Tracy Quartermaine's boy toy, throwing himself back into the mix of things when he agreed to take compromising photos of Nikolas and Emily so Jax could try to use them to win back Courtney.
Coleman came close to getting himself in trouble when Emily and Nikolas were jumped at Jake's, but managed to defuse the situation and, later, to defuse an angry Sonny. Shortly after, he found himself in the middle of trouble again when Frank and Lucas got into it at his bar. When Courtney died, a grieving Coleman attended her funeral to say goodbye to a young woman he had always respected.
Anthony Zacchara
Bruce Weitz
Zacchara Apt.
Rudy Zaccahara
Domenica Zacchara
(divorced)
Maria Zacchara
(widowed)
Claudia Zacchara
Johnny Zacchara
Anthony Zacchara is a fictional character on the soap opera General Hospital. He has been portrayed by Bruce Weitz on and off since the characters first appearance in 2007.
Anthony Zacchara was the head of a crime syndicate out of New York. He built a ruthless reputation by ordering the murders of innocent family members of his enemies. He has two children. Claudia, his eldest child, is the result of Anthony's marriage to Domenica. It broke her heart when he ended things to marry a younger woman named Maria. Johnny, his son, is the product of his marriage to Maria.
By all accounts, Maria was the love of Anthony's life. Unfortunately, at some point Anthony began going mad. By the time Johnny was a young boy, Anthony began resenting the attention Maria showered on their son. In a moment of jealous rage, Anthony shot at Johnny but Maria stepped in front of her son and was fatally shot. Trevor Lansing, Anthony's attorney, quickly helped to cover up the murder. As the years passed, Trevor slowly began running the Zacchara empire as Anthony's mental state continued to deteriorate. Wisely, Trevor kept the state of Anthony's condition a closely guarded secret. To the world, Anthony was an eccentric who lived in seclusion on his private compound where he ran things. That story began unraveling when Trevor set his sights on Port Charles. By this time Johnny was a grown man, eager to escape the control of his unstable father. Between Johnny's acts of rebellion and Anthony's increasingly violent behavior, Trevor began losing control.
On October 19, 2007, Sonny Corinthos arrived at Anthony's office for a meeting to discuss mob business. Anthony babbled about his garden before he pulled out a gun, loaded a bullet into one chamber, aimed at Sonny, and pulled the trigger. The chamber had been empty. He gave the gun to Sonny and told him it was his turn. Sonny refused to play which enraged Anthony.
Anthony vowed kill Sonny's son while Sonny watched. He quickly regained his demeanor and began to talk about the impending change in the weather. Sonny knew he was dealing with a madman.
Anthony soon discovered Johnny was dating Lulu Spencer and ordered one of his goons to learn everything he could about her. One night, Anthony managed to slip past his handlers and headed to Wyndemere, where Nikolas Cassadine was hosting a Black and White Ball to celebrate his engagement to Emily Quartermaine. Anthony intended to find Lulu and kill her. He felt threatened by the blossoming friendship between her and Johnny.
He confronted Trevor's son Ric Lansing and stabbed him with a sword. Patrick had to perform emergency surgery on Ric using makeshift instruments. Ric survived. Later, Anthony abducted Nadine Crowell, because he thought she was Lulu. He has also detained Maxie Jones and chased after Damian Spinelli. Soon thereafter he tried to choke Nikolas Cassadine with a phone cord, but was scared off by Johnny. Anthony next stumbled upon Lulu's father Luke Spencer and threatened to harm her. Luke attempted to knife Anthony but had a heart attack. Anthony left him to die. Logan Hayes and his father and Scott Baldwin arrived to assist Luke.
When Anthony met Leyla Mir, he believed her to be his dead wife Maria. He told her he would kill either Patrick or Robin, whom he believed to be Prince Charming and Cinderella, but "Maria" could choose which one would die. He told her if she didn't choose, he'd kill them both. Leyla reluctantly chose Patrick but threw herself in front of him. She was hit in the back but survived.
Nikolas, who was suffering from a brain condition, went into a rage, prompting Jason to tie him to a chair in the ballroom for his own protection. Anthony found him and attempted to strangle him again. Nikolas was spared, however, when Lucky Spencer and Sam McCall arrived. Anthony bolted and slipped away once again. Emily later returned to the ballroom to find an unconscious Nikolas. When he came to, he discovered Emily's body with a thick rope still wrapped around her throat. She was dead. It was revealed later Emily was the victim, not of Anthony, but of the "text message killer."
Anthony confronted Johnny and Lulu. He resolved Johnny could "have the girl 'til sun-up, but then she has to die" and left them. Next Anthony was shot at by Jerry Jacks, whom he pursued but abducted Kate Howard who was in the room Jerry went into. He held her at gunpoint. Sonny came to rescue Kate. Anthony shot him in the shoulder. Sonny and Kate got away.
Anthony then abducted Elizabeth from the ballroom and forced her onto a ledge outside. Jason found them there and was forced to drop his gun. Anthony forced them both to stand on the ledge and said one would be forced to jump off. Liz jumped backwards and kicked Anthony, which allowed Jason to pull out his gun. Anthony then jumped off the ledge. Jason shot him in the chest/shoulder. Miraculously, Anthony survived the fall and the shooting, but his back was broken. He was rushed to General Hospital, where he was stabilized. However, Anthony was paralyzed from the neck down.
In January of 2008, Anthony, now residing at the Shadybrook psychiatric hospital, claimed he felt movement in his foot. However, no one believed him, writing it off as the ranting of a crazy man. He warned his son not to trust Trevor, and suggested Johnny take him out. Soon thereafter, Anthony's daughter Claudia arrived in Port Charles and decides to take over the business because she didn't trust Trevor. Anthony routinely berated Claudia, calling her a tramp and a slut. Though he'd been her abuser all of her life, he got a restraining order to keep her away from him.
Ric visited Anthony and offered to help him, for a price. He explained he could help get Anthony acquitted. In return, Anthony would have to help him destroy Trevor. Anthony agreed and revealed to Ric he had regained use of his legs, though he was still unable to walk. Anthony hired Logan to be his assistant, basically to wheel him around in his wheelchair. Anthony wondered aloud why Logan would take a lowly position. Logan replied he planned to work his way up in the organization. Anthony ordered his minions to get rid of Claudia. They arranged for her car to crash. Jason pulled her from the wreckage, saving her life. When Anthony heard the news, he ordered a hit on both Claudia and Jason.
At Anthony's competency hearing, the judge stated there was no evidence Anthony was still a threat to himself or others and ordered him released from Shadybrook. Anthony went around town, trying to convince his victims he was apologetic. He soon realized Claudia had been behind the hit resulting in Sonny's eldest son Michael getting shot in the head and put into a coma. He confronted his daughter and told her he also knew she had slept with Sonny.
Later, two of Anthony's men kidnapped Lulu and brought her to the mansion. He blackmailed Lulu into dating Johnny by threatening to turn Luke in for money-laundering and suggested Luke probably wouldn't make it for long in prison because of his heart. Lulu shared the truth with Johnny. They pretended to have a romantic relationship. Soon, however, they began to fall in love.
Claudia told Johnny she'd hatched a plan to make Sonny think it had been Anthony who'd arranged for the hit on him injuring Michael. Johnny argued they should wash their hands of the incident. The shooter Ian Devlin had been killed by Jason. She and Johnny were the only ones to know the truth. Jerry also knew what had happened.
On Memorial Day, Jason informed Anthony and his minions Sonny had retired. Jason had taken over the organization. Anthony had agreed to a truce between the two families when Sonny was running the show. But, now that Jason was in charge, Trevor suggested using Elizabeth's son against Jason. Ric quickly interjected Liz's son was Lucky Spencer's not Jason's. Instead, to test Jason, they arranged to have a ship making a delivery to Sonny's warehouse blown up. In retaliation, the Zacchara mansion was torched. Johnny tried to convince Anthony not to start a mob war. Anthony vowed revenge. Regardless, a truce was declared.
Anthony took a room at the Metro Court Hotel while Johnny and Claudia decided to share a penthouse. Anthony wanted them to move back home once the mansion was rebuilt. Johnny refused to consider it. Claudia promised they would move back. She then told Johnny that Anthony would not be alive by the time the mansion was ready.
Anthony began to threaten Kate, Lulu, as well as Jerry's wife D.A. Alexis Davis and her daughter Kristina. Jerry went to Anthony. In front of Trevor, Ric, and Claudia, he put a revolver to Johnny's head. He explained if Alexis or Kristina were to get "as much as a hangnail," Johnny would die. He took Johnny hostage. As Claudia begged her father not to have Jerry killed because it would result in Johnny's death, she admitted to Anthony she had been behind the hit on Sonny that got Michael shot instead.
It was revealed at this time, as a girl, Claudia had allowed Trevor to seduced her in order to expose him and get Anthony to get rid of him. Anthony had never believed it wasn't Claudia who had put the moves on Trevor. That is why he'd sent her to live in Sicily with his brother Rudy.
After Lulu accidentally killed Anthony's "monkey" Logan, Johnny helped her cover her involvement up and took the blame. Anthony tried to get the police to believe Jason had killed Logan. Anthony had Maxie brought to his suite to browbeat her into confessing Lulu had been responsible for Logan's death. She reiterated it had been Johnny before Anthony threatened to kill both Maxie and Lulu if he were to find out she had lied to him.
Lulu and Johnny went on the run together. Anthony had all of Johnny's belongings moved back to the newly-renovated mansion, infuriating Claudia. Scott discovered where Johnny and Lulu had been and had them brought back to Port Charles. Anthony again threatened to harm Kristina, but Alexis told him Sonny and Jerry would not let anything happen to her. At Johnny's trial, Scott introduced evidence Logan had been an undercover police detective who had worked to gather evidence against the Zacchara family. Ric, who represented Johnny, suggested he plea bargain because Johnny would get the death penalty. Anthony taunted Scott by uttering Serena, the name of Scott's daughter, and reciting her street address in Paris. He also told Trevor if Johnny is found guilty, Ric would die. Claudia lied on the stand. Johnny was acquitted.
Jason left the Zacchara home after telling Anthony the would retaliate if the Zaccharas violated their truce, Anthony stood up and smashed a glass against the wall, revealing he could walk. During Sonny's wedding to Kate on Sept. 29, Anthony shot Kate on the altar with a rifle. Kate was rushed to General Hospital but survived.
Later, Ric found Anthony standing in his study and figured Anthony had shot Kate. Anthony explained he'd used a Russian bullet fired from a Russian rifle so everyone will think Sonny and Jason's rival, Karpov, had done it. Since Sonny and Jason were at odds, Anthony reasoned, Jason would refuse to retaliate. Sonny would come to Anthony for help. He could convince Sonny to take Jason out and resume his role as head of the organization. Then Anthony would whack Sonny. As Anthony has been unable to walk, much less to climb stairs, he wouldn't be suspected.
Anthony visited Sonny in the hospital chapel and offered him a deal: so Sonny could drive the Russian mob out of Port Charles, Anthony would allow Sonny to run the Zacchara organization--if he married Claudia. At first, Sonny refused. But he decided marrying Claudia was simply a business venture and asked her to marry him. She accepted. Sonny told Kate he was doing it because she would be better off without him. On November 25, 2008, Sonny and Claudia wed.
Claudia began to realize Anthony was able to walk and likely was the one who shot Kate. She confronted him, but he threatened to tell Sonny that Claudia had been behind the hit that put Michael into a coma.
At a hospital benefit to build a brain trauma wing Michael's mother Carly Jacks organized, Edward and Tracy Quartermaine, Michael's relatives, made a scene as Anthony entered the boardroom. They declared another mobster would not be tolerated at an affair dedicated to the victim of mob violence. Carly allowed him to stay, stating she'd take his money for a good cause. However, a deadly biotoxin had had made its way into the ventilation system. They were trapped in the room together. They learned they would each be taken out of the building, one by one.
As Claudia began to pass out, she tried to tell Sonny something but was unable to before she was removed from the room. Anthony assumed Claudia was trying to tell Sonny it had been Anthony who'd shot Kate. Anthony was rescued next. After he was decontaminated, Anthony went to visit an unconscious Claudia, recovering in a hospital room. He attempted to snuff out her life with a pillow but Trevor caught him, surprised to see that Anthony could stand. He realized that it had been Anthony to shoot Kate. They began to struggle. Claudia had awakened and rang for the nurse. As Nadine arrived, Trevor left to find Sonny.
Sonny, having been told by Trevor of Anthony's deception, confronted the old man and prepared to shoot him. Jason intervened and told Sonny he needed Anthony alive to keep Spinelli out of prison. Anthony escaped as Sonny knocked Jason out. Sonny caught up with Anthony in the chapel, which Sonny thought was apropos, since Anthony had shot Kate in a church. Jason arrived and there was a standoff. Sonny knocked Anthony out with the butt of his revolver to appease Jason.
Sonny and Jason heard a massive explosion, and Sonny left an unconscious Anthony to go investigate. Jason handcuffed Anthony to a hospital bed, though he intended to return for him. Trevor came along and, as the fire approached, Anthony begged for help. Trevor laughed the predicament could happen to a better man.
After the hospital nearly burned to the ground, Jason looked for Anthony or evidence he had perished, but could find neither. Weeks later, Anthony was revealed to have made his way to Florida and was making plans to leave the country. He became irate when he discovered his offshore accounts had been frozen. He knew Claudia had been the only one to know of those accounts.
He returned to Port Charles and kidnapped his daughter and held her for ransom. He demanded millions of dollars, threatening to kill Claudia. Next, Anthony took Claudia to a warehouse and strapped her to a chair armed with a bomb. Sonny arrived with cash in two gym bags. Anthony made Sonny choose between nabbing him or saving Claudia. Sonny rushed to the roof to save his wife. Anthony escaped. Jason was waiting by Anthony's car and held him at gunpoint. Anthony toyed with Jason, stating he'd get off scot-free. At that moment, Jason received a call from Sonny, asking him to talk him through defusing the bomb. Anthony tried to confuse Jason by yelling out different colors until Jason knocked him out.
At the PCPD, Anthony asked to talk to Johnny who agreed. Anthony told his son he hadn't told Sonny about Claudia's role in Michael's shooting because of Johnny's involvement. Anthony was sentenced to Pentonville Prison. Jason visited him, demanding information that could prove Claudia's guilt. Anthony refused to cooperate.
In prison, Anthony was still able to order recently-released ex-con Joey Limbo to do his bidding. He ordered a hits on his enemies. Sonny's newest soldier Dominic Pirelli prevented Joey from succeeding. Unaware Olivia Falconeri was Dominic's mother and Dominic was really undercover agent Dante Falconeri, Anthony summoned Olivia to see him in prison because she had started dating Johnny. He threatened to kill her. She stood up to him. He backed off. When Johnny saw her name on the visitor's list, he went ballistic and threatened to kill Anthony himself. Anthony was proud his son was turning out to be just like him.
In November 2009, after Sonny learned the truth about Claudia's involvement in Michael's shooting, he berated and threatened her in front of the crowd attending her birthday party. Desperate, Claudia kidnapped a very pregnant Carly and drove away with her. Carly went into labor and, thinking it was her best chance, grabbed the steering wheel and crashed the car. She made her way to a cabin where Claudia helped her give birth to baby Josslyn. Claudia had lost her grip on reality and attempted to steal the baby. Michael, who had come out of his coma some time before, killed Claudia by hitting her with an ax handle.
Upon hearing the news of Claudia's death, Anthony seemed to show genuine remorse and vowed revenge on the responsible party. Johnny, who wanted to avenge his sister's death, came to prison to enlist his father in his vendetta against Sonny.
In May of 2010, Michael was sentenced to Pentonville. Jason came to see Anthony with a proposal. Johnny would be untouchable as long as Michael was protected in prison. Anthony agreed to keep Michael under his protection.
Anthony returned in Spring of 2011 and helped Lisa Niles take over the hospital. In the Summer of 2011, after Lisa Niles was put into a coma, Anthony was then the mastermind behind a drug heist in which perscription drugs were smuggled from the Hospital. Detective Lucky Spencer went on the case to find out who was behind this. Since Lucky was on the case trying to find information, Anthony had a drug dealer named JT drug Lucky.
Anthony put a hit on Lucky's wife Siobhan McKenna. On August 22, 2011, Anthony visited Siobhan in her hospital room and killed her. He suffocated her with a cloth doused with an unknown drug. Steve Webber tried to save her, but on August 23, 2011, she was pronounced dead.
^ Stated October 3, 2011.
^ Stated on air November 11, 2011.
^ http://daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com/2011/04/07/general-hospitals-sean-blakemore-placed-on-contract
v · d · eGeneral Hospital
General Hospital characters (Current contract cast only)
Shawn Butler • Carly Corinthos • Michael Corinthos • Sonny Corinthos • Alexis Davis • Patrick Drake • Robin Scorpio-Drake • Dante Falconeri • Olivia Falconeri • Kate Howard • Matt Hunter • Maxie Jones • Ethan Lovett • Sam McCall • Jason Morgan • Edward Quartermaine • Monica Quartermaine • Tracy Quartermaine • Mac Scorpio • Lucky Spencer • Luke Spencer • Lulu Spencer • Damian Spinelli • Elizabeth Webber • Steven Webber • Johnny Zacchara
General Hospital characters (Recurring cast)
Helena Cassadine • Garrett Floyd • Franco • Max Giambetti • Milo Giambetti • Alice Gunderson • Abby Haver • Epiphany Johnson • Molly Lansing • Kelly Lee • Diane Miller • Coleman Ratcliffe • Bobbie Spencer • Anthony Zacchara
Notable former characters
Diego Alcazar • Lorenzo Alcazar • Ruby Anderson • Brook Lynn Ashton • Ned Ashton • Gail Baldwin • Lee Baldwin • Scott Baldwin • Katherine Bell • Jessie Brewer • Gia Campbell • Mikkos Cassadine • Nikolas Cassadine • Spencer Cassadine • Stavros Cassadine • Stefan Cassadine • Jagger Cates • Stone Cates • Lois Cerullo • Lucy Coe • Kevin Collins • Mike Corbin • Brenda Barrett • Rae Cummings • Kristina Corinthos Davis • Anna Devane • Sean Donely • Noah Drake • Bill Eckert • Audrey Hardy • Steve Hardy • Tiffany Hill • Jasper Jacks • Jerry Jacks • B.J. Jones • Felicia Jones • Frisco Jones • Georgie Jones • Tony Jones • Ric Lansing • Duke Lavery • Courtney Matthews • AJ Quartermaine • Alan Quartermaine • Dillon Quartermaine • Emily Quartermaine • Lila Quartermaine • Lily Rivera Corinthos • Robert Scorpio • Rebecca Shaw • Frank Smith • Filomena Soltini • Laura Spencer • Siobhan Spencer • Dominique Stanton • Holly Sutton • Zander Smith • Jake Spencer • Marcus Taggert • Amy Vining • Mary Mae Ward • Maya Ward • Justus Ward • Jeff Webber • Rick Webber • Karen Wexler • Claudia Zacchara
Important crew
Executive Producer: Jill Farren Phelps
Head Writer: Garin Wolf • Shelly Altman
Former Executive producers: Gloria Monty • H. Wesley Kenny • Wendy Riche
Former headwriters: Bridget and Jerome Dobson • Douglas Marland • Pat Falken Smith • Norma Monty • Gene Palumbo • Claire Labine • Richard Culliton • Megan McTavish • Charles Pratt, Jr. • Robert Guza, Jr.
Port Charles (Spin off series) • Port Charles (City) • Luke and Laura • General Hospital: Night Shift • Sonny and Carly • Patrick and Robin • Frisco and Felicia • Jason and Sam • Lucky and Elizabeth • Jason and Elizabeth • List of cast members • List of General Hospital miscellaneous characters • List of past General Hospital characters
Fictional families
Hardy/Webber family • Scorpio/Jones family • Spencer family • Quartermaine family • Cassadine family • Corinthos family
History of General Hospital
1960s • 1970s • 1980s • 1990s • 2000s
General Hospital characters
Coleman Pressley
Coleman Sellers II
List of General Hospital characters — This is a list of characters that appear (or have appeared) on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. Contents: Top · 0–9 · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z … Wikipedia
List of Peter Simple's characters — Characters created by the columnist Peter Simple (1913 2006) from 1957 onwards. Some of his characters are based on real people and some real people seem to be based on his characters. A few of these links are noted.Major * Julian Birdbath mdash; … Wikipedia
List of Prison Break minor characters — This article contains a list of minor characters in the American television series, Prison Break. The listed characters are those who are played by guest stars. The characters are listed alphabetically by their last name or by the name which… … Wikipedia
General Hospital — This article is about the TV show. For the type of medical facility, see Hospital#Types. For other uses, see General hospital (disambiguation). General Hospital … Wikipedia
General Hospital: Night Shift characters — The following notable characters are exclusive to General Hospital: Night Shift, which is a prime time spin off of the American ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital.[1] The series first aired on SOAPnet for a 13 episode run from July 12, 2007… … Wikipedia
Children of General Hospital — The following are characters from the American soap opera General Hospital who are notable for being the children of important characters. Contents 1 Recent characters 1.1 Emma Drake 1.2 Josslyn Jacks … Wikipedia
David Langton (General Hospital) — David Langton General Hospital Portrayed by Jeff Pomerantz First appearance 1992 Last appearance 1992 Cause/reason Fatal heart attack Created by Norma Monty Profile … Wikipedia
List of Emergency! characters — This article lists characters of the television series Emergency!. Contents 1 LA County Fire Squad 51 Firefighter/Paramedics 1.1 Roy DeSoto 1.2 John Gage 2 … Wikipedia
List of creatures in the Resident Evil series — The following is a list of recurring fictional creatures that have appeared in the Resident Evil video game series. For creatures in Resident Evil 4 , see List of Resident Evil 4 creatures . Resident Evil Zombie The zombies featured in the… … Wikipedia
List of Dartmouth College alumni — This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries. The Dartmouth College class of 1920, posing in the Bema … Wikipedia
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Online Police Reporting Service
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Taipei City Government
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Personal Information Collection Statement and Terms of Service
Government Website Open Information Announcement
Taipei City Police Department
New Pool Added to Yingfeng Dog Park for Dogs to Cool Off in the Summer Heat
This summer is especially hot! The Taipei City Animal Protection Office (APO) has opened the pool at the Yingfeng Dog Park’s Large Dog Area for dogs to cool off in the summer heat, starting from July 1 to September 30, 2019.
Starting today, the water changing frequency will be altered from 3 times every week to every morning, and the pool will be drained or soaked in disinfectant for 2 days every week for sterilization purposes and to maintain the quality of the pool. The APO urges pet owners to monitor their dogs’ activities and pick up after them. Please do not let your dog urinate or defecate in the pool in order not to infringe other pet owners’ rights to use the facility.
According to the agency, many citizens have submitted recommendations recently to improve the facilities at dog parks. In particular, in light of hiking temperatures, many people have yearned for a swimming pool or pool (a common feature in overseas dog parks) for their dogs to cool off in summer, and so a Large Dog Area Pool was built for the 2018 Yingfeng Dog Park Overhaul Project. Furthermore, considering the riverside park’s flood-prevention safety and maintenance management, the pool is cleaned manually, and the water is replaced on a regular basis with fresh water from the nearby water supply pipe, thereby ensuring safe water quality.
As soon as the pool was completed, pet owners were enquiring about the opening hours. By taking the season and climatic conditions into consideration, the pool will be open from July to September. Originally, cleaning of the pool and water replacement was scheduled for Friday and Sunday every week, and the water was to be replaced 3 times per week, but in order to reinforce hygiene management and prevent communicable diseases, the water is now replaced every day, and the pool will be either drained and exposed to the sun or immersed in disinfectant for sterilization purposes for 2 days every week. The relevant measures taken to maintain the pool will be adjusted based on the public’s feedback, and relevant regulations will be posted in the park.
The APO appeals to pet owners to keep an eye on their dogs in the dog park and dog run area. Be a responsible citizen and pick up after your dog to help maintain the tidiness and hygiene of public facilities. The pet owner is responsible for accompanying and monitoring his dog while the pet is playing in the pool to prevent accidents from occurring. Dogs with infectious diseases, skin problems, parasites, mange, sores or wounds should not be allowed into the pool to protect other dogs from becoming infected. The pool water is not drinkable; therefore pet owners should prepare sufficient drinking water for their dog. It is also advised to shower the dog before and after going into the pool thoroughly to prevent it from ingesting the pool water while licking its fur and becoming ill.
The APO elaborated that the in light of potential heavy downpour caused by Typhoon Lekima’s tropical depression and for safety reasons, Yingfeng Dog Park will implement flood prevention measures by removing the fence on August 8 and draining the pool in the Large Dog Area. After the lifting of typhoon warning, the park is scheduled for reopening before August 14 after it is declared safe to do so.
Hit Count：43
Data update：2019-08-15 15:07
Review Date：2019-08-15 15:07
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Police Criminal Record Certificate office hours: Monday to Friday 08:30 a.m. -17:00 p.m.
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Spotlight on May Books
"The Hourglass Door" by Lisa Mangum (Reviewed by C...
"The King of the Crags" by Stephen Deas (Reviewed ...
"Neverland" by Douglas Clegg (Reviewed by Cindy Ha...
"New Model Army" by Adam Roberts (Reviewed by Livi...
Winners of The Emerald Storm Giveaway!
"Calamity Jack" by Shannon Hale & Dean Hale Illust...
Two Mini-reviews and One Unreview - "The Juggler" ...
Quick Blog Note: Fantasy Book Critic's Comment Mod...
"The Celestial Globe: The Kronos Chronicles Book T...
"A Magic of Dawn" by S.L. Farrell (Reviewed by Liv...
"The Dark-Eyes' War: Book Three of Blood of the So...
"The Noise Within" by Ian Whates (Reviewed by Livi...
“Blood Oath” by Christopher Farnsworth (Reviewed b...
Twelve 2010 Novels that Stand Out So Far
"Shadows of Myth and Legend" by E.J. Stevens (Revi...
"The Desert Spear" by Peter Brett (Reviewed by Liv...
"13 Treasures" by Michelle Harrison (Reviewed by C...
"Up Jim River" by Michael Flynn (Reviewed by Liviu...
"Changes. Dresden File #12" by Jim Butcher (Review...
"A Mighty Fortress" by David Weber (Reviewed by Li...
"Shine: An Anthology of Optimistic SF" edited by J...
"Ash" by Malinda Lo (Reviewed by Fábio Fernandes)
"The Age of Zeus" by James Lovegrove (Reviewed by ...
Interview with N.K. Jemisin (Interview by Mihir Wa...
"The Barbary Pirates" by William Dietrich (Reviewe...
"Subterranean" by James Rollins (Reviewed by Mihir...
"Bitter Seeds" by Ian Tregillis (Reviewed by Liviu...
"The Great Bazaar and Other Stories" by Peter Bret...
"Poetry Speaks Who I Am" Edited by Elise Paschen S...
"The Emerald Storm" by Michael Sullivan (Reviewed ...
Spotlight on April Books
The three lucky random winners of the giveaway for "The Emerald Storm" by Michael J Sullivan are Shaun Duke (Flordia), Natasha Schneider (New Mexico), and Stephen Parker (Arizona). Congratulations to the winners!
A big thank you goes out to everyone that entered. An extra big thank you to Robin Sullivan for providing the opportunity to host this contest!
12:01 PM | Posted by Cindy | | Edit Post
Robin Sullivan said...
Congratulations to the winners - all the books went out in today's shipments so you should expect them soon!
And thanks FBC for organizaing the giveaway.
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July 31, 2018 by Michael Gallagher Leave a Comment
The Patient Killer
Authors: Sean Campbell & Daniel Campbell
Bodies begin to pile up, the victims seemingly random. At first it seems that the only thing connecting the crimes is that each murder was meticulously planned and executed.
When DCI Morton discovers that the latest victim, Primrose Kennard, was already at death’s door, he has to ask:
Who would bother to murder a dying woman?
Click here to pick up your free copy of The Patient Killer in the Amazon Kindle store.
Are you receiving the blog’s posts by email? You can if you click here or type in https://fkbt.com/subscribe into your web browser – just fill in your email address, smack the “Subscribe” button, and make sure you click the link in the confirmation email!
Looking for more or a reliable source of free books for your Kindle? Click here for my “Free Kindle Books and How to Find Them” guide.
Filed Under: Featured, Featured Book of the Day, Free Book Links, Free From Amazon Store Tagged With: free from amazon, free kindle books, mystery
More Free & Discounted Kindle Books for Tuesday
Here’s your second group of free and discounted Kindle book offers in a variety of genres for Tuesday: for those books listed as being free in this post – while the pricing of the free status is valid at the time of this posting, please make sure you check the pricing carefully before you press the “buy” button as it could revert back to paid status at any time!
Shopping for a CEO
Author: Julia Kent
I’m thrilled to be the maid of honor in my friend’s wedding, but the best man, Andrew McCormick, is a chauvinistic pig with a God complex.
And I can’t stop kissing him in closets.
(Don’t ask.)
He’s the brother of the groom and the CEO of my biggest mystery shopping account, but suddenly he’s refusing to be in the wedding. He won’t talk about it. Won’t see reason.
He’s such a man.
And he still won’t stop kissing me in random closets.
I’m a fixer. That’s what I do. I can fix anything if given the chance. But when the game is fixed there’s only so much I can do.
The ball’s in his court now.
Click here to pick up your free copy of Shopping for a CEO in the Amazon Kindle store.
Angeli Trilogy
Angeli:
Playing pirate with her Captain lover in 1720, Anne Bonny never dreamed she’d end up a Sentinel, a soldier for mankind’s mysterious guardians, the Angeli. Now Anne will live a thousand years, but in return, she must hunt and neutralize Perfidia, corrupted Angeli who drain human energy to survive.
Monsters are only half Anne’s troubles; her stormy love life would make Blackbeard pack up ship and move to Kansas. After losing his corporeal body in battle, Anne’s former lover, Con Carey, visits her by possessing the bodies of humans, often with embarrassing results. In the meantime, Anne’s complicated romance with the aloof Arch Angeli Michael has intensified; even as they square off against a new breed of Perfidia, possessing untold power.
Can this unusual love triangle work together to protect the world from the cosmic horrors sworn to destroy it?
Cherubim:
The insane, corrupted Arch Angel Seth has been captured, so Anne, Con and Michael might have a moment to breathe, right?
Don’t count on it.
Another team of Angels, the Cherubim, have arrived to wipe out the Angeli and kill any human who doesn’t meet their standards. The first-arriving Cherub, Rathe, is a long-haired teen with the face of an angel. He seems like an unlikely villain, but he’s created two Angeli-hunting Sentinels, including an evil ex-mercenary with nasty plans for Anne.
While Michael orchestrates the Angeli offensive, it’s up to Anne and Con to find Rathe and stop him before he opens the floodgates to Chaos.
Varymor:
The battle between the Cherubim and Angeli continues. Sentinels Anne Bonny, Con and Tyannah join in the fray as the shadowy Cherub Nyx unveils his master plan and the Angeli realize powers greater than their own might control their future.
Click here to pick up your free copy of Angeli Trilogy in the Amazon Kindle store.
Shadow Detective Boxset
Author: William Messa
My name is Mike Raven, but the world knows me as the Shadow Detective.
Orphaned by demons at the age of ten, I have dedicated my life to keeping the world safe from nightmares. Trained by one of the greatest monster hunters who ever lived, and armed with an arsenal of mystical weapons, I battle forces beyond human understanding. Trust me, it’s not as glamorous as it sounds.
The Shadow Detective Boxed Set collects the first three supernatural action thrillers of the bestselling urban fantasy series in one place for one great price. You get: Cursed City, Soul Catcher and Blood Rain.
CURSED CITY
My name is Mike Raven. I hunt nightmares.
Demons murdered my parents when I was eight. Turns out my folks were paranormal investigators and Hell always settles its scores. Naturally I decided to join the family business.
For two decades I’ve studied the occult and traveled the world fighting monsters. Vampires. Shifters. Demons. Ghosts. I’ve faced them all. But my biggest challenge lay ahead…
From the moment Celeste stepped into my office, I knew she was in trouble. Black magic trouble. Her father had promised her soul to a powerful demon on the day she was born. Now, twenty-one years later, the forces of darkness were gathering to collect their long-awaited prize.
Guess who’s about to pick a fight with the Devil himself…
My name is Mike Raven. I hunt monsters. But today the monsters are hunting me.
There are two worlds. The world of the living–and the world of the dead. Sometimes they overlap. And sometimes they collide.
The spirit of a diabolical killer has returned from the grave to stalk the woman I love. Guess who’s going to pick a fight with a dead murderer and his legion of the damned?
BLOOD RAIN
My name is Mike Raven. I’ve always hunted monsters. But now one of them is the woman I love.
I tried to save Detective Jane Archer’s life. Instead I turned her into a creature of the night.
I know she’s out there. Hunting. Killing.
It’s only a matter of time before our paths cross. Before I must make a terrible decision: Do I put her down or let my city drown in a rain of blood?
Click here or type in http://geni.us/shadowdetective into your web browser to pick up your copy of Shadow Detective Boxset in the Amazon Kindle store.
Ten Mad Cows
Author: George Schieren
What do Mad Cow Disease, ten old college friends, a CIA experiment, a Chinese general, a crazed killer, and a mountain top in Colorado have in common?
After making a sizable fortune in cellphone licenses, Brent has lived quietly alone on his mountainside in Colorado for more than three years until 1994 when his entire life is turned inside-out by a hired killer with no conscience. The crazy mercenary has kidnapped nine of Brent’s old college friends from thirty years earlier and brought them to his mountain home in search of the answer to a question for which his Chinese employer is paying big money. The problem is that none of the friends has a clue to help answer the Chinese’s question: when forty college students were part of a long-ago CIA experiment, why had these ten survived while the other thirty died soon after college graduation? Brent will have to abandon his minding-his-own-business philosophy if he and the only woman he has ever loved and his former friends are to survive the terror in his mountain-side house.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/tenmadcows into your web browser to pick up your copy of Ten Mad Cows in the Amazon Kindle store.
Download the Free Kindle Books and Tips blog app for your Kindle Fire or Android-based smartphone or tablet – for free, of course – by clicking here or type in http://geni.us/fkbtfreeappinto your computer’s web browser from the Amazon App Store or click here or type in http://bit.ly/fkbtgoogle into your computer’s web browser for the Google App Store.
Filed Under: Free Book Links, Free From Amazon Store Tagged With: fantasy, free from amazon, free kindle books, romance, suspense
Free & Discounted Kindle Books for Tuesday
Here’s your first group of free and discounted Kindle book offers in a variety of genres for Tuesday: for those books listed as being free in this post – while the pricing of the free status is valid at the time of this posting, please make sure you check the pricing carefully before you press the “buy” button as it could revert back to paid status at any time!
Love and Rumors
Author: Jean Oram
One picture. One tabloid. Two lives changed forever.
Finian Alexander is one scandalous tabloid photo away from catapulting his acting career onto the A-list. All his bad boy persona needs is an agreeable member of the paparazzi to give him a friendly boost. But vacationing out in the middle of nowhere, the only photographer he knows is way too scrupulous for her own good.
Or is she?
Hailey Summer is desperate for cash—so desperate that she’s willing to do just about anything with her photography skills to save her family’s cottage and keep her secrets hidden from her sisters. So when sexy and arrogant movie star Finian makes her an offer, Hailey can’t resist. But does his proposition take things too far? And when their plans begin to unravel, will Finian and Hailey find the limelight too blinding?
Click here to pick up your free copy of Love and Rumors in the Amazon Kindle store.
Cobweb Bride
Author: Vera Nazarian
Many are called… She alone can save the world and become Death’s bride.
What if you killed someone and then fell in love with them?
In an alternate Renaissance world, somewhere in an imaginary “pocket” of Europe called the Kingdom of Lethe, Death comes, in the form of a grim Spaniard, to claim his Bride. Until she is found, in a single time-stopping moment all dying stops. There is no relief for the mortally wounded and the terminally ill….
Covered in white cobwebs of a thousand snow spiders she lies in the darkness… Her skin is cold as snow… Her eyes frozen… Her gaze, fiercely alive…
While kings and emperors send expeditions to search for a suitable Bride for Death, armies of the undead wage an endless war… A black knight roams the forest at the command of his undead father… Spies and political treacheries abound at the imperial Silver Court…. Murdered lovers find themselves locked in the realm of the living…
Look closer–through the cobweb filaments of her hair and along each strand shine stars…
And one small village girl, Percy–an unwanted, ungainly middle daughter–is faced with the responsibility of granting her dying grandmother the desperate release she needs.
As a result, Percy joins the crowds of other young women of the land in a desperate quest to Death’s own mysterious holding in the deepest forests of the North…
And everyone is trying to stop her.
Click here to pick up your free copy of Cobweb Bride in the Amazon Kindle store.
Memoirs of a Time Traveler
Author: Doug Molitor
In this fast-paced, thrilling journey through time, archaeologist David Preston comes into possession of a baseball supposedly signed by the legendary Ty Cobb in 1908, thanks to Ariyl Moro and her mysterious companion, Jon Ludlo. Except the ball tests out to be an impossible paradox. It was signed with a ballpoint pen (not invented until 1938) using ink that’s several centuries older. But then, Ariyl and Ludlo aren’t who they claim to be either.
Ariyl, a voluptuous 6-foot-3 beauty, turns out to be a tourist from a 22nd century paradise where time travel is the latest craze. Unbeknownst to her, however, her traveling companion, Ludlo, is a psychopath whose thefts are starting to alter history. In a world were even small changes in the timeline can cause catastrophic consequences, Ludlo’s actions may completely destroy the future.
To stop Ludlo, David and Ariyl must solve a mystery involving Bronze Age swordsmen, modern-day Nazis, a steampunk world, Albert Einstein, some highly skeptical Founding Fathers, and a Golden Age Hollywood where the murder of a beloved movie star will spell doom for civilization.
Sci-fi meets romantic comedy…with sword-swinging adventure!
Click here to pick up your free copy of Memoirs of a Time Traveler in the Amazon Kindle store.
Bridge Daughter
Author: Jim Nelson
KINDLE SCOUT WINNER – Young Hanna thinks her thirteenth birthday will be no different than the one before–until her mother explains the facts of life. Hanna is a “bridge daughter,” born pregnant with her parents’ child. In a few months she will give birth and die,leaving her parents with their true daughter.
A mature bookworm who dreams of college and career, Hanna is determined to overcome her biological fate. Navigating through a world eerily like our own, she confronts unyielding attitudes and instinctive fears as old as humankind itself.
Then Hanna learns of an illegal procedure that will allow her to live to adulthood…at the cost of the child’s life.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/bridge into your web browser to pick up your copy of Bridge Daughter in the Amazon Kindle store.
It Was Always You
She never realized until she lost him that he was the only man she’d ever love.
Katy and Steven were the loves of each other’s lives until a tragedy and the fallout of Steven’s injuries drove the couple apart.
They share a son, but Katy and Steven have moved on with their lives, dating other people, and neither has seen the other in five long years. But when Steven comes knocking on Katy’s parents’ door after learning she’s back in town, Katy is forced to face her estranged husband and the love that broke her heart, and his intentions regarding their all-but-over marriage are soon made very clear.
The only problem is that as simple as it would be for them to walk away, seeing just what it means to move on and start a new life may not be as easy as they once thought.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/itwasalways into your web browser to pick up your copy of It Was Always You in the Amazon Kindle store.
Filed Under: Free Book Links, Free From Amazon Store Tagged With: fantasy, free from amazon, free kindle books, mystery, romance, science fiction
Free Kindle Book from Phoenix Publishing
Phoenix Publishing offers one free eBook each month in a variety of eBook formats, including the Kindle; I’ve picked up a couple of really good science fiction novels from them for free that they simultaneously have for sale in the Amazon Kindle store for prices up to $9.99. This month’s free pick is Tomorrow and Tomorrow, by Charles Sheffield, which you should be pleased to note while this book costs $5.99 in the Amazon Kindle website, you can get it for free if you follow the instructions below.
You can pick up your free copy if you follow these instructions:
Point your web browser to http://smarturl.it/ppick
Scroll down just a little bit and click on the “ADD TO CART” icon immediately underneath the book’s cover.
Your computer will next open up a new web browser, leading you to a checkout page. Change the price to 0.00, as this is a pay-what-you-want offering.
Click on any white space on the webpage.
Click the “Free Checkout” icon on the right-hand side of the page.
At the next screen, choose and click the “MOBI” version of “Click Here” as that is the one compatible with your Kindle.
You will next have the option of opening or saving the file. Let’s choose “save” and make sure you save it to a location on your computer you will remember.
As a final step, you will need to transfer the eBook from your computer to your Kindle: that’s a fairly easy process. If you don’t know how to do that, you can click here or type in http://smarturl.it/xfer into your web browser to read my free guide on how to transfer content to your computer. This is the same guide I charge 99 cents for in the Amazon Kindle store, but you get it for free!
Here is the book’s description:
Ana is the love of Drake Merlin’s life. The woman he wants to grow old with, share every experience. But there is a hitch that is preventing them from obtaining their happily ever after….
Ana might be perfect for him, but she is dying.
Diagnosed with a rare disease, there is no cure for what ails her. At least, not in the 21st century. The only thing Drake can do—the one gamble that might, eventually, bring her back—is have Ana frozen and join her in cryogenic sleep until, one day, technology will have advanced enough be able to cure her.
Eons pass, and Drake is revived again and again, to see if humanity has evolved enough to be able to provide a solution. They try everything to help him bring her back or to encourage him to move on from his frozen soulmate—even creating a clone of his beloved. But it is not his Ana, his love. Nothing but her full revival will satisfy his obsession.
Millions of years pass before Drake learns that there is finally some hope for her restoration. At the Omega Point, the universe is collapsing, merging past and present; connecting the knowhow of now to the Ana of so long ago….
But first he must help the rest of humanity. Drake is revived one more time to fight an alien race who is hell bent on destroying the Solar System. For only a throwback from a past, where dissidence, material greed and violence were a part of human existence, will have enough fighting spirit to save a race that’s now too enlightened to understand war.
Want to have this blog sent wirelessly to your e-Ink Kindle vs. reading it on your computer? Try out the free two-week trial subscription! Click here for the Amazon page of the Free Kindle Books and Tips blog or type in http://geni.us/fkbt into your computer’s web browser..
Filed Under: Free Book Links, Free From Other Sites Tagged With: free kindle books, science fiction
Turn or Burn
Author: Boo Walker
A religious cult is threatening Seattle…
Former soldier Harper Knox is done with battle. He’s moved home to his farm in eastern Washington, hoping life among the vines will conquer his PTSD. But when an old friend offers Harper a generous payday if he’ll join a security detail in Seattle, Harper finds he’s too hungry for the cash–and the danger–to say no. The job: protect a scientist at the controversial Singularity Summit, a conference celebrating artificial intelligence.
When things go horribly wrong and two people end up dead, Harper and Italian mercenary Francesca Daly take down the perpetrators but are left with nothing but questions. Who were the two criminals, both women? What does the symbol branded onto their bodies mean? And why did one woman have a note in her pocket that read “Forgive me?” As Harper and Francesca dig deeper–and fall deeper in love–the truth leads them to a shocking discovery…and right into a deadly trap.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/turnorburn into your web browser to pick up your copy of Turn or Burn in the Amazon Kindle store.
After picking the five-string banjo in Charleston and Nashville and then a few years toying with Wall Street, Boo chased a wine dream across the country to Red Mountain in eastern Washington with his dog, Tully Mars. They landed in a double-wide trailer on five acres of vines, where Boo grew out a handlebar mustache, bought a horse, and took a job working for the Hedges family, who taught him the art of farming and the old world philosophies of wine.
Recently leaving their gentleman’s farm on Red Mountain, Boo and his family are back on the east coast in St. Pete, Florida.
You can visit Boo’s Amazon author page if you click here or type in http://geni.us/boowalker into your web browser.
Here’s your first group of free and discounted Kindle book offers in a variety of genres for Monday: for those books listed as being free in this post – while the pricing of the free status is valid at the time of this posting, please make sure you check the pricing carefully before you press the “buy” button as it could revert back to paid status at any time!
Love is More Than Skin Deep
Author: Mary Crawford
It was just a tattoo.
How does one impulsive decision to celebrate becoming a teacher completely derail Shelby Lyon’s life?
It’s always been Shelby against the world, but the odds may be stacked against her this time.
How will she gather the strength to fight?
As a single dad and senior partner in his law firm, Mark Littleson’s life is the definition of complicated.
So, why is he irresistibly drawn to Shelby?
Will Shelby just be one more complication or will she be the piece which makes his life whole?
This family-centered contemporary romance novel about life and death challenges and triumph will fill you with hope.
Click here to pick up your free copy of Love is More Than Skin Deep in the Amazon Kindle store.
Haunted on Bourbon Street
Author: Deanna Chase
Jade loves her new apartment—until a ghost joins her in the shower.
When empath Jade Calhoun moves into an apartment above a strip bar on Bourbon Street, she expects life to get interesting. What she doesn’t count on is making friends with an exotic dancer, attracting a powerful spirit, and developing feelings for Kane, her sexy landlord.
Being an empath has never been easy on Jade’s relationships. It’s no wonder she keeps her gift a secret. But when the ghost moves from spooking Jade to terrorizing Pyper, the dancer, it’s up to Jade to use her unique ability to save her. Except she’ll need Kane’s help—and he’s betrayed her with a secret of his own—to do it. Can she find a way to trust him and herself before Pyper is lost?
Click here to pick up your free copy of Haunted on Bourbon Street in the Amazon Kindle store.
You have two options. You die, or you Qualify.
The year is 2047. An extinction-level asteroid is hurtling toward Earth, and the descendants of ancient Atlantis have returned from the stars in their silver ships to offer humanity help.
But there’s a catch.
They can only take a tiny percent of the Earth’s population back to the colony planet Atlantis. And in order to be chosen, you must be a teen, you must be bright, talented, and athletic, and you must Qualify.
Sixteen-year-old Gwenevere Lark is determined not only to Qualify but to rescue her entire family.
Because there’s a loophole.
If you are good enough to Qualify, you are eligible to compete in the brutal games of the Atlantis Grail, which grants all winners the laurels, high tech luxuries, and full privileges of Atlantis Citizenship. And if you are in the Top Ten, then all your wildest wishes are granted… Such as curing your mother’s cancer.
There is only one problem.
Gwen Lark is known as a klutz and a nerd. While she’s a hotshot in classics, history, science, and languages, the closest she’s come to sports is a backyard pool and a skateboard.
This time she is in over her head, and in for a fight of her life, against impossible odds and world-class competition—including Logan Sangre, the most amazing guy in her school, the one she’s been crushing on, and who doesn’t seem to know she exists.
Because every other teen on Earth has the same idea.
You Qualify or you die.
Click here to pick up your free copy of Qualify in the Amazon Kindle store.
Author: Lesley Ann McDaniel
Testing the waters is one thing, but Teresa Reynolds is in serious danger of going overboard.
Feeling down on herself after a breakup with her ultra-critical boyfriend, Teresa arrives in Crescent Cove, Oregon, for a weekend getaway. The trouble is, her ex-boyfriend’s claims that she’s uninteresting and unworthy of love have left her wishing she could be someone else. Then a chance encounter with a cute guy on the beach gives her the opportunity to reinvent herself…
Curt Mason is spending the summer avoiding women and getting over a broken heart. When he meets Térèse from Paris on the beach in Crescent Cove, his vow quickly goes out with the tide. Who is this mysterious woman, and why is he suddenly wracking his brain to remember every bit of French he learned back in high school just to try to impress her?
Being Térèse seems to bring out the best in Teresa, until her little game turns into a French knot of deception. Does she dare let Curt meet the person God made her to be?
Crescent Cove. Where true love comes in waves.
Click here to pick up your free copy of Testing the Waters in the Amazon Kindle store.
Bridge Across the Stars
The universe is dangerous, wondrous—a vast canvas upon which humanity sketches its hopes for the future.
In this anthology, you’ll find seventeen tales of conflict and heroism, exploration and discovery, endurance and triumph. Flee the apocalypse of modern-day Earth, fly a fighter in the cold emptiness of deep space, and find new life on the distant shores of an alien world. You might even discover something about yourself as each author opens a window on the soul of mankind. Who are we, really? Should we survive? How do we become something greater without losing what makes us human?
Open this collection and take your first steps into tomorrow. Travel the cosmos to find amazing adventure. Walk beside unforgettable characters on the bridge across the stars…
Featuring a Foreword by Kevin J. Anderson
David VanDyke – “As the Sparks Fly Upward”
Ann Christy – “Peace Force”
Felix R. Savage – “Guardians of Earth”
Lindsay Buroker – “Here Be Dragons”
Chris Dietzel – “The Gordian Asteroid”
Craig Martelle – “The Trenches of Centauri Prime”
Josi Russell – “Broken One”
Chris Pourteau – “The Erkennen Job”
Daniel Arenson – “The Firebug and the Pharaoh”
Rhett C. Bruno – “Interview for the End of the World”
Steve Beaulieu – “Night Shift”
Lucas Bale – “A Friend to Man”
Jason Anspach – “…Space Pirates”
Will McIntosh – “Drive”
Maya Kaathryn Bohnhoff – “Water Babies”
David Bruns – “Take Only Memories”
Patty Jansen – “This Deceitful State of Truth”
Click here or type in http://geni.us/6RUUKi into your web browser to pick up your copy of Bridge Across the Stars in the Amazon Kindle store.
Ribbons of Death
Author: Edita A. Petrick
Deadly adventure was never this much fun….
When Stella Hunter wrote a controversial book she had no idea it would cost not only her marriage but her career. A history professor with a passion for archeology, she has no other place to hide but in a hamlet in Montana where she was raised by her aunt and uncle. Then one evening, a man with a horribly scarred face stomps on her porch, holding her controversial book. He claims to be on contract to the FBI but doesn’t have a badge or a shred of proof to support his claim. What he has is a book with bloody fingerprints that mark an obscure passage dealing with the ancient Peacetaker myth. What would drive a man to travel for hours in a vicious blizzard to find an academic whose book has been out of print for years? And are there really dark secrets worth killing hundreds of thousands in a dubious book of ancient myths and legends that all the security agencies missed…?
Click here or type in http://geni.us/ribbonsdeath into your web browser to pick up your copy of Ribbons of Death in the Amazon Kindle store.
The Healer and the Warrior
Author: Bekah Clark
Zianya’s been the village healer since her mother died. Trouble is, the people of her village live in fear of her and claim her red hair makes her a witch. When Torric is brought to her injured, she saves his life and finds herself kidnapped for her troubles. But Torric’s reasons are noble. His king is dying and Zianya is the only one who can save him. During their journey, she learns about her family’s origins. She also learns to love this powerful warrior who would do anything to protect her.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/healerwarrior into your web browser to pick up your copy of The Healer and the Warrior in the Amazon Kindle store.
Cherry Pie or Die
Author: CeeCee James
After a traumatic life event, Georgie Tanner returns to her hometown to start her life over… at 31 years old. Add sporadic memory loss to the mix and Georgie is a certified hot mess.
Luckily, Aunt Cecelia is there with a job for Georgie. She might not feel able to take on the world, but she’s think she’s up for taking tourists through Gainesville, Pennsylvania’s historic downtown. The place is as American as apple pie, steeped in rich Revolutionary history, Amish settlements, ghost stories, and colonial manors. Georgie knew it was a safe place to go to piece back her memories.
After all, what could go wrong in a sleepy town like this?
Until she leads a group of tourists through the Three Maidens’ Manor, a battle site converted into a museum. When the power goes out during the tour, Georgie thinks it’s a crazy fluke. But when it returns, she has six panicked guests, and a dead man in her midst.
Who would want to kill him? And more importantly, which one of them was the murderer?
Click here or type in http://geni.us/cherrypie into your web browser to pick up your copy of Cherry Pie or Die in the Amazon Kindle store.
Filed Under: Free Book Links, Free From Amazon Store Tagged With: free from amazon, free kindle books, paranormal, romance, science fiction, young adult
Californication Box Set
REDWOOD FORESTS, HOLLYWOOD, AND MURDER…IT’S CALIFORNICATION
Cuddle up with your Kindle and treat yourself to a balmy California vacation—no plane ticket needed!
From its majestic redwoods in the north, to its hip beaches in the south, California’s azure coastline stretches 800 miles—a hotbed of dreams-come-true, and an equal number of head-scratching murder mysteries. In this cozy box set, murder’s afoot amidst Oakland’s zany collection of book collectors, the Bay Area’s underground feminist prostitution ring, the wealthy residents of woodsy Marin County, the glamorous and blood-sucking darlings of Hollywood, and the more mystical—psychic, really—world of teenage magic in Santa Barbara. A delectable mélange of murder in the Golden State.
HUCKLEBERRY FIEND, a Paul Mcdonald mystery by J. Paul Drew.
The most priceless American manuscript in existence—the missing holograph of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn—has unceremoniously dropped into ex-journalist and sometime-sleuth Paul Mcdonald’s hands, and its former owner has been murdered—now what?
Paul is so awed he can hardly bring himself to touch it, unlike the zany collection of literary collectors who’re trying to lay hands on it. And they are all stripes of crazy, every single one of them capable of murder.
DEATH TURNS A TRICK, the FIRST book in the Rebecca Schwartz mystery series by Edgar Award Winner Julie Smith.
Rebecca Schwartz, nice Jewish lawyer with a few too many fantasies, is happily playing the piano in a whorehouse when she suddenly finds herself assigned to make sure a near-naked state senator escapes a police raid. That dirty job done, a lovely evening turns even more delightful when she’s picked up by the cops and spends the next two hours at the Hall of Justice. Could this day get any worse? Of course! Guess who arrives home to find a dead hooker on her living room floor?
FREE DRAW, the SECOND book in the hard-boiled but “wonderfully wry” adventures of ex-cop Jake Samson by award-winning author Shelley Singer.
Unafraid, unlicensed, and, in this case, unpaid, unofficial Bay Area P.I. Jake Samson and his carpenter sidekick Rosie set out to clear a friend of a murder charge. The victim is found stabbed to death in a damp redwood canyon in woodsy, wealthy Marin County, outside San Francisco. It’s up to Jake and Rosie to find the real killer, and they’ve got a number of odd California wood-dwelling suspects.
LOVE BITES, “an engaging, sinister romp,” by Adrienne Barbeau, author of the Vampyres of Hollywood series.
Beverly Hills detective Peter King and movie star Ovsanna Moore are the sexiest tongue-in-cheek crime-solving duo in almost half a millennium—as Ovsanna, a 450-year-old vampire, can bear witness. Ovsanna’s the successful owner of her own Hollywood film studio and the star of 17 blockbuster horror films. And Peter’s a hell of a detective. Together, they take on vampyres, werewolves, and shapeshifters while solving the crimes they commit.
Debut author Red Q. Arthur’s BAD GIRL SCHOOL, a YA paranormal adventure featuring superpowers, time travel, and young love. Tip: The murderous cat steals the show.
Ever wonder why the world didn’t end in 2012? You can thank Reeno Dimond, teen burglar. The most accomplished teen burglar in California hides a tragic secret: her sister Haley’s dying of an illness no one can diagnose, and Reeno’s stealing to help out with a little extra money. But one tiny slip-up lands her in a remote residential school for “gifted teens”… and to the discovery she’s psychic. Can she use her gift to save her sister—and the world?
Click here to pick up your free copy of Californication Box Set in the Amazon Kindle store.
Shadows and Stars Box Set
Destiny is fated unless you have the power to change it.
Cursed or gifted, these heroes will need much more than enchantments, wits, and skillful fighting to defeat their equally crafty villains.
Dive into this collection of action-packed stories where supernatural adventure meets conjuring danger. From fated mates to fated stars, the bonds that form are tested to their limits.
Discover magic, love, and passion, in the Shadows and Stars paranormal & sci-fi romance collection when you download today!
Including stories from…
USA Today bestselling author, Becca Fanning USA Today bestselling author, Eden Ashe USA Today bestselling author, Leilani Love USA Today bestselling author, Eva WintersUSA Today bestselling author, Cate Farren USA Today bestselling author, Laura Greenwood writing with Arizona TapeKiersten Fay Tigris Eden Award-Winning author, Cyndi Faria Pepper McGraw Angela Sanders Rachel Rawlings Catherine Banks Gina Wynn Miranda Lynn
Click here to pick up your free copy of Shadows and Stars Box Set in the Amazon Kindle store.
Escape Clause
Author: GA Van Druff
An Oscar-worthy disappearance. A red carpet murder mystery. Can Jaqie give a ghost a second chance?
Jaqie’s roommate makes his Oscar acceptance speech, walks off stage, then – POOF – Jeep disappears. After a year of searching, Jaqie takes a much-needed trip to paradise to work on her next screenplay with her favorite movie star. During a casual walk on the beach, she comes face-to-face with Jeep’s ghost – alive and well in Puerto Rico…
Turns out, Jaqie is the only one who can solve Jeep’s murder to let the ghost move on with his afterlife. But the more Jaqie investigates, the more suspicious the police become. Even the movie star’s head of security has taken an interest, which wouldn’t be so bad if it weren’t for his storm-tossed green eyes…
Jaqie knows she’s getting close to the truth, but Jeep’s killer is only a few steps behind. And the murderer has no intention of letting Jaqie reach the final act alive…
Click here to pick up your free copy of Escape Clause in the Amazon Kindle store.
My Own Voice
Author: Uvi Poznansky
Genre: Women’s Fiction
Falling in love with Lenny should have been the end to all her troubles. For Anita, it’s only the beginning, when family secrets start unravelling. His ex-wife, Natasha, is succumbing to a mysterious disease. How can Anita compete with her shadow? How can she find a voice of her own?
And when his estranged son, Ben, comes back and lives in the same small apartment, can she keep the balance between the two men, whose desire for her is marred by guilt and blame?
Dealing with the challenging prospects of the marriage of opposites, this book can be read as a standalone novel as well as part of one of family sagas best sellers. Still Life with Memories is a family saga series tinged with family saga romance, fraught with marital issues, and riddled with the difficulty of connecting fathers and sons.
Click here to pick up your free copy of My Own Voice in the Amazon Kindle store.
Escape to Osprey Cove
Author: Luisa Marietta Gold
What Doug finds in the secret compartment of his new red Corvette will forever change his life. It will also change Catherine’s. Doug and Catherine come from two different worlds. Catherine’s world is one of privilege and wealth. Doug grew up dirt poor and full of envy of others who had the things that he wanted but could not have. His goal was to one day have all the things he coveted. Their worlds collide when Catherine, VP of a large New York City marketing firm, hires Doug. As soon as Doug learns of Catherine’s wealth, he sees Catherine as his ticket to all the things he covets. After a whirlwind courtship, they are married.
Poor boy meets rich girl should have resulted in “happily ever after” — not exactly. Doug quickly learns he also covets independence. Events begin to unfold in each of their lives. For Doug, it is his mysterious discovery in the secret compartment of the Corvette. For Catherine, it is a business meeting with Alex Droxell at the Osprey Cove Lodge. When Catherine enters the beautiful and serene lodge, it’s as though she is entering another place and time. The lodge is an escape from the nightmare she is living back home. Follow the twists and turns of Book 1 of the Osprey Cove Lodge Series. Follow Doug and Catherine’s story to see if there is a “happily ever after” and with whom.
Click here to pick up your free copy of Escape to Osprey Cove in the Amazon Kindle store.
The Feathers
Author: Cynthia Lott
Thomas Carpenter – dead for 100 years – returns in 1978 to avenge his murder. He proves a challenge for a New Orleans novice detective Brenda Shapira and her senior partner, Roy Agnew. When 35-year old Shapira discovers the first victim in the historic Garden District, the beginning of 1978 will be anything but ordinary. As she unravels this long ago mystery steeped in New Orleans history and the Yellow Fever epidemic, Brenda realizes that she may be Carpenter’s next victim.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/feathers into your web browser to pick up your copy of The Feathers in the Amazon Kindle store.
Gehenna Dawn
Author: Jay Allan
Erastus. An unimaginable nightmare. A searing hot world, covered with cracked, burning deserts and sweltering jungles. A hostile planet far from Earth, it was the most hellish place men have ever tried to survive. Called Gehenna by the condemned men sent to fight there, it forged the few who survived its murderous battles into the strongest soldiers in history.
Jake Taylor was a New Hampshire farmboy who wanted nothing more than to marry his girlfriend, work on the farm, and maybe one day write a great novel. But mankind was fighting the alien Tegeri and their bio-mechanical cyborg soldiers, and UN Central needed men…men to go to war on hostile worlds like Erastus.
Jake wasn’t given a choice, not a real one. He found himself torn from home and family, conscripted for life and shipped to Erastus to take his place in the battle lines, never to return. In this alien hell, Taylor and his cybernetically-enhanced comrades fight their never-ending war against the servants of the Tegeri, the manufactured soldiers they call simply, the Machines.
Jake survives battle after battle, rising steadily through the ranks, giving all to the desperate fight to save Earth. But endless combat in hell carries a cost, and Taylor can feel himself losing what little is left of his spirit, his humanity. When he finally discovers a terrible secret…that everything he’d believed, all he’d fought for his entire life, was nothing but a monstrous lie, he must decide who is the real enemy, and how far he is willing to go to right a horrific wrong.
And if he does what he must to prevail against overwhelming odds and win the final victory, will he be able to control the growing madness inside…or will he be become the very thing he has sworn to destroy?
Click here or type in http://geni.us/gehenna into your web browser to pick up your copy of Gehenna Dawn in the Amazon Kindle store.
Filed Under: Featured, Featured Book of the Day, Free Book Links, Free From Amazon Store Tagged With: free from amazon, free kindle books, mystery, paranormal, romance, science fiction, women's fiction
Saturday’s Featured Kindle Book
Author: David Pedersen
When Angst turned 40, he knew it was over. Angst had longed to be a knight of Unsel, to make his mark in history, to be remembered for heroic deeds and wondrous acts. He grew up knowing he was destined for something great, but now it is too late. Not only is 40 far too old to become a knight, Angst is one of the few able to wield “the magics”.
For 2,000 years magic has been outlawed, repressed, even outright destroyed throughout the world of Ehrde. By law, Angst is reduced to using his great power only to file papers. His marriage is on the rocks, his friends are bored with him, and he hates his job. The one person that makes him happy is the young Princess Victoria who seems to adore him. Unfortunately, that makes his boss, the Queen, hate him.
Without warning, Unsel is besieged with dangerous monsters – birds with metallic beaks, monkey creatures that can dive through solid ground, mindless horse-eating giants. The world that shunned magic now turns to Angst for help, and he is happy to listen once his back stops hurting.
On the edge of a mid-life crisis, Angst drags his reluctant friends along with him on an adventure into the heart of magic. He’s not sure where they’re going, what they’ll find, or even if they’ll survive. But he knows this is his one chance to be a hero because the only way to fight magic is with magic.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/angstbook into your web browser to pick up your copy of Angst in the Amazon Kindle store.
David J. Pedersen is a native of Racine, WI who resides in his home town Kansas City, MO. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy from the University of Wisconsin – Madison. He has worked in sales, management, retail, video and film production, and IT. David has run 2 marathons, climbed several 14,000 foot mountains and marched in Thee University of Wisconsin Marching Band. He is a geek and a fanboy that enjoys carousing, picking on his wife and kids, playing video games, and slowly muddling through his next novel.
Filed Under: Featured, Featured Book of the Day Tagged With: fantasy
Kissed by a Cowboy 1 & 2
Author: Lacy Williams
A chance encounter reunites a hometown girl and the now-single dad cowboy who was her first kiss…
Kissed by a Cowboy 1
He was her first kiss…
Only one thing could’ve forced Haley Carsten to return to her hometown—her beloved aunt’s failing health. Being home again stirs up painful memories of the high school best friend that died too young. When she meets a young girl who is the spitting image of her friend, Haley can’t help but feel an instant kinship. The one thing she didn’t count on was running into her high school crush—Maddox Michaels.
Maddox is a realist. There’s no place in his life for dreams, not when he has an impressionable niece to raise and a brother who’s lost his way. But when Haley enters his orbit again, he can’t help remembering those dreams that died alongside his sister—dreams like falling in love.
Can Haley resurrect Maddox’s heart, or have too many years passed since she was Kissed by a Cowboy?
Ever wonder what happens beyond happily-ever-after?
Haley wanted nothing more than to be a mom, but six months into this motherhood thing, she can’t remember sleeping through the night. She’s a mess. So is the house. And to make things worse, Maddox has a new coworker—a bombshell who happens to be single.
Maddox thinks the baby-rearing stage is easy. It’s nothing compared to finding out his fourteen-year-old niece has been sneaking out at night. Or trying to decipher his wife’s hot and cold signals.
When Livy disappears for the second time, everything that’s been boiling under the surface erupts. Will Maddox and Haley’s love be strong enough to survive?
Click here to pick up your free copy of Kissed by a Cowboy 1 & 2 in the Amazon Kindle store.
Amber Fang: The Hunted
Author: Arthur Slade
Librarian. Assassin. Vampire.
Amber Fang enjoys life’s simple pleasures – a good book, a glass of wine and, of course, a great meal.
Raised to eat ethically, Amber dines only on delicious, cold-blooded killers. But being sure they’re actually killers takes time… research… patience.
It’s a good thing Amber’s a librarian. Her extraordinary skills help her hunt down her prey, seek out other vampires, and stay on the trail of her mother, missing now for two years. One day she stalks a rather tasty-looking murderer and things get messy. Very messy. Amber, the hunter, becomes the hunted.
And then, from out of nowhere, the perfect job offer: Assassin. She’d be paid to eat the world’s worst butchers. How ideal.
Click here to pick up your free copy of Amber Fang: The Hunted in the Amazon Kindle store.
Tablet of Destinies
Author: Rob Swigart
JOB DESCRIPTION: DELPHIC ORACLE, CURRENTLY SERVING
TO-DOS: STOP APOCALYPSE. ASAP!
In this action-packed historical thriller, an ancient, extremely dark religion gains terrifying vitality and power, as the pieces of a 3,000-year-old Sumerian jigsaw puzzle fall into place.
A clay tablet turns up, containing a prophecy of demons, a snake goddess, and the birth of a “disruptive” miraculous child. A prophecy so dangerous the tablet was smashed to bits, and the shards scattered to all the cities of the ancient world to prevent reassembling, until a Jesuit scholar’s vision sets the prophecy in motion in Paris, where the pieces have lain for centuries, half a world and three millennia away from their source.
Yet very close to the current home of Lisa Emmer, chosen the Pythia, head of the Delphi Agenda, because of her gift of sight, and trained in ancient world studies by a mentor who promised to “teach you life”; more accurately, he might have said “teach you to save the world from evil.” Prophecy is Lisa’s bailiwick—she’s the modern-day Delphic Oracle, head of a secret organization whose purpose is to protect the world from rogue conspiracies within the Church.
Over the centuries, the Delphi Agenda has prevented the cult of Ophis Sophia from the fulfillment of their doomsday prophecy several times. Now, in a suspenseful race against an alignment of planets and comets that signals the “wondrous child’s” impending birth, Lisa speeds to find and protect the mother and child. If she’s too late, “disruption” will take on a devastating new meaning.
Click here to pick up your free copy of Tablet of Destinies in the Amazon Kindle store.
Looking for Dei
Author: David A. Willson
Coming-of-age magic, adventure, and a quest for the divine…
Fifteen-year-old Nara Dall has never liked secrets. Yet it seems that her life has been filled with them, from the ugly scar on her back to the strange powers she possesses. Her adoptive father refuses to say anything about her origins, and soon, she and her best friend must attend the announcement ceremony, in which youths are tested for a magical gift.
A gifted youth has not been announced in the poor village of Dimmitt for decades. When Nara uncovers the reason, she uses her own forbidden powers to make things right. The decision sets her on a path of danger, discovery, and a quest for the divine. In the process, she learns the truth about herself and uncovers the biggest secret of all: the power of broken people.
Click here to pick up your free copy of Looking for Dei in the Amazon Kindle store.
The Munich Girl
Author: Phyllis Edgerly Ring
Anna Dahlberg grew up eating dinner under her father’s war-trophy portrait of Eva Braun.
Fifty years after the war, she discovers what he never did—that her mother and Hitler’s mistress were friends.
The secret surfaces with a mysterious monogrammed handkerchief, and a man, Hannes Ritter, whose Third Reich family history is entwined with Anna’s.
Plunged into the world of the “ordinary” Munich girl who was her mother’s confidante—and a tyrant’s lover—Anna finds her every belief about right and wrong challenged. With Hannes’s help, she retraces the path of two women who met as teenagers, shared a friendship that spanned the years that Eva Braun was Hitler’s mistress, yet never knew that the men they loved had opposing ambitions.
Eva’s story reveals that she never joined the Nazi party, had Jewish friends, and was credited at the Nuremberg Trials with saving 35,000 Allied lives. As Anna’s journey leads back through the treacherous years in wartime Germany, it uncovers long-buried secrets and unknown reaches of her heart to reveal the enduring power of love in the legacies that always outlast war.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/munichgirl into your web browser to pick up your copy of The Munich Girl in the Amazon Kindle store.
Airliner Down
Author: John Etzil
Flight 2262 is bound for paradise, but a rogue terrorist could send it to the bottom of the ocean…
Kevin can’t wait to land in Hawaii for a romantic getaway. But when the off-duty pilot takes a glance at his GPS, he’s in for a surprise: the plane is headed to the middle of the Pacific Ocean. And he’s the only one who knows it…
Expecting the worst, Kevin heads to the cockpit. Before he can take the controls, he’s got a rookie air marshal, a stewardess with a grudge, and a barricade to get through. With a storm on the way and limited fuel, Kevin must recruit the support of the frightened passengers to save the day. As long as he can survive the one person on board who won’t rest until all of them are dead…
Click here or type in http://geni.us/airlinerdown into your web browser to pick up your copy of Airliner Down in the Amazon Kindle store.
Esme’s Wish
Author: Elizabeth Foster
When fifteen-year-old Esme Silver objects at her father’s wedding, her protest is dismissed as the action of a stubborn, selfish teenager. Everyone else has accepted the loss of Esme’s mother, Ariane – so why can’t she?
But Esme is suspicious. She is sure that others are covering up the real reason for her mother’s disappearance – that ‘lost at sea’ is code for something more terrible, something she has a right to know.
After Esme is accidentally swept into the enchanted world of Aeolia, the truth begins to unfold. With her newfound friends, Daniel and Lillian, Esme retraces her mother’s steps in the glittering canal city of Esperance, untangling the threads of Ariane’s double life. But the more Esme discovers about Ariane, the more she questions whether she really knew her at all.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/esemswish into your web browser to pick up your copy of Esme’s Wish in the Amazon Kindle store.
Mail Order Brides of Texas Box Set
Author: Kathleen Ball
Meet 6 strong women and the men who love them in this very special set. Enjoy the happiness, love and sorrows of the brides to be and of course there is mystery and mayhem sprinkled in!
Callie’s Heart
Winner of the 2015 Diamond Lear Award for Best Historical Romance and Rone Award Finalist
Shannon McMurphy travels to Asherville, Texas as a mail order bride expecting to marry a rancher. Instead, her intended is a saloonkeeper. Her refusal to marry enrages John Hardy and he slices her cheek with a knife so no other man would want her. She runs into the street and no one helps her until blond, blue-eyed Cinders rescues her.
Sexy, rancher Cinders saves Shannon and offers her a job. To protect her reputation he must marry her. They both agree it’s a marriage of convenience. He admires her spunk and willingness to learn everything about surviving the Texas frontier. He waits for her to ask to go home but she never does.
They learn a lot about each other through, stolen horses, Indian troubles, a cattle drive and the busybodies of the town. Their attraction for each other grows, but can they learn to trust enough to love?
Keegan’s Bride
Keegan Quinn watches the passengers disembark wondering where his mail order bride is. All he sees is a woman with a husband and child. Upon approaching the young woman, he discovers she is his bride, and she has a daughter she never mentioned. As they cross the street, the little girl screams for her daddy and points to the man who accompanied them on the stage.
Rancher Keegan Quinn is furious. The married woman swindled him into paying passage for her and her child. It was fool hardy to think a mail order bride would want him. He rides out of town as fast as he can, vowing never to look back. It’s a loco dream to think he can have a family while constantly looking over his shoulder.
Addy has no idea why Peg calls the new sheriff daddy. It cost her, Keegan, the man she hoped to make a life with. She has many secrets, but the sheriff is not one of them. She needs Keegan to keep her safe from her past in Boston. Once he learns the truth, he’ll send her back, but it’s a chance she’s willing to take.
Shane’s Bride
Rescued from Indians, Cecily McGuinness suffers from horrendous nightmare; ones that have her running from her lodging into the woods. She’ll never be normal again and most of the townspeople look at her with disdain. All she ever wanted was a family and a place to call home.
Sheriff Shane O’Connor is tired of tracking Cecily down each time she takes flight. Finally he makes her an offer to keep his house and help turn it into a farm. Her past doesn’t taint her in his eyes. In fact he finds himself very attracted to her but keeps his distance. She’d suffered enough at the hands of Long Nose.
Amid cheating gamblers, old friends who unexpectedly show up and a fire, a closeness develops between them. Cecily believes she isn’t fit to be a wife anymore. Can Shane convince her heart and soul that she is indeed worthy of a great love?
Tramps Bride
Handsome Cowboy Tramp Hart left his home and friends over a year ago. He’s finally back to make amends and take his place on the ranch. That is until he walks into the house he designed and finds a woman living there. He needs a plan to get her out so he can move in.
Mail Order Bride Ilene Duffy traveled from New York City to Asherville, Texas only to find out her marriage contract was no longer valid. Rancher Cinders and his wife Shannon offer her an empty house on their land. Ilene has no intentions of getting married.
Poor Boy’s Christmas
Poor Boy finally comes home. He’s no longer the waif we grew to love; he is very much a man now. As the stage coach approaches his beloved town he spots Sheriff Shane O’Conner riding off after a pair of bank robbers. Poor Boy, the new deputy quickly finds a horse and races after them. One of the robbers is killed and to his surprise the other outlaw is a beautiful young woman.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/mailorder into your web browser to pick up your copy of Mail Order Brides of Texas Box Set in the Amazon Kindle store.
Filed Under: Free Book Links, Free From Amazon Store Tagged With: fantasy, free from amazon, free kindle books, historical fiction, romance, thriller, young adult
Montana Shootists
Author: Sandra Cox
Abby loved David all her life.
Growing up she went everywhere he did. When he joined the Marines she did too.
Then disaster struck.
After leaving the Marines, she returns to the family ranch in Montana hoping to heal her shattered heart.
On a ride into the foothills she sees something glowing in the side of the mountain. When she goes to investigate she discovers a fist-sized sapphire that turns her already fragile world upside down.
Jake Barrow is a part-time gambler, full-time hired gun. His decisions are based on hunches and the turn of a card. He’s in the foothills when a young woman comes tumbling down the mountain. Unsure whether Lady Luck has dealt him a good hand or a bad, he takes one look at the beauty at his feet and doesn’t need to shuffle the deck to know she’s his destiny.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/montanashootists into your web browser to pick up your copy of Montana Shootists in the Amazon Kindle store.
Movemind: Speculative Short Stories
Author: Robert New
This twelve story collection is centered around the theme of being altered by a situation. In the acclaimed How to Win a War, a soldier experiences a strategy for ending a war that might just work. In The Patriotic Amnesiac, a mother voluntarily gives up her ability to form new memories with far-reaching consequences. A Queen and a Prime Minister plot against a President in Sever-Reign. The Legend of Legend is a light-hearted caper about an egg that contains a universal truth. In the dystopian The Second Fear a ministry attempts to produce fear in someone who is incapable of feeling it. In the closing story, Devilish Tricks, a deal with the Devil changes the life of Casimir Hendrix, but is it for the better?
Click here or type in http://geni.us/movemind into your web browser to pick up your copy of Movemind: Speculative Short Stories in the Amazon Kindle store.
Two Hearts In Accord
Injured in Iraq, Lieutenant Neil Harrison returned to active duty in pararescue with a prosthetic leg, while sniper Lieutenant Anna Drummond regained her weaponry skills after losing an arm.
Intent on retraining wounded warriors for active duty while working together as future instructors in a new program in Crystal Rock, Wisconsin, they realize they have a lot in common.
But it’s a few weeks before Luke Bryant and Kelly Callahan’s wedding (Two Hearts Surrendered), when Anna and Neil find themselves assisting Sarah Benton’s best friend Claire, who’s certain her ex is trying to kill her. With Claire’s life endangered, Neil and Anna make use of their skills to keep her safe.
Neil and Anna have both been burned in the past, so they’re in accord eventually deciding on a no strings relationship. But will they finally admit that it’s love?
Click here or type in http://geni.us/FZRHQ into your web browser to pick up your copy of Two Hearts In Accord in the Amazon Kindle store.
The Smuggler’s Gambit
Author: D.K. Cassidy
An Interplanetary Private Investigator has a serial killer to find, and only a red scarf to go on as a clue.
Lily Lovegrove’s interplanetary detective agency is barely staying afloat when her newest case brings Lucien McAvoy into the fold—a man who seems to be more trouble than he’s worth.
Lucien claims he only wants to hire Lily to follow his ex-girlfriend, but before long, it becomes apparent there’s much more at stake when digging for dirt on Lucien’s ex, leads them to discover production of maxxolonium, an illicit drug that’s proving all too easy to overdose on.
If Lily and Lucien don’t find out who’s making it before mass distribution, the deaths may climb from dozens to thousands. But their struggles are compounded as their desire for one another grows nearly as quickly as the bounty on their heads.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/smugglersgambit into your web browser to pick up your copy of The Smuggler’s Gambit in the Amazon Kindle store.
Patches in the Rye
Author: Kassandra Lamb
Nothing about her new client is what service dog trainer Marcia Banks expected—from the posh house that says family money to his paranoid preoccupation with his sister’s love life—but when he dangles a thousand dollar retainer under her nose, she can’t resist playing private detective.
In between training sessions, Marcia digs into the sister’s boyfriend’s sketchy past. But the deeper she digs, the more questions arise. How is a disastrous fraternity party five years ago linked to blackmail, prostitutes, and murder today? And who’s driving the black SUV that keeps trying to turn Marcia and her dog Buddy into roadkill?
She can’t let it go, not when there are innocents at risk who are depending on her to find the truth. But the deepest, darkest truth is the one she wishes she never uncovered.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/patches into your web browser to pick up your copy of Patches in the Rye in the Amazon Kindle store.
Elemental Origins: The Complete Series
Author: Al Knorr
Born of Water: A mysterious shipwreck could unlock ancient powers… or send her to a watery grave.
Targa MacAuley feels more at home on dry land than in the realm of her mermaid ancestors. To keep her mom’s identity under wraps, Targa signs on for a salvage in the Baltic Sea. Her plan to blend in with the crew is spoiled when she catches the eye of a handsome local.
A freak accident attracts even more unwanted attention, putting their lives in danger. Can Targa find the courage to unleash the currents surging deep within?
Born of Fire: Welcome to the world of fire magi, where what doesn’t kill you (literally) makes you stronger.
Saxony Cagney counts herself lucky when she wins a position in Venice for the summer. She meets two Italian men…. Both are smart, successful, and sexy. When she discovers one of the boys in her charge is dying, things get a shoved into complicated…then contagious – she’ll never be the same.
Just when she’s got more than she can handle, she gets tangled with the most powerful crime family in Venice. Will she survive long enough to learn the secrets of her new abilities, or will they kill her?
Born of Earth: When the earth gives up her dead, you shall understand.
Georjie isn’t thrilled about going to Ireland for the summer, and even less thrilled when her sexy cousin Jasher (not blood-related and don’t you forget it) is as friendly as a nest of vipers.
When Georjie unearths Jasher’s terrifying secret, things she never knew about her family come to light; A woman who disappeared without a trace. A desiccated body. Strange cocoons hanging in the greenhouse. Georjie finds herself trapped in a mystery involving the power of nature itself.
Born of Aether: They say if you tell a lie long enough, you’ll eventually believe it, but Akiko will never forget who she really is.
Akiko’s life as a teen is a complete sham. The old man she lives with is not her grandfather, he’s her captor. And Akiko isn’t a teen. In fact, she isn’t even human. But Akiko isn’t allowed to share her truth with a soul. Not even her friends know the power she could wield.
When she’s sent to steal a sword, she jumps at the chance to secure her freedom, only to get caught in a game with the most deadly crime syndicate in Japan.
Can Akiko escape with her life, or is true freedom as elusive as the Aether she was born from?
Born of Air: She is a supernatural unlike any you’ve ever seen before.
All Petra wants in life is to study Archaeology. She’s got the grades and ambition, all she needs now is work on an Old World dig. When Petra spies an ad for an excavation to Africa, she knows its for her.
A heart-pounding race through the desert with Jesse-her sexy dig-mate-ends when she falls into a cave where her life changes forever.
As her powers manifest, there are those who have reason to destroy her. Will she survive long enough to learn what she’s really capable of?
The Elementals: Can they use their newfound powers to save their hometown?
The summer is over and the girls share the adventures that have gifted them with elemental powers.
When they are recruited to execute a secret project, it seems they’ll be rocketed to glory. But when they unleash a terrible force, things deteriorate rapidly…
The deadly entity seems immune to their magic and it is too late to turn back.
Includes the companion stories The Wreck of Sybellen and Pyro.
Click here or type in http://geni.us/HbVT into your web browser to pick up your copy of Elemental Origins: The Complete Series in the Amazon Kindle store.
Filed Under: New Releases on Kindle Tagged With: romance, science fiction, suspense, western, young adult
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Author: Ken Hubona
David Quinn isn’t about to get drafted into the Army. Let someone else slog around the jungle to fight Lyndon Johnson’s war. But his student deferment is about to run out, and the Navy and Air Force recruiters are already swamped with panicked college boys in the same pickle. He can’t run to Canada. That would kill his dad. And getting a conscientious-objector deferment practically requires being a priest. So when a recruiter shows up on campus pitching the sizzle of naval aviation, Dave is seduced by the golden wings, ultra-cool aviator shades, and the promise of a jumbo jet career as a Pan Am captain. It is both his way out and the glamorous career he deserves.
But he lands in a remote outpost, where he struggles against a demanding superior, aging aircraft, and his own fears. When his dogged ambition inflicts devastation, he has to face the kind of man he has become, profiting from war while others suffer. Now, he must make an agonizing choice.
SHADES is a story of ambition and friendship, sacrifice and loss, and ultimately, discovery and hope. In the worst of times we find the best in ourselves.
Click here to pick up your free copy of Shades in the Amazon Kindle store.
The Ingrid Skyberg Mystery Series: Books 1-4
Author: Eva Hudson
The first four books in the Ingrid Skyberg series. If you like mystery thrillers packed with action and suspense – then this is for you.
FRESH DOUBT
A killer stalks a top university. One girl is dead. Has the next already been chosen?
The coroner rules it an accidental death caused by overdose, but Special Agent Ingrid Skyberg doesn’t buy it. The girl was a top student, beautiful, happy, no history of substance abuse. Why would she OD? It doesn’t make sense.
Ingrid investigates and finds her hunch is right – this was a diabolically clever murder. And now she’s up against a killer with an IQ that’s off the charts.
KILL PLAN
A serial killer has a plan…and Ingrid is part of it.
A banker is found dead at his desk in the City of London. Then a heavily tattooed body washes up in the Thames. Now someone is after Ingrid. At first these crimes seem unrelated, but they are all the work of an audacious serial killer working on both sides of the Atlantic.
With no help from her colleagues, Ingrid is running out of time to unmask the killer before he strikes again. But she can only do that if she can stay alive.
DEEP HURT
He killed his daughter. Now he’s taken his son.
The FBI’s criminal investigator in London receives orders from the Pentagon to track down a pilot who has gone AWOL from a US Air Force base in rural Suffolk. Accused of murdering his baby daughter, he’s now abducted his eight-year-old son and gone on the run.
Ingrid must act fast to stop the pilot doing something no one will forgive him for, but a terrifying turn of events lands Ingrid in the greatest danger, just as haunting memories from the past threaten to engulf her.
SHOOT FIRST
A teenage girl disappears after witnessing a gangland murder in Chicago.
Nine months later and heavily pregnant she arrives in England…only to disappear again.
Special Agent Ingrid Skyberg has just two days to find the girl and get her to testify or else a brutal killer walks free. But Ingrid isn’t the only one looking for the girl, and a gang war that started on the streets of Chicago is about to explode in the peaceful English countryside.
Click here to pick up your copy of The Ingrid Skyberg Mystery Series: Books 1-4 in the Amazon Kindle store.
A Family for Christmas
Author: Rose Pearson
When a penniless woman is gravely injured, she is saved by a handsome Lord and a kind Lady – only to have her chance at a better life threatened by the selfish nephew of her new Lady.
After burying her father, known for being a charlatan in their small town, Anna Campbell finds herself penniless, homeless, and alone. Her father’s death – and life – have left her lonely, longing for a home and a true family, but these dreams feel hopeless.
With nowhere else to go and simply trying to survive, she sets off for Winchester with the hope of finding work, and eventually her long-lost aunt. On her way, she is injured by a speeding phaeton and falls into a ditch. The handsome, kindly Lord Edward Westerham finds her and takes her to the home of Lady Tremaine, his great aunt.
Anna floats in and out of consciousness, but Lady Tremaine and her servants dutifully care for her. As Anna slowly recovers, she and Lady Tremaine find that they have much in common, despite coming from completely different worlds.
Soon, Lady Tremaine asks Anna to be her companion and teaches her how to be a lady. Anna feels safe and comfortable with Lady Tremaine, and finds herself falling for her savior, Lord Westerham. But she knows he cannot marry a commoner such as she.
However, Anna soon finds an enemy in Lady Tremaine’s unscrupulous nephew, Lord William Comey. Worried that he will be cut from the will in favor of Anna, and in desperate financial straits, Lord Comey becomes determined to destroy her reputation – and Lady Tremaine’s affection.
Can Anna overcome the schemes of a cunning conman?
Or will she lose her one chance at a proper family and possibly, true love?
Click here to pick up your copy of A Family for Christmas in the Amazon Kindle store.
Author: Robert Fear
A holiday can change everything…
…it did for Fred.
He went on a two-week break with three friends to the Spanish island of Ibiza in July 1976. It was so enjoyable they all vowed to come back for the following season.
In April 1977, Fred returned to Ibiza, alone, in pursuit of his dream.
Behind him, he left his family, his girlfriend, and a promising career in banking.
Challenges lay ahead.
This would be no holiday.
He needed a place to stay and to find work that would sustain him through the next six months.
This true to life memoir follows 21-year-old Fred’s adventures as he acclimatises to living abroad. In a time before instant communication, he keeps in touch with family and friends by letter. They are his lifeline to home.
Click here to pick up your copy of Summer of ’77 in the Amazon Kindle store.
A Complete Family
Author: Mona Risk
Nurse Melody Parker is continuously late at work. She doesn’t seem sorry about it and has the gut to ask for an increase. Although she’s an excellent nurse, Dr. Aidan Olson gives her a reprimand, but later faces a scolding from his own boss about his lack of managerial capability. Mortified and determined to find out the reason for Melody’s tardiness, he visits her house, unintentionally scares her little daughter, and is attacked by her German shepherd.
Melody works a second job to pay for her neighbor’s medical bills and leaves her daughter with the dog as she can’t afford a sitter or daycare. Feeling guilty for depriving her of an increase, Aidan signs up the little girl in a reliable daycare center and visits the sick neighbor.
His attraction to his pretty nurse escalates but the meddling neighbor complicates his life to no end, and manages to spoil everything for everyone with her advice and orders, her many secrets, and crazy decisions.
Can Aidan help Melody create the complete family she’s been dreaming to have?
Click here to pick up your copy of A Complete Family in the Amazon Kindle store.
The Worst Lie
Author: Shauna Bickley
Their college days are long-gone, but their reunion will be murder…
When Lexie Wyatt’s close friend Helen is frightened by an unexpected visit from an ex-university flatmate, Lexie is determined to help. She contrives an invitation to a weekend reunion of the group at one of England’s ancient stone circles. While there one of them admits they believe their long-dead friend was murdered.
Digging into the flatmates’ secrets, Lexie discovers they have lied. Could they also have committed murder?
There is another murder at the stone circles, and Lexie uncovers information that may connect the two crimes… and implicate her good friend.
Is someone targeting the former students, or is the killer one of the group?
After another murder, Lexie is in a race against time to discover the killer before there are yet more deaths.
Click here to pick up your copy of The Worst Lie in the Amazon Kindle store.
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Winful Industrial Building Traditional Office Space Kwun Tong Winful Industrial Building
124 sq. ft. Unfurnished Unit
Winful Industrial Building, 15-17 Tai Yip Street, Kwun Tong
(Photos for reference only - actual room may differ from one shown)
- Convenient location - only a 5 minute walk from Ngau Tau Kok MTR Station
- 24/7 access
- Min. 12 months
- 2 months security deposit
- Price includes management fees, rates, wi-fi, electricity, and water fees
It can be a studio. There's new decoration with air conditioning and a fingerprint lock. The toilet is in a shared washroom with a shower.
Hi, I’m Samson!
With the growing number of entrepreneurs and companies looking for flexible workspaces in Hong Kong, FlySpaces can help you lock down the perfect workspace for your business.
If you’d like to talk about workspaces in Hong Kong, please feel free to reach out to me at [email protected] or +852 98255900
Kwun Tong is an area in Kwun Tong District, situated at the eastern part of the Kowloon Peninsula, and its boundary stretches from Lion Rock in the north to Lei Yue Mun in the south, and from the winding paths of Kowloon Peak in the east to the north coast of the former Kai Tak Airport runway in the west.
HKD 0.00/monthly
EXPLORE HONG KONG WORKSPACES
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Oakland Police Force Shrinking
Sound the alarm - Oakland's Police Department is shrinking so fast that it doesn't have enough officers to cover some patrols and many of its investigative units have been stripped to the bone.
Everyone knows about the 80 officers the city laid off in July to save money. But since then, 21 more have retired, 12 have decamped for other police departments, five have simply quit and one has been fired - dropping the total number of officers to 670.
Meanwhile, 30 more officers are undergoing background checks by other departments seeking to hire them. And another 40 will be eligible to retire by year's end.
Even that doesn't tell the whole story.
Another 77 cops - or more than 10 percent of the entire force - are on the shelf because of injuries. That's about double the usual rate. Twenty will be going back to work in the next two weeks, but only for "light duty."
And thanks to a provision in a parcel tax that city voters passed in 2004, 63 cops have to be assigned as community problem-solving officers who ferret out trouble spots and crime trends in designated districts. That means they can't be assigned to investigations or to work in other neighborhoods.
Put it all together, and you have investigative units such as the burglary and robbery details being raided to fill patrol beats.
There are now just five cops investigating everything from auto thefts to burglaries to identity theft.
But even so, street coverage is becoming a challenge. On an average day, six of the city's 33 patrol car beats go uncovered for lack of officers.
Chief Anthony Batts - who estimated the city needs at least 925 cops to get the job done - is trying to make up for the loss by partnering up with federal, state and county law enforcement units.
"We're going to keep trying," he said. "We are not going to give up."
The fight isn't getting any easier.
After voters rejected a measure last month that would have helped hire back cops, City Administrator Dan Lindheim said Oakland could afford only 637 officers next year.
Considering the exodus under way, the city is likely to hit the 637 level - or even go lower - without the political embarrassment of more layoffs.
Mayor-elect Jean Quan has said she wants to hire more cops, but can do so only if officers agree to kick in 9 percent of their pay to help cover their pensions.
"The trouble is, the cops don't trust City Hall," said police union head Dom Arotzarena.
"There's no guarantee they won't just take the money and spend it elsewhere."
Read more: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/articl...#ixzz17M2R5yxa
I was scheduled to test with Oakland in November 2008, but then they cancelled it and haven't had an open recruitment since. The webpage still says 2009 tests are TBA. That new Oakland Mayor got her car booted at City Hall, I heard. Something like $1000 in unpaid parking tickets. Good luck to Oakland.
Originally posted by X1X1X1 View Post
Yeah, believe she was also one of the ones trying to push the cops back during the riots.
EricDel
Sounds like a chaos in that city.
Wessle
So that's why the explorer's program is de facto defunct and the main adviser to it wasn't even from the department!
The voters here also decided to keep the same politicians instead of voting them out during the election also, Jean Quan being a prominent example.
kiddorbitz01
61C4 11-95 King and Story
I heard OPD is relying on CHP and Alameda SO a lot these days. Hang in there OPD..
"Official Non-Person"
I think that Oakland should abolish its police department, because the public do not support it. Let the residents fend for themselves.
Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored. -- Aldous Huxley
Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity. -- Albert Einstein
District B 13
They already do... Burn the city down and start all over.
Free Deke O'Mally!!!
pulicords
"Retired"
Originally posted by DAL View Post
Why am I not surprised by this suggestion? I'm sure the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department can take over and provide all the policing needed. One deputy and a couple of civilian report takers in a storefront operation should about do it!
"I'm not fluent in the language of violence, but I know enough to get around in places where it's spoken."
syphon157
Originally posted by pulicords View Post
a la Lakewood model!?
Originally posted by syphon157 View Post
It's more cost effective than having your own department, right?
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Here is What Hedge Funds Think About TransAlta Corporation (TAC)
Nina Todic
Insider Monkey December 17, 2019
Amid an overall bull market, many stocks that smart money investors were collectively bullish on surged through the end of November. Among them, Facebook and Microsoft ranked among the top 3 picks and these stocks gained 54% and 51% respectively. Our research shows that most of the stocks that smart money likes historically generate strong risk-adjusted returns. That's why we weren't surprised when hedge funds’ top 20 large-cap stock picks generated a return of 37.6% in 2019 (through the end of November) and outperformed the broader market benchmark by 9.9 percentage points.This is why following the smart money sentiment is a useful tool at identifying the next stock to invest in.
Is TransAlta Corporation (NYSE:TAC) a buy right now? The best stock pickers are getting less bullish. The number of bullish hedge fund bets were cut by 2 lately. Our calculations also showed that TAC isn't among the 30 most popular stocks among hedge funds (click for Q3 rankings and see the video below for Q2 rankings). Video: Click the image to watch our video about the top 5 most popular hedge fund stocks.
5 Most Popular Stocks Among Hedge Funds
In today’s marketplace there are a large number of indicators shareholders employ to assess stocks. A duo of the less utilized indicators are hedge fund and insider trading interest. Our researchers have shown that, historically, those who follow the best picks of the best money managers can outpace the market by a solid amount (see the details here).
[caption id="attachment_27676" align="aligncenter" width="355"] Israel Englander of Millennium Management[/caption]
We leave no stone unturned when looking for the next great investment idea. For example Europe is set to become the world's largest cannabis market, so we check out this European marijuana stock pitch. One of the most bullish analysts in America just put his money where his mouth is. He says, "I'm investing more today than I did back in early 2009." So we check out his pitch. We read hedge fund investor letters and listen to stock pitches at hedge fund conferences. We also rely on the best performing hedge funds' buy/sell signals. We're going to review the key hedge fund action encompassing TransAlta Corporation (NYSE:TAC).
What does smart money think about TransAlta Corporation (NYSE:TAC)?
At Q3's end, a total of 7 of the hedge funds tracked by Insider Monkey were long this stock, a change of -22% from one quarter earlier. On the other hand, there were a total of 9 hedge funds with a bullish position in TAC a year ago. So, let's examine which hedge funds were among the top holders of the stock and which hedge funds were making big moves.
The largest stake in TransAlta Corporation (NYSE:TAC) was held by Arrowstreet Capital, which reported holding $16 million worth of stock at the end of September. It was followed by Renaissance Technologies with a $12.1 million position. Other investors bullish on the company included Citadel Investment Group, Millennium Management, and Algert Coldiron Investors. In terms of the portfolio weights assigned to each position Algert Coldiron Investors allocated the biggest weight to TransAlta Corporation (NYSE:TAC), around 0.12% of its 13F portfolio. Arrowstreet Capital is also relatively very bullish on the stock, dishing out 0.04 percent of its 13F equity portfolio to TAC.
Seeing as TransAlta Corporation (NYSE:TAC) has experienced declining sentiment from hedge fund managers, logic holds that there were a few hedgies that decided to sell off their positions entirely in the third quarter. Interestingly, John Overdeck and David Siegel's Two Sigma Advisors dumped the largest investment of the 750 funds tracked by Insider Monkey, comprising close to $0.9 million in stock, and Brad Dunkley and Blair Levinsky's Waratah Capital Advisors was right behind this move, as the fund sold off about $0.5 million worth. These bearish behaviors are interesting, as aggregate hedge fund interest dropped by 2 funds in the third quarter.
Let's check out hedge fund activity in other stocks similar to TransAlta Corporation (NYSE:TAC). We will take a look at Plexus Corp. (NASDAQ:PLXS), InVitae Corporation (NYSE:NVTA), Premier Inc (NASDAQ:PINC), and Allscripts Healthcare Solutions Inc (NASDAQ:MDRX). This group of stocks' market caps are similar to TAC's market cap.
[table] Ticker, No of HFs with positions, Total Value of HF Positions (x1000), Change in HF Position PLXS,8,58196,0 NVTA,13,325070,-3 PINC,17,166922,1 MDRX,19,184930,1 Average,14.25,183780,-0.25 [/table]
View table here if you experience formatting issues.
As you can see these stocks had an average of 14.25 hedge funds with bullish positions and the average amount invested in these stocks was $184 million. That figure was $31 million in TAC's case. Allscripts Healthcare Solutions Inc (NASDAQ:MDRX) is the most popular stock in this table. On the other hand Plexus Corp. (NASDAQ:PLXS) is the least popular one with only 8 bullish hedge fund positions. Compared to these stocks TransAlta Corporation (NYSE:TAC) is even less popular than PLXS. Hedge funds dodged a bullet by taking a bearish stance towards TAC. Our calculations showed that the top 20 most popular hedge fund stocks returned 37.4% in 2019 through the end of November and outperformed the S&P 500 ETF (SPY) by 9.9 percentage points. Unfortunately TAC wasn't nearly as popular as these 20 stocks (hedge fund sentiment was very bearish); TAC investors were disappointed as the stock returned 4.2% during the fourth quarter (through the end of November) and underperformed the market. If you are interested in investing in large cap stocks with huge upside potential, you should check out the top 20 most popular stocks among hedge funds as 70 percent of these stocks already outperformed the market so far in Q4.
Disclosure: None. This article was originally published at Insider Monkey.
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As the stock market races to uncharted territory, ‘irrationally bullish’ investors are getting nervous
Is Science Group plc (LON:SAG) Potentially Undervalued?
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2007 CROW Art Partnership Signature AuctionAuction #676
David Cargill (American, born 1928). . Longhorn Rider . 20th century. Bronze. 88 x 72 x 96 inches (223.5 x 182.9...
David Cargill (American, born 1928)
Longhorn Rider
David Cargill has been a fixture in the American sculpting community, particularly in Texas, for over five decades. His work can be seen at Lamar University in Beaumont in the bust of Mirabeau B. Lamar and large outdoor installations such as at the Beaumont Public Library.
In Longhorn Rider, Cargill demonstrates his talent and Texas roots in one of his finest, most playful works. Cast in bronze and standing over seven feet tall, the longhorn and the precariously-perched cowboy are an homage to the wild side of Texas and its cowboy past and present. While symmetrical and balanced, the sculpture is a free-wheeling work that captures the instant the cowboy and the longhorn are about to part company, with the longhorn getting the best of his rider.
With a nice, rich patina, this work is 72 inches wide and 88 inches at its highest point of the longhorn's flailing tail that has snared the cowboy's hat. Longhorn Rider exudes a feeling of motion and danger while evoking the cowboy image in artistic form.
Purchased from the sculptor in 1983.
Condition Report*: Normal signs of wear as appropriate with age.
Only 11 days left to consign to the 2020 April 4 Photographs Signature Auction - New York !
It would indeed have been much simpler to work with a local auction house, and we had local options. But we never once regretted going with Heritage.
Virgene S.,
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FED2k
Earth '46
By Dunenewt, September 17, 2005 in Fan Fiction
Dunenewt 11
Fedaykin
Location: Tupile
The year is 1946, and the Second World War is still raging. Despite the Soviet advance through Eastern Europe, Germany had not given in, and with rocket and jet planes in the sky, and massive armoured beasts on the ground, it was fighting a desparate, yet technologically advanced war. Surrounded by Russia on the east, and the Allies on the West it had been running out of time. However, it gained two new allies. Turkish forces in the Mediterranean and Black Sea had opened up a second front against the Soviets, and an Iberian Alliance consisting of Spanish and Portuguese Facist Armies had invaded Southern France, and were supporting Italian and German forces in southern Italy. Japan was still in control of a lot of East Asia, and Nationalist and Communist Forces split China in two. ANZAC forces were engaged in Papua New Guinea, whilst American fleets engaged Japanese fleets in a battle for the Pacific. In France, Paris had been liberated, and de Gaulle installed as the French leader, but American, British, and Canadian forces were still stationed there in the battle for the Ardenes and the Rhine.
USA has the A-Bomb, but it has only been tested on Nevada so far, and public opinion is against it due to the aftermath. They also have the B-36 intercontinental bomber. Germany has submarine launched missiles (this is something they were developing, and was a varient of the V-2)capable of hitting the US Eastern Seaboard, but as of yet has not used them. It also has rocket and jet planes, and the only other side with Jet planes is, of course, the UK. However, German technology is used by Japan. For any information on any military unit listed in this post, try Wikipedia.
The sides
Greater German Reich - Anathema
Now under the control of D
Location: Glasgae
I think I'll be.... France. Yaay.
Just a little note, USA has the A-Bomb, but it has only been tested om Nevada so far, and public opinion is against it due to the aftermath. They also have the B-36 intercontinental bomber. Germany has submarine launched missiles (this is something they were developing, and was a varient of the V-2)capable of hitting the US Eastern Seaboard, but as of yet has not used them. It also has rocket and jet planes, and the only other side with Jet planes is, of course, the UK. However, German technology is used by Japan. For any information on any military unit listed in this post, try Wikipedia.
Mihail 1
I have a question: Can Latvia also be claimed? If not now, at least later on? I really want to RP my home country. Please?
exatreide 12
Burseg
Turkey!
Barbarossa 0
Location: Chicago, USA.
The following countries can also be claimed later on: Norway, Belgium, The Netherlands (who also have forces in SE Asia), and Brazil.
I was under the Belief that the Brazilians along with many other South American countries were primarily Pro-German. Is this incorrect?
Brazil was pro-USA, whilst the others were pro-Nazis. Brazil even sent a force to the Western Front.
Davidu 86
Naib
Hmm... So, I'd have to play along side with the Soviets? Jeez... I'll join in later after some posts...
We need someone to play as Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
Talk to Edric for USSR though he hates Stalin...
And Germany... well... I dunno...
Anathema 4
Why not....I'll take Nazi Germany.
Err, I'll start this then hhhmkay?
The Fuhrer is dead!
Some had come to think that Hitler was immortal, after surviving so many murder attempts. Today it was proven that nobody is, though the cause of death is uncertain. German radio won't say a word except that he passed away in his sleep.
In the wake of this event, admiral Donitz has been promoted to Reichspresident. Even though by last will of Hitler he can't call himself the Fuhrer, in practice Donitz has all the executive powers Hitler had in life.
One of his first orders is to give halt to the increasingly controversial "Endlosung", the systematic destruction of the jewish populace. The fate of the current survivors is uncertain at this time.
Donitz inherits an unenviable position. The Russians close in on Poland, Africa has been lost long ago and the British and Americans are sitting on the same continent. German industry is under continuous attack from allied bombers, wich according to Donitz is the primary obstacle Germany has to overcome before they can turn the tide. Therefore his first important measure is to step up the production of AA weaponry, particular the feared Flak88, and to train extraordinary militias throughout the country to operate them.
Lord J 8
Location: Northwestern USA
(OCC:So...Soviet Russia eh? :D )
Alecksandre looks up at the imposing figure of Stalin and sighs.
"And what would 'comrade secretary' do about it?" he asks, the corner of his mouth rising in a grin.
The Soviet leader grimaces and turns, "I only listen to your babbling because you are my brother's son. You know that, don't you?"
"And because I always give good advice to a man who wants all the power."
Stalin's voice takes on a dangerous tone, "Good advice? You're the one who got me into this war!"
"And I'm going to be the one to get you out of it, when the Fuhrer reco--"
Alecksandre cuts off when he hears boots thundering down the corridor outside the room. A brief knock followed by Stalin's "Enter!" presents the inhabitants with a somewhat disheveled young officer.
"Sir, Hitler is dead!"
The room is silent, as its three occupants stare at each other.
"What?!" booms Stalin, his stare becoming a glare as it moves to the visibly shocked Alecksandre.
"Yes sir, dead. And the new leader, Donitz, has ended all Jewish persecution."
"What?! How?!... Whe--!" The Russian leader stops and visibly composes himself, closing his eyes and breathing through his nose.
"Fine. Get me Churchill and Roosevelt." Stalin blinks, "Now!"
The young officer snaps a salute and runs from the room.
Alecksandre rises and quietly shuts the door.
"It is obvious what our course is now. We must take Poland."
Well, since Factions 2 has slowed down... I guess I'll join. I'll be playing the Iberian Alliance and will be posting within the next day or two.
Looks like we can start now. I've been away for the past three weeks so now I can finally start posting again.
Anyone interested in starting up this again?
GhostHunter 0
Location: USA, IL
I'm game as Russia.
I'm the UK.
This is funny, since I was just browsing old FF threads and thought how nice it would be to start this up again, since I've taken a large interest in WWII in the recent week or so. Trying to find any Band of Brothers episodes. After seeing the 6th one I decided that I have to see them all. Great stuff.
Who would you like to play as, because this will start tonight.
Italy, I think. By the way, I just need to voice my opinion on this: Finland wasn't supporting the fascists. More like opposing the Russians.
Yea, I thought about leaving that one open for people to choose which side it would support.
Churchill took a long puff on his pipe, and took his seat beside Ernest Brown, the Minister for Aircraft Production, Sir Percy James Grigg, the Secretary of State for War, Air Chief Marshal Sir James Milne Robb. CiC Fighter Command, Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris, CiC Bomber Command, and Marshal of the Royal Air Force Lord Portal, Chief of Air Staff. They were here to watch the unveiling of the the de Havilland Vampire, English Electric Canberra, and the latest version of the Gloster Meteor. These planes, it was believed, would finish of the war in the Allies favour.
Benito Mussolini was an ailing man. He was no longer the charismatic leader that had influenced Hitler; he was a mere shadow of his former self, overshadowed by giants such as Hitler, Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill. Something would have to be done about him. And it was. On the 28th of October, 1945, the Italian dictator was blown up in the car he was traveling in. The attack was blamed on leftist dissidents, and the storm passed quickly. A few intellectuals suspected a coup, but were wise enough to not say anything. Mussolini's top general, Clemente Nerio, took command of the Kingdom of Italy and subsequently all of the responsibilities for it. He was ruthless, a better speaker than Mussolini and able to woo the common people to his side with tales of how the Americans butchered any allies of the Japanese as revenge for Pearl Harbor, how the invasion of the USSR drove the Soviet Red Army into a raging machine who killed anyone in its path, friend or foe, and how the British would not hesitate reducing whole cities to nothing.
And the people believed him.
As soon as he took power, Clemente reformed the military drastically. Reserves were called up, the subjugated countries of Africa squeezed of all resources, and MP40s and MP44s, of whome the manufacturing rights had been obtained from Germany, began rolling out of factories. Gone were the days of finely crafted guns, in were the days of modern warfare.
At the present moment Clemente was holding a cabinet meeting with his aides and advisors, planning on what to do next. They had large quantities of unused reserves. Poorly trained and without combat experience, but that would have to change sooner or later.
Clemente turned to his chief security advisor.
"Giambattista, my friend, what are your ideas on where we should move these unused reserves?"
Giambattista was the oldest amongst them and even more experienced than Clemente, and Clemente valued his advice. The old man took a puff from a cigarrette, and said slowly,
"We should move a battalion over to support our men in the south, 1700 additional men should do for now. And we should keep pressure up on France, we cannot let them burrow in. I believe we should send another battalion to the French front, to aid the Iberians." Giambattista concluded with a puff of his cigarrette. Clemente nodded thoughtfully, then reached for a large map lying on the table, drawing it towards him.
"We are currently besieging Nice, correct?" Clemente asked rhetorically before going on. "I want artillery fire to intensify on it. More snipers and more mortar teams. I want 3 companies over there to bolster our forces and to take the city within a week. Send 1600 men to link up with the Iberian forces, and 1300 to the south. Any questions or comments?" He asked, looking over them all. None replied, but Giambattista looked grumpy for having his advice not followed. Clemente smiled.
"Good. We will convene in 3 day's time. I shall distribute more troops as I see fit. Generals, you may come to me if you wish for reinforcements."
And so it was.
OSS operatives quickly got word of the coup in Italy, and the news left many stunned. Whilst Italy was no longer considered a major threat by the British, this new leader was somewhat of an unknown. British forces in Europe were largely tied up in Germany, however Britain still possessed a large army in North Africa, which was currently being transferred to southern Italy to aid the American fight, as well as aiding British troops in the siege of Gibraltar
Quick progress report from around the Western Theatre:
US troops are involved in battles in the Pacific, southern Italy, Benelux, and on the Germany/French border
British (includes all Commonwealth troops outside of the Pacific) troops are involved in battles on the German/French border, Gibraltar, southern Italy, and the Middle East.
French troops are involved in battles in the south of France and the Middle East.
German troops are involved in battles in Denmark, Benelux, German/French border, German/Poland border, Czechoslovakia, southern Italy and Yugoslavia.
Italian troops are involved in battles in southern France, Yugoslavia and southern Italy.
Turkish troops are involved in battles in Greece, Middle East, and Caucasus.
Iberian troops are involved in battles in Gibraltar and southern France.
Soviet Russian troops are involved in battles in Caucasus, Polish/German border, Greece and Czechoslovakia.
Yugoslavian troops are involved in battles in Yugoslavia.
National armies are also at work in Greece, Finland, Denmark, and Norway.
Animate (Default)
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Dury, Andrew1
Kitchin, Thomas1
Rennell, James, 1742-18301
Rumsey, David, 1944-1
Sidney Hall1
William Faden1
Composite map1
John R. Borchert Map Library4
JPEG4
You searched for: india Remove constraint india Place India Remove constraint Place: India Year 1800 Remove constraint Year: 1800
1. A Map of the Peninsula of India from the 19th Degree North Latitude to Cape Comorin MDCCXCII (North Sheet)
1800. Atlas plates 76 and 77. Longitude west from Greenwich and Washington, D.C. Map may have been published in 1873 or later. color ; 102 x 83 cm.
2. A Map of the Peninsula of India from the 19th Degree North Latitude to Cape Comorin MDCCXCII (South Sheet)
1800. Atlas plates 84 and 85 from: Rand, McNally and Co.’s Neuer Familien Atlas der Welt, 1891. At bottom of map: Rand, McNally & Co.’s Business Atlas Ma...
3. (Composite of) An actual survey, of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar &c. By Major James Rennell, Engineer, Surveyor General to the Honourable the East India Company, published by permission of the court of directors, from a drawing in their possession; by A. Dury. Wm. Haydon sculpt. Published 12th May, 1794, by Laurie & Whittle, 53 Fleet Street, London (Raster Image)
1800. Rumsey, David, 1944-, Dury, Andrew, Rennell, James, 1742-1830, and Kitchin, Thomas. This layer is a georeferenced image of a map of Bengal created in 1800. The original map appears in '(A New Universal Atlas; Exhibiting all the Emp... Cartography Associates.
4. Hind, Hindoostan, or, India: MDCCLXXXVIII
1800. William Faden. Scale approximately 1:5,650,000 (E 66°--E 96°/N 36°--S 1°).Relief shown pictorially. Illustrated cartouche by "D.L.R. inv. & del." with motto "Tu r...
5. India
1800. Sidney Hall. Scale approximately 1:6,336,000. Relief shown by hachures. Inset: Singapore. "XXXIX."--Lower right margin. 1 map : color ; 57 x 42 cm on sheet 60 x...
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Disabled Children's Partnership
The Disabled Children's Partnership is a growing coalition of more than 50 charities cand organisations which have joined forces with families to launch the Secret Life of Us campaign. The campaign brings to life the challenges, and the joys, that disabled children and their families…
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The Disabled Children's Register is the register of children and young people (birth to 19 years) living in the City of London who have special needs and disabilities (SEND). It is used to ensure that the City have the right services in place to meet the needs…
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The UK’s national volunteering database, Do-it.org makes it easy for anyone to volunteer in their community. Do-it.org lists over 1m volunteering opportunities that are posted by volunteer centres, national/local charities and voluntary groups. Enabling 200,000 people every month to donate their time and build their skills, Do-it ensures that…
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clinic@doctorsoftheworld.org.uk
Dowgate Fire Station
Dowgate Fire Staion is the only fire station located within the City of London and serves an area of approximately two square kilometres within the postal regions of EC2, EC3 and EC4.
Mondial House94-95 Upper Thames StreetLondonEC4R 3UE
020 8555 1200 ( General enquiries) 020 7960 3629 ( for deaf and hard of hearing)
Downright Excellent
Downright Excellent (DEx) provides weekly speech and language, and occupational therapy sessions at The Sundial Centre in Hoxton for children aged 0-13. We also provide quality play experiences for children with Down syndrome and their siblings, plus education and support for parents and carers. The…
Sundial Centre, 11Shipton StreetLondonE2 7RU
beth@downrightexcellent.org
Dr Johnson's House
May thru September: Monday to Saturday 11am-5.30pm. October thru April: Monday to Saturday 11am-5pm. Closed Sundays and Bank Holidays
Dr Johnson's House is one of the few residential houses of its age still surviving in the City of London. Built in 1700, it was a home and workplace for Samuel Johnson from 1748-1759, and it was here that he compiled the first comprehensive English…
17 Gough SquareLondonEC4A 3DE
Dr Kelly & Associates Private Medical Practice
Dr Kelly & Associates is one of the few remaining independent healthcare practices in the City. They try to offer a same day GP service. Diagnosis, prescriptions and onward referrals are all available. Services include health checks, blood tests, travel vaccinations, flu vaccinations, sexual health advice and…
Dr Kelly & Associates65 London WallLondon
admin@drkellys.co.uk
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Gagrule.net Wish Armenian all over the world a Very Merry Christmas.. Video
January 6, 2020 by administrator Leave a Comment
Gagrule.net Wish Armenian all over the world a Very Merry Christmas..
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Flurry of Greek diplomacy before summit on Libya, due to destabilizing actions by Turkey
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I have reported, presented and produced for BBC television and radio news programmes in Scotland and the South West of England. I have also completed secondments to BBC Television Centre in London and to the Channel Islands.
On television I worked on the following programmes:
BBC News at Six and News at Ten
Reporting Scotland
Westminster Live
Newsnight Scotland
Watch my Newsnight Scotland report about the global financial crisis:
My radio experience includes news reporting for:
Radio Cornwall
Radio Jersey and Radio Guernsey
Radio Four
Radio Five Live
Radio Scotland – Good Morning Scotland and Newsdrive
Listen to my Newsdrive report about the Stockline Plastics major incident:
Welcome and thanks for visiting. I’m a Scottish-born Journalist with more than 20 years experience of working as a Journalist and Broadcaster across TV, radio and digital. Based in Switzerland, I thrive on hearing and writing about everyday issues including politics, business and sport. A freelance writer, videographer, and TV presenter, previously for BBC and CNN. I never forget it's the contribution of other people's stories that help us make engaging media. Thanks for visiting. Haste Ye Back!
Tweets by @gilly_milly
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home People Meet Madison De La Garza – Demi Lovato’s Sibling Sister
Madison De La Garza is Demi Lovato's youngest and the only half sister. Madison is the second younger sibling of the popular singer among her three siblings.
Madison is already an actress and is following her elder sister's footsteps to the stardom. Madison was born on 28th December 2001.
Here are some facts on little Lovato.
Parents and Their Net Worth
Madison De La Garza's mother Dianna Hart started dating her father, Eddie, on the same year she got divorced to her ex husband, Patrick Lovato in 1994.
After a year of dating, the two tied the knot in August 5, 1995. Their marriage have been very healthy and Eddie is really supportive to Dianna's career choice unlike Patrick who divorced her for her decision to go into the music industry.
Dianna Hart De La Garza has the net worth of $2 million thanks to her previous successful career. Madison's mother is a former professional cheerleader who cheered for NFL’s Dallas Cowboys. Dianna then turned into a country singer pursuing her career on the singing field.
Madison with her parents and half siblings.
Image Source: People
Two Siblings
Madison grew up with two step siblings from her mother's previous marriage to Patrick Lovato. Her first born step sibling is Dallas Lovato who was born on 4th February, 1988. Her second step sibling is Demi Lovato who was born on 20th August, 1992.
Both of Garza's sisters are actresses and Demi Lovato is a singer and a songwriter as well.
The three sisters are very close and supportive to each other. Demi and Dallas being Madison's step sisters did not change the fact that Madison was their little sibling and loved her liked they loved each other.
Starred in Desperate Housewives
Madison De La Garza, as a little girl has already starred in a television show named Real Housewives. She was in the show starting from 2008 to 2012.
After being Demi Lovato's half sister, she gained her popularity through her role as Juanita Solis on the show Desperate Housewives.
Little Madison on Desperates Housewives.
Image Source: Metro
Madison De La Garza was always on the chubbier side on screen and everywhere she was pictured in. She shocked everyone on her 16th birthday where she lost weight drastically. It was a little too much to see Madison lose so much weight which made her look like a total different person.
Madison was bullied at her school for her weight and thus began her difficult journey of losing pounds. She controlled her diet and started aerial workouts and the results are stunning. Her sister, Demi Lovato shared many pictures from her Sweet 16 birthday party and had everyone gush on Maddie's weight loss which gave her a totally different look.
Glamour Path for More Celebrity Siblings.
Eddie De La Garza
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Quirky Ham Radio Gadgets from Yesteryear: The Wouff Hong and the Rettysnitch
TOPICS:HAM and Amateur RadioMisc Gear
Posted By: Joel McLaughlin January 22, 2013
Well, the Wouff-Hong is not so much a gadget, but it has been a part of Ham Radio lore since 1930’s. What is a Wouff Hong? According to 1930 edition of The Radio Amateur’s Handbook:
The Wouff-Hong is amateur radio’s most sacred symbol and stands for the enforcement of law and order in amateur operation.
The story goes that T.O.M. ( The Old Man) wrote stories in the American Radio Relay League’s magazine, QST, titled Rotten Radio. It excoriated bad operating practices using caustic humor and satire. It was in one of these stories that the Wouff-Hong was born. It wasn’t until after his death that it was revealed that T.O.M. was non other than Hiram Percy Maxim otherwise known as W1AW. Hiram served the ARRL as president for 22 years after which the ARRL built a new memorial station that has been known from that day forward as W1AW.
The Wouff-Hong was also given away as swag at the 1938 ARRL National Convention in Chicago. Occasionally these show up on eBay and is something I would love to have in my station, even though it really has no function in radio. It’s just a great piece from the very beginning of Amateur Radio.
Another piece of Ham Radio lore includes the much more sadistic looking and sounding Rettysnitch. Story goes that in 1921, the Washington, DC Radio Club presented a sample of the Rettysnitch to the league’s traffic manager saying it came from the Old Man himself. The Rettysnitchwas supposed to be used to enforce decency on the Ham Radio Bands.
There’s much more to the Wouff-Hong and Rettysnitch lore than I can put in one post, but these are some of the earliest examples of ham radio lore. Even the word Ham, so frequently used to identify amateur radio operators, has a lore that can be discovered in the ARRL’s history section.
Joel McLaughlin
Joel is a consultant in the IT field and is located in Columbus, OH. While he loves Linux and tends to use it more than anything else, he will stoop to running closed source if it is the best tool for the job. His techno passions are Linux, Android, netbooks, GPS, podcasting and Amateur Radio.
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Help me name our book club/literature circle without using any of these words...
By ereks mom, July 21, 2015 in The Chat Board
ereks mom 461
Apprentice Bee Keeper
I don't want the name to contain the words "book," "read(ing)," or "literature." I want it to be something that my reading-phobic students will think sounds "mature" and not silly or juvenile, and at the same time, I want the name to at least HINT that it is, indeed, a book club / reading club / literature club. FWIW, I think it's really more of a guided reading group than a book club, but the connotation of something that's "exclusive" like a club should go over pretty well. We will be reading and discussing the books together--no outside reading, but perhaps some simple outside writing assignments, such as predicting what a particular character will do, or listing a few questions they'd like to discuss. Tall order, I know!
Sahamamama 5,529
Learner, Mother, Teacher
The Inklings. Of course, that's been done before.
Here are some ideas: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/creative-name-suggestions-for-your-book-club.html
Ah, yes, the Inklings. I love them. ;)
Okay, the Inklings comment got me to thinking... What do you think of Inkheart or Inkspell (but not Inkdeath ;)) as a book club name?
I found this (about the Inkheart book series) and I think it fits the way I want our book club to be perceived. It points out that the main characters "have the unusual ability to bring characters from books into the real world when reading aloud. ...The central story arc concerns the magic of books, their characters and creatures, and the art of reading." (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkheart_trilogy)
FlyingMOm 169
Hive Mind Level 5 Worker: Forager Bee
Inkheart sounds girly to me and Inkspell sounds like work to me. Not that either one bothers me personally, but it might not be appealing to teens. I like The Inklings.
Tap 11,347
Beekeeping Professor
LocationPNW
I wouldn't use the name of books for the name of a group.
Some people are so Anti-magic they wouldn't attend, or let their child attend a class with the word 'spell' in it.
Kalmia 1,612
Hive Mind Level 6 Worker: Scout Bee
Tome Travelers?
happi duck 13,399
Hive Mind Queen Bee
Silvertongue Club?
(from the Inkspell wiki...what people with that ability are called)
idnib 15,805
Novel Ideas?
(Pun only works if you're sticking to fiction.)
I thought about that but then decided I liked it anyway. ;)
And these girls are the ones I teach every day, so they'll be here anyway. But yeah, I might run it past their moms just to be sure, if I decide to go with one of the names I mentioned.
I really like this!
I do teach only girls, and I think I like the girly sound of Inkheart. But I also like Inklings. Except that it HAS already been done. ;) Still thinking...
bibiche 8,426
Empress Bee
The Page Turners?
vonfirmath 4,546
In HS we called our Litmag group Inklings. (Yes we had Tolkien fans. And CS Lewis. And we were mostly girls.)
So indeed, it was appealing to teens.
Maybe a word that is synonymous with Journey
and one that goes with story
or Conversation
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World Rivers Day: an RTW selection
By fotoeins on 25 September 2016
Above: Fraser River, east from Port Mann Bridge, between Coquitlam and Surrey, BC (HL).
The fourth Sunday in September is World Rivers Day. The University of Oxford’s Dictionaries defines ‘river‘ as:
“a large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another river.”
A river has always been water supply and demand: daily use and consumption; farming and agriculture; and where the waste goes, often back into the same supply. A river has always been about transport: trade and delivery of goods; shuttling people between places; and with people travelling, the exchange of language and culture. Throughout history, the establishment of towns and cities and the subsequent development of rivers have been about a mix of urban and rural elements, and about the relationship and interactions between people and their waterways.
Here are 44 rivers, above and from the ground, near and far, from around the world (RTW). Asterisks indicate UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Alster, in Hamburg, Germany
Boate, in Rapallo, Italy
Cam, in Cambridge, England
Capilano, in North Vancouver, BC, Canada
Colorado, at Grand Canyon National Park, AZ, USA
Courtenay, in Courtenay, BC, Canada
Danube, in Regensburg*, Germany
Elbe, in Magdeburg, Germany
Elqui, between La Serena and Vicuña, Chile
Fox, at Fox Glacier*, New Zealand
Fraser, in Richmond, BC, Canada
Gera, in Erfurt*, Germany
Guadalquivir, in Seville, Spain
Havel, in Potsdam, Germany
Iguazu*, at the Argentina-Brazil border
Ilz, in Passau, Germany
Inn, in Innsbruck, Austria
Isar, in Scharnitz, Austria
Loisach, from Zugspitze, Germany
Main, in Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Mapocho, in Santiago, Chile
Mississippi, in Minneapolis, MN, USA
Moselle, in Koblenz*, Germany
Neckar, in Heidelberg, Germany
Neisse, on the Germany-Poland border
Parramatta, in Sydney, Australia
Potomac, in Washington, DC, USA
Rhine, stretch* between Mainz and Koblenz, Germany
Río de la Plata, in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Sâone, in Lyon*, France
Singapore, in Singapore
Spree, in Berlin, Germany
Swan, in Perth, Australia
Tasman, in Canterbury, New Zealand
Thames, in London, England
Tiền, near Mỹ Tho, Vietnam
Trave, in Lübeck*, Germany
Vltava, in Prague*, Czech Republic
Waiho, at Franz Josef Glacier*, New Zealand
Wailoa Stream, Waipio Valley, Big Island, Hawaii
Waimakariri, in Canterbury, New Zealand
Weser, in Höxter, Germany
Wien, in Vienna, Austria
Yarra, in Melbourne, Australia
Alster: Hamburg, Germany
Summer afternoon in the Hanseatic city – 26 June 2010 (450D).
Boate: Rapallo, Italy
Night stroll near the Boate’s mouth – 19 June 2008 (450D).
Cam: Cambridge, England
Punting next to Clare College (left) and King’s College Chapel – 14 June 2008 (450D).
Capilano: North Vancouver, BC, Canada
This piece of Capilano watershed and wilderness is a few kilometres north of Vancouver – 16 May 2014 (6D1).
Colorado: Grand Canyon, AZ, USA
From Navajo Point along the South Rim, Grand Canyon National Park – 14 October 2018 (6D1).
Courtenay: Comox Valley, BC, Canada
610am morning light in the Canadian southwest – 14 June 2015 (6D1).
Danube: Bratislava, Slovakia
Over the Danube west, from Stary Most (Old Bridge) to Most SNP – 17 May 2018 (X70).
Elbe: Magdeburg, Germany
Skyline in morning light, state capital city of Saxony-Anhalt – 3 December 2015 (6D1).
Elqui (between La Serena and Vicuña, Chile)
For most in the valley, the Elqui river begins at the dammed reservoir – 9 August 2008 (450D).
Fox: Fox Glacier Township, New Zealand
River’s headwaters at Fox Glacier (Te Moeka o Tuawe) – 22 July 2012 (450D).
Fraser: Richmond, BC, Canada
First sunset of 2016 (6D1).
Gera: Erfurt, Germany
Krämerbrücke (Merchants’ Bridge) – 26 April 2015 (6D1).
Guadalquivir: Sevilla, Spain
From La Giralda, the Puente del V Centenario bridge at upper right hangs over the river canal connecting Spain’s sole river-port with the Gulf of Cádiz and Atlantic Ocean – 18 May 2009 (450D).
Havel: Potsdam, Germany
East to the Havel on the Glienicke Bridge, a former divide between “East” Brandenburg and “West” Berlin – 8 Dec 2015 (6D1).
Iguazu: Argentina-Brazil border
From the Brazilian side to the Argentinian side – 13 June 2007 (A510).
Ilz: Passau, Germany
Passau is where the Ilz river converges with the Danube – 13 December 2012 (450D).
Inn: Innsbruck, Austria
Innsbruck, Nordkette, and the Inn river – 10 May 2018 (6D1).
Isar: Scharnitz, Austria
New and the old: Scharnitz bypass, Porta Claudia, Isar river – 12 May 2018 (6D1).
Loisach: Zugspitze, Germany
From Zugspitze: north to the valley floor and the Ammergebirge mountains beyond – 9 Oct 2010 (450D).
Main: Würzburg, Germany
A warm autumn afternoon from the Alte Mainbrücke in Würzburg – 17 Oct 2017 (6D1).
Mapocho: Santiago, Chile
Torre Telefónica Chile towers over Plaza Baquedano with the Andes lurking behind – 22 Oct 2006 (A510).
Mississippi: Minneapolis, MN, USA
City skyline from Washington Avenue Bridge – 8 Mar 2019 (X70).
Moselle: Koblenz, Germany
Mosel (left) flows into the Rhein at the 2nd Deutsches Eck – 27 Nov 2015 (6D1)
Neckar: Heidelberg, Germany
East over the Neckar from the Alte Brücke – 25 November 2014 (6D1).
Neisse: Görlitz (DE) — Zgorzelec (PL)
Upper Lusatia (Hornja Łužica, Łużyce Górne, Oberlausitz) – 24 April 2015 (6D1).
Parramatta: Sydney, Australia
Near Cockatoo Island, from the city-ferry heading east to Circular Quay – 14 April 2013 (450D).
Potomac: Washington, DC, USA
East on Arlington Memorial Bridge: Lincoln Memorial (left), Washington Monument (centre), Jefferson Memorial (right) – 8 January 2006 (A510).
Rhine: St. Goar, Germany
Loreley near St. Goar: part of Upper Middle Rhine Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site – 24 May 2016 (6D1).
Río de La Plata: Buenos Aires, Argentina
Puerto Madero – 27 March 2011 (450D).
Saône: Lyon, France
From Pont Bonaparte over to Passerelle du Palais de Justice (foreground) and the slopes of Croix Rousse beyond – 13 June 2010 (450D).
Singapore (river): Singapore (city state)
Northeast from Cavenagh Bridge to Anderson Bridge – 3 July 2012 (450D).
Spree: Berlin, Germany
Molecule Men on the Spree – 13 November 2016 (6D1).
Swan: Perth, Australia
From Kings Park & Botanic Garden, east beyond Mitchell Freeway Narrows Bridge – 15 September 2012 (450D).
Tasman: Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand
Tasman Lake (lower centre), Tasman river flows into Lake Pukaki (upper centre) – 21 July 2012 (450D).
Thames: London, England
From Tate Modern, across to St. Paul’s Cathedral and the Millennium Bridge – 25 July 2005 (A510).
Tiền: Mỹ Tho, Vietnam
This northern branch of the Mekong is also called sông Tiền or sông Tiền Giang – 26 June 2012 (450D).
Trave: Lübeck, Germany
Picturesque Malerwinkel (painters’ corner) – 29 September 2009 (450D).
Vltava: Prague, Czech Republic
Mid-autumn morning light – 8 November 2016 (6D1).
Waiho: Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand
River’s headwaters at Franz Josef Glacier (Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere) – 20 July 2012 (450D).
Wailoa Stream: Waipio Valley, Hawaii
The Wailoa Stream flows through the Waipio Valley below and into the Pacific; Haleakalā on Maui in the distance at right – 21 January 2012 (450D).
Waimakariri: near Bealey, New Zealand
From KiwiRail TranzAlpine train, from Christchurch to Greymouth – 18 July 2012 (450D).
Weser: Höxter, Germany
The historic town of Höxter – 4 October 2017 (6D1).
Wien: Vienna, Austria
The Urania looks over the spot where the Wien river (left) merges with the Danube (right) – 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Yarra: Melbourne, Australia
Etihad Stadium in the rehabilitated Docklands – 28 Aug 2012 (450D).
I wrote about World Water Day here.
I made all of the photos above between 2005 and 2019 with the following devices: Canon A510 PowerShot (A510), Canon XSi/EOS450D (450D), Canon 6D mark 1 (6D1), and a Fujifilm X70 (X70). This post appears on Fotoeins Fotografie at fotoeins DOT com as http://wp.me/p1BIdT-8Zb.
Categories: Argentina, Asia, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Culture, Czech Republic, Europe, France, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, North America, Photography, Singapore, South America, Spain, Travel, UNESCO World Heritage, USA, Vietnam
Tags: fotoeins, river, UNESCO, United Nations, World Heritage, World Rivers Day
Fotoeins Friday: “Live your dreams” (La Serena)
Fotoeins Friday: Santa Monica video performance
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State Department offers to release some Hillary Clinton emails on Saturday
Posted 10:21 am, February 11, 2016, by CNN Wires
Hillary Clinton testifies at the Benghazi hearing on Capitol Hill.
The State Department has offered to release some of Hillary Clinton’s remaining emails on Saturday, after a federal judge admonished them for continued delays.
Under the new proposal, the State Department would release 550 emails this weekend, out of the approximately 3,700 that remain.
Judge Rudolph Contreras, who ordered the State Department to release Clinton’s emails in monthly installments last spring as part of a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit, warned the agency at a hearing on Tuesday that it should be prepared to speed up production, but has yet to approve this latest time line.
Contreras said he felt he was being forced to choose between accepting the State Department’s proposed time line without question, or else risk the accidental release of sensitive information by hurrying the process.
Error caused delays
Clinton has weathered a year of political fire for setting up a personal email server at her home in Chappaqua, New York, to conduct business as secretary of state. That allowed her to place her official state communication outside government purview and under her complete control. Critics claim this put national secrets at risk.
The State Department was supposed to have released all of Clinton’s official emails on January 29th, but asked for a one month extension to compensate for a mysterious misplacement of documents, which the State Department was supposed to send over to other government agencies for further review, but were somehow waylaid.
That error, State argued, compounded by a weather-related government closure, meant it wouldn’t be able to get the final batch of emails out by the original deadline.
Contreras has also asked the State Department to explain the circumstances behind that error.
At Tuesday’s hearing, an attorney representing the State Department said it would be impossible to release any of the documents before February 18, but in its latest filing Wednesday evening, an official overseeing the review said “changed circumstances” would allow them to make a release on February 13.
Lawyer: Delay is unreasonable
Lawyers for journalist Jason Leopold, who is suing the State Department over the emails, argued the delay was unreasonable and would “cause grave, incurable harm” to voters in early presidential primary states who are deciding whether to vote for Clinton without being “as fully informed as they would otherwise.”
The State Department has released about 85% of Clinton’s official emails to date, but many of the most sensitive emails — those that require additional review by the intelligence community and other government agencies — are expected to be in the remaining tranche.
The proposed production schedule would result in all the remaining emails being released the day before “Super Tuesday” and after early contests in New Hampshire, Nevada and South Carolina.
The State Department would also be willing to provide paper copies of the emails to Leopold on the 12th, the official said.
The Department announced last month that it will not release 22 emails from former the Secretary of State because they contain “top secret” information, the highest level of government classification.
A department spokesman said the documents, totaling 37 pages, were not marked classified at the time they were sent, but are being upgraded at the request of the Intelligence Community because they contain sensitive information.
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Dad learns son is dead when detective answers boy’s phone
Posted 4:11 pm, September 13, 2016, by Associated Press
HEMPSTEAD, N.Y. – A Long Island father learned his 15-year-old son had been killed after he called the teen’s cellphone and a police detective answered, and the boy’s mother learned of his death while she was hospitalized.
Raul Guzman, of Hempstead Village, tells Newsday he called their son, Joshua, on Monday to make sure the high school sophomore was in school.
Guzman learned that Joshua had been fatally shot overnight. He was found lying in a street gutter. Guzman says Joshua must have gone out while he was asleep. Guzman says he’d told his son not to leave the house and the teen said he wouldn’t.
There have been no arrests.
The boy’s mother was being treated for a broken back from a car crash about a week ago.
Information from: Newsday, http://www.newsday.com
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Obama in Elkhart: Voters should beware of politicians ‘preying’ on economic fears
Posted 9:25 AM, June 1, 2016, by Associated Press, Updated at 04:50PM, June 1, 2016
President Obama speaks at Concord High School in Elkhart on June 1, 2016
ELKHART, Ind. — President Barack Obama says people should beware of politicians who are “preying” on Americans’ anxieties about the economy in a bid to win headlines and votes.
Obama isn’t naming names. But he says some politicians are running on anti-trade, anti-immigrant policies in an effort to play to people’s fears.
Obama made the remarks during a visit to Elkhart, Indiana. He’s holding up the manufacturing community as a symbol of the nation’s climb from recession to recovery.
Obama says his administration’s “smart” decisions played a part in helping Elkhart come back. He says he wants to bust “myths” that Democratic policies are bad for the economy.
Indiana’s Republican governor, Mike Pence, says Elkhart had rebounded “in spite of Obama’s policies” and that those policies inflicted onerous federal burdens on Indiana.
To Obama, lingering challenges aren’t enough to forestall a planned victory lap. Arguing that his controversial $840 billion stimulus package was ultimately vindicated, Obama will call on the next president to be willing to spend big to enable further economic growth.
The president is making his eighth visit to the state since taking office in January 2009. Here are details on the visits:
Feb. 2, 2009: Travels to Elkhart for his first event outside the Washington area since taking office 13 days earlier and speaks about his economic stimulus plan at Concord High School as Elkhart County’s unemployment rate was about 15 percent.
May 17, 2009: Delivers commencement address at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, an appearance that drew weeks of criticism from many Catholic bishops and abortion opponents. Then travels to Indianapolis for two Democratic Party fundraisers.
Aug. 5, 2009: Visits Monaco RV factory in Wakarusa and announces $2.4 billion in grants for electric car production.
Nov. 23, 2010: Obama and Vice President Joe Biden both fly into Grissom Air Reserve Base then travel to a Chrysler transmission factory in Kokomo, where Obama promotes the U.S. auto industry revival.
May 6, 2011: Travels to an Allison Transmission factory in Indianapolis and speaks about how the hybrid transmissions made there can help reduce the country’s need for imported oil.
Oct. 3, 2014: Travels to Millennium Steel Services, a minority-owned steel processor near Princeton, and speaks about the nation’s manufacturing gains and the improving U.S. economy.
Feb. 6, 2015: Visits an Ivy Tech Community College campus in Indianapolis to tout his proposal for offering two years of college free.
June 1, 2016: Scheduled to speak about the economy at Concord Community High School in Elkhart and then take part in a PBS town hall at Elkhart’s Lerner Theatre.
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NFL suspends Kareem Hunt for first eight games of 2019
Posted 5:44 PM, March 15, 2019, by Tribune Media Wire
KANSAS CITY, Mo. — The NFL announced Friday they have suspended Cleveland Browns running back Kareem Hunt for the first eight games of the 2019 season.
The suspension is a result of violating the league’s personal conduct policy, according to a statement from the Browns.
Hunt will not be paid during his suspension.
The Browns released the following statement from Hunt:
“I want to again apologize for my actions last year. I know that my behavior hurt a lot of people, and I again apologize to them. I respect the league’s decision on discipline, and I appreciate the time I spent with Commissioner Goodell last week. I’m grateful for my time with the Browns over the last month and thankful to all the people in the organization that have welcomed me. I also appreciate all of the support I received from my union through this process. My commitment to earning the trust of the league, my teammates, the organization and this community through my actions will continue, and I understand there is a lot of hard work ahead of me before I’m able to fully return to playing the game I love.”
The Browns signed Hunt in February.
At the time Browns’ general manager John Dorsey issued the following statement:
“My relationship and interaction with Kareem since 2016 in college was an important part of this decision making process but we then did extensive due diligence with many individuals, including clinical professionals, to have a better understanding of the person he is today and whether it was prudent to sign him. There were two important factors: one is that Kareem took full responsibility for his egregious actions and showed true remorse and secondly, just as importantly, he is undergoing and is committed to necessary professional treatment and a plan that has been clearly laid out.”
Dorsey worked as the Chiefs general manager from 2013 to 2016.
Dorsey went on to say:
“We fully understand and respect the complexity of questions and issues in signing a player with Kareem’s history and do not condone his actions. Given what we know about Kareem through our extensive research, we believe he deserves a second chance but certainly with the understanding that he has to go through critical and essential steps to become a performing member of this organization, aside from what the NFL determines from their ongoing investigation. We fully understand that Kareem is subject to discipline by the NFL. Here at the Browns, there is a detailed plan with expectations laid out that he understands and must follow, because any similar incident will not be tolerated. We will support Kareem through this process and utilize our resources, however permitted, to help him become successful on and off the field as long as he continues to show the commitment necessary to represent this organization.”
The Chiefs cut Hunt in late November saying he was not honest with the organization after video was released of him striking a woman in February.
Hunt issued the following statement in February after the Browns announced the news that they had signed him:
“First off, I would like to once again apologize for my actions last year. What I did was wrong and inexcusable. That is not the man I was raised to be, and I’ve learned a great deal from that experience and certainly should have been more truthful about it after the fact. I’m extremely grateful that John Dorsey, Dee and Jimmy Haslam and the Cleveland Browns organization are granting me the opportunity to earn their trust and represent their organization in the best way possible on and off the field. I am committed to following the necessary steps to learn and to be a better and healthier person from this situation. I also understand the expectations that the Browns have clearly laid out and that I have to earn my way back to the NFL. I’m a work in progress as a person, but I’m committed to taking advantage of the support systems that I have in place to become the best and healthier version of myself.”
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v · e Sage eSports Roster
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Scott "Cloud" Holste is a Player for Sage eSports. He is well known for his history with teams such as Believe the Hype, Instinct and Counter Logic Gaming.
Scottie Holste was born on October 2, 1991.
Scottie "Cloud" Holste started his professional career at MLG Charlotte 2007 with Anthrax, Maniac and Death on Team Joke a Choke placing top 32. He then attended Meadowlands as a member of Rainbow Riders with Hysteria, Rudy and Unknown God, finishing 17th. He found a home on Believe the Hype alongside Hysteria for the remainder of the year. They attended Dallas with Rudy and FrozenInShook, finishing 18th. Rudy was swapped for B Rizzzle for Chicago where they finished in 14th. They dropped both for Orlando in favor of Eli and Joe and they again finished 14th. Eli was switched with Perplexity for Vegas and they finished in 11th. In the 1v1 portion of the event, Cloud went on a huge run, winning the playoff bracket and going all the way to the Finals against KGB Soviet in the Championship Bracket. After winning the first series over Soviet, Cloud lost the decider and narrowly missed out on becoming a National Champion.
Cloud continued to play on BtH, now with Heinz, Mudvayne and NeXuS, starting the year off with a 9th place finish in Meadowlands. Mudvayne was replaced with sSilent for San Diego and they finished in 6th place. For Orlando Gun_ShoT and Eli replaced Heinz and NeXuS and the squad placed 9th. Cloud then left to rejoin Heinz and NeXuS, now on Ambush with iGotUrPistola, for the remainder of the year. The team would finish 5th in Toronto and 4th in Dallas.
2009 saw Cloud play with Demon D on Believe the Hype all year. They played with Clutch and Sypher at Meadowlands grabbing 3rd place. Sypher was swapped for Soviet in Columbus and they finished 6th. Clutch was replaced by Maniac for Dallas and the team placed 9th. Clutch would then rejoin, in place of Soviet, for the rest of the year. They finished 5th at Anaheim and won the MLG Orlando National Championships.
Cloud joined Instinct for all of 2010 with Roy, Lunchbox and ElamiteWarrior. The team won both Orlando and Columbus, giving Cloud three straight event wins, before finally being taken down during the finals in Raleigh. They then finished 6th in MLG D.C. and 3rd in Dallas.
Cloud rejoined Believe The Hype for Dallas, now with Clutch, Maniac and A Pure Gangster, where they came in 3rd. APG was then swapped out for Neighbor before Colubmus and they finished 13th. Cloud then left for Final Boss with Totz, Fearitself and Victory X, to get an 8th place finish in Anaheim. He then went to Dynasty for Raleigh finishing 4th with Heinz, Snip3down and Tizoxic. He and Snip3down then rejoined Maniac on Believe the Hype, alongside Reliable for Orlando and Providence where they placed 12th and 3rd. He returned to Ambush for the MLG Winter Championship 2012 with APG, Formal and Heinz, getting 3rd.
Cloud returned to Believe The Hype for Halo 4. Alongside Maniac, he would team with Assault and Lethul for the MLG Fall Championship 2012, getting 7-8th. They then attended three AGL events and UMG Chicago 2013 with a revolving roster, their best placing being 2nd at AGL 6 Pittsburgh alongside Enable and Dersky.
Halo 2: Anniversary
Cloud started the inaugural HCS season as a part of Denial eSports with Mikwen, Chig and Ryanoob. At Iron Games Columbus 2014 they placed a disappointing top 12 with Clutch subbing in for Chig, but with the full roster, Denial won UGC St. Louis 2015, knocking off powerhouse teams Evil Geniuses and Counter Logic Gaming. The team wouldn't fare quite as well at Gamers For Giving 2015, taking home 5th place. Denial went into the season finals at PAX East 2015 as the #3 seed and again underperformed, placing 5-6th.
Shortly after the end of season 1, Cloud would part ways with Denial to join Counter Logic Gaming alongside OGRE2, SnakeBite and Royal2.[1] His first event with CLG would result in a 5th place finish at Iron Games Atlanta 2015. The new roster started off on a low note, finishing 5th at Iron Games Atlanta 2015, but things improved at HCS Indianapolis, where they finished 2nd. CLG again fell to EG in the finals at the HCS Season 2 Finals, ending the season with a 2nd place finish.
On December 2nd, after underperforming in online scrims with CLG, Cloud was released from the team.[2] He was a member of Leftovers alongside Spartan, Victory X and Commonly, but was dropped from the team after the third Qualifying Cup. He spent a short time on Team EnVyUs before forming Triggers Pound with Assault, Hysteria and Danoxide. Triggers Pound qualified for Halo World Championship 2016 by placing top 8 at the NA Regional Finals, and the team was signed by Cloud9 shortly after. At Worlds, Cloud9 finished top 16, the only North American team to finish out of the top 8.
After Worlds, Cloud was unsuccessful in finding a team to qualify for Pro League, so he instead set his sights on the Open Circuit, teaming up with Rammyy, Gabriel and Musa as French Toast Mafia. They were signed by Denial eSports after successfully qualifying for the Relegation event. At Relegation, Denial defeated OpTic Gaming in WBR1, but were then defeated by Team Liquid and OpTic in a rematch in both of their chances to clinch a spot in the Fall season.
After Relegation, Cloud formed a new squad with RyaNoob, Aries and Str8 SicK called Elite Four. They took 2nd place at 2050 Chattanooga, narrowly losing to the only Pro League team in attendance - Enigma6 Group. Elite Four then started competing in the Fall 2016 Open Circuit with Renegade replacing Aries. After the first week, Renegade and Str8 SicK left and were replaced by Goofy and BrainStrm. The team broke up shortly after. Cloud then briefly revived Believe the Hype alongside DEMON D, Galaxy and King Nick, but the team was quickly broken up as Cloud left to join Pnda Gaming alongside Goofy, RyaNoob and Gabriel. With a top 4 finish at UGC St. Louis, Pnda immediately looked like a top amateur team. At ME Las Vegas, Pnda failed to qualify for HCS/North America/Pro League/Fall 2016/Relegation, placing 4th in the Open Circuit Finals and top 12 in the main tournament.
Going into Worlds season, Cloud joined Team Randa alongside Randa, TireIron and Vtec for UGC St. Louis, where they finished in the top 12. Replacing Vtec with Gabriel, the team then changed its name to Sheesh Gaming and took 2nd place in the ESML Season Finals. Cloud then joined Wise Gaming alongside BotchyHawk, ROB THE TURTLE and KuavoKen. After a top 12 finish at ME Las Vegas and a top 6 finish in the LCQ, Wise was unable to qualify for Worlds.
Going into the Summer season, Wise Gaming built a new team around Cloud, recruiting TiZoXiC, Juziro and Artic. At UMG Daytona, Wise finished in the top 12. He briefly returned to Believe the Hype alongside DEMON D, Gilkey and PiLEZ for the LCQ in which they finished top 6. Cloud then returned to Wise Gaming. The departing Juziro and Artic were replaced by DEMON D and Sorrell. After mixed results early in the Open Circuit season, Sorrell was replaced by Calm Mentality.
Cloud was the first player to win three straight Halo 3 events, winning the 2009 Orlando National Championships with Believe the Hype and the first two events of the 2010 season with Instinct. This feat was later replicated by the members of Final Boss in the final three events of the 2010 season.
Timeout with Cloud - majorleaguegaming.com - 03/17/10
MLG Meadowlands 2009 - Cloud Interview - youtube.com - 04/04/09
Pro Player Profile: Cloud - majorleaguegaming.com - 08/14/07
Halo History, Time on CLG so far and HCS Season 2 Finals
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Posts tagged ‘Bethany Bell’
Nh: The Ephrussis
this afternoon (thursday 21st), 2.55-2.59pm, on bbc world service radio
newshour (presented by james menendez) concludes with …
“In front of me is a glass case containing a small carved ivory hare with amber eyes. It’s one of a collection of netsukes, Japanese carvings, collected by the Ephrussi family, and their descendant Edmund de Waal has given them as a long-term loan to the Jewish Museum in Vienna.”
• historian bethany bell
• edmund de waal
• danielle spera, director of vienna jewish museum
(see also https://happysjewishtvguide.wordpress.com/2019/11/14/fooc-the-ephrussis/)
history, holocaust
Bethany Bell
Danielle Spera
FOOC: The Ephrussis
this morning (thursday 14th), 11.09-11.15am, on bbc radio 4
from our own correspondent (presented by kate adie) includes …
“In Austria, the descendants of holocaust victims, as well as the victims themselves, will soon be able to apply for citizenship, and to do so without renouncing their other nationalities.
At the Jewish Museum in Vienna, Bethany Bell met Edmund de Waal, who’ll be applying … he tells the story of his ancestors, the Ephrussis, a wealthy Jewish banking family from Odessa, who had lived in Vienna until the Nazi takeover in 1938, when their palace and property were seized and the family fled.”
Ephrussi
Newshour: Cleaning stolpersteine
this evening (monday 2nd), 9.45-9.49pm, on bbc world service radio, and online in video at https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-europe-44660049/this-man-is-cleaning-all-388-holocaust-plaques-in-his-city
“In recent years, many towns in central Europe have started placing stolpersteine, small memorials on their streets in memory of Jews and other victims of Nazi atrocities. In the Austrian city of Salszburg, there are 388 of them. Over the years, many have been damgaged by wear and tear or the weather, but now a 79-year-old pensioner, Gerhard Geier, has started to renovate them.”
• bbc reporter bethany bell
• gerhard geier
• historian gert kerschbaumer
Amalie Lowie
Emilie Fischer
Gerhardt Gaier
Gert Kerschbaumer
Ludwig Fischer
Newsroom: Jerusalem reaction
this morning thursday 7th), 2.06-2.12am (partly repeated 5.06am), 11.06-11.11am, 1.06-1.12pm, and 1.14-1.16pm, on bbc world service radio
the newsroom (presented by alex ritson) leads with …
“Criticism over Trump’s Decision to Recognise Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, and what did Mr Trump say about it helping the peace process?”
* bbc reporter lyse doucet
* bbc reporter laura bicker
* bbc arabic service reporter issim ikimawi
* bbc arabic service reporter neda ibrahim
* bbc reporter bethany bell (more…)
Alex Ritson
Neda Ibrahim
FOOC: Hitler’s birthplace
yesterday morning (thursday 20th), 11.08-11.14am, on bbc radio 4
“Bethany Bell visits the birthplace of Adolf Hitler, the town of Braunau, and discovers Austrians are divided over whether or not his childhood home should be torn down.”
Reinhold Hanning
this afternoon (thursday 11th), 2.16-2.18pm, on bbc world service radio, and 5.54-5.57pm, on bbc radio 4
newshour (presented by james menendez) and pm (presented by eddie mair) include …
“The trial began today of a former guard at the Auschwitz death camp. 94-year-old Reinhold Hanning is one of the last surviving Nazi guards to face justice … He was brought face-to-face with an Auschwitz survivor, Leon Schwarzbaum“
including interviews with …
• auschwitz survivor iby knill (more…)
Iby Knill
Leon Schwarzbaum
today (thursday 31st), 2.07-2.19pm, and 9.06-9.19pm, on bbc world service radio (freeview channel 710)
newshour (presented by rebecca kesby and james coomarasamy) leads with …
“Gaza assault will continue: Israeli PM “Gaza tunnels must go”.”
“US blames Israel over Gaza bombing: Can US be an honest broker?”
• bbc reporter bethany bell from jerusalem
• danny danon
• fawaz gerges, professor of international relations at the lse
• josh earnest, white house spokesman
• bbc reporter martin patience
• professor rashid khalidi, author of “The iron cage: the story of the palestinian struggle for statehood”
• daniel kurtzer former us amabassador to israel (more…)
Daniel Kurtzer
Danny Danon
Fawaz Gerges
Josh Earnest
Rashid Khalili
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A Case of Two Death Sentences
Posted on December 24, 2019 by Haroon Riaz
Source: Public’s Radio/Fareed Khan/AP
Pakistani people are known for their strange standards of morality, and nothing puts these paradoxes in the spotlight than issues considered “sensitive” in society. In a country, dominated by military dictatorship, a verdict such as the one issued by the Special Courts on December 17 was unheard of. This Special Court made of three judges in a 2-1 decision condemned former dictator Pervez Musharraf to death. Most liberal commentators, including Amnesty International, welcomed the verdict only for the supremacy and legitimacy of the civilian constituency over military dictatorship in a country with Pakistan’s history. These liberals went to great length to condemn or disapprove of “capital punishment,” while deeming such a stand by the judiciary necessary to uphold a civilian constitution in the country and to discourage military coups.
However, one of the Special Court judges, Waqar Seth overkilled the verdict by adding the infamous paragraph 66, probably to leave his personal political statement on the verdict, if not to sabotage it willfully. The paragraph or article reads as in the following picture, in which the judge orders the fugitive or convict’s “corpse be dragged to the D-Chowk, Islamabad, Pakistan and be hanged for 03 days” if found dead. To me, reading these words in a verdict by a Pakistani court is almost comical in a dark way, but it is indeed no laughing matter. And I wholeheartedly agree with everyone who has taken offense at such a verdict, even the pro-establishment nationalists and the government, involving public hangings, which have nothing to do with the law in Pakistan. Pakistan is not Iran and the anger of such social conservative uncles should not be enabled just because they happen to have convicted an authoritarian dictator.
Source: Muhammad Rizwan Safdar
It had to take a military dictator sentenced to death to start hearing about the cruelty and injustice of capital punishment from the pro-establishment social conservatives of the country. Most of these people are the lot who talk about hanging child rapists and “traitors” in squares. However, it is important to understand that most of these people who you would otherwise not hear from on capital punishment are social conservatives. They have nothing against the death penalty. On the other hand, another brutal verdict from our courts went without any attention when Fulbright scholar and academic Junaid Hafeez was sentenced to death on blasphemy charges after being incarcerated for nearly six years. This must have come as a devastating blow to his family which is already ostracized and has suffered great financial losses ever since Junaid was arrested for the charge. The pain and grief of his father are evident from this VOA interview. You could hardly imagine what his mother would be going through.
Several reports and commentators have pointed out the flimsy evidence in the case of Junaid Hafeez. Many people believe that any court lower than the high court lack the courage to challenge the overzealous blasphemy mobs. This is not necessarily an unreasonable concern for even Sunni Muslim judges less likely to be accused of blasphemy. Rashid Rehman, a heroic lawyer, who opted to represent Junaid Hafeez as a defense attorney was murdered by the blasphemy zealots. It must be pointed out for the benefit of a novice reader who is not aware of the situation in Pakistan that killing of someone alleged to have blasphemed against the Prophet or anything remotely related to Islam is not only encouraged but is considered a great virtue of a hero. However, that does not absolve the so-called “moderate” Muslims or even liberal Muslims of their responsibility.
It is indeed these majority of moderate Muslims who allowed this new form of murderous religion known as “Barelvism” flourish in Pakistan. However, Deobandi Sunnis and Shia Muslims are also complicit in terms of their stance on blasphemy, the latter mostly out of fear, being a regular target of Sunni blasphemy zealots themselves. Even many of these liberal Muslims can be heard advocating the necessity of a blasphemy law but “minimize its misuse through reform.” Well, they have a point too, considering you cannot overturn blasphemy law overnight. But they are still pretty much okay with capital punishment for blasphemy, if not hanging them in the squares.
Ironically, many of the people advocate precisely what Judge Seth had written in paragraph 65 for the blasphemers and the “corrupt,” especially your common social conservative Sunni Whatsapp uncle, or sometimes even a PTI Shia uncle inspired by Khomeini’s revolution. Anti-democracy pro-establishment and anti-liberal social conservatives in Pakistan thrive on this narrative, especially targeted against blasphemers, “corrupt politicians,” and dissidents often labeled “traitors” by them. That is why the epithet of “traitor” stings so much as it is the treatment of their own medicine.
It is amazing how much two death sentences can reveal the hypocrisy and moral corruption of Pakistanis. There is outroar against the death penalty for a military dictator though there is a deafening silence on the sheer cruelty and barbarism with how the State of Pakistan is treating one of its gifted scholars in Junaid Hafeez. We should think twice before giving brownie points to pro-establishment liberals and conservatives in Pakistan for their “humanity.”
Filed under: Commentary | Tagged: Article 6, authoritarianism, Barelvi, blasphemy, blasphemy law, capital punishment, civilian supremacy, conservative, corruption, death penalty, democracy, General Pervez Musharraf, Islam, judicial activism, judiciary, Justice Waqar Seth, law, liberal, military dictator, military dictatorship, Paragraph 66, politics, religion, social conservative, theocracy | Leave a comment »
Hanging Them in the Squares
Posted on June 26, 2019 by Haroon Riaz
Source: Naya Daur
Conservative and populist Nationalists in any nation enjoy a special license of holding trials when and where they wish. In Pakistan, a part of the Messiah Syndrome happens to be the longing for swift justice that suits them. It is pretty strange because this kind of swift justice was dispensed by leftist Bolshevik revolutionaries in Russia and earlier Republican revolutionaries in France. Either way, this sort of swift justice is usually associated with challenging the established order. But which established order?
In Pakistan, interestingly enough, it is fashionable to support the forces responsible for the status quo while calling for the violent elimination of the forces that have mysteriously caused the moral corruption of the society. In order to cleanse this evil from society, it is important to selectively pick certain individuals who have somehow simultaneously threatened the interests of those deemed essential for the national security of the country.
The narrative of the casual fascism practiced by a number of the people of Pakistan for a long time, particularly the social conservative nationalists in Punjab, has only started to appear in the political mainstream with this audacity. A lot of people are condemning Faisal Vawda and his extremist statement about “hanging 5,000 odd people being necessary for fixing the state of the country,” but that is pretty much the sentiment of these social conservative nationalists across urban Pakistan.
Federal Minister @FaisalVawdaPTI want to hang 5000 people but he think constitution is a big hurdle pic.twitter.com/5C0CVKdqdZ
— Hamid Mir (@HamidMirPAK) June 11, 2019
However, since Faisal Vawda is particularly more psychopathic than the rest of the elements in the current administration, he doubled down on his call by adding dragging them behind vehicles before hanging in the square. Unfortunately, the Constitution guaranteeing rights to citizens is the only hurdle in the way of this much-needed action. Of course, a person who is so widely broadcasting his savagery deserves all the condemnations in the world. But the overzealous and partisan speaker who often jumps at “expunging obscenities” from the house proceedings apparently did not have a problem with such vile statements.
Fascist tabdeeli this. PTI minister Faisal Vawda not only wants to hang 5000 people, he now wants them to be tied and dragged behind a vehicle before being hanged. pic.twitter.com/tiZbG53yxQ
— Naila Inayat नायला इनायत (@nailainayat) June 25, 2019
While it is true indeed that there is a wilder, savage side to the tribal justice in indigenous India or anywhere for that matter, as is often the case with undemocratic tribal societies. It is pretty interesting that even in very liberal settings frequented by respectable Senators, discussing very progressive ideas, you could hear them talking about the need to hang people to cure the country.
The sweeping statements from these conservatives remind how frighteningly close democracies remain to the rise of fascism. These bloodthirsty urges are far more dangerous than the campaigns of xenophobia and cries of economic nationalism. The thought of swift justice can sound pleasant to the depressed ears forever waiting to hear something good in the news. For them, the swift justice would be the fruit of the eagerly-awaited Messiah and just like the coming of the Messiah, it would turn around the age-old evils of social inequalities, injustice, and poverty. This is a path to hell paved by “good intentions.”
Be thankful for thoughtful fascist ministers like Faisal Vawda that have truly represented the idea of justice of a regressive administration elected by the morally constipated and hypocritical social conservatives.
On to the revolution.
Filed under: Commentary | Tagged: conservative, corruption, death penalty, Faisal Vawda, fascism, Hamid Mir, justice, left, liberal, liberalism, Pakistan, parliament, populism, PTI, Punjab, right, social conservative, statement, TV | Leave a comment »
Note on the Disqualification Verdict of the Prime Minister
Posted on July 30, 2017 by Haroon Riaz
Source: Reuters/NDTV
And you thought that you would live to see the day when an elected head of government could complete their term.
More than anyone else, it was highly unlikely for Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, as much as he was the likeliest candidate to make it.
As much as his political party has been able to consistently win more two-third and clearer majorities than any other political party in the history of Pakistan.
As much as he was the perfect compromise for the people of Punjab between the bureaucratic establishment and a socially conservative and economically liberal tilt toward democratic values.
In many ways, it is an end of an era. Who knows? Just like in the 1990s, we might see Nawaz Sharif contesting the elections again. Though not likely after such a unanimous damning verdict, as absurd as it is. But Nawaz Sharif will remain to be the Prime Minister who initiated the Sunday as weekly holiday and constructed the motorway on his initiative. And at least it offers a chance to Shahbaz Sharif to become Prime Minister.
One way or the other, the judicial coup of one of the most popularly backed elected government is complete. This is how Prime Minister will be dismissed in the post-military coup era.
Right after the farce of the JIT, which has essentially established the civil and military bureaucracy and intelligence as an extension of the judiciary, was put up by the Supreme Court, the Prime Minister was destined to be ousted. The judges had already made up their minds. The only noteworthy and far from a substantial conclusion that the JIT had drawn, apart from a list of endless conjectures, was that the Sharif family was living way beyond their means.
In the end, the judgment by Supreme Court about the disqualification simply hinted that it was politically motivated. Even some of the most seasoned political commentators, publication editorials, and senior lawyers are analyzing it as such. There was a time under Iftikhar Chaudhary when you had the impression that the judges hear and judge cases after reading the papers. It seems those times have returned.
In other words, we have again had a mockery of democracy and our Constitution. Now at the hands of its guardians. What a shame.
However, there is little to expect from a Supreme Court that instead of safeguarding people’s right to the free internet, chose to uphold the YouTube ban. The bureaucratic institutions yet again let the people of Pakistan down by attacking democratic institutions and the mandate of the people’s vote.
What is worse though is that people who usually celebrate military coups are jubilant over the dismissal of the Prime Minister like they always are. Without realizing that the verdict has come against the mandate of the vote of the people, even though the grounds for qualification were clearly not of corruption. At least not in the least bit to warrant a lifetime disqualification.
Even though it is the day of thankfulness for the supporters of the PTI, I would neither be rejoicing nor be thankful if such a verdict came for an elected Prime Minister of that party. A part of me also wants Imran Khan to become the Prime Minister so that for once, they can be on the receiving end of this type of “justice.” Sadly, the party has been brainwashed to the degree of cynicism that some of them are even willing to see Imran Khan disqualified, being happy to see only the military rule.
But what do I know? Maybe I am missing the plot here. Maybe this is going to be really good for democracy after all.
Perhaps the judges have only lost their minds, or are being overly honest in their overzealousness of being “Sadik” and “Amin” instead of being malicious on purpose.
For once I hope that my friends on the other side are right and I am wrong.
In all seriousness, I would have no problems in conceding that I am at fault here.
But if only that were true.
Filed under: Commentary | Tagged: accountability, Amin, civil bureaucracy, corruption, democracy, disqualification, elected government, elections, establishment, Imran Khan, intelligence, JIT, judicial coup, judiciary, justice, military, military rule, Pakistan, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, PTI, Punjab, Sadik, Shahbaz Sharif, Sharif family, Supreme Court | Leave a comment »
An All Too Familiar Face of Accountability
Source: BBC Urdu
Pakistan is a unique country in terms of governance and politics. Not everything is as it seems and you can often have a hard time discerning who is really at the helm of policy. The case with accountability is not any different. It is often used as a moralizing political tool than a dispenser of justice.
Ever since the office of the Prime Minister was created in Pakistan, the civil and military bureaucrats have been busy inventing excuses to dismiss it. And whether they have not been creative enough in coming up with those excuses, they most certainly have been effective in the ultimate objective.
Ever since General Pervez Musharraf resigned as President, it seems that the coup-ready military of Pakistan has changed its decades-old strategy. It apparently has realized that explicitly taking over the government in Pakistan is either not good for its image internationally or does not garner enough support at home. So now they prefer to move the strings from behind the curtain.
The Pakistani people have been fed a singular dimension of accountability. That the elected office holders or the politicians are the embodiment of all the corruption in the government, while the civil and military bureaucracy is the most efficient machinery in existence. Not only that, they are also the most suitable entities to hold the politicians accountable.
Ever since the revelation of the Panama Papers with the mention of the offshore companies of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, we are seeing the familiar face of accountability surface. As it came as a welcome relief after the drama around electoral rigging died out. And as before, when the military lies dormant, the judiciary plays its part to be the entity ready to stage a soft coup as in the case of Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gillani. The very tone used by judges, in this case, speaks volumes of their intent. It may or may not materialize, but the way the wind has been blowing is unmistakable.
At least for moral reasons, there have been calls for the Prime Minister to step down. Apart from not qualifying on the mystical constitutional standards of “Sadiq” and “Amin”, there is hardly any reason to until a definite proof of money laundering is produced on his person, as opposed to the conjectures listed by the JIT. But if the Prime Minister does not step down, it would be interesting to see how far his opponents go to bring about his demise. In that case, it is probably better for his purpose to play the victimization card.
However, where his governing achievement surpasses most other parties, his poor political leadership is costing him dearly. The problem with the PML-N has always been that it mistakes its heavy mandate as a carte blanche to alienate political stakeholders around the country. Of course, the incurably cynical PTI is on a saboteur mission to take democracy down with themselves but the rest of the parties can at least listen to the majority party and come to its rescue in case of bureaucratic threats.
What the PML-N does not realize is that its overwhelming majority that it takes for its strength is its greatest weakness. Because it has always been targeted by the bureaucratic establishment for such powerful popular support that no other party has enjoyed over three decades. The way it has been targeted is evident from all three terms of Prime Minister Sharif.
Unfortunately, there are elements in our civil and military bureaucracy, as well as the intelligence community, who do not want democracy to flourish in Pakistan. Not only do they not believe in democracy as a system of government, they strongly resent any hint of power in the hands of the public. The bureaucratic rule has been presented as a solution for the Pakistani people since independence and sadly, a good number of people buy into this narrative surviving since colonial times. And who better to hold the politicians accountable than bureaucrats, as evident from the JIT, which has now rendered military intelligence as an extension of the judicial branch.
Nobody has bothered questioning why the JIT has officially become an extension of the Supreme Court. Nobody has bothered questioning why the range of investigation has been extended beyond the revelations of the papers. Nobody has bothered asking why military intelligence officials are investigating the first family. And above all, nobody has bothered questioning why in Pakistan a panel of judges can undo the mandate of the people instead of impeachment by elected officials.
Of course, accountability should be a part of a strong democratic system. And a fragile democracy is hardly any excuse to forego the crimes of the political class. However, it would have been far easier to trust the high office of judiciary and bureaucracy in Pakistan had they enjoyed a cleaner political track record.
So, who is going to hold who accountable?
Well, let’s start from the politicians again. Now and forever.
The post was originally published in the Dunya Blogs.
Filed under: Articles, Commentary | Tagged: accountability, Amin, civil bureaucracy, Constitution, corruption, coup, electoral rigging, establishment, first family, intelligence agencies, JIT, judiciary, military, military intelligence, money laundering, Pakistan, Panama Papers, Pervez Musharraf, PML-N, politics, Prime Minister, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, PTI, Sadiq, tax evasion, victimization, Yusuf Raza Gillani | Leave a comment »
How could the Chairman Savior be wrong?
Source: Reuters/Dawn
It’s very much understandable that many of the PTI supporters and thought leaders are in denial of the Judicial Commission report on the 2013 general elections, from the very authority that they recognized and demanded for before their utterly ridiculous “sit-in” protest campaign in Islamabad. It’s déjà vu really, because all of us clearly remember how everyone was convinced how perfectly impeccable the person of Justice Fakhruddin Ibrahim would be for the role of Chief Election Commissioner for the 2013 polls, only later to be dismissed and demonized.
Just like the integrity of Justice Ibrahim was questioned after the unfavorable results of the 2013 general elections, the majority of the PTI following is still in denial, if not resorting to condemnation, of the findings of the Election commission. How could it be true if the Chairman Savior said otherwise? Despite the fact that the Chairman Savior Imran Khan reluctantly accepted the findings, the PTI leadership in general is doing nothing to change that impression among the party members. Of course, the people are not to be blamed for this. However, their trait of “questioning everything” would be far more admirable, if they took the trouble of questioning the judgement of their Chairman Savior every now and then.
PTI has created this political narrative of conspiracy theories for traction, cashing in on the miserable mood of the general masses. While it does work pretty well, it also proves to be counterproductive for the democratic process and progress, when the people completely give up any hope in the judicial institutions of the country, and rest all of their hopes in the person of the party Chairman, something which PTI hardly ever discourages.
The larger PTI narrative is worsening the already dying belief of the people in democratic institutions and the judiciary, while trying to enter and reform the same. This is why it is hardly any surprise that you would find so many among the urban middle class who support the party, while fiercely defending their democratic rights, but also resorting to condemn democracy at the same time, considering it “an inappropriate system of governance for Pakistani people.” Never thought I heard anything more insulting to the people of Pakistan. But then again, people who don’t vote for political parties that you side with always appear stupid. Many of such disgruntled supporters would even consider a military takeover than seeing the likes of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in office, which sounds pretty familiar. Leaders such as ally Sheikh Rasheed are the perfect proponents of this view among the public.
I often find it hilarious when I find PTI supporters criticize PML-N for resorting to the “politics of the 90s,” even though many of them were not around to know what that means. But what is worse is that there is no shortage of such seasoned adults among them. It could be true actually in terms of politics of revenge, especially in terms of targeting of the MQM if it qualifies, but I also recall the politics of the 90s to be the politics of the sore loser. Both Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto resorted to juvenile tactics, refusing to accept their failure in general elections, though eventually coming to terms with the facts, but all that changed since the PPP government that formed in 2008. Call it the Zardari factor, if you will. But hard lessons were learned after the Musharraf coup d’etat in 1999.
However, it seems that the baton of the “sore loser” politics from the 90s has been taken up by the PTI, when no one was even around to pass it to them. Are they not the ones who resorted to hijack the entire elected parliament by concocting unrealistic allegations of the kind of rigging that only the state would have pulled off, and that were more like conspiracy theories than anything else? Many of them, by their own admission, turned out to be pure fabrication for political purposes, such as the allegations against the Interim Chief Minister of Punjab.
What needs to be understood here is that there is probably a not-so-thin line between movement for reform and self-defeating, cynical absolutism. This is somewhere even the most otherwise-sane followers of PTI look like losing the plot, and supposedly evil and “illiterate” political parties such as the PML-N end up appearing to be far more reasonable.
However, the critics of the PTI should not forget that the party derives its power from the passion of the people. Sheer passion putting all its force behind a Messianic leader that it blindly trusts, and one that is probably thirsty for a public lynching. Imran Khan could only have dreamed to have such support among whatever following he enjoys. However, it is the measure of a leader as to how they would want to direct this force of passion that they are blessed with.
Toward patient, organized reform through the parliament, or toward destruction, impatience, and chaos, just like the spectacularly failed “sit-in protest” campaign orchestrated in the fall of 2014. Because the direction would surely push many to question the very motives of the Chairman Savior.
It’s about time PTI started realizing and learning from its own mistakes for a change, though it could involve changing their popular narrative.
Filed under: Articles, Commentary | Tagged: 90s, Chairman, corruption, democracy, dictatorship, Election Commission of Pakistan, Imran Khan, Judicial Commission, judiciary, Justice Fakhruddin G. Ibrahim, KP, leader, Messianic, military, MQM, Pakistan, people, PML-N, politics, PPP, PTI, Punjab, reform, rigging, savior, sit-in protest, sore loser | Leave a comment »
Why We Need More of Foreign Agenda
Source: APP/Dawn
Recently the PML-N led federal government landed itself in yet another mess. The Interior Ministry ordered the closure of the prominent international NGO “Save the Children” and asking its staff to leave the country, but only to reverse the decision sooner than you know. The reason for banning the NGO temporarily was “the anti-state activities” they were allegedly involved in.
Now while the “Save the Children” matter has been taken care of, this just was not enough for the Interior Minister. He said that hundreds of NGOs are violating their charters in Islamabad and under the watch list. Someone else pointed out on TV that hundreds were unregistered. There is no doubt that every NGO should be registered with the government. Makes perfect sense. But this incident also started a series of morally constipated nationalistic analyses on the national TV about how inherently evil the NGO business is. And how every NGO is absolutely corrupt and conspiring with world powers to destroy Pakistan and implement foreign agenda in the country.
Speaking of which, we should actually be thankful to the foreign NGOs for promoting foreign agenda in Pakistan, because clearly we could use more of it.
If helping children get a decent, rational secular education, better access to clean water and healthcare, and promoting democratic values mean foreign agenda, then certainly we could do with much more of it.
While the political parties and government in Pakistan, including the political party currently in power (since they have regained their monopoly over moral righteousness these days), make high claims about public welfare, they are clearly not touching areas that many of these “anti-state” NGOs are working on. If despite lofty claims, the government is not able to deliver education as a right, then do they blame foreign NGOs to take credit for promoting education in the society?
Why should we worry about the foreign agenda anyway when our own domestic agenda is so lethal.
OK, let me guess.
These foreign NGOs are dangerous because they are promoting education, free speech, and democracy. And that is probably anti-state, so that our children don’t get to learn that having a theocratic and discriminatory constitution is wrong. That could seriously disintegrate the almost perfectly homogeneous ignorance of our almost perfectly homogeneous society.
These foreign NGOs are particularly dangerous because they keep on talking about liberating women and helping them become financially independent. They are also a threat to the society because they keep on talking about legislating to punish violence against women. Because obviously that would shred our family values and honor to pieces.
If our constitution involves excommunicating religious communities, and our law supports provisions for capital punishment on blasphemy, then probably it’s foreign agenda alone that could come to salvage this hopeless mess.
But then again, when our local agenda involves hiding the most wanted terrorist in the world, there is not much to expect, is there?
That’s why we need more foreign NGOs to buy more local people with foreign money.
Let’s admit it as a nation, and there is nothing to be ashamed about it.
We need more of foreign agenda.
This post was originally published in The Nation blogs.
Filed under: Articles, Commentary | Tagged: blasphemy, capital punishment, Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan, children, Constitution, corruption, democracy, discrimination, domestic agenda, education, excommunication, foreign agenda, foreign hand, foreign money, free speech, government, healthcare, Interior Minister, national security, NGO, Pakistan, policy, religion, Save the Children, security state, terrorist, theocracy, violence against women, women's rights | Leave a comment »
Kharcha Paani: Tracking Pakistan’s Bribery Path
Source: http://www.ryse.pk
Something worth sharing and worth spreading.
I have been told that RYSe.pk has come up with something really impressive. At least it impressed me, therefore I thought that it should get a mention in this space.
The project is called Kharcha Paani, the slang euphemism for bribery in India, and allows almost anyone with an internet connection to map and post their story whenever they are made to bribe someone in Pakistan, regardless of the sector of the economy or government.
Bribery tracking websites in the region probably originated in India with IPaidaBribe.com being one of the most prominent one and became an inspiration to a lot of similar projects in other countries. I guess Kharcha Paani is not the first such website in Pakistan, IPaidBribe.pk being an existing Pakistani version. Nevertheless, this initiative should certainly be appreciated. Much needed with the rapidly changing trends of internet usage in the country. Too bad they don’t reflect the actual bribery rate in the country, but that can gradually improve. People make it work.
At least educated Pakistanis who know how to use facebook should be able to use this, though I don’t hope to use this tool. But I will if I have to. It will not stop them from asking for bribes, which you can always pay whenever it makes things convenient for you anyway (it can never be completely eliminated, fact), but it will at least offer a brutally true reflection of what this society is made of. Dishonesty and corruption that should be emphasized to tear down its false self-righteousness.
Who knows it could even reduce bribery cases some day.
The project could always be extended to other media, offering the masses access to a similar idea somehow.
Filed under: Commentary | Tagged: Bribery, corruption, Kharcha Paani, Pakistan, Ryse.pk, Tracking | Leave a comment »
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Human, Characters, Season Four Characters
Actor: Michael Fisher-Welsh
Type: Human
Status: Living
Job: Surgeon
TV Show: "Thanks for the Memories"
"Octopus Head"
The Thoracic Surgeon is one of the surgeons who operated on Captain Renard after he was shot by Weston Steward. He first appeared in "Thanks for the Memories".
Appearances Edit
"Thanks for the Memories" Edit
After Renard was out of surgery, the surgeon spoke with Hank and Wu in the waiting room. He told them Renard that was out of surgery, but he lost a lot of blood and there was a lot of damage, so his kidneys may shut down. He told them they should contact Renard's next of kin to have them get there as soon as possible.
Renard later flatlined, so he ran into his room with other doctors to try to revive him, but they were unsuccessful.
"Octopus Head" Edit
When Renard's mom, Elizabeth, came into Renard's room right after the doctors pronounced Renard dead, he told her she couldn't come in at that time, but Elizabeth froze time. When time unfroze, he found Elizabeth on the floor behind him, so he checked on her.
Retrieved from "https://grimm.fandom.com/wiki/Thoracic_Surgeon?oldid=140005"
Season Four Characters
More Grimm Wiki
2 Nick Burkhardt
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Top 25 aerial snapshots of the year 2019
Photos News
A collection of exceptional aerial photos taken by Reuters cameramen from around the world
Published: December 17, 2019 15:55 Reuters
People sunbathe at the Andre Citroen park in Paris as a heatwave hit much of the country, France, June 25, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
A large volcanic ash and gas plume rises above the Kuril Islands in the North Pacific Ocean after an unexpected series of eruptions from the Raikoke Volcano, as seen from the International Space Station, June 22, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
A satellite image of the Dewey Soper Migratory Bird Sanctuary in Qikiqtaaluk, Nunavut, Canada, September 14, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
People enjoy sunbathing at a beach by the Baltic Sea in Travemuende, Germany, June 30, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
An aerial view of tulip fields near the city of Creil, Netherlands April 18, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
Two US Air Force Test Pilot School T-38 aircraft fly in formation, approximately 30 feet apart, at supersonic speeds, or faster than the speed of sound, producing shockwaves that are typically heard on the ground as a sonic boom. The images, originally monochromatic and shown here as colorized composite images, were captured during a supersonic flight series flown in part to better understand how shocks interact with aircraft plumes, as well as with each other. Photo released March 22, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
Hindu devotees sit together on the floor of a temple to observe Rakher Upabash, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, November 12, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
A passenger train moves along the bank of the Yenisei River in the Siberian Taiga forest, covered with snow and hoarfrost, outside Krasnoyarsk, Russia February 11, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
The shadow of the Washington Monument is seen on the lawn of the National Mall from the top of the monument in Washington, September 18, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
Villagers dry bamboo products in bunches to make chopsticks in Lijiang county, Jian, Jiangxi province, China October 11, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
A herd of cattle is seen stranded by floodwaters following heavy rainfall in Jian, Jiangxi province, China June 12, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
Parts of the Gurschengletscher glacier are covered with tarps near the peak of Mount Gemsstock in Andermatt, Switzerland July 5, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
A girl runs towards her bicycle, accompanied by a relative, on a beach in Guaruja, Sao Paulo state, Brazil June 18, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
Muslims offer Eid al-Fitr prayers marking the end of the holy fasting month of Ramadan in Howrah, on the outskirts of Kolkata, India, June 5, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
Buildings damaged during Cyclone Kenneth are seen from the air in a village north of Pemba, Mozambique, May 1, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
Swirls of clouds form a heart-like shape as winds divert around the Juan Fernandez Islands off the coast of Chile, in the South Pacific Ocean, February 2, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
A mosque is seen amongst residential housing from the air during a mass take off at the annual Bristol hot air balloon festival in Bristol, Britain, August 8, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
An aerial view of forest fire next to an oil palm plantation at Kumpeh Ulu district in Muarojambi, Indonesia, July 30, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
Flattened crops are seen from the air near John Segredo north of Beira, Mozambique, in the aftermath of Cyclone Idai, March 24, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
Morning fog is seen in the Siberian city of Omsk, Russia October 8, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
Fires rage at night near Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia, November 17, 2019. The image, taken by the Operational Land Imager on Landsat 8, was made from a combination of shortwave and near-infrared data to reveal hot spots through the smoke and clouds. The infrared data is overlaid on a base map created with imagery from before the fires began. Image Credit: Reuters
Anti-extradition bill protesters march to demand democracy and political reforms, in Hong Kong, China August 18, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
An aerial view shows a deforested plot of the Amazon near Porto Velho, Rondonia State, Brazil, September 17, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
A view of the cityscape of Athens, Greece, June 20, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
An aerial photo shows Boeing 737 MAX aircraft at Boeing facilities at the Grant County International Airport in Moses Lake, Washington, September 16, 2019. Image Credit: Reuters
Shabana Azmi is stable, doctors reveal injury details
#Megxit: The full story of Harry and Meghan
India: Bomb recovered from Mangaluru airport
Market risks dim, but not snuffed
Wheat flour shortage hits Sindh, KP
IMF predicts slow global growth for two years
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Chief of the Defence Intelligence of Ukraine
Glorious intelligence units
Outstanding intelligence officers
DI in the news
Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine
Servicemen of the Russian Armed Forces who took part
in combat actions in Ukraine
The DIU "Oberih" songs
“Tuman” (“Fog”)
July 3, 2018 / Facebook page of the Charitable Foundation on Helping the Army “Come Back Alive”
“Bah!” – a shot is sounding quite close.
“Step away from firing port and sit down. Sniper,” says “Tuman”, a tall broad-shouldered serviceman from 92nd brigade. He sits down next to him. A ground in dug-out shelter is nicely cold because it is hot outside.
The second shot is sounding, then another one.
“Tuman” – is a reconnaissance man from Donetsk region. He went to defend a native land in 2014. Prior to this, he was a businessman, had an expensive foreign-made car. In general, his life was successful.
“This is my land, here are my children, my ancestors. Who will defend them?” the warrior says.
One another shot is sounding.
“It is interesting, why it is exactly the reconnaissance, – “Tuman” explains. – It can be done a lot of useful things. Nobody knows these places better than we, local inhabitants. Nobody will escape from us, nobody will hide”.
Reconnaissance men are those who go not only to the enemy’s side in order to extract information but they also have to prevent penetration of militants’ subversive-reconnaissance groups to our strong points.
One more shot again is sounding.
However, main purpose of the scouts – is to know everything about the enemy.
“We need to know strength of the enemy, where they are located, even at what time they eat and drink. And we know these,” the serviceman says. “It is currently used UFVs but they do not always fly to that places where we are able to walk. They are landed, they are shot down. For us, it is easier to go,” the warrior adds.
For the time of service, his combat sworn brothers and he took prisoners eight alive militants – they replenished exchanged fund.
“The last one was taken captive four days ago. Their scout tried to go here,” “Tuman” says. “But we were the best. We saw the place where he was trying to go and then transported him here”.
Captured one was a native of Donetsk region who had believed the Kremlin propaganda and began fighting on the side of illegal armed formations.
“He repents. He says he will not do it again,” says “Tuman” and adds that he believes the captured serviceman.
He is repeatedly convinced that the Russian servicemen are fighting against us: this is evidenced by the Russian weapons, UAVs, ammunition and the captured Russian srvicemen.
“Bashkortostan, Saratov, St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don, Belgorod,” he recounts the geography of captured invaders. “The whole Russian Federation is here”.
“Tuman” says that most interesting thing is that many mercenaries understand (after their arriving here) that the Kremlin propaganda cheated them because nobody eat children here, none are shot for the Russian language.
When he goes on a task, he thinks about he has to return, because sworn brothers and family, living in town few hundred kilometers away from front, are waiting for him.
“My mother, father, wife and children,” man says. “It is easier to fight here. They much more difficult wait for us therefore we have to return each time when go out”.
Reconnaissance men frequently go to perform task posing themselves as local inhabitants in civilian clothes. In this case your origin helps out because nobody knows better your region and people than you.
“I offer battalion commander to get cows in order to we graze them and go depthward,” jokes“Tuman”.
I ask about mood in the temporarily uncontrolled to Ukraine territories.
“They are waiting for us there. Ukraine is waiting for there. People are not afraid our Armed Forces. And I am confident that situation that was in 2014 when people were blocking roads for our vehicles, today it won’t be. Inhabitants of these towns and villages actively share information where militants are located and where the Russian troops are deployed. They tell about what kind of vehicles, how many people. There are many things changed in people’s heads for four years of war. I think, it will not be long when the Ukrainian flag will hoist over Donestk and Luhansk”, says “Tuman” with confidence.
“Come Back Alive” Foundation
© Defence Intelligence of Ukraine
Content licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, unless otherwise specified.
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Toronto’s Miles Nadal Heart Centre tackling heart disease in pregnancy
By Jamie Mauracher Global News
2:03 Toronto hospital tackles heart defects and pregnancy
WATCH ABOVE: A specialized Toronto-based hospital program is giving Canadian women with congenital heart defects a chance at successful, full-term pregnancies. Jamie Mauracher reports.
For Jennifer Oliveira, who was born with a congenital heart defect, the fact that her daughter, Mila, is about to ring in another new year and turn two is nothing short of a miracle.
“We wouldn’t let ourselves get excited about her until your safe period for survival being about 25 (or) 26 weeks,” the Oshawa resident told Global News while her toddler played under the Christmas tree.
“I mean, when I was 18 I was told I might not be able to even have children.”
Born with tricuspid atresia, Oliveira has only one heart valve instead of two.
“It is hard on my body, especially when (I am) pregnant, and there is about 50 per cent more blood. My heart can’t keep up,” the 36-year-old explained about her condition.
As a result, she suffered five miscarriages while trying to conceive and was in the process of adopting when she fell pregnant again.
READ MORE: This mom’s ‘normal’ pregnancy symptoms were actually a sign of heart failure
“I was terrified… there are a lot of (people) that have my same condition or condition similar and a lot of doctor say they can’t have babies and a lot of doctors even tell them to abort if they fall pregnant,” she explained.
And while only 50 per cent of women with her condition carry a pregnancy to term, unlike others, Oliveira had access to a special type of care: under the eye of cardiologist Dr. Candice Silversides and the team Mount Sinai Hospital’s Miles Nadal Heart Centre in the heart of downtown Toronto.
“It’s a high-risk obstetrics centre but in combination it’s also a cardiac centre … and the largest program of it’s kind in Canada,” Silversides told Global News.
Silversides, who is also head of the program, said the centre treats approximately 300 pregnant patients a year, compared to most Canadian hospitals which see only two or three of these types of cases.
READ MORE: Pregnant after 40? Study suggests higher lifetime risk of heart attack, stroke
Nationally, there are an estimated 257,000 people living with a congenital heart disease.
At while at least half will face the prospect of health complications, multiple surgeries or even sudden death, those risks become even greater for women who fall pregnant.
Two out of 10 women with a congenital heart disease will run into some sort of complication during pregnancy. It’s a statistic Silversides said the centre’s unique tag-team approach, coupled with research over the last decade, has drastically improved.
“What is really important is to talk to women early, prior to getting pregnant, so they can hear about the risks specific to their cardiac condition … (so they can) make an informed decision on whether or not they want to go forward with the pregnancy,” said Dr. Silvesides,
READ MORE: Pickering girl named a ‘Champion’ for conquering her heart defect
For Oliveira, she said the dream of having a child of her own, far outweighed any risk.
“To have her… it’s amazing,” she said, having just watched Mila dance around the living room.
Oliveira said she is forever grateful for a team of doctors — one she credited with making her family a reality.
“If I had to I would do it again, I would in a heart beat,” Oliveira said.
HealthPregnancyHeart DiseaseHeartMount Sinai HospitalToronto HospitalsCongenital Heart Diseaseheart defectspregnancy riskMiles Nadal Heart Centre
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Dual Survival
Two people with drastically different backgrounds and survival strategies take on some of the planet's most unforgiving terrain to demonstrate how the right skills and creative thinking can keep you alive in the most dangerous situations.
What happens when you put two complete strangers - sans clothes - in some of the most extreme environments on Earth? Each male-female duo is left with no food, no water, no clothes, and only one survival item each as they attempt to survive on their own.
Naked and Afraid XL
A group of the best survival experts in the world take on an un-survivable situation: 40 days. 40 nights. No food, water or clothes. To survive they'll need to master the environment, pushing far beyond the breaking point. Will even one be able to finish?
Built to Survive
Built to Survive is a survival experiment. A leader selects four strangers from various survival and construction disciplines. Together, they build key structures that allow them to live off the grid, while surviving out in the wild.
Men, Women, Wild
From sex to surviving, this unfiltered real life immersion follows a man-woman couple who must endure the wilderness, while also overcoming the everyday pleasures and issues that couples face.
American Tarzan
On a remote Caribbean island, seven challengers will take on Mother Nature’s most brutal obstacle course. Their goal: to not only survive the wild, but to master it.
Apocalypse Preppers
The countdown to the end of the world has begun for these preppers. Learn about the mind-boggling ways that apocalypse preppers are gearing up for all hell to break loose, by developing unique ways to sustain their lives when the world begins to crumble.
Still Alive puts viewers right in the middle of the action. Follow along as cameras capture each survivor’s frightening brush with death, and find out just how they’re Still Alive.
Facing eight grueling landscapes across the globe, survivalists square off to see who’s toughest in “The Wheel.” Watch as the participants are put at the Wheel’s mercy, with its every turn thrusting them into a new harrowing domain. When and how quickly will the Wheel turn?
Dude, You're Screwed
Every episode, one of the world's foremost survival experts is kidnapped, blindfolded, and dropped into one of the harshest environments on earth. The goal: find civilization within 100 hours. But to win this game, you don't just have to survive -- you have to do so in style.
Everest Rescue
Each year, hundreds of climbers, with their Sherpa guides, attempt to defy death and scale mighty Mt. Everest. In “Everest Rescue,” follow the world class band of elite helicopter pilots that risk life & limb to save lives at the very top of the world.
Devil's Canyon
Deep in the bush of British Columbia there is a new gold rush in an area known as Devil's Canyon. Gold miners Boyce Goff and Ben van der Valk separately venture deep into the forest, past where big mining companies can reach, in search of the next big pay streak.
In Darkness, three strangers push themselves to their absolute limits in complete darkness – enduring days buried underground while navigating prehistoric cave systems, ancient subterranean cities and centuries-old abandoned mines. Are you afraid of the dark?
Ed Stafford: Left For Dead
Ed Stafford tackles some of the planet's most extreme environments, to find out what it's really like when you're lost, alone, and desperately searching for a safe route back to civilization.
Former British Army Captain, Ed Stafford was the first person to walk the length of the Amazon, but surviving completely alone on a desert island is his biggest adventure yet. Can he last 60 days on an uninhabited Fijian island with absolutely nothing?
Naked Castaway
Arriving on a remote, uninhabited Fijian island with nothing, the first man to walk the Amazon, explorer Ed Stafford has to quickly establish his priorities of water, shelter, food and fire to have any chance of surviving his 60-day challenge.
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HERE ARE THE NEW REVEALED WONDERS SECRETS OF THE TORAH !
Filed under: Archaeology, History, Mysteries, Origins, Abraham, Aviram, Babylon, Benjamin, Breastplate, Culture, Datan, Egypt, Elitzaphan, Ephraim, Ever, Family, Genesis, Golden Calf, Great Dispersion, Habiru, Heb, Uncategorized | Tags: 1/2 of a shekel coin, 1/2 of a shekel coin 10 days Teshuva 10-12-22 lights 13 midot Rachamim 13 Tikuney Dikna 17th of Tammuz 4th of July 18 vertebrae 22 Holy Letters 248/365 2nd temple History 32 Paths 370 lig, 10 days Teshuva, 10-12-22 lights, 13 midot Rachamim, 13 Tikuney Dikna, 17th of Tammuz, 18 vertebrae, 22 Holy Letters, 248/365, 2nd temple History, 32 Paths, 370 lights, 3RD TEMPLE, 4th of July, 50 gates, 50th Gate, 613 commandments, 7 earths, 7 laws of Noah, 7 windows of the soul, 70 nations, 72 names, 7th day (Svi shel Pasach), 9th of Av, A"k, Abraham, abstract, acrylic paint, aficoman, after life, Akudim, aliens, Amalak, ana bicoach, angel of death, ANGELS, anger ANIMALS anti gravity arba minim Archeology aretz israel, ANIMAL SACRIFICES, Archaeology, Arich, ark, artwork, Asiyah, Astrology, Atik, atonement, Av, Aviram, avot, Avraham, Avraham Abulafia, Awe, ayn, Babylon, balance, beard, before this world, Beney Elohim, Benjamin, beyond the matrix, Bible codes, blending, blood vessels, Body, Bones, book of creation-Safer Yetzera, Breastplate, BREATH, bria, brightness, Brit, Business, calendar, cavanah-intent, CAVANOT, cedars, ceramics, Chamas, Change, CHANGING TIMES, Chanukah, Charade, Chariot-Markavah, Charity-Sadakah, Chasmal, chassidim and givurot, chayot, Chesed-Gimilat chassadim, CHUCHMAH-CREATIVITY, Chuchmah-Wisdom, circle and square, clouds, collage, colored pencils, composition contrast, conscious and unconscious, Controlling one's passions, conversions, Covenant Creation, creativity, CREATURES, Culture, dat-knowledge, Datan, Death, delight, Delight joy-happiness, depth kaballah, design, Devacut-cleaving to God, DIKNA, DISCREPANCIES IN TORAH, Divine essence, DIVINE NAMES, Divine providence, Divine service, divine thought, Do better than the Generation, don't reveal secrets, donkey, Eastern mysticism, eating, EATING KOSHER, ECONOMICS, Edom, EGYPT, Electromagnetism, Elitzaphan, Ellul, Elohem"e, emotional composure, emuna-faith, enamel, energy centers, English Gematria, engraving, entities, Ephraim, Equanox, erev rav-mixed multitude, etching, Eternal life, ethics, Ever, evil, evil inclination, Evil-klippa, exhibit, exhibition, exile, Family, fear-awe, fighting evil, FINANCE, fire, firmament, Fixings-Tikunim, forehead, Fortune-Mazel, foundation stone- Kotel, foundation stone-source, France, FREE WILL, freedom and ethics, gallery, Gan Aden-Garden of Eden, Garden of Eden, gematria, Gemora Sofrim, Genesis, GETTING DRUNK, ghosts, gilgul, GIVING YOUR ALL, givurot, Global Economics, God controls even evil, God in hiding, Gog, Gold calfs, golden calf, Great Days, Great Dispersion, guarding from evil, Habiru, hachalot-Divine palace, HAMAS, Hanukkah, Happiness, harmony-beauty, healing arts, HEALTH, heart, HEAVENS, Hebrew, Hebron-Machpelah, hell-Gehenom, Herbs, Hiddeness, Hieroglyphics, Hiram Temple Builder, History, History in the making, HOLINESS, Holy deviation, Holy Pleasure, Holy Tongue, Hoshanah, ibor, ice, image of God, Incense, inclination, Individuality, injury, insanity, Intro to Kabbalah of the Ar"i introduction, Introduction to Kabballah, IRAN, islam, Israel, Jacob, Jerusalem, Jeshurun, Jewish iQ, Jews in America, JOB, Joseph, Judgments, Judiasm, justice, Kaballa of the Ari and Zohar, KABALLAH, kav and Reshimu, keter, Kindness, King David, Kingdom of Israel, Kingdom of Judah, klippah, KORACH, Korach (Parasha), KORBONOT-, Kosher, Kotel-Holy of Holies, KUZARI. 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S. Secret, Unity-Achdut, Universal conscious, UNUSUAL EVENTS, unusual thoughts, Upright and returning light, UPSIDE DOWN NUNS, USA, vayetze, Vessels, VIBRATION, voice, Vortex, WAR, water, What is a Jew, What is next, whats going on, why "bad things" happen Will, WILL AND DESIRE, wisdom-Chuchmah, wonders of God in Nature World, worlds, Worlds-Atzilut, Yehuda, Yesod, Yesoi"t, yetzer tov, yetzera, YHV"H, yhv"h and Elohy"m, Yichus-relation to names, Yom Kippor, Yosef ha sadeek, zeal-Eliyahu, Zeir Anpin, ZIONISM, ZOHAR
have eternal aspirations
TORAH FROM
ירושלים JERUSALEM
THE HOME OF THE SHECHINAH !
From our perch above the abyss
of Jewish destruction
by assimilation and intermarriage,
a few determined Jews shout out loudly
“Moshe is true
and his Torah
is true.”
GOD created man in goodness, but he is OBLIGATED to guard himself from the external evil of which he is a part and reveal the goodness he has within !
AND INSTRUCTION :DISCREPANCIES IN TORAH, SCRIBES, TIME, Torah SEFIROT PARZUFIM PROVIDENCE | TORAH, DIVINE NAMES,1/2 of a shekel coin, 1/2 of a shekel coin 10 days Teshuva 10-12-22 lights 13 midot Rachamim 13 Tikuney Dikna 17th of Tammuz 4th of July 18 vertebrae 22 Holy Letters 248/365 2nd temple History 32 Paths 370 lig, 10 days Teshuva, 10-12-22 lights, 13 midot Rachamim, 13 Tikuney Dikna, 17th of Tammuz, 18 vertebrae, 22 Holy Letters, 248/365, 2nd temple History, 32 Paths, 370 lights, 3RD TEMPLE, 4th of July, 50 gates, 50th Gate, 613 commandments, 7 earths, 7 laws of Noah, 7 windows of the soul, 70 nations, 72 names, 7th day (Svi shel Pasach), 9th of Av, A”k, abstract, acrylic paint, aficoman, after life, Akudim, aliens, Amalak, ana bicoach, angel of death, ANGELS, anger ANIMALS anti gravity arba minim Archeology aretz israel, ANIMAL SACRIFICES, Arich, ark, artwork, Asiyah, Astrology, Atik, atonement, Av, avot, Avraham, Avraham Abulafia, Awe, ayn, Babylon, balance, beard, before this world, Beney Elohim, beyond the matrix, Bible codes, blending, blood vessels, Body, Bones, book of creation-Safer Yetzera, BREATH, bria, brightness, Brit, Business, calendar, cavanah-intent, CAVANOT, cedars, ceramics, Chamas, Change, CHANGING TIMES, Chanukah, Charade, Chariot-Markavah, Charity-Sadakah, Chasmal, chassidim and givurot, chayot, Chesed-Gimilat chassadim, CHUCHMAH-CREATIVITY, Chuchmah-Wisdom, circle and square, clouds, collage, colored pencils, composition contrast, conscious and unconscious, Controlling one’s passions, conversions, Covenant Creation, creativity, CREATURES, dat-knowledge, Death, delight, Delight joy-happiness, depth kaballah, design, Devacut-cleaving to God, DIKNA, Divine essence, DIVINE NAMES, Divine providence, Divine service, divine thought, Do better than the Generation, don’t reveal secrets, donkey, Eastern mysticism, eating, EATING KOSHER, ECONOMICS, Edom, Electromagnetism, Ellul, Elohem”e, emotional composure, emuna-faith, enamel, energy centers, English Gematria, engraving, entities, Equanox, erev rav-mixed multitude, etching, Eternal life, ethics, evil, evil inclination, Evil-klippa, exhibit, exhibition, exile, fear-awe, fighting evil, FINANCE, fire, firmament, Fixings-Tikunim, forehead, Fortune-Mazel, foundation stone- Kotel, foundation stone-source, France, FREE WILL, freedom and ethics, gallery, Gan Aden-Garden of Eden, Garden of Eden, gematria, Gemora Sofrim, GETTING DRUNK, ghosts, gilgul, GIVING YOUR ALL, givurot, Global Economics, God controls even evil, God in hiding, Gog, Gold calfs, Great Days, guarding from evil, hachalot-Divine palace, HAMAS, Hanukkah, Happiness, harmony-beauty, healing arts, HEALTH, heart, HEAVENS, Hebron-Machpelah, hell-Gehenom, Herbs, Hiddeness, Hiram Temple Builder, History, History in the making, HOLINESS, Holy deviation, Holy Pleasure, Hoshanah, ibor, ice, image of God, Incense, inclination, Individuality, injury, insanity, Intro to Kabbalah of the Ar”i introduction, Introduction to Kabballah, IRAN, islam, Israel, Jerusalem, Jewish iQ, Jews in America, JOB, Judgments, Judiasm, justice, Kaballa of the Ari and Zohar, KABALLAH, kav and Reshimu, keter, Kindness, King David, klippah, KORBONOT-, Kosher, Kotel-Holy of Holies, KUZARI. LAMP, Land of Israel, learning, Leprosy, letters, Levels of hell, levels of the Soul, Leviyaton, LIFE, Light, Log bOmer, Love, magic, Maimonides/Rambam, Manorah, markava visions, mars, masterpiece, mathematical anomaly, Matto”t, Mazel, Meditation, MERCY AND JUDGEMENT, Merkava, mesach, meshach, MESSIAH, messiah redemption, middle man, middot, Midnight, MIKVAH, military, MIRACLES, Misa Markava, Mitzvot, Moses, Moshe Chyim Lazzato, Mount Sinia, Mount Zion Music, mysterious archaeological, mysterious phenomenon, Nakavah, nanhaga-Divine guidance, Nashama, Nazir, nefesh., Nefilim, nerves, Nesira, NEWS, noga, Nothingness-ayn, Obama, of infinate wisdom, ofanim, OIL, oil paint, OMER, one God, Oral Torah, Organs of the body, other dimensions, Other side, outer space, overcomming difficulties, palaces of the upper worlds, Palestinians, PaRDeS, parsha, Parsha Barashit, PARSHA CHAYAH SARAH, PARSHA CI TABO, Parsha Ki tetze, PARSHA LECH LECHA, PARSHA NITZAVIM, PARSHA NOACH, PARSHA REAH, PARSHA SHEMOT -SMOT, PARSHA SHOFIM, Parsha Trumah, parsha Vayagash, Parsha Vayara, PARSHA VAYICHI, PARSHA Vyarah—Vaera, parzufim, PASSACH, passover, pastel, Peace and Love, pen, pencil, Perke Avot, perspective, PESSACH, photo, photograph, Plague of Darkness, pleasure, Politics, poster, prayer, President Obama, PROPHESY, Prophesy now, providence, Purim, push off evil, Rabbah, Rabbi Yuhuda Ha Nassi, Raising Sparks, Ratzo v Shuv, Rav Kook, realism, Recognizing Providence, RED HEIFER, REDEMPTION, Reincarnation religion, Remote viewing, Renewal Resurrection, reward and punishment, Riencarnation, righteous man, righteousness, Rome, Rosh Hashanah, ROYAL BLUE, Ruach, Ruach haKodesh-The Holy spirit, Running and Returning-, Sabbath, sacrifices, sadakah-charity, Sages, sanctification, sarafim, Saturn, Sawdeek, scent, Science, scientific research, seclusion, secret societies, secrets see, sefirot, self help spirituality, Self Sacrifice, Sexuality, Shabbot, Shabot, Shavuot, Shechina-Divine Presence, shofar, Simchat Torah, SIN-DEATH, Sinai Revelation, sitra achra-other side, sitzet, sleep, Smimini Atzerot, social justice, solomon’s Temple, SONG, sons of god, Souls, sparks, Speech of the Heart, Speech of the mouth, Spinal cord, spirits, Spiritual combat, spiritual Gates, spiritual individuality, spiritual proof, SPIRITUAL UNITY, Spiritual Worlds, spirituality, Spirituality versus Secularism, Splitting the sea, stars, strange creations, STRANGE EVENTS, strange tales, STRANGER THAN FICTION, succah, Succot, suffering, SUN, Supernal court, TACHALET, Tamuz, Tanya, Technology Teffilin, Tefillin, Temple Mount, Terror, teshuva, The 3 Weeks, the “Mishcon” (tabernacle), The Bizzare, The God knows, The Guide, The Holocaust, The Holy Ar’i, The name, THE RED SEA, The tabernacle, The Temple, The throne, Tikuny Dikna, Tohu and Vohu, Top secret Torah, TORAH, Torah before creation, Torah Politics, TORAH SECRETS, TORAH-LIFE, Transformational Experience, Tree of knowledge, Tree of Life, troubles and complications, True life, trust, Tu bi Svat, TZEDAKAH, tzizum, U. S. Secret, Unity-Achdut, Universal conscious, UNUSUAL EVENTS, unusual thoughts, Upright and returning light, UPSIDE DOWN NUNS, USA, vayetze, Vessels, VIBRATION, voice, Vortex, WAR, water, What is next, whats going on, why “bad things” happen Will, WILL AND DESIRE, wisdom-Chuchmah, wonders of God in Nature World, worlds, Worlds-Atzilut, Yesod, Yesoi”t, yetzer tov, yetzera, YHV”H, Yhv”h and Elohy”m, Yichus-relation to names, Yom Kippor, Yosef ha sadeek, zeal-Eliyahu, Zeir Anpin, ZIONISM, ZOHAR,the Sifra de-Rav Yeiba Saba, the Sifra di-Shelomo Malka, The Smaller Assembly, ZOHAR
DEEP SPIRITUAL SECRETS ABOUT MUSICThere are 10 TYPES OF SONGאשרי Is the first type of song is Ketter2nd type of song is שיר (song) this is Chuchmah3rd third (type of song) is ברכה (blessing), this is the upper Shechinah (Binah) about this is said, “my soul will bless Hashem” (Psalms 103:1), from her a man is given his neshamah.The 4th (type of song) is מזמור psalm and this is the right arm, as it is written, “מזמור A psalm, sing to Hashem a new song because wonders he has done, let his right hand save us” (Psalms 98:1), about this is said, “your right hand saves us” (ibid. 60:7)5th type of song is נגון (melody)The 6th type of song is הללויה Halleluyah
Tags: Bible, Biblical mathematical anomaly, mathematical anomaly, Numerical Patterns, Rabbi Solomon D. Sassoon, Bible codes, Gematria, mathematical anomaly Hebrew, Hebrew Letters, KABBALLAH, amen, Divine names, ibor, Ibor year, Kaddish, Leap year, meditation, parzufim, prayer, Shabot, Smittah, yichudim, zivug , DIVINE NAMES, Meditation, Yichudim, songs ,music
READ HERE https://godssecret.wordpress.com/2009/11/16/deep-spiritual-secrets/
2)ALL THE LIGHTS
The oar Ha Chyim taught that “kayin” knew of the arms and feet of the earth. So he didn’t need to lay a hand on Abel to kill him. The four sides of the shechina (Divine presence) are according to the four flags of the “midbar”, and so are there four groups of Jews safardim, askanazim Catalonians and Italians. Cohen cooresponds to tohu, Levi to Vohu and Yisrael to chosech (darkness). All yisrael nourish from a light that is so bright it appears as darkness. The lights are revealed by raising up sparks through mitzvot and acts of kindness. Then new lights decent from above to the nefesh ruach nashama chayah and Yachida (levels of the soul) to each man accordingly.
READ HERE https://godssecret.wordpress.com/2019/01/09/all-the-lights/
3) The SECRET OF HOW PRESIDENT TRUMP GOT ELECTED IN DETAIL —
THE AMAZING MERIT OF “SADAKAH” (CHARITY) AND ACTS OF KINDNESS FOR RELIGIOUS JEWISH PEOPLE BY GENERATIONS OF THE TRUMP FAMILY !
MORE https://godssecret.wordpress.com/2019/01/10/the-amazing-merit-of-sadakah-charity-and-acts-of-kindness/
4)THIS WILL BE THE MOST IMPORTANT LIFE CHANGING LINK FOR ‘YOU’ OVER 30 YEARS WORK–***—My FREE BOOK GO BEYOND FAITH TO “KNOW” GOD^^^^^ BY EXPERIENCE GOD’S SECRET – YOU WILL BE AMAZED ! ! ! ”
“Ladder to Supernal Consciousness”A overview of everything, Including :1)The Owner’s Manual to Prosperity and the Soul for Hindus, Christians,Jews, Buddhists, Muslims and anyone else 2) “The Definitive Biblical phenomena” 3)The Souls speak 4)”The Owner’s Manual to the Soul” Part 1 The Gate 5)“The Owner’s manual to the Soul” Part 2 THE KABALLAH 6) “The Message”7)The Book of the Angel Mattatro”8)“Book Of ELOHEME”9)“Teffilin The Owner’s manual”10)THE MYSTICAL HOLY SHABOT11)“The Divine structure of unfolding of Heaven and Earth” 12)”The book of “יהו“ה Yhv”h 13) “Markava” The Divine chariot– DOWN LOAD -My FREE BOOK HERE https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BxWd7M1okER6RVJFbExzQ3dSY0k
5)Oldest known 10 Commandments are in America, in Ancient Hebrew Script-From time of king Solomon Tags: Native Americans, earliest 10 Commandments in america, Archeology
read here – https://godssecret.wordpress.com/2009/06/14/oldest-known-10-commandments-is-in-america-in-ancient-hebrew-script-from-time-of-king-solomon/
6)- PARSHA Metzora- BIBLICAL LEPROSY IS NOT LEPROSY , Through a spiritual treatment to a physical ailment the Torah in our parsha alludes to the roots of illness and spiritual healing. Physical well-being is linked to spiritual balance. When a person is out of balance spiritually the flow of God-given life force which sustains all of existence is restricted. This appears as physical illness. On the skin of the person with tzaraat is sores called a “nega.”, oneg (bliss) and nega (affliction) have the same letters.. We see from this that afflictions come by taking delight in forbidden things or not taking delight in those things that the God commands. As the sages teach in tractate Sotah all curses come only on account of a lack of happiness in Divine service.
Spiritual defects expresses themselves as physical illness, as in the case of tzaraat. With more serious illness (spiritual defects) treating the physical symptoms alone will not be enough and the illness can return, God forbid. One needs to treat the root of the problem.
Physical approaches to the treatment of illness are important but consciousness and lifestyle changes are needed for true tikkun (repair) to occur.
One must restore spiritual balance to “remove” the problem.
Know further spiritual imbalance leads to new growth of illness (at some time) God forbid. Unless one works to correct the problem. How much better that will be !
read MUCH more here – https://godssecret.wordpress.com/2014/03/27/parsha-tazria-biblical-leprosy-is-not-leprosy/
| Tags: illness, OMER, PARSHA TAZRIA, SPIRITUAL, spiritual Healing
7) YOU NEED TO STAY ALIVE TO DO TORAH – 15 Health Problems Linked to Monsanto’s Roundup
Monsanto invented the herbicide glyphosate and brought it to market under the trade name Roundup in 1974, after DDT was banned. But it wasn’t until the late 1990s that the use of Roundup surged, thanks to Monsanto’s ingenious marketing strategy. The strategy? Genetically engineer seeds to grow food crops that could tolerate high doses of Roundup. With the introduction of these new GE seeds, farmers could now easily control weeds on their corn, soy, cotton, canola, sugar beets and alfalfa crops—crops that thrived while the weeds around them were wiped out by Roundup.
In the nearly 20 years of intensifying exposure, scientists have been documenting the health consequences of Roundup and glyphosate in our food, in the water we drink, in the air we breathe and where our children play.
Eager to sell more of its flagship herbicide, Monsanto also encouraged farmers to use Roundup as a desiccant, to dry out all of their crops so they could harvest them faster. So Roundup is now routinely sprayed directly on a host of non-GMO crops, including wheat, barley, oats, canola, flax, peas, lentils, soybeans, dry beans and sugar cane.
Between 1996 – 2011, the widespread use of Roundup Ready GMO crops increased herbicide use in the U.S. by 527 million pounds—even though Monsanto claimed its GMO crops would reduce pesticide and herbicide use.
Monsanto has falsified data on Roundup’s safety, and marketed it to parks departments and consumers as “environmentally friendly” and “biodegradable, to encourage its use it on roadsides, playgrounds, golf courses, schoolyards, lawns and home gardens. A French court ruled those marketing claims amounted to false advertising.
They’ve found that people who are sick have higher levels of glyphosate in their bodies than healthy people.
They’ve also found the following health problems which they attribute to exposure to Roundup and/or glyphosate:
ADHD: In farming communities, there’s a strong correlation between Roundup exposure and attention deficit disorder (ADHD), likely due to glyphosate’s capacity to disrupt thyroid hormone functions.
https://godssecret.wordpress.com/2019/01/08/15-health-problems-linked-to-monsantos-roundup/
8) BE CAREFUL WITH THE “RAV” he may be “EREV RAV”, Tags: EREV, world of “Tohu” (chaos), erev rav-mixed multitude,Rabbi Akiva.4 out of 5 who left Egypt with Yisrael were not Jews 5 aspects “Erev Rav” Read here https://godssecret.wordpress.com/2012/06/17/be-careful-with-the-rav-he-may-be-erev-rav/
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an overview of
Including :1)The Owner’s Manual to Prosperity and the Soul for Hindus, Christians, Jews, Buddhists, Muslims and anyone else
2) “The Definitive Biblical phenomena”
3)The Souls speak
4)”The Owner’s Manual to the Soul” Part 1 The Gate
5)“The Owner’s manual to the Soul” Part 2 THE KABALLAH
6) “The Message”
7)The Book of the Angel Mattatro”n
8)“Book Of ELOHEME”
9)“Teffilin The Owner’s manual”
10)THE MYSTICAL HOLY SHABOT
11)“The Divine structure of unfolding of Heaven and Earth”
12)”The book of “יהו“ה Yhv”h
13) “Markava” The Divine chariot
YOU CAN READ & DOWN
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https://godssecret.wordpress.com/2010/06/23/foods-you-want-to-eat-to-live-long-and-healthy-phytochemicals/
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Astrological signs arrangements for future study E”H
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Twelve Tribes with the twelve
In Yalkut Shimoni (Shemot 418),
The tribe of Yehudah was in the East, together with Issachar and Zevulun, and corresponding to them above are Aries, Taurus, and Gemini… The flag of Reuben was in the South, together with Shimon and Gad, and corresponding to them above are Cancer, Leo, and Virgo… The flag of Ephraim was in the West, together with Menashe and Benjamin, and corresponding to them Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius. The flag of Dan was in the North, together with Asher and Naftali… corresponding to them are Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces…
Another version puts the tribes in order of birth as opposed to their encampments in the wilderness. Thus, Reuben is Aries, Shimon is Taurus, and so on. A third version follows the order of birth, but starting from Rosh Hashanah, so Reuben is Libra and Shimon is Scorpio, etc.
In The Torah written in “black fire on white fire”: Within the “black fire”
a number of texts say that the Torah of White Fire is The Primordial Torah the Torah of Black Fire is its outward expression, as a “commentary” on the White Fire. Here we read how the primordial Torah was beheld by Adam in the Garden of Eden, but because of his sin, the Torah was jumbled—its letters rearranged, more prohibitions added, and mystical secrets removed. Mashiach will restore the world to a state of Eden, and with that reveal the original Torah of Creation, the Torah of White Fire.
SECRET OF THE 72 NAMES OF GOD ! Erev Rav , Amalak, getting water from a rock and alot more!
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UPDATED 26TH jan 2018
PARSHA “BISHALACH” B”H
A REMINDER OF AMALAK BEFORE PURIM ! Amalak is a transmigratory group of souls who Hate God and those who wish to do God’s will. To the nation of Amalek there is nothing good; they are doomed to utter destruction. That is because their traits are anger and destruction. These traits have no counterpart on the side of good and must ultimately be gotten rid of entirely !, There are those from Amalak who have chose to convert and become Jews, then they are no longer Amalak. But this is most unusual.
“God wants the HEART ” this has to be one of the most obvious things in the world. God wants SINCERE Torah learning and performing of “mitzvos”! Not empty Torah and thoughtless “mitzvos” ? Amalak wants the opposite. They want to fill your life distractions. Anything that will interfere with your Divine service. They want you to be so distracted that you can’t really focus properly on the things the things that are most important, your Divine service ! The transmigratory group of souls called Amalak tries to distract us away from thinking about “mitzvot” when we do them.
Amalek tries to plant doubt in our mind’s concerning the authenticity of the Torah and our relationship with God, if these doubts come to manifestation , then soon will Amalak appear on the scene , God forbid, as we see in the Torah Amalek appears the moment Israel says: “Is God with us or not?” (Ex 17:7-8).
Amalek is the thorn forever in the side of the Jewish people. They try to block our national and personal spiritual accomplishments. Amalek thrives on our lack of enthusiasm and our lack of clarity of purpose. Amalek is at the very root of evil. When we break the klippa of Amalek we will bring ourselves and the whole world to its ultimate Tikun (rectification).
The Divine names found in the Bible like Elohem”e, Sd”y, and YHV”H. YHV”H IS PRONOUNCED AS ADN”Y. Due to their sanctity they are NOT pronounced, except in a Biblical verse or part of a Verse or in prayer.
Knowledge of God’s Name can be a dangerous thing for people who bend, twist and distort things to fit their personal belief, when it is not in accordance with The Torah and the tradition of the sages as has been received from the prophets. This involves the sin of blasphemy and “You shall NOT take the Name of YHV”H your God in vain for YHV”H will not absolve anyone who ‘takes’ His Name in vain.” (Shemoth 20:7) Desecrating God’s Name carries with it serious consequences. With great blessing comes great responsibility.
~ The great, glorious, fearsome name,YHVH is a name that includes all the other divine names that are mentioned in the Torah. There is no divine name that is not included in the name YHVH. If you were to pronounce it, you take on your lips all the holy names upon which depend the universe and everything in it. You must realize that when you pronounce the name, sounding out its letters with the motions of [the] tongue, [you] agitate all universes, both above and below. All the angels rise up and ask each other, “why is the universe trembling?” And the answer, “because some wicked person is pronouncing the Explicit Name, sounding out its letters with his lips. As a result of these vibrations, every Name and appellation that depends on it, reverberate, and Heaven and earth tremble.” Then they say, “and who is this wicked person who makes the universe tremble, pronouncing the Great Name without reason? He is this wicked person, who did these sins on this day, and those misdeeds another day.” As a result, all of his individual’s sins are recalled. When you shake the trunk of the tree, you cause all of its branches and leaves to tremble. Likewise, when a person pronounces the letters of YHVH, all the host on high and below tremble, since they all depend on it. The only place where this was not true was in the Holy Temple. When the high priest would pronounce this Name in the Temple, all the host of heaven would rejoice and would receive the divine influx. For in doing this, the high priest would rectify all the supernal channels, and blessing would be brought to everything in the universe
(Shaarey Orah 46b quoting Shaarey Kedusha).
Rabbi Yitchak the Blind wrote in his commentary to Safer Yetzera that when King David dug the pits , and the deep sought to in drown the world, Achitofel taught David the forty – two letter Divine Name , and he wrote it on a clay
shard and tossed it into the deep, so that it didn’t drown the world. The whole world dried up, and he had to say the 15 ” Shir haMalot ” of the Psalms , corresponding to the 15 inner degrees , and for every degree [the deep]
ascended a degree , and the world was restored to its normal condition.
BEWARE, if you use information from this blog and distort it for purpose of avodah zara (strange worship) there could be severe consequences. Those who pursue such knowledge for the wrong reasons are asking for trouble. Using it for personal benefit or for purpose of promoting a particular belief, especially if it is errant or idolatrous, is dangerous. Anyone who would use it for the sole purpose of elevating their status amongst peers is headed in the wrong direction. All of these things are an improper use of God’s Name. It would constitute the “taking/use” of God’s Name in vain as mentioned above. It should not be seen as a ‘tool’ to use for the acquisition of fame or status.
On the other hand if you sincerely wish to come closer to God; to more fully appreciate His Torah; to understand lofty subject matters and to do what is acceptable in His sight then there is great reward in knowing God’s Name.
Exodus 14.19-21
19: And the angel of God, who went before the camp of Israel, removed and went behind them; and the pillar of cloud removed from before them, and stood behind them;
20: and it came between the camp of Egypt and the camp of Israel; and there was the cloud, and darkness here, yet gave it light by the night there; and the one came not near the other all the night.
21: And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea; and the Lord caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind all the night, and made the sea dry land, and the waters were divided.
These three passages in Exodus (14.19-21) describe the miracle of parting of the Reed Sea. Each of these 3 consecutive verses in the original Hebrew has 72 letters exactly. From these verses a special arrangement is made of their 216 letters so to reveal the hidden 72 three letter Names of God.
These are the 72 names, The 72 Names of God have extraordinary power to overcome the laws of nature in all forms, including human nature.
Meditation on the 72 Names can repair you on the soul level and the world in general according to you actions and by passing the demanding tests of life. accordingly the names will be effective. By meditating on these names we receive “knowledge that is not learned from human traditions or derived from intellect and analysis. ” Rabbi Avraham Abulafia teaches that one should Breath in when speaking the letters and exhale with the vowels. Each 3 letter name involves twelve breaths. One can also discover that each Name has a relation to a specific verse in the Torah. Where the name appears in the verse or spelled our in the ‘Rosh’ and ‘Sof’ “Tevot” (first and last letters of words). Each Vowel has a specific head movement as well. Rabbi Abulafia says when the power of the abundance begins to manifest letters and the Sefirot begin to appear like lightening flashes, as the visions of the Chayot (living creatures). As it is said, “The Chayot ran and returned, like a vision of lightning.” Rabbi abulafia says that we have a tradition that the divine influx will come to a perfected individual after he completes 24 of the 3 letter names. This is alluded to in the word “my Beloved” Dodi =24 in Hebrew. thus it is written, “The sound of my Beloved (Dodi) is knocking.” (Song of Songs, 5.2)
Parsha Bishalach Bs”d
Parshah Beshalach is made up of 6,423 Hebrew letters, 1,681 Hebrew words, and 116 verses, and can occupy about 216 lines in a Torah Scroll, the same number of letters as in the 72 names.
From אז comes forth the seventy two names.
Some people never learn. You would think after all those plagues in Egypt Pharoe would give it up all ready. But no, he evidently did not have enough so he pursues after the children of Yisrael into the desert and right into the sea where all his chariots and men come to their final resting place buried under the water. Some people never learn.
Yet for Yisrael it was not easy either. Only six hundred thousand Israelites survived the plague of darkness and made it to stand at the sea. The six hundred thousand who made their way to the sea were 1/5th of the original population of 3 million.
They stood at the lip of the sea fearing their destruction from the advancing chariots. The water would not split for them until Nachshon Ben Aminadav jumped in. One just has to have the determination to go for it, and then the result will be accomplished. As at the sea. Moses invoked 72 names to split the water of the sea but someone still had to jump in. Heaven has many blessings for you, but you need to do something about it.
Moses was the only prophet to receive prophesy from the masculine aspect of GOD. All else received from the feminine aspect. Rabbi Nachunya’h Ben Hakannah teaches Moses was from the “smittah” (time period) of Chesed, which has already passed. As now is the “smittah” of givurah. So he asked “why do you bring me here?, I’m from the place of rachamim (mercy) without yetzer hora (evil inclination) or sin ”. Bina (Divine understanding) responded “ I bring you for the need of the world, to take Yisrael out from Egypt, to bring 10 plagues, and have Yisrael pass through the sea on dry land, and to bring Yisrael to Sini to receive the Torah. You have the power to deliver them as you are from the smittah of Chesed.” No matter where you came from, what ever background you have GOD’s will is for you. By its force you can fulfill His will. There may be obstacles to overcome. As its taught. Uz”a was the angel over the reed sea He descended to complain against Yisrael. Even with all the obstacles one must just jump into it. Its said at the splitting of the reed sea a slave saw more then the Prophet Ezekiel. Yisrael saw at Sini what the nations have never seen.
Our parsha Bishalach is in the second book of the Torah called in the holy tongue “smot” meaning names, while it is usually translated as Exodus. This parsha has 3 verses in a row each having exactly 72 letters. From these 3 verses are assembled 72 three letter names of Divine power. It was by these names Moses was able to split the waters of the sea and cause them to stand like a wall. Even when the physical nature of water is the opposite of this. This allowed Yisrael to walk then across the sea on dry land. Also each of these Holy names has specific qualities one name pushes away evil, another draws mercy from the highest place and another helps one receive secrets. It is by Knowledge of the name of GOD that Yisrael is distinguished from the nations and given a role directing Divine providence instead of being passive recipients.
In the Book Brit Minuchah it states Now there are few Mikubalim , but there has not been diminished or interrupted the flow or power of rulership in the world. The Mikubal is not lacking in His power of rulership. The flow is free to all who have emunah. But to those of little faith, they must pay with merit. The guarding angels are the merit. By them one enters the Markava (Divine Chariot), or is prevented. They are the limits. Rabbi Moses Cordevero teaches Sarafim Chayot and ofanim (levels of angels) were only created to help even if they are masters of “sarim” (supernal supervisors) and song they help men. Breath dresses in the words of tefila in segulot (supernatural powers) of arrangement of the words in ”kavana” (intention) in breath and voice with out speech. The name Yhv”h it is not our custom to pronounce in its own letters, but we do so with Ahy”h. This rides on our voice. By this is built yichus (relationship) on the names. And this is the elevation of elevations. Becoming a master of the names and working in them. The way of the voice of Yhv”h its work is revealed. This is the elevation of elevation. It is closed and concealed, not revealed. Because if one becomes accustomed to contemplate it in its letters there is Revelation of the markava, but this is hidden. So it is not pronounced, but it is the power of ruling is of the highest elevation upon all the world of Atzilut. If it were pronounced it would rule all the sefirot that are comprehended, but this is not so. It rules all in a hidden way. But Ahy”h guards upon the Hosts of the hachel (palace) proper to guide showing revelation of the Emanater. Pronounced shows concerning works that will be accomplished in the future, now and what has already passed. This thing cannot be comprehended at all, but it is a concealed thing.
Concerning the Teferet (balance) of invocation of Divine names the Ramcha’l teaches that in order to work a name a man must remember the name of the illuminary to arouse its light, and its angel from it who goes over to do its work. The work is the ruling of GOD and the name causes its arousal. The light of all your learning shines in your “tikunim” (fixings) filling all the Divine names. Rabbi Rosin teaches Love of Yisrael is a segulah (miraculous power) itself to draw into the letters and permutations of Holy names to illuminate and flow by way of avoda (divine service). GOD created the world in His Name, and rules it in His Names. So pray and by the purity of your observance of the Mitzvot from selfless dedication we will merit to see soon all our enemies destroyed and the Arrival of our righteous Mashiach in mercy quickly in our days.
After seeing so much Divine at the sea. It seems many did not internalize the experience. Sometimes understanding and seeing is not enough as after the splitting the sea the people still did not trust in GOD enough to believe and that He could provide them with water. Another miracle was required, Moses had to make Bitter waters fit for drinking. He did this by throwing a tree in the water. By “throwing” the Tree of life (Torah) into the waters (anything you do) they become fit to drink. So do everything for the sake of heaven.
Then comes the Manah, the bread of heaven. Thus by this order of events we see that if you sweeten the bitter waters of this world (raising the sparks), revealing GOD in the world. By this is sweetened the forces of judgment. And one comes to live in a world that is like all Shabot in a sense. So the next command in our parsha is Shabot. The test of the manah is similar to the trial of today which many fail. One of the most common complaints of Jews today concerning Shabot is that they just cant keep it, they need to work. This is very similar to the generation in the desert who were forbidden to gather their Manah on the Shabot. They had to trust in Hashem , that He would provide all their needs. Its interesting to note that in Hebrew manah is “mun”. Money in transliteration is my manah. there are no coincidences. Rav Yuhudah said in the name of Rav ” If the Jewish people would have kept the first Shobot no nation would have ever had dominion over them. But is says in the Torah ” On the 7th day some people went out to gather” (smot 16:27) Right after this it says “Then came Amalak” (Smot 17:8). Rashi says on this that Amalak came because the Jews Doubted Divine providence.
Towards the end of the parsha is the 3rd incident with water. Moses there needs to draw water from a rock. It is here Moses becomes angry with the people and hits the rock. It is said because of this Moses could not enter Aretz Yisrael. This is a pretty strong warning against anger. Its said the water Moses brought out of the rock was Torah for the “Erev Rav” (mix multitude) as taught by the Ar”i HaKodesh in Safer Lecutim. We see this “tikun” (fixing) even for Moses was a difficult matter. But they must be dealt with as the event following water from the rock is the Attack from Amalak (the innate enemy of GOD and his people). But the parsha concludes with GOD promising Vengeance on Amalak and may we see it soon with our righteous messiah.
The sword of the Holy One Blessed be He is the sword of all four letters of the name of GOD יהו”ה, just like there are 4 death penalties of the court. The letter Yud of the name is the head of the sword, for all is in accordance with the decree of the head, which are the Sefirot of Keter and Chochmah. The Vav is the body of the sword 2 Hey are two mouths of the sword, because the action of judgment in action comes about through the Malchut which is the mouth that decrees the decree of judgment of the power of the mouth above which is the Binah.
It is said of Yesod, “The thousand are to you Solomon.” (Songs 8:12) Solomon, embodies Yesod, כתף= 500 )shoulder). However, each shoulder by itself only equals five hundred, the gematria of the concealed letters of the “meloy of שד”י like thisשין דלת יוד
The sword of the Tetragrammaton is clothed in its sheath which is the name of ארנ”י in secret of unification above with below.
Parsha Tsav, Tzav— INSIDE HOLINESS
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Parsha Tsav
The Parsha talks all about sacrifice. Why does the Torah spend to much time and give so much detail of the Laws of Sacrifices, especially now that there’s no Temple? How is this relevant ? It’s written: (Behold, hear from sacrifice) (1S 15:22).We all are a Sanctuary for the Divine Presence as the verse says: “Make me a Sanctuary and I shall dwell within them” (Ex 25:8; Terumah). By learning how to bring the sacrifices, as the verse says we will “hear”, we will be able to hear Divine truth.
During times when sacrifices were offered sin never clung to Yisrael as these offerings made atonement for them.1 Rabbi Yose teaches concerning the twelve properties of the Torah that inequity can be purged even without sacrifices of flesh but with words of Torah. Even if punishment is already decreed against one, it can be annulled. Words of Torah can purify those who are unclean. He who studies Torah is first purified and then sanctified. 2 Now Torah is from Z’a (Source of Ruach-Emotional Soul), but with complete self sacrifice one can taste the Torah of the future. This is the Torah of “Atik” (The ancient of Days source of Delight) or “aor ganuz” (hidden light). This is acquired by one who never prays for his personal benefit, it is as if he is not part of this world.3 Fire is Binna (Divine Understanding). The Torah is spice against the “Yetzer Hora” (evil inclination). Through being occupied in Torah, which is called Bina. Bina is the source of Givurot. “Dinim” (judgments) are only sweetened in their source being in the Torah. This is by including the left in the right, making טוב (good). This is as Avraham’s sacrifice at “batara”. Which is the future slaughtering of the “Yetzer Hora”. Separating it from us. By cleaving oneself in the light of the Eyn Sof that flows from the letters of the Torah. There goes in judgments to their source. They are corrected in their source in the Torah.4 Malchut of Atzilut is called fire. Fire is Atzilut. But since we are in “galut” this fire does not have to power to burn up the “sitra achra” (other side). It is only strong enough to guard “kidusha” (holiness). It is in Rachamim (Mercy) that we are able to stand in this fire of Holiness. In the future it will be this fire which will destroy the wicked, and it is this fire that will build the 3rd Temple. This fire is the כבוד (Glory) of the Shechinah, by it we are sustained. It is יאהדונה”י. When this light stands on ones head all lights shine on it. יאהדונה”י makes all אחד (one). The “ו “ in the middle is the hand of God, which is between 2 “ י “ . By “yichud” the Shechina (Divine Presence) rises to the Ayn Soff (infinateness) and decends to את .5
Like a sacrifice, Torah is offered as a gift to God. He is at his own table.6 The sages teach in the Talmud that at one time, the sacrificial altar atoned for Israel. Now one’s table, through the spiritual elevation of his food, accomplishes it.7 We learn from Rabbenu Bachyah that once a person confesses his sins to God, no angel is permitted to harm him. Confession atones for the wicked; once they accept the judgment, they merit life in Olam HaBa. The words of confession stand in the place of sacrifice. Thus, to avoid grievous Judgment one must confess even for inadvertent sins, as these require a guilt offering. Many have been saved from death by confession. 8 The main greatness of the Divine Name is through wealth. All this is decided by the כסא (thrown) and משפט (judgment). Dont take benefit of a mitzvah before it is complete (dont create a incomplete mitzvah or lacking compared to what you are capable of). This is as if a Cohen were to eat from a sacrifice before he had completed his required Divine service with it. Do the mitzvoth (commandment-attachment) in a way of כבוד (honor) due to the Holy king. Don’t enter into doing the Mitzvot in a light headed way. By comprehension of the mitzvot one comes to be careful with their fulfillment as then they understand that the mitzvot involve Holiness. Then they will do them with all their power, cherishing and guarding their kidusha. But if one enters to fulfill mitzvot with arrogance or not in a serious way they will not comprehend in truth “hashgacha” (divine providence), or see the way of the Mitzvot.9
In Talmud Bavli Chulin 17b it says that “chulin” (secular meat) was prohibited in the desert because all of the Israelites were relatively close to the “Mishkan” as the encampment was but three “parsoh” square, approximately 9 miles square.So inorder to eat meat while in the desert they had to bring animals to the “Mishcon” to eat them.
These are the methods of refinement of the Souls in the time the Holy Temple is Standing and may it be rebuilt quickly in our days !
The sacrifice “korban Olah” (Burnt Offering) is completely burnt on the altar.
The “korban Todah” (Thanksgiving Offering) is brought to recognize the gratitude one owes God and could be brought when recovering from a illness of from crossing the sea or for other reasons of thanks giving.
The “Korban Chatat” ( Sin Offering) is brought for a sin one did accidentally or was unaware that such a act was a transgression when they did it.
A ” Korban Asham (Guilt Offering) are brought for guilt over possible transgression. One thinks they may have sinned but are not sure. For this one could bring a “Asham”. A guilt offering is brought if one uses Holy things for their own secular use, misappropriation of the Holy. There were many other reasons also for bringing a “Asham”,
The “korban shlamim” (peace offering) the midrash explains “Great is the Peace offering as they bring peace between Israel and their Father in Heaven.” (Tanchuma Tzav, 10). One could bring this “free will offering” for any purpose when one so desired.
In Eretz Yisroel, God does not burden them to travel great distances to the Bet Hamikdash to have their animals slaughtered as sacrifices. He therefore allowed them to slaughter non-sacrificial animals at there homes and eat them there
Connection of the “Mishcon” (tabernacle) to Purim
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Trumah Bs”d
Its the same story over and over again. GOD raises up Amalak (negative destructive force) when the Jews forget where GOD is , as Rabbi Kahana says in Pesicta. Amalak is the dog that bites them to remind them of Hashem. As when there is no where else to turn almost everyone returns to GOD with tefilla (prayer) with their heart. Tefila from ones heart is the opposite of Amalack as Yosef Yitzchak Shneerson explains that Amalak is the power opposite that of Teferet (balance and harmony). It creates situations so that one cannot turn to GOD with their heart. Now is the time of year we remember Amalak, and our victory over them during the time of Mordichy and Ester. In our parsha it written
“ This is the offering you shall take of them Gold, silver, brass, blue, purple, scarlet and linen”. On purim we read in the Magilla
“There were white, green, and blue, hangings, fastened with cords of fine linen and purple to silver rings and pillars of marble; the beds were of gold and silver, upon a pavement of alabaster, marble, mother of pearl, and precious stones.”
It is no coincidence that verses containing gold, silver, blue, purple and linen are mentioned in both places. This is to remind us that the triumph over Amalack, who is the manifestation of the essence of the negative spiritual force opposite Yisrael, is only by Torah. By absolute dedication to GOD in all things. Then GOD will enable us to do what is right. As the Jews did in the time of Mordichy and Ester, saying “We are with Mordichy and the Torah or death”. At that time all the people decided to fast against the threat Haman had made against the Jews so to push off its judgment. We were willing to Give our lives because of our belief in GOD . Easter instead of hiding her identity as a Jew from the King so to guard her own life stood up for her people. Putting the needs of the nation of Yisrael above her own.
This brings us back to our parsha Truma as the “Mishcon” (Tabernacle) represents the spiritualization of the worlds. The GR”A in Aderes Eliyahu (36:8) writes that the building of the “Mishcon” is described seven times. The Tabernacle alludes to the deepest secrets. The sages say that each component of the “Mishcon” corresponds to something in the spiritual worlds which manifest this world. Its boards are the Angels called Sarafim as stated in the Zohar. The rings that hold up the curtains are as the stars in the heavens. The 12 elements involved in construction of the “mishcon” coorespond to the 12 tribes, 12 constellations. The part of the parsha dealing with the ark, has exactly 12 verses Each parsha lists Linen-silver- gold- purple and blue. Silver is white which corresponds to the sefira keter and the level of the soul called Yechida. This is the dedication of our delight and will to the will of GOD . Linen can be dyed any color as the sefira Chuchmah is the color containing all colors corresponding to the soul level called Chayah. This is the dedication of our creative powers to Divine activities. Gold the Ar”i tells us corresponds to Binna, Which corresponds to Divine understanding and one’s Nashama. Their intellectual soul being dedicated to the search for GOD and using ones intellect in their Divine service. Purple is Teferet corresponding to our Ruach, emotional soul. We must be filled with love and fear over Divine will. And finally the Ar’i tells us that Blue corresponds to the Nefesh, our physical existence. We must use our bodies to only do that which GOD wants. With all these powers we can fulfill the verse.
“Make me a Mishcon and I will dwell in them” Then we will be fitting vessels for the Divine presence to dwell in us like at Mount Sinai. The Rambam writes that “the secret of the Tabernacle in the desert was that the glory of God which came down on Mount Sinai openly should dwell upon it in a more concealed manner. The name “Ohel Mo’ed,” which is repeated many times, means “the Tent of Meeting” – in this tent God would meet with Moshe and give him commandments for Yisrael. The Torah specifies many times that the purpose of the Mishcon is to serve as a place for continued revelation to Moses in order to complete the giving of the Torah. (25:22, 29:42-43, 30:6, 30:36). One thing we can learn from the construction of the mischon is that we have to do something to have a revealed presence of God be with us. By fulfilling the commandments of the Torah we make ourselves into a dwelling place for the God.
” The Tabernacle in the desert was or is (its now hidden in a hidden cave by the dead sea they say) a portable, internalized Sinai. That moved with the Hebrews in their wanderings.
As we make ourselves a Mishcon to GOD from the powers of our soul as shown above. Also there are 18 commands in the building of the mishcon corresponding to the 18 vertebrae in the spine of man which correspond to the 18 blessings of the Amida. When we make ourselves a Mishcon to GOD then the story of Purim, of Amalak will have reached its conclusion. As they will have no place to exist. By being nullified to Divine will with in ourselves our lives. Likewise will Amalak be nullifed outside also depending on our merit. Our success at nullifying Amalak’s powers of doubt and coldness to GOD in our Divine service. Then we shall see the Temple built, The glory of GOD revealed with the coming of The Messiah Quickly in our days.
THE DEEP SECRETS OF REINCARNATION ! read slowly a few times
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UPDATED OCT 23RD 2018
Attain the Heights of Spirituality —- NOW
PARSHA MISHPOTIM BS”D
The teachings concerning “Gilgul” (Reincarnation) are are so deep Chym Vital called all the chapters in Shar Gilgulim introductions, Introduction 1 introduction 2 etc,,, There is no pen that will prove sufficient to record all the details of “gilgul” in a book. Nevertheless, an understanding person will comprehend and make the necessary inferences on his own Many of the teaching that follow were give by Elijah the Prophet to the Holy Ar”i (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 2 )
Parsha Mishpotim begins “and these are the judgments that you shall set before them”.
R. Shimon informs us that the “judgments” referred to in the above verse referred to the punishments involved in one’s incarnation in this world. Everything is in measure and equality, to pay back to everyone in accordance with their sins. In general its better not to have to come down here, its better “upstairs”.
To begin with Eve brought death into the world as it says in the Yalkut Shimoni, Bereshith. She was reincarnated as BatYah, the daughter of Pharaoh, thanks to her the world survived because she Moses] from the water (Exodus 2:10). She had the merit of having the name “bat Yah” (daughter of God), like Eve. who could also be called a “Daughter of God” as she had no Human parents. According to the Zohar, Eve also brought about Abel’s death (Tikkun Zohar 69:118b). BatYah, however, saved Mose’s life. We thus see it was the merit of BatYah, the reincarnation of Eve, that Moses who is a reincarnation of Abel who saved the Children of Israel from Egypt and gave them the Torah. Therefore BatYah completely atoned for the sin of Eve.
When Adam and his wife Eve sinned, as well as Cain and Abel, their children, all the soul-sparks became mixed together. Accordingly, sparks of Adam combined with those of Cain and Abel, and sparks of Abel with Adam’s and Cain’s, etc. Therefore, sometimes the Nefesh of a person will be from Cain, but the Ruach comes from Adam. For once they mixed together, they bond. Sparks of Adam often come together with sparks of Cain, the Ruach from Adam and the Nefesh from Cain. It is the same matter with respect to the Neshama with the Ruach and the Nefesh . Cain and Abel were born with a Nefesh of Asiyah , Ruach of Yetzera and Neshama of Beriyah, as well as the level of Nefesh of Atzilut which was previously Adam’s, their father’s Cain and Abel were born with a Nefesh of Asiyah , Ruach of Yetzera and Neshama of Beriyah, as well as the level of Nefesh of Atzilut which was previously Adam’s, their father’s . As is known, every soul has levels called “oar makif” [surrounding light] and “oar penimi” [internal light]. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 30,32)
Each individual receives the appropriate “gilgul” (incarnation) in accordance to the sins that they have performed. Those who enjoyed sin just a little died an easier death; quickly [and without suffering]. Those who had greatly enjoyed sin and had blemished greatly, this type of person would suffer through days of famine and want, and would live to see his children murdered before his eyes (G-d forbid). As is well known, man includes all the worlds. Even though he may not presently merit all of them. Still, he can achieve all of them through his actions. The Talmud says, “Anyone who is greater than his friend, his evil inclination is accordingly greater.” (Sukka 52b).
The Degel Machaneh Ephraim (The Bal Shemtov’s Grandson) teaches us that at times one person takes another to court, and he knows that he is in the right. However, the case in Torah law judges him guilty rather than innocent. This has happened becouse he is liable to the other person from a previous reincarnation.He who takes money dishonestly will also pay for it in the future in this incarnation or another. Thus there are so many laws of money and damages.
All aspects of all souls were included in Adam. Adam’s body was made up of 248 organs and 365 sinews. Each organ and sinew is a Primary Source of souls. Adam was the father of all. Adam included all souls within himself. Afterward, all were included within the three Patriarchs: Avraham, Yitzhak, and Yaakov. After this, all were included within the twelve sons of Yaakov, who fathered the twelve tribes. After this, all were included within the seventy souls who went down to the land of Egypt with Yaakov. After this the seventy subdivided into 600,000 main Sparks. Each a complete Partzuf, containing 248 organs and 365 sinews. This further subdivided into 600,000 Secondary minor Sparks. There are 613 Sparks in each and every one of the 613 major roots. Each Spark divides into a number of Sparks. There is a Major Spark that divides into a thousand Minor Sparks, and there are those that divide into a hundred, and so on. However, all the 613 Major Sparks, in their entirety, do not divide into more than 600,000 Minor Sparks. There are only 600,000 souls and the Torah itself is the source of all Jewish souls the place from which they are hewn.. Therefore, there are 600,000 explanations on the level of “Peshat” on the level of “Remez,” on the level of “Drash” and on the level of “Sod.” (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 17)
Adam’s “right shoulder” is one great main Source. It is the Source known as Hebel (Abel). The right shoulder of Adam divides first into three forefathers, then into twelve tribes, and after that into seventy souls. All of them together are the partzuf of a single person. After this, the seventy roots divide up to 600,000 soul-sparks. The left shoulder of Adam is one main root, and it is a whole partzuf. The left shoulder divides into no more than 70 Minor Roots. Kayin consists of this one Major Root that includes 70 Minor Roots comprised of 600,000 Minor Sparks. All the individual soul-sparks of the Heel of the parzuf of the Major Root called Kayin [Cain], which is the Left Shoulder of Adam, all together are called one, entire Major Soul. There are 613 major souls in each of the Major Roots, and this entire Heel is one of the 613 major souls in the Root of the Left Shoulder that is one Major Root. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 11) In Shar gilgulim its written In the humble opinion of Chaim (Vital) The head of the heel is Hezekiah, and the end of this heel, that is the heel of the heel, is Rabbi Akiva and ben Mahalelel. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 31)
Each one of the Minor Roots divides into 613 Sparks that are internal and essential. These are the Torah scholars in this Root. Around them are the branches, who are the householders and masses. These are without any specific number. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 31)
Most souls are from Cain and Abel, the sons of Adam. Both Cain and Abel contain good and evil, good from the side of Adam and evil from the “zuhama” [filth] of the snake that went to Eve. However, since Cain is from the side of gevurah, evil adhered to him more than to Abel, who is from the side of chesed. Know that Cain is the level of the left arm of every parzuf in every world, whether in Arich Anpin, Abba and Imma, or Zeir Anpin and Nukvah in Atzilut , or in BY»A Beriyah,Yetzira, and Asiyah. Abel is just the opposite, the level of the right arm of every parzuf in every world. The three lower worlds of Bria, Yetzerah and Asiyah are called ‘arms’, whereas the world of Atzilut is called ‘wings’. Thus, Cain is the left wing of Atzilut and Abel is the right wing of Atzilut. These levels of wings and arms have both “aor makif” and “Aor penim” as well. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 35) The Nefesh of Atzilut removed from Adam by his sin was divided between Cain and Abel. Thought it is always correct to say that the right precedes the left in importance and stature, here it is different. For the manifestation of Kayin and Hevel were as a result of the sin of Adam. Kayin is still the first born, and as such the more important. Amalek is from the evil side of Cain. Those souls of the Kayin source have included some of the greatest of the Prophets and Sages, among them King Hezekiah, Rabbi Akiba, and the author, HaRav Chaim Vital. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 31) Great souls from the source of Hevel included Aaron the Cohen. The root of Abel divided into many levels of roots, principally two soul-roots: The roots of Haran and Nahor, the brothers of Abram. Nahor reincarnated into Hur the son of Miriam (Moses’ sister), while Haran reincarnated into Aaron also both Lot and Haran were from the Abel-root. From Lot later came King Rehoboam. Moshe Rabbeynu himself was from Abel, but Moshe includes both sides Cain and Abel. Also from Abel’s root are Hur ben Miriam and Ahab. Aaron was Haran the brother of Abram. Haran came to the world rectify the sin of Adam who had performed idol-worship. However, not only did he not rectify, but he didn’t even believe in God until after Abraham came out of the fiery furnace, as the Sages say. Therefore Haran was burned in Ur Kasdim. After that, he reincarnated into Aaron to rectify the sin, but in the end he did just the opposite by making the Golden Calf. Really he should have instead sacrificed himself when the Mixed Multitude came to him and said, “Arise and make a god for us.” (Ex. 32:1).This was not rectified until Uriah the Priest. Before this he reincarnated into Ya’abetz the Judge. He sinned then as well, constantly making vows, as the Sages say on the verse, “Ya’abetz called out to the God of Israel, saying, If you will bless me” (Chron. I 4:10) Therefore, he reincarnated into Tola the son of Pu’ah the Judge. He was called ‘Tola’ after ‘tola’a’ [worm], whose strength is in its mouth, to hint that he had come to rectify the vows that came forth from his mouth. He sinned in another way as well, as the Sages explain on the verse, “He dwelt in Shamir, in Mount Ephraim.” (Judges 10:1) For, he remained in a single location in one city, rather than traveling from place to place to judge Israel. This prevented the people from coming to him for judgment because of the need to travel. Therefore he reincarnated into Samuel the Prophet, who rectified this sin by traveling from place to place to judge the people, as the verse says. Aaron was reincarnated into Uriah the Kohen of Kiryat Ye’arim, who was killed by King Yehoyakim. Through this, he was forgiven for the death for which he was culpable as a result of the Golden Calf. However, Nadab and Abihu also reincarnated with him into Uriah the Kohen as an actual gilgul, since they died because of him, as we said on the verse, “God became very angry with Aaron to destroy him.” (Deut. 9:20). (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 33) Hillel and Shammai, both were from the root of Abel. However, Hillel was from the side of chesed of Abel, and Shammai was from the side of gevurah of Abel. Know Rabbi Akiva and others like him, are from the root of Cain (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 34) , which is from Gevurot of Hod of Dat — the fifth Gevurah . Also, all the souls from Gevurot of Hod in the Dat of Leah are related to the root of Rabbi Akiva — they are considered one root. You can draw a parallel from this to the root of Abel, which is from the “chasadim” of Dat. This is the issue of the Cain-root, and from it you can extrapolate and apply to the Abel-root . In Sefer HaTikunim, Tikun 69. we learn that the place of the soul-root Rabbi Akiva ben Yosef was the hands. In the secret of, “And his hand was holding the heel of Esau.” (Gen. 25:26). The hands have the ability to go down as far as the heel or as high up as the head, unlike the rest of the limbs. Therefore, these limbs fell to the depths of the kelipot, until the heel. Rabbi Akiva was able to understand more than Moses as he was from Cain and Moses was from Abel. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 28) Moses went up, he found The Holy One blessed be He tying crowns to the letters. He said to Him, “Who is causing You to do this? He answered him, In the future a Sadeek will live named Akiva ben Yosef . And he will learn mounds and mounds of paths from each crown’ . “This is because someone who is from Abel can only understand until the crowns of the letters, called the “tagin”. Someone from the root of the second level of Cain can grasp even the “tamim” or more. As a result of his awesome deeds Moses was able to understand everything. The only the prophet Ezekiel used the term “Kohanim-Levi’im” because he was from the root of Cain, the firstborn. He prophesized in this way, as in the time of Mashiah, those who now Kohanim will then be Leviim, and those who have been Leviim will then be Kohanim. The entire root of Abel who are now Kohanim will then be Leviim. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 35)
The good of Cain, the firstborn, fell into the heel of the “kelipot”.. When Jacob fathered Issachar, he gave him the good portion of the firstborn of Cain that he had taken from Esau as an inheritance. Jacob himself is so called because of the heel. Regarding (the birth of) Issachar Yakov gave this good to him through Leah when he lay with her, and from this came Issachar. This is the secret of Zohar Rut that: “From Issachar comes Rabbi Akiva” (Zohar Chadash 81a) because he is the secret of the heel. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 36)
The good of Cain reincarnated into Nadab and Abihu, for the two of them are one, as it says in the Zohar in Acharei Mot and Pinchas, “The two of them are one body”. The good of Cain reincarnated into Nadab and Abihu. It went into Pinchas in the secret of “ibur”, who was Elijah the prophet. It remained there until the incident with the daughter of Jephtach, after which time it was removed from him. Later it reincarnated into Samuel the prophet, only to later return to Elijah the prophet in” ibur”, From there it went to Elisha the prophet, and then to Hezekiah the King of Judah. Then reincarnated into Yochanan High Priest Kohen Gadol the Chashmony, then into Akavia the son of Mehalelel, and after that into Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai Hakohen. From there it reincarnated into Rabbi Akiva ben Yosef, and this is the secret of what is written, “Three lived until 120 years of age: Moses, Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai, and Rabbi Akiva”. (Rosh Hashanah 31b). After that, it reincarnated into Rav Yaiba Saba, mentioned in the Zohar in the portion Mishpatim, and later into Abaye. This is the secret of what the Sages say, “Rabbi Yochanan did not overlook any verse, mishnah, etc., or question of Abaye and Rava”. (Succah 28a) (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 36)
Moses spent forty years in the house of Pharaoh, forty years in Midian, and forty years leading the Jewish people. Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai spent forty years in business, forty years learning, and forty years teaching. Rabbi Akiva was a simpleton for forty years. Then he learned for forty years, and then he taught for forty years. All these souls had a strong connection to Moses, for all souls are included in his, but particularly those of these tzadikim. However, as explained elsewhere, it was only the level of the Nefesh that reincarnated into them — their level of Ruach and Neshama did not come from this root. A holy and special Nefesh entered Rabbi Akiva as the son of converts, it was one of the wasted drops that had gone out from Joseph when he was seduced by the wife of his master, a non-Jewess. The nefesh of Rabbi Akiva is not like the rest of the souls that are created by the “zivug” of tzadikim in the Garden of Eden, as mentioned in the Zohar. But is a very great and holy nefesh, but because of the sin of Adam and his son Cain, it fell down into the depths of the kelipot, and later caused the incident when the seed left Joseph. Therefore, it needed to enter the world at the time of intimacy into the body of a convert. The nefesh which enters the body of a convert after conversion is enclothed within another nefesh, which comes as the result of the zivug of tzadikim in the Garden of Eden. It is this Nefesh that caused him to be a simpleton for the first forty years, in the secret of what the Sages say, “Converts are difficult for Israel like thorns”. (Yebamot 47b). (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 36)
Chym Vital writes “my teacher told me at length about many of the people who came from this root of Cain.
He told me these souls are from Cain , Keinan, Mehalelel, Yuval, Yavel, Lemech, Issachar, Shelah ben Judah, Jethro, Nadab, Abihu, Nachshon ben Aminadav, Netanel ben Tzo’ar, Korach, Datan, Abiram, Pinchas, Otniel ben Kenaz, Karmi father of Achan, Shamgar ben Anat, Samson, Elkanah, Samuel the prophet, Aviah ben Shmuel, Chaver Hakini, Ya’el the wife of Chaver Hakini, Ephlal, Sismai the friend of the father of Sucho, Yishbach the father of Ish Tamua, Yashuv, Lechem, Jesse the father of David, Avishai ben Tzroya, Shima the brother of David, Do’eg, Achitophel, Aviah ben Rehoboam, Elijah the prophet, Elisha the prophet, Jonah ben Amitai, Chiel Beit Ha’eli, Navot Hayizraeli, Michah Hamorashti, Nachum Ha’elkoshi, Hezekiah the king of Judah, Menasha ben Hezekiah, Uriah the Kohen, Zechariah ben Yevarchihu, Ezekiel the prophet, Eliyahu ben Berachel Habuzi, Chananiah the friend of Daniel, Nedavia ben Yechaneyah the king, Aneni ben Eliyoani.
These Tanaim are attached to the root of Cain, Matityahu ben Yochanan the Chashmonite High Priest, Yosi ben Yochanan of Jerusalem, Netai of the Arbel, Akavia ben Mehalelel, Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai, Rabbi Akiva ben Yosef, Rabbi Yosi Hagalili, Yonason ben Hyrcanus, Chananyah ben Chizkiah ben Gurion, Abba Shaul, Rabbi Yishmael ben Elisha High Priest, Rabban Gamliel, Rabbi Nehurai the Elder [mentioned] in the book of the Zohar in the portion Tetzave, Rabbi Yaiba the Elder [mentioned] in Mishpatim, Rabbi Chutzpit the Translator, Rabbi Yehudah ben Elai, Rabbi Yosi ben Meshulam Kehala Kadisha, Rabbi Achai bar Yeshaya, and one from Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai’s group mentioned in Idra Raba of Naso, but my teacher did not want to reveal to me who, and I don’t know why. (Shar haGilgulim intro 36)
There are a few other Tanaim who are attached to the root of Cain, though I don’t know in which way. They are: Rav Shamaya the Pious One of the portion of the Zohar of Balak, the Rav of that brilliant child mentioned there, Rav Tzadok the Kohen, Rav Kisma the father of Yosi ben Kisma, and Rabbi Kruspadai of the portion Shelach in the book of the Zohar and the book of Tikunim. Chyim also writes that The Holy Ar”I once told him that Rabbi Yosi Hagalili is from the left “peah” of the head, from the level of א ל שד”י , which is in the parzuf of the left-shoulder, which is in the partzuf of the Cain-root.
These are from the Amoraim from Cain, Rav Huna, Reish Galuta [Leader of the Exile]of Babylon during the time of Rabeinu Hakadosh (Rabbi Yehudah the Prince) ,they brought him for burial in the Land of Israel to the cave of Rabbi Chiya, Yehudah and Chizkiah sons of Rabbi Chiya, Rabbi Levi ben Sissi, Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzedek, Rabbi Tsadok the student of Rabeinu Hakadosh, Rav Yirmiyah bar Abba of Rav’s time, Ulla bar Koshav in the days of Rebbi Yehoshua ben Levi, Rabbi Shilo for whom the miracle occurred in the chapter ‘One Who Sees’ of Berachot.
Rav Yayvo Saba Amorai student of Rav, father of Rav Chana, and the father-in-law of Ashian ben Nidbach. Pinchas the brother of Shemuel. Rav Misha from the time of Rav Yochanan. Rav Yisa Amora, who was Rav Assi the Kohen. Rav Chilkia bar Abba, Rav Shamen bar Abba, Rav Akiva Amora, Mar Ukba, Rav Zrika, Rav Schorah, Abaye, Rav Bibi bar Abaye, Rami bar Chama, Rami bar Yechezkel, Rav Dimi from Neharde’a, Rav Nechumi, Rav Mesharshia, Nasan d’Tzutzisa Reish Galusa, Rav Shemuel ber Shilas, Rav Yamar, Rav Avin Nigra, Rav Tanchum from Noi.
Rav Yayvo father of Rav Samma, Rav Safra in the days of Ravina, Rami bar Tamari, Rafram bar Papa, Rav Zeira bar Hillel, Rav Zeiri from Dehavas, Ravin and Rav Dimi who went up from Babylon to the Land of Israel, Rav Chana from Bagdad, Rav Chiya from Difti, Rav Shisha the son of Rav Iddi, Iyo, Avdimi of Rebbi Yehudah HaNadua, Rav Malachav, Rav Chama bar Buzi, Yehoshua bar Zarnuki, who was called Chiya bar Zarnuki in the Talmud, a mistake. Shivchas son of Ravina, Rav Tiviyumi, Shabsai Otzar Piri, who was one of the kelipot from this root of Cain.
These are the Poskim are from the root of Cain, Rashba, Don Vidal dei Telusa, author of the Maggid Mishnah. Rav Yosef Karo, author of the Beit Yosef and the Shulchan Aruch. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 36)
All those mentioned are from the second level of Cain, and only on the level of Nefesh. This is so as the sin of Adam caused the Ruach from the root of Adam to become mixed together with the Nefesh of Cain or Abel, and vice versa causing a Ruach from Abel to be with a Nefesh from Cain, or the opposite.
However, Abaye who was called Nachmaini — his Nefesh, Ruach, and Nashama were all from this second level of the root of Cain.
When sparks by necessity, passes the way of Imma some light remains behind, one is very close to the root of Cain. The sparks of the root of Rabbi Chutzpit the Translator, whose beginning is Laban the son of Nachor.
Ezekiel the prophet is from the seed of Adam, before his son Cain was born. Ezekiel was the level of the legs of Cain.
King Hezekiah and Rav Mesharshia are both from the level of the head of the Cain-root. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 36)
Cain and Abel committed their own sin in addition to that of their father Adam causing their sparks to become more deeply immersed in the kelipot. In each generation some of their sparks reincarnate into the world to become rectified. The level of of the souls of a particular generation can be either that of the sparks of the head, or the eyes or shoulder, feet or other limbs. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 3) A limb is composed of Flesh, “Giddim” and Bones. All of the 248 limbs of the souls of Adam are comprised of flesh, tendons, and bones, as is known. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 11) The flesh and the bones are the positive “mitzvot” of that limb and the tendons are the negative “mitzvot”. These tendons are not included in those that comprise the 365 Tendons.
These “giddim” of the limbs are not the same as the 365 “giddim” (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 11) , but are small “giddim” in each limb (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 31). The left heel of this parzuf divides into more than the 613 soul-sparks from which come the souls of Hezekiah the King of Judah, Rabbi Akiva ben Yosef, and Akavia ben Mehalelel. There is a link joining the souls of this root The left shoulder of Adam, which is called the Cain-root. It is considered only one limb, but as with all limbs, it incorporates flesh, tendons, and bones. The tendons in each of these limbs are not included in the 365 “giddim” of the 248 Limb If someone from the Left Heel of the partzuf that is the Left Shoulder, which is the Root called Kayin accomplishes “tikun”, then he causes a “tikun” for all the sparks of that Heel. If he causes a blemish, then he blemishes all of them. It is like this with souls of every limb. One defect by one’s sins does not blemish all the levels in all the worlds. There is a blemish that flaws his Nefesh from the realm of Asiyah, and there is a blemish that flaws his Ruach in Yetzira, etc. If his individual spark blemishes within Asiyah, then all the sparks of this Heel within Asiyah become defaced like him. It is the same in all the other worlds. There is a blemish that flaws a Nefesh from the realm of Asiyah, and there is a blemish that flaws his Ruach in Yetzira, etc. If his individual spark blemishes within Asiyah, then all the sparks of this Heel within Asiyah become blemished like him. It is the same in all the other worlds. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 11)
Adam’s left shoulder is one great main Source. This is the source of the soul of Kayin (Cain, son of Adam). It is a complete Parzuf, that is divided into 70 Secondary Sources. These 70 Secondary Sources in turn subdivide into 600,000 Secondary Sparks. The sin of Adam caused all souls to fall into the depths of the klipot (evil forces). The “klipot” are nourished by the light of souls they capture. Thus the “klipot” greatly endeavor to cause people to sin, in the same way people pursue their food. For when a person sins, this causes his soul to enter into their domain, and they are thus sustained by it. They hope the entrapped soul will be theirs for a very long time. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 27) The “kelipot” themselves are actually called the level of death, Holiness is the Living God, King of the world. Therefore, the “kelipot” chase after Holiness which is called life in order to feed from them and survive. When the side of Holiness is among the “kelipot” they are able to derive sustenance and can survive. The moment the source of holiness leaves them, they die. So they pursue Holy sources to cause a Holy soul to sin. Sometimes the “klipa” fear that a “sadeek” will do an important mitzvah and cause a soul to be removed from among them. So be careful. Souls are entrapped under the control of the klippot only by not elevating. Elevation is achieved through the energy work performed by the observance of the “mitzvot” (commandments), in all their details. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 15,16) In the Left Shoulder there are 11 positive mitzvot and 15 negative mitzvot that pertain to it. Everyone who is from this shoulder is obligated to fulfill these mitzvot more than all the other 613. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 11)
Avraham’s soul was entrapped among them. So he is called a “righteous convert”, for his soul had come forth from the klipot and uncleanliness. As he was born to Terach the idol worshipper. Avraham, through his submission to God, was able to convert the evil that was attached to himself and turn it to good. Thus making the tikun (fixing) he made,he freed many sparks, trapped souls. Souls incarnate as families. Evil souls still have a connection to the righteous soul family members. Each soul family has the obligation to rectify all of its members. So it was Avraham’s job to rectify Terah’s soul because they were of the same Source. Don’t be surprised that the higher soul of Avraham could have been born as the son of a lower soul. The relationship of father and son enabled Avraham to do what he needed to do. Terah was the refuse of the holiness of Avraham’s soul. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 15)
The child receive makiff lights from their father and penimi lights from their mother. These makiff lights are from Chuchmah of Abba and the penimi lights are of Imma. The father gives a portion to his soul to his child. It becomes a external garment of his soul. It guards and guides the sons soul. If there are less then 500 levels of difference between the soul of the father and his child the portion of the father’s soul that he gave to his son will stay with the child, even in the time of the Messiah. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 10) Not only is one’s soul rectified by the Torah and “mitzvoth”, but even their father merits from the repentance of his son. We see this with Job who was a “gilgul” of Terach, the father of Abraham who repented because of Abraham. God tricks the kelipot, in order to save those who stray from being pushed off completely. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 15)
There are many levels of souls. The female slave in parsha mishpatim is the “am haAretz” (common man) that dresses in the good of klippa Noga. The mother, slave and handmaid are souls of the worlds of Bria, Yetzera and Asiyah, being the Nashama (Intellectual soul), Ruach (Emotional soul) and the Nefesh (Animal soul) respectfully. There are five names for levels of the soul. This then is their order from below to above: Nefesh, Ruach, Nashama, Chayah, and Yachida.A man does not get all these aspects, all at one time, but only according to one’s merits. The level of Arich Anpin is quite hidden and not referred to. Neshamot come from the level of Atzilut, “Ruchin kadishin” from the level of Beriyah, “malachim” from the level of Yetzirah, and ofanim come from the level of Asiyah. The difference between the souls of angels and that of man is that these angels come from the zivug of ‘haneshikin ha’elyonim’ [ supernal kisses; unification of chochmah and binah) whereas souls of men come from the lower “zivug” which occurs in Yesod. There are countless levels of soul roots in between. The souls of Beriyah are greater than the angels of Beriyah itself and how much more so than the angels of Yetzira. The same is true of Yetzirah and Asiyah. The souls from the Keter of Beriyah are greater than the angels from the Keter of Beriyah (Sarafim). However, the angels from the Keter of Beriya are greater than the souls from the Chochmah of Beriya and this is the way it is throughout. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 18,19)
The main Nefesh is that of the world of Asiyah, Ruach of Yetzirah and Nashama of the world of Briah. Yet there are these levels of soul in each world also. And from even each of the 5 parzufim. The Neshamot from Arich Anpin of Beriya are called the “Yechida of Beriya”. Those from Abba are called soul levels called “Chaya”. Those from Imma are called “Neshamah”. Those from Zeir Anpin are called “Ruach”. Souls from Nukvah of Beriyah are called the “Nefesh” of the “Neshama” that is from Beriyah All these five categories that are from the five partzufim of Beriya are called the Neshama that is from Beriyah. All five of them equal the five categories of Neshama of Atzilut. Similarly, the souls from the five partzufim of Yetzira divide into the Yechida, Chaya, Neshama, Ruach and Nefesh. They are all called the Ruach that is from Yetzira. All these levels of Souls that we mentioned is composed of 248 limbs and 365 sinews. Every limb from the 248 limbs of the soul of Adam includes its own set of 248 limbs. Someone who comes from the shoulder includes 248 limbs from head to heel (of the shoulder limb). Thus someone whose soul is specifically from the heel of the shoulder does not have to rectify the entire shoulder and all its defect, just the level of the heel itself. However, if a soul-spark from the level of the heel caused a defect, then all the sparks of the heel do have to rectify this blemish, since all of the sparks of the heel are interdependent. When the entire heel is rectified, then not one spark will have to reincarnate to rectify any defects for the rest of the sparks of the shoulder. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 11.29)
The souls from the five partzufim of Asiyah divide into the Yechida, Chaya, Neshama, Ruach and Nefesh. They are all called the Nefesh that is from Asiyah. Behold, souls have been explained in general and in particular.
There are four worlds called Atzilut, Briah, Yetzirah, and Asiyah. Each world has within it Five Partzufim (faces of Divine emination). They are Arich Anpin Abba, Imma, Zeir Anpin and Nakavah. It is also known that from every aspect
Within the four worlds there comes forth the souls of mankind. Souls that come forth from each of the 4 worlds are of 1 of 5 aspects, corresponding to the five Partzufim in that world which is their source. The level of soul that comes forth from Arich Anpin is called Yachida, from Abba is called Chayah, from Imma is called Nashama, from Zeir Anpin is called Ruach, and from Nakavah is called Nefesh. Accordingly are their 5 levels of souls in each world from its parzufim. Each of the 5 levels of soul contains in itself these 5 levels. Each level also is made of 613 organs and sinews. For example, the Yechida of Atzilut is divided into the 613 organs and sinews. When Adam HaRishon sinned he blemished all the sparks of his Nefesh, Ruach, and Neshama. throughout their 248 Limbs and 365 Tendons. Thus causing there to be many sparks in his head, in his eyes, and in every limb needing refinement. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 11,29) The sin of Adam caused Each of these 613 aspects further subdivide to 613 aspects. Each of these sources contains no less than 613 main sparks, each is an individual soul. These are called the 613 main Sparks. Due to the sin of the Atz Dat (tree of knowledge), they were blemished, and they divided into even greater numbers. Now each of the 613 main Sources is divided up into up to 600,000 Secondary Sources, but there can be less . The 613 main Sources are not required to subdivide equally but All depends, all division is according to the level of blemish. There are those main sources that are subdivided into only one hundred and others into more than 600,000 Secondary Sources. This is also what happened with the 613 main Sparks within each and every one of the 613 Sources. Each spark subdivided into many Secondary sparks. As a result of the sin of Adam, instead of having 613 main Souls which subdivide into 613 main Sparks, we now have 600,000 Secondary Sources, that can subdivide into 600,000 Secondary Sparks for a total of 360,000,000,000 sparks. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 11)
Each aspect of the five levels of the soul is completed through the 3 levels of “Ibur”, “Yenika”, and “Mochin”, alluded to in the verse, “His mother would make him a small robe, etc. ” (Samuel I 2:19) (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 1) Even if one ascends their Nefesh to keter of Asiyah, it remains on the level of the Malchut of the keter of Asiyah, if the root of the Nefesh is from the level of Malchut. if the root of the Nefesh is on the level of Teferet, it remains on the level of Teferet. But a nefesh rooted in Malchut of Asiyah can ascends upward according to the person’s actions, up until the level of the keter of Asiyah. This is true regarding any of the levels of Asiyah. But in Yetzira, Beriya, and Atzilut, its different. The reason for this difference is that in Asiyah many kelipot are nourishing much more that from the worlds above. A person whose soul-root is malchut of Yetzira, who has rectified and completed that level, also receives a ruach from the yesod of Yetzira after he has also purified and rectified the yesod of Yetzira. The first ruach that he had from the Malchut of Yetzira remains below in Malchut of Yetzira, since that is where it belongs. Likewise, when he completes the hod of Yetzira, he leaves the second ruach that he had from yesod in yesod of Yetzira, and instead he receives a ruach from the hod of Yetzira. And this is the way it continues up to the keter of Yetzira. , Even though a person has already rectified t his Nefesh in Asiyah, still, he must fear that the kelipot there will sieze upon it. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 1)
The rectification of the Ruach from the world of Yetzirah is through involvement with Torah according to Mishnah and Talmud, for its own sake. The rectification of the Neshama that is from Beriyah is through knowledge of the Inner Torah, its secrets, which are contained in the wisdom of the Zohar. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 11) One who occupies in secrets of the Torah can merit a Nashamah and can merit to draw flow from the name אהי”ה And join together the 3 names that rise up (yichud) יב”ק . The 12 Permutations combine to 60 myriad from the combinations of the “nikud”. They are aspects of the 4 “yesodot”. In each of the 4 “yesodot” in all the purmutations of יהו”ה . So the Nashamah is divided into many parts according to the permutations, in this is the secret of “gilgul”. Portions are reincarnated each goes in in its proper time. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 19)
There are some roots of souls of men and their feminine soul-mates, who have fallen into the kelipot. It is possible that the males will be able to leave the kelipot but their female consorts cannot go out at all until Mashiach comes. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 8 ) In reference to the verse “God settles the individuals into a house, He releases those bound in fetters” (Psalms 68:7), the Sages of speak of a first and second soul-mate. The sages say, “pairing soul mates is as difficult as the splitting of the Red Sea” refers to the second soul-mate. as when a person is a new soul, in the world for the first time, then his soul-mate is born with him, and when it comes time to marry, they arrange the moment, making it simple for them to meet. Know, in many instances we see that the second marriage is better than the first. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 20)
If a man sins and needs to reincarnate, then the verse “His wife will go out with him” applies to him, as says the Saba in parsha Mishpatim of the Zohar. She will reincarnate into the world for his good. When the time comes to get married, heaven will not assist them and he will only succeed after great effort. Since he was forced to reincarnate as a result of his sin there will be those who will accuse him and want to prevent her from being available to him and they will cause fighting among them. The generation of the desert along with the “Erev Rav” (Mixed Multitude) will reincarnate in the final generation. This is hinted to by the verse “as in the days of leaving Egypt” (Michah 7:15). Moses as well will arise among them, since they are all from the secret of Dat: In that generation every Torah scholar will be dominated by his wife. As in the generation of the desert, the wives did not give their earrings for the golden calf while the men did. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 20)
“Behold, God does all these things with man two or three times”(Job 33:29); is the secret of “gilgul”. It says “with man” and not with woman as generally women go to Gehenom after incarnation and are cleansed and do not require “gilgul” but only come back to this world to help a man. But there are exceptions, A community leader who lords himself over others reincarnates into a bee, as Rabbi Nachman bar Yitzchak said: “Pride does not suit women. Two women were proud, and the names of both were not positive: one was called ‘bee’ and the other was called ‘weasel’”. (Megila14b) He was referring to Deborah the prophetess, who lorded herself over Barak when she sent for him and did not go to him herself (Judges 4:6). (Shar HaGilgulim intro 22)
The other was Chuldah the prophetess, who insulted Zedekiah the king when she said, “Speak to the man” (Kings II 22:15), as opposed to “Speak to the king,” as the Sages say. From their words you can see that Deborah was a proud woman, and therefore she didn’t perform any work and was very talkative, never remaining silent. Therefore, a leader who lords himself over the community, and one who speaks improperly, comes back as a bee who have these two traits. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 22)
“Sadeekem” and Torah scholars can not enter the fires of “Genenom”, because of their involvement with Torah, which prevents their entry. Therefore, they need to reincarnate in this world to cleanse their sins for, “There is no righteous person in the world who does good and does not sin” (Eccl. 7:20). As they made repentance for their errors. Completely righteous people like King David or the Prophet Daniel, God wanted to make known that they were in the world-to-come and that they would not require neither refinement of “Gehenom” nor “gilgul”. As it says, “Had I not trusted that I would see the goodness of God in the land of life!” (Psalms 27:13), and, “One thing I asked from God, this that I shall seek. That I dwell in the House of God all the days of my life.” (Psalms 27:4). This was also stated by Abigail the prophetess when she said, “The nefesh of my master is bound up in the bundle of life” (Samuel I 25:29). Of Daniel it was said, “As for you, go to your end where you will rest.” (Daniel 12:13). We see stated in Midrash Ne’elam of the Zohar on the verse, “For all the good that God did for David and Israel his people” (Kings I 8:66), that King David stayed in the world-to-come seven years after his death before they allowed him to enter the upper Jerusalem. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 22)
Every person if he is willing to perfect his actions can acquire higher levels of Ruach Similarly, this advancement continues, and a person can ultimately obtain a Neshama from the uppermost part of Beriyah, The Ar”i writes that Ruchot or Neshamot of the righteous are joined to a soul by “ibur,” to assist a person in his service of G‑d. When a Nefesh is “ibor” in a body that it has “yichus” to it shares in the reward and punishment but portions of the Nefesh that do not have “yichus” to the host body get reward for the Holy work the body they occupy does but they do not share in punishments for its sins. Sometimes it is possible, even in this late period of history, for the Ruach of a righteous tzadik, even from one of the Forefathers, to come as an ibur. It will all depend upon the level of the mitzvot being performed by the person. Some mitzvot have the power to draw down the Nefesh of a righteous tzadik into ibur, whereas others can draw down the Ruach of the tzadik. One can even recieve “ibor” of Moshe Rebennu. There is no generation where there is not the Ruach of Avraham, Yitchak, Yaakov and Smual. The righteous soul which enters a person and assists him during his life, as an ibur and not as a gilgul, “easily attains reward and is distant from loss.” Every time the person does a mitzvah, the righteous soul receives reward. This is the secret of what is written, “A righteous person receives his reward and the reward of his friend in Gan Eden: (Chagiga 15a). Understand this deep secret well. A person can perform a mitzvah or mitzvot relevant to a “sadeek” then the Nefesh of that “sadeek” can enter the person, even while they are both alive at the same time. This is the secret meaning of the verse, “The Nefesh of Jonathan became attached to the Nefesh of David” (I Samuel 18:1). The souls of “Sadeekem” who have already died and are in “Gan Aden” greatly desire to rectify and bring completion to the souls of people living in this world who come from their root as there is great benefit for these “Sadeekem” by the good deeds performed by living people who share their root. When one leaves this world they can rise up to the level of the “sadeek” who was “ibor” in them, if they share the same level. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 2, 3)
Earlier souls that were already rectified and elevated, descend to direct and correct the lower souls in order to rectify them. It is possible to become rectified and purified to the point that one’s Nefesh will actually become refined onto the same level as that of the righteous tzadik. Afterwards, the person will have to rectify his Ruach and Neshama to such an extent of purity that they will be worthy to be clothed by the Nefesh of the sadeek. Then he will actually become transposed in his entirety onto the level of the righteous tzadik, having ascended beyond the original root-level of his Nefesh from whence he came. All of this is the reason for the help and assistance of the righteous soul. Because of things as this its possible to have a Nefesh from Asiyah, and the Ruach and Neshama from Yetzirah. Or, the Nefesh can be from Yetzirah and the Ruach and Neshama from Briah. Alternatively, the Nefesh can be from Briah while the Ruach and Neshama are from Atzilut. However, when we say that sometimes the Nefesh and Ruach from Yetzira, or from Beriah, it does not mean that he lacks a Nefesh from Asiyah. If a person merits Ruach from yesod of Atzilut then he will be called “Ish Elokim” (Psalms 90:1) husband of the “Matronitah” (Zohar). Regarding him it says, “A Tzadik rules upon the fear of the Lord”. (Samuel II 23:3). (Shar HaGilgulim intro 2,5)
The secret of the verse “two or three times with a man” (Job 33:29) is that 3 Nefashot are able to reincarnate with a man at a time. However, it is not possible for more than this to reincarnate at one time in one body. As far as “ibor” Nefashot go there are “Nefashot” in a persons root that are higher than himself. If he merits it, he can cause a “ibor” of a Nefesh that is higher than his own to enter him and help him to achieve tikun. If he increases his merit then he will receive another even higher Nefesh as an ibur from his own root of his Nefesh, and if he merits more, then then a even higher Nefesh from the source of his Nefesh will enter him. And this this can continue as the man gets higher and higher Nefashot from his own source but with all these “ibor” he will have only 3 Nefashot, and, including his own, there will be 4 in total. More than this is not possible. But what happens is that as he increases his merits, then he can even receive higher “ibor Nefeshot” as well, as a higher “ibor nefesh ” enters it replaces a lower one so he will never have more that 3 “Nefashot” at one time, plus his own. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 5)
If a person merits obtaining his Nefesh, Ruach, and Neshama, and then blemishes them through sin, and does not make “tikun” of his blemish he will have to be reincarnated to rectify the damage. When he returns in a gilgul with his Nefesh and he rectifies it, his Ruach will not join him. This is because his Ruach remains blemished, and it cannot rest upon a rectified Nefesh. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 1)
Therefore, his blemished Ruach will be reincarnated into another person, joining up with the Nefesh of a convert. The Neshama will likewise do the same. And the Nefesh that was rectified will receive a rectified Ruach of a righteous person who was similar to him in some of the particular good deeds that he performed. It will actually take the place of his own Ruach. Similarly, if he rectifies his [blemished] Ruach completely, then he will receive a Neshama from some righteous person, which will act in place of his own Neshama. This is the esoteric meaning of what Chazal say: “Righteous people are greater in death than during their lifetimes “(Sanhedrin 47a). One’s Ruach and Nashamah can not join together in one body except with their original Nefesh.(Shar HaGilgulim intro 1)
Now, after this person dies, his [own rectified] Nefesh will go together with this Ruach [of a righteous person] and through it [i.e. the Ruach] receive the blessing fitting for itself. When his own Ruach, which joined with the Nefesh of a convert, becomes completely rectified, then his original Nefesh will say, “I will go and return to my first husband,” since it has been rectified. It works in the same way for the Neshama with respect to the Ruach. After a person dies, they return in a gilgul and achieve tikun together. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 1)
If a person rectified his Nefesh, and came back to receive and complete his Ruach, but during that gilgul he sinned, then his Nefesh will not be affected in such a way that it would be forced to come back by itself to become rectified once again. Rather, because he now has a Ruach, the sin will only damage the Ruach. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 2)
Once the Nefesh is rectified, he will not receive his Ruach until after he dies. Then the Nefesh can reincarnate with the Ruach. Once they become rectified and they are ready for their Neshama, they cannot receive her until they reincarnate again. Then they can merit their Neshama., There are exceptions to this.
. We learn from Safer Bahir the souls of the wicked can’t leave from here but must “gilgul”. The Sefer HaBahir insists that a person pursue the wicked in order to find merit for them, like one who runs after saving his own life. This is because the evil person, whom the “sadeek” pursues to find merit, may possess good sparks that the righteous person lacks, while he himself may have received the evil person’s bad sparks. However, through a loving relationship, he the “sadeek” can extract the good sparks from him and achieve completion, while giving away the bad sparks and completing the other’s evil. This is the secret meaning of, “The righteous person takes his portion and that of his friend in the Garden of Eden; the wicked one takes his portion and that of his friend in Purgatory” (Chagigah 15a) (Shar HaGilgulim intro 20)
The main thing of Nanhaga (Divine guidance of the worlds) is involved in “gilgullim” (reincarnation of souls). There are 2 kinds of gilgullim of “Nashamot” (souls). According to the actions of man, “gilgul” is given for his tikun (correction). Souls need to work hard to fill lackings, and make a complete “tikun” (repairs). To each is a different “nanhaga” (Divine guidance-Providence). A soul may gilgul within a man at any time after birth and there are Souls that gilgul in a man’s body from the time of birth.
When a person is born, his Nefesh (Animal soul) enters him. Ideally at the age of 13 one receives revelation of their Ruach, If they do the work required. At 20 their Nashama becomes revealed to them. If they do what is required of them. Such a person successfully completes the rectification of all three levels of soul in a single lifetime. Such a person would not need to reincarnate ever again, at least not for the sake of personal rectification. However, few people ever achieve such. Most People because of sins must go through all their lives with only their Nefesh that they received at birth. If one does not act with proper righteousness, one never finishes building and completing their Nefesh, thus not being able to advance to the next steps of building and rectifying their Ruach and Nashama. Therefore they may require to reincarnate many lifetimes. If one does not completely rectify his Ruach, then his Nashamah will not enter him and he will remain with only his Nefesh and Ruach. Only the part of any level of soul that has yet to be rectified is vulnerable to damage from the impact of sin. If in one gilgul one aquires both levels of his Nefesh and Ruach and he damages both. Only his Nefesh must return in gilgul. But because he did damage in Yetzera (his Ruach) in this lifetime he may be punished severely. If one has a opportunity to do mitzvot (commandments) and does not, they may have to return in gilgul to do so. One who does not learn all 4 levels of Torah will require gilgul. A person who does not learn Torah blemishes the sefirah of Tiferet, in each of the Four Worlds of ABY”A Torah is on the level of Tiferet. A person is not complete until that he fixes and merits to take the level of soul “Yachida of Arich of Atzilut”. A person can blemish or fix sparks that are from their same source such as the left heel or left shoulder by his actions. But he does not effect soul sparks from other sources. One does not effect damage in all levels in all worlds, but damages done are very specific. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 20)
At times a Nefesh becomes rectified and purified to such an extent that it need not come back again with the Ruach for its rectification. Instead it remains above in a place fitting for it, “bound up with the Bundle of Life” (Shmuel 1:25:29). The Ruach then has to come back and reincarnate with the Nefesh of another person. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 2)
If a person rectified his Nefesh and came back to receive and complete his Ruach but sinned, it will not affect his Nefesh. For, this would force the Nefesh to have to come back by itself to become rectified once again. Rather, because he now has a Ruach, the sin will only damage the Ruach, and only this will require rectification. In other words, once the Nefesh has been completely rectified and he has reincarnated to work on his Ruach. He does not start from Square One once again. Rather, the Nefesh is protected against any further damage for otherwise, the rectification process would go on forever for some people. They will reincarnate together until the Ruach is rectified. Then the first Nefesh will come back with the Ruach in order to receive and rectify the Nashamah. Or, the Ruach may come back by itself with the Nashamah until the Nashamah is rectified, after which time all three of them no longer need to return and are instead “bound up with the Bundle of Life,” as is fitting for them. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 2)
The father gives an exterior garment to the soul of the son , his surrounding lights which helps him and guides him down the proper path. The Internal Light of one’s soul is drawn from the energy of their mother. If there is less than five hundred levels difference between the soul of the father and that of the son, then the portion of the father’s soul will remain with the son’s even in the time of Mashiach., but in the time of Resurrection of the Dead or in the World-to-Come everything returns back to its root. They will separate completely. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 10)
On the other hand, if there is a difference between them of five hundred levels, or more than five hundred levels, then the lesser will be nullified within the greater. They will permanently unite forever, and they will never separate. The two of them will become one root. This is in regards of a father with a son. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 10)
Regarding a teacher and his student, a teacher gives some of his spirit to his student, like a father does to a son. However, it is a more forceful connection. The spirit stays with the student forever, and they never separate. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 10)
If the father’s intentions were for good during the time they conceive the child, but that of the mother was bad, then the Surrounding Light of the child will be righteous, but the Internal Light will be wicked. With the passage of time the Surrounding Light will overcome the Internal Light, and he will be completely righteous. This is because the Surrounding Light includes the Internal Light, and it ,the Surrounding Light, will overturn it to purify it. If you see a person who is light like an eagle and runs like a deer in all his activities and quick in all his work, it is because the Surrounding Light that comes from the energy of the father dominates over him and propels a person to the place that it wants. If the father’s intention at the time of conception was for the sake of the mitzvah, then this child will be quick to do the work of Heaven, and he will be very great in Torah. However, if his father’s intentions were one for his own enjoyment and not the “mitzvah”, then he will be quick in the tasks of this world. If his mother’s intention was for the “mitzvah”, then he will be lazy to do the work of this world. However, if her concentration was not upon the “mitzvah”, then the son will be lazy in the work of Heaven. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 10)
If the father’s intentions are for evil, but the mother’s is for good, then the Surrounding Light will be bad and the Internal Light good. However, after a time the Surrounding Light that is bad will overcome the good Internal Light and it will also become bad.
A “Nefesh” is given 3 ”gilgulim” to begin ”teshuva” if it is not successful it is then destroyed from our people and descends to one of the 7 dwelling places of Gehenom to be forgotten for all generations. It is written “Behold, God does all these things, two or three times with a man” (Job 33:29). There is also the verses, “For three sins of Israel, but for the fourth I will not return…”(Amos 2:6), and “Who visits the sins of the fathers on the children unto the third [generation] and unto the fourth generation” (Ex. 20:5). Yet, it says in Sefer HaTikunim (69) that a righteous person can reincarnate up to one thousand generations. The answer to this is that the verse referring to “four generations” of “gilgul” is referring to evil people, as it says “Who visits the sins of the fathers… to those who hate Me.” In contrast, to the righteous with whom He is “doing kindness for a thousand generations” (ibid. 6) Those who hate God are the evil people, they have a four generation limit on reincarnations if they do not produce merit in their lives. Those who love God are the righteous people, to whom “a thousand generations” of reincarnations applies. When the Nefesh of a person comes into the world and sins, it can return in 3 reincarnations. But if all 3 of these incarnation the soul made no “tikun” from then onward the soul will not be able to reincarnate again. It is then said about this Nefesh that “The Nefesh will be cut off from his people” (Gen.17:14). This soul is called a “rushah” (wicked person). The Holy Ar”I said that this is only true regarding the Nefesh, which is from the world of Asiyah which is immersed in the kelipot. That is why “karet” (excision- being cut off) is only mentioned with respect to the Nefesh, because only it can be cut off from holiness. This is all so as Chym Vital explains in Shar Gilgulim that The Holy One, blessed is He, is Omniscient and knows that if an evil person reincarnates he will only add to his sins and the abundance of his transgressions will outweigh his merits. Since it is known that he has already completed the few mitzvot that are absolutely vital to the root of his Nefesh, it is better for him to be removed from the world. God removes him from the world, sends him into Gehinom to cleanse his sins, while the merit of his mitzvot remains intact. “God desires kindness!” However, with respect to a righteous person whose sins are less than his mitzvot, the suffering during gilgulim can cleanse them. His many merits will remain intact even while he is increasing them with each gilgul. His reward will be tremendous, without limit. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 4)
One can even reincarnate from one species into another. Rav Nachunyah ben Hakana teaches By facing away, ignoring the commandments while in exile one can be “gilgul” as an unclean animal. In Sefer Haredim it is written that when a person reincarnates into an animal, beast, or bird they remember their past life. This (memory) causes much sorrow and pain, seeing how they have fallen from heaven, from the image of man to the image of a beast. Reincarnation also occurs in food. A food that was defiled, or which did not attain the goal that God prescribed for it, must be rectified. Thus vegetable matter is incarnated as a animal which in turn a human being makes the tikun for it by eating it. Reincarnation to someone incarnated in a stone or into a plant happens at specific times of the year. Someone who reincarnated into something inanimate for a few years, when the time arrives for him to ascend to the higher level of plant, he can only do so during the four middle months of the year: Av, Elul, Tishrei, and Cheshvan. If the time to ascend occurs during these four months then he will ascend. If not, he will have to wait until these four middle months come around again. The time to be elevated from plant to animal is the first four months: Nissan, Iyar, Sivan, and Tammuz. The time to be elevated from chai to midabair is the last four months: Kislev, Tevet, Shevat, and Adar. The order of ascension for soul incarnation is in steps from the mineral to Plant, then to animal, and finally to human, sometimes a person can climb two levels at once. Someone who has reincarnated into water and salt is not considered to be part of domaim, rather tsome’ach, since water is life-giving — it flows and it is not stationary like dust. Salt itself is made from water and therefore is it considered part of plant. This is what the Sages say : One who takes salt from his quarry is guilty of ‘cutting’, and as it is well known [in the laws of Shabbat that] such cutting only applies to things belonging to the plant kingdom. (Shabbat, Chap. 7). Some people reincarnate into water, which is considered on the level of vegetation, as we mentioned previously. This can happen to a person who spills blood in this world, and you can remember this from «you will spill blood on the ground like water (Deut. 12:16). Any soul that is judged in the heavenly court, someone goes before him continuously announcing his “gilgul” or punishment, never leaving him. There is also one ‘enforcer’ assigned to him, punishing him as is fitting. For example, in the case of one who reincarnates into water, the enforcer stands over him continuously, constantly lowering him into the water for the duration of allotted time. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 22)
The Arizal explains that there are more than one type of gilgul (incarnation). Gilgulim that occur during the lifetime of a person are called “ibur” (pregnancy). These souls can enter one at any time after birth and the soul may stay with them for a moment or the remainder of a lifetime. Some mitzvos have the power to draw down the Nefesh of a righteous person whereas others can draw down the Ruach. The Arizal explained, a person can have up to four souls in his body at one time. These souls are all from the same source. Ibur can benefit both the host body and the guest soul. If the person maintains the appropriate level of righteousness the extra soul will stay with him. This could be for the rest of the host person’s life. If so the connection will remain even after death. And, that can help a person to achieve a much higher level of reward in the World-to-Come than he otherwise might have received on his own. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 2)
There are completely “New souls”, some of these souls were not included in the body of Adam when he sinned. These souls that were not part of Adam’s soul when he was first created. These are truly completely new souls They will receive their Ruach at 13 and their Nashama at 20. They are able to change their evil inclination to become like a angel. Other than “new souls” All other souls that come into the world are old souls. They are all born from the Unification of Back to Back. A person who came into the world for the first time (a New soul), the Sabba of Zohar Mishpatim explains, If he merits they bring him a Ruach; if he merits more, they bring him a Neshama,. This is not the case, as we have explained, for someone who reincarnates and usually must return in “gilgul” to receive the next level of soul if they merit to it in a life time. There are special cases when the need is great that one with only a Nefesh can attain Ruach— and even Neshama— in the same gilgul in which his Nefesh has been completed. This is possible even though it is not the first gilgul of the Nefesh but this is not the norm. It does happen at times that when a person sleeps at night and deposits his Nefesh with God, When he awakens in the morning, his Ruach will then enter him. After a Nefesh has become completely rectified, it leaves a person at night while he sleeps, and the Nefesh of a convert enters him in its place in the morning together with the Ruach of the man himself. The Ruach will be clothed within this Nefesh until it is completely rectified. At that point the first Nefesh will return to the body, and they remain together. If the person merits even more afterwards, in the morning his Neshama will enter him and remain there until completely rectified. , The main “tikun” is when one sleeps and deposits their soul by saying upon lying down, “In Your hand I entrust my spirit” (Psalms 31:6). At that time, the soul is elevated through a higher level of “zivug” and then returns as a new creation, in the secret of “They are new every morning” (Lamentations 3:23). This can similarly occur in the secret of “nefilat apayim”. (Shar HaGilgulim intro 19, 35)
Souls that leave the Kelipot and which are elevated into the world of holiness in secret of “ibur” only happens as a result of the prayers of the Jewish people through “yichudim” (supernal unifications) a “Sadeek” makes in this world, as discussed in Sha’ar Ruach HaKodesh. These souls from a transgression while they were in this world, descended into the depths of Kelipot. If a particular soul is elevated from the Kelipot enters the Malchut for rectification, then that soul in the Malchut has the ability to seize blemished souls and bring them up in secret of ibur. Through the meditation of Falling on the Face prayer called “Tachnun”, only the Ruach can be withdrawn from the “kelipa” before the rectification of the Nefesh is completed. This process of drawing out a higher level of soul before the Nefesh has completed its tikun only applies to the level of Ruach. Under no circumstances can the Neshamah be drawn from the depths of the” kelipot” until the Nefesh and the Ruach have been completely rectified. A soul in the Malchut, it is constantly elevating “mym nukvin”,as a result of this it is elevated and it is able to elevate souls as well. A in the Malchut gives ability to blemished souls to becomes enclothed in their souls and become rectified. This soul that they raise from the “klippa” remains with them until the time of resurrection, at which time it is separated from them. There is no “Sadeek” in the entire world who does not have two souls, as mentioned in the Zohar with respect to the verse, “These are the generations of Noach, Noach”, and likewise, Moses, Moses, and, Samuel, Samuel. For this reason the name is mentioned twice. Each “Sadeek” has 2 Ruach one in Heaven and one on earth. (Shar HaGilgulim 13,14)
There is also the case of a man born with 2 Nefesh in his body, this is called a double “Gilgul”. They are called one soul. It can handle all the trouble and difficulties it faces ((Shar HaGilgulim 4-6)
The Zohar states at the beginning of the portion Noach in the Tosefta on the verse “Noach, Noach” (Gen. 6:9) that every righteous person has two Ruach, one on earth below and one in Heaven above. Understand this, it is the secret of, “Behold My witness is in Heaven ” (Job 16:19) which refers to Chanoch, and Elijah to because he too is a heavenly angel. This is the secret of “He appointed it as an testimony to Joseph …”(Psalms 81:6) — since Joseph merited to receive the Neshama of Chanoch. “Joseph was handsome” (Gen. 39:6) because he merited Adam’s beauty, which came to him from the edge of the Neshama of supernal Atzilut. However, Joseph did not merit this until the night of the “end of the two years,” (Gen. 41:1) when it was decreed that he should leave jail, that very day he rose to greatness. So is it written, “He appointed it as a testimony to Joseph when He went out over the land of Egypt.” (Psalms 81:6) This becomes understandable when you recall that the Ruach or the Neshama enters a person at night while they are sleeping. (Shar HaGilgulim 32)
Moses merited the Dat of Atzilut. The three forefathers Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob merited to Chesed, Gevurah, and Tiferet of Atzilut. (Shar HaGilgulim 31)
A man who only performs mitzvah’s minimal physical requirements merits only to the Nefesh called Asiyah. However, he is similar to a woman whose husband has gone overseas and has left her without clothing, food, or drink. He is like the Shechinah that sits in exile and darkness while her house lays in ruin. That is what a Nefesh of a person is like without a Ruach, they are without light and intelligence for understanding. Know. the majority of people only have the soul level Nefesh. (Shar HaGilgulim introduction 1) And only a small amount in these later generations ever merit to their Ruach and Neshama. Yet, we know that the son of David will not come until all the Ruchot and Neshamot are rectified (Talmud Yebamot 62a). (Shar HaGilgulim 18)
Now we understand that the Ruach and Neshama can reincarnate into other bodies on top of the Nefesh of a convert, and they, too, become rectified.
This is the order of the five levels of souls
When Adam sinned some of the souls in him were removed and returned to their holy places. They are called level one souls.
1) Truly new souls can remain within the Malchut within the secret of the fetal stage for a period of twelve months, after which time they will descend into a body in this world. Thus, we find women whose term of pregnancy is twelve months, as mentioned in the Talmud. (Shar HaGilgulim 13)
2nd Level Two souls are those who remained with Adam and which are considered new to some degree have the ability to remain within the Malchut for nine months before coming into the world. Souls that remained with Adam, but the kelipot have no effect over them are level two souls. They can only merit to reach in this world the wings of malchut of Atzilut, called the nefesh of Atzilut the first time of incarnation. Higher than this they cannot reach the first time, only after they come back another time. Since those from this level can reach the Nefesh of Atzilut the first time, these righteous people are called ‘angels’. Any time you find the term angel used for a righteous individual they will be from this root. Rabbi Yehudah bar Illoy was from this second level. Our Sages hinted to this in the Talmud by writing that every Friday he used to wash his face and feet in honor of Shabbat and was similar to an angel of the legions of God. (Shabbat 25b). Yehudah and Chizkiah, the sons of Rebbi Chiya, are also called angels, also being from the root of the second level of soul. Our Sages alluded to this when they taught, «In Heaven two angels, Gabriel and Michael argued — and some say two Amoraim in the west. Who were they? Yehudah and Chizkiah, the sons of Chiya. (Baba Batra 75a). But Chanoch, who received the “zihara illah” a neshama of Atzilut, those from the world of Atzilut are called an angel, and can rise to the level of an angel. The nefesh-spark of the Rashba, and that of Rabbi Yosef Karo, the author of the Beit Yosef and the Shulchan Aruch of the previous generation, were from the feather of Rabbi Yehudah bar Elai. (Shar HaGilgulim 35)
3rd Level souls are of Cain and Abel and are also considered new on some level, but they have two blemishes. As a result, they can only remain in the stomach of Malchut for a seven month period of time. Souls that remained with Adam and fell within the kelipot are level three souls, some are male souls in male “klipa” some are female souls in female klippa. (Shar HaGilgulim 13)
The 4th Level of souls are the souls that fell off Adam into the kelipot. These now have left the kelipot and descend into this world for the first time. Nevertheless they are like the rest of the previous levels that have come a second time. They are considered to be old and reincarnated souls. Therefore, whether from Level Four which have come for the first time, or from the previous levels that have come for the second time or more, they only remain in the stomach of the Malchut for forty days, the time it takes to form the fetus. After that, they descend into this world.
The 5th Level of souls, those of converts, only remain in the stomach, the Malchut, for three days. The time it takes for the seed to fertilize. After that, they come into this world. (Shar HaGilgulim 7,13)
There is a type of soul that is a result of Adam’s sin, after which his limbs fell off and he was reduced until he was no higher than one hundred cubits
These sparks of his soul that left him at the time of the sin returned to the depths of the kelipot. It was from this level that the soul of Seth, the son of Adam was taken. These souls that fell amongst the kelipot after Adam sinned, from which came his son Seth and others. Are called old souls and the lowest of all of the types, because they fell from Adam and splintered into many sparks and pieces as a result of his sin. They are called old, meaning from a previous gilgul. (Shar HaGilgulim 7)
Abel’s Nefesh and Ruach were damaged and mixed together with evil, his Neshama remained completely good. His nefesh reincarnated, it first went to Seth the son of Adam. The evil was separated out and was later given to Balaam the wicked. The little amount of good that was in Balaam reincarnated into Nabal the Carmelite, which was the beginning of the tikun. Balaam’s only power was in his mouth, by speaking “loshon hara ” and cursing. Therefore, after Pinchas killed him he reincarnated into a rock that could not speak, to rectify the “loshon hara” that came from his mouth. However, when Nabal followed in his ways and spoke loshon hara about King David saying, “Who is David and who is Ben Yishai?” (Samuel I 25:10), he reversed the tikun. Not only did he not rectify the previous sin but he added to the damage. Therefore it says, “and he was a rock,” (Samuel I 25:37) since his mazel saw how previously he had reincarnated into a silent stone, its written “His heart died within him.” (Shar HaGilgulim 29)
The Ruach of Abel reincarnated into Noah. The Ruach of Abel was not rectified since the evil within it was not being completely separated out, there remained a combination of good and evil. Tevi the servant of Rabban Gamliel was born into Ham, Noah’s son.
The Nashama of Abel reincarnated into , it never contained an element of evil. So it says concerning it, “She saw that it good” (Ex. 2:2)
There are other souls which are still considered new, but they are not like those first mentioned. These souls are in no way bound by time in their ability to gain new levels. The only thing it depends on is merit. They are able to get a Nefesh of Atzilut before they are 13. This type of soul was in Kain and Abel. Sparks of Adam’s soul that remained within him after the sin. The Zohar teaches that it was from these sparks that Kyn and Hevel came from. It cannot ascend to the level of Chayah and Yachida of Atzilut, but only Nefesh of Atzilut. These souls were in the body of Adam at the time of the sin, but did not descend to the klippot. There is another type of soul which did fall when Adam sinned. When parzufim were formed within Adam these souls were placed back to back. Once they enter hachel Ahava of Bria they are then created anew face to face. In order to turn from back to back to face to face this is by “nesira”. Z”a must receive sufficient light so to enable the “shared” back to double. One for him and one for her. They are separated Sefirah by Sefirah till they are 2 separate parzufim (Z’a and Nakavah). This is the last step of the Nesira. Then they become as “New souls”. These souls do not easily come to sin. And in time they grow and add levels. According to the level of “lavush” (makiff) one can receive new levels of Soul. Lavush is a level between light and vessel. It is pennimi to vessels and chitzon to lights. It covers and dims lights preventing the vessels from shattering. The “levush” is Nh”y of a higher parzuf. 2 or 3 “nefashot” (souls) can incarnate in one man who is a “New soul”, but all the “nefashot” must be in a single bond together. 3 “ibor” incarnations can enter into the body of man to help him at a time. Including the host soul this is 4 souls in one body. Later he can acquire more ibor souls of a lower level and they become absorbed in his higher level souls from his root. The higher levels help the lower level souls make tikun, as their levels are interconnected. But he never has more than 3 “ibor”. After a man has made 3 gilgul and if he has not made tikun a sadeek will become ibor in him to help him complete his tikun.
A man who is gilgul as a woman because of sin cannot give birth to children with out great difficulty. To have children a female soul must enter her as a “ibor”, and then she can only give birth to girls. Only by great merit can a male soul enter the fetus. (Shar HaGilgulim 9)
A man takes his “Zivug” (soulmate) from the source of his mothers soul. One who sins with a women who is not his “zivug” can need to be “gilgul” with him because of this.
The purpose of “gilgul” is to rectify blemishes of previous lifetimes and each successive incarnation manifests and rectifys new, different dimensions of the same soul. Know, that if a person merits obtaining his Nefesh (Animal soul), Ruach (Divine emotional soul), and Neshama (Soul of Divine intellect), and then blemishes them through sin, he will have to be reincarnated to rectify the damage. When he returns in a gilgul with his Nefesh and he rectifies it, his Ruach will not join him. This is because his Ruach remains blemished, and it cannot rest upon a rectified Nefesh. Therefore, his [blemished] Ruach will be reincarnated into another person, joining up with the Nefesh of a convert. The Neshama will likewise do the same. And the Nefesh that was rectified will receive a rectified Ruach of a righteous person who was similar to him in some of the particular good deeds that he performed. It will actually take the place of his own Ruach. Similarly, if he rectifies his [blemished] Ruach completely, then he will receive a Neshama from some righteous person, which will act in place of his own Neshama. This is the esoteric meaning of what the sages say: “Righteous people are greater in death than during their lifetimes (Sanhedrin 47a).” Now, after this person dies, his [own rectified] Nefesh will go together with this Ruach [of a righteous person] and through it [i.e. the Ruach] receive the blessing fitting for itself. It works in the same way for the Neshama with respect to the Ruach. After a person dies, they return in a gilgul and achieve tikun together. (Shar HaGilgulim 1)
Neshamot that The Blessed Holy One wants to send to go down below into this world. Can go at times to Gan Aden. There they meet the souls of converts and can take hold of one of these souls, and unite with it and dress itself within it, and go out of Gan Aden incarnate with the soul of the Convert in this world. These Neshamot come down into this world to inspire others in the service of Hashem . When these Neshamot come they dress in those souls of converts, and that is how a gentile enters into the Holy seed. But it is only within these garments, the souls of converts, that these higher souls in Gan Aden are able to exist and effect the things in this world. These higher souls from Gan Aden don’t need to come down to this world as they have completed themselves but come down here to help others and to enjoy doing the Divine service dressing in the soul of the convert who finds doing the “mitzvot” of the Torah exiting as its so new to them. The Nefesh of the convert is a garment that dresses these higher souls that were in Gan Aden. The Nefesh (animal soul) of a convert can be a garment for the soul levels of Neshama (Soul of Divine intellect) and Ruach (Emotional soul) of these higher souls in Gan Aden. It is through this exterior garment of the Nefesh of the convert that these higher souls in Gan Aden can dress into and enter into the physical world. Thus, the Nefesh of the convert is used as a platform bringing VERY high souls in Gan Aden to enter into this physical world.
There are other Nefashot [plural form of Nefesh] of converts that fall out from the Kelipah of Nogah, which is composed of good and evil, as mentioned in Parshat Vayakhel, p. 203. They are from the marital intercourse of the souls of the tzadikim [righteous ones] that take place every night in the earthly Garden of Paradise, as mentioned in Beshalach, p.188
The are 3 kinds of souls of Isrealites, new souls, intermediate ones, which are the souls of Kayin and Hevel, and old ones, which fell from Adam Harishon when he sinned and they fell into the Kelipot. (Shar HaGilgulim 1)
In these later generations the Shechinah has descended to the souls at the level of the Legs of Adam. The souls of these later generations are from the Legs of Adam. These souls are exiled in the klipot, earlier (higher) souls have already been fixed. There are some men who cannot marry their soul mate as their female side is from חור the son of Miriam. These souls are sunk in the klipot and will not come out from there until the Messiah comes.
All the souls were originally within the body of Adam. Every one now must correct and establish their portion in the Body of Adam. Mashiah’s soul is from the sefira Keter it is the Source soul of all Yisrael’s souls. The soul of the Messiah will include all the souls of Yisrael, all 600,000, as they were prior to the sin of Adam HaRishon. A part of the soul of the Messiah directly corresponds to each individual’s soul. So every Jew must prepare that portion of the Messiah’s soul that corresponds to his own soul. This must be done until all has been rectified and His entire stature is complete.
At the time of the destruction of the Second Temple sin was so prevalent the nation did not have the power to purify the sparks through prayer and to raise them up. So sparks could only be refined by the death of the Ten Martyrs. From the time of Adam until the arrival of Mashiach, the tikun is to renew souls that are Back to Back, returning them Face to Face. Sometimes a person will commit a light sin, but they will be very strict and very exacting with him, punishing him as if he committed a severe sin. Therefore, A ‘light’ sin by complete “sadeek” and pious people, such as Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai, is considered as severe as many sins by another person. One who only possesses a nefesh of Asiyah can only cause damage to Asiyah. A “Sadeek” damages many levels and worlds if they sin. One cannot fully fathom the ways of God when he sees someone experiencing this. One cannot grasp such matters, but he must trust that all God does is righteous and with justice. (Shar HaGilgulim 21)
Nadab and Abihu were reincarnate many times. When Nadav and Abihu were born into this world, the primary “tikun” for the root of Cain began, the second and superior level of root from Adam. All the souls of this root came from the “tzelem” [image] of Nadav and Abihu, on the level of the “aor makif” which rests on them In the beginning Nadab and Abihu were in Eliyahu, and after that in Elisha, aside from the other “gilgulim”. Nadab and Abihu are from the same root and many sparks are affected by them. Thus, as a result of each “gilgul”, many sparks and portions of their root were rectified. However, the sparks that were not rectified were the ones that Elisha asked of Elijah; those that were already rectified ascended to their fitting place. Therefore, Elisha was a combination of two levels. The main spark of his soul came from Joseph, as is known and he also possessed part of the root of Nadab and Abihu, from the side of Cain. Elisha rectified the sin of Cain. Since he originated from the spark of the Cain root, he also wanted the sparks of Nadab and Abihu to join him. This is what caused The ibur of Nadab and Abihu were from the root of the soul of Korach who was from the nefesh of Cain. After that Cain reincarnated into Hezekiah/Chizkiyahu King of Judah. to hint to that after the nefesh of Cain was rectified he was called ‘Chizkiah’, because through him Cain was strengthened from his weakness. When Jethro the father-in-law of Moses converted, he merited the Nefesh of Atzilut that had been given to Cain, but just on the level of “aor penimi”. Abihu took the “aor makif” of the Nefesh of Atzilut of Adam, which had been given to his son Cain. Regarding Pinchas it says, “Elazar the son of Aaron took a daughter of Potial for a wife and she bore him Pinchas.” (Ex. 6:25) The Sages say, ‘Potial’ is Joseph, also this is Jethro. This is the secret: When Pinchas was born, he incorporated two soul-sparks. This is the meaning of “Potiel”, which is similar to “tipin” [drops], for he was from two soul-drops, one spark from the root of Joseph and the second spark from the side of Jethro. This level that incorporates these two souls is called Pinchas. Pinchas was born with the combination of two sparks, a spark of Joseph and a spark from Jethro. However, in the case of a soul that comes called “ibur” came the Nefesh of Nadab and Abihu to Pinchas, and another spark must accompany it. Furthermore, this spark must be new to the world and not a reincarnation. Such a spark joined with the Nefesh of Nadab and Abihu that came in “ibur” to unify it with the Nefesh of Pinchas. Also a new soul came in “ibur” in Pinchas called “Elijah the Tishbi” from the inhabitants of Gilad, and from the root of Gad, which was a new soul at that time. This was in order to combine the Nefesh of Nadab and Abihu with the Nefesh of Pinchas itself. Pinchas also required an additional new soul in order to unite the new soul called “Elijah the Tishbi” with the rest of the older souls, that is the Nefesh of Pinchas and that of Nadab and Abihu. It was Elijah the Tishbite from the tribe of Gad who ascended to Heaven and he did not descend again. However, Elijah from the tribe of Benjamin reincarnated into the one mentioned in the verse, “And Jaareshiah, and Elijah, and Zichri were the sons of Jeroham.” (Chron. I 8:27) Later when he died, he ascended to join Elijah who had ascended. It is Elijah from the tribe of Benjamin who ascends and descends constantly to perform miracles for the righteous and to speak with them He received an additional soul called “Elijah” from the root of Benjamin, mentioned in the verse, “and Jaareshiah, and Elijah, and Zichri, were the sons of Jeroham.”(Chronicles I 8:27), as Elijah himself wrote to the Sages that he is “from the children of the children of ” (Bereishit Raba 71:12) Chyim Vital says in Shar Gilgulim Elijah is a combination of souls, his Nefesh comes from the level of Nadab and Abihu of Cain. His Ruach came from another level, although I did not learn from my teacher from where. When Pinchas killed Zimri, he merited to receive the Nefesh of Atzilut, which was previously in Nadab and Abihu. After the Nefesh of Nadab and Abihu that had been “ibur” in him was removed, it later reincarnated into Samuel the prophet. Elijah gave the level called the drop of Joseph to the prophet Jonah, son of Amitai the Tsarafite when he revived him. (Kings I 17:17-23) This is the secret of what is written in the Zohar, «It was taught: Jonah came from the legion of Elijah, which is why he is called, “son of Amitai” [son of Truth]. This is also the secret of what the Sages write, «It was taught in the school of Elijah, “The lad that I revived was Mashiach son of Joseph.” Since he came from a drop of Joseph he will therefore be Mashiach ben Joseph, may it happen speedily in our time! (Shar HaGilgulim 32)
The prophet Elijah took the ruach of Atzilut of Adam, and therefore he went up to Heaven and did not die like the rest of people. For he is as an angel from the hosts of God, and after that he literally became a heavenly angel. There are many other issues regarding this matter. After Eliyahu was “gilgul” in Chizkyahu Ha Melech he was “gilgul” in Mattiyahu ben Yochanon the Maccabee after that Akiva ben Mehallal after that in Rabbi Yochanon ben Zaki ha Kohen and after that Rabbi Akiva. This is concerning the Nefesh only. The source of their Nashamah was from Moshe Rebenu. Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Yochanon ben Zaki are the Right and left shoulders of Moshe Rebennu who is mixed in the source of Kayin.
From a view point as this you can make the necessary connections and understand all reinincarnations throughout history.
A portion of the Neshama of Atzilut was received by Chanoch (Enoch) son of Jared, (Gen. 5:18) and therefore, he was a heavenly angel called Matto”t, as is known. Therefore he also did not die in the way of men. Enoch, merited his Adam’s Nefesh, Ruach, and Neshama of Beriya, Yetzira, and Asiyah] also merited the level of Neshama of Atzilut which was removed from Adam when he sinned. (Shar HaGilgulim 31)
Naval HaCarmeli reincarnated into something inanimate, and thus it says, “His heart died within him and he was a rock” (I Samuel 25:37). The secret of this is understood from knowing that Laban reincarnated into Balaam, and later into Naval HaCarmeli. Balaam, who was a snake-charmer, had power only in his mouth to curse people, and when Balaam was killed it was with a single rock something domem [literally meaning ‘silent’] — to atone for the charming he did with his mouth. (Shar HaGilgulim 22)
From Shar Gilgulim we learn, Baba ben Buta the Chasid was a student of the elder Shammai. All of his life he daily brought a Doubtful Transgression Offering. Rav Sheshet was blind. When he studied Torah he was joyous and he would say, “Rejoice my Nefesh! Rejoice my Nefesh!”, Baba ben Buta returned as the reincarnation of Rav Sheshet in order to complete some tikun that was required of him. Since King Herod had taken out the eyes of Baba ben Buta, therefore he Rav Sheshet was also blind, as is known. In Atbas”h the letters that spell Baba change into the letters that spell Sheshet. A person cannot do complete teshuva as it should be done until they know their Soul Root and previous gilgulim of their soul. The Zohar, when discussing the verse, “Tell me, you whom my soul loves” (Song of Songs 1:7) is adamant about this. It discusses there at length that a person needs to know the identity of their soul, why it has come into this world, and what it needs to rectify. A person’s “tikun” depends upon performance of all the positive mitzvot and occupation with Torah. As he increases these things, his “tikun” becomes complete, and he merits to achieve all the parts of his soul. What one does and the amount and level of mitzvahs he performs determines how many sparks will be revealed to him. The level of the sin or the amount of sins determines how many sparks will be withdrawn from him. Blemish is a result of mitzvot that were not fulfilled and by of transgression of the 365 prohibitions of the Torah. Occupation with Torah acquires Ruach from Yetzirah. Mitzvot that one can perform, such as tzitzit, tefillin and the like. A person must go out of his way to occupy himself with all the “mitzvoth” as much as his intellect is capable of grasping. He must seek out a rabbi to teach it to him. If God creates the circumstances to fulfill any of the commandments and one did not fulfill them, then they will have to reincarnate to fulfill which ever one they could have fulfilled but did not. If he does not do them, then he must necessarily return to reincarnate many times, until he fulfills all of them. With a few exceptions as one is not obligated to divorce his wife, as everyone knows, for this the altar sheds tears. (Shar HaGilgulim 4, 11)
When a man must reincarnate and dies, and after that a son is born to him, since his wife was expecting when he died, the man himself reincarnates into the body of the son, this is the secret of yibum. This is the secret of Abaye the amora who was born after his father died. His father reincarnated into his son’s body, which is why he is called Abaye meaning his father, since his father reincarnated into him. (Shar HaGilgulim 29)
The name Adam (Alf, Dalet, Mem) contains the first letters of the names Adam, David, and Mashiah. According to the teachings of the Holy Ar”i, Adam becomes David who will finally be reincarnated as the Messiah, as indicated by the fact that the initial letters of Adam David Messiah (alp, dalet, mem) spell Adam (אָדָם). All were contained within the soul of Adam.
May we merit to see such revelation soon with the coming of mashiach and building the Holy temple quickly in our days in rachamim.
DEEP TEACHING ON REINCARNATION (GIGUL)
THIS IS TRANSLATED FROM THE WRITINGS OF MOSHE CHAYIM LAZATTO (HE WAS A INCARNATION OF MOSES)
The main thing of Nanhaga (Divine guidance of the worlds) is involved in “gilgullim” (reincarnation of souls). There are 2 kinds of gilgullim of “Nashamot” (souls).
1) According to the actions of man, “gilgul” is given for his tikun (correction)
Souls need to work hard to fill lackings, and make a complete “tikun”. To each is a different “nanhaga”. These are the “gillgulim” of (within) Mattatro”n. The garment of the Shechinah (Divine Presence). All these gillgulim in Matto”t need to fix their six corners (emotional sefirot-Ruach). To do this they must become the aspect of a “servant or slave of God”.
(most incarnations are like this)
2) There are Nashamot (Intellectual souls) that gilgul to refine the Malchut (The Divine Presence in the earth). This is as the Avot (Abraham, Issac and Jacob), Noach and his sons. These are gillgulim for nanhaga, not to fix themselves, but the whole world. This is gilgul in the aspect of the Shechinah.
There are gilgul of and from the upper source (Moch Stima) of Adam and from the 2nd brain (avir and skull). Moshe and the Avot go out from here. From here is “chuk” (rulings) of gilgul involving all aspects, what will be born, according to the needs of the time.
There are times when things are not in tikun. When there is not merit to Yisrael, and their sadeek (Holy men) does not rule. It is like the connection is broken, God forbid. Then by the mercy of Heaven there is another connection made in a hidden way to help Yisrael. Then Z”a and Nakavah both descend to dress in Matto”t who is their servant. This is hidden below in a angel that includes all powers of angels. He is the sar (prince) of all angels. To him is all nanhaga of the world, he is called “Sar Olam” (prince of the world). This is the first and ancient Matto”t servant of Hashem. He is in the form of the likeness above. All that there is in the sefirot, there is in his powers. To him are all orders of the markava, but they are all disconnected. As there is not Godliness (below). He works for the needs to sustain the world, and recieves flow from Zu”n. By Zu”n in zivug dressing in him. Then his Markava is assembled, and he can provide for the needs of the world. For its minimal maintainance. But there is not seen there “ahavat Yisrael” or God (with this flow, providence). There is only what is needed of God’s concealed guiding of the world. God descends in hideness. This is like Matto”t is like the name of his Master, the name Sd”y. The secret of covenant of assembly. In the secret of connecting Israel, in this he does not (cannot) rule. Matto”t is completed in his own place, he takes power of the upper sadeek, to make zivug of Hashem. But this is all in hiddeness.
The upper yesod (foundation, gateway of energy) includes many supernal Hvyh in great power. For making zivig of Hashem. They are the secret of flow going in great love, all in the secret of supernal names. The orders of the powers and guidance of Matto”t includes many names of “temurah” ( letter exchanges) they all dress in their markava of Adon”y. This is the Markava of Yhv”h, to this markava the other side has no portion in. It is for Yisrael to build, assemble supernal construction. The world was only made to flow Kidusha, spreading out the Shechinah below. But the otherside rules by yetzer hora in the world, its damage and (control of ) the nations, and all that is enjoined in the Markava of Matto”t. As it guides nahaga in Klipot noga, which is “chol” (non Holy), sending flow to the stars then to this world. Even if in Matto”t klipot inhibit flow, a Sadeek does rule by it in minuchah (Shabot rest), without having to dress in klippa. or difficulty. On Shabot the sadeek rules, He is malchut (and he is from the Malchut). All Nanhaga below is the malchut. The refined Malchut is “minuchah” (Shabot Rest), as it needs no work. She actualizes the Yh”v. But the Nanhaga of Matto”t is called here “work”. It is nanhaga that is only as this world (appropriate providence), but all is for tikun of Yisrael (to achieve God’s ultimate purpose of creation). Matto”t was created for nanhaga of the slave Hashem put to do the work of this world. It is in the Malchut (sadeekem). This is the difference between God’s children and his slaves. This is as sadeekem and angels. Sadeekem by love cleave in the shechinah in “zivug” (union) in all their actions. But with Matto”t and the rest of the angels there is no devekut (cleaving) or zivug (joining) at all. They are called standing under the Shechinah raising her. Ruach Hakodesh is the aspect of Nashama, mammash of malchut. It is aspect called Nashama of Sadeek that is involved in all nanhaga. This Malchut joins in the Nashamot of men. Nishmat (souls) of Sadeekem are Ruach HaKodesh and Revelation of Elohut (Godliness). To Nashamot this is the “crowns in the heads”, “delight from ray of the Shechinah”. Without this it is impossible to comprehend Elohut. There are many ways to reach Ruach HaKodesh. There are those who have much and those with little, and to those to whom it is completely hidden. But it is always there to guide Yisrael. All who are fit to have rest upon them as in Tanna DbeEliyahu “Even a slave can have rest upon him Ruach haKodesh. So it is always written “do not work as a slave (he is the lowest level). Ruach HaKodesh is received according to one’s yichus (relationship) to Malchut . Yichus to the Malchut (above) by the sadeek is according to how refined the Sadeek is in their 6 corners (Ruach, emotional soul). Because of din of Tuma there is not found ruach ha kodesh. It is only found in Nashamot Gadolot (Big Nashamot). But at times for the needs of nanhaga it can descend into lowly Nashamot, as a slave. But not the Nashama of a Sadeek as they have Ruach HaKodesh. Because of this their Nashama is free from having to occupy in such work.
The female slave in parsha mishpatim is the “am haAretz” (common man) that dresses in the good of klippa Noga. The mother, slave and handmaid are souls of Bria, Yetzera and Asiyah. At times a Nashama is sent without a garment in the secret of “Yhv”h is a man of war”. Whether a Nashama is a mother or hand maid the source that is sending this nashama dresses it in angels. This is the secret of the “man Gavrial”, as the source of his (the mans) garment, is in him (this Angel). It, his source is from the side of Givurah so to subdue the other side so that it cannot overcome him. But their Nashama are uniquely from the givurah even before being sent in garment of the angel, so the other side is subdued by him much more than by other souls. But the body of this Nashamah is from the right side. These bodies of the right side illuminate with the light of their nashamot. This is their tikun. While bodies from the left side find tikun in being subdued by their Nashamot. When a Nefesh that was in the first body must return in “gilgul” to fix damages for its own sake. Then its second body becomes the main one. After death in this world this Nefesh will resurrect only in its second body. At the time for resurrection , each body will take its portion of soul according to the level that was rectified. In the time of the Resurrection of the Dead a body will be wiped out from the world. if she did not complete all the 248 positive mitzvot with this body and the soul will be resurrection in the body of its last incarnation. By transgressing a positive mitzvah one causes ה , the Malchut of Asiyah to descend and separate from Tiferet, making it to only descend to the first three of the “kelipot”. So by repentance this can become easy immediately rectified. As the first three sefirot of the “kelipot” can transform to Holiness. A deeper level of transgression causes Tiferet to become disconnected from Bina as well. A even deeper level of transgression is caused when a person transgresses a positive mitzvah in such a way as to damage bina and cause it to descend to the last three sefirot of the “kelipot”. Even worse than this is when a person transgresses a positive mitzvah in such a way as to damage chochmah, separating it from keter. But even when this happens by “Teshuvah” the cause the upper ה , Bina, to return to keter, at which time chochmah will ascend with it. Non-believers and those who deny the prophetic authority of the Torah. When a person violates a negative mitzvah, prohibition of the Torah, his “teshuvah” does not evoke immediate forgiveness., but he must wait for Yom Kippur for atonement. This is because this type of sin damages Yetzirah, specifically the level of Tiferet, causing Malchut to separate from Teferet, as well as the six sefirot of Yetzira to also separate from Teferet.. In this class, their Nefesh must reincarnate to rectify this sin and their body is destroyed and lost and it does not arise in the time of the Resurrection of the Dead After the Resurrection of the Dead, higher new souls will descend from the world of Atzilut. They are the soul of Adam called “Zehira Ila’a”. This is the secret of what is written in the Zohar, (Pekudei 253a) that from the time the Temple was destroyed, souls have not entered “Heichel Ahava”. When Adam sinned, he lost the “Zehira Ila’ah” which is the levels of Ruach Nashama Chayah and Yechida of the world of Atzilut. Rather than fall into the kelipot, which are only in the three worlds of BY”A, they were taken up to their places. Thus, only the Nefesh of Atzilut remained with Adam after the sin. Adam’s sinned caused the “moach” of dat to descend between the two shoulders of Zeir Anpin, into the upper third of Tiferet, until the chest. There, the “chasadim” separated and went into the right shoulder and the gevurot went into the left shoulder.
The four worlds of ABY”A are identified with, Abba-Atzilut, Imma-Briah, Zeir Anpin-Yetzerah, and Nukvah-Asiyah. There are no kelipot on the level of Aba and Ima, the first three sefirot of Imma , and the levels of keter within Zu”N. With respect to the rest of the levels, the kelipot do attach to and nourish from when people sin. The levels the “kelipot” do not attach to and nourish from are called “Zahira illah” (upper illumination) of “Adam HaRishon”. Except for the Nefesh part of each level there is no nourishment by the “klippot” in the levels of Yechida, Chaya, Neshama, and Ruach of the world of Atzilut; Abba and Imma of Beriyah; the twenty aspects of keter in the Zu”N of Beriyah, the aspects of keter in Abba, Imma, and Zu”N of Yetzirah and the Abba, Imma, and Zu”N of Asiyah. This is altogether ten partzufim. Each partzuf contains ten sefirot and each sefira itself has ten, making one hundred ketarim of ten partzufim. In turn, each keter has ten sefirot and four upper levels of yechida, chaya, neshama, and ruach. All of this is called “Zihara Illah”, and it is part of that which was completely removed from Adam and ascended to its holy place. There are two levels of “zihara”. The first is “Zihara Illah” of Atzilut, composed of yechida, chaya, neshama, and ruach of the world of Atzilut. The second level is is “Zihara Illah” of BY”A, which incorporates the entire two partzufim of Abba and Imma, that is, the chaya and neshama of the world of Beriya, and Arich Anpin, or the yechida of Beriya; the four levels of yechida, chaya, neshama, and ruach of each keter from the one hundred ketarim of the ten partzufim from the Zu»N of Beriyah through the Nukvah of Asiyah. All of these are called is “Zihara Illah” of the three worlds of BY»A, as mentioned. These two types of “Zihara Illah” were completely removed from Adam when he sinned and are called level one. Souls from the “Zihara Illah” include Chanuch, Yosef ha Sadeek, Yoshua ben Nun, Achiya haShalomi, Elishah, Yoshua ben Parachiyah, Yoshua ben Chanina, Yishmoyal ben Elisha, Yosi ben Kisma, Rav Hoshia and Rav Chaninah Saba.
The Prophet Amos was from “Olam Nikudim” from the aspect of the kings who died. They are the 5 Givurot. Rav Tarphon was from the 288 sparks. They are the 5 “givurot” of מנצפ”ך and “mym nukvin”.
The Rambam was from the left “peah” so he did not merit to the Zohar. While the Ramban was from the right “peah” so he had this merit.
In Moshe are a few sparks from the source of Kayin but his source is Hevel.
Chym Vital writes in Shar gilgulim After Adam sinned the level of Ruach and Neshama of Atzilut were removed from him and flew upward. The Nefesh of Atzilut flew above him, but it did not completely leave him. Enoch took the “zihara” of Arich, Adam the zihara of Abba, Eve of Imma, Abel of Zeir Anpin, and Cain of Nukvah. I do not know if all of these are considered to be sections of Atzilut, or of BY»A. Further investigation is required.
Not all the souls were equal, since, the limbs that were most affected by the sin of Adam fell deeper into the kelipot than other limbs more distant from the blemish. As a result, some souls pursue sin more than others. The limbs used by Adam to commit the sin fell from him to the corresponding level within “Adam Belial”. There they were enveloped and enclothed by the “kelipot”. Thus, the impact of the sin on a limb determined how deep it fell into the kelipot, since God made them correspond to each other, Adam Bliya’al also has 248 limbs and 365 tendons. Once all the souls are separated from “Adam d’kelipa – Adam Belial”, removed through good deeds, “Adam d’kelipa – Adam Belial”will collapse .The souls fallen into the depths of the “kelipot”, into “Adam Belial”, became hidden. Now, when it comes time for one of these soul to come into this world, it cannot immediately leave the depths of the kelipot through some merit of a person in this world. But it must first be included in the level of the “Tzelem” and “Ohr makif” of three different people from the same root, one after the other. After that, it can enter a body that is born and become a soul on the level of “Ohr pnimi”, which is considered to be its first actual reincarnation. After that, it will reincarnate as many times as it needs to. As Holiness is the life energy that results from separating from spiritual impurity which is called death. Until all the souls that fell among the kelipot of “Adam Belial” [the despicable man] that are intermixed there from the head unto the feet have been gathered. Mashiach will not be revealed nor will the Jewish people be redeemed. This is what the Zohar says: (Pekudei 258) “Until the feet come to the feet” as it says, “They stood on their legs on that day on the Mount of Olives”. (Zechariah 14:4). All the souls of Kayin are from the 5 givurot of Ima, so they seize in the “klippot” of “Adam Balieal” which is סיסרא
“gilgulim” (Reincarnation)
Mishpotim Bs”d
Our parsha begins “and these are the judgments that you shall set before them”. Concerning this R. Shimon in the Holy Zohar begins to reveal the secrets of “gilgulim” (reincarnation). Most of this parsha in the Zohar concerns “gilgulim”. Evidently this is a good time to delve into “gilgulim” so let us learn. R. Shimon begins by informing us that the “judgments” referred to in the above verse referred to the punishments involved in one’s incarnation in this world. In general its better not to have to come down here, its better “upstairs”. We learn from Safer Bahir the souls of the wicked can’t leave from here but must “gilgul”.1 The Ar”i teaches that Torah is the source and root of the essence of light of the Nefesh, Ruach, Nashama, Chayah and Yachida. It spreads out in every parzuf. It is light of the Ayn Sof. A man occupied in the Torah gives delight to his creator when he does it for its own sake, and guards the commandments. This man when he leaves this world his soul will find rest and not require “gilgul” (reincarnation).2 In commentary on Zohar on proverbs its taught Man will be forced into ”gilgul” (reincarnation) if he does not learn Kaballah. Not every man has a ”segulah” (help from above) to learn the Kaballah of the Ar”i. One can loose their reward over this. But there is no danger in learning the Kaballah of Rama”k. Every one is obligated to this.3 The Zohar explains that actions of Holiness produce a breath for the soul that is an intercessor for him above. The Holy breath after the body is disposed of becomes a breath giving life. It becomes his ”Yesod”, the gateway to the quality and quantity of the light which his soul lives by and delights. Like a seed sown it guides the departed soul to be bound in the supernal glory of the bundle of life.
There are wicked people of whom the verse says, “And may He hurl away the soul of you enemies as one shoots a stone from a slingshot” (Samuel I 25:29); they don’t yet merit to enter “Gehennom”. after their deaths to cleanse their sins. Rather, their souls are tossed about as a “stone in a sling” until their sins have been cleansed enough to allow them to enter “Gehenom” for NO MORE THAN twelve months to atone. But by “Kuf Ha Kelah” (stone in a sling) there is no set time for this, sometimes it takes ten, one hundred, or even one thousand years, depending on to the extent they sinned A secular profane action causes the soul to be cast as a ”stone in a sling” when it leaves this world. (it becomes a ghost) Preventing its accent to Gan Aden. This soul cast as a ”stone in a sling” has no rest. This is the worst punishment. There is a Nefesh that is cut off with its body. There is also a Nefesh that is cut off, but not its body. A Nefesh that has “corait” (cut off) cannot return to its place above that it would of had if it would have been a worthy person in this “gilgul” (incarnation). Its Ruach also has no rest. Its Nefesh also has no Divine pleasure. Its only as any animal.4 A “Nefesh” is given 3 ”gilgulim” to begin ”teshuva” if it is not successful it is then destroyed from our people and descends to one of the 7 dwelling places of Gehenom to be forgotten for all generations.5 Rav Nachunyah ben Hakana teaches By facing away, ignoring the commandments while in exile one can be “gilgul” as an unclean animal6. When a person sins, he draws the “sitra achra”, called death, towards him. Therefore the “kelipa” cannot leave him until he dies, when the flesh rots in the soil. Then the kelipa that was tied to him leaves along with the “kelipa” from the “zuhama” that was imparted to Adam and Eve.
Now you can understand the concept of “chibut hakever” [torments of the grave]. After a person dies and is buried in the dust of the earth, four angels immediately arrive and deepen his grave to the height of the man, as it says in treatise Perek Chibut Hakever. Then they restore his soul to his body just like during his lifetime, since the kelipa remains connected to both.
Then these angels take him by the corners and shake and beat him with fire. Just as a garment is held from the ends and shaken to remove dust, until the “kelipa” leaves him completely. This is called “chibut hakever”, which is like the beating and shaking of a garment. They deepen the grave in order to create an area within which to shake and beat him. If one is jealous regarding spiritual matters, he will not require much of “chibut HaKever”. However, if one is jealous regarding worldly matters his bones will have to rot to be cleansed of their attachment to the “kelipot”. One who leaves this world and does not require any punishment. The first is that from the moment he dies he ascends in the secret of “mym nukvin” through the Yesod of Imma, which is called Olam Habah. This group is called “Benei Olam Habah”. In other words, he is like Zeir Anpin, who is called Ben [a son of] Imma. For this reason a righteous person is called a “Benei Olam Habah”. There are other Righteous people who are not fitting to ascend by themselves and they must combine with a soul more righteous than their own and this is why the Sages say “Every Jew has a portion in the world-to-come”. (Sanhedrin 91a). The “mochin” (consciousness) called “life of the world-to-come”, are the source of one’s existence in the world to come. It is also called “chayei hamelech” [life of the King]. In the secret of what the Sages say, “All those who wear Tefilin live”. As Tefillin draw this consciousness called “Chayay hamelech”.They draw the life source that flows to the world-to-come while even in this world, which is Imma.
Chym Vital writes in “Shar Gigullim” that I heard from my teacher that all who are buried on Friday from the fifth hour onward do not have to undergo “chibut hakever” torments of the grave. This is because the holiness of Shabbat itself separates the “kelipa” from these people without any pain. This is the secret of ‘something extra’ on the sixth day (Ex. 16:22) — for from the fifth hour onward the holiness of Shabbat begins to shine. Every soul has a specific name based upon its level within the limb from which it was hewn. Likewise, each spark from the side of the “kelipot” has its own name. And so the “yetzer hara” of one person is not like the “yetzer hara” of another person. After someone is born and named by his father and mother, their name is not by chance the name is given by God. This name itself is imprinted above on the holy throne, as is known. Just as there is for a person a pre-determined name from the side of Holiness, likewise there is an established name from the side of the “kelipot”, the “yetzer hara” that enters the person at birth. There are people who have only a Nefesh from Malchut of Asiyah of the “kelipot”, and there are people who have an entire NR”N from the “kelipot”.
The Aor Yakar teaches that the names of men show concerning their eternal qualities. It also shows concerning one’s magidim (angelic teachers). From names it possible to determine the number of ones gilgulim. By arousal there is raised mym nukvin (lower arousal) and there descends mym duchrin (upper arousal) and accordingly is their magid . It was like this Rebbe Shimon saw Rav Hamnuna. He came down to teach R. Shimon secrets of gilgulim in our parsha.7
Many books have been written explaining the teachings on the subject of ”reincarnation” or gilgul (גִלְגוּל). These books explain when and how reincarnation takes place and give details regarding many soul-roots and how we find them reincarnated in the Bible and afterwards in the time of the sages, and even in latter generations. The purpose of “gilgul” is to rectify blemishes of previous lifetimes and each successive incarnation manifests and rectifys new, different dimensions of the same soul. Know, that if a person merits obtaining his Nefesh (Animal soul), Ruach (Divine emotional soul), and Neshama (Soul of Divine intellect), and then blemishes them through sin, he will have to be reincarnated to rectify the damage. When he returns in a gilgul with his Nefesh and he rectifies it, his Ruach will not join him. This is because his Ruach remains blemished, and it cannot rest upon a rectified Nefesh. Therefore, his [blemished] Ruach will be reincarnated into another person, joining up with the Nefesh of a convert. The Neshama will likewise do the same. And the Nefesh that was rectified will receive a rectified Ruach of a righteous person who was similar to him in some of the particular good deeds that he performed. It will actually take the place of his own Ruach. Similarly, if he rectifies his [blemished] Ruach completely, then he will receive a Neshama from some righteous person, which will act in place of his own Neshama. This is the esoteric meaning of what the sages say: “Righteous people are greater in death than during their lifetimes (Sanhedrin 47a).” Now, after this person dies, his [own rectified] Nefesh will go together with this Ruach [of a righteous person] and through it [i.e. the Ruach] receive the blessing fitting for itself. It works in the same way for the Neshama with respect to the Ruach. After a person dies, they return in a gilgul and achieve tikun together.
According to the teachings of the Holy Ar”i, Adam becomes David who will finally be reincarnated as the Messiah, as indicated by the fact that the initial letters of Adam David Messiah (alef, dalet, mem) spell Adam (אָדָם). All were contained within the soul of Adam.
1. 1Safer Bahir p.78
1. 2safer lecutim-ar’i p.427
1. 3Midrash on Zohar Mishley p.138
1. 4zohar smot 59a, Trumah p.142b
1. 5Midrash on Zohar Mishle p.137
1. 7Aor Yakar Barashit p.78
With respect to the chasadim of Abba, they do not stand in the yesod of Abba, since it is a very narrow place. Therefore, they go out and surround yesod from without, which means that the chasadim of Abba stand within yesod of Imma and clothe the yesod of Abba. Unlike the gevurot, which lack unification, whether in yesod of Abba or Imma. Therefore, it was not possible to establish one teacher for all of them, for there is no one yesod unique to all of them who could teach them.
From what my teacher once answered, I could see that this is not really the reason. For I once asked him regarding this, suggesting that two teachers could have existed corresponding to the two yesodot, but he wouldn’t answer me — seemingly because he did not want to reveal everything regarding this matter, though I don’t know why.
From another world-for real !
Filed under: Garden of Eden, Riencarnation, spirits, worlds, Zohar
THE BEGINNING OF manuscript IS MISSING.
What we have here is all that we merit, the rest of the ancient text has been concealed from this generation
They spoke with each other what they could not speak before this. They emerged from that opening and sat in the garden underneath the trees. They said to each other, Since we were here and saw all this, if we die here, we will most certainly attain the World to Come. They sat down. A sleep fell upon them. In the meanwhile, the one appointed (a supernal Holy spirit) came and woke them up. He told them to get up and go into the orchard outside. They went out. They noticed the scholars of the word of GOD, who talked of this verse: ”In this wilderness shall they be consumed” (Numbers 14:35), but not in another place, THAT IS THAT THEY WILL MERIT THE WORLD TO COME. ”And there they shall die” , but not in another place, MEANING THAT THEY WILL HAVE THE LIFE OF THE WORLD TO COME. That concerns the bodies – THAT EVEN IN THIS WORLD, THEY WILL ONLY DIE FROM THE ASPECT OF THE BODY – but not their souls, WHICH WILL BE similar to the denizens of the Garden, MEANING THE SOULS WILL MERIT THE GARDEN OF EDEN.
As there are souls which as its written in the bible are “cut off” :
“For it is the life of all flesh; the blood of it is for its life; therefore I said to the people of Israel, You shall not eat the blood of any kind of flesh; for the life of all flesh is its blood; whoever eats it shall be cut off.” (lev 17)
This is referring to even in the upper world. The merit of the soul is given to another and it as a individual soul ceases to exist. It will not be given a chance at another incarnation. It has wasted all its chances.
The appointed one told them to leave. They left with him. He asked them, Did you hear something on that level? They said, We heard that a voice was saying that whoever stops shall be stopped, whoever curtails shall be curtailed and whoever curtails shall be prolonged. He said to them, Do you understand what this means? They said no. He said to them, Did you see that great eagle and that child that picks grasses? This was Rabbi Ila’i from Netzivin, he and his son. They arrived here and they saw him and his boy and this cave. As soon as they entered into this darkness, they were not able to stand it and died.
That child, his son, stands daily in front of Betzalel (the man who by the Holy spirit made the tabernacle in the desert), when he descends from his high School, and said to him three things, prior to Betzalel’s divulgence of the concealed secrets of wisdom. All his sayings are concealed secrets, since ”neither has the eye seen, that Elohim, beside You” (Isaiah 64:3). That is what is said: Whoever stops, shall be stopped means whoever ceases from the sayings of Torah in order to speak of vain matters, his life will be ended from this world. His judgment remains for the World to Come. Whoever curtails shall be curtailed means that whoever cuts short the Amen and does not extend it leisurely, BUT SAYS IT ABRUPTLY, shall have his life shortened in this world. Whoever curtails shall be prolonged means that whoever said Echad (Eng. ’One’) must hurry with the Aleph OF ECHAD and shorten its pronunciation, and not dally with this letter at all. Whoever acts this way shall have his life extended. (this is referring to the mediation on the oneness of God in all creation)
THE APPOINTED ONE told them, Go out from here. You are righteous AND DESERVING A HIGHER LEVEL. They emerged. The appointed one presented them with a rose, WHICH IS THE SECRET OF manifestation of the Divine presence IN THE ASPECT OF Divine creativity and inspiration. When they left, the opening of the cave was concealed and was not visible at all. They noticed the eagle, WHICH IS THE SECRET OF THE FACE OF AN EAGLE in the Divine Chariot (see the vision of Ezekial) from which souls are emanated and other energy, which descended from a tree and entered into a different cave. They inhaled the scent of the rose, AS THE ILLUMINATION OF Divine wisdom IS CALLED SCENT, and entered there. (certain scents can effect your mind) They discovered the eagle on the mouth of the cave. He told them, Enter friends, the truly righteous, since I have not felt the gladness of having company since the day that I have been here, except through you.
They entered another orchard, MEANING TO ANOTHER LEVEL, and the eagle was with them,. When they arrived at those scholars of the Mishnah (a compilation of ancient oral teaching explaining the Bible) , the eagle converted back to the shape of a man, MEANING TO THE SECRET OF THE FACE OF A MAN with a glowing robe like them, and sat together with them. He said to the MISHNAH SCHOLARS that were seated, Give honor to the Mishnah scholars that arrived here, since their Master shows them great wonders. One of them said to them, Have you a sign THAT YOU ARE WORTHY OF BEING HERE? They replied, Yes. They slipped out two roses and smelled them, THEREBY ALLUDING TO their Holy actions AND Divine understanding they possessed THAT ARE COMBINED TOGETHER IN THE SECRET OF THE TWO ROSES. They said, Be seated, deans of the school. Be seated, truly righteous men. They held on to them and they sat. At that time, they learned from them thirty Divine ’laws’ that they did not know of before, and other secret meanings in the Torah.
They then returned to the sages, and they found them studying and saying: ”I had said, ’You are angels (Heb. Elohim), all of you sons of the most High, Nevertheless, you shall die like men, and fall like any prince ’” (Psalms 82:6), MEANING ”I had said” during the time when you acted before listening, for “You are Elohim…” However, since you were drawn after your bad inclination, “nevertheless, you shall die like a man…” (Ibid. 7), just like the death of man brings him to dust in order to erase the bad inclination in his corpse. It is that bad inclination that dies and decays within.
Rabbi Ila’i said to them: truly righteous men, enter and see, since permission is given to you to proceed to the area where the veil is spread. Praised is your lot. They rose and entered a place where there were scholars of secrets, whose faces were bright as the sunlight. They said: Who are these? He said to them: These are the Agadah scholars, and they properly see the light of the Torah, daily. They remained and listened to several new illuminations in the Torah, but were not given authority to join with them.
Rabbi Ila’i told them to enter another area and look around. They entered into another garden and also saw, BESIDES OTHER THINGS, people digging graves. Immediately they die, and immediately reincarnate with bright holy bodies, SINCE THESE WERE THE DECEASED OF THE DESERT. They said to him, What is this? He replied to them, They do this every day and, when they die, the evil filth which they received before immediately decays. They quickly rise up with bright new bodies, with these holy bodies that they had when they stood on Mount Sinai, exactly as you see THEM, since all stood on Mount Sinai with bodies totally free of dirt. As soon as they drew upon themselves the Evil Inclination, they again had other bodies other than the bodies they had prior to that, strange bodies – MEANING THAT THE FILTH OF THE SERPENT WAS AGAIN UPON THEM. About this, it is written: ”And the children of Yisrael stripped themselves of their ornaments by the Mount Horeb” (exudus 33:6).
The souls that heard the voice of God on Mount Sinai became refined to a tremendous level , but when they sinned by the golden calf , which is a mystery in of itself they fell from that level. They lost their spiritual “ornaments” they got at Mount Sinai. It is possible to attain these “ornaments” once again while in this world through great spiritual works, and behavior of selflessness and self sacrifice.
A voice stirred and said, Go and congregate there. Aholiav stands on his spot and there are chairs before him. Suddenly, everything disappeared and they saw nothing. They remained alone under the trees in the garden. They noticed another door. They entered there, saw a chamber and sat down there. There were two youths there. They raised their eyes and saw a dwelling that was embroidered in all the kinds of artistry and colors existing in the world. On it was spread a curtain of sparkling light, at which the eyes were not able to gaze. Beyond that, they saw nothing.
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We have records of Sylvania Electric Facility Asbestos Exposure. We are West Virginia licensed lawyers who have represented people injured by exposure to asbestos whose work histories include Sylvania Electric Facility Wheeling, West Virginia. Our extensive database of jobsites and asbestos product identification built over 30 years of specializing in asbestos lawsuits in West Virginia allows us to effectively and efficiently represent those injured by asbestos in the workplace.
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Jim Acosta: ‘Baseless Conspiracy Theory’ that DNC Worked with Ukraine in 2016
‘— This unproven, baseless conspiracy theory that the Democratic Party was somehow behind this plot to deny Donald Trump from becoming president in 2016’
News & Politics, International
ACOSTA: "Brianna, this has become a catch-us-if-you-can administration. What you heard from Mick Mulvaney, the acting Chief of Staff, a few moments ago was pretty mind-blowing. What he said to this room full of reporters is that it is legal, it is appropriate for the White House to withhold foreign aid from a country unless they investigate the opposing political party in this country. Mick Mulvaney denied after we tried to follow up with him that holding up — or tried to deny that investigating Joe Biden was at the heart of this, but he did acknowledge that, yes, part of the deal, in order for Ukraine to get this money that was being held up, was to investigate what had happened in 2016, this unproven, baseless conspiracy theory that the Democratic Party was somehow behind this plot to deny Donald Trump from becoming president in 2016."
Max Boot: ‘Frightening’ That Trump’s Believing His DNC-Ukraine Conspiracy Theory
CNN’s Kucinich Brushes Off Clinton Sex Assaults as ‘Conspiracy Theory Land’
Adam Schiff Says Ukrainian Interference in 2016 Is a ‘Conspiracy Theory’
Fox News Panelists Rip Trump over Puerto Rico Tweets: ‘Disgusting’ to Push Conspiracy Theory
Chuck Todd Tears into Barr for Feeding ‘Conspiracy Theory’: He ‘Gaslit the Country!’
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Will Olivia Culpo Leave Alleged Cheating Boyfriend Danny Amendola?
By Jessica Bailey
The model’s boyfriend appeared to believe he could have his cake and eat it too as he cosied up to a journalist on the beach in Miami while Culpo was in Australia
Olivia Culpo stars in the current print edition of GRAZIA. Credit: Steven Chee.
If you have the literal universe in your hands, why mess that up? That is the sentiment Olivia Culpo’s fans are chanting in news the former Miss Universe’s boyfriend, Miami Dolphins football player Danny Amendola, cheated on her.
Amendola, 32, was photographed getting very close to former American CBS reporter Bianca Peters over the weekend during Miami’s bye week. The pictures, published by TMZ, show Amendola and Peters taking selfies on the beach, cuddling in the water and the football player pulling the hair out of the journalist’s eyes. No matter what way you look at it, it’s too close.
Current GRAZIA cover model Culpo is currently in Australia shooting a Sports Illustrated cover, a dream she’s been working towards for years. In the wake of the news, Culpo, 26, tweeted the word, “Wow” before posting a picture from her shoot to her Instagram. In it, she’s holding a real local snake and her caption reads “I dedicate this to all the snakes”, a sure-fire clue she is done with Amendola or sending a clear message to Peters.
Peters, however, is reportedly distancing herself from the saga. And as she’s trying to start her own media company, it’s wise she does. Unfortunately she didn’t seem clever enough to realise the damage flirting with another woman’s boyfriend will do to her professional reputation. Despite being a reporter, Peters is playing the “I didn’t know he had a girlfriend” card.
“Bianca and Danny met just a few nights ago before they were spotted on the beach,” a source told E! News. “They were at a house party and were both part of a group that decided to go to the beach over the weekend. Danny is new to Miami and Bianca had no idea he had a girlfriend. She is not in that world. She was a CBS journalist who is just starting her own media company.”
“Now that she understands the situation, she has no plans to see him again”, the source continued.
Culpo and Amendola rekindled their romance in March this year, the model posting pictures of the pair to her Instagram. The football star hasn’t posted with Culpo yet. “Olivia is very disappointed and shocked about the photos that came out with Danny getting cozy with another girl,” a source previously said to E! News. “He has assured her nothing is going on between them and that he is really happy with Olivia. Olivia is not totally buying it.”
We’re not buying it either. Miss Universe or not, no woman deserves to be disrespected like that.
Danny and Olivia on October 22.
Ever the professional, it’s business as usual for Culpo. In September, GRAZIA sat down with Culpo who talked about how happy she was for former boyfriend Nick Jonas and his new fiancé Priyanka Chopra. It was a response that really said something about the type of woman Culpo is in the relationship game. “I think that in life it’s really difficult to sometimes find true happiness and you have to really support one another. We’re all in this life together and if somebody is happy, that is unbelievably amazing. You have to celebrate that and champion that because people who don’t have that attitude are seriously suffering inside. I think the most afflicted people in the world are the people who cannot wish good on others.”
SEE OLIVIA’S GRAZIA FASHION SHOOT HERE.
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topics: celebrity, Olivia Culpo, danny amendola, bianca peters, Nick Jonas
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Two Black men arrested at Philadelphia Starbucks are settling with city for $2 in symbolic deal
Posted on : May 2, 2018 - by Latoya- 833 Views
Activists Civil Rights Haute Posts Men and boys Professional Development
by Erik Ortiz
The two black men whose arrest at a Philadelphia Starbucks last month set off a wave of protests against the coffee giant for discrimination have reached a settlement with the city, the mayor’s office said Wednesday.
They will each be paid $1.
In addition, Donte Robinson and Rashon Nelson, both 23, will release the city and employees of all claims in exchange for the creation of a $200,000 fund that, through the help of a nonprofit organization, will assist young entrepreneurs in Philadelphia.
Robinson and Nelson will also serve on a committee to establish and award the grant, which will focus on starting a pilot curriculum for public high school students to attain the skills to become business owners.
The mayor’s office said neither Nelson, Robinson nor their attorneys will receive any payment from the grant funds. The money will come from the budget of the city’s Finance Department.
“I am pleased to have resolved the potential claims against the City in this productive manner,” Mayor Jim Kenney said in a statement. “This was an incident that evoked a lot of pain in our City, pain that would’ve resurfaced over and over again in protracted litigation, which presents significant legal risks and high financial and emotional costs for everyone involved.”
He added that Robinson and Nelson approached the city with the idea “in an attempt to make something positive come of this.”
Seattle-based Starbucks Corp. previously apologized for the April 12 arrests of Nelson and Robinson while they sat inside a location in the city’s wealthier Rittenhouse Square neighborhood waiting for a business meeting — an act that observers say is hardly uncommon.
A video of the incident went viral, and provoked accusations of racism against police and the company.
The store manager who called 911 on the men as they waited was no longer with that store.
Starbucks CEO Kevin Johnson in a statement Thursday said a financial settlement has been reached and thanked the men for their “willingness to reconcile.”
“I welcome the opportunity to begin a relationship with them to share learnings and experiences,” he said.
A lawyer for Nelson and Robinson did not immediately return a request for comment.
The coffee chain on May 29 plans to close more than 8,000 U.S. stores for an afternoon to train nearly 175,000 workers in “racial-bias education.”
Philadelphia Police Commissioner Richard Ross first defended the officers’ actions in arresting the men, but later apologized. He told reporters that the men had not purchased anything and refused to leave.
Nelson and Robinson were eventually let go after about eight hours in police custody, with a spokesman for the district attorney’s office saying there was a “lack of evidence” that a crime had been committed. Starbucks did not press any charges.
Demonstrators still voiced their outrage in protests and said the arrests had become a flash point for how businesses might treat people of color differently than white customers. They carried signs saying, “Too Little Too Latte,” and “Shame on You Starbucks.”
Robinson, who said he’s been a Starbucks customer since he was 15, told The Associated Press on Wednesday that the agreement with the city of Philadelphia was the right decision.
“We thought long and hard about it and we feel like this is the best way to see that change that we want to see,” he said. “It’s not a right-now thing that’s good for right now, but I feel like we will see the true change over time.”
Source: NBC
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Macy’s stock is tanking because it put too many clothes on sale during the spring – CNN
Macy’s profit fell 48% during its spring quarter compared with the same period a year ago, the company said in earnings on Wednesday. Macy’s lowered its profit expectations for the remainder of the year.
Investors quickly sold off Macy’s (M) stock, driving it down as much as 16% during early trading. Heading into Wednesday, shares of Macy’s had fallen 34% this year.
During the spring, Macy’s said it had a “fashion miss” in its key private-label athletic brand and struggled to sell warm weather gear. International tourism to its stores also slowed down, as the global economy slows, according to the company. That left Macy’s with too many clothes on the shelves, forcing the company to put them on sale to clear out inventory for the fall. Discounts pinched Macy’s quarterly profit.
“We had a slow start to the quarter and finished below our expectations,” Macy’s CEO Jeff Gennette said in prepared comments. “We took markdowns to clear the excess spring inventory.”
Macy’s weak quarter signaled broader woes for department stores. Sales at department stores dropped 4.3% over the past six months compared with a year prior, the Commerce Department said in July. Kohl’s (KSS), Nordstrom (JWN) and JCPenney (JCP) dropped sharply Wednesday. They report earnings in the coming weeks.
Amazon (AMZN), big box retailers such as Target (TGT) and Walmart (WMT) and new clothing and home brands that got their starts online have squeezed traditional department stores. Discount stores such as TJMaxx are also expanding rapidly, drawing customers away from Macy’s and others with low prices on a constantly-changing array of clothes. Macy’s has tried to combat the rise off discount chains by opening Macy’s Backstage, its own lower-priced arm, within some stores.
Tariffs on goods from China are another concern for Macy’s and other retailers.
President Donald Trump said earlier this month that he would add a 10% tariff on an additional $300 billion of Chinese-made products on September 1. However, on Tuesday, the top US trade negotiator said that new 10% tariffs on Chinese-made consumer goods including cell phones, toys and video game consoles would be delayed until December 15.
Trump said the move was designed in part to avoid any pain for consumers heading into the holiday season.
Macy’s has been working to move its private label product manufacturing out of China in recent years. But consumers will likely see prices go up at Macy’s and other retailers if tariffs are placed on all Chinese goods.
“It is hard to do the math to find a path that gets you to a place where you don’t have a customer impact,” Gennette said earlier this year.
Macy’s still has close to 700 US stores and has searched for new ways to draw customers on its website, mobile app and through buy online, pickup in store. Macy’s said Wednesday that mobile sales are its fastest-growing channel.
The company insisted it’s on the right track and has a plan to draw shoppers and reshape its business.
“Our team has responded quickly to the external environment, course corrected when needed and we remain confident,” Gennette said.
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Tesla Cybertruck event: what to expect from Elon Musk’s electric pickup – The Verge
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Shopping in Newport
Eating out in Newport
Business in Newport
Nightlife in Newport
Things to do in Newport
Places to stay in Newport
Public Transport in Newport
Newport can boast some of the Island's most characterful pubs, some very old and some surprisingly new. The Castle Inn in the High Street is reputed to be the oldest in the town dating back to at least 1550 and exudes old-world charm with original flagstone floors, it was also the last pub in England to be licenced for cockfighting and has a reputation for being haunted. At the other end of the scale, the Wren's Nest and Ale House in Holyrood Street are both only a couple of years old but still full of character! From the Eight Bells and The Waverley in Carisbrooke to the Willam Coppin and Princess Beatrice on the other side of Newport, from the quayside and town squares to the countryside and town lanes, you will never be far away from a warm welcome in a proper pub.
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Pubs and Nightlife in Newport
This excellent mock Tudor local pub found in the heart of Newport has built a fine reputation for well kept ale and welcoming atmosphere. Take a seat next to the fire or pull a stool up to the bar and enjoy one of their may real ales. Retaining its feel of a traditional public bar, its the perfect spot to Read more...
Slug and Lettuce
Bars, Eating out in Newport, Pubs and Nightlife in Newport
Located in the former Medina Cinema, find a unique bar and eatery with a informal and contemporary feel. Not only home to a wide range of beers, larger and ales but also wide-selection of spirits and cocktails, offering something for all ages. After-dark enjoy DJ’s and dancing as one of the Island’s favourite night spots, open until the early hours Read more...
The Cask & Crispin
A traditional and comfortable town local, with a good selection of beers and ales, complimented with entertainment such as pool tables, live sports and local musicians on the weekends. For those looking for something a little more relaxing, its welcoming lounge and adjoining snug provide the perfect spot to enjoy a drink away from the hustle and bustle of Newport. Read more...
The Dairyman’s Daughter
Eating out in Newport, Pubs and Nightlife in Newport
The Dairyman’s Daughter is a bustling freehouse pub nestled at the centre of Arreton Barns. A traditional pub with an extensive menu, wide selection of fine wines and real ales. There’s regular live music and plenty of events on throughout the year. Read more...
The Man in the Moon
One of the Island’s more unusual pubs, this impressive church conversion retains much of its character and charm. Enjoy food throughout the day in its tastefully decorated surroundings where old meets new, along with two sun-soaked beer gardens with patio heaters for the Winter evenings. As part of the Weatherspoon’s family this pub hosts various beer festivals throughout the year, Read more...
Newport Ale House
Having previously been home to a hairdresser, coffin storage, and stables, this Grade 2 listed Pub is the Island’s smallest – no bigger than a front room! Home to a regular programme of live music, there is always an interesting and varied choice of beers and ales on offer. Though they do not offer meals, snacks including locally sourced pies, Read more...
The Eight Bells is situated in the heart of the village of Carisbrooke, just a short drive out of Newport. Formerly ‘The Eight Bells Hotel’, this Grade II Listed building has been sympathetically extended in recent years to provide a welcoming environment for young and old alike. The pub is served by its own large car park which gives level Read more...
The Hogshead
After a recent refurbishment, The Hogshead in Newport is welcoming visitors through the doors. This warm and inviting pub has a traditional feel, with ‘olde’ style blackboards, candles and an open fire. There is regular live music, all the big sports action on large TVs and a resident DJ at weekends. For a special night, why not take advantage and Read more...
Bargeman’s Rest
Set on Little London Quay, The Bargeman’s Rest is located close to Newport town centre and is the perfect pitstop on a walk along the River Medina, being in close proximity to the Newport to Cowes cycle track. Experience the cosy, friendly atmosphere and nautical charm, a nod to the area’s trading port heritage. The Bargeman’s Rest offers an extensive Read more...
The Castle Inn
Steeped in history and character, The Castle Inn is rumoured to be the local haunt of Charles I whilst prisoner at the nearby Carisbrooke Castle. Full of cosy nooks, exposed wood beams and ancient flagstone floors, you can’t get more traditional than this in the heart of Newport. Complimented by a large outdoor courtyard, you can be sure to expect Read more...
Welcome to Newport, the Isle of Wight’s county town, which geographically sits at the heart of the Island and is built around the River Medina, so is a perfect base to use for exploring the Isle of Wight.
Eating out, shopping, things to do and place to stay in Newport
Restaurants in Newport
Pubs in Newport
Bars in Newport
Cafes in Newport
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Getting to Newport
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The Peripheral Media
Helton Levy
journalist | researcher | writer
Tagged city university of london
An image, a favela, and my research
I won the City University’s Images of Research award with an image that represented my PhD research.
The photo shows one of the gigantic sculptures by Projeto Morrinho, an art project that started out from Rio de Janeiro’s favelas. It consists of – literally – a mountain of bricks colourfully painted in a way to represent a favela community, with its tiny streets, and colourful dwellings up on the hill. It carries positive messages and small figurines, which give a realist but with a touch of fun and grace.
I had captured the image while on a visit to the Museum of Art of Rio de Janeiro, in 2016, then recently refurbished.
I thought this image illustrated my research because it had everything I looked at in media producers from Brazil’s periphery: It showed improvisation, community-spirit, and the right of self-representation, which is a new possibility for Brazil’s disadvantaged populations.
The way that Projeto Morrinho has proudly assembled the installation, which showed one of the region’s which Brazilians had been most ashamed of, either because of its poverty or precariousness, explains how the perception of these communities has changed, within it and outside. They communicated not only hope but a will to confront reality with joy, strength and creativity.
Words: Helton Levy
art and development
city university of london
images of research
mar rj
museu de arte do rio
projeto morrinho
Book review: Serotonin by Michel Houellebecq
What I have been writing (4)
The sociology of the English ignorance
A tentative syllabus for teaching today’s journalism
Postcolonial
Lá Fora Comentário sobre a cobertura jornalística internacional
The Body Art criticism to the bones
Google Scholar My Google Scholar page
Reading the Periphery.org Online archive on post-colonialism and encounters with the south
Twitter My Twitter page
Eurocentrism
If I could give you a present
What impressed me
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T Polyphilus
urpflanz
Altar Call
Magick of the Urpflanze
T Polyphilus, Ep. Gn.
Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law.
In the invocation pronounced by the Priest on the first step of the dais in the Ceremony of the Introit, a specific formula of magick is declared under the figure of vegetable growth:
…not unto Thee may we attain, unless Thine image be Love. Therefore by seed and root and stem and bud and leaf and flower and fruit do we invoke Thee.
The Priest indicates that the infinite can only be invoked as Love. The plant anatomy which follows must then be a diagram of the creative will, since “Love is the law, love under will.” It is described in seven stages, which–like all creation–naturally progress from a hidden condition to a manifested one. These seven stages can be referred to the seven horizontal planes indicated by the emanations of the qabalistic Tree of Life, and, in turn, to the psychological model advanced in the qabalah. (See the accompanying table.)
The creative process begins with the SEED or Hidden Master. Work proceeds from an inscrutable source, whose name is “Mystery of Mystery.” It is buried in the dark substrate of reality (the “Night of Pan” beyond the Abyss), just as the seed is buried in the earth.
The seed sends forth a ROOT, a still-subterranean extension that begins its orientation towards the world of events, i.e. the Universe of Contraries. It engages–on the Chokmah-Binah plane–the dual polarity which characterizes all phenomena below the Abyss.
This Urpflanze (“archetypal plant”), which symbolizes the will, breaks into light by shooting forth a STEM, a distinct impulse towards change which has been determined by the seed and provided for by the root.
Of these seven segments, the one of greatest interest to the magician is BUD, which is at the mid-point of the series and attributable to Sol. In the process of the passage of the will from its hidden origin to its manifested accomplishment, the BUD is the point of balance at which magick force can be brought to bear with the greatest effect. In Liber Aleph (Chapter 86), Crowley specifically references the “bud-will” and its importance in the Work of the Sovereign Sanctuary of the Gnosis.
A transliteration of BUD reveals the principal officers of the Mass in the guise of Tarot trumps: B = The Magician (Deacon), U = The Hierophant (Priest), and D = The Empress (Priestess). The astrological glyphs which correspond to these trumps likewise are of note, since Taurus (U) and Venus (D) combine in the figure of Mercury (B).
The bud opens into a LEAF, the visible surface which is the characteristic expression of the plant.
The leaves support the FLOWER, which brings the plant into communication with other creatures through sight and scent, and provides for pollination with other plants.
The pollination of the flower culminates in the FRUIT, the finally manifested product of the process, which conceals within itself new seeds to perpetuate the creative pattern. The journey of the fruit in returning the seeds to the dark earth is emblematic of a different formula complementary to the one under discussion.
A couple of illustrations may help to elucidate the application of the present formula. One example is the creative work of OTO through MMM as an initiatory institution. In this case, the SEED is Baphomet, the Secret Master, possibly considered as the esoteric instruction concealed in the depths of the rituals themselves. The ROOT is the Grand Master who authorizes the enactment of the initiations and is the custodian of their form. The STEM is the Initiator who implements the ceremony. The BUD is the Candidate who enters into the Mysteries. The LEAF is the Lodge (or Chapter, or other body) that results from the collaboration of initiates. The FLOWER is the Order as a whole, visible to the initiate and the profane. And the FRUIT is the totality of human society to which the Order offers the Law and the message of Universal Brotherhood.
Another instance is the production of literature. Here, the SEED is the secret muse of the author, the inspiration which brings him or her into the process of writing. The author as the original container of the idea issuing from the muse is the ROOT. The author's work of writing is the STEM by which literature raises itself into view. The BUD is the text itself. The text shows its LEAF in its publication. The reader savors it like the appreciation of a FLOWER. And the FRUIT is its passage into the world of discourse in literary posterity-a passage towards which the present study is directed as it passes from stem to bud.
Urpflanze
Kether
(Yechidah)
The Hidden Master, “source and seed of life, love, liberty and light.”
Chokmah-
(Chiah), Intuition
(Neschemah)
Emergence of the Master's design into the Universe of Contraries
Chesed-
Geburah
(Ruach)
Realization of the design in a particular impulse toward change
Tiphareth
Formulation of the impulse as intention, balanced between the Hidden and the Manifested
Netzach-
Expression of the intention
Body of Initiates
Animal Soul
(Nephesch)
Perception of the expression
Malkuth
Body (Guph)
The Manifested Result
Love is the law, love under will.
Cardinal Sacraments: The Eucharist of the Gnostic Mass
Vigorous Food & Divine Madness
— fileinfo: path: '../hermetic.com/dionysos/urpflanz.htm' created: 2016-03-15 modified: 2016-03-15 …
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Can I rotate with your program?
From August through February we offer a two-week elective rotation for fourth-year medical students in United States LCME-accredited medical schools. We limit the rotation to three students at a time, so that each can gain a quality experience. Third-year and fourth-year medical students at the University of Oklahoma and the Oklahoma State University can also choose Great Plains for their required family medicine rotations or sub-internship. Contact the Program Manager for more information.
Do you have extern, intern, or observer positions available?
What is your accreditation status?
We are accredited through the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), having received four years accreditation after our last site visit.
Will osteopathic residents (DOs) have problems getting licensed since Great Plains is not accredited through the American Osteopathic Association?
The first year of residency is a twelve-month rotating internship, which has qualified all of our previous osteopathic residents for licensure in Oklahoma.
Do you require that osteopathic applicants take the USMLE?
No, we accept COMLEX for osteopathic medical students.
How many letters of recommendation do you require?
We require three letters of recommendation. International medical graduates should have at least one letter of recommendation from a supervising physician in the United States.
What are the minimum score requirements for USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK?
We don't have minimum score requirements, but we do require that all applicants pass Steps 1 and 2 (including CS) of the USMLE within three attempts each i.e. no more than two failures on each step.
Do you require Step 2 CS before issuing an interview invitation?
No, though we do prefer applicants to take and pass Step 2 CS before the rank order list is due in mid-February.
What is the last date to apply for residency?
All applicants should apply through ERAS by November 1.
Do you require clinical experience in the United States?
Yes, we require a minimum of 12 months of hands-on, supervised clinical experience in the U.S.
Do you sponsor J1 or H1 visas?
No, we are unable to sponsor visas. All applicants must be authorized to work in the US.
Do I need to be ECFMG certified before applying?
No, but we do require that all international medical graduates be ECFMG certified prior to the rank order list deadline.
What is your graduation-year cut-off?
Applicants need to have graduated from medical school within the last three years and have stayed medically active since that time.
How many positions do you offer each year?
We have five positions per year.
Do you offer positions outside of the Match?
Do you offer part-time or shared residency positions?
Our program has not had part-time or shared-time residents. We support the concept, but there are challenges, primarily because of the American Board of Family Medicine requirements. Anyone who matches our program would be expected to be full-time. Should residents' require a change in status due to unforeseen circumstances, then we would work with our residents to find a solution.
When do you begin and then complete ranking applicants?
Faculty and residents discuss applicants throughout the interview season (November - January) and will begin ranking applicants when interviews are completed. Our final rank list is submitted in February.
Are there other residency programs at your participating hospitals?
INTEGRIS Health sponsors a radiology residency, an emergency medicine residency and the interns from the University of Oklahoma's anesthesia program. These programs do not compete with our family medicine program.
When are new residents required to report for orientation?
Orientation usually begins the last two weeks of June, though new residents will need to complete the employment process up to a month prior. New residents officially begin rotations and clinic responsibilities on July 1.
About how many hours per week does a resident work?
Interns work, on average, 50-70 hours per week, while upper-levels average 40-50 hours per week, with most upper-level rotations at the lower end of that range.
What courses and certifications are provided for residents?
We require and pay for courses and certification in Basic Life Support, Advanced Cardiac Life Support, Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics, the Neonatal Resuscitation Program, and Pediatric Advanced Life Support. Advanced Trauma Life Support and STABLE (post-resuscitation/pre-transport of neonates) are not required, but offered.
Are licensure expenses and examinations paid for by the program?
Yes, we pay for allopathic and osteopathic licensure expenses, USMLE Step 3, and COMLEX Level 3, as well as DEA certification and the Oklahoma narcotics license (OBN).
Does the program offer membership in professional organizations?
Yes, we provide residents' membership in the American Academy of Family Physicians, Oklahoma Academy of Family Physicians, American Osteopathic Association, American College of Osteopathic Family Physicians, American Medical Association, Oklahoma State Medical Association, and Oklahoma County Medical Association.
Are residents allowed to moonlight?
Yes, with approval of the program director, moonlighting is permitted for upper-level residents who are fully licensed. Moonlighting is monitored to ensure residents manage their time appropriately.
Do the residents use an electronic health record?
All INTEGRIS facilities are fully integrated on Epic.
What is the clinic schedule like?
PGY1s are in clinic one to two sessions (half-days) per week, PGY2s are in clinic three to four sessions per week, and PGY3s are in clinic four to five sessions per week.
How far away is the family medicine clinic from the two teaching hospitals?
Great Plains is less than two blocks from either hospital.
Do you provide meals?
We provide meals for three to four conferences a week, plus snacks, coffee, and sodas in the family medicine clinic. Residents also eat for free at both hospitals. (None of this is sponsored by drug companies.)
How flexible is the rotation schedule?
We build in quite a lot of flexibility by having an elective month in the PGY2 year, and three months of electives in the PGY3 year. We assist the residents in finding elective experiences to help meet their unique needs or desires. We work closely with residents to make adjustments in the rotation schedule when needed for family leave or related situations.
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Home / Stock Picks / Stocks to Sell / For Q2 Earnings, Rite Aid Stock Must Bank on Positive Guidance
For Q2 Earnings, Rite Aid Stock Must Bank on Positive Guidance
Traders want to know about the pharmacy retailer’s future, which may not bode so well for the RAD stock price
By Will Healy, InvestorPlace Contributor Sep 25, 2019, 8:32 am EST September 25, 2019
Rite Aid (NYSE:RAD) reports second-quarter fiscal 2020 earnings on September 26. This will be the first report since it appointed Heyward Donigan as its new CEO.
Source: Michael Gordon / Shutterstock.com
It also comes at a time in the company’s history where it faces weak earnings and crushing debts as it fights to survive in a changing marketplace. In hearing the report, traders will likely focus on clues as to the company’s future rather than news of the past.
Outlook the Likely Focus of the Report
For its second quarter, analysts expect a profit of seven cents per share. This would come in much higher than the 20-cent-per-share loss it reported in the same quarter last year. They also forecast revenues of $5.41 billion, down from $5.42 billion in the same quarter the previous year. While a profit amid falling revenues does not hurt RAD stock, analysts still project a loss of 2 cents per share for the current fiscal year.
Consequently, investors will likely watch this report for the company’s outlook. Especially, they will key in on hopes for a change in strategy by Ms. Donigan.
The company recruited her as its CEO in August. As a 30-year veteran of the healthcare industry, Rite Aid has enlisted the talent needed to rescue itself. So far, bringing on Ms. Donigan has sent the RAD stock price higher. That suggests some have hope that a turnaround remains possible. However, saving any organization from such a situation is a tall order for even the best leader.
Plus, Rite Aid stock continues to face massive change in the retail pharmacy business. Competitors such as Amazon (NASDAQ:AMZN) and other e-commerce outfits have changed the face of retailing. Walgreens Boots Alliance (NASDAQ:WBA) and CVS Health (NYSE:CVS) may benefit from larger economies of scale and less burdensome debt loads, but even they feel the effects.
Consequently, they must find new ways to entice customers to visit their pharmacies or interact with the business. Both retailers have offered visits with a healthcare professional inside their stores. CVS went so far as to go into the insurance business by purchasing Aetna.
Rite Aid Faces Long Odds
Sadly for bulls, Rite Aid’s debt load prevents management from making similar moves. As a company with a market capitalization of about $436 million, it holds a debt of $6.86 billion. Selling two distribution centers will take that debt down to $3.2 billion. However, this still leaves a tremendous obligation for a firm of its size.
Furthermore, management has had to resort to some less-than-ideal strategies for its equity to continue trading. RAD stock staved off a delisting from the New York Stock Exchange by instituting a 1-for-20 reverse stock split in April. However, history shows that such moves usually delay rather than prevent a move to the pink sheets.
As InvestorPlace feature writer James Brumley stated, it will take a miracle to revive RAD stock. He also points out, I think correctly, that Rite Aid could file for bankruptcy much like Fred’s did. Rite Aid may still have to accept that path eventually.
Admittedly, choosing Ms. Donigan as the CEO implies Rite Aid still chooses to fight for survival. If she can find a path to save the company without a Chapter 11 filing, Rite Aid stock will shoot much higher. I realize traders may take a speculative position in the company before earnings on that hope alone. However, barring a radical improvement, buying RAD stock here looks risky at best.
Final Thoughts on RAD Stock
Traders are likely awaiting the next earnings report for management’s outlook rather than the raw numbers. Analysts forecast a modest profit amid declining revenues. However, this would still leave Rite Aid fighting for survival. Since this is Ms. Donigan’s first quarterly report since taking the CEO job, most traders will look for guidance and any hope that the company can salvage RAD stock.
As of now, such a possibility appears remote. Capitalism is a process of creative destruction. Businesses that once dominated their industries fail to anticipate changes in their domain. These firms often end up existing as shadows of their former selves or permanently closing their doors.
The changing marketplace looks poised to make Rite Aid the next victim of capitalism’s sometimes destructive tendencies. Holders of RAD stock will not like this news. But as things appear now, Rite Aid has few apparent options to avoid becoming the Sears Holdings (OTCMKTS:SHLDQ) of pharmacy retailers. When the company releases its report on Thursday, RAD stock bulls will watch closely for any indication of avoiding such an outcome.
Article printed from InvestorPlace Media, https://investorplace.com/2019/09/rite-aid-stock-depends-on-guidance/.
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Home › News & Media › Business News › Minister Says NLB Has EUR 3BN of Bad Claims, But Most Can Be Reclaimed
Minister Says NLB Has EUR 3BN of Bad Claims, But Most Can Be Reclaimed
Ljubljana, 29 June (STA) - Finance Minister Janez Šušteršič has disclosed that the group around the state-owned NLB bank has around EUR 3bn worth of bad claims, but added that most of these will probably be reclaimed, although at some kind of discount.
While explaining for Friday's edition of business daily Finance that the bad claims category included loans that are being repaid with a delay exceeding 90 days, the minister said that the main problem was the difference between the exposure and the actual value of insurance on the claims.
This gap will be known soon, Šušteršič said, while refusing to speculate on its size or the amount of money the largest Slovenian bank will need for long-term stability.
Several models for a solution are being examined presently, including the German model, which saw banks transferring risky claims or part of investments at market value to a special fund in exchange for interest paying bonds that provide balance sheet relief.
The costs of restructuring are spread out over a period of 20 years, with the state taking over the risk of having to sell banks' assets at a price lower than the estimated value.
The second option is the restructuring of the bad investments within the banks themselves, but little has been done in this respect in Slovenia, the minister said, adding that a combination of both solutions will be necessary.
Touching on the role of KBC, the second-largest NLB shareholder, Šušteršič said that the Belgian bank changed its approach significantly in recent weeks after its investment in NLB was initially slated for sale.
KBC, which needed state aid in 2009, is still waiting for a nod from the European Commission to be able to stop the sale, but the minister said that assurances have been received that Brussels is ready to accept an agreement.
Šušteršič assessed Slovenia as being in "a kind of transitional group" among European countries - it was not mentioned in debates on Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, but it is also not among countries where problems are not likely to arise under any circumstance. He feels that this year will show which group Slovenia belongs to.
While claiming that no significant new borrowing will be necessary, as Slovenia still has enough reserves from previous rounds of fund-raising, the minister said that "a minor loan", secured with a bond issue, will be necessary before the end of the year.
Meanwhile, in a separate interview for the weekly Mladina, Šušterčič assessed that the EBRD estimate that Slovenia's economy would shrink more than forecast by government think tank IMAD is not materialising so far and that it does not seem that a new supplementary budget will be necessary.
Touching on the possibility of a VAT hike, he said that remains the last resort and cannot be the main solution.
He argued that a three percent raise would have reduced the budget deficit by a similar amount as was achieved by the austerity measures, but that this would not exclude the possible need to introduce the same measure next year.
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Hackensack River Canoe & Kayak Club
paddling for over a third of a century
info@hrckc.org
25th Anniversary (1985-2010)
Honoring Our Members
George Rafferty Award
Phil Renner Memorial
Trip Reports & Photos
Hudson River at GW Bridge
by Betty Wiest
Sunday morning.....most people sleep in on Sunday mornings, but our hearty group (Manfred, Christine and George, Lois and Henry, Carolyn, Monica, Andy, Anita, Ken, Stan, Cory and me) ventured into the Hudson River early in the day, mostly to see the Little Red Lighthouse made famous in a book, The Little Red Lighthouse and the Great Grey Bridge by H. Swift. “This heartwarming classic tells the tale of a small red lighthouse on the Manhattan bank of the Hudson River who proudly protects boats with his faithful beam. When a great expanse of gray steel, which also shines a bright light into the fog, is built over the little red lighthouse, he feels useless in comparison. But he soon learns the importance of all things, big or small.” Sweet story.
The current was a bit “confused” as Anita commented. Truly, it was the toughest part of the trip...and it was right at the beginning, under the bridge on the Jersey side. We managed to make it and regroup north of the structure so we could paddle en masse to the other side. And by the time we arrived, we were just where we wanted to be...at the Little Red Lighthouse. It was too bad that the rocky shoreline prevented us from beaching our boats and exploring the park. We continued down the river past the sewage treatment plant with Riverside Park atop it (did you know it has an ice skating rink, soccer field, indoor pool. restaurant and parkland?). Again, with no landing area, we grouped just south of the treatment plant, putting us at about 125th Street, near the famous Fairway Market and fabulous “ribs” restaurant. George, whose dream is to call for delivery service from the rib restaurant, saw a small dock, got out of his boat and managed to inquire with a fellow at the side of the road, about the logistics. What was the results, George? I forgot to ask!
From there we all were in position to cross back over to the NJ side. Recent boat/barge activity created some interesting swells as we all made our way to Edgewater and the old Binghamton, a restaurant/club boat, now in such disrepair that it’s sinking. It brought back memories for many of us who went there in its heyday. We managed to take a group picture for sentimental reasons.
The Jersey side paddle north to the launch was more of a sightseeing journey with lots of condos and various housing units, some of which clearly sustained dock damage from Sandy.
We ended the trip with a delightful trunk show--coffee, cake, cookies and other “cool” beverages compliments of Manfred and Mariana. Delish! Well, okay with no picnic table in sight, the truck of his car made an excellent table for all the culinary delights.
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Photonic Materials /
Appl. Phys. Lett. /
M.L. Brongersma (Mark), A. Polman (Albert), K.S. Min, E. Boer, T. Tambo and H.A. Atwater (Harry)
Tuning the emission wavelength of Si nanocrystals in SiO2 by oxidation
Appl. Phys. Lett. , Volume 72 p. 2577- 2579
Si nanocrystals (diameter 2-5 nm) were formed by 35 keV Si+ implantation at a fluence of 6 x 1016 Si/cm2 into a 100 nm thick thermally grown SiO2 film on Si (100), followed by thermal annealing at 1100°C for 10 min. The nanocrystals show a broad photoluminescence spectrum, peaking at 880 nm, attributed to the recombination of quantum confined excitons. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy show that annealing these samples in flowing O2 at 1000 °C for times up to 30 min results in oxidation of the Si nanocrystals, first close to the SiO2 film surface and later at greater depths. Upon oxidation for 30 min the photoluminescence peak wavelength blueshifts by more than 200 nm. This blueshift is attributed to a quantum size effect in which a reduction of the average nanocrystal size leads to emission at shorter wavelengths. The room temperature luminescence lifetime measured at 700 nm increases from 12 µs for the unoxidized film to 43 µs for the film that was oxidized for 29 min.
Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Brongersma, M.L, Polman, A, Min, K.S, Boer, E, Tambo, T, & Atwater, H.A. (1998). Tuning the emission wavelength of Si nanocrystals in SiO2 by oxidation. Appl. Phys. Lett., 72, 2577–2579.
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Free Worksheets, Lessons, Quizzes
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Key Stage Two
Year 5 Science Activities
Year 5 Living Things – Animals
Digestive System Quiz 1
Human digestive system quiz 1:
Try this digestive system quiz 1 and all our human digestive system quizzes and test your knowledge on the human digestive system.
Try all Human Digestive System quizzes! Read Human Digestive System lesson!
{ "questionDesription":"Digestive System Quiz 1", "questions":[{ "ques": "Which statement describes the digestive system best?", "answers": [{ "opt": "The process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "The food factory production line of the body","selected": "false", "ans": "true" }, { "opt": "The bodily process of discharging wastes","selected": "false", "ans": "false" } ], "img": "ks2/mcq/human-digestive-system-diagram.jpg" }, { "ques": "Which line contains the other names for the digestive system?", "answers": [{ "opt": "Digestive tract, Gastrointestinal system, GI system","selected": "false", "ans": "true" }, { "opt": "Respiratory system, Gastrointestinal system, GI system","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "Digestive tract, Excretory system, Urinary system","selected": "false", "ans": "false" } ], "img": "ks2/mcq/human-digestive-system-diagram.jpg" }, { "ques": "What is the correct definition of the digestive system?", "answers": [{ "opt": "The collection of organs that work together to break down the food you eat into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body","selected": "false", "ans": "true" }, { "opt": "The systems that excrete wastes from the body","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "The system of the body used in breathing in (inhaling) and breathing out (exhaling)","selected": "false", "ans": "false" } ], "img": "ks2/mcq/human-digestive-system-diagram.jpg" }, { "ques": "What is the function of the digestive system?", "answers": [{ "opt": "To get rid of the wastes in the body","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "To take in oxygen and discharge carbon dioxide","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "To take the food you eat and chops up and crushes it and breaks it down into tiny pieces using chemicals called enzymes","selected": "false", "ans": "true" } ], "img": "ks2/mcq/human-digestive-system-diagram.jpg" }, { "ques": "What are digestive enzymes?", "answers": [{ "opt": "Substances that provide nourishment in food","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "Substances that break down larger molecules like fats, proteins and carbs into smaller molecules that are easier to absorb across the small intestine","selected": "false", "ans": "true" }, { "opt": "Substances that produced in an organism and transported in blood","selected": "false", "ans": "false" } ], "img": "ks2/mcq/human-digestive-system-diagram.jpg" }, { "ques": "What are nutrients?", "answers": [{ "opt": "Nutrients are the things that provide nourishment in food","selected": "false", "ans": "true" }, { "opt": "Substances that produced in an organism and transported in blood","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "Proteins that break down larger molecules like fats, proteins and carbs into smaller molecules that are easier to absorb across the small intestine","selected": "false", "ans": "false" } ], "img": "ks2/mcq/food.jpg" }, { "ques": "Where does the digestion begin?", "answers": [{ "opt": "In the oesophagus","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "In the stomach","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "In the mouth","selected": "false", "ans": "true" } ], "img": "ks2/mcq/mouth-oesophagus-stomach.jpg" }, { "ques": "What type of digestion happens in the mouth?", "answers": [{ "opt": "Physical digestion","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "Chemical digestion","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "Physical and chemical digestion","selected": "false", "ans": "true" } ], "img": "ks2/mcq/mouth.jpg" }, { "ques": "What are the functions of teeth?", "answers": [{ "opt": "To grab food only","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "To bite food only","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "To grab, bite, slice and crush food into small pieces","selected": "false", "ans": "true" } ], "img": "ks2/mcq/teeth.jpg" }, { "ques": "Which line shows the types of teeth?", "answers": [{ "opt": "Incisors, Canine, Premolars, Molars","selected": "false", "ans": "true" }, { "opt": "Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual","selected": "false", "ans": "false" }, { "opt": "Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum","selected": "false", "ans": "false" } ], "img": "ks2/mcq/teeth.jpg" } ]}
Written By : K8School 5:01 am
Digestive System 17
Human Anatomy 31
Human Body 37
Human Body Quizzes 28
Science Quizzes 49
Preposition Quiz 1
Adjectives Worksheets 1
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Lunch in Edenvale
Written by Kevin Horton
Winter seemed like it would never end, but we’ve finally come out the other side. Terry and I were both available today, and the weather forecast looked promising, so we planned the first fly-out lunch of the season. Heading east wasn’t an option, as a cold front went through over night, heading east, and the weather wasn’t great that way. Our first plan was to fly to Toronto Island, right next to downtown Toronto, and walk into town for lunch. But, it looked like it wouldn’t be warm enough to sit outside, so we decided to push that trip later in the season.
Edenvale, about 50 miles north of Toronto, was next on the list. We’ve flown there several times, and always enjoyed the food at the airport restaurant. The restaurant has changed hands since we were there last, but the new incarnation was getting even better reviews.
The weather forecast was so good that I decided to file VFR, to allow a low cruise altitude, as the head winds at our typical IFR cruise altitudes was forecast to be 40 kt, or more. I checked the weather before leaving the house, and it was clear pretty much everywhere. It had started to cloud over a bit by the time we arrived at the airport, but another weather check showed it was reported as clear everywhere else. We launched, and found it very bumpy underneath the cloud, but there were quite a few large holes, so we climbed on top to find smooth air. XM weather was now showing that airports ahead were reporting overcast conditions which was a problem. I called ATC and switched to an IFR flight plan, and climbed to 8000 ft. 45 kt headwind, gave a 115 to 120 kt ground speed - ouch. We broke out at 3500 ft on approach, cancelled IFR and landed.
Lunch was fabulous. Tilly’s 2 in Edenvale is highly recommended.
We went up to 9000 ft on the way home, and got 50 to 55 kt tailwind. We hit 200 kt ground speed during the cruise climb, and it averaged about 215 kt once we levelled off. 215 kt = 247 mph or 398 km/h. Even from 9000 ft, looking down at the ground, you could see that were really smoking along. Needless to say, the trip home was a lot quicker than the one there.
Great day!
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We make films that work for you
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BAE AI wanted a 90 second promo video for sales and business development for presentations and customer meetings. The film needed to demonstrate their range of capabilities and pedigree in financial services and Government work. The showreel was made from previously made FS and Gov Story videos and added stats and proof points to highlight the range of work they do.
Equal Parental Leave - one year on
A year after the launch of Aviva's ground breaking Equal Parental Leave Policy, they wanted a follow-up film to show the impact it was having on families who had benefitted. Having originally featured some of the soon-to-be parents, we suggested featuring the whole family in the follow up film. We've never seen such well behaved children before - not a tear or tantrum in sight.
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Harnessing the Power of Insight
Westwood Global Energy Group deliver essential industry research to the global energy markets. They wanted a film that sums up what they do to go on the front page of their website. Working with the fantastic team at Aspectus PR we created this animation.
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Rolls-Royce wanted to position their new Vision & Strategy - Pioneering The Power That Matters - as an exciting and critical next step in their transformation journey. The film empowered employees to understand how the Company is going to achieve its Vision and how they can individually contribute.
Andiamo was co-founded by parents Naveed and Samiya Parvez, after their son, Diamo, who had cerebral palsy and was quadriplegic, passed away age 9. They recognised the huge potential to disrupt the current healthcare system by using AI and 3D printing technology to produce better quality orthoses. Tom is one of the many children who has benefitted from their orthosis technology. This is his story.
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Launched by BAE Systems Applied Intelligence in 2018, The Intelligence Network is a global community in the fight against cyber crime. It brings together some of the world’s greatest minds in cyber security to make the Internet a safer place. We filmed experts in Washington and Denver, creating a short series of films that we're delighted to say has helped add many new members to the network.
Inclusivity at Aviva
Being inclusive makes Aviva a better place to be. Aviva wanted a film to celebrate the diversity of their workforce, show their commitment to inclusivity and make every one of their 31,000 people feel they can be themselves at work. We delivered an emotional and impactful film featuring Aviva people from their different employee communities. The film demonstrated that Aviva welcomes and celebrates diversity. It was designed to make their people feel good about Aviva’s attitude to Inclusivity.
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FM is a team of independent financial planners, working from offices in Penn, Buckinghamshire, providing high quality, financial solutions to both individuals and businesses from the local area. They wanted existing clients and prospects to see FMIFA advisers as a long-term partner helping them (and their family) to work towards their retirement goals. We created a suite of 5 warm and friendly films for them to reflect their personal and high quality service.
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Ethical hack
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Thomas Sanderson came to us with a problem, their products were extremely high quality, but their existing sales materials didn’t completely align with the quality of their products. Our challenge was to make a film that truly conveyed the quality behind the brand. The solution was to show Thomas Sanderson's products in the best possible light, but also to see the genuine passion and belief the workforce had for the products they were making.
Living Wage - one year on
Your people are your brand. Aviva’s brand is warm and personal and, in our experience, their people are exactly that. Lynne Hanner is a cleaning supervisor at Aviva’s Norwich offices. She’s an amazing woman who, along with Aviva, is championing the Living Wage - the minimum income necessary for a worker to meet their basic needs.
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Launched in June 2018, Archax (www.archax.com) is a new institutional-grade exchange for trading crypto/digital assets, built for institutions and run in a regulated manner with them in mind. Archax wanted a launch film for their website homepage to explain their offering and get across the passion of the founders and the potential for this exciting new venture.
Molly's Puzzle
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Using thought-leaders in your organisation to present your industry leading products and services can deliver great marketing returns and brand awareness. We've worked with Fidessa for many years to deliver something more standout than the usual talking head video - filming their thought-leaders away from the office and in some unexpected and memorable locations.
Where we can we try and avoid ‘talking heads’, but there are times when the best way to convey a message is for someone to talk directly to the camera. However, as this film shows, that doesn’t mean they have to sit in one place. Why not have them walking through a series of different locations? And, even better, those locations should resonate with the content so that rather than distracting from the narrative, the surrounding images actually reinforce the message.
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Subject to Change
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This was such a pleasure to work on - a great initiative from a great company. Aviva wanted a warm and uplifting film to launch the news that it was introducing equal paid parental leave rights for new mums and dads. We brought the new policy to life by showing what it means for the people who will have the opportunity to take it.
We often use formatting and creative skills learned from our days making high end BBC series - so when Carphone Warehouse asked us to make a 'challenge' film for their annual conference at The Birmingham NEC we took inspiration from one of broadcast TV's most popular shows. This is Part 1 of the 2 part series.
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What is Employee Engagement? It’s a question even some hardened Comms professionals can find hard to answer. As the saying goes - Out of the mouths of babes…. so we asked children what they thought ‘Employee Engagement’ meant. Thanks to Will McGinley and PQA Academy Barnet for all their help with the filming and watch out for the brilliant Briana Shann who went on to star in Ken Loach’s 'I, Daniel Blake'.
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Rod Hall’s Half a Century in the Dirt
Calling on our broadcast pedigree, we partnered up with American production company, BluePassport Productions to produce a feature length documentary about legendary off-road racer, Rod Hall, the only man in the world who has taken part in every Baja 1000 off-road race there has ever been. Now 80 years old and battling Parkinsons Disease, this is the story of Rod’s extraordinary life, racing career, and his struggle to make it into a race car one last time for the 50th Baja 1000.
Living Wage 2017
Aviva wanted to highlight the fact that it had joined some 3,500 UK employers who have signed up to pay the Living Wage. It quickly became clear that the best way of getting the message across was to tell the story of someone who had genuinely benefitted from the agreement. Lynn Hanner, an indomitable cleaner based in the Aviva Norwich office, proved to be the perfect case study to show what impact the new policy was having on those who really needed the support.
As soon as we met the dynamic and charismatic boss of ThinkTank, Matt Wenger, we knew the best thing we could do was put him in front of the camera and let him tell the story himself. For maximum impact we used an EyeDirect periscope on the front of the camera so Matt could maintain eye contact with the director at the same time as looking directly into the camera. Finally we carefully chose some stock footage clips to add some gentle humour and memorability to the films.
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Cheerleader Poem
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John Smith MP
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Home > Latest News > New Fellowship Programmes in Russia, the Caucasus, Wider Europe and Central Asia
JST Statement: on the 25th anniversary of John Smith’s death
Central Asian fellows make excellent progress with their Action Plans
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New Fellowship Programmes in Russia, the Caucasus, Wider Europe and Central Asia
The John Smith Trust is launching new Fellowship Programmes in Russia, the Caucasus, Wider Europe and Central Asia thanks to a two-year grant from the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
The aim of the Fellowship Programmes is to give the next generation of leaders in the region the chance to explore issues of governance, social justice and the rule of law through an intensive four-week series of workshops, debates, visits and placements in the UK, reinforced by follow-up mentoring and support.
For the past two decades, the John Smith Trust (JST) has successfully delivered over 20 fellowship programmes in countries of the former Soviet Union, and has more than 400 alumni from the region. This new phase of the programme will build on its track-record to create a powerful experience which is relevant to the challenges these young leaders face, and which forges enduring relationships with and between participants.
Two programmes will be held each year in 2017 and 2018: one for Russia, the Caucasus and the Wider Europe in late spring/early summer; and one for Central Asia in late autumn. The new JST Fellowship will cover new countries; it will strengthen its online presence; and enhance its Alumni Network, with a milestone event planned in the UK in 2018.
The John Smith Trust is a cross-party permanent memorial to Rt Hon John Smith QC, MP, who led the Labour Party between 1992 and 1994. For more information see www.johnsmithtrust.org
‘The UK is uniquely well-positioned to share the experiences – good and bad – of how a mature democracy handles issues relating to governance, rule of law and social justice in both theoretical and practical terms,’ says JST Chair Baroness Catherine Ashton. ‘I am very much looking forward to the next two years, and very grateful for the FCO’s support.’
‘This is a very exciting time for the Trust,’ says JST Founding Trustee Baroness Smith of Gilmorehill. ‘Above all, we should remember that the Fellows are at the heart of everything we do. They make the programme what it is; they are always spirited, thoughtful and engaged and we’re very much looking forward both to renewing old friendships and making new ones.’
© The John Smith Trust 2020 - Registered Charity 1174898 - Company registered in England number 7284602
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An in-depth retrospective
Pelican Trading
Product Design, 2017 - 2018
Senior Product Design, user experience and interaction, and product management for the fin-tech start-up Pelican, the only regulated trading app in the world where you can chat and trade on the same platform.
Mike Read, Peter Read & Jon Parkinson
Jon Parkinson
Mike Noble & the in-house dev team
www.pelicantrading.io
Trading has an ugly past. Stereotypes like those in The Wolf of Wall Street dominate people's perception of the industry. While many cases are well deserved, there are some exceptions, one of the latest and most innovative, is the app from Pelican Trading.
Pelican holds a unique regulatory license which allows them to provide trade execution and peer-to-peer messaging on the same platform. For the first time making trading accessible, educational and transparent to everyone. Users are able to join or set up groups, post their trade ideas and discuss risks VS reward, or anything in between. Anyone’s free to copy trades or challenge them. Whether someone's serious about making big money or just wants to see what the fuss is about, Pelican helps you find the very best traders to follow, groups to join and keep track of your trading journey. All in an open and transparent format. No other trading app does all this.
I worked with a small team of developers, stakeholders, investors and founders to make improvements to the app. It’s been 18 months, here’s what I learned.
Main pages of Pelican, beginning of 2017
Inheriting legacy
18 months ago the app was three years old and struggling to retain users and nurture growth. Features were in abundance, but there was no thought to functionality or accessibility. It also became increasingly unclear who the product was for and crucially, what they wanted. The app had been built mirroring existing desktop solutions with little to no thought to the mobile experience. It was time to ask serious questions and use three years of untapped data to optimise and move forward.
A trader at any level, is still a trader
One of our biggest challenges was catering to the needs of both the beginner and expert trader in a single app. Seasoned traders (the experts) were reluctant to escape the comfort of their desktop application, powered with seemingly infinite statistics and just as many screens to match. They wanted as much information as they could get, no matter the cost of legibility. Whereas our beginner users wanted a more educational approach, eager for answers to questions like...
“Who’s the best trader?”
“How do I know if they’re any good?”
“How do I copy them?”
Pelican had the answers and all the statistics, we just needed to develop a language to make them accessible.
Identifying the experiences
For every page, feature, detail, we asked ourselves...
“What is it supposed to do?”
“Does it really need to be there?”
“Could it do it better?”
When looking at some of the main experiences we saw that…
First impressions count
Users arriving on the app for the first time were bombarded with too much technical jargon to know how to continue. Data showed vast numbers of users going down the wrong path, dropping off and not returning.
Users were asked to set up either a live or demo account. Live accounts enabled you to trade with real money and required a lengthy KYC check as a prerequisite. Essential to trade with real money, but not to use the app and explore the same features with demo money. Of the users who choose to set up a live account, only 12% successfully finished. Live accounts are an important revenue stream for Pelican, but were massively ineffective when presented at the start of the journey. We were losing users before we even got them.
For the new users that made it past our sign-up process, the first screen they saw was a static list of text. Simply a list of markets you could trade. While trading is the core of the app, a list of text isn't going to get users coming back for more.
Too much of a good thing can be bad
The Activity Feed, shows trade signals from users you follow. The My Messages area allowed you to access the groups you joined and the Discover page is where you find the best traders and groups to copy. All these were crammed into one place on the bottom navigation bar.
The feed required a fair amount of engagement and understanding. Without initially being populated with followers, it required users to not only understand the concept of having to follow other users to see updates, but it also required them to understand each stage of the trade as it appeared. With multiple trade updates from multiple users all going on the Feed, it soon became overly complex and cluttered.
Messages were not too different, lots of content without structure. Arguably the biggest USP of the app was Discover. It populated every page and was the only source of new and exciting groups and traders. Data showed that despite the Discover section placement at the top level of the navigation structure, a minimal percentage of users even viewed this page and even less were interacting with the content. The Discover page was a static list determined by the business, only editable by a developer and rarely updated. Profiles and groups also lacked calls to action, a user had no way of knowing how good that trader was or what they traded. There was no reason to follow anyone.
Never assume
At the heart of everything was Pelican’s trade experience. Data showed that after several attempts users understood the basic steps to open a trade, but constantly got caught out making mistakes due to clunky interactions. Reliability for more experienced traders was an issue, and basic education for beginner traders was missing.
How it works is just as important as how it looks
Anyone investing in anything needs to know exactly what’s happening with their money, at all times. Data revealed sporadic drops in our market price stream on the Positions page. This adversely affected the time it took users to see their live balance and take action on trades while the market was at a certain price. This continued to be one of the biggest sources of irritation for our users. Perhaps the most basic page, simply a snapshot of all your trades, but one our users spent to the most time on and in need of enhancing.
Empowering users is key
As we previously saw on the Discover section, Profiles and groups were under-used and ineffective. The information we had available on users and groups provided no hint for further interactions. Pelican’s whole unique selling point was the ability to find the best traders to follow and groups to join. With no performance figures or transparency, this was impossible.
Taking our understanding of the existing product, we decided to strip it down to its very core, orienting the entire product around some of its most used features…
Get our users into Pelican, help them find what they're looking for and interacting with content as quick as possible.
Move the activity feed to the home page so our users can stay up-to-date with their friends and followers while providing clear information they can understand at a glance and at their leisure.
Lean-back and discover new content daily. Find someone smashing it right now or who's the best this year and see exactly why a group is worth joining. All automatically surfaced and constantly updating.
Clear and precise actions to help our users, open, edit, and close trades with perfect execution.
Allow users to stay on top of their trades with market prices that never miss a movement.
Groups and accounts
Clear and concise information that help our users quickly tell why they should follow someone or join a group while keeping track of their own performance.
These experiences formed our base for rebuilding the information architecture and making sure the most important features were always obvious and emphasised.
Currently looking for full-time opportunities. If you’re interested in discussing a project, get in touch.
info@jonparkinson.co.uk — London UK
I am kind. I collabrate. I do great work. I trust my colleagues. I strive for better. I foster independent teams. I am a leader.
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My Classic Car
Build Life
ClassicCars.Com
The Collector Gallery
Future Collector Car Show
ClassicCars.com Journal
Home Spotlight Pick of the Day 1984 Mercedes-Benz 380SL
Bob Golfen
The Mercedes-Benz 380SL looks extra clean for a 32-year-old preserved original
Here’s a car to consider when the talk turns to future classics, those vintage vehicles that are relatively unloved and inexpensive today but have a lot of possible upside in the future.
The Pick of the Day is a 1984 Mercedes Benz 380SL, a sporty GT convertible that could become a bona fide collector car not too long down the road, just as the 230, 250 and 280 SL “Pagodas” of the ’60s – so nicknamed because of the shape of their removable hardtops – have soared in value in recent years.
The Mercedes could be a fun top-down driver
The 380SL with its small, 3.8-liter V8 engine may be less-powerful that the 450SL that it replaced or the 500SL that came after, but many Mercedes enthusiasts find the 380’s handling more lively with the lighter engine, as well as powerful enough for normal driving and fast highway cruising.
In the U.S., the sporty convertibles were stylistically challenged by protuberant bumpers and quad headlights instead of the sleeker European design. Still, this SL looks pretty crisp despite those demerits.
This Mercedes is also a clean, low-mileage original, according to the dealer advertising the car on ClassicCars.com. The body and interior are in very good condition, the seller says, and the extensive photo gallery seems to bear that out, showing a survivor that is quite presentable. The car comes with both the factory hard top and a fabric convertible top.
RELATED: Studebaker convertible returned to the U.S. from Europe
The interior looks to be in very good condition
“This well-maintained Mercedes Benz 380SL which has recently had a four-wheel brake service is showing just under 61,000 miles on the odometer,” the listing says. “The blue interior upholstery and carpets are in very nice condition, as well as no visible dash cracks. There is some wear on the side bolster of the driver’s seat but overall good condition. The wood veneer shows very well with some typical minimal cracks in the clear finish.
“This white exterior of the car is in good condition; it is showing some minor bubbling on the upper front fender. The underside of the car appears very solid. The rocker panels and jack points are solid but not perfect, and there are some typical scratches and nicks which would be expected in a car of this vintage.”
Now the kicker. This nice Mercedes is offered at just $11,800, which generally does not buy you much in the classic car market. A solid bargain for a car with lots of growth potential. Or else, as the seller puts it, simply “put the top down and enjoy the ride in a classic Mercedes Benz.”
To view this listing on ClassicCars.com, see Pick of the Day
Bob Golfen is a longtime automotive writer and editor, focusing on new vehicles, collector cars, car culture and the automotive lifestyle. He is the former automotive writer and editor for The Arizona Republic and SPEED.com, the website for the SPEED motorsports channel. He has written free-lance articles for a number of publications, including Autoweek, The New York Times and Barrett-Jackson auction catalogs. A collector car enthusiast with a wide range of knowledge about the old cars that we all love and desire, Bob enjoys tinkering with archaic machinery. His current obsession is a 1962 Porsche 356 Super coupe.
Someday you’ll want a car like this early Olds
‘Uppity: The Willy T. Ribbs Story’ documentary available from Chassy Media
Lamborghini unveils… not a car, but latest line of men’s wear
RM Sotheby’s sets ‘Youthquake 2.0’ for Paris auction
Arizona auctions rally on Saturday as star cars hit the blocks
The Journal is the go-to daily automotive news and information source for nearly half a million passionate classic vehicle enthusiasts. Recognized as one of America's most influential automotive blogs, The Journal is known for accurate reporting, insightful analysis and thought-provoking opinion by a team of respected automotive journalists. Our editorial team combs North America, providing coverage from major auctions, museums, car shows, races and everywhere automotive enthusiasts congregate.
Contact us: info@classiccars.com
© 2020 The Collector Car Network, Inc.. All rights reserved.
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Multiple Promoters and Alternative Splicing: Hoxa5 Transcriptional Complexity in the Mouse Embryo
Yan Coulombe,
Affiliation Centre de recherche en cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
Margot Lemieux,
Julie Moreau,
Josée Aubin,
Milan Joksimovic,
Affiliation Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
Félix-Antoine Bérubé-Simard,
Sébastien Tabariès,
Olivier Boucherat,
François Guillou,
Christian Larochelle,
Christopher K. Tuggle,
Lucie Jeannotte
* E-mail: lucie.jeannotte@crhdq.ulaval.ca
Christian Larochelle
Yan Coulombe Margot Lemieux ... Lucie Jeannotte
The genomic organization of Hox clusters is fundamental for the precise spatio-temporal regulation and the function of each Hox gene, and hence for correct embryo patterning. Multiple overlapping transcriptional units exist at the Hoxa5 locus reflecting the complexity of Hox clustering: a major form of 1.8 kb corresponding to the two characterized exons of the gene and polyadenylated RNA species of 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 kb. This transcriptional intricacy raises the question of the involvement of the larger transcripts in Hox function and regulation.
We have undertaken the molecular characterization of the Hoxa5 larger transcripts. They initiate from two highly conserved distal promoters, one corresponding to the putative Hoxa6 promoter, and a second located nearby Hoxa7. Alternative splicing is also involved in the generation of the different transcripts. No functional polyadenylation sequence was found at the Hoxa6 locus and all larger transcripts use the polyadenylation site of the Hoxa5 gene. Some larger transcripts are potential Hoxa6/Hoxa5 bicistronic units. However, even though all transcripts could produce the genuine 270 a.a. HOXA5 protein, only the 1.8 kb form is translated into the protein, indicative of its essential role in Hoxa5 gene function. The Hoxa6 mutation disrupts the larger transcripts without major phenotypic impact on axial specification in their expression domain. However, Hoxa5-like skeletal anomalies are observed in Hoxa6 mutants and these defects can be explained by the loss of expression of the 1.8 kb transcript. Our data raise the possibility that the larger transcripts may be involved in Hoxa5 gene regulation.
Our observation that the Hoxa5 larger transcripts possess a developmentally-regulated expression combined to the increasing sum of data on the role of long noncoding RNAs in transcriptional regulation suggest that the Hoxa5 larger transcripts may participate in the control of Hox gene expression.
Citation: Coulombe Y, Lemieux M, Moreau J, Aubin J, Joksimovic M, Bérubé-Simard F-A, et al. (2010) Multiple Promoters and Alternative Splicing: Hoxa5 Transcriptional Complexity in the Mouse Embryo. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10600. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010600
Editor: Christoph Winkler, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Received: February 10, 2010; Accepted: April 13, 2010; Published: May 12, 2010
Copyright: © 2010 Coulombe et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) grant (MOP-68999 to L.J.) and a postdoctoral fellowship from the Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (FRSQ-INSERM; to O.B.). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Hox genes play a crucial role in specifying regional identity along the body axes and in regulating morphogenesis during animal development. Inappropriate expression and mutation of Hox genes can disrupt normal programs of growth and differentiation leading to malformations, tumor formation, and even death [1]. In mammals, 39 Hox genes are distributed over four clusters sharing a similar organization that reflects the relationship existing between the relative position of each Hox gene along the cluster, its expression domain in the embryo and its temporal onset. Hox genes have RNA expression domains extending from the caudal end of the embryo to a defined anterior limit. The resulting spatio-temporal profile of Hox gene expression during embryogenesis correlates with the arrangement of the clusters: the 3′ most genes being expressed earlier and in more anterior domains than the 5′ located ones [2]. Consequently, the clustered organization appears fundamental for the precise spatio-temporal regulation and the function of each Hox gene and hence for the correct patterning of the embryo.
How Hox gene expression is modulated along the developing axes still remains elusive. Our initial knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms governing Hox gene expression comes mostly from transgenic mice studies, which have shown that Hox dynamic expression patterns result from positional information transducing via transcription factors that interact with a combination of positive and negative cis-acting sequences to differentially control Hox gene expression in a spatio-temporal and tissue-specific fashion. However in most cases, only limited subsets of the proper spatial and temporal expression patterns are reconstituted by the transgenes. A likely explanation is the presence of complex and overlapping transcriptional units in Hox genes that implies dispersed regulatory regions in the clusters [3]–[5]. There is also evidence for the integrated regulation of neighboring Hox genes through the sharing, the competition and/or the selective use of defined cis-acting sequences [6]–[8]. Moreover, global enhancer sequences located outside the Hox clusters can coordinate the expression of several genes in a relatively promoter-unspecific manner [9]–[12]. Finally, large-scale chromatin remodeling events participate to the regulation of Hox loci [13], [14].
Hox RNAs and HOX proteins can colocalize, which reinforces the notion that transcriptional control is a primary mechanism for Hox gene regulation. However in some instances, HOX proteins are detected in a subdomain of the RNA pattern suggesting the existence of post-transcriptional control [8], [15]. The discovery of microRNAs that can mediate the targeted degradation of specific Hox transcripts has unveiled an additional level of regulation of Hox gene expression [16], [17]. In addition, antisense transcripts and long noncoding RNAs are found throughout Hox clusters and they are proposed to be part of the epigenetic regulation of Hox gene expression [18]–[22]. Altogether, these data indicate that a complex array of different modes of regulation is essential for the proper spatio-temporal Hox gene expression.
To fully understand the regulatory events governing Hox gene expression, we are using as a model the Hoxa5 gene. This gene plays a crucial role during embryogenesis as well as being involved in tumorigenesis [23]–[25]. In the developing embryo, Hoxa5 is expressed in the neural tube caudal to the posterior myelencephalon, in the axial skeleton up to the level of prevertebra (pv) 3 and in the mesenchymal component of several organs, including the trachea, the lung, the stomach, the intestine and the kidneys [26]–[31]. We have shown that the loss of Hoxa5 function in the mouse affects a well-defined subset of structures mainly located at the cervico-thoracic level [23], [26], [27], [32], [33]. Aside from morphological defects in foregut derivatives and mammary glands [26], [29], [34], [35], the targeted disruption of the Hoxa5 gene perturbs axial skeleton identity between pv3 and pv10, the anterior-most region of the Hoxa5 domain of expression along the prevertebral axis [23], [27].
Polyadenylated transcripts of 1.8, 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 kb in length encompassing Hoxa5 coding sequences are produced in the embryo. They are also detected after birth in a tissue-specific fashion [23], [36]. The 1.8 kb transcript is the most abundant and it corresponds to the two characterized exons of the Hoxa5 gene [37]. It encodes the 270 amino acid (a.a.) HOXA5 protein. Previous RNAase protection assays have shown that the larger forms initiate more upstream from sequences that remain to be identified [37]. Differences in the expression profile of these different transcripts are also observed: the 1.8 kb transcript is expressed as early as embryonic day (e) 8.0–8.25, whereas the larger transcripts are first detected around e8.5–8.75 [32]. The larger transcripts are present in more posterior structures of the embryo with an anterior limit of expression in the pv column corresponding to pv10, while that of the 1.8 kb transcript is pv3. In the neural tube, a posterior shift was observed for the larger transcripts [32]. Similarities between the Hoxa7 expression profile and that of the larger transcripts indicate that they may share regulatory mechanisms [38].
The presence of multiple overlapping transcriptional units at the Hoxa5 locus suggests that Hoxa5 gene regulation may be complex. Using a transgenic approach, we have shown that several DNA control elements located both upstream and downstream the Hoxa5 coding sequences are involved in the expression of the 1.8 kb transcript [32], [39]–[41]. An intricate situation prevails as some of these regulatory sequences are shared with the flanking Hoxa4 gene, while others overlap with the Hoxa6 coding sequences [32], [39], [42]. The presence of larger transcripts encompassing the Hoxa5 coding sequences also implies that more DNA regions involved in Hoxa5 gene regulation may be distributed along the cluster.
To assess the importance of the Hoxa5 larger transcripts in Hoxa5 gene function and regulation and to eventually define how they integrate in the developmental program, we have undertaken their molecular characterization. Our data revealed the complex organization of the different transcriptional units encompassing the Hoxa5 and Hoxa6 loci. It results from the use of three specific promoters and alternative splicing. Even though all these transcripts can potentially produce the genuine 270 a.a. HOXA5 protein, only the 1.8 kb form appears to generate the protein. Furthermore, the Hoxa5 functional domain along the embryonic axis coincides with the expression region of the protein, where the larger transcripts are excluded. This pinpoints at the 1.8 kb form as the Hoxa5 functional transcript in regional specification and leaves opened a role for the larger transcripts as long noncoding RNAs.
Molecular characterization of the Hoxa5 alternate transcripts
Previous northern analysis of polyA+ RNA from mouse embryo using a DNA probe corresponding to the 3′-untranslated region of the second exon of the Hoxa5 gene has shown that polyadenylated transcripts of approximately 1.8, 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 kb in length contain sequences from the Hoxa5 locus [23]. The 1.8 kb transcript corresponds to the putative Hoxa5 transcript as demonstrated from cDNA sequence analyses [36], [37]. We thus aimed to determine the molecular origin of the larger transcripts. To do so, we applied a series of molecular approaches, and by merging all the data obtained from northern, 3′- and 5′-RACE, RT-PCR and cDNA analyses, we established a schematic representation of the major Hoxa5 transcripts produced in the e12.5 mouse embryo (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the different transcripts encompassing Hoxa5 sequences in the e12.5 mouse embryo.
Genomic organization of the Hoxa5, Hoxa6 and Hoxa7 genes along the HoxA cluster. Black, grey and open boxes indicate homeobox, translated and transcribed sequences, respectively. The two known exons of Hoxa5 and the two in-frame ATG are represented. Position +1 corresponds to the transcription initiation site of Hoxa5 exon 1. The 3′ non-coding sequences of Hoxa6 exon 2 extend further downstream into the Hoxa6-Hoxa5 intergenic region and the adjacent Hoxa5 coding sequences and they are indicated by dotted lines. The ATG of the putative HOXA6 protein is indicated. The promoters driving expression of the different transcripts are shown: proximal promoter, P; distal promoters D1 and D2. The transcripts are represented underneath based on northern, 5′ RACE, 3′-RACE and RT-PCR assays used to define their molecular structure. Hoxa5 intron is represented by a dotted line to indicate the non-spliced isoforms. The longest ORFs deduced from the sequence of each transcript are represented by waved lines: the 270 a.a. HOXA5 protein, the 381 a.a. HOXA5 isoform and the HOXA6 protein. Ba, BamHI; H, HindIII; RI, EcoRI; Xh, XhoI.
First, we performed northern analyses with e12.5 mouse embryo polyA+ RNA using as antisense riboprobes several genomic fragments encompassing Hoxa5 and flanking Hox genes (Fig. 2). The RNA was obtained from wild-type (wt), Hoxa5−/− and Hoxa6−/− embryos. We took advantage of the mutant forms of the Hoxa5 and Hoxa6 transcripts produced in Hoxa5−/− and Hoxa6−/− mice, respectively. These mutant transcripts are 1 kb larger than the endogenous ones due to the insertion of a 1 kb neo cassette into the homeobox sequence of each gene [23], [43], [44]. This difference in length allowed us to distinguish the alternate Hoxa5 transcripts among the several products detected. Northern analyses of polyA+ RNA from wt and Hoxa5−/− embryos revealed that the 1.8, 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 kb transcripts contained the two Hoxa5 exons and they were all affected by the insertion of the neo cassette into the Hoxa5 mutant allele as previously shown (probes 13 and 16; Fig. 2) [23]. Moreover, these sense transcripts were all transcribed from the same DNA strand. The 1.8 kb transcript corresponded to the two Hoxa5 exons. As shown by probes 2 to 12, the 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 kb RNA species initiated in the Hoxa6-Hoxa7 intergenic region further upstream from the identified 1.8 kb transcript start site (position +1; Figs. 1 and 2) [37]. These larger transcripts contained the Hoxa6 sequences and they showed the expected shift in size in Hoxa6−/− RNA due to the presence of the neo cassette [44]. A complex splicing pattern also prevailed explaining the difference in length between the 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 kb transcripts. The Hoxa6 intron sequences were only detected in the 11.0 kb transcript (probe 8; Fig. 2), while some Hoxa6-Hoxa7 intergenic sequences did not hybridize to the 5.0 kb band (probes 2, 4 and 5; Fig. 2). Faint bands approximately 1 kb larger than the expected transcripts were also distinguished in the wt specimens with probes 14 and 15 that correspond to Hoxa5 intron sequences, suggesting that transcripts with unspliced Hoxa5 intron sequences may exist at low abundance (Fig. 2). Additional bands of about 2.5 kb in length were detected with the Hoxa6-Hoxa7 intergenic probe 3. Their origin was not investigated but they could correspond to RNA species initiating in the Hoxa6-Hoxa7 intergenic region that skip the Hoxa6 and Hoxa5 loci to continue further downstream in the Hoxa4-Hoxa5 sequence, like the GenBank mRNA AK051552, or extend towards the vicinity of the Hoxa3 gene, as the Y11717 mRNA (GenBank). Finally, all 1.8, 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 kb transcripts ended at the same polyA site at the 3′ end of Hoxa5 exon 2 (position +2637) as revealed by 3′-RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) experiments. This was also demonstrated by the lack of hybridization in northern analysis with a riboprobe located in genomic sequences 3′ to the Hoxa5 polyA site (Fig. 2; data not shown).
Figure 2. Molecular characterization of Hoxa5 transcripts by northern analysis.
(A) Genomic organization of the Hoxa5, Hoxa6 and Hoxa7 genes along the cluster. Black, grey and open boxes indicate homeobox, translated, and transcribed sequences, respectively. Probes used for northern analyses are indicated by numbered lines (1–17). (B) Northern analyses of polyA+ RNA from e12.5 wild-type, Hoxa5−/− and Hoxa6−/− mouse embryos were performed with probes covering the genomic region located between Hoxa5 and Hoxa7. The mutated form of the Hoxa5 transcripts produced in Hoxa5−/− mice are 1 kb larger than the endogenous ones due to the insertion of the neo cassette into the homeobox sequence. A similar situation prevails for the Hoxa6 mutation where the insertion of the neo cassette in the Hoxa6 homeobox sequence also disrupts all transcripts encompassing the Hoxa5 and Hoxa6 loci, except the 1.8 kb form. The 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 kb transcripts contain Hoxa5 exons 1 and 2 sequences but initiated further upstream of the known 1.8 kb transcript start site in the Hoxa6-Hoxa7 intergenic region. The difference in length between the 9.5 and 11.0 kb transcripts is due to the Hoxa6 intron sequences present only in the 11.0 kb transcrit (probe 8). All transcripts end at the same polyadenylation site at the 3′ end of Hoxa5 exon 2 since no hybridization was observed by northern analyses with probes covering more than 1 kb of genomic sequences 3′ to the Hoxa5 polyA site (probe 17; data not shown). The lines on the left of northern blots 14 and 15 indicate Hoxa5 non-spliced isoforms that are 1 kb larger. Gapdh was used as a loading control. A, AccI; B, BglII; Ba, BamHI; E, EagI; H, HindIII; K, KpnI; RI, EcoRI; S, SacI; St, StuI; Xh, XhoI.
To map the transcriptional start site of the larger Hoxa5 transcripts, we designed a 5′-RACE strategy based on the data obtained from the northern analyses. We used different sets of primers specific either to the 9.5 and 11.0 kb transcripts (primer 1) or located in sequences shared by the 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 kb transcripts (primers 2 and 3; Fig. S1A). Clones obtained with primer 1 indicated that the 9.5 and 11.0 kb transcripts initiate in the Hoxa6-Hoxa7 intergenic region at position –8905 bp, which is about 2.3 kb downstream of the 3′-end of Hoxa7 gene. With primers 2 and 3, 5′-RACE products revealed the presence of a 4.6 kb intron and an initiation site coinciding with that of the largest transcripts at position –8905 bp. A second population of clones was also obtained with primer 2 with a transcription start site at position –4409 bp, which corresponds to the putative first base of Hoxa6 exon 1. Thus, two distal promoters, one related to the Hoxa6 gene (promoter D1) and a more distal one located dowstream the Hoxa7 gene (promoter D2), participate in the production of the Hoxa5 alternate transcripts (Fig. 1).
Finally to resolve the molecular structure of the different transcripts, we used various combinations of primers in RT-PCR experiments (Fig. S1B). Sequencing data of the clones obtained confirmed the importance of alternative splicing in the production of the various Hoxa5 transcripts and revealed other minor forms (clones pLJ282 and 284).
Figure 1 summarizes the molecular characterization of the different Hoxa5 transcripts and from this, several observations were made. First, the sequences between the Hoxa7 and the Hoxa5 genes can be entirely transcribed to give rise to the 11.0 kb transcript. Second, the 5.0 kb band detected by northern analyses included two main RNA species, one initiating at position –8905 bp, like the larger forms of 9.5 and 11.0 kb, and containing a large intron of 4.6 kb (identified as the 5 kb-Hoxa5 transcript), and a second starting at –4409 bp, from the putative Hoxa6 promoter (identified as the 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 transcript). Third, no specific Hoxa6 transcript corresponding solely to the two known Hoxa6 exons was detected by northern analysis. Indeed, such signal was not observed with a probe including the putative Hoxa6 exon 1 sequences (probe 7; Fig. 2). A weak band of about 2.4 kb in length was seen with the Hoxa6 exon 2 probe containing part of the homeobox sequence (probe 9; Fig. 2). However, it could not correspond to a Hoxa6 transcript since it did not produce a mutant form 1 kb larger in the Hoxa6−/− RNA sample. Sequence blast of probe 9 against the mouse genome revealed homologies with some Hox genes, the highest being 94% homology with the Hoxa7 homeobox sequence (data not shown). Since the 2.4 kb band matched the main transcript seen with probe 1, which included Hoxa7 homeobox sequence, it is likely that this faint band may result from the cross-hybridization of probe 9 with the major Hoxa7 transcript.
Our northern and 3′-RACE studies unveiled that all Hoxa5 transcripts use the polyA site of the Hoxa5 gene. Search for polyadenylation sequences at the Hoxa6 locus did not reveal the presence of a consensus site nearby the presumptive 3′-end of the Hoxa6 gene. Identified consensus motifs were either overlapping the end of the Hoxa6 homeobox sequence (position −2006 bp relative to the start site of the 1.8 kb transcript), or located further downstream in the Hoxa6-Hoxa5 intergenic region (positions −825 bp and −468 bp). The lack of a functional polyadenylation sequence at the Hoxa6 locus was further confirmed by the presence of a neo transcript in Hoxa6−/− RNA sample of about 5.5 kb in length (probe neo; Fig. 2). This transcript initiated at the MC1 promoter of the MC1neo cassette, which does not contained a polyA addition signal [44]. Thus, transcription of the neo cassette must end at the nearest functional polyadenylation site, the latter being localized 3′ of the Hoxa5 gene. In summary, the use of different promoters and alternative splicing may account for the production of several transcriptional units containing sequences from both Hoxa5 and Hoxa6 loci.
Transcriptional activity in the Hoxa6-Hoxa7 intergenic region
Our observation that the 5 kb-Hoxa5, 9.5 and 11.0 kb alternate transcripts initiated from a DNA region located downstream the Hoxa7 gene prompted us to define the transcriptional activity of the sequences encompassing the potential distal promoters D1 and D2. We first performed comparison of the sequences encompassing the Hoxa5, Hoxa6 and Hoxa7 loci between divergent vertebrate species using the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser (http://genome.ucsc.edu/; Mouse July 2007 assembly) [45]. As expected, Hox exon sequences showed very high homology (Fig. 3). A ∼500 bp DNA region surrounding the transcription start site at position −8905 bp and the D2 promoter was also highly conserved among the species. Alignment of the nucleotide sequences indicated a DNA region of 160 bp, which includes a putative TATA box at position −8934 bp, very highly preserved, arguing for the presence of evolutionary conserved important regulatory DNA elements that may be involved in the production of the larger transcripts. Highly homologous sequences located just 5′ from Hoxa6 exon 1 and corresponding to the putative D1 promoter were also found.
Figure 3. Evolutionary conservation of the Hoxa5-Hoxa7 genomic region among animal species.
(A) The mouse sequence of the Hoxa5-Hoxa7 loci was compared to that of rat, human, orangutan, dog, horse, opossum, chicken, xenopus tropicalis, stickleback, zebrafish, fugu and medaka using the UCSC genome browser. The regions with vertical lines indicate conserved sequences. In addition to Hox exons, the DNA regions located upstream the Hoxa5 distal transcription start sites at positions −4409 bp (D1) and −8905 bp (D2) show high homology between divergent species (boxes), suggesting the presence of evolutionary conserved important regulatory DNA elements. (B) Alignment of the nucleotides of a 160-bp DNA fragment from the D2 region indicates the presence of a consensus TATA box and a transcription initiation site (boxes) in most species.
The transcriptional activity of the distal promoters D1 and D2 was directly assessed by transgenesis (Fig. 4). For each promoter, a ∼4 kb DNA fragment containing sequences flanking the transcription start site was fused to an IRES-βgeo cassette used as a reporter. A MES enhancer sequence, known to drive Hoxa5 regionalized expression along the embryonic axis, was added to each construct in order to improve the detection of a minimal promoter activity [32]. A Hox-like staining pattern was observed with the two transgenes indicating that the sequences upstream the distal transcription initiation sites D1 and D2 possess promoter activity.
Figure 4. Transcriptional activity of the D1 and D2 putative promoters in e12.5 transgenic embryos.
(A) A schematic representation of the Hoxa5, Hoxa6 and Hoxa7 genes along the HoxA cluster. The proximal promoter P and the two distal promoters D1 and D2 are indicated. (B) Detection of β-galactosidase activity in D1-lacZ transgenic embryos in presence of the mesodermal enhancer sequence (MES) indicates that the 4 kb-DNA region encompassing the putative Hoxa6 promoter (D1) can drive Hox-like expression along the antero-posterior axis. (C) As well, a 4 kb-DNA fragment containing the D2 putative promoter region of the larger transcripts possesses a similar transcriptional activity. B, BglII; H, HindIII; N, NruI; RI, EcoRI; Xh, XhoI.
Differential expression pattern of the Hoxa5 transcripts
Our previous studies have demonstrated that the 1.8 kb transcript is expressed earlier during embryogenesis and in more anterior structures than the larger transcripts [32]. To gain information on the potential function of the alternate transcripts during embryogenesis, we performed comparative whole-mount in situ hybridization analyses at e12.5. Since all transcripts included the two Hoxa5 exons corresponding to the 1.8 kb transcript and shared most of their sequences, we used probes that recognize either all transcripts or combinations of the larger forms. As shown on figure 5A and B, probe “a” contains Hoxa5 exon 2 sequences common to all transcripts; probe “b” corresponds to the Hoxa5-Hoxa6 intergenic region recognizing the 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 kb forms; probe “c” is localized in the Hoxa6-Hoxa7 intergenic region and detects the 9.5 and 11.0 kb transcripts; and probe “d” includes Hoxa6 intron sequences hybridizing only to the 11.0 kb transcript. The expression profile detected with probe “a”, but not with probes “b”, “c” and “d”, revealed structures that exclusively express the 1.8 kb transcript (Fig. 5C). In the pv column, the anterior limit of expression of the 1.8 kb transcript corresponded to pv3, while the 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 transcripts shared the same boundary at pv10. In the neural tube, a posterior shift was observed for the larger transcripts, and the shift was more caudal with probes “c” and “d”. In the future pectoral girdle, hybridization signal was detected only with probe “a”. Previous in situ hybridization experiments on e12.5 embryo sections have shown a strong expression with probe “a” in the mesenchymal component along the entire respiratory tract while probe “b” produced a weak signal restricted to the distal tip of the lungs [26], [27]. Similarly, hybridization in the thyroid gland region was observed only with probe “a” (data not shown) [35]. In the developing gastrointestinal tract, a dynamic Hoxa5 expression pattern prevails. Probe “a” detected expression in the gut mesenchyme as early as e9.0, while the onset of expression with probe “b” was delayed to e12.5 in the foregut, and e10.5 in the midgut [28], [29]. In the hindgut, expression of the larger transcripts was detected as early as e9.5 indicating that they shared the same onset as the 1.8 kb transcript (Fig. S2). After e12.5, the expression profile in the developing stomach was similar for probes “a” and “b” with a widespread distribution throughout the gastric mesenchyme until e17.5, followed by restriction to the submucosa and muscular layers and extinction at postnatal day 15 (data not shown) [29]. In the mid- and hindgut, expression was detected with both probes in the mesenchyme up to e14.5 and e17.5, respectively. Expression of the larger transcripts then extinguished in the midgut and the hindgut, while that of the 1.8 kb transcript got restricted to the enteric nervous system and was maintained after birth (Fig. S2) [28].
Figure 5. Differential expression pattern of Hoxa5 transcripts.
(A) Genomic organization of the Hoxa5, Hoxa6 and Hoxa7 genes along the cluster. Probes a, b, c and d used for northern blot analyses and whole-mount in situ hybridization are indicated below. (B) Northern blots of polyA+ RNA extracted from e12.5 wild-type and Hoxa5−/− embryos were hybridized with each probe. (C) Whole-mount in situ hybridization of e12.5 wild-type embryos with probes a-d. Anterior limits of expression are indicated for the neural tube (white arrowheads) and the prevertebral column (black arrows). The different profiles reveal the specific expression of the transcripts: probe a allows to identify the structures that exclusively express the 1.8 kb transcript. Theses structures include the pv3-pv10 axial domain and the pectoral girdle (black arrowhead). The larger transcripts are expressed in more posterior structures than the 1.8 kb transcript. B, BglII; H, HindIII; K, KpnI; RI, EcoRI; Xh, XhoI.
The differential expression of the transcripts encompassing Hoxa5 sequences along the antero-posterior axis of the skeleton and the rostro-caudal axis of the developing gut reflects the organization of the different promoters (P, D1 and D2) along the cluster and respects the relationship of colinearity characterizing the Hox complexes. It also raises questions about the role played by each of these transcripts during development. Even though the Hoxa5 mutation perturbs all Hoxa5 transcripts, most of the defects observed in the Hoxa5−/− mutant mice are confined to the cervico-thoracic region and they affect structures and organs that solely express the 1.8 kb transcript. Using a HOXA5-specific antibody, we looked at the HOXA5 protein distribution in the e12.5 mouse embryo [46]. HOXA5 immunoreactivity was observed along the pv column in the pv3-pv10 region and in the mesenchyme of the trachea, lung, stomach and intestine (Fig. 6A, C–F). No immunostaining was detected in Hoxa5−/− specimens (Fig. 6B). Except for the gastrointestinal tract where all Hoxa5 transcripts were detected (Fig. S2), the expression seen in the pv column and the respiratory tract matched that of the 1.8 kb transcript, raising the possibility that only the 1.8 kb transcript produces the HOXA5 protein.
Figure 6. Restricted spatial distribution of HOXA5 protein along the antero-posterior axis and in the respiratory and digestive tracts.
HOXA5 immunoreactivity is detected in the pv3-pv10 region of the prevertebral column (pvc) of e12.5 wild-type mouse embryos by immunofluorescence (bracket; A). No immunoreactivity is seen in the Hoxa5−/− specimens confirming the absence of the protein in the null mutant mouse line (B). HOXA5 is also detected in the mesenchymal component of the trachea (C), lung (D), stomach (E) and intestine (F) of e12.5 mouse embryo. e, epithelium; m, mesenchyme.
Translational capability of the Hoxa5 transcripts
There are multiple ORFs predicted from the sequence of the different Hoxa5 transcripts and the longest ones are represented in figure 1. All Hoxa5 transcripts include the HOXA5 ORF suggesting that they can potentially produce the genuine 270 a.a. HOXA5 protein. Sequence analysis also revealed the presence of a distal in-frame ATG codon located 333 nucleotides upstream of the proximal promoter (P; Fig. 1) that can produce a larger HOXA5 isoform of 381 a.a. Moreover, a HOXA6 protein of 232 a.a. can potentially be translated from the 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 and the 9.5 kb transcripts, raising the possibility of bicistronic transcriptional units.
To define the capacity of the larger transcripts to produce the HOXA5 protein, we made expression vectors containing the entire 5 kb-Hoxa5, 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 or 9.5 kb cDNA sequence with a MYC tag at the carboxy terminus of the HOXA5 protein. We also added a FLAG tag at the carboxy terminus of the HOXA6 protein for the 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 and 9.5 kb cDNA vectors. As a control, we used a MYC-tagged version of the 1.8 kb cDNA. In addition, we made a vector containing an extended version of the 1.8 kb transcript (up to position -555 relative to the start site of the 1.8 kb transcript) that includes the distal ATG codon. The plasmids were first tested in vitro using a coupled transcription/translation assay with incorporation of radio-labeled methionine (Fig. 7A). As expected, vectors containing the 1.8 kb cDNA sequence with or without the MYC tag produced radioactive products of about 38 kD in size, slightly larger for the vector carrying the MYC tag and which corresponded to the 270 a.a. HOXA5 protein. For the extended version of the 1.8 kb transcript, the 38 kD HOXA5 protein was produced as well as a protein of about 50 kD, compatible to the 381 a.a. isoform. For the vector carrying the 5 kb-Hoxa5 cDNA, the HOXA5-MYC isoform of 270 a.a. was the unique band observed. In the case of the vector containing the 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 cDNA sequence, the 270 a.a. HOXA5-MYC protein was detected as well as a smaller protein of about 36 kD, likely corresponding to the HOXA6-FLAG protein. Similar observations were made for the 9.5 kb cDNA, even though the two bands were faint. No band related to the larger HOXA5 isoform was detected with the 5 kb-Hoxa5, the 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 and the 9.5 kb cDNAs. Thus when tested in vitro, all vectors can produce the genuine HOXA5 protein. The 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 and 9.5 kb transcripts can also generate the HOXA6 protein, acting as bicistronic units.
Figure 7. HOXA5 protein production from Hoxa5 transcripts.
(A) Expression vectors carrying cDNAs corresponding to the 1.8 kb (with and without a MYC-tag), the extended 1.8 kb (MYC-tagged and non-tagged), the 5.0 kb-Hoxa6-FLAG/a5-MYC, the 5.0 kb-Hoxa5-MYC and the 9.5 kb Hoxa6-FLAG/a5-MYC transcripts were tested in vitro using a coupled transcription/translation system. A [S35]-radiolabeled protein corresponding to a ∼38 kD genuine HOXA5 protein is translated from all vectors. The larger HOXA5 isoform of ∼50 kD is only translated from the extended 1.8 kb cDNA version. The 5.0 kb-Hoxa6-FLAG/a5-MYC and the 9.5 kb Hoxa6-FLAG/a5-MYC vectors also produce a ∼36 kD band likely corresponding to the putative HOXA6 protein. Translation of the HOXA5 and HOXA6 proteins from the 9.5 kb Hoxa6-FLAG/a5-MYC vector is weakly detected and a longer exposure is shown with arrows to indicate the position of both proteins. (B) The HEK293 cells were transfected with the MYC-tagged version of the 1.8 kb and extended 1.8 kb expression vectors and with the 5.0 kb-Hoxa6-FLAG/a5-MYC, the 5.0 kb-Hoxa5-MYC and the 9.5 kb Hoxa6-FLAG/a5-MYC vectors. In parallel, control plasmids expressing either the green fluorescent protein (GFP ctl), the 1.8 kb Hoxa5-MYC in the antisense orientation or the pMEK1-MYC-FLAG plasmid (MYC/FLAG ctl) were transfected. Protein lysates were western-blotted with anti-MYC or anti-FLAG antibodies. Solely the 1.8 kb-MYC vector produces a genuine HOXA5 protein whereas the HOXA6 protein is only detected with the 5.0 kb-Hoxa6-FLAG/a5-MYC plasmid. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (C) RNA expression of each expression vector transfected in HEK293 cells was tested by RT-PCR. A 305 bp fragment is observed in RNA samples from HEK293 cells transfected with the Hoxa5 cDNA vectors. No expression is detected in the GFP ctl specimen.
Transfection assays in HEK293 cells followed by western analyses with the MYC or FLAG antibodies showed that only the 1.8 kb-MYC vector produces the 270 a.a. HOXA5-MYC protein (Fig. 7B). The HOXA5-MYC isoform of 381 a.a. was neither produced from the extended version of the 1.8 kb transcript nor from the 5 kb-Hoxa5, the 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 and the 9.5 kb vectors. Moreover, only the 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 vector produced the HOXA6-FLAG protein of 232 a.a. As verified by RT-PCR analysis, all Hoxa5 cDNA expression vectors were transcribed in HEK293 cells (Fig. 7C). In summary, all Hoxa5 transcripts can be efficiently translated in in vitro assays. However in cell cultures, only the 1.8 kb transcript can encode the 270 a.a. HOXA5 protein and the HOXA6 protein can solely be produced from the 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 transcript.
Skeletal transformations in Hoxa6 and Hoxa5; Hoxa6 transheterozygous mutant mice
The Hoxa6 mutant mouse line provides a valuable tool for investigating the role of the larger Hoxa5 transcripts since the insertion of the MC1neo cassette into the Hoxa6 homeobox sequences disrupts the 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 RNA species encompassing the Hoxa5 and Hoxa6 loci (Fig. 2). The Hoxa6 mutation causes a relatively mild phenotype, which consists in the presence of ectopic ribs on the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) in less than half of the mutants [44]. One puzzling aspect of the Hoxa6−/− phenotype is that it is incompatible with the pv10 anterior expression boundary of the gene, as established by the expression analysis using probes specific for the larger transcripts (Fig. 5C). Two possibilities could account for this discrepancy. The integrity of the larger transcripts including Hoxa6 sequences is necessary for the correct patterning at the pv7 axial level. Alternatively, the presence of the neo cassette in the Hoxa6 locus may interfere with the expression of the nearby Hoxa5 gene, which then can impact on the skeletal phenotype. Ectopic ribs on C7 are a hallmark of the Hoxa5 mutation, as they are found in most Hoxa5 mutants [23], [27]. Moreover, transcriptional interference is not unusual in Hox mutations, and we have previously reported the deleterious long-range cis effect of the Hoxa4 mutation on Hoxa5 expression [27]. To discriminate between these options and to define the respective role of the Hoxa5 and Hoxa6 genes in the specification of the cervico-upper thoracic region, we generated Hoxa5; Hoxa6 transheterozygous animals (Hoxa5+/−; Hoxa6−/+), which are heterozygotes for both genes on different chromosomes. First, we examined the skeleton of new cohorts of single mutants and transheterozygous newborn pups (Table 1). In this mixed genetic background, Hoxa5−/− mutants displayed the skeletal transformations previously reported: the lack of tuberculum anterior on C6 in 84% of the specimens analyzed; the presence of ectopic ribs on C7 (87%), most being present on both sides of the vertebra; abnormal acromion (42%) and fused tracheal rings (100%). Hoxa5+/− pups also presented the C7 homeotic transformation at a lesser frequency (57%) than the Hoxa5−/− mutants, but with a much higher incidence than the Hoxa6−/− mutants (35%; Table 1). Ectopic ribs on C7 were observed in 58% of the Hoxa5+/−; Hoxa6−/+ pups analyzed, a frequency similar to that of Hoxa5+/− mutants, suggesting that the Hoxa6 contribution to the C7 skeletal specification was weak.
Table 1. Newborn skeletal morphology according to the Hoxa5 and Hoxa6 genotypes.
We also monitored Hoxa5 expression in Hoxa6−/− and Hoxa5+/−; Hoxa6+/− e12.5 embryos by in situ hybridization using the riboprobes “a” and “b” described above (Figs. 5A and 8). The signal detected with probe “a” was specifically less intense in the pv3-pv10 region of the pv column from Hoxa6−/− and Hoxa5+/−; Hoxa6+/− embryos when compared to wt specimens. No change in expression was observed with probe “b”. Thus, the disruption of the large transcripts by the Hoxa6 mutation does not have a major impact on axial specification as no skeletal anomaly was seen for the vertebrae localized caudally of pv10. Moreover, the Hoxa6 mutation alters expression of the 1.8 kb transcript in the pv3-pv10 region. One possible explanation may be that the insertion of the neo cassette into the Hoxa6 locus impairs the activity of the Hoxa5 proximal promoter, which consequently alters the specification of the C7 vertebra. On the other hand, the larger transcripts may also be involved in the regulation of the Hoxa5 proximal promoter by a mechanism that remains to be defined and their disruption by the Hoxa6 mutation may affect the expression of the 1.8 kb transcript, that in turn impacts on skeletal patterning in the cervico-thoracic region.
Figure 8. Comparative expression patterns of Hoxa5 transcripts in e12.5 wild-type, Hoxa6 homozygous and Hoxa5; Hoxa6 transheterozygous mutants.
In situ hybridization experiments were performed on comparable sagittal sections. Representative specimens are shown. Genotype is indicated on the top right of each column and probe on the left of each row. The bracket indicates the pv3-pv10 domain, which hybridizes with probe a in wild-type specimens, but not with probe b. In Hoxa6−/− and Hoxa5+/−; Hoxa6−/+ mutants, the signal in this region is significantly decreased with probe a. With probe b, the anterior limit of expression corresponds to pv10 in all samples regardless of the genotype (arrows) with no major change in signal intensity.
Multiple transcriptional units are present at the Hoxa5 locus
This study aimed at characterizing the different transcriptional units encompassing the Hoxa5 locus. Presence of multiple transcripts is not unique to the Hoxa5 gene. Other Hox genes have been reported to produce several RNAs and in few cases, the molecular nature of these transcripts has been analyzed [4], [5], [47], [48]. In the case of the Hoxa5, Hoxd4 and Hoxb3 genes, the additional transcripts are expressed according to a Hox-like pattern but they have distinct boundaries of expression. Their generation involves multiple promoters, alternative splicing and/or the use of different polyadenylation sites. We have identified three promoters for the Hoxa5 transcripts. The proximal one corresponds to the genuine Hoxa5 promoter driving expression of the major 1.8 kb transcript. The larger transcripts are generated from either the distal D1 promoter, which is in fact the putative Hoxa6 promoter, or the D2 promoter located downstream the 3′ extremity of the Hoxa7 gene. Alternative splicing is also an important process contributing to the diversity of Hoxa5 transcripts. Furthermore, the Hoxa5 intron is not rigorously spliced in a small proportion of all Hoxa5 transcripts adding to the number of RNA species detected. In contrast, the Hoxa6 intron is systematically spliced in all transcripts that include the Hoxa6 locus with the exception of the 11.0 kb form, which retains the intron sequences. Finally, only one polyadenylation site located at the end of the Hoxa5 locus is utilized by all transcripts encompassing the Hoxa5 and Hoxa6 sequences. This data reveals the lack of a functional polyadenylation site at the Hoxa6 locus. Thus in the e12.5 mouse embryo, the Hoxa6 transcript exists only as a bicistronic gene product that can potentially generate two HOX proteins, HOXA5 and HOXA6.
Several studies have revealed the high transcriptional activity occurring along the mammalian Hox clusters [19]–[22]. Many of these transcriptional units are antisense to Hox genes. They are highly conserved between mouse and human, and some are polycistronic. For the HoxA cluster, a search with the UCSC genome browser indicates the existence of numerous sense and antisense transcripts covering the mouse Hoxa5-Hoxa7 genomic region. Except for the Hoxa5 1.8 kb transcript, none of the larger transcripts characterized in the present work have been reported in databanks. However, portions of some of the transcripts listed include sequences of the Hoxa5 larger forms. For instance, the first exon of the GenBank mRNA AK051552 corresponds exactly to the 5kb-Hoxa5 transcript first exon. Twelve kb downstream in the Hoxa4-Hoxa5 intergenic region, the second exon of the AK051552 transcript encompasses sequences corresponding to a distal Hoxa3 exon annotated as the Hoxa3 Y11717 mRNA (GenBank). The latter also initiates within the first exon of the 5 kb-Hoxa5 transcript. In fact, the portrait of the different RNA species initiating in the Hoxa6-Hoxa7 intergenic region reveals extensive transcription and production of large transcripts starting in the D2 promoter region and extending towards the vicinity of the Hoxa3 gene. These data combined to ours argue for an intricate transcriptional activity at the D2 promoter. Interestingly, the integration of the Mouse Moloney Leukemia Virus (MMLV) nearby the D2 promoter in the Hoxa6-Hoxa7 intergenic sequence impacts dramatically on the expression of the Hoxa3 to Hoxa10 genes [49]. Even though we cannot rule out the possibility of a long-distance perturbing effect from the MMLV enhancer on the HoxA promoters, it is tempting to speculate that the MMLV insertion predominantly affects the D2 promoter activity revealing the important role of the latter in the control of a subset of HoxA genes.
Production of the HOXA5 and HOXA6 proteins
In in vitro assays, all the cDNAs corresponding to the larger Hoxa5 RNA species tested can produce the 270 a.a. HOXA5 protein but not the 381 a.a. isoform initiating at the distal ATG (Fig. 1). However in HEK293 cultured cells, only the 1.8 kb transcript can be translated into the genuine HOXA5 protein. Moreover, expression of the HOXA5 protein along the mouse embryonic axis was not detected caudally of pv10, the anterior boundary of the expression domain of the larger transcripts. The concordance between the Hoxa5 mutant phenotype and the expression domains of the HOXA5 protein and the 1.8 kb transcript support the notion that the 1.8 kb RNA is the functional Hoxa5 transcript.
In the case of the HOXA6 protein, the bicistronic 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 and 9.5 transcripts generate both HOXA5 and HOXA6 proteins in vitro but only the 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 cDNA produces the HOXA6 protein in cultured cells. Whether the 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 transcript can generate the HOXA6 protein in the embryo remains to be defined via the development of a specific antibody. The absence of HOXA5 protein from the bicistronic 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 unit is in accordance with the previous observations that polycistronic translation is a rare phenomenon in eukaryotes. In the case of polycistronic transcripts, the 5′ proximal cistron is usually the translated one as observed here [50]. Polycistronic transcription is not unusual in Hox clusters [19]. For instance, the Hoxc4, -c5 and -c6 genes are transcribed from a common promoter producing a primary transcript alternatively spliced to produce mature messengers encoding different proteins [51]. Finally, the presence of long 5′ untranslated region (UTR) sequences in the 5 kb-Hoxa5 and 9.5 kb transcripts can explain the absence of translation as it can greatly reduce translational efficiency [50]. Thus, the molecular characterization of the different Hoxa5 RNA species has unveiled an unexpected transcriptional organization and the promiscuity between the Hoxa5 and Hoxa6 loci in protein production.
Role of the Hoxa6 locus
Our studies raise questions about the role of the Hoxa6 gene during development. Interestingly in teleosts, the Hoxa6 gene is not present, most likely lost during the duplication process [52]. In mice, the Hoxa6 mutation results in a mild skeletal phenotype resembling that of the Hoxa5 mutants and occurring at an axial level located outside the Hoxa6 expression domain. Indeed, the Hoxa6 phenotype can be attributed to transcriptional interference that hinders transcription from the Hoxa5 proximal promoter. In fact, the neo cassette used to mutate the Hoxa6 gene was inserted in a temporal regulatory sequence responsible for the correct onset of Hoxa5 expression supporting the notion that the presence of exogenous sequences nearby control regions impact on their efficiency [32], [44]. We cannot rule out the possible implication of the larger transcripts in the regulation of the Hoxa5 proximal promoter and the effect their disruption by the Hoxa6 mutation may have. To directly address this possibility would require the specific abolition of the larger transcripts in mice and the analysis of the phenotypic and molecular consequences. Taken together, our data suggest that it seems unlikely that the Hoxa6 gene plays a role in axial specification, although it may serve other functions yet to be defined.
Functional role of the Hoxa5 1.8 kb transcript
Along the antero-posterior axis, the HOXA5 protein is detected in the most-rostral subdomain of expression of the Hoxa5 gene, which corresponds to the exclusive axial expression domain of the 1.8 kb transcript. In Hoxa5 mutant mice, most of the defects observed lie within the HOXA5 protein expression domain. This further supports the importance of the 1.8 kb transcript as the biological effector of the Hoxa5 gene during development.
Restricted HOX proteins expression was also reported for the Hoxb4 and Hoxb5 genes, and in both cases, the proteins were similarly localized in the anterior part of the gene expression domain [8], [15]. Comparatively to the RNA distribution, vertebrate HOX proteins may be more confined to precise axial levels, a situation comparable to what is observed for homeotic proteins in Drosophila embryos. Lots of efforts have been put on the regulatory mechanisms establishing the anterior boundary of Hox expression domains in vertebrates. Our findings enlighten the relevance of examining in more details how posterior boundaries may be fixed along the embryonic axes as well.
Implication of the Hoxa5 long noncoding RNAs
In e12.5 mouse embryo, the different polyA+ transcripts covering the Hoxa5 coding sequences reported in this study originate from the DNA coding strand. Moreover, the larger transcripts have similar Hox-like expression profiles. They are expressed later during embryogenesis and in more posterior structures than the 1.8 kb transcript. Similarities between the expression profile of the larger transcripts and that of the Hoxa7 gene indicate that they may share regulatory elements [38]. These long and interspersed transcripts also imply that DNA regions involved in Hoxa5 gene regulation may be distributed along the cluster and emphasize the importance of the Hox cluster organization for the correct expression of Hox genes.
The larger Hoxa5 transcripts cannot generate the HOXA5 protein. However, the 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 transcript can produce the HOXA6 protein in HEK293 cells. Thus, the 5kb-Hoxa5, the 9.5 and the 11.0 kb transcripts, all transcribed from the distal D2 promoter, can be considered as long noncoding RNAs. Both Hoxa5 and Hoxa6 null mutations disrupt the 5.0, 9.5 and 11.0 kb transcripts without any phenotypic consequence in the domain where they are expressed. These two mutations do not preclude the transcription of the transcripts but produce mutant versions 1 kb larger due to the presence of a neo cassette in each mutated locus. Thus, disruption of the larger transcripts does not impact on axial specification. Transcription of intergenic regions or upstream promoter sequences can affect the expression of adjacent genes, either by producing transcriptional interference, promoter competition for a limiting factor or by altering chromatin structure, leading to the hypothesis that the act of transcription per se of long noncoding RNAs is responsible for the regulatory effect [53]. Alternatively, long noncoding RNAs may regulate in trans gene expression as shown for HOTAIR, which participates to the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 [20]. Our results in conjunction with the increasing sum of data on the potential role of long noncoding RNAs in transcriptional regulation now raise the following questions: do the Hoxa5 larger transcripts represent “transcriptional noise” or do they contribute by themselves to the control of Hox gene expression [54].
New genome-wide technologies have unveiled the complex architecture of the eukaryotic transcriptome. The extensive overlap between transcriptional units, the existence of non-co-linear transcripts and the multifunctional roles of genomic sequences have even led to a re-evaluation of the current concept of the nature of the gene [55]–[57]. In this context and due to the fact that several of these features occur in Hox clusters, the latter appear as a paradigm from which we may learn more about the link existing between transcriptional complexity, functionality and genome organization.
Mouse strains and genotyping
The establishment of the Hoxa5 mutant mouse line in the MF1-129/SvEv-C57BL/6 mixed background and the genotype by Southern analysis has been previously reported [23]. The Hoxa6 mouse line in the 129/SvEv-C57BL/6 genetic background was provided by Dr. Mario Capecchi and genotyped by Southern blot analysis as described [44].
Hoxa5 mutant mice were intercrossed with Hoxa6 mutant mice to produce transheterozygous animals (Hoxa5+/−; Hoxa6−/+). For genetic background homogeneity, transheterozygous animals were interbred to generate mice carrying the possible Hoxa5; Hoxa6 allelic combinations for subsequent skeletal analyses.
Embryonic age was estimated by considering the morning of the day of the vaginal plug as e0.5. All experiments were performed according to the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care and approved by the institutional animal care committee (Comité de Protection des Animaux du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CPA-CHUQ).
PolyA+ RNA isolation and northern analysis
Total RNA from wild-type, Hoxa5−/− and Hoxa6−/− e12.5 embryos was isolated according to the TRIzol RNA extraction protocol (Invitrogen). For polyA+ RNA, the extraction was followed by two-step chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose column [58]. Seven µg of each polyA+ RNA preparation were used for northern analysis. Several genomic fragments covering the HoxA locus from Hoxa7 to Hoxa5 were used for antisense riboprobe synthesis (Fig. 2A). Hybridization to a GAPDH probe for quality control and quantitation was performed in parallel.
5′-Rapid Amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), 3′-RACE and RT-PCR analyses
The 5′ RACE protocol was essentially based on that described in [59]. The first-strand cDNA synthesis was performed with one µg of total RNA from e12.5 wild-type mouse embryos annealed to antisense Hox primer 1 (5′-GCGACCCTGCTATTGCCCAGACA-3′), primer 2 (5′-CTTCCGGTCGGTGCCTTCCTCAT-3′) or primer 3 (5′-CTGCGGGAGAAGCAGGCTGGAAT-5′; Fig. S1A). A polyA tail was added to the cDNAs. The dA-tailed cDNAs were first amplified using the nested Hox primer 1′ (5′-AACACAGCAGCCCCTGCACGGAA-3′), primer 2′ (5′-CTGCACGCTGCCGTCAGGTTTGT-3′) or primer 3′ (5′-GGCACCAGGGGGCAAAGCCAATA-3′) with an anchor primer complementary to the added oligo(dA) tail (5′-CCAGTGAGCAGAGTGACGAGGACTCGAGCTCAAGCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-3′) and an adapter primer included into the anchor primer (5′-CCAGTGAGCAGAGTGACGAGGAC-3′). A second round of amplification was set up with the primary PCR products and a different set of nested primers: primer 1″ (5′-CCCTCTTCCAGGGCTCAGGAA-3′), primer 2″ (5′-AAATGCGGCCGCCTGCTGCTCGGGAGAAAAGTG-3′) or primer 3″ (5′-AAATGCGGCCGCGGTCCCTGCACTGGGTCTAC-3′) with the anchoring primer (5′-GACGAGGACTCGAGCTCAAGC-3′). The secondary PCR products were subcloned prior to sequencing.
The 3′ RACE System for Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (GIBCO BRL) was used to identify the 3′ extremity of the Hoxa5 transcripts. One µg of polyA+ RNA from e12.5 wild-type mouse embryos was used for the first-strand cDNA synthesis with a polyT adapter primer (5′-CCATCGATGTCGACTCGAGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-3′) according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer. PCR amplification was then performed using a Hoxa5 specific primer (5′-CTCCCCTTGTGTTCCTTCTG-3′) and a nested adapter primer (5′-CCATCGATGTCGACTCGAGT-3′) on an aliquot of the first-strand synthesis reaction. The resulting amplified products were subcloned and sequenced.
For the RT-PCR reactions, one µg of total RNA from e12.5 wild-type mouse embryos was used for the first-strand cDNA synthesis after annealing to an oligo(dT) primer or to the specific Hox primers 2 and 3 (described above). The following PCR reactions were then performed using various combinations of sense and antisense primers that all contain a NotI site. The sense primers are: primer 4 (5′-ATATGCGGCCGCCTCCGCTCCATCCTGCGTGCTT-3′), primer 5 (5′-AAATGCGGCCGCATCACAGTCCTGCAGAGGGGC-3′), and primer 6 (5′-AAATGCGGCCGCCACAAACGACCGCGAGCCACA-3′). The antisense primers are: primer 7 (5′-AAATGCGGCCGCCCCGGCGAGGATACAGAGGAT-3′) and primer 8 (5′-AAATGCGGCCGCACAGAGAGCTGCCCGGCTACT-3′). The RT-PCR products were then digested with NotI, subcloned and sequenced.
Construction of Hox/lacZ transgenes and production of transgenic embryos
Genomic fragments encompassing the putative D1 and D2 promoter regions were subcloned in front of the IRES-βgeo cassette obtained from the pSA-IRESβgeolox2PGKDTA plasmid designed by Drs. Philippe Soriano and Valera Vasioukhin. We used a 4.19 kb EcoRI fragment extending from positions −7.96 kb to −3.77 kb (position +1 corresponding to the transcription start site of Hoxa5 exon 1) for the D1 promoter and a 3.88 kb BglII-NruI fragment extending from positions −11.46 kb to −7.58 kb for the D2 promoter. The 2.1 kb mesodermal enhancer (MES) was inserted upstream the promoter region in both constructs [32]. The constructs were made in pBluescript SKII+ (Stratagene) and purified following a cesium chloride centrifugation.
The Hox/lacZ sequences were isolated using a SalI-NotI digestion to remove vector sequences and they were purified on agarose gel. They were injected into the pronuclei of fertilized eggs derived from (C57BL/6 x CBA) F1 hybrid intercrosses following standard procedures [60]. Transgenic founder embryos were recovered from foster mothers at e12.5, genotyped by Southern analysis of yolk sac DNA using a lacZ specific probe to verify the integrity of the microinjected construct, and analyzed for lacZ expression by β-galactosidase staining as previously described [32].
RNA in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence analyses
The whole-mount in situ hybridization protocol was based on the one described in [61], while radioactive in situ hybridization of paraffin sections was performed according to the protocol in [62]. The following murine genomic sequences were used as templates for synthesizing either digoxigenin or [35S] UTP-labeled riboprobes: a 830 bp BglII-HindIII fragment containing the 3′-untranslated region of the second exon of the Hoxa5 gene (probe a), a 606 bp BglII-XhoI fragment present in the intergenic region between Hoxa5 and Hoxa6 genes (probe b), a 675 bp HindIII-EcoRI sequence located just downstream the Hoxa7 gene (probe c), and a 356 bp KpnI fragment present in the Hoxa6 intron (probe d). The in situ experiments were performed on at least three specimens of each genotype.
Immunofluorescence staining with the rabbit anti-HOXA5 antibody and counterstaining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Molecular Probes) was performed as described in [46].
Expression vectors, transfection, western and RT-PCR analyses
The sequence of the 1.8 kb cDNA was subcloned into the pcDNA3 expression plasmid (Invitrogen). A DNA fragment, from the p3XFLAG-MYC-CMV-24 expression vector (Sigma) and containing a MYC tag followed by the polyadenylation sequence of the human growth hormone gene, was inserted just before the stop codon of the HOXA5 protein using an overlapping PCR strategy with synthetic oligonucleotide primers covering the appropriate sequences [63]. A 5′-extended version of the 1.8 kb cDNA expression vector including the distal ATG codon in-frame with the HOXA5 open reading frame (ORF) was also designed. It contains upstream genomic sequences up to the EcoRV site at position −555 bp. This plasmid was made with and without the MYC tag. We also produced a pcDNA3 expression vector carrying the HOXA5-MYC version for the 5 kb-Hoxa5 cDNA as well as for the 5 kb-Hoxa6/a5 and for the 9.5 kb cDNAs. For these last two plasmids, a FLAG tag, from the p3XFLAG-MYC-CMV-24 vector, was added just before the HOXA6 stop codon. The TnT7 Quick coupled transcription-translation system (Promega) was used to produce [35S] methionine-labeled proteins according to the manufacturer's protocol. The translation products were analyzed by electrophoresis on a 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) and revealed by autoradiography.
HEK293 cells were transiently transfected by the calcium phosphate method in 60 mm petri dishes with 10 µg/dish of the Hox expression vectors [64]. The pEGFP-C2 expression vector was used to assess transfection efficiency (10 µg/dish; Clontech) and a pMEK1-MYC-FLAG plasmid (10 µg/dish; provided by Dr. Jean Charron) was used as a positive control for the immunodetection of the MYC and FLAG tags. Transfection of each plasmid was done in duplicate. Chloroquine was added at a final concentration of 50 µM. Three hours after transfection, the cells were shocked for 30 seconds at 37 °C with 15% glycerol in HEPES-buffered saline. Forty-eight hours after transfection, protein extracts were obtained after cell lysis in 300 µl of ice-cold lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 1% NP-40, 10 mM EGTA, 5 mM MgCl2, 20 mM glycerol 2-phosphate, 25 mM NaF, 1 mM Na3VO4 and a proteinase inhibitor cocktail (Complete Mini EDTA-free; Roche Diagnostics)). After 15 minutes on ice, the extracts were centrifuged at 15,000 g at 4°C. Protein content of the supernatant was quantified using a Lowry-based assay (DC Protein Assay, Bio-Rad), and 20 µg of total protein lysate was resolved on a denaturing 12% SDS-PAGE, electrotransferred onto nitrocellulose (PALL) and probed overnight at 4°C with either a MYC-tag rabbit monoclonal antibody at a dilution of 1/1,000 (Cell Signaling Technology) or an anti-FLAG mouse monoclonal antibody at a dilution of 1/10,000 (Sigma) according to manufacturer's instructions. Membranes were also incubated with a mouse monoclonal anti-GAPDH antibody at a dilution of 1/20,000 (Fitzgerald Industries International) for loading control. Membranes were then incubated with the appropriate secondary horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody (a donkey anti-rabbit IgG at a dilution of 1/100,000 or a donkey anti-mouse at a dilution of 1/80,000; Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories). Proteins were revealed by chemiluminescence using the Western Lighting Plus-ECL system (PerkinElmer) according to manufacturer's protocol.
Total RNA from transfected HEK293 cells was isolated according to the TRIzol RNA extraction protocol (Invitrogen) and cDNA was synthesized with Superscript II Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) using random primers. Reverse-transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) of the Hoxa5-myc portion was used to validate the expression of each transfected cDNA. PCR was performed for 25 cycles with an annealing temperature of 60°C. A 305 bp fragment was amplified with the Hoxa5 forward primer 5′-CCCAGATCTACCCCTGGATG-3′ and the MYC-tag reverse primer 5′-GATGAGTTTTTGTTCGGGGC-3′.
Skeletal analysis
Whole-mount skeletons were prepared from Hoxa5; Hoxa6 compound newborn pups with Alcian blue for staining the cartilage and Alizarin red for staining the bone, as described in [27]. Skeletons were observed, and left and right sides of each vertebra were scored independently for bilateral markers.
Molecular characterization of the Hoxa5 alternate transcripts by 5′-RACE and RT-PCR. (A) The transcription initiation site of the larger transcripts was determined by 5′-RACE. Genomic organization of the Hoxa5, Hoxa6 and Hoxa7 genes along the cluster is shown. Black, grey and open boxes indicate homeobox, translated, and transcribed sequences, respectively. The primers used are indicated (arrows). With primer 1, we obtained several clones showing that the 9.5 and 11.0 kb transcripts initiate in the Hoxa6-Hoxa7 intergenic region at position −8905 bp. With primers 2 and 3, we obtained 5′-RACE products that revealed the presence of a 4.6 kb intron in the 5.0 kb transcript. The initiation site of this transcript also coincides with that of the 9.5 and 11.0 kb transcripts. A second population of clones was obtained with a transcription start site at position −4409 bp, which corresponds to the putative first base of Hoxa6 exon 1. (B) By using various primer combinations in RT-PCR experiments, we established the molecular structure of the different transcripts. We also demonstrated that the 5.0 kb band detected by northern analyses include minor splicing variants and two major RNA species, one initiating at −8905 bp and a second starting at −4409 bp. The latter corresponds to the putative Hoxa6 transcript. This transcript uses the polyA site of the Hoxa5 gene. This result correlates with the absence of a functional polyadenylation sequence at the Hoxa6 locus as shown by northen analysis. We also showed that splicing of the Hoxa5 intron is not always complete and a low percentage of the Hoxa5 transcripts contained intron sequences. A, AccI; B, BglII; Ba, BamHI; H, HindIII; K, KpnI; RI, EcoRI; S, SacI; St, StuI; Xh, XhoI.
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Hoxa5 expression in the developing hindgut. Sections of e9.5 (A-C) and e10.5 (D-F) mouse embryos, and e15.5 (G-I), e17.5 (J–L) and DO (birth; M–O) hindgut tissues were hybridized with either probe a (B, E, H, K, N) or probe b (C, F, I, L, O). Bright-field views are shown on the left panels. (A–B) At e9.5, probe a detects Hoxa5 transcripts along the gut up to the caudal foregut (arrowhead). (C) Expression with probe b is restricted to a more posterior region. (D–I) From e10.5 to e15.5, both probes reveal signal in the mesenchyme of the hindgut, while probe a detects Hoxa5 transcripts in the myenteric plexi of the midgut (white arrow). (J–K) At e17.5, signal with probe a is confined to myenteric plexi in the proximal part of the hindgut (white arrow) while it still displays a diffuse mesenchymal expression in the distal hindgut. (M–N) Plexi of the enteric nervous system remain positive for probe a after birth as shown for D0. (L, O) No expression is observed with probe b from e17.5 onwards. d, distal hindgut; hg, hindgut; mg, midgut; p, proximal hindgut; tb, tailbud. Scale bar, 100 µm.
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We thank Dr. Jean Charron for insightful input on the manuscript and for the pMEK1-MYC-FLAG vector, Dr. Mario Capecchi for the Hoxa6 mutant mouse line, Drs. Philippe Soriano and Valera Vasioukhin for the pSA-IRESβgeolox2PGKDTA plasmid, Éric Paquet for help with bioinformatics, and Marcelle Carter, Lisa Danielczak and Nicolas Lafond for skilled technical assistance.
Conceived and designed the experiments: LJ. Performed the experiments: YC ML JM JA MJ FABS ST OB FG CL. Analyzed the data: YC JM JA LJ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CKT LJ. Wrote the paper: LJ. Contributed to manuscript redaction: JA.
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DNA transcription
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Jardin Mahoney
Drinking problem
Sybil Birling likes she likes to stick by the rules, concerned about manners she tells the others what to do and what not to do. She is only interested in the family reputation. She is very conservative, old- fashioned, selfish, cold hearted, snobbish and egoistic. Sheila birling – is a bit snobbish at the beginning of the play, egoistic and self -confident, but in the end she thinks more clearly, she accepts criticism, she feels sorry for what she had done. Her readiness to learn from experience is in great contrast to her parents.
Eric Birling is immature at the beginning of the story; he lives an easy-going life, and does not care much about anything. He has a drinking problem. He behaves half shy and half assertive. At the end of the story he starts to think and accepts his guilt, he decides that he might stop drinking. Gerald Croft is a good looking, rich and clever: man about town! He is engaged to Sheila and a son of an industrial. He does not change a lot during the story; he stays a capitalist (just interested about money and profit). He seems to agree completely with Mr. Birling, quite the same attitude towards life.
The Inspector enters. This is shown in the stage directions as he “creates at once an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness”. The Inspector gets strait to the business he tells the family a woman has died. Firstly he starts with Arthur the inspector is trying to get him to remember the name Eva Smith he shows Arthur the postcard size photograph he soon remembers who she is and then he moves through the family questioning them one by one. The Inspector makes the whole family feel responsible because he gets each one to reveal each of the separate parts of what each of them did individually to Eva Smith. The inspector shows the photograph one at a time but for all they know the inspector could be showing them a complete different picture. They all think that they have a part to play in Eva Smiths suicide all there parts add up to collective responsibility.
At the end of act two, the inspector has compliantly destroyed the family’s reputations. Each member of the Birlings has found out something that they did not know about the other. During the play the Inspector keeps looking at his watch, he says “one Eva Smith has gone but there are millions of Eva Smiths still left with us”. He is saying that one has gone but there are still many left so we should treat each one with the equal amount of respect no matter what class. He was very effective in making the family all feel guilty by not starting anything too obviously, but by using the reactions of the family to the inspector to show how much damage we can cause to others when we are selfish and greedy.
Priestlys aim was to make the upper classes accept privilege and it also brought responsibility. He is successful by making each of the characters change their views after the inspector leaves. They relaxed when they thought that the inspector was fake they think that they are off the hook and carry on drinking but Eric is still feeling guilty about Eva Smith. Because they thought that the inspector wasn’t real they say that they thought something funny was going on and it’s “anything but a joke”. Then the police ring and say that a girl has been brought into the infirmary after drinking a bottle of disinfectant an officer will be over shortly to ask some questions.
At this point, we are left to think what the inspector really was this is what I think. Inspector Goole – Goole = Giest- spirit in death. Is not a real inspector, more something like god because he makes them all feel guilty. His manners are quite extraordinary, rude assertive. One of the main reasons to visit the Birling family is to make them realize, what responsibilities they have and their behavior has an influence on others. The moral of the play is that we are all members of one body, we are responsible for each other.
Gerald Croft
The Birling family
The younger generation
Gerald and the Inspector
Authoritative manner
The Best Summaries
Postmodernism and Anthropology
People are more than just Pots
Post-Enlightenment Culture
Organizational Cultures
Autobiographical writing
Jardin Mahoney 2020. Powered by WordPress
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Tag Archives: Ed Wise
MIGHTY PROSPEROUS: MARTY GROSZ and his DIVIDENDS, 2013 and 2016 (ED WISE, DAN BLOCK, DANNY TOBIAS // JON-ERIK KELLSO, BILL ALLRED, DAN LEVINSON, SCOTT ROBINSON, EHUD ASHERIE, JON BURR, HAL SMITH)
I hope this news is true for everyone.
Source material, part one:
Part two:
Who knew that finance, 1933-style, could be such fun in this century? It is, when Marty Grosz, guitar and vocal, is setting policy and interest rates.
First, at the Mermaid Inn, Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, with Ed Wise, string bass; Danny Tobias, cornet; Dan Block, clarinet, on May 17, 2013. Don’t let the apocalyptic color hues scare you: it’s dark in there:
Those three videos have been accessible on YouTube. But here’s one you ain’t tuned in yet . . . Marty, with Hal Smith, drums; Jon Burr, string bass; Ehud Asherie, piano; Bill Allred, trombone; Scott Robinson, taragoto, Dan Levinson, tenor saxophone; Jon-Erik Kellso, trumpet: performed on September 17, 2016, at the Cleveland Classic Jazz Party:
Let’s hope that everyone has good reason to sing along. And Marty will celebrate his 90th birthday next year. Talk about wonderful returns on investment.
Tagged Al Dubin, Benny Morton, Bill Allred, Cleveland Classic Jazz Party, Dan Block, Dan Levinson, Danny Tobias, Ed Wise, Ehud Asherie, Ginger Rogers, Hal Smith, Harry Warren, Henry "Red" Allen, Jazz Lives, Jon Burr, Jon-Erik Kellso, Marty Grosz, Michael Steinman, Scott Robinson, THE GOLD DIGGERS' SONG, WE'RE IN THE MONEY
GOIN’ TO TISHOMINGO: A FEW WORDS FOR CONNIE JONES
This morning, I learned through Ed Wise and Tim Laughlin that Connie Jones died in his sleep at home next to his beloved wife Elaine. Although I hold to cherished ideas about death and transitions — that those who leave their earthly form behind never leave us utterly, that they have merely moved to another neighborhood — I find it hard to write that Connie has left us. He was a great poet without a manuscript, a great singer of immediate heartfelt songs even when he wasn’t singing.
I had the immense good fortune to see and video-record Connie in performance from 2011 to 2015: mostly at the San Diego Jazz Fest, but once at Sweet and Hot and once during the Steamboat Stomp, and I’ve posted as many of those performances as I could.
We didn’t converse much: I suspect he had some native reticence about people he didn’t know, and perhaps he had a perfectly natural desire to catch his breath between sets, ideally with a dish of ice cream.
His playing moved me tremendously. I tried not to gush, although my restraint failed me once, memorably. After a particularly affecting set, I came up to him and said, more or less, “Do you think of yourself as a religious man?” and he gave me the polite stare one gives people who have revealed themselves as completely unpredictable, and said, after a pause, “Yes, I do,” and I proceeded to say, quietly, “Well, I think your music is holy.” Another long pause, and he thanked me. And I thanked him. Which is what I am doing in this post.
With all respects to the people who recorded him and played alongside him in various recording studios, I think the real Connie Jones only came through complete when he was caught live — one reason I am proud that I had the opportunity to catch him, as it were, on the wing. He was the bravest of improvisers, reminding me at turns of Doc Cheatham, of Bob Barnard, of Bobby Hackett — someone so sure of his melodies that he would close his eyes and walk steadily towards a possible precipice of music . . . but creating the solid ground of loving music as he went.
I expect to have more reason to celebrate and mourn Connie in the future, but I think this is one of the most quietly affecting vocal and instrumental performances I will ever hear or witness. See if you don’t agree: Connie, cornet and vocal; Tim Laughlin, clarinet; Doug Finke, trombone; Chris Dawson, piano; Katie Cavera, guitar; Marty Eggers, string bass; Hal Smith, drums, at the San Diego Jazz Fest on Nov. 29, 2014:
He was so unaffected, so generous in what he gave us. No one can take his place.
Posted in "Thanks A Million", Awful Sad, Generosities, Irreplaceable, Jazz Titans, The Real Thing, The Things We Love
Tagged Bob Barnard, Bobby Hackett, Chris Dawson, Connie Jones, Doc Cheatham, Doug Finke, Ed Wise, Elaine Jones, Hal Smith, Jazz Lives, Katie Cavera, Larry Scala, Marty Eggers, Michael Steinman, Tim Laughlin
THE LESSONS OF THE MOST HUMBLE MASTER
Lessons for everyone, not only musicians.
Connie and Tim Laughlin at the San Diego Jazz Fest
I will write few words because Connie Jones is so much more eloquent. Thanks to Joel Albert for photographing this at the New Orleans Traditional Jazz Camp, Banu Gibson’s dream, and for sharing it with us:
“There was just the way [Connie] played”:
And we can learn from Connie the way Ed did.
“Here’s one of the good old good ones that musicians all like to jam . . . the ROYAL GARDEN BLUES!” From the San Diego Jazz Fest, November 30, 2014, you can hear Connie, Tim Laughlin, Doug Finke, Chris Dawson, Katie Cavera, Marty Eggers, Hal Smith.
What are the lessons of the Master?
Humility before the Music. Devotion to one’s Art. Honoring the tradition and honoring one’s Self. Willingness to work to create Beauty. Actions more than words. “I cannot be alive without hearing a melody.” It’s all about love, which should be evident, and it’s a living, life-long focus on what’s important.
Bless the humble Master Connie Jones, who blesses us.
Posted in "Thanks A Million", Bliss!, Generosities, Irreplaceable, It's All True, Jazz Titans, Pay Attention!, Swing You Cats!, That Was Fun!, The Heroes Among Us, The Real Thing, The Things We Love, Wow!
Tagged Banu Gibson, Chris Dawson, Connie Jones, devotion, Doug Finke, Ed Wise, focus, Hal Smith, humility, Jazz Lives, Joel Albert, Katie Cavera, lessons of the Master, Marty Eggers, Michael Steinman, New Orleans Traditional JAzz Camp for Adults, San Diego Jazz Fest, Tim Laughlin
THE REMARKABLE MS. GIBSON, BETTER KNOWN AS BANU: “BY MYSELF”
Posted on March 6, 2017 | 9 comments
Banu Gibson, triumphant, by Elsa Hahne
The ebullient woman shining her light in the photograph, Banu Gibson, is a superb singer who doesn’t get the credit she deserves as a singer.
If you have no idea of what she sounds like, here, take a taste:
Banu, Bucky, and Berlin — endearing adult music, no tricks.
I think Banu is undervalued because she is so powerfully distracting as an entertainer, and this is a compliment. We hear the wicked comic ad-libs, we see the flashing eyes, we admire the dance steps, we are entranced by the Show she puts on (that, too, is a good thing) but I think we don’t always hear her fine voice as we should — her warm timbre, her dramatic expression, her phrasing, her intuitive good taste, her swing.
But with her new CD, we have a chance to hear her, deeply. That CD, BY MYSELF, is delightfully swinging, at times poignant. The song list is a perceptive assortment of songs that haven’t been overdone: BY MYSELF / MEET ME WHERE THEY PLAY THE BLUES / ILL WIND / THE MOON GOT IN MY EYES – MOONRAY / WAITIN’ FOR THE TRAIN TO COME IN / YOU LET ME DOWN / UNTIL THE REAL THING COMES ALONG / THEY SAY / STOP THE SUN, STOP THE MOON (MY MAN’S GONE) / MY BUDDY / NEVER IN A MILLION YEARS / OH! LOOK AT ME NOW / DAYTON, OHIO – 1903 / OUR LOVE ROLLS ON / LIFE IS JUST A BOWL OF CHERRIES. And Banu’s wonderfully empathic band is Larry Scala, guitar; Ed Wise, string bass; Rex Gregory, tenor sax and clarinet; Tom McDermott, piano on DAYTON and OUR LOVE.
Banu is a great connoisseur of songs, with a wide range of under-exposed great ones, as opposed to the two dozen that many singers favor. I’ve only heard her in performance a few times, but when she announces the next song, I always think, “Wow! How splendid! She knows that one!” rather than thinking, “Not another MY FUNNY VALENTINE or GOD BLESS THE CHILD, please, please.”
Song-scholars will notice that a number of these songs have sad lyrics, but this is not a mopey or maudlin disc. Every performance has its own sweet motion, an engaging bounce, as the musicians explore the great veldt of Medium Tempo.
Although a handful of songs on this disc are associated with other singers — Mildred Bailey, Lee Wiley, and Billie Holiday — BY MYSELF is not in a tribute to any of those great foremothers, nor is there any ill-starred attempt to recapture those recorded performances. If Rex and Larry happen to sound a little like Pres and Charlie Christian on these sides, that is a wonderful side-effect, but no one’s been asked to pretend it’s 1937 and John Hammond is in the studio. Everyone swings gently — the shared goal, with no artificial ingredients.
The disc is not narrow in its conception, either. Banu and the band approach each song as a separate dramatic playlet with its own mood, tempo, and feeling. It’s one of those rare and delicious discs where the emotions are not only intense but fully realized. I could not listen to it all in one sitting — not because it bored me, but because I felt full of sensations after a few tracks, and few CDs are so quietly arresting. Each song is treated tenderly and attentively, and although I suspect the underlying theme of this disc is deeper than “Hey, I haven’t made a CD in a few years and here are some songs I like,” we’re not whacked over the head with one emotion. Rather, it’s as if Banu wanted us to consider the whole spectrum of intimate personal relationships. She and her band have deep true stories to tell, but you have to figure out what they are, performance by performance.
Incidentally, I am snobbish, narrow, hard to please (ask people who have heard me discuss what I do and don’t like) but I fell in love with this disc in the first twenty or so seconds of BY MYSELF, which is a rubato duet between Banu and Larry Scala. (When is the world going to wake up about Scala? Come ON, now! But I digress.) Her diction is remarkable; her solo swing a model, and her voice is rich and full of feeling. Her sweet vibrato is so warm: there’s nothing mechanical in her delivery and her superb phrasing: the second variation on the theme is never a clone of the first. (Hear her variations on “He made a toy of romance!” in MOONRAY: nothing that a lesser artist could do or what have envisioned.) By the way, the Gregory-Scala-Wise swing machine (with two interludes from McDermott) is perfectly lyrical and swinging — Basie plus Lester with Basie taking a smoke break in the hall, or perhaps Skeeter Best / Oscar Pettiford / Lucky Thompson if you prefer. On many singer-plus-band sessions, the disparity between one and the other is sharp, so the listener waits through the instrumental interlude for the Singer to come back, or vice versa. Here, every note seems right, and the result is very affecting.
In the ideal world, Banu and her band would be touring the world — giving concerts and clinics and workshops — and I would hear this music from other cars’ radios when we were at red lights. But until this happens, I commend this splendidly-recorded disc to you: the emotional density of a great volume of short stories combined with the elation of a book of coupons to your favorite ice-cream shoppe. BY MYSELF — after many listenings — seems a series of gems. You can buy it here. You will rejoice.
Posted in "Thanks A Million", Bliss!, Generosities, Irreplaceable, It's All True, Jazz Titans, Mmmmmmmmmmmmm!, Pay Attention!, Swing You Cats!, That Was Fun!, The Heroes Among Us, The Real Thing, The Things We Love, Wow!
Tagged Banu Gibson, Billie Holiday, BY MYSELF, Charlie Christian, Count Basie, Ed Wise, Jazz Lives, Larry Scala, Lee Wiley, Lester Young, Lucky Thompson, Michael Steinman, Mildred Bailey, Oscar Pettiford, Rex Gregory, Skeeter Best, Tom McDermott
GUILTY, WITH AN EXPLANATION (September 2016)
I confess that I’ve let some days go by without blogging. Unthinkable, I know, but I (gently) throw myself on the mercy of the JAZZ LIVES court of readers.
Permit me to explain. From Thursday, September 15, to Sunday, the 18th, I was entranced by and at the Cleveland Classic Jazz Party. Consider these — randomly chosen — delights. Jim Dapogny playing IF I WERE YOU (twice) and some of his winsome original compositions. Rossano Sportiello, Frank Tate, and Hal Smith swinging like no one’s business. Rebecca Kilgore singing KEEP A SONG IN YOUR SOUL in the Andy Schumm-Hal Smith tribute to Alex Hill. Andy, on piano, with Paul Patterson and Marty Grosz — once on banjo! — in a hot chamber trio (a highlight being LOUISE). Wesla Whitfield in wonderfully strong voice. Dan Block and Scott Robinson romping through HOTTER THAN ‘ELL. A Basie-styled small band led by Jon Burr, offering (among other pleasures) IN THE WEE SMALL HOURS OF THE MORNING. A string bass trio — Burr, Tate, and Kerry Lewis — showing that no other instruments need apply. Harry Allen and Jon-Erik Kellso playing ballads, and Dan Barrett, too. Tributes to Nat Cole, Harry Warren, Isham Jones, and Bill Evans. Many videos, too — although they take some time to emerge in public.
I came home late Sunday night and on Monday and Tuesday returned to normal (employed) life as Professor Steinman: John Updike, Tillie Olsen, William Faulkner.
Tomorrow, which is Wednesday, September 21, I get on a plane to New Orleans for Duke Heitger’s Steamboat Stomp. Obviously I can’t report on delights experienced, but I can say I am looking forward to hearing, talking with, and cheering for the Yerba Buena Stompers, Miss Ida Blue, Banu Gibson, Tim Laughlin, Hal Smith, Kris Tokarski, Andy Schumm, Alex Belhaj, David Boeddinghaus, Ed Wise, Charlie Halloran, James Evans, Steve Pistorius, Orange Kellin, Tom Saunders, Debbie Fagnano, and many others.
So there you have it. I could sit at home blogging, or I could be on the road, collecting gems, some of which I will be able to share.
My counsel in all this has been the most eminent solicitor, Thomas Langham, who will now offer his closing argument to the jury:
Posted in "Thanks A Million", Bliss!, Generosities, Ideal Places, Irreplaceable, It's All True, Jazz Titans, Swing You Cats!, That Was Fun!, The Heroes Among Us, The Real Thing, The Things We Love, Wow!
Tagged Al Bowlly, Alex Belhaj, Alex Hill, Alex Owen, Andy Schumm, Banu Gibson, Charlie Halloran, Cleveland Classic Jazz Party, Count Basie, Dan Barrett, Dan Block, David Boeddinghaus, Debbie Fagnano, Duke Heitger, Ed Wise, Frank Tate, Hal Smith, Harry Allen, James Dapogny, James Evans, Jazz Lives, John Updike, Jon Burr, Jon-Erik Kellso, Kerry Lewis, Kris Tokarski, Marty Grosz, Michael Steinman, Miss Ida Blue, Nat Cole, Orange Kellin, Patti Durham, Rebecca Kilgore, Rossano Sportiello, Scott Robinson, Spats Langham, Steamboat Stomp, Steve Pistorius, Thomas Langham, Tillie Olsen, Tim Laughlin, Tom Saunders, Wesla Whitfield, William Faulkner, Yerba Buena Stompers
COME TO PHILLY FOR JOY: MARTY GROSZ, DANNY TOBIAS, DAN BLOCK, BRIAN NALEPKA (Sept. 25, 2016)
I’m going to be in New Orleans on the night of September 25, otherwise I’d be here. And with me absent, there will be one, perhaps two empty seats. Do you need any more inducement?
“Tell us a story, Mister Grosz!” Photo by Lynn Redmile
Oh, yes. It will be a concert — hugely informal, of course — by Marty Grosz, guitar / vocals / badinage / vaudeville; Danny Tobias, cornet; Dan Block, reeds, Brian Nalepka, string bass. “Four of the best,” as they used to say in English boarding schools. The host will be Philadelphia guitarist Barry Waharhaftig, leader of the Hot Club of Philadelphia.
Here’s three of the four heroes, with a typical Grosz free-association interlude, from 2013. It was terribly dark at the Mermaid Inn, but we could still hear Marty, Danny, Dan, and Ed Wise, string bass:
I would point out, most gently, that Marty is now 86. (And I don’t mean “86” in the bartending sense, but his chronological age.) So the race is to those who do not delay.
Marty and his friends will be appearing on Sunday, September 25, from 8-10:30 PM. The jollities will take place at the Venetian Club Ballroom, 8030 Germantown Avenue, in Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, under the swinging aegis of Barry Waharhaftig and the Hot Club of Philadelphis. Tickets are $20, with 5% going to the Weavers Way Food Co-op “Food Moxie” Program.
For tickets, visit http://MartyGrosz-Quartet.BPT.me. For further information, contact Barry Wahrhaftig at 215-380-2588 or HotClubPhilly@gmail.com.
Posted in "Thanks A Million", Bliss!, Generosities, Hotter Than That, Ideal Places, Irreplaceable, It's All True, Jazz Titans, Jazz Worth Reading, Pay Attention!, Swing You Cats!, That Was Fun!, The Heroes Among Us, The Real Thing, The Things We Love, Wow!
Tagged Barry Waharhaftig, Brian Nalepka, Chestnut Hill, Dan Block, Danny Tobias, Ed Wise, Hot Club of Philadelphia, Jazz Lives, Lynn Redmile, Marty Grosz, Michael Steinman, Philadelphia, Venetian Club
IT’S TIME TO STOMP (Steamboat Stomp, September 23-25, 2016)
Posted on September 1, 2016 | 3 comments
Today is the first day of class, so I handed out papers for my students to read and a questionnaire to fill out. But turnabout is fair play: my friend, Professor Hal Smith, sent me some pages worthy of deep study: the schedule for the 2016 Steamboat Stomp.
I’ve written with great admiration of my experiences at the 2013 and 2015 Stomps here and here and here (and more, for the curious) — but I want to share with you the Coming Attractions that are less than a month away. For full details, of course, you should visit here. And, without being too pushy, may I suggest that space on the Steamboat Natchez is not infinite, and that lodgings in New Orleans are equally finite, that time is of the essence.
There are four sessions: Friday evening, Saturday afternoon and evening, and Sunday afternoon, each of them introduced by a steam calliope recital by the dextrous Debbie Fagnano. I should also mention that the Natchez has three areas for music: the main cabin, the top deck, and the Captain’s Salon. So there are always simultaneous sessions going on.
On Friday night, there will be two delights: on the boat itself, sessions by Tuba Skinny and the Yerba Buena Stompers; at the Palm Court Jazz Cafe, the Steamboat Stomp All-Stars (David Boeddinghaus, James Evans, Andy Schumm, Tom Saunders, Hal Smith) will hold forth.
On Saturday morning and afternoon, sessions by the Steve Pistorius Quartet (Steve, James Evans, Orange Kellin, Tom Saunders), the YBS, and Tim Laughlin (with Neil Unterseher, Alex Belhaj, and Ed Wise); later, at dockside, the Cakewalkin’ Jass Band (Ray Heitger, Tom Saunders, Alex Belhaj, Jamie Wight), Tim Laughlin, Andy Schumm, Neil Unterseher, Ed Wise, and a jam session with the YBS.
Saturday night, Banu Gibson (with David Boeddinghaus, Tom Saunders, Andy Schumm, James Evans, Kevin Dorn, Charlie Halloran), the Dukes of Dixieland, Tuba Skinny, the YBS, the Kris Tokarski Trio with Andy Schumm and Hal Smith, the Steamboat Stompers (Duke Heitger, Tom Saunders, Steve Pistorius). Banu Gibson (with David Boeddinghaus, Andy Schumm, Hal Smith), and another Kris Tokarski Trio with Hal Smith and Tim Laughlin.
On Sunday morning, Solid Harmony (Topsy Chapman and her two songful daughters) will be backed for one set by the Kris Tokarski Trio (Clint Baker and Hal Smith), and then by the YBS.
The Stomp will conclude with a VIP / Patron Party at the Bourbon New Orleans Hotel, and I have heard that Kris Tokarski, Andy Schumm, and Hal Smith will be playing a gig at Snug Harbor that night. No doubt.
That’s a whole lot of Stomp. Hope to see you there!
Tagged Alex Belhaj, Andy Schumm, Banu Gibson, Cakewalkin' Jass Band, Charlie Halloran, Clint Baker, David Boeddinghaus, Duke Heitger, Dukes of Dixieland, Ed Wise, Hal Smith, James Evans, Jamie Wight, Kevin Dorn, Michael Steinman, Neil Unterseher, Orange Kellin, Palm Court Jazz Cafe, Ray Heitger, Snug Harbor, Solid Harmony, Steamboat Stomp, Steamboat Stomp All-Stars, Steve Pistorius, Tim Laughlin, Tom Saunders, Tuba Skinny, Yerba Buena Stompers
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Tag Archives: Joe Gordon
JAZZ WORTH READING: “THE BOSTON JAZZ CHRONICLES: FACES, PLACES AND NIGHTLIFE 1937-1962”
Some of my readers will already know about Richard Vacca’s superb book, published in 2012 by Troy Street Publishing. I first encountered his work in Tom Hustad’s splendid book on Ruby Braff, BORN TO PLAY. Vacca’s book is even better than I could have expected.
Much of the literature about jazz, although not all, retells known stories, often with an ideological slant or a “new” interpretation. Thus it’s often difficult to find a book that presents new information in a balanced way. BOSTON JAZZ CHRONICLES is a model of what can be done. And you don’t have to be particularly interested in Boston, or, for that matter, jazz, to admire its many virtues.
Vacca writes that the book grew out of his early idea of a walking tour of Boston jazz spots, but as he found out that this landscape had been obliterated (as has happened in New York City), he decided to write a history of the scene, choosing starting and ending points that made the book manageable. The book has much to offer several different audiences: a jazz-lover who wants to know the Boston history / anecdotal biography / reportage / topography of those years; someone with local pride in the recent past of his home city; someone who wishes to trace the paths of his favorite — and some obscure — jazz heroes and heroines. (Vacca’s book could become the ULYSSES of jazz Boston, although we’d have to settle on a day to follow the paths of, perhaps Sabby Lewis or Frankie Newton through this vanished terrain.)
I found the proliferation of new information delightful, even though I was familiar with some of Boston’s “hot spots of rhythm” and the musicians who played there: Newton, Max Kaminsky, Dick Twardzic, Serge Chaloff, Bobby Hackett, George Wein, Jaki Byard, Toshiko Akiyoshi, Vic Dickenson, Ruby Braff, Alan Dawson, Jaki Byard, Herb Pomeroy, Nat Pierce, Charlie Mariano, John Field, Buzzy Drootin, Joe Gordon, and others. I’d known about the Hi-Hat, the Savoy, Mahogany Hall, and the various permutations of Storyville. But on every page I read stories that were both new and illuminating (filling in gaps in the lives of musicians I had known as well as obscure ones) and learned a great deal about place and places.
And Vacca has an old-fashioned respectfulness, which is rare in this century. True, there are stories of low life and bad behavior, for some of those night spots were run by and populated by people who gave way to their impulses — but Vacca is no tabloid journalist, savoring wicked or illicit behavior. And his amused, gentle forgiveness makes the book especially charming.
Topography — whether substantial or vanished — has a good deal to do with experience. When I could visit Your Father’s Mustache in New York and realize that its floor space was that of Nick’s circa 1944, it made something click: memory met tangible reality. Knowing more about the Savoy — as a place, run by real figures in a genuine historical panorama — adds to my experience of listening to broadcasts taken from there.
The photographs — almost all of them new to me — and the maps (a delight) add to the pleasure of this book. As well, I learned about musicians I’d never heard of, or from, who played major roles in Boston’s jazz life: Dean Earl, Al Vega, Mabel Robinson Simms, as well as places I’d heard little of — Izzy Ort’s Bar and Grille, for one. james Reese Europe puts in an appearance, as does Sam Rivers; George Frazier, Nat Hentoff, Father Norman J. O’Connor, Symphony Hall, Symphony Sid, Teddi King, Jake Hanna, Leroy Parkins, Fat Man Robinson, John McLellan, Charlie Bourgeois, the Newport Jazz Festival, and the Berklee College of Music pop in and out.
But what makes this book rise above the information and stories collected within it is Vacca’s skill as researcher, editor, writer, and presenter. The first thing a reader will notice is his lively but not flashy writing style: I’d call it refined, erudite journalism — fast-moving but never superficial. He is a great storyteller, with a fine eye for the telling detail but someone who leaves a reader wanting more rather than feeling as if one was trapped at a party with an Authority on some bit of arcana. (The writer Vacca reminds me of is THE NEW YORKER’S Joseph Mitchell, and that is not a compliment I utter lightly.) He has a light touch, so the book is entertaining without ever seeming thin or didactic. I would hand this book to an aspiring writer, researcher, or reporter, and say, “This is one admirable way to do it.”
In addition, the book is obviously the result of diligent research — not simply a synthesis of the available books that touch on the subject, although there is a six-page small-print bibliography (and a discography, a generous touch) but much of the information here comes from contemporary newspapers and magazines and Vacca’s interviews with Bostonians who were there, whether they were musicians, fans, or interested onlookers.
I’ve finished reading it, but it remains on my desk — an irresistible distraction, a book I have been returning to often. It’s a remarkable accomplishment — literate, vivid, accurate, and animated.
To find out more about the book, click here. I predict it will provide more pleasure, and more lasting pleasure, than its price — which is roughly that of one compact disc.
Posted in "Thanks A Million", Bliss!, Generosities, Ideal Places, Irreplaceable, It's All True, Jazz Titans, Jazz Worth Reading, Pay Attention!, Swing You Cats!, That Was Fun!, The Heroes Among Us, The Real Thing, The Things We Love, Wow!
Tagged Al Vega, Alan Dawson, Berklee School of Music, Bobby Hackett, BOSTON JAZZ CHRONICLES, Buzzy Drootin, Charlie Bourgeois, Charlie Mariano, Dean Earl, Dick Twardzic, Fat Man Robinson, Father Norman J. O'Connor, Frankie Newton, George Frazier, George Wein, Herb Pomeroy, Izzy Ort, Jake Hanna, Jaki Byard, James Joyce, James Reese Europe, Jazz Lives, Joe Gordon, John Field, John McLellan, Joseph Mitchell, Leroy Parkins, Mabel Robinson Simms, Max Kaminsky, Michael Steinman, Nat Hentoff, Nat Pierce, Nick's, nightclubs, Richard Vacca, Ruby Braff, Sabby Lewis, Savoy, Serge Chaloff, Storyville, Symphony Hall, Symphony Sid, Teddi King, the Hi-Hat, The New Yorker, the Newport Jazz Festival, Thomas P. Hustad, Toshiko Akiyoshi, Troy Street Publishing, ULYSSES, Vic Dickenson
JOURNEY TO BOHEMIA: DICK TWARDZIK, SERGE CHALOFF, CHARLIE PARKER, and DYLAN THOMAS: THANKS TO SAM PARKINS
Richard Twardzik, Boston jazz pianist, was dead at 24. And I don’t believe he ever saw any of his recordings issued. His name has emerged once again in the jazz press (a fine appreciation by Ted Gioia at www.jazz.com) and there is a new biography out (BOUNCIN’ WITH BARTOK, by Jack Chambers, Mercury Press). The photograph above shows him with trumpeter Chet Baker.
But The Real Thing is closer to home. Sam Parkins, who never ceases to amaze, sent me this long essay — fascinating and heartbreaking in its immediacy — an excerpt from his book JOURNEY TO BOHEMIA, whose title refers both to the land beyond the familiar and to Cafe Bohemia. Even if you’ve never heard Dick’s recordings, Sam’s essay-meditation is enthralling.
DICK TWARDZIK 1931-’55
Greetings gentle readers (that’s a 19th century locution. May not hold in today’s world): There’s a way over due bio published (back-ordered at Amazon) which may cause me to modify this and that – ‘though I bet I know stuff he doesn’t. As is true with all of these writings, this goes out to a dozen or so persons. Alta Ann is my first wife, member of my family and a good pal.
DICK TWARDZIK, d.’55; heroin overdose in Paris, with Chet Baker, age 24, is known to any even slightly modern jazz pianist because there’s a small recorded legacy. He’s the only junkie I knew – and I knew and loved this guy and could still weep for him – that wasn’t depressed. He had the joy of youth, always excited about what might come next. I wrote my first piano sonata for him, but death intervened…
$ [Alta Ann – you were in on the end – the night before he went off with Chet Baker. We had invited him to dinner; with desert I played him some of the Billy Banks sides with Fats Waller. He sat down at that great Bechstein grand in the living room and got very upset because he – a marvelous technician – couldn’t lay a glove on some of those triplet filigrees that Waller tosses off like cake frosting. It was you who asked – our friend now really clean after six months in the Bridgewater detox unit – “Dicky – why are you doing this – going off with all those junkies?” “To prove that I can do it”. You all know of course that he got dead in Paris instead. 1955]. Fine.
Dicky’s parents had restored the old house in Danvers (north of Boston) to its late seventeenth century state. Sure – it was central heated, had storm windows, sheep weren’t allowed to wander in and out of the kitchen. But they got it right, furniture and all – except for the big Steinway in the living room.
The kitchen was the showpiece. Discretely, at the far end of the big room, was a modern electric stove, refrigerator, butcher block island for chopping vegetables and having breakfast, but what you saw when you walked in the door, revealed by removing layers of sheetrock, plaster and wallpaper, was the ancient fireplace and chimney, with the hooks, rods and movable grills used to boil, broil, fry etc.; the oven to the right where bread was made, and the warming oven above it.
And on the left? A little door in the wall about a foot off the floor. Dick said that when they uncovered it and checked it out they left everything exactly the way it was:
He opened the door – and there was a little stairway – maybe a dozen steps, child-sized, that went nowhere. And, each exactly in the middle of its stair, climbing one at a time, were seven genuine, hand made, 17th century left shoes.
It’s late fall 1945. I’m on a long furlough, in the uniform of the buck-assed private I was. I get on a Cambridge bound trolley to Bobby Thayer’s house; he’ll drive us to the session.
But a note about Thayer, whom we won’t meet again. He had been in the trumpet section of the ‘kid band’ I played in through high school and early college, and had the distinction of being the first trumpet player in greater Boston – only a couple of months after those first mind-blowing Diz/Bird records – to master the complexities of Dizzy Gillespie’s style, which required blinding technique. He did make one little adjustment. He played all those licks at half-speed.
I meet his pretty wife, who spoke with a fashionable lisp. Go out to his ratty old Pontiac. Remember we’re all about 19. Head for downtown Boston to a jam session with (for me) mostly strangers – turns out to be the super stars of the region – Joe Gordon, Sam Rivers, Floogie Williams. Bobby, an otherwise lousy trumpet player, is accepted because of his curious quasi-mastery of Dizzy’s stuff. Turns out I can play with these guys because be-bop, which I never mastered, wasn’t the coin of the realm yet.
On the way, Bobby lights the first joint (marihuana) I had ever seen, let alone tried. Passed it over to me. Lovely.
The First Whorehouse. That was the working title in my early notes about Dick Twardzik. Most of the truly valid jazz joints I played in from 1944 on had a core ‘sin’ that defined them. The Golfers club, Ithaca, gambling. The Melody Lounge, Lynn MA, heroin. Harold’s House of Dixie, W. Orange NJ, money laundering and clubhouse for the North Jersey mafia. Barbara Kelly’s Glass Hat, Manhattan, blatant high-end prostitution. The Bowdoin Bar and Grill (where we’re going now) – really low-end prostitution. A sailor who had been all over the world said he never found a joint as rotten as this one in Calcutta. (To obfuscate matters – they weren’t all real ‘joints’. The Golfers Club was an old theater – take out the seats, add a bar and you have a dance hall. Gambling hidden in the back. Ditto Harold’s House of Dixie. College kids hangout. Bowling alley, cafeteria, two bars – and a big dance hall upstairs. Half a dozen hoods meet in an alcove under the stairs maybe twice a month. Black suits, navy shirts, silver ties, grey fedoras).
We’re driving but you could take the scenic route: Get off the trolley at Boylston St.; walk northeast (you’re on Tremont St.) the full length of the Boston Common past the Park St. Church. Tremont curves around to the left and becomes Cambridge St., headed for the river. If you’re walking in the 21st century you’ll come to a desolate moonscape called Government Center.
But if your journey is in 1945 you’ll find Scollay Square, the “Armpit of Boston”, a bustling market place with porn shops – dildos, vibrators, 8 m.m. ‘blue’ movies. Strip joints [being Boston, they didn’t quite take it all off – except for a flash when facing away from the audience – and toward the band], and the venerable Old Howard Theater, home of Sally Rand and Gypsy Rose Lee. As you keep going toward the river the sleaze quotient becomes more pronounced and you come to Bowdoin Square – the back-side of Beacon Hill, with its Christopher Wren houses and some of the oldest money in America. Hang a left on Grove St. and there’s The Bowdoin Bar and Grill.
As you tour around this neighborhood keep in mind that WW II is just over and the Boston Navy Yard has hordes of sailors and marines in need of entertainment.
Ambience? Wasn’t any. No amenities. Maybe forty feet square. Row of tables on the left as you enter; kitchen on the right – a square chunk subtracted from the room. Past the kitchen in the resulting indent, three booths, followed by the men’s room – and the bandstand stretching across the back of the room. No sit-down bar; kitchen acted as a service bar. ‘Bar & Grill’? Massachusetts law requires that any establishment serving liquor must serve food, so the ‘Grill’ part was covered by remarkably good hamburgers when needed. The rest was dance floor.
Personnel: The kitchen – and the staff (patience my dears) were utterly dominated by Mary, the chef/bartender/boss. What in those politically incorrect days was called a bull dyke. At least 280 pounds, and I’m afraid it was all muscle. And two waitresses named Dusty and Dry Run. (For non-military readers, a ‘dry run’ is when the troops hold their rifles up, aim them at something, the sergeant says “Fire!”, pull the triggers – and nothing happens. No bullets). Well into their thirties, good-looking in a rough and ready way.
This was a non-resident brothel. The ladies had an apartment nearby, and one or the other would disappear for a half-hour periodically. When asked they would dance with the sailors; when not asked they danced with each other, with running commentary. Sample: “Hey Dusty, you stupid cunt. Your fucking slip is showing”.
Bobby and I climb on the (crowded) bandstand. Band as good as it gets; launch into some variant of the blues. Never was introduced to anybody. The stage is about 2 1/2 feet high; I’m perched at the edge, blowing leaning back a bit, eyes closed – and feel an unaccustomed draft around my crotch. Look down. My fly is open. “Oh – Dusty always does that to the new boy”. She had danced by, and…
One last tableau of The Bowdoin Bar and Grill: It’s a long set, strenuous, serious blowing. The joint is mobbed – it’s Friday night. Payday, and the sailors have money to burn. A crowd at the middle booth on the left gets my attention – three guys on the far side, four jammed in the near side and another half-dozen leaning on the table or the booth, laughing like hell. The guy in the middle of the far side is slumped down, head back, eyes closed in an expression of ecstasy — I peer under the table at his outstretched legs and there’s Dry Run on her knees, administering – well – in the Clinton era it was called oral sex…
Funky club, great session, great players – but that’s not why we’re here. We’re here to meet the piano player. The closet that was the men’s room stuck out into the dance floor right by the bandstand; the piano was tucked in behind it, the piano player faced away from us. All I noticed was a little guy, playing music I’d never heard before (but he had. Bud Powell) hunched over the piano with an inch thick pile of hand-written music on the bench beside him.
At eleven the trumpet player looked at his watch and said, “Hey Dicky – you gotta get outa here!”. We declared a break, the piano player turned around, slightly dazed – and I saw a kid.
Dicky said “Oh migod”, grabbed his music and fled. The trumpet player explained: “He’s only fourteen. His mother wants him home by midnight and the last train out of North Station is at 11:30”. I asked the obvious question, “Who is he?”
“That’s Dick Twardzik. He wrote out every tune we might play, but hasn’t memorized them yet – that’s what the pile of music is about…”
I didn’t see Dick again until I came back to Boston in 1950. He had been with Serge Chaloff’s band for about a year and that’s where the trouble started. (If you don’t know who Chaloff is, you could start with the Wikipedia entry online: brilliance, heroin, cancer. )
There’s a back-story about Chaloff’s cancer that came from Dick Wetmore, the great cornetist/violinist I played with around Boston for years. It happened that Dick and Serge Chaloff developed testicular (NOT spinal – that’s later) cancer at about the same time. The treatment was to lose the infected ball, (leaves one ball and leaves you sterile so Dick, with no condom, could blithely screw his heart out – which he did). And to go for twenty weekly radiation treatments. Dick Wetmore did it and is living in Florida as we speak.
Serge went for two weeks, “Oh the hell with it”, stopped going for treatment, went back to music and junk (heroin) – and that particular cancer’s first migration is to the nearest bones, in this case, the spine…
Woody’s Second Herd? Formed in 1947 after the huge success of the First Herd (see ‘Woody ‘n Igor’, module 4). Propelled Stan Getz to stardom with his ethereal solo on “Early Autumn”. Getz, Chaloff, Zoot Sims and Al Cohn made up the most famous “Four Brothers” sax section mentioned above (other players not so illustrious came and went). All addicts. In fact half the Second Herd were junkies. The stated reason for the break-up of the band in 1949 was financial – the dancers didn’t understand heavily be-bop tinged music. David Young, who knew Woody and most of the musicians, told it a little differently:
“Woody had to break up the band because guys were throwing up all over the bandstand”.
Gene Lees, Woody’s biographer, says “Hiring him must be accounted one of Woody’s worst errors: Serge was a serious heroin addict and, like so many of his kind, a dedicated proselytizer for the drug”.
Band breaks up in ’49, Chaloff returns to Boston with enough of a reputation as a star to be able to start a band of very young men (age 19 or so) and keep them working. And still proselytizing. It is here that Dick Twardzik and his band mates became heroin addicts.
The yin and the yang of the Chaloff family: Serge’s mother, Margaret Chaloff, was considered one of the finest piano teachers in Boston, with a studio over Symphony Hall. Dick studied with her for years. Gene Lees has high praise for her in his bio of Woody Herman.
I came back to Boston June, 1950, and into a steady Saturday night ballroom job for the summer – Nuttings on the Charles (river) – near the end of the ballroom era. Sparsely attended, only one night a week. After a six-year absence I knew almost no one. Circulated, went to sessions, slowly got back on the scene – and started four years of graduate school in composition at the New England Conservatory in the fall (playing constantly to pay for it). In getting back on the scene I encountered Dick Twardzik all over the place. Sessions, the occasional gig – not much of that though. I veered away from bop into New Orleans while Dick forged ahead as one of the few major ‘modern’+ piano players – remember 1950 is early days in be-bop, est. 1945. (+ let’s dispose of that right here. There was a lot of silliness about terminology. Be-bop, modern jazz, with a slightly different twist, but inaudible to the un-hip ear, progressive jazz. George Russell in desperation called his version ‘the New Thing’. Composers in the early 14th century faced the same problem. Came up with the ‘Ars Nova’).
But I particularly I encountered him at The New England Conservatory of Music (likewise encountered the legendary avant-garde pianist, Cecil Taylor, who gets a long look later). Dick was studying composition, and – and this is one of the real artistic drags about his death: He was studying harp with Louise Pappoutsakis, the Boston Symphony harpist, and would have evolved into – not the first, but the only be-bop harpist.
There is a warren of practice rooms on the second floor of the conservatory; each with a pretty good grand piano (and a dungeon in the basement with maybe fifty cubicles with not so good uprights). I’d see Dick at one of those grands, join him and he would show me what he was pursuing at the moment. For instance, what he called his ‘speed bass’. True stride piano in the manner of Fats Waller requires the left hand to drop at least two octaves (a leap of about a foot and a half) for a bass note on beats 1 and 3, leaving the chord indicating the harmony back up in the middle on beats 2 and 4. Playing a lot of Chopin helps. Dick kept his left hand in the middle position and hit the nearest ‘correct’ note (bass equivalent) to the south with as little hand motion as possible. (Any readers who know Dave McKenna’s music will hear this technique in frequent use).
I went to hear him with Serge, and particularly with Bird when he came to town – unlike classical performers, jazz players on tour then and now almost always go out alone and are at the mercy of local rhythm sections.+ It’s the Hi-Hat club, described elsewhere (the second burned-for-insurance fire closed it permanently). Of course I went. But missed the first tune of the first night. [+one of those half-truths that are taken for gospel at the time. Two Charlie Parker CDs, both taken from broadcasts in Boston clubs, have Charles Mingus, bass, Roy Haynes, drums – and Dick Twardzik, piano. For the non-jazz reader – Mingus and Haynes, New Yorkers, were about to become international stars].
Music lesson: Pop music back into the mists of history has been pretty simple. During the Golden Age of American Song – Berlin, Kern, Gershwin, Porter et al – the harmony would change typically every two measures; once in a while, as in ‘The Song is You’, every measure, and on the lazy side, ‘Sweet Georgia Brown’, every four measures, with four beats to each measure. Until be-bop came along. The improvisers took to modifying the songs in the direction of complexity, putting in as many as one chord change per beat.
So Charlie ‘Yardbird’ Parker comes to the Hi-Hat and Dick Twardzik is tapped for the piano chair. “Ohmigod – I’m going to play with the Great Master”. Dick sat down at the piano and worked out complex re-harmonizations of every tune he could think of that might be in play and went to the gig*.
First song up is the above mentioned ‘Sweet Georgia Brown’. ‘F7′ for four measures, ‘B-flat 7′ for four measures and so forth. Dicky is ready. He has a different chord for each beat, totaling sixteen chord changes for every four measures where there had only been one. At the end of the song, Bird – having never bothered to shake hands with his piano player before the gig – comes around behind the piano and says in Dicky’s ear, “Kid – just play ‘F7′. I’ll do all the diddley shit”.
[* typical sad Charlie Parker story. He was hired to play seven nights – Monday thru Sunday – at the Hi-Hat. He actually showed up for only five. One absent night was a mystery, during the other he was found out cold in a gutter. And he was so revered that he was invited back anyway. His legendary absences were part of the mystique. I’ll say right here, noting as I read about the Hip-Hop world that nothing has changed except the be-bopping junkies of my youth didn’t shoot each other**, that the general irresponsible lifestyle of our heroes made great newspaper copy and influenced a lot of kids]. [**But once in a while someone else did. Lee Morgan was shot on the bandstand by an outraged wife; Wardell Gray was shot by the outraged husband of his girlfriend – or so said the tale that circulated at the time (1955). The current internet bio has a mafia/drug-tinged story instead. The joys of history].
Dylan Thomas made four trips to America, beginning in February, 1950. America didn’t interest him; he came mostly for the money. The job that got him here the first time was a reading at New York’s YMHA, which paid $500 plus airfare. Factor in inflation – in 2006 dollars that’s closer to five grand. Once he got here he took his show on the road, making substantial money, much of which he drank…He died in New York during the fourth tour, of acute alcohol poisoning, November ’53.
Of all the scenes described in these writings – some hazy memories, some Hi-Definition Technicolor – the most vivid is this:
Dick’s mother was an artist. Her day job was as an illustrator at MIT for books and scientific papers produced by the faculty. Dylan Thomas came to America for the third time in April of 1953 and his first stop was MIT, Cambridge, for a lecture/reading. 3 o’clock on Friday afternoon, end of the school week.
Mother picked us up at school (New England Conservatory) at 2:30 on a beautiful spring afternoon; Dick had those bright red spots on his cheeks that showed he was really flying. Mother says indulgently, “Oh Dicky…” (must have shot up in the men’s room after lunch), and drove us across the Harvard Bridge to MIT.
The reading was closed to the public; it took place in a very ordinary classroom – teacher’s desk up front on the left, equal size table on the right for the guest. We were almost late. Walked into a nearly full house and found seats just as the presiding faculty member was introducing Dylan Thomas.
What did he look like? The picture of him in the BBC bio shows an uncanny resemblance to Orson Welles as Harry Lime in ‘The Third Man’. Attractive, perspiring, mop of wild curly hair, red-faced, really drunk, but the kind of drunk that can function normally when he should be in a coma. He began his lecture, interspersed with readings from his poetry – and you couldn’t tell them apart. His language was luminous – beyond beautiful, and his presence eerily commanding [the Welsh and Irish can do that. Celts]. It isn’t often given to any of us to be in the same room with true genius. Palpable, vibrating genius.
So where am I? In the presence of two great artists, both doomed to die real soon of substance abuse – Thomas, gone at 39, with a substantial body of work behind him, the other, Dick, 24, with the barest hint of what’s coming in his sparse recorded legacy.
Here’s a glimpse of Dick’s genius. He is simply not ‘just another be-bop piano player’ In recordings with Chet Baker and Serge Chaloff he sounds more conventional, but that’s what a sideman is supposed to do. Not upstage the leader [and more than by-the-way, note his gorgeous piano sound. Gene Lees in his Woody Herman biography says that that sound quality is a hallmark of all of Margaret Chaloff’s students].
And there is a home recording, 1954 Improvisations. Boston. June-October 1954, where, in a fragment of Jerome Kern’s ‘Yesterdays’ the future really shows. He deconstructs the tune the way Charles Ives might have – and then he’s gone.
Dick’s is the only early death among musicians/composers that really bothers me artistically [it killed me emotionally]. Mozart made it to 35. And left a complete life’s work. I’ve always felt that he lived a compressed, accelerated existence and died of old age. Ditto, Bird, also gone at 35.
Charlie Christian? Dead of TB at 26, with less than two years in the public eye and ear. But heavily recorded, and – here’s the Internet quickie: “was the founding father and primary architect of the modern jazz guitar style”. And revolutionary. Someone else would have done it, but in fact it was Christian that set the stage for guitar driven rock and roll, comin’ at you a little over ten years after his death in 1942.
Dick Twardzik left only the barest hint of what was to come…
I realized, whizzing around the park on my bike yesterday, what I uncovered here. Note the extreme contrast of the house Dick lived in and the joint he – and we all – played in. A couple of observations: No matter what your background – in Dick’s case it seems clear that there was substantial wealth in his family – you were likely to play in the scuzziest possible circumstances unless you became a star and Storyville (or its equivalent in any city) could afford you. More likely in a joint with the mafia lurking in the background. And of course – as an only child from an affluent family, how could he not have been rescued from his virtual suicide? It wasn’t exactly a secret. Let’s look:
His father was one of only two stained glass window designers and builders in the United States. Had an atelier on St. Botolph St., the front 3 stories high so they could assemble a finished window, then take it apart for (very careful) shipping. St. Botolph – that funky little street that petered out behind the Conservatory, coming over from Mass. Ave. just across the tracks from the ‘colored district’. David Young’s studio was there in the early 50s.
[What follows is probably from my friend Jack Lawlor, the left-handed bass player who shows up on several records and attended the sessions we held at Dick’s parent’s home. As I write, the long promised biography of Dick remains back-ordered at Amazon and people in Dick Twardzik chat rooms are getting pretty upset. So 1) I have no confirmation of the health issue; 2) Jack Chambers, the biographer, could conceivably have missed this. Families are pretty close-mouthed about health disasters].
It matters that Dick was a sickly child. He had a rare disease – here’s the Internet word:
“…probably had polyarticular arthritis, a form that affects children in at least five joints. Samantha at 16 months had 11 swollen joints, in her knees, wrists, toes, elbows and fingers. NY Times 9.30/03, Health & Fitness”
People that knew him told me that by the time he was 11 Dick had every joint in his body operated on. Helps explain the indulgent mother. How could you not spoil an only child with such a dreadful illness?
There was just forming up when I returned to Boston in 1950 a consortium of young modern musicians that called themselves ‘The Jazz Workshop’+; their mission to provide a space where students and professionals could play and study together. They found a bar downtown that had a little used back room; they persuaded the owner that jazz would bring in customers and were given carte blanche to do whatever they liked. I paid my dues with saw, hammer and nails many an afternoon helping to build the stage. [+Those musicians, led by trumpeter Herb Pomeroy, became the core faculty of the internationally famous Berklee School of Music. They are now of course very senior faculty or emeritus]. It prospered; a Monday night big band session was laid on, with Jaki Byard writing the arrangements and sitting in the tenor sax chair rather than piano.
And eventually they had to move to larger quarters; a club called The Stable on nearby Huntington Ave.
Dick Twardzik was a frequent member of the Jazz Workshop ‘in house’ rhythm section and it was here that he asked his fellow musicians for help with his heroin addiction. We have seen that his family was no help at all.
Now look: This may be apocryphal in places; it went around town as scuttlebutt. But it rings true. He asked the guys in the band for help “…and they laughed at him”. So after the gig, at two o’clock in the morning, on a cold December night, he walked up to a cop on Huntington Ave. and said, “Officer – I’m an addict and need to quit. Can you help me?”
Bless that cop. I’m sure there was and is a city agency set up for this. They helped get Dicky into the Massachusetts detox unit in Bridgwater, where he stayed for six months, met a priest he really liked and started going to church. Came out squeaky clean and full of the joy of life. He had finally beaten it.
In a musical composition that returns to the beginning for the last few measures, there is a convention that we’ll use here. “Dal Segno” – “to the sign”, which is a squiggle not on the keyboard. We’ll use $.
“Dal segno $ al fine [finish]”
If you don’t want to bother, it goes like this:
$ [Alta Ann – you were in on the end – the night before he went off with Chet Baker. We had invited him to dinner; with desert I played him some of the Billy Banks sides with Fats Waller. He sat down at that great Bechstein grand in the living room and got very upset because he – a marvelous technician – couldn’t lay a glove on some of those triplet filigrees that Waller tosses off like cake frosting. It was you who asked – our friend now really clean after six months in the Bridgewater detox unit – “Dicky – why are you doing this – going off with all those junkies?” “To prove that I can do it”. You all know of course that he got dead in Paris instead. 1955].
Copyright © 2006 Leroy Parkins
[Here’s Sam’s own biographical sketch, taken from his MySpace page:
Leroy (Sam) Parkins: born in reign of Calvin Coolidge. Heard Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Lionel Hampton 1936 – 1945. Charlie Parker from then on. Normal life no longer possible. Cornell for composition; New England Conservatory for Masters. Saxophonist-in-residence two whorehouses (Bowdoin Bar & Grill, Boston, 1945; Barbara Kelly’s Glass Hat, NYC 1960), the Heroin Capital of the North Shore (Melody Lounge, Lynn MA, 1954 but didn’t sample the wares); Carnegie Hall (one-shot, 1976) etc.etc. Sixteen years with two major society orchestras. Duties included playing New Years Eve for the Carnegies and Mellons at Rolling Rock Country Club, Ligonear, PA.; deb parties as far away as St. Louis, MO. Joined production staff CBS Masterworks 1967. Recorded the complete Charles Ives chamber music. One Grammy (European); four Grammy nominations. Recorded Milton Babbitt, John Cage, Charles Wuorinen et al for New World Records, 1975. Black composers series, various labels: Music of Jelly Roll Morton, James P. Johnson, Eubie Blake, Cecil Taylor, Benny Carter, Scott Joplin. Stravinsky’s ‘Ebony Concerto’ with Richard Stolzman and Woody Herman’s Thundering Herd, RCA Victor, 1987. Grammy nomination. As featured soloist, ‘Take Me To the Land of Jazz’, Aviva records. Stereo Review, Album Pick of the Year, Acoustic Jazz, 1979. Recorded ‘Preservation Hall Live!’ for Sony Classical, 1991. Miscellaneous recordings since; clarinetist-in-residence, Cajun Restaurant, NYC; ditto weekly stint New York Public Library. Commence writing ‘Journey to Bohemia’ 1997. Lived.]
Posted in Awful Sad, It's A Mystery, Pay Attention!
Tagged Al Cohn, Bartok, Benny Carter, Benny Goodman, Berklee School of Music, Bill Clinton, Bobby Thayer, Boston, BOUNCIN' WITH BARTOK, Bud Powell, Cafe Bohemia, Calvin Coolidge, Carnegie Hall, Cecil Taylor, Charles Ives, Charles Mingus, Charles Wuorinen, Charlie Christian, Charlie Parker, Chet Baker, Cole Porter, Dave McKenna, David Young, Dick Twardzik, Dick Wetmore, Dizzy Gillespie, Duke Ellington, Dylan Thomas, Eubie Blake, Fats Waller, Floogie Williams, Gene Lees, George Gershwin, George Russell, Gypsy Rose Lee, Harold's House of Dixie, Harry Lime, Herb Pomeroy, Igor Stravinsky, Irving Berlin, Jack Chambers, Jack Lawlor, Jaki Byard, James P. Johnson, jazz blog, Jazz Lives, jazz.com, Jerome Kern, Joe Gordon, John Cage, JOURNEY TO BOHEMIA, Lee Morgan, Lionel Hampton, Louis Pappoutsakis, Margaret Chaloff, Michael Steinman, Milton Babbitt, Orson Welles, Preservation Hall Jazz Band, Roy Haynes, Sally Rand, Sam Margolis, Sam Parkins, Sam Rivers, Schoenberg, Scollay Square, Scott Joplin, SergeChaloff, Stan Getz, Ted Gioia, The Mercury Press, Wardell Gray, Woody Herman, Zoot Sims
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Nup153 and Nup50 promote recruitment of 53BP1 to DNA repair foci by antagonizing BRCA1-dependent events
Douglas R. Mackay, Amanda C. Howa, Theresa L. Werner, Katharine S. Ullman
Douglas R. Mackay
Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
ORCID record for Douglas R. Mackay
For correspondence: Douglas.Mackay@hci.utah.edu Katharine.Ullman@hci.utah.edu
Amanda C. Howa
Theresa L. Werner
Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
Katharine S. Ullman
DNA double-strand breaks are typically repaired through either the high-fidelity process of homologous recombination (HR), in which BRCA1 plays a key role, or the more error-prone process of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which relies on 53BP1. The balance between NHEJ and HR depends, in part, on whether 53BP1 predominates in binding to damage sites, where it protects the DNA ends from resection. The nucleoporin Nup153 has been implicated in the DNA damage response, attributed to a role in promoting nuclear import of 53BP1. Here, we define a distinct requirement for Nup153 in 53BP1 intranuclear targeting to damage foci and report that Nup153 likely facilitates the role of another nucleoporin, Nup50, in 53BP1 targeting. The requirement for Nup153 and Nup50 in promoting 53BP1 recruitment to damage foci induced by either etoposide or olaparib is abrogated in cells deficient for BRCA1 or its partner BARD1, but not in cells deficient for BRCA2. Together, our results further highlight the antagonistic relationship between 53BP1 and BRCA1, and place Nup153 and Nup50 in a molecular pathway that regulates 53BP1 function by counteracting BRCA1-mediated events.
When genomic DNA is damaged, a protective response rapidly ensues involving events ranging from local changes in chromatin and intricate mechanisms of DNA repair to concomitant cell cycle arrest (Daley and Sung, 2014; Smith-Roe et al., 2015). The DNA damage response is remarkably extensive, but central events are the deposition and hallmark modification of the variant histone H2AX [phosphorylated at serine 139 (Rogakou et al., 1998) referred to as γ-H2AX] and the subsequent recruitment of repair factors, such as MDC1, RNF8 and RNF168 to nuclear foci where DNA repair takes place. Downstream events then dictate which DNA repair mechanisms are implemented. For instance, recruitment of 53BP1 protects the damaged DNA end from undergoing resection, which in turn prevents homologous recombination (HR) repair and, instead, promotes non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) (Bunting et al., 2010; Cao et al., 2009; Kakarougkas et al., 2013; Zimmermann and de Lange, 2014). Conversely, BRCA1 (Chapman et al., 2012) and factors it recruits, such as UHRF1 (Zhang et al., 2016) and CtIP (Escribano-Diaz et al., 2013), counter 53BP1-mediated events and lead to HR repair.
Tumor cells often bear defects in the DNA damage response or in cell cycle checkpoints required to provide time to cope with the consequences of DNA damage. These defects can underlie a level of genomic instability that enables tumorigenesis. Exploiting these acquired deficiencies has, in turn, long been a cornerstone of therapy in oncology. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is an elegant example of such a strategy (Bryant et al., 2005; Farmer et al., 2005). These inhibitors work synergistically with defects in the HR repair pathway, with cells bearing HR defects 100-1000-fold more sensitive to such treatment (Farmer et al., 2005). The PARP inhibitor (PARPi) olaparib is now, under some circumstances, FDA approved as monotherapy for ovarian cancer patients bearing germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2, which result in defective HR repair (Sandhu et al., 2010). Clinical trials are also currently conducted to test PARP inhibitors in the treatment of breast, pancreatic, prostate, gastric and brain tumors, and show signs of success (Ricks et al., 2015). Yet, even in cases where their efficacy seems assured (e.g. tumors with mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2), PARP inhibitors do not always work in the clinic as predicted (Liu et al., 2014; Lord and Ashworth, 2013). Numerous factors can influence the DNA damage response and, in turn, contribute to sensitivity to PARP inhibition. With a more complete mechanistic understanding of DNA damage response pathways, we will ultimately be able to apply a more sophisticated algorithm to predict tumor response and to achieve better clinical outcomes by tailoring treatment appropriately.
In the case of PARP inhibition, NHEJ DNA repair has emerged as a molecular pathway critical to tumor response (Patel et al., 2011). When the combination of PARP inhibition and tumor defects in HR repair result in unprotected DNA ends, the NHEJ pathway promotes end fusion. It is thought that the overuse of this repair pathway ultimately results in a level of chromosome fusions that are detrimental to the cell. Indeed, in pre-clinical mouse models of breast cancer, the loss of NHEJ factors, such as 53BP1 (Jaspers et al., 2013) or the downstream effector REV7 (Xu et al., 2015), results in resistance to PARP inhibition. The importance of the NHEJ pathway has focused attention on 53BP1 as a potential biomarker of PARPi response (Oplustilova et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2015). Clearly, though, 53BP1 not only needs to be present, but must also function appropriately for the execution of NHEJ. Thus, factors that influence 53BP1 activity are equally important to scrutinize in this context, as their disruption could lead to PARPi resistance.
The nuclear pore protein Nup153 is reported to be required for the recruitment of 53BP1 to DNA damage foci and for maintaining the balance between NHEJ and HR repair (Lemaitre et al., 2012; Moudry et al., 2012). In particular, these reports suggest a selective reliance on Nup153 for the import of 53BP1 into the nucleus. Such a role for Nup153 indicates that levels of this protein may influence whether 53BP1 functions correctly and, in turn, whether a tumor will be sensitive to PARP inhibition, as noted by Moudry and colleagues (Moudry et al., 2012). In the course of probing the role of Nup153 and evaluating its potential as a biomarker for PARPi sensitivity, we have made several surprising observations. We demonstrate here that Nup153 plays two roles in 53BP1 function, influencing both nucleocytoplasmic distribution and an additional separable step in intranuclear targeting of 53BP1. We find that a second nuclear pore protein, Nup50, is also critical for targeting 53BP1 to DNA damage foci, but appears dispensable for its nuclear import. Interaction with Nup50 is required for the role of Nup153 in intranuclear 53BP1 targeting, and elevated levels of Nup50 can compensate for reduced levels of Nup153. Yet, despite the clear contributions of these nucleoporins to the function of 53BP1, we observed that low levels of Nup153 or Nup50 do not influence the sensitivity to PARPi following BRCA1 depletion. Further experiments revealed that BRCA1 deficiency promotes the recruitment of 53BP1 to nuclear foci and overrides a requirement for Nup153 or Nup50 function. Similar results were observed upon depletion of the cofactor BARD1, suggesting that the function of BRCA1 in this context requires its ubiquitin ligase activity. This cross-talk is selective as deficiency in BRCA2, another component of the HR repair pathway, did not relieve a requirement for Nup153 or Nup50. These results lend important new insight into the circuitry of the DNA damage response and underscore the need to fully understand these pathways in order to capitalize on this knowledge in the clinic.
Nup153 and Nup50 are required for focal recruitment of 53BP1 in response to DNA damage, and function at two separable steps in this process
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is an ornate macromolecular complex, with eightfold symmetrical subunits that form a central channel flanked by unique structural features on the cytoplasmic and nuclear faces. On the nuclear face, eight filaments extend from the ring of the pore and attach to a distal, smaller ring, creating a feature referred to as the nuclear pore basket (Knockenhauer and Schwartz, 2016). The pore protein Nup153 is a key component of this NPC sub-structure (Hase and Cordes, 2003). A question that arises from the newly appreciated role for Nup153 in 53BP1 function is whether this is a role of the NPC nuclear basket as a unit or a specific role of Nup153. To address this question, we compared the effects of depleting Nup153 versus other components of this NPC sub-structure, i.e. Nup50 and Tpr. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotides specific to each nucleoporin were used to deplete these NPC basket components from U2OS cells. Western blot analysis confirmed that each protein was reduced without disrupting levels of the other basket components (Fig. 1C; Fig. S1A). Consistent with previous results, cells depleted of Nup153 displayed elevated levels of 53BP1 within the cytoplasm (Fig. 1A,B). We then treated cells with etoposide, which inhibits topoisomerase II and generates DNA double-strand breaks. Following induction of DNA damage in this manner, we observed that both Nup153-depleted and Nup50-depleted cells displayed markedly reduced numbers of 53BP1-positive damage foci compared to control-treated cells (from an average of >20 foci per cell to the range of five foci per cell in three independent experiments, Fig. 1A,B,D; Fig. S1B,C). This occurred despite the fact that total cellular levels of 53BP1 (Fig. 1C) − as well as other upstream aspects of the DNA damage response, namely MDC1 recruitment and H2AX recruitment and modification − were unaffected (Fig. 1A,B). In contrast, depletion of Tpr had little effect on 53BP1 targeting (Fig. 1), indicating that intranuclear targeting of 53BP1 to damage foci depends selectively on Nup153 and Nup50. These observations were confirmed with independent siRNA oligonucleotides (Fig. 1D; Fig. S1).
53BP1 foci formation depends on both Nup153 and Nup50, but not a third NPC basket protein, Tpr. (A,B) U2OS cells were transfected with either control or gene-specific siRNAs as indicated. 48 h later, cells were treated with 20 µM etoposide for 30 min, followed by a 90 min recovery period in fresh medium, and analyzed for the formation of nuclear 53BP1 foci (green). DNA damage foci were detected by using antibodies against MDC1 (A; magenta) or γ-H2AX (B; magenta). Results from experiments using the ‘a’ siRNA oligonucleotides are illustrated in A−C and E−G, while results using the independent ‘b’ siRNA oligonucleotides are illustrated in Fig. S1. (C) Western blot analysis confirmed knockdown of the indicated proteins in the absence or presence of DNA damage. Note that total cellular levels of 53BP1 are not affected after depletion of Nup153 or Nup50. (D) Quantification of the average number of 53BP1 foci per cell. Error bars throughout this figure represent the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments where >100 cells were scored. **P<0.001; n.s., not significant; compared to control siRNA (Student's t-test). (E) Quantification of 53BP1 foci in cyclin A-negative (G1) and cyclin A-positive (S/G2) cells upon induction of DNA damage after treatment with the indicated siRNAs. Error bars and statistical analysis are the same as in D. (F) Cells were treated with the indicated siRNAs, incubated for 30 min in 20 µM etoposide, and analyzed for nuclear foci containing RIF1 (green) or 53BP1 (magenta). (G) Quantification of cyclin A-negative (G1) and cyclin A-positive (S/G2) cells with >10 Rad51 foci in percent. All scale bars: 20 µm.
53BP1 promotes NHEJ predominantly during G1 phase of the cell cycle by suppressing BRCA1 accumulation in a RIF1-dependent manner (Escribano-Diaz et al., 2013). To determine whether depletion of Nup153 or Nup50 results in alterations in cell cycle distribution that might account for fewer cells displaying 53BP1 foci, we quantified the percentage of the cell population that was positive for cyclin A after treatment with the corresponding siRNA oligonucleotides and induction of DNA damage with etoposide. The distribution of cyclin A-positive cells (S/G2 phase) remained relatively unchanged under these conditions, regardless of the levels of Nup153 or Nup50 (Fig. S1D), indicating that the reduction in 53BP1 targeting described here is not a secondary effect of an altered cell cycle distribution. With 53BP1 foci formation most robust in G1 phase cells, we further found that impaired focal targeting of 53BP1 in the absence of Nup153 or Nup50 is more pronounced in G1 phase cells than in S/G2 phase cells (Fig. 1E).
As upstream events in DNA damage response appeared intact, we next evaluated localization of the downstream factor RIF1 (Di Virgilio et al., 2013; Zimmermann et al., 2013) under the same experimental conditions. Consistent with its reported dependence on 53BP1 for targeting to sites of DNA damage, RIF1 foci formation was markedly impaired upon depletion of either Nup153 or Nup50 (Fig. 1F). Yet, the observed disruption in recruitment of 53BP1 and RIF1, factors important for repair of DNA lesions through the NHEJ pathway, was not accompanied by an increase in the number of G1 phase cells displaying Rad51 foci (Fig. 1G), indicating that the HR pathway is not aberrantly activated in G1 phase cells in the absence of Nup153 or Nup50.
While depletion of Nup153 or Nup50 clearly led to a significant reduction in the number of 53BP1 foci in cells, we observed that, following either Nup153 or Nup50 depletion, ∼20−40% of the cell population still displayed some 53BP1 foci formation (Fig. S1E). These foci, however, were consistently smaller and measurably less fluorescently intense when compared to cells treated with control siRNA (Fig. 2). Reduced 53BP1 recruitment was not due to a reduction in the total amount of 53BP1 within cells, which remained relatively unchanged (Fig. 1C). Quantitative examination of individual foci revealed that the intensity of MDC1 was not affected (Fig. 2), further underscoring that Nup153 and Nup50 have a specific role in the intranuclear targeting of 53BP1 to DNA double-strand break repair foci. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, DNA double-strand breaks localize to a limited number of sites at the nuclear periphery through interaction with the NPC and other nuclear envelope proteins (Horigome et al., 2016; Nagai et al., 2008; Oza et al., 2009). Similar biased localization of double-strand breaks in mammalian cells has not been reported (reviewed in Kalousi and Soutoglou, 2016). Under the conditions used throughout this study, we also observed an apparently random distribution of damage foci (with and without 53BP1) regardless of the levels of Nup153 or Nup50 (Fig. 1A,B and Fig. 2A), indicating that the defects in 53BP1 targeting reported here do not take place selectively at the NPC or nuclear periphery.
In addition to being fewer in number, 53BP1 foci are smaller and show less intense fluorescence staining when Nup153 and Nup50 are depleted. (A) Fluorescence intensity of nuclear 53BP1 foci from single cells as described in Fig. 1A was quantified along a line drawn through the nucleus. Distinct peaks in graphs indicate intensity measurements of 53BP1 (green) and MDC1 (magenta) at individual DNA damage foci. Scale bars: 10 µm. (B) Quantification of peak fluorescence intensity relative to control siRNA. A single line was drawn in ten cells per experiment, and peak MDC1 intensity was used to determine damage foci. Error bars represent the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments. ***P<0.0001 (Student's t-test).
Although depletion of Nup153 leads to alteration of the nuclear pore basket, NPCs are still prevalent (Duheron et al., 2014; Hase and Cordes, 2003; Jacinto et al., 2015; Mackay et al., 2009, 2010). Under the conditions of depletion used here, the NPC basket defect is more prominent in recently divided cells (Mackay et al., 2010). At a functional level, both bulk mRNA export as well as import mediated by a canonical nuclear localization sequence (NLS) have been found to remain robust when Nup153 levels are reduced. This implies that Nup153 makes a specialized contribution to 53BP1 import. Further, the contributions Nup153 makes to the import and intranuclear targeting of 53BP1 could be separable. To test this, we generated cell lines stably expressing either GFP-53BP1 or GFP-53BP1 fused to a potent NLS (GFP-53BP1-NLS). We found that, while GFP-53BP1 − like endogenous 53BP1 − was partially mislocalized to the cytoplasm following Nup153 depletion, GFP-53BP1-NLS was present only within the nucleus, indicating that addition of a strong NLS overcame the dependence of 53BP1 on Nup153 for efficient import (Fig. 3A,B). Nonetheless, after treatment with etoposide, 53BP1 foci formation was still disrupted, whether tracking either GFP-53BP1 or GFP-53BP1-NLS in cells depleted of Nup153 or Nup50 (Fig. 3). This was not due to the fact that these are fusion proteins as they responded normally to DNA damage when cells were treated with a control siRNA oligonucleotide. Together, these results indicate that Nup153 has two different roles: one which promotes the nuclear import of 53BP1 and another that is critical for the intranuclear targeting of 53BP1. The uncoupling of these roles is further supported by the observation that Nup50 depletion has a robust effect on 53BP1 foci formation without altering the ability of 53BP1 to accumulate in the nucleus (Fig. 1A,B).
Nup153 contributes to both nuclear import and intranuclear targeting of 53BP1. (A,B) U2OS cells stably expressing GFP-53BP1 (A) or GFP-53BP1-NLS (B) were transfected with the indicated siRNA oligonucleotides and treated with etoposide as described for Fig. 1A. DNA damage foci were detected by using an antibody against MDC1 and recruitment of GFP-53BP1 or GFP-53BP1-NLS was assessed by using an antibody directed against GFP (green). Scale bars: 20 µm. (C,D) Quantification of the number of GFP-53BP1 or GFP-53BP1-NLS foci per cell (detected by GFP) upon induction of DNA damage after treatment with the indicated siRNA oligonucleotides. Error bars represent the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments where >100 cells were scored. ***P<0.0001, **P<0.001, *P<0.02; compared to control siRNA (Student's t-test).
Nup153 has also been implicated in efficient export of microRNAs (miRNAs) in response to DNA damage (Wan et al., 2013). This role is unlikely to influence the immediate response to DNA damage since not just export, but also miRNA-mediated alterations in translation and mRNA stability, must occur for its functional manifestation. Given these kinetic considerations, we wanted to determine whether or not Nup153 is required for initial 53BP1 targeting. To do so, we assessed very early time points following induction of DNA damage. Looking at cells immediately after etoposide exposure, we found that the number 53BP1 foci in cells was markedly decreased as early as 15 min after DNA damage when either Nup153 or Nup50 was depleted (Fig. 4A,B). This early defect was independent of alterations in nuclear import, as GFP-53BP1-NLS was similarly affected (Fig. 4C,D). Thus, there is a requirement for Nup153 and Nup50 in 53BP1 targeting at very early stages of the DNA damage response, which is likely distinct from the role of Nup153 in DNA damage-induced miRNA export.
Both Nup153 and Nup50 are required at very early stages of the DNA damage response. (A,C) U2OS cells expressing GFP-53BP1 (A) or GFP-53BP1-NLS (C) depleted of the indicated proteins were treated with 20 µM etoposide and cells harvested for analysis every 5 min for 30 min. Shown here are examples from 15 min and 30 min after addition of etoposide. Scale bar: 20 µm. (B,D) Quantification of the number of GFP-53BP1 or GFP-53BP1-NLS foci per cell (detected by GFP) upon induction of DNA damage after treatment with the indicated siRNA oligonucleotides. Error bars represent the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments where >100 cells were scored. *P<0.005, **P<0.001, ***P<0.0001; compared to control siRNA at each time point (Student's t-test).
Despite being components of an architectural substructure of the NPC, Nup153 and Nup50 are known to reside transiently at this site, in dynamic exchange with a nucleoplasmic population (Buchwalter et al., 2014; Daigle et al., 2001; Griffis et al., 2004). The existence of nucleoplasmic populations of these nuclear pore proteins raises the question of whether they might themselves localize to intranuclear sites where damaged DNA is repaired. This has been examined previously for Nup153 and was not found to be the case (Lemaitre et al., 2012). Since Nup153 and Nup50 have somewhat different dynamics at the NPC and other functional distinctions (Dultz et al., 2008; Jacinto et al., 2015; Rabut et al., 2004), we investigated whether Nup50 shifted its steady-state localization to sites of damage. Tracking either endogenous or GFP-fusion proteins, we found that, like Nup153, Nup50 does not appear at these sites, even at very early stages of the DNA damage response (Fig. S2). Together, these results suggest that Nup153 and Nup50 play an important role in promoting the recruitment of 53BP1 without accumulating at these same sites of DNA damage.
To verify that the observed phenotype with respect to intranuclear targeting of 53BP1 is specific to depletion of Nup153 and Nup50, we generated U2OS cell lines that stably express siRNA-resistant GFP fusions of either Nup153 or Nup50, and assessed whether expression of these proteins can rescue the 53BP1-targeting defect. Expression of Nup153-GFP or Nup50-GFP restored targeting of 53BP1 to DNA damage foci following treatment with Nup153-specific or Nup50-specific siRNA oligonucleotides, respectively (Fig. 5). Surprisingly, Nup50-GFP expression was also able to rescue recruitment of 53BP1 after Nup153 depletion (Fig. 5B,D). By contrast, Nup153 overexpression did not mitigate 53BP1 recruitment defects in Nup50-depleted cells (Fig. 5A,C). This pattern of cross-rescue suggests that Nup153 facilitates Nup50 function in DNA damage response. We next capitalized on this rescue strategy in order to test whether Nup153 function requires its ability to bind Nup50. Our lab had previously identified a region of Nup153 (amino acids 401−609) that is required for interaction with Nup50 (Makise et al., 2012). Here, we generated a range of U2OS cell lines stably expressing a series of Nup153 variants with progressively smaller deletions within the Nup50-binding domain (Fig. 6A). These fusion proteins, which display the characteristic localization of full-length Nup153-GFP (Figs. 5A and 6C), were then captured from cell lysates by using a GFP-trap assay. Probing for recovery of endogenous Nup50 in association with these variants of Nup153 revealed that the internal deletions all disrupted the ability of Nup153 to interact with Nup50. Even the shortest deletion, which removed 59 amino acids, is significantly − albeit not completely − compromised for Nup50 binding (Fig. 6B). Moreover, stable expression of these mutants did not rescue the defect in 53BP1 focal targeting seen following the depletion of endogenous Nup153 (Fig. 6C,D). Thus, the function of Nup153 in 53BP1 intranuclear targeting requires interaction with Nup50.
Nup50-GFP expression is sufficient to rescue 53BP1 intranuclear targeting following Nup153 depletion. (A,B) U2OS cells stably expressing siRNA-resistant Nup153-GFP (A) or siRNA-resistant Nup50-GFP (B) were treated with the indicated siRNAs for 48 h, followed by a 30 min incubation in 20μM etoposide. Cells were fixed and analyzed using antibodies against GFP and 53BP1. Scale bars: 20 µm. (C,D) Quantification of the average number of 53BP1 foci per nucleus as described previously. Error bars represent the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments where >100 cells were scored. **P<0.001 compared to control siRNA (Student's t-test). (E,F) Western blot analysis illustrating the efficiency of knockdown in each cell line. Arrow indicates Nup153-GFP and Nup50-GFP in E and F, respectively.
Nup50 binding to Nup153 is required for 53BP1 intranuclear targeting. (A) First schematic: representation of the domain structure of Nup153, including the N (amino acids 1−658; red), Z (659−880; turquoise), and C (881−1475; magenta) domains. Also represented is the Nup50-binding domain (400−609; gray). Second to fourth schematics: Nup50 binding-deficient Nup153 variants (Δ550-609, Δ500-609, and Δ450-609) used in panels B−D. (B) GFP-fusion proteins were recovered from lysates that had been prepared from the indicated cell lines using the GFP-trap assay (see Materials and Methods). Recovery of Nup50 and GFP-fusion proteins was tracked by immunoblotting. (C) Cell lines stably expressing the indicated Nup153 variants were treated with the indicated siRNAs for 48 h, followed by a 30 min incubation in 20 μM etoposide. Cells were then fixed and analyzed using antibodies against GFP and 53BP1. Scale bar: 20 µm. (D) Quantification of the average number of 53BP1 foci per nucleus as described previously. Error bars represent the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments where >100 cells were scored. **P<0.001, ***P<0.0001; compared to control siRNA (Student's t-test).
Low levels of Nup153 or Nup50 do not interfere with PARPi sensitivity in BRCA1-deficient cells
PARP inhibitors are exciting options as a selective pharmacological treatment of BRCA1- or BRCA2-deficient tumors (Benafif and Hall, 2015). Response to PARP inhibition was found to be dependent on 53BP1 (Jaspers et al., 2013), which is thought to promote the error-prone process of NHEJ at sites left vulnerable from the combination of PARPi-induced DNA damage and HR repair defects. The over-use of NHEJ under these circumstances creates chromosome fusions and aberrancies that, eventually, lead to cell death. Indeed, in a pre-clinical model of BRCA1-associated breast cancer, tumors develop resistance to PARPi treatment through loss of 53BP1 (Jaspers et al., 2013). Since our data indicate that Nup153 and Nup50 are required for intranuclear targeting of 53BP1, and because Nup153 depletion has been reported to result in increased levels of HR repair (Lemaitre et al., 2012), we predicted that low levels of these nucleoporins would also result in PARPi resistance in cells deficient for BRCA1. To test this prediction, we treated cells with either control, Nup153 or Nup50 siRNA and then, 24 h later, subjected cells to treatment with either control or BRCA1 siRNA (Fig. 7A). On the third day, cells were plated in 96-well assay plates and incubated with increasing concentrations of the PARPi olaparib. Cell viability was determined 5 days later. As expected, BRCA1-deficient cells demonstrated a marked sensitivity to olaparib treatment (IC50=37.2 nM) compared with control cells (IC50=6.8 µM), which was largely reversed when 53BP1 was co-depleted (IC50=1.7 µM; Fig. 7C). Interestingly, contrary to our prediction, depletion of neither Nup153 nor Nup50 counteracted PARPi sensitivity in BRCA1-deficient cells (Fig. 7D,E), despite confirmation that protein levels corresponded to the respective siRNA treatments (Fig. 7B).
53BP1 depletion, but not Nup153 or Nup50 depletion, counteracts PARPi sensitivity in BRCA1-deficient cells. (A) Experimental timeline. Briefly, HeLa cells were treated first with either control or specific siRNA oligonucleotides to deplete 53BP1, Nup153 or Nup50 (siRNA #1), followed 24 h later by treatment with either control or BRCA1-specific siRNAs, as indicated (siRNA #2). The next day, 1−4×103 cells were seeded on 96-well assay plates and treated with increasing concentrations of olaparib for 5 days. At this point, cell viability was assessed using the Cell-Titer Glo assay. (B) Following both siRNA treatments, cells were incubated with 100 µM olaparib and harvested 24 h later for western blot analysis. (C-E) Quantification of cell viability at the indicated olaparib concentrations. Control samples, with and without BRCA1 depletion, are shown in each graph for comparison. Error bars represent the mean and standard deviation of four independent experiments, and curves were fitted using GraphPad Prism.
To further understand the connections between BRCA1, 53BP1, Nup153 and Nup50, and to explore why low levels of Nup153 or Nup50 did not result in PARPi resistance, we examined the response of 53BP1 to DNA damage more directly in control and BRCA1-depleted cells that had been first treated with Nup153 or Nup50 siRNA. In BRCA1-deficient cells, we observed an elevated number of nuclear 53BP1 foci, even without induction of DNA damage following treatment with PARPi (Fig. 8A,B). Following olaparib treatment, BRCA1-deficient cells also responded with higher numbers of 53BP1 foci (Fig. 8C,D). Depletion of Nup153 concurrently with BRCA1 resulted in some reduction of 53BP1 foci formation but, overall, this response remained robust, reaching the levels seen in cells that had been exposed only to control siRNA (∼25 foci per cell). Depletion of Nup50 in the setting of BRCA1 deficiency did little to the efficiency of 53BP1 foci formation following olaparib exposure. These results indicate that intranuclear 53BP1 targeting can occur independently of Nup153 and Nup50 and in the absence of BRCA1. This 53BP1 response status is consistent with the BRCA1-deficient cells being refractory to changes in Nup153 and Nup50 levels in PARPi sensitivity assays (Fig. 7D,E), where 53BP1 is thought to generate toxic consequences of PARP inhibition (Jaspers et al., 2013). Similarly, BRCA1 depletion conferred independence from Nup153 and Nup50 with respect to 53BP1 recruitment to foci following etoposide treatment (Fig. 8E,F). Notably, these conditions do not simply reveal a general enhancement of 53BP1 focal intensity when BRCA1 is reduced, because we did not detect a difference in the fluorescence intensity of foci in the absence and presence of BRCA1 unless Nup153 or Nup50 was also depleted (Fig. S3C).
53BP1 focal targeting in response to PARPi or etoposide is insensitive to Nup153 or Nup50 levels when cells are deficient in BRCA1 or BARD1. (A,C,E) U2OS cells were treated according to the experimental timeline described for Fig. 7A, with the modification that cells were fixed and analyzed for the formation of 53BP1 foci (green) either 24 h after addition of DMSO (A; no damage) or 100 µM olaparib (C), or 30 min after treatment with 20 µM etoposide (E). Induction of DNA damage was confirmed by the presence of either MDC1-positive or γ-H2AX-positive foci (not shown). Scale bars: 20 µm. (B,D,F) Quantification of the average number of 53BP1 foci per cell upon addition of DMSO (B), olaparib (D) or etoposide (F) after treatment with the indicated siRNA oligonucleotides. Error bars represent the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments where >100 cells were scored. *P<0.01, **P<0.005, ***P<0.001; n.s., not significant; compared to control siRNA within each group (black bars), except in B, where siControl-siControl treatment is compared with siControl-siBRCA1 or siControl-siBARD1 treatment (Student's t-test).
We next asked whether Nup153 and Nup50 have a specific connection to BRCA1 function or whether the role of these nucleoporins in the DNA damage response is connected to a more general requirement for functional HR repair. To this end, we examined how levels of Nup153 and Nup50 affect DNA damage response when cells are deficient in BRCA2 activity. BRCA2, named for its discovery as the second gene connected to genetic predisposition to breast cancer, is a distinct protein which has a role downstream of BRCA1 in the HR repair pathway (Moynahan et al., 2001; Tutt et al., 2001). Cells deficient in BRCA2 are similar to BRCA1-deficient cells in their sensitivity to inhibition of PARP activity (Farmer et al., 2005) (Fig. S3). However, when tested in the visual assay for 53BP1 foci formation, BRCA2-deficient cells differed from BRCA1-deficient cells in that they depended on Nup153 and Nup50 activity in order to execute the response of 53BP1 foci formation following exposure to either PARPi or etoposide (Fig. 8C-F). These results underscore that BRCA1 status, but not that of HR repair in general, dictates sensitivity to decreased levels of Nup153 or Nup50. Supporting this conclusion, treatment of cells with mirin, a small-molecule inhibitor of the exonuclease activity of the Mre11−Rad50−Nbs1 (MRN1) complex, which plays a role in DNA resection during HR repair (Dupré et al., 2008), was not sufficient to restore 53BP1 recruitment in cells depleted of Nup153 or Nup50 (Fig. S3D).
BRCA1 works in concert with its cofactor BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) − which is required for the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of BRCA1 − to facilitate displacement of 53BP1 from damaged chromatin (Densham et al., 2016; Densham and Morris, 2017). We tested whether depletion of BARD1 and the consequent impairment of BRCA1 ubiquitin ligase activity, is sufficient to override the requirement of Nup153 and Nup50 for 53BP1 localization. We found that BARD1-deficient cells displayed a phenotype that is strikingly similar to that of BRCA1-deficient cells – 53BP1 focal recruitment after treatment with either olaparib or etoposide was independent of Nup153 or Nup50 levels (Fig. 8; Fig. S3E). Together, our results point to the function of the BRCA1–BARD1 complex in preventing accumulation of 53BP1 at sites of DNA damage as the specific node in DNA damage response where Nup153 and Nup50 have a previously unappreciated counteracting role.
The results reported here provide novel insight into 53BP1 regulation during DNA damage response and are consistent with a model in which Nup153 and Nup50 normally promote 53BP1 targeting by opposing BRCA1-dependent events. Consequently, when levels of Nup153 or Nup50 are low, 53BP1 recruitment to double-strand breaks is impaired in a BRCA1-dependent manner. These observations further underscore the antagonism between BRCA1 and 53BP1 and, for the first time, place Nup153 and Nup50 in a molecular pathway that regulates this cross-talk. Integrating our results with previous reports defines at least three distinct steps at which Nup153 influences the response to DNA damage; in addition to previously reported roles in 53BP1 nuclear import (Moudry et al., 2012) and in miRNA export (Wan et al., 2013), Nup153 promotes the intranuclear targeting of 53BP1 that is initiated immediately following DNA damage.
We also define for the first time the requirement for Nup50 in 53BP1 intranuclear targeting and demonstrate that loss of Nup50 binding impairs the role of Nup153 in this context. Indeed, Nup50 appears to be the critical nucleoporin with respect to delivery of 53BP1 to damage foci, as elevated levels of Nup50 rescue this activity in cells depleted of Nup153; overexpression of Nup153, in contrast, does not rescue this phenotype in Nup50-depleted cells. Cytoplasmic 53BP1 is still detected in Nup153-depleted cells that express elevated levels of Nup50, indicating that Nup50 does not play a role in 53BP1 import. Under these circumstances, nuclear concentrations of 53BP1 seem to be sufficient to restore focal recruitment − this was also the case in cells co-depleted of BRCA1 and Nup153, in which 53BP1 foci form in response to DNA damage despite persistence of the nuclear import defect. Consistent with a role for Nup50 specifically in intranuclear targeting of 53BP1, we noticed that Nup153 deletion variants that lack the ability to bind Nup50 retain the ability to rescue 53BP1 import, despite being impaired with respect to restoring 53BP1 recruitment to damage foci.
As many NPC proteins have been discovered to be multi-functional, understanding their different roles and determining whether these are distinct presents an experimental challenge. In this study, roles for Nup153 in the DNA damage response were uncoupled from each other. Complementing the information from depletion-rescue experiments discussed above, we found that a potent nuclear localization signal can rescue impaired import of 53BP1 following depletion of Nup153, but can not overcome the defect in targeting to damage foci. Furthermore, the rapid kinetics of this requirement for Nup153 make it unlikely to be due to its role in miRNA export (Wan et al., 2013) following DNA damage. Moreover, the role for Nup153 and Nup50 in 53BP1 intranuclear targeting is not attributable to previously discovered connections between these nucleoporins and the regulation of cytokinesis (Mackay et al., 2009, 2010) because (1) DNA damage response defects are prevalent in the cell population (>80%), whereas a delay at cytokinesis affects only 15−20% of cells in an otherwise asynchronous population and, (2) Nup50 depletion has only minor effects at the time of cytokinesis (Mackay et al., 2010), yet its depletion leads to equivalent defects in the DNA damage response compared to depletion of Nup153.
A common theme in recruitment of DNA damage response factors to sites of damage is the involvement of several layers of posttranslational modification, including phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and SUMOylation (Dantuma and van Attikum, 2016). In yeast, the NPC basket component Nup60 is required to maintain correct SUMOylation status of several DNA repair proteins through regulation of the Ulp1 SUMO protease (Palancade et al., 2007). As Nup153 is known to interact with the SUMO proteases SENP1 and SENP2 (Chow et al., 2012; Hang and Dasso, 2002; Zhang et al., 2002), modulation of SUMO status is clearly one way in which Nup153 could influence the DNA damage response. Consistent with this, a paper published while this manuscript was in review reports a role for Nup153, in conjunction with SENP1, in promoting the SUMOylation of 53BP1 (Duheron et al., 2017). Notably, this function did not involve Nup50, suggesting that it relates to the Nup50-independent role Nup153 plays in promoting the robust import of 53BP1, or that the partnership between SENP1 and Nup153 contributes in yet another distinct manner to the DNA damage response.
Additionally, Nup153 and Nup50 are known to associate with chromatin (Ibarra et al., 2016; Jacinto et al., 2015; Kalverda et al., 2010) and – in the case of Nup153 – to promote certain chromatin modifications (Jacinto et al., 2015). While Nup153 and Nup50 do not accumulate at sites of DNA damage (Fig. S2), their distribution on the genome or their ability to transiently associate, may underlie a role in locally modulating the chromatin environment in response to DNA damage in a manner that allows 53BP1 binding. It also remains possible that Nup153 and Nup50 are required for nuclear import of an additional factor important for 53BP1 accumulation at damage sites. For instance, a recent study reported that mislocalization of Nup153 owing to aberrant expression of prelamin A results in defective nuclear import of 53BP1 through disruption of the Ran gradient (Cobb et al., 2016). However, our results, as well as those from Moudry et al., indicate that several well-characterized players in the DNA damage response, including γ-H2AX, MDC1, RNF8 and RNF168 are correctly recruited after Nup153 depletion (Moudry et al., 2012). Furthermore, depletion of Nup153 or Nup50 has little effect on general nuclear import or other aspects of NPC function (Buchwalter et al., 2014; Jacinto et al., 2015; Mackay et al., 2009, 2010).
An emerging model that may explain the mutual antagonism between 53BP1 and BRCA1 points toward the ubiquitylation of the nucleosomal subunit histone H2A as a node of regulation (Densham et al., 2016). In response to DNA damage, ubiquitylation of histone H2A is catalyzed, in part, by the E3 ligase activity of BRCA1 in association with its requisite cofactor BARD1, leading to recruitment of the chromatin remodeler SMARCAD1 (Densham et al., 2016; Kalb et al., 2014). Consequently, localized remodeling of the chromatin is thought to result in displacement of 53BP1 from the chromatin. Our observation that BARD1 depletion is sufficient to override the requirement of Nup153 and Nup50 for 53BP1 targeting suggests that this regulatory mechanism is influenced by these nucleoporins, although other functions of BARD1, such as in maintaining BRCA1 stability (Fabbro et al., 2004), are not ruled out. Further studies are needed to integrate the roles of Nup153 and Nup50, and BRCA1–BARD1 in controlling recruitment of 53BP1 to repair foci.
In addition to sparking new mechanistic questions, the results presented here can be considered in a clinical context as well. 53BP1 is actively being explored as a biomarker to help predict whether BRCA1- or BRCA2-deficient tumors will respond to PARPi treatment (Pennington et al., 2013). Low or absent 53BP1 levels, or downstream effectors of 53BP1 such as REV7 and RIF1, are associated with poor response or resistance to PARPi in both preclinical and in vitro models, underscoring the reliance of this treatment on a robust NHEJ repair pathway (Chapman et al., 2013; Escribano-Diaz et al., 2013; Jaspers et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2015; Zimmermann and de Lange, 2014). All of these models use BRCA1 deficiency as the experimental paradigm. Our results clarify that, while 53BP1 is important in this setting, levels of Nup153 and Nup50 are not critical to the response to PARPi in BRCA1-deficient cells. When we tested the requirement for 53BP1 in cellular toxicity following PARPi treatment of BRCA2-deficient cells, surprisingly, olaparib sensitivity did not necessarily require 53BP1 (Fig. S3). This challenge to the simple paradigm that PARPi toxicity always relies on NHEJ may be explained by other activities that have been ascribed to PARP enzymes (Gibson and Kraus, 2012; Gibson et al., 2016) or a route of NHEJ that does not rely on 53BP1. Nonetheless, it suggests that Nup153 and Nup50 − like 53BP1 − are not prime determinants of the response to PARPi in BRCA2-deficient tumors. The clinical scope of PARPi therapy is widening. PARPi is emerging as an effective treatment for not only a subset of breast and ovarian tumors but also (among others) prostate, pancreas and hematologic cancers, where defects in HR repair – not necessarily attributed to BRCA1 or BRCA2 deficiency – render them sensitive (Mateo et al., 2015; Ricks et al., 2015; Weston et al., 2010; Williamson et al., 2012). HR repair activity can also be disrupted pharmacologically by targeting signaling molecules such as ATM and ATR (Huehls et al., 2012; Konstantinopoulos et al., 2015; McCabe et al., 2006). Levels of Nup153 and Nup50 might be relevant in such settings if a robust 53BP1 response is required to mediate PARPi toxicity. Levels of Nup153 and Nup50 might also influence tumor response to other long-standing therapeutic strategies in oncology, such as treatment with cisplatin or even etoposide, both of which work by inducing DNA damage. The results reported here contribute to efforts to have a biomarker analysis that incorporates knowledge of pathway circuitry in order to predict therapeutic response with precision.
U2OS and HeLa cells (not recently authenticated or tested for contamination) were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle’s medium (Thermo Fisher, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% FBS at 37°C, 5% CO2. DNA damage was induced by incubation with 20 µM etoposide (Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX) for 30−120 min, as indicated in figure legends. In Figs 7 and 8, DNA damage was induced by treatment with 100 µM olaparib (ApexBio, Houston, TX) for 24 h. Where indicated, mirin (Millipore, Temecula, CA) was used at a concentration of 30 µM for 16 h before induction of DNA damage.
Transfection of siRNA
siRNA transfections were performed using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Thermo Fisher) according to manufacturer's instructions. siRNA sequences used are as follows: siControl (Mackay et al., 2009); siNup153-a (153-2) (Mackay et al., 2009); siNup153-b (153-1) (Mackay et al., 2009); siNup50-a (Ogawa et al., 2010); siNup50-b (J-012369-11-0005): 5′-GAAUAAUUGUGGACGGUACtt-3′ (Thermo Fisher); siTpr-a (Mackay et al., 2010); siTpr-b (HS_TPR_4): 5′-GGGUGAAGAUAGUAAUGAAtt-3′ (Qiagen, Valencia, CA); si53BP1: 5′-GAAGGACGGAGUACUAAUAtt-3′ (Tang et al., 2013); siBRCA1: 5′-AGAUAGUUCUACCAGUAAAtt-3′ (Tang et al., 2013); siBRCA2: 5′-GGAUUAUACAUAUUUCGCAtt-3′ (Moudry et al., 2016); siBARD1: 5′-UGGUUUAGCCCUCGAAGUAAGtt-3′ (Densham et al., 2016). The ‘a’ set of oligonucleotides was used in the illustrations in all figures except for Fig. S1, where the ‘b’ set was used to confirm target specificity.
Plasmids and stable cell lines
GFP-53BP1 was constructed using the mCherry-53BP1 plasmid (Dimitrova et al., 2008) (Addgene, Cambridge, MA) by replacing mCherry with GFP from the EGFP-N1 plasmid (Clontech, Mountain View, CA). GFP-53BP1-NLS was generated by adding a strong canonical NLS sequence (5′-PKKKRKV-3′) in-frame at the 3′-end of GFP-53BP1 using PCR. Nup153Δ450-609-GFP was generated by PCR using the Nup153-GFP plasmid as template. Cell lines stably expressing GFP-53BP1, GFP-53BP1-NLS, Nup153-GFP (Mackay et al., 2009), Nup50-GFP (Makise et al., 2012) and the Nup50-binding deficient variants of Nup153 were generated by transfecting the respective plasmids into U2OS cells using Lipofectamine LTX (Thermo Fisher) or Lipofectamine 3000 (Thermo Fisher) and selecting with 500 µg/ml G418.
Immunofluorescence, immunoblots and antibodies
In general, cells were fixed for immunofluorescence analysis by either incubation in −20°C methanol for 10 min or 4% paraformaldehyde/PBS for 20 min at room temperature (RT), followed by incubation in PBS+0.5% Triton X-100. Antibody incubations were at RT for 2 h or at 4°C overnight in blocking solution (3% FBS+0.05% Triton in PBS). The following antibodies were used: 53BP1 (sc-22760; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX; 1:1000); 53BP1 (MAB3802, Millipore; 1:2000); MDC1 (P2B11; Millipore; 1:500); γ-H2AX (JBW301; Millipore; 1:500); RIF1 (A300-569A; Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomery, TX; 1:500); Rad51 (ab133534; Abcam, Cambridge, MA; 1:1000); GFP (ab290; Abcam; 1:2000); Nup153 (SA1, provided by Brian Burke, Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore; 1:100); Nup50 (Mackay et al., 2010) (1:100); cyclin A (sc-271682; Santa Cruz Biotechnology; 1:1000). Secondary antibodies were purchased from Thermo Fisher. Coverslips were mounted in Fluromount-G+DAPI (Southern Biotech, Birmingham, AL). Images were acquired with a Zeiss Axioskop2 microscope equipped with a 63× PlanApo (N.A. 1.4) objective. Fluorescence intensity measurements and 53BP1 foci quantification were performed using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Briefly, nuclei were identified in the DAPI channel and manually selected as a region of interest. The ‘Find Maxima’ function in ImageJ was then used on each region of interest in the 53BP1 channel to count the number of foci.
Samples for western blot were lysed in NP-40 lysis buffer [50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 15 mM MgCl2, 1% Nonidet P-40, 60 mM β-glycerophosphate, 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM sodium vanadate, 100 μM PMSF and 0.1 Mm NaF, 1× Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Roche, Indianapolis, IN)]. Cleared lysates were then separated by SDS-PAGE, and transferred to PVDF membrane. Membranes were blocked in LI-COR blocking buffer and probed with primary antibodies according to manufacturer's instructions (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE). The following antibodies were used (if different from above): Tpr (IHC-00099; Bethyl Laboratories; 1:2000); BRCA1 (sc-6954; Santa Cruz Biotechnology; 1:200); BRCA2 (OP95; Millipore; 1:500); α-tubulin (YL1/2; Accurate Chemical & Scientific Corp., Westbury, NY; 1:2000); BARD1 (A300-263A; Bethyl Laboratories; 1:1000). Following incubation with LI-COR secondary antibodies, protein levels were detected using an Odyssey scanner (LI-COR). Alternatively, select immunoblots were instead probed with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Thermo Fisher), incubated with Western Lightning Plus ECL reagent (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA), and exposed to film.
GFP-trap assay
Cell lysates prepared from cells expressing the indicated GFP-fusion proteins were prepared as described above. 500 μg of cell lysate was incubated with 10 µl of GFP-trap A beads (Chromotek) for 30 min at 4°C with rotation. Beads were then washed and bound proteins eluted with 2×SDS-PAGE loading dye.
Cell viability assay
HeLa cells were treated first with either control or specific siRNA oligonucleotides to deplete 53BP1, Nup153 or Nup50 (siRNA #1), followed 24 h later by treatment with either control or BRCA1-specific siRNAs, as indicated (siRNA #2). 48 h after the first siRNA transfection, 1−4×103 cells were seeded on 96-well assay plates and treated 24 h later with increasing concentrations of olaparib (1 nM−100 µM) for 5 days. Cell viability was assessed using the Cell-Titer Glo assay (Promega, Madison, WI) according to manufacturer's instructions. The surviving fraction was calculated by comparing the luminescence at each olaparib concentration to that of samples without olaparib. Best-fit curves were generated using GraphPad Prism 6 (GraphPad Prism Software, La Jolla, CA).
We thank Trudy Oliver and Srividya Bhaskara for helpful comments and Masaki Makise and Jameieka Price for technical assistance.
The authors declare no competing or financial interests.
Conceptualization: D.R.M., T.L.W., K.S.U.; Methodology: D.R.M.; Formal analysis: D.R.M., K.S.U.; Investigation: D.R.M., A.C.H.; Writing - original draft: D.R.M., K.S.U.; Writing - review & editing: D.R.M., T.L.W., K.S.U.; Supervision: D.R.M.; Project administration: K.S.U.; Funding acquisition: K.S.U.
This work was supported by the Progeria Research Foundation (#PRF-2013-48), the Huntsman Cancer Foundation, and the Women's Cancer Disease Oriented Team at the Huntsman Cancer Institute.
Supplementary information available online at http://jcs.biologists.org/lookup/doi/10.1242/jcs.203513.supplemental
Accepted July 24, 2017.
© 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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Home / 2019 / August / 3rd (Saturday)
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U.S. Secretary of Defense Mark Esper says he wants to see American ground-based intermediate-range conventional missiles deployed to Asia. Speaking to reporters on his first international trip as head of the Defense Department, Esper said the weapons were important due to the “the great distances” covered in the Indo-Pacific region….
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Collapsing California Cliff Claims 3 Lives Along Beach
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Heavenly Kailash Mansarovar
by Anita Kainthla | Aug 10, 2014 | Lifestyle, Travel | 0 comments
Kailash Manasarovar—two words, two names, one pilgrimage—and means more than a name, more than even a pilgrimage for followers of five of the world’s major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and Bon.
The Hindus believe that Lord Shiva is the creator of the universe and Mount Kailash is his abode.
According to the Jainist belief, Lord Rishabha traveled to Mount Kailash to engage in a spiritual quest and he gained liberation in front of Kailash.
Guru Nanak Dev—the founder of Sikhism and first in the line of the ten illustrious Sikh Gurus—met and had an extensive dialogue with the Siddhas (ascetics) there. This dialogue has been compiled into a text called the Siddh Gosht.
The indigenous Tibetan Swastika Bon religion propounds that Mount Kailash and Manasarovar are the holy lands, which were consecrated by its founder Thonpa Shenrab Miwo who lived, taught and disseminated the religion from this location.
For Buddhists, Mount Kailash is known as “Mt Meru,” the mythical image of the King of Mountains, positioned at the center of the universe.
My pilgrimage began when I became a member of the Isha Yoga foundation in Coimbatore, India. Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev, the spiritual master and founder of this organization was the inspiration and sole reason for me to undertake this journey. I boarded the Mumbai-Kathmandu flight, dizzy with a sense of a deeper spiritual yearning and sheer excitement.
At the Solatee Crowne Plaza Hotel in Kathmandu the entire Isha group traveling to Kailash Manasarovar got together—a 120 strong contingent. After the introductions, some from the group ventured into the city, visiting ancient temples or shopping at the Thamel market. I preferred to sleep off a headache. The hotel is considered one of the best in Kathmandu. It’s tranquil gardens made it seem like a haven among the hustle and bustle of the city, though the interior furnishings could have done with some uplift.
The next day began with a visit to the Pashupatinath temple, the ancient Shiva (Pashupathi is a manifestation of Shiva, meaning Lord of Animals) temple on the banks of the river Bagmati, about a few miles northwest of Kathmandu. The temple is barred to non-Hindus. It is a square pagoda temple with ornate doors. The inner sanctum features a linga with four faces.
From the temple it was a short ride to the ancient town of Patan. Patan is filled with traditional carvings, hand crafted statues and ornate temples. It is one of three royal cities in the Kathmandu valley.
Early the next morning we left Kathmandu in buses headed to Zhangmu (in China), via the Nepalese border hamlet of Kodari. On the way my bus partner and I compared notes about how preprepared we were for the yatra (pilgrimage) ahead. A couple of months prior to the actual journey, the organizers had emailed extensive instructions on the whys and hows of physically preparing for our adventure: yogic practices, brisk walking and jogging were recommended for two months leading to the actual pilgrimage. Immersed in such conversations and entertained by the meandering and roaring River Kosi, we barely realized that Kodari was already at hand.
Scenic, would be insufficient to describe this locale. Located at an altitude of 8,251 feet, the panoramic view of the Himalayas at Kodari is breathtaking. From Kodari in Nepal, to enter into Chinese territory, a “friendship bridge” must be crossed on foot. After passing through passport scrutiny at the bridge, by both Nepalese and Chinese army men and successfully clearing immigration, we crossed over into the Southern Chinese town of Zhangmu.
Standing at about 2,300m (7,546ft.), Zhangmu enjoys a subtropical mild and humid climate, unlike the cold and arid one in the rest of Tibet. Zhangmu, across from Bhote Koshi River, was a night halt for us. Independent travelers should be pre-warned—the Zhangmu PSB won’t give you an Alien Travel Permit to head north into Tibet unless you have a guide, a driver and the mysterious Tibetan Tourism Bureau (TTB) permit!
At Zhangmu, we were joined by our Sherpas, who collected our duffle bags and prepared lunch for the group. For the remainer of our pilgrimage the Sherpas would not only be our luggage carriers but our chefs, waiters, high altitude advisers and friends.
Early the next morning, ably assisted by our “friendly neighborhood” Sherpas, we boarded Chinese tourist buses. It was going to be a long ride, made longer by the winding roads and increasing altitude. We traveled through Saga County, a military town standing at over 16,000 feet and stretching across from the Brahmaputra, which begins its journey from the Jima Yangzong glacier near Mount Kailash.
Saga made us slow down, it made us gasp, it made us feel its altitude. The decreasing air pressure on account of its altitude, made breathing a little harder, but at the hotel our team of dedicated doctors wouldn’t let Saga do us in. Mandatory medical checkups, warm food, cozy rooms, made us realize that Saga might be cold and uncomfortable, but we were well tended.
At Saga is where acclimatization occurs. So we broke journey here for two nights. During this time we shopped for essentials. This was the last stop before we began our climb and hence the last place to shop for the journey ahead. Our guides instructed us to walk with slow small steps, take our daily doses of Diamox, a medication used to fight high altitude sickness and persist with our yogic practices.
The next morning at 6 a.m. it appeared unusually dark, the reason being the Chinese time zone was situated a long distance off at Beijing. This causes a major discrepancy between the sun’s position and the time; our watch might say 6 a.m. but it was actually 4 a.m.
according to the position of the sun! In this confused state of time we left Saga in complete darkness and a dripping sky.
Between Saga and Manasarovar lie 450 Kms (279 miles) and even despite the early hour, the challenging altitude, the wet weather and the cold, the collective anticipation of the group was so thick that it seemed to have an identity of its own. Thus we began the bus ride—Sherpas, duffle bags, backpacks, et al.
Manasarovar is the world’s highest freshwater lake, 90 km (55 miles) in length and stands at an altitude of almost 15,000 ft. Geological survey confirms Manasarovar to be a fragment of the ancient Tethys Sea and of having a mineral density of 400 milligrams per liter.
Somewhere around lunch time, Manasarovar loomed into sight and its limpid blue waters caught our already weak breaths in a cumulative gasp. Chinese disallow private buses to go right up to the lake, but there is a well structured tourist center from where the buses transport the travelers to the lake.
The blue of the lake took on many other hues even as we stood before it in silence and awe. Crying, joining hands in reverence, prostrating and photographing—there was intense activity among our group. And among all this there was the camp site. The Sherpas had done it again! They had pitched tents for our two night stay on the banks of the mystical Manasarovar and prepared a hot meal for us even before we had reached our site. There were the toilet tents, the medical screening, the emergency, the dining and the sleeping tents, all numbered for our convenience. And as if this wasn’t enough, suddenly there he materialized—Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev—my spiritual master, mentor, guide, friend and more. He had just returned from Kailash with another group of Isha meditators.
The rest of the morning, the master was with us, initiating us, talking to us and answering our innumerable queries. For a while, time lost its grip. Dinner that night was a quiet, reverential affair.
The next morning we prayed for the rain to yield and the sun to appear so that we could complete our pilgrimage to Manasarovar with a dip in its waters. Even as we sat on the banks of the lake on the cold, dreary, drizzly morning, there was a miraculous retraction of cloud cover. The sunlight spread itself in a weak haze, enough for us to scramble out of our heavy woolens and into the cold waters of the Manasarovar. Manasarovar resounded with cries of “Shiv Shambo.” We had been strictly instructed not to remain in the icy waters beyond ten minutes and we did not need more.
That night the tents were fervent with packing just enough for a two-day stay at Kailash; the rest of our belongings would reach us later on our way back. From Manasarovar, we boarded the government buses that took us to Yam Dwar via the town of Darchen.
Securing our walking sticks, ponies and porters we began our trek from Yam Dwar to Deraphuk. As instructed we began with small steps, guided by a chant of “Shiv Shambho” to match our strides.
The mighty Kailash stands at almost 22,000 ft, making it one of the highest points of the Himalayan Range. All around this magnificent mystical mountain, the landscape cannot be captured by any device—verbal, written or photographic. One parikrama or circumambulation around the mountain is 52 km (32.31 miles) long and takes about three days.
Our trek had to be shortened, since the previous night it had snowed at Deraphuk. It was considered safe to trek only about 17 kms (10.5 miles) to the north face of Kailash. But no one complained.
Along the way, the makeup of the group shifted and changed. Some trekkers needed medical attention, mostly due to difficulty in breathing. There were many doctors with us and so were oxygen supplies and medications. It took about six hours for the entire group to reach Deraphuk, with some reaching in under four hours and some in over eight hours.
However, despite all the physical complexities that we had endured, the fact that we had caught a brief glimpse of Kailash on the way was all that we chattered about. Most of us managed to capture that transitory view using our cameras and there was an excited sharing of images at the dinner tent.
The “Kailash Hotel” was a two storied barrack styled affair—with no bathrooms or toilets. We had been warned about this. It was cold, dark and overcast when we reached the hotel, but the rooms had warm, cozy beds and the Sherpas had a hot meal ready for us, as usual. Among the excited chattering in the dinner tent, there was a sudden squeal followed by silence and then noise. And then someone explained, “Kailash. North Face.
Clear view.” In a matter of seconds the tent was empty and the entire assemblage was out in the cold, dark night, prostrating, crying, joining hands—Kailash stood unbelievably close, strangely sacred and incredibly majestic.
That night as I crept into bed, the Kailash clearly visible from my window. There was a feeling of having reached—not a place, not a mountain—just an inner destination.
Anita Kainthla is a published writer and poet. She has been nominated for the Pushcart award. She writes features, travel articles and short stories for national and international magazines.
A Treasure Trove
The Cow Rules in Jaisalmer
Visiting the Jains
Chaos and Order in the Sacred and Profane
Love and Lord Krishna
Saved on Mount Shasta
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https://indica.mu/fr/nouvelles/krief
Busty and the Bass
Foreign Diplomats
GrimSkunk
Hein Cooper
Hey Major
Krief
Le Trouble
Rudebecky
The Franklin Electric
Vincent Appelby
Patrick Krief - Dovetale
- Music Street Journal(December 20th 2020)
"The title track is so cool. It has a good energy. It is one of the most decidedly progressive rock based cuts of the whole set. It's also one of the highlights. It does drop to a mellower movement that has hints of the 80s music element that is present throughout much of the set. There is some guitar that calls to mind The Beatles a bit."
SPILL ALBUM REVIEW: PATRICK KRIEF – DOVETALE
- Spill Magazine(January 13th 2020)
"Krief’s self-produced, multi-layered affair, Dovetale is a definite album to listen to in its entirety. Krief should be a household name in the Canadian rock music scene, and hopefully he gets his rightful due, in part to this release, his strongest effort to date."
Patrick Krief - Dovetale - Review by Gary Hill
"The title track is so cool. It has a good energy. It is one of the most decidedly progressive rock based cuts of the whole set. It's also one of the highlights."
Premiere: Krief searches for his ‘Idols’ in new music video
- B-Sides & Badlands(November 6th 2019)
''It’s a smokey kind of elixir, and his aimless musings loop him through a mental haze.'' ''The emotion hangs on his tongue, emitting acidic droplets that burn everything and everyone with which he comes into contact.'' ''“Idols” is a ripe essential from his latest solo record, 2019’s Dovetale.''
Singled Out: Krief's Idols
- Anti Music(July 29th 2019)
"Krief (aka Patrick Krief) tells us about the song "Idols" from his brand new album, "Dovetale," which came out on June 7th."
KRIEF - Dovetale 9/10
- Take Effect Reviews(July 1st 2019)
"An artist with a vast amount of influences, we are treated to shoegaze, dream-pop, rock and folk sounds in his thoughtful craft that encompasses vivid storytelling and plenty of melody. "
"Dovetale" de Krief
- Arte Factos(June 19th 2019)
"When I started recording the songs, I kept telling my wife that it feels like it’s the end of an era. I felt like I was celebrating my previous work by closing it off with this record and trying to get more in touch with my roots as a songwriter. I feel like I’m making one last record this way before moving on to something else."
The Lunchbox: Bondo Picks Patrick Krief
- CHSR 97.9 FM(June 18th 2019)
"This week, Bondo shares the new album called Dovetale by Patrick Krief, and chooses the song Osaka to demonstrate what makes this album special."
Krief shares single “Idols” + new album ‘Dovetale’
- City Sound Check(June 17th 2019)
"The former The Dears guitarist releases his last album of his iconic pop-noir sound and plans to explore new sounds in the future. Dovetale is an 11-track album that features singles "Daydream Lover," "Tonight" and the optimistic single "Idols"."
NEW MUSIC DISCOVERY - 17.06.19
- Mystic Sons(June 17th 2019)
"Canadian frontman showcases his new album with this smooth and upbeat indie-rock croon."
INsiders Guide: Miynt, KYOSi, Patrick Krief, Pink Roses, Fiona Grey, Eden Warsaw, The Band Gooch And Piper Cole
- Outloud Culture(June 15th 2019)
"Dovetale is the new record [...] that emerged from the literal honeymoon phase of Krief's marriage. While domestic bliss doesn’t typically the inspire the kind open-heart poetry and high-octane pop sound that Krief is known for — and his previous release Automanic was an epic double album fuelled by heartbreak and self-destruction — the conception of Dovetale found him at the peak of his game artistically as well as personally."
INTERVIEW: Krief
- Vents Magazine(June 13th 2019)
"The more I think about it the more I see the beginning of an Era. I would love to go outside of my comfort zone on the next one. I don’t want to be a legacy project, spinning my wheels. It’s always risky ostracizing your “fans” with direction changes, but as I have observed it elsewhere, I think it’s better to risk ostracizing than to insult them with the same ole same ole’ .. "
@skopemag news for June 12, 2019 @ 2 pm est
- Skope Mag(June 12th 2019)
“When I started recording the songs, I kept telling my wife that it feels like it’s the end of an era. I felt like I was celebrating my previous work by closing it off with this record and trying to get more in touch with my roots as a songwriter. I feel like I’m making one last record this way before moving on to something else.”
New Music Releases for 7 June 2019
- Noise11(June 7th 2019)
FYI Schedule Of Upcoming Releases, June 7, 2019
- FYI Music News(June 7th 2019)
War - Dovetale
- Beat Blogger(June 3rd 2019)
''"Dovetale" drew its power from joy and bliss, hope and married life. The mix of indie rock and folk pop reaches new heights.'' ''On his new solo record, for which he incidentally recorded all the instruments himself, Patrick Krief finds the essence'' ''Very varied songwriting with pop and rock tops of all kinds meet an audibly rested, better-tempered artist who enjoys his art and is in one of the best stages of his life.''
Q&A: PATRICK KRIEF
- Medleyville(June 3rd 2019)
"Krief expresses a range of emotions on his latest album, Dovetale, due June 7 via Rock Ridge Music. Married for two years, the Montreal-based Krief says he wrote and recorded the songs during what he calls a good period in his life, yet the end result isn’t entirely positive."
- Mystic Sons(May 13th 2019)
"Former Dears guitarist returns with another bold and uplifting indie-pop delight, taken from his new album."
BEST NEW INDIE: 6 SONGS YOU NEED TO DISCOVER THIS WEEK
- Indie88(May 10th 2019)
"The lively, dynamic track builds beautifully with layered, bouncy, guitar-driven instrumentals as Krief’s vocal lines weave in and out of dreamy falsettos."
INDIE88 PREMIERE: KRIEF DROPS NEW VIDEO FOR BLUESY, POETIC TRACK ‘TONIGHT’
- Indie88(May 9th 2019)
''The lively, dynamic track builds beautifully with layered, bouncy, guitar-driven instrumentals as Krief’s vocal lines weave in and out of dreamy falsettos''
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Indie88 Premiere: Moon Logic Share ‘Ashes’
East Coast outfit recently released their debut album
By staff New Releases 07.11.2017
Nova Scotia-based rock outfit Moon Logic released their debut self-produced album, untitled, this past summer. Members Michael MacNeil (vocals, guitar), Shawn Baker (bass, vocals), Taylor MacIvor (drums, vocals), Murray MacIvor (guitar, vocals), and Mike Wilson (keyboards) had been playing together casually for years before making things slightly more formal with a name and a record.
Made up of former members of bands such as Contrived, Folds of Policy, and The Blue Normans, Moon Logic have kept busy this fall performing in support of Wintersleep and Hatchet Lake, while beginning to work towards a follow-up to untitled. Check out their track “Ashes” from their debut below.
Artist: Moon Logic
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Industrifonden
Industrifonden invests in Nextory – the digital book service of the future
Together with private investors and Aggregate Media, Industrifonden is investing SEK 20 million in Nextory AB, which is developing and offering the digital book service of the future. The current owners are also participating in the financing round.
With Nextory’s service, users can read and listen to an unlimited number of digital books for a fixed subscription price. The subscription includes the market’s widest selection of e-books, including a large range of bestsellers.
“The combination of a large selection of titles, modern subscription model and strong team sold us on Nextory. Smartphones and tablets are already established tools to consume film and music. To also read books digitally is a natural step in this development,” says Tore Tolke, Investment Manager at Industrifonden.
At this point e-books account for just one percent of the total Swedish book market – worth SEK 6 billion – but are expected to grow quickly in the coming years. In the US, one of every two books sold is an e-book. There are already services for audible books and magazines in Sweden, but Nextory is the most advanced e-book service in the market.
“Since our start in 2011 we have enhanced our technological platform and created a user-friendly, convenient service. We are now entering a growth stage where we plan to strengthen our position by tapping into Industrifonden’s capital resources, network and experience,” says Nextory CEO Shadi Bitar.
“Our goal is to be the leader in e-books in the Swedish market by offering the best service and largest selection.” Shadi Bitar concludes.
Shadi Bitar, CEO of Nextory AB, phone +46 70 781 74 41, shadi@frescano.se
Paulina Nyquist, Marketing Manager, Nextory AB, phone: +46 70 255 30 82, paulina@frescano.se
Tore Tolke, Investment Manager, Industrifonden, phone: +46 70 424 30 51, tore.tolke@industrifonden.se
About Nextory
Nextory offer a subscription service with unlimited access to both e-books and audio books. In Nextory you will find the market’s widest selection of e-books and audio books, including a large range of bestsellers. You can listen to and read directly with our iOS or Android app. Nextory AB was founded as a subsidiary of Frescano Group, which also includes the companies Svenska Julförlaget and Vår Bazaar. Frescano Group is majority owner of Nextory AB.
About Industrifonden
Industrifonden is one of Sweden’s most experienced and active investors in early-stage tech and life science companies aiming for international growth. We are a long-term partner with about SEK 4 billion in assets and serve as an active owner together with entrepreneurs and co-investors. Our passion is to build lasting value and successful companies. For further information, visit www.industrifonden.com or twitter.com/industrifonden
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This InfoPage in unregistered, if this is your news page register Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party for InfoPages here.
Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party - Latest News [Page 3]
Cannabis Party Releases New Core Principles
Tuesday, 12 August 2014, 9:34 am | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
The principles not only reflect the core values which shaped the party's existing policy but they can also be applied to non-cannabis policies. More >>
ALCP Top-Ten List Ranking Released
The Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party have released their provisional top-ten list rankings: More >>
John Key sends Mixed-Message about Marijuana
Thursday, 7 August 2014, 1:54 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
ALCP are accusing Prime Minister John Key of sending mixed-messages about drugs, after he was asked about medical cannabis on a school visit. More >>
ALCP Election Conference this Weekend
Thursday, 7 August 2014, 12:09 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
The Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party (ALCP) will hold its election year conference over the weekend in Dunedin. More >>
Dunne's shameful attitude the 'real nuisance' says ALCP
Monday, 4 August 2014, 1:43 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
Peter Dunne's attitude towards cannabis is the "real nuisance" to New Zealanders seeking legitimate medicine, says the leader of the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party, Julian Crawford. More >>
ALCP only party to support Charlotte's Web
Friday, 1 August 2014, 11:18 am | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
There has been no support shown for Charlotte's Web by other political parties, Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party leader Julian Crawford says. More >>
ALCP challenges parties to support Charlotte's Web
Friday, 25 July 2014, 2:11 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
The leader of the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party Julian Crawford is calling on all other political parties to state their position on using cannabis oil to treat pediatric epilepsy. More >>
ALCP Announce Justice and Compensation Policy
Monday, 14 July 2014, 1:39 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
The Justice and Corrections budgets will make a saving of well over $100 million annually under ALCP policy. More >>
ALCP Policy supported by 20% of Kiwis
Monday, 30 June 2014, 12:18 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
The Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party is the only political party representing the 20 per cent of New Zealanders who want cannabis legalised. More >>
ALCP Immigration Policy Announcement
Wednesday, 25 June 2014, 4:22 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
Reform is needed to New Zealand's immigration laws, the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party (ALCP) says. The party has called for cannabis convictions to be removed as a barrier to immigration. More >>
ALCP: Three Candidates Selected in Wellington
Wednesday, 11 June 2014, 10:20 am | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
Three candidates have just been announced to stand for the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party in Wellington. Alistair Gregory was chosen as the ALCP candidate for the Wellington Central electorate. More >>
Decriminalisation is Weak Policy - ALCP
Thursday, 5 June 2014, 2:42 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
Decriminalisation of cannabis is a weak choice of policy, according to the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party. More >>
New houses need better building materials
Friday, 30 May 2014, 10:48 am | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
Affordable and energy efficient building materials are needed to ease the housing crisis, the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party says. More >>
Clinical trials of medical cannabis welcomed
Friday, 23 May 2014, 1:45 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
News that the Associate Health Minister is considering allowing a clinical trial of low-THC cannabis on New Zealand patients, is welcomed by the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party. More >>
ALCP Release Shadow Budget Report
Tuesday, 13 May 2014, 12:17 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
Party Leader Julian Crawford said it showed responsible spending and a focus on growth, as well as adding to government revenue. More >>
ALCP Launch Election Campaign on May 3rd!
Friday, 2 May 2014, 1:42 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
The campaign launch for the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party will be held during annual J-Day celebrations on May 3rd. More >>
ALCP welcomes Campbell Live poll result
Thursday, 17 April 2014, 5:35 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
The Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party welcomes last night's Campbell Live poll, saying it is an overdue reality check for public opinion on personal cannabis use. More >>
ALCP Opens Candidate Pool for Nominations
Friday, 28 March 2014, 3:17 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
The Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party has opened nominations for its candidate pool for the 2014 General Election. Existing and new members are invited to state their interest in standing as an electorate or list candidate. More >>
Roy Morgan result excludes Cannabis Party
Tuesday, 25 March 2014, 3:53 pm | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
The Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party could already be on 1% of the vote according to the latest Roy Morgan poll. More >>
ALCP says United Future Website Misleading
Friday, 14 March 2014, 11:19 am | Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party
The Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party is accusing United Future of misleading the public by using a foreign photo to portray apparent supporters, on its website. More >>
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Home Comic Book
MARVEL - BLACK WIDOW: 1ST APPEARANCE (80TH ANNIVERSARY)
Hey true believers it’s the 80th Anniversary of Marvel and to celebrate more new Funko Pops are on the way! First appearance Scarlet Witch, Black W...
MARVEL - CAPTAIN AMERICA
Fun Fact: Cap’s original weapon of choice was a triangular shield that befitted the stars-and-stripes look of the time. However, MLJ Magazines, whi...
MARVEL - DEADPOOL: 1ST APPEARANCE (80TH ANNIVERSARY)
Hey true believers it’s the 80th Anniversary of Marvel and to celebrate more new Funko Pops are on the way! First appearance DEADPOOL, ICEMAN &...
MARVEL - HUMAN TORCH: 1ST APPEARANCE (80TH ANNIVERSARY)
It's Marvel's 80th Anniversary! To celebrate there are brand new Pops featuring 1st appearance of characters Namor The Sub-Mariner & Human Torch!
MARVEL - ICEMAN: 1ST APPEARANCE (80TH ANNIVERSARY)
MARVEL - IRON MAN
Fun Fact: The character made his first appearance in Tales of Suspense #39 (cover dated March 1963), and received his own title in Iron Man #1 (May...
MARVEL - NAMOR: 1ST APPEARANCE (80TH ANNIVERSARY)
MARVEL - SCARLET WITCH: 1ST APPEARANCE (80TH ANNIVERSARY)
MARVEL - SPIDER-MAN
Fun Fact: Peter Parker aka Spider-Man first appeared in the anthology comic book Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) in the Silver Age of Comic Books.
MARVEL - WOLVERINE
Fun Fact: Despite being one of the most recognizable X-Men today, Wolverine actually made his comic book debut in a 1974 issue of The Incredible Hu...
MARVEL - WOLVERINE: 1ST APPEARANCE (80TH ANNIVERSARY)
MARVEL: FANTASTIC FOUR - DOCTOR DOOM
Celebrate the 80th Anniversary of Marvel with brand new Fantastic Four Funko Pops! Click here to see them ALL!
MARVEL: FANTASTIC FOUR - GALACTUS
MARVEL: FANTASTIC FOUR - HUMAN TORCH
MARVEL: FANTASTIC FOUR - INVISIBLE GIRL
MARVEL: FANTASTIC FOUR - MISTER FANTASTIC
MARVEL: FANTASTIC FOUR - MOLE MAN
MARVEL: FANTASTIC FOUR - SILVER SURFER
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cost the amount of money charged or paid for something. [5 definitions]
Costa Rica a country in Central America. San Jose is the capital of Costa Rica.
costly of high cost or value.
costume the type of clothing worn in a particular place or time or by members of a particular group. [2 definitions]
cosy another spelling of cozy.
cot1 a small bed that folds up. [2 definitions]
Cote d'Ivoire a West African country on the Atlantic coast between Ghana and Liberia. The capital of Cote d'Ivoire is Yamoussoukro.
cottage a small house.
cottage cheese a soft, white cheese made of slightly soured skim milk.
cotton a plant that makes soft, white fibers. These fibers are used to make thread or cloth. [5 definitions]
cottonmouth a poisonous North American snake that lives in swamps; water moccasin.
cottontail a kind of rabbit that has brown or gray fur and a fluffy white tail. Cottontails live in North and South America.
cottonwood a North American tree of the poplar family. Cottonwoods grow quickly and bear seeds surrounded by fiber that looks like cotton. [2 definitions]
couch a piece of indoor furniture made for a number of people to sit on at the same time; sofa.
cougar a common name for a puma, a large wild cat with tan fur. Cougars live in many parts of North and South America. They are carnivorous mammals. They are also called mountain lions or panthers.
cough to release air noisily from the lungs. A cough results from illness or from breathing in foreign matter. [4 definitions]
could used to express that there was ability to do something in the past, or that an action or state was possible in the past. [2 definitions]
couldn't shortened form of "could not."
council a group of persons gathered together to discuss or make decisions about public matters. For example, a city council may make laws for or give advice on how to run a city.
counsel help or advice given by an authority or wise person. [3 definitions]
counseling the activity of meeting and talking regularly with someone who can give advice and support in a particular area of life.
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Thala Ajith to play the role of a Cop in upcoming film Valimai?
It is recently reported that Thala Ajith will play the role of a cop in his next, Valimai. Read on to know more.
Saveena Cardoz
Fans of Thala Ajith are beyond excited after it was recently reported that he would star in the upcoming film, tentatively titled Thala 60, and will be seen essaying the role of a cop. It is also reported that Boney Kapoor will bankroll the film helmed by director H Vinoth. While the project was supposed to be commenced earlier, the shooting process was delayed due to unknown reasons. Galatta media who reported that the project was named Valimai and will go on floors on December 13, 2019.
And though the makers of the film haven't decided on a female lead as of yet, the film will hit theatres by April 2020. Ajith at the start of 2019, was seen in the family drama Viswasam which was helmed by Siruthai Siva. And though it clashed with Rajinikanth’s Petta at the box-office, the film didn't fail at the box office. The film also starred Nayanthara in the lead role and it was well-received by the audience. Soon Ajith was seen collaborating with Boney Kapoor for the Tamil remake of Hindi movie Pink, titled as Nerkonda Paarvai. It was to be helmed by H Vinoth of Theeran and Sathuranga Vettai's fame.
Further talking about Valimai, the female lead for the film is yet to be announced. It is speculated that lady superstar Nayanthara may be roped in to play the lead. And though she is currently vacationing with her boyfriend Vignesh Shivan, she was seen meeting Boney Kapoor and a picture of the two have gone viral on social media. Rumours also have it Nayanthara may be seen romancing Ajith in Valimai.
Thala Ajith
Thala Ajith new movies
Thala Ajith upcoming novie
Thala Ajith Thala 60
Thala 60
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Anushka Shetty- The tall and gorgeous beauty queen of South Indian Movies
Rajinikanth talks about his friendship with Amitabh Bachchan & how he looks upto him
Vikram Prabhu & Aishwarya Lekshmi join the cast of Mani Ratnam’s Ponniyin Selvan
Soundarya Rajinikanth's birthday wishes for dad Rajinikanth on 69th birthday!
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Suzanne Crow Elected NFRW Member at Large
2013:at the 37th Biennial NFRW Convention in Louisville, Kentucky, Suzanne Crow of the Mandeville RW Club was elected as Member at Large (Louisiana )
Kudos to LFRW Members!
Faith Peperone (Metro) has been inducted into the Hall of Fame by the Louisiana Center for Women and Government in recognition of her service to the community and commitment to projects to promote good government. This is the second year an LFRW member has been honored. Last year, Lily B Moskal (Acadiana) was recognized for her record of service and accomplishments.
Jena Bush Hager, daughter of former President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush, was the keynote speaker at the event. Jenna is a contributing correspondent to NBC’s “Today” show; the author of “Ana’s Story: A Journey of Hope,” the New York Times bestseller; a school teacher; and, has served as an intern with UNICEF working with some of the most impoverished families around the world.
Co-Chairs of the event were LFRW members Jean Rice (Metro) and Barbara Ballard (Metro). Other members who play prominent roles in the Louisiana Center for Women and Government are Elizabeth Dent (RWBR), State Vice-Chair; Dale Norred (TPRW), Recorder for Region 1; Representative Kay Kellogg Katz (OPWRC); and Peggy Gehbauer (Metro), Executive Director of the Governor’s Office on Women’s Policy.
We're So Proud Of Our Honored LFRW Members!
Stephanie Berault, a member of the Slidell Republican Women and a former three-term Chairman of the St. Tammany Parish Executive Committee of the Republican Party is now the new Executive Director of the HeartGift, of New Orleans. It is a new nonprofit organization that helps children with heart defects get the care that they need. Stephanie was also honored for her work with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.
Michelle Avery, a member of the Professional Republican Women of St. Tammany Parish and Chair of the West St. Tammany Chamber of Commerce, was named one of the Northshore’s Finest 2010, as was Stephanie, for her work for the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.
Alicia Irmscher, also a member of the Professional Republican Women of St. Tammany Parish and Flow’s Campaign Chairman, was select as the chairwoman of the St. Tammany Tourist Commission. Alicia was also named one of the Northshore’s Finest 2010 and is the executive Director of Notification is Prevention commission. Alicia spoke at the NFRW Legislative Day in 2009!
Let’s applaud these members! We are so proud.
Two More LFRW Members Appointed to NFRW Board
LFRW is delighted to report that Andrea Caffery (Franklin RW), and Jackie Glover, (Acadiana RW), have been appointed to serve on NFRW Standing Committees by President Sue Lynch. Andrea will join committee chair Suzanne Crow on the Program Committee, and Jackie will work with committee chair Tonya Stiel on the Membership Committee.
With Jessie Morton as NFRW 4th Vice President, two standing committee chairmen, and state president Argiro Morgan, LFRW has four voting members on the NFRW Board of Directors.
In addition, Linda Vinsanau (SBRW) is a member of both the Fundraising and Americanism Committees, and Argiro serves on the Americanism and Speaker’s Bureau Committees.
LFRW is well represented at the top!
LFRW Nominates Kaitlin Dastugue for the National Pathfinder Scholarship
The Louisiana Federation of Republican Women nominated Kaitlin Dastugue of Mandeville, Louisiana for the NFRW National Pathfinder Scholarship.
The National Pathfinder Scholarship, established in honor of the First Lady Nancy Reagan, is given every year to support young women seeking an undergraduate or postgraduate degree. The winner of the national award will receive a scholarship of $ 2,500 to provide financial assistance for their college or university studies.
Kaitlin, a graduate of St. Scholastica Academy, graduated in May of this year from Emory University in Atlanta in Political Science and Architectural Studies. Her academic work was superior. She also served as President of her sorority, started The Architecture Club at Emory, and was inducted as a member of the Phi Sigma Alpha honor society, the Political Science Honor Society. In the summer of 2009, she interned for the National Trust for Historic Preservation in Washington, DC. She also attended the Summer Program in the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University in 2008.
Kaitlin will enter the University Of Pennsylvania School Of Design in Philadelphia to pursue graduate work in City and Regional Planning and certification in Historic Preservation.
The Louisiana Federation of Republican Women is indeed honored to have Kaitlin Dastugue as our nominee for this prestigious scholarship.
LFRW Members Appointed NFRW Committees...
Six members of LFRW have been appointed to Committees of the NFRW and will be traveling to Oklahoma City in March to attend the NFRW Board Meeting.
Two of our members are Chairs of Standing Committees and have a vote on the NFRW Board - Tonya Stiel and Suzanne Crow. Tonya will head the Membership Committee and our Past President of the LFRW, Suzanne, will lead the Program Committee. Linda Vinsanau will be a member of the Fund Raising Committee, Kristie Thomas will work with Suzanne on the Program Committee, Jackie Glover will be a member of the Membership Committee and our own President, Argiro Morgan, was appointed to the Americanism and the Speaker’s Bureau Committees.
Congratulations to all. We are certain you will make Louisiana proud!
Congressman Rodney Alexander Launches LFRW's Constitution Project
How can we thank Congressman Rodney Alexander adequately? With Gena Gore, our LFRW Regional Vice President (4), Congressman Alexander taught the Constitution to a 5th grade class at Phoenix Magnet School in Alexandria! The children could not have had a more knowledgeable teacher! Nor a more patriotic American!
Congressman Alexander not only taught the class. He purchased the U.S. Constitutions and the teaching materials for each child in the classroom!
We are so proud and so grateful!
Congressman Rodney Alexander – LFRW salutes you for your generosity, your time, your unfailing energy, and most especially your service to our nation!
©2009 Louisiana Federation of Republican Women
PO Box 12728 | New Iberia, LA 70562-2728
Home | Clubs | Membership | Events Calendar | Email List | About LFRW | Photo Album | Contact | Resources
Recommended Reading | LFRW Officers | Member Spotlight | Standing Committees | Special Committees | Awards & Recognitions | Magnolia Club
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Home Tax Law Florida Saint Johns County
Saint Johns County, Florida Tax Lawyers
Find Saint Johns County, Florida Tax Attorneys by City
Saint Augustine Beach
Saint Johns County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 14 years experience
(904) 823-3333 1301 Plantation Island Drive
Tax, Business, Estate Planning and Real Estate
Florida Coastal School of Law and University of Florida Levin College of Law
Jackson Law Group is conveniently located in the heart of St. Augustine, Florida. The firm was founded to provide exemplary legal services to individuals, families, businesses, and community associations in St. Johns County and neighboring areas. We are a community based law firm built upon trust.
Each of our attorneys has a particular focus and skill set to deliver exceptional service in matters of litigation and transactional law. Two of our lawyers hold post-doctoral Master of Laws (LL.M.) degrees in Taxation, enabling us to counsel clients through tax consequences relating to income and transactions.
We are committed to taking a strategic and...
Matthew T. Harrod
(904) 473-4995 822 A1A North
Free ConsultationTax, Business, Estate Planning and Probate
University of Miami School of Law and The Ohio Northern University Pettit College of Law
Lynn M. Salvatore
(904) 230-0778 111 Nature Walk Parkway
Tax, Arbitration & Mediation, Criminal Defense and Estate Planning
Jason Edward Havens
Duval County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 19 years experience
(904) 353-2000 50 N Laura St
Tax, Estate Planning and Probate
Regent University School of Law, University of Miami School of Law and University of Tennessee College of Law
Jason E. Havens is a Partner at Holland & Knight LLP, practicing in its Jacksonville (also serving Ponte Vedra Beach) and Tallahassee (also serving Destin, Santa Rosa Beach, and Rosemary Beach) locations. He specializes in complex estate and charitable gift planning (domestic and international), probate/trust administration, and probate/trust litigation for affluent individuals and families and on behalf of charitable organizations. He is admitted to practice law in Florida and Tennessee. Mr. Havens received his LL.M. in International Taxation from Regent University, his LL.M. in Estate Planning from the University of Miami, his J.D. from the University of...
Ronald Cutler
Duval County, FL Tax Law Attorney with 43 years experience
2565 Herschel St.
When you have a tax matter pending with the IRS or the state Department of Revenue, you need legal representation from an attorney who is knowledgeable and experienced in your particular legal issue. Ronald Cutler is a licensed attorney, Certified Public Accountant, and former Special Agent for the FBI who has been handling state and federal tax matters for over 40 years. Whatever issue you are dealing with, chances are that Ronald Cutler has dealt with it before and knows how to help you achieve a successful resolution of your tax problem.
Denise Marie McBride
Flagler County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 15 years experience
(386) 864-9805 PO BOX 350324
University of Florida, Fredric G. Levin College of Law
John Richard Crawford
(904) 398-0900 1200 Riverplace Blvd
Tax, Business, Elder and Estate Planning
Lara A. Mason
Duval County, FL Tax Law Attorney
(904) 565-1421 1809 Art Museum Drive
Tax, Elder, Estate Planning and Family
Katherine Barski
Sumter County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 24 years experience
(855) 473-1818 8564 E. County Road 466, Suite 102
Katherine Barski is an associate attorney with the Central Florida law firm of Bogin, Munns & Munns. Her primary areas of practice are Estate planning, Probate, Litigation, Elder Law, and Real Estate. She received her M.B.A. from Nova Southeastern University (1993) and her J.D. from Loyola University New Orleans School of Law (1996). Ms. Barski has held the distinction of SuperLawyer since 2016.
S. I. Valbh
Volusia County, FL Tax Law Attorney with 23 years experience
(855) 473-1818 687 Beville Road, Suite A
Daytona, FL 32119
Tax, Business, Estate Planning and Probate
Georgetown University Law Center and Drake University Law School
S.I. Valbh is an Of Counsel attorney for the Central Florida law firm of Bogin, Munns & Munns. He specializes in Business Law, Estate Planning & Probate Law, Tax Law, Civil Litigation, and Commercial Litigation.
He received his B.S. from Florida State University, double-majoring in Finance and Accounting (1994). He earned his J.D. from Drake University College of Law (graduating With Honors in 1997) and his LL. M from the Georgetown University Law Center (graduating With Distinction in 1998).
Mr. Valbh assists with Estate and Trust Administration, Business and Commercial Transactions, Corporate and Partnership Tax Planning, and representation before the...
Robert MacDonald
Orange County, FL Tax Law Attorney with 39 years experience
(855) 473-1818 1000 Legion Place
University of Florida Fredric G. Levin College of Law
Robert S. MacDonald is a Business Law attorney for the Central Florida law firm of Bogin, Munns & Munns. Mr. MacDonald's practice areas include Tax Law, Estate Planning, Wills, Trusts, Real Estate, Business Formation, LLC Formation, and more. He has practiced law for over 30 years, and is a graduate of the University of Florida, Fredric G. Levin College of Law.
Brian Michael Walsh
Orange County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 14 years experience
(407) 259-2426 105 E. Robinson Street
University of Miami School of Law and Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University
Thomas Robert Rogers
Seminole County, FL Tax Law Attorney with 43 years experience
(800) 869-1680 Sweetwater Square, Suite 102
900 Fox Valley Drive
Free ConsultationTax, Business and Estate Planning
Richard Martin Nazareth II
Orange County, FL Tax Law Attorney
(407) 394-9568 625 E COLONIAL DR
Free ConsultationTax, Bankruptcy, Business and Criminal Defense
The Nazareth Law Firm is a boutique law firm which concentrates the majority of its practice on consumer bankruptcy and commercial litigation. We strive to provide our clients with the highest quality legal services. This website is dedicated to providing our clients with answers to nearly all their personal bankruptcy questions and concerns. However, please feel free to call any of our attorneys to schedule a consultation if further information is needed before filing bankruptcy or weighing your financial and legal options. We are centrally located in downtown Orlando and specialize in serving debtors out of the Federal Middle District of Florida...
Austin Aaronson
Ext. 1003 2180 W. State Road 434
Tax, Consumer and Real Estate
Attorney Aaronson has over thirty years in representing clients in contract related disputes, including timeshare cases. He has the highest ethical rating through Martindale-Hubbell©. He graduated with a B.S. with honors from the University of Florida in 1982, and a J.D. from Stetson University College of Law in 1987, Florida’s first law school. He has extensive experience practicing business and consumer contract law, with a particular emphasis on litigating consumer related disputes, including tax related issues.
Sam W. Boone Jr.
Alachua County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 41 years experience
(352) 374-8308 4545 NW 8th Avenue
Suite "A"
Tax, Elder and Estate Planning
Daniel C. Friedel
Alachua County, FL Tax Law Attorney with 9 years experience
(352) 224-2102 11 NW 33RD CT
Florida Tax Attorney, Daniel C. Friedel, Esq., is the managing attorney of Friedel Law Group LLC and double Gator alumni of the University of Florida.
Prior to founding Friedel Law Group LLC, and specializing in helping taxpayers with their IRS and Florida Department of Revenue problems, Daniel practiced civil law litigation in Gainesville, FL. He represented clients in a diverse range of legal matters including contract disputes, professional malpractice, and wrongful foreclosure defense.
Daniel received his undergraduate degree in business, cum laude and his law degree, cum laude from the University of Florida. He is a member of the Florida...
Thomas S. Shigo Jr.
(888) 338-1988 4001 W Newberry Road
Suite E-IV
Lorie L Chism
Nassau County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 18 years experience
(904) 261-5618 960185 Gateway Blvd Suite 203
Florida Coastal L.S.
Lorie is an attorney licensed to practice in Florida and Georgia and is also a Certified Public Accountant. Lorie's practice involves advising high net worth indivdiuals and small to mid size companies.
Trevor K Brewer
(407) 660-2964 237 Lookout Pl Ste 100
Tax, Business, Estate Planning and Securities
Since 2000, I have helped business owners, professionals, and other people understand how the law affects them, their businesses, and their families, I have helped them deal with problems, and I have helped them realize opportunities. I've helped people with a wide range of legal matters including business ownership, mergers and acquisitions, private placements, commercial transactions, joint ventures, business succession planning, wills, trusts and estate planning, estate tax planning, asset protection planning, trust administration, probate administration, and federal and state taxation.
Nora Lynn Hardy
(407) 843-8880 301 E. Pine Street, Suite 1400
Einar George Ortiz
Marion County, FL Tax Law Attorney with 40 years experience
(352) 732-2000 1515 E Silver Springs Blvd
The Cascades, Suite 204
Sarah Martello
Alachua County, FL Tax Law Lawyer
(352) 672-0112 11 NW 33rd Ct.
Charlotte A. Erdmann
(407) 347-4701 33 East Robsinson Street, Suite 219
Palm Beach County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 9 years experience
(800) 778-2741 777 South Flagler Drive
West Tower - Suite 800
Free ConsultationTax
If you are being threatened by the IRS, it is a serious situation that requires quick action. We can provide you with the expert assistance you need.
Chad C. Silver, Managing Partner of Silver Tax Group is one of the most aggressive and respected tax attorneys in the United States. He specializes in tax defense work and has achieved numerous successes for his clients. Focusing his practice exclusively on tax matters, he provides representation in matters involving IRS audits and negotiates settlements and compromises with the agency on behalf of his clients. Mr. Silver also handles litigation in the United States...
Phillip B. Rarick J.D.
Broward County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 26 years experience
(954) 861-1426 2853 Executive Park Dr
Indiana University - Indiana University/Purdue University at Indianapolis
EXPERIENCE Attorney Phil Rarick has 30 years of experience in both private and public legal work. Mr. Rarick concentrates in the fields of estate planning (wills and trusts), asset protection, probate, and business law. Integrated asset protection with an estate plan designed to protect wealth and secure tax advantages are a primary focus of his practice. He is an active member of the Elder Law Section of the Florida Bar, and the Real Property, Probate and Trust Law section of the Florida Bar Association. Mr. Rarick is the primary writer and editor for the Miami Trusts & Probate Alert newsletter...
Stephen Stallings
Miami-Dade County, FL Tax Law Attorney with 27 years experience
(786) 257-2770 601 Brickell Key Drive
Tax, Health Care, Securities and White Collar Crime
Stephen S. Stallings is an experienced trial lawyer with over two decades of public and private experience providing counsel in False Claims Act/qui tam matters, white collar defense, commercial and securities litigation, FCPA, corporate compliance and internal investigations. He frequently serves as lead trial counsel in complex federal cases.
Mr. Stallings served for over seven years as an Assistant United States Attorney for the U.S. Department of Justice, where he prosecuted fraud and public corruption matters through investigation, indictment, trial and appeal in the U.S. Attorney's Offices for the Southern District of Florida in Miami and the Western District of...
Mary King
Sarasota County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 26 years experience
(941) 906-7585 3389 Magic Oak Lane
Tax, Estate Planning, Probate and Real Estate
Mary E. King, Attorney At Law As a dedicated IRS Tax defense attorney Mary has been helping clients get tax debt relief by negotiating currently non-collectible status, offers in compromise, installment agreements, innocent spouse relief, audits, removing levies, releasing liens, and negotiating penalty abatement. Mary's career as a IRS tax attorney began in 1993 after graduating from Stetson University College of Law. She graduated from the University of Florida with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Degree in 1988 and a Master of Business Administration Degree in Finance from Wake Forest University, Babcock Graduate School of Management...
Brad Gould
Saint Lucie County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 18 years experience
(772) 464-7700 1903 South 25th Street
I am a Florida Bar board certified tax attorney who serves as a trusted counselor to businesses and individuals in the full range of corporate, tax and estate planning matters for nearly 20 years. My clients include closely held businesses, business owners and their families, individuals, trustees and personal representatives.
My experience includes guiding business owners through all stages of the company’s life cycle, from formation and governance to mergers, sales and succession planning to addressing the various and complex legal issues that arise in a business's day-to-day operations. I also counsel business owners on their relationships with their entities...
Seth Daniel Lubin
(954) 660-3556 2625 Weston Road
Property Tax Appeals is our forte. With over 26 years of experience in appealing property taxes, the Law Office of Seth D. Lubin can assist you with your high-end residential or commercial property tax needs. We also handle other aspects of Real Property Law (property tax appeals, sales, purchases, leases, zoning, homeowners/condo association law); Corporate Transactional and Litigation (Planning, organizing and forming new ventures, contracts, agreements, licensing, corporate governance); Intellectual Property (trademarks and patents, trade secret protection, non-disclosure agreements, non-compete agreements, unfair trade practices); Estate Planning (Wills, trusts, DNR, durable power of attorney, living will, etc.); Licensing and Technology (License...
Gregory Herman-Giddens
Collier County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 31 years experience
(239) 344-1100 8889 Pelican Bay Blvd.
University of Miami School of Law and Tulane University School of Law
Greg Herman-Giddens provides estate planning, probate and tax law comprehensive wealth planning, protection and management services to residents of North Carolina, Florida, Tennessee and New York. Through careful selection of strategies tailored to our clients' individualized goals and objectives, he helps individuals protect family, preserve assets and save taxes.
Mark Siegel
Sarasota County, FL Tax Law Attorney with 36 years experience
(941) 373-0066 240 N Washington Blvd
Graduate of Georgetown Univ. Law Center, both J.D. and Taxation Masters, Vanderbilt University and Sarasota High School, Mark practices primarily in the areas of commercial law and litigation, estate planning and probate, probate litigation and real estate and real estate litigation. If interested, please contact our office for a consultation.
Mr. Ayuban Antonio Tomas CPA, Esq.
Miami-Dade County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 16 years experience
(305) 648-1040 121 Alhambra Plaza
Free ConsultationTax, Business, Criminal Defense and DUI & DWI
University of Miami School of Law and University of Miami School of Law
Michelle D. Wynn
Brevard County, FL Tax Law Attorney with 8 years experience
(321) 837-9966 1103 W Hibiscus Blvd
Quinnipiac University School of Law
I have always thought that if every person on this earth focused their energy doing what they are best at and most passionate about, the world would be a great place. From the moment I encountered the world of tax resolution/ tax defense, I found the field where my energy should be focused. I developed a strong understanding of the legal and tax concepts and a passion for learning more about it. I also developed a passion for helping those struggling with tax issues; for helping them resolve the problem, learn how to move past it in a financially healthy...
Magda Abdo-Gomez
(305) 559-7478 14850 S.W. 26 Street
Tax, Bankruptcy, Estate Planning and Probate
EDUCATION: -Bachelor of Arts (summa cum laude) with majors in French and Mathematics; University of Miami. -Juris Doctor (Law), University of Florida -Master of Laws (Tax), University of Florida WORK EXPERIENCE: -Magda Abdo-Gomez, lawyer -TAX LAWYER: As a former IRS attorney with over 33 years of experience providing legal help to taxpayers before the IRS I focus on providing all manner of tax relief including: -IRS payment plan -Tax lien matters -Levies and wage garnishment -IRS audits -Tax Court litigation -BANKRUPTCY LAWYER: With over 30 years of experience and as a professor of bankruptcy,...
Alvaro Augusto Acevedo
Miami-Dade County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 4 years experience
(305) 517-3457 1395 BRICKELL AVE
Georgetown University Law Center, Georgetown University Law Center and Nova Southeastern University
Alvaro Acevedo “Al” is a tax and international law attorney, certified public accountant, and enrolled agent. The only one in Florida. He focuses in representing business entities and individuals in all domestic and international tax matters. Al provides, structuring, consulting, representation, asset protection, corporate administration and litigation services. Al is the only tax attorney in Florida that is federally licensed to represent before the I.R.S., the U.S. Tax Court, and the U.S. Court of International Trade in all 50 states and D.C.. He is also certified as a Tax Resolution Specialist and is a fellow of the National Tax Practice...
Robert Boyers, Esq.
(800) 545-9100 2333 Ponce de Leon Blvd.
Penthouse 1120
Free ConsultationTax, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury and Products Liability
“Achieving substantial compensation for our seriously injured clients in a way that dramatically improves the quality of their lives is the most satisfying thing about the work that we do.” Robert B. Boyers
Jay R. Beskin J.D.
(305) 556-5209 6500 Cow Pen Rd
Since 1979, Jay has concentrated his practice in estate planning, IRS tax controversies, trust administration, corporate and commercial law, probate and real estate law. In addition, Jay has extensive experience in local governmental matters and also represents condominium associations and property owner associations in their governance and property matters Jay works with individuals and business owners to ensure cost effective transfer of family wealth to desired beneficiaries, including charities, with minimal estate and gift taxes. Jay also represents emerging and mature businesses in most aspects of corporate law, including employee, shareholder and partnership agreements, financing and leasing agreements, mergers and...
Radha Rothrock
Lee County, FL Tax Law Lawyer with 24 years experience
(239) 206-1948 1222 SE 47th St #408
Free ConsultationTax and Immigration
Radha Rothrock is a tax and immigration attorney with offices in Cape Coral, Fort Myers, and Naples, Florida. She has been practicing law fsince 1995 and is licensed to practice in all state courts in Florida and Texas, all Tax Courts in the U.S., all Immigration Courts in the U.S., the Board of Immigration Appeals, and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. She holds an LL.M. in taxation from the University of Denver and a J.D. from South Texas College of Law. Rothrock Law Firm accepts all major credit cards.
We file...
David Michael Garvin
(305) 371-8101 200 S. Biscayne Blvd. - Suite 3150
Free ConsultationTax and White Collar Crime
Criminal Tax Defense Specialist - Board Certified Tax lawyer - LLM in Taxation - also CPA - Jury Trial Results include: U.S. v. Julio Robaina (Not Guilty all Counts); U.S. v. Helio Castroneves (Not Guilty all Counts); U.S. v. J. Armadoros (Not Guilty all Counts); U.S. v. Terry Elliott (Not Guilty all Counts); U.S. v. John Miller (Not Guilty all Counts); and others. Practice concentrates on Federal Tax and Economic Crimes defense. Truly remarkable record of trial results. Recognized by Superlawyers, Martindale Hubbell, and others. Winner of Daily Business Review "Most Effective Lawyer" award in criminal law for 2014.
Tax Attorneys in Nearby Cities
The OneCLE Lawyer Directory contains lawyers who have claimed their profiles and are actively seeking clients. Find more Saint Johns County, Florida Tax Lawyers in the Justia Legal Services and Lawyers Directory which includes profiles of more than one million lawyers licensed to practice in the United States, in addition to profiles of legal aid, pro bono and legal service organizations.
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Rape Culture Theory Ensnares Innocent Men
Posted by Prudence Paine Monday, June 30, 2014 at 8:15am | 6/30/2014 - 8:15am
Relaxed standards assist female accusers, but for accused men, the process can be punishment itself.
Many people hearing talk of America’s campus “rape culture” might be tempted to dismiss the overheated rhetoric as harmless.
Despite little evidence “rape culture” exists, though, three recent roundtable discussions on campus sexual assault hosted by Sen. Claire McCaskill (D-MO) showed that not only do some people absolutely believe a rape culture exists on college campuses, but the federal government is involved in policing the issue on campuses.
The Department of Education mandates colleges to handle every single student sexual assault through internal quasi-legal proceedings, in which the school performs all the roles of investigator, prosecutor, judge, executioner and statistics compiler.
From the perspective of accusers in campus sexual assault cases, they may very well prefer a quasi-legal adjudication of their complaints because it provides a much broader definition of sexual assault, a much lower burden of proof and an environment in which “student’s rights” tend to be accuser’s rights, with little emphasis on rights for the accused.
For the accuser, it makes the alleged post-assault experience that much less stressful.
From the accused’s perspective, though, he’s not gonna know what hit him.
Schools Play Law and Order: SVU
Speaking amongst friendly colleagues last Monday at the third roundtable, Mike Jungers, the dean of students at Missouri State University, made the surprising statement that new investigation procedures of campus sexual assault were resulting in the alleged perpetrators agreeing to be interrogated without obtaining an attorney.
He considered this to be a good thing.
“They used to lawyer up immediately, first thing,” Jungers said, with a laugh. “You know, you’re cut off from talking to your student—which drives me crazy—by an attorney saying, ‘This is my client, and…you don’t talk to him or her directly, you talk to me.’”
It drives him crazy if a student obtains legal counsel for questioning, as if an accusation of rape could be handled in an amicable fashion, with no concern that the system could go against him and result in the young adult having to register as a sex offender for the rest of his life—or alter the remainder of his college career and his college record.
The regular criminal justice system may also undertake the case, where he’d even be offered an attorney if he couldn’t afford one. But under the extensive Title IX investigation guidelines put out by the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) at the end of April, schools don’t have to contact law enforcement at all (unless their state or local law requires it).
If the school obtains forensic evidence in their investigation, the OCR merely states “it may be helpful for a school to consult with local or campus law enforcement or a forensic expert to ensure that the evidence is correctly interpreted by school officials.”
In fact, much is left up to the school’s interpretation, including defining exactly what “sexual assault” is.
This (Probably) Isn’t Your Grandmother’s Definition of “Sexual Assault”
The meaning of sexual assault is not what it used to be. As Jennifer Gaffney, the special victims deputy bureau chief of New York County’s district attorney’s office, said in the roundtable discussion, there is often a gap between the college definition and what they can actually prosecute under state statutes.
The panelists at McCaskill’s roundtable tended to accept a new definition of sexual assault in which a vague, unquantifiable sense of too much alcohol may not incapacitate the female but could make her less than able to fully consent.
The accuser may appear to be fully functioning and participating in the sex act, and therefore seeming to fully consent at the time. But she can later say that she was too impaired to have exercised good judgment and make her consent invalid, leaving her sex partner to be charged with sexual assault for an act he believed was consensual, where the woman had said “yes.”
The definition of “sexual assault” and its varied related terms, such as “sexual violence,” is one of the key battleground areas, and the types of offending behaviors may be about to be expanded even further.
McCaskill has been conducting these roundtables regarding campus sexual assault in advance of introducing legislation in August, which will also impose additional mandates on schools in regards to domestic violence, “dating violence” and stalking.
Michael Stratford of Inside Higher Education reported Tuesday that “McCaskill said that she is working with a bipartisan group of lawmakers in crafting the legislation, including Republican Senators Dean Heller of Nevada, Kelly Ayotte of New Hampshire and Marco Rubio of Florida.”
Note that the line is not being drawn at only changing the sexual assault definition at colleges. McCaskill also would like to see states adjust their legal standards to be more in line with the looser college definition. Last year, the FBI changed their definition of rape, part of which changed the phrase “forcibly or against the victim’s will” to “without the consent of the victim.” Some states are also changing or adding to their sexual assault statutes.
Katharina Booth, Boulder County chief deputy district attorney, said that the State of Colorado has an additional standard beyond “physically helpless” (that is, the accuser was asleep or unconscious). Under it, she can bring criminal prosecutions if the accuser meets the standard of “’incapable of appraising the nature of your conduct,’ which is going to encompass the bulk of what we see, which is the voluntarily intoxicated but not all the way at the passed-out stage. So we’re in that gray area,” she said.
An Alcohol Aside
The issue of alcohol consumption is a very touchy one in rape-culture activism.
No one wants a woman blamed for being sexually assaulted because she wore a skimpy outfit. Likewise, many fear a sexually assaulted woman will be blamed because of her drunkenness. It is common thinking that because no one should ever be sexually assaulted, no blame should ever be put on them.
Under the new sexual assault definition, though, a consenting woman can later claim (and have a charge initiated because) there was really no consent because she was too drunk.
Booth noted that incidences in which the woman is drunk beyond her ability to consent are the ones that “encompass the bulk” of the sexual assault cases she sees.
Studies have shown that the majority of unwanted sexual encounters experienced by collegiate women occurred when they were intoxicated. Yet the roundtable panelists adamantly rejected the suggestion that sexual assault prevention education should encourage reduced alcohol consumption.
As for the accused’s state of drunkenness, no one at McCaskill’s roundtable suggested that the man should have as a defense that he was equally too incapacitated to make good judgments.
In fact, take the case of Lewis McLeod. He is suing Duke University for expelling him for what he and the local police say was a false allegation of sexual assault.
Attending the trial, John H. Tucker of Raleigh-Durham’s Indyweek reported, dean Sue Wasiolek was asked in court whether both parties would be considered guilty of rape and thereby expelled if they engaged in sex while both were intoxicated to “incapacity.”
The dean responded, “Assuming it is a male and female, it is the responsibility in the case of the male to gain consent before proceeding with sex.”
In the new climate of sexual assault pseudolaw, the female apparently has no responsibility other than to say yes, which can be revoked anytime, including after the sex is over.
The Unburden of Proof
It’s not just their broad definition of “sexual assault” that makes college-adjudicated cases less likely to be prosecuted in the criminal justice system.
The minimal proof required by the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights—and therefore used for the national sexual assault statistics they collect and publish—doesn’t pass the much stricter burden of proof used by real-world prosecutors, judges and juries.
Forget the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard of courtrooms and crime dramas. They’ve even decided the lower standard of “clear and convincing evidence” is too tough.
As KC Johnson of Minding the Campus puts it: “the Education Department’s Office of Civil Rights has mandated a lower threshold of certainty in sexual harassment and assault cases, from the clear-and-convincing standard (around 75 percent certainty) to the preponderance of evidence standard (50.01 percent).”
This means the school only has to find it’s a smidgen more likely than not that the crime occurred. Therefore, a college can convict someone of sexual assault much more easily than a criminal court could.
New Federal Guidelines Say Accused Don’t Need Constitutional Privileges
A college-adjudicated case of sexual assault also has no requirement to provide the alleged perpetrator the rights and protections he would receive in the real world. The government actually says he doesn’t need them.
OCR tells schools there is a distinct difference between a criminal investigation and a Title IX one (emphasis added):
A criminal investigation is intended to determine whether an individual violated criminal law; and, if at the conclusion of the investigation, the individual is tried and found guilty, the individual may be imprisoned or subject to criminal penalties. The U.S. Constitution affords criminal defendants who face the risk of incarceration numerous protections, including, but not limited to, the right to counsel, the right to a speedy trial, the right to a jury trial, the right against self-incrimination, and the right to confrontation. In addition, government officials responsible for criminal investigations (including police and prosecutors) normally have discretion as to which complaints from the public they will investigate.
By contrast, a Title IX investigation will never result in incarceration of an individual and, therefore, the same procedural protections and legal standards are not required. Further, while a criminal investigation is initiated at the discretion of law enforcement authorities, a Title IX investigation is not discretionary….even if a criminal investigation is ongoing, a school must still conduct its own Title IX investigation.
That’s astonishing for the government to say a school investigation will “never” result in incarceration. Sure, the school can’t imprison the accused in its basement, but can the product of their interrogations and evidence collection never end up being used in a criminal court?
If the school does indeed find the accused guilty, the OCR does not require any appeals process. It permits a college to offer one if it so chooses, but only if both parties are offered the same opportunities.
For instance, the accused may appeal a punishment as being too harsh, but only if his accuser can appeal the punishment as being too lenient.
Currently, the OCR guidelines give schools wide discretion in deciding punishments. (That’s something McCaskill would like to make uniform—more one-size-fits-all sentences.)
They can expel him or merely force him to move to a different dormitory or a different school. They can restrict the places he can go on campus and the courses or extracurricular activities he can attend.
For instance, if the accuser has the same major as the accused, she may opt to take the courses she wishes, and he’d be required to take them at an alternate time or manner, such as online or by independent study.
In fact, many of these sanctions can be applied even before the investigation is complete in order to comply with Title IX’s mandate to make the accuser feel safe from further alleged harm and to prevent contact between them.
Someone ultimately found innocent by the school could suffer these penalties before that finding is reached. The OCR guidelines are silent on what a school should do to make restitution if that occurs.
Who Is a Good Guy in a Rape Culture Theory World?
It should go without saying, everyone wants rapists stopped and punished. But rape culture theory implies all men are potential rapists, and sexual intimacy under the influence carries the threat of being deemed sexual violence.
What’s a regular non-rapist guy supposed to do if he gets ensnared in the “rape culture” frenzy? Once a Title IX investigation begins, there is no telling where it will end for the accused. Yet he’s denied the Constitutional protections he would receive if he were speaking to the police instead of the school’s Title IX Coordinator. (That’s the person who’s supposed to be preventing sex discrimination.)
Some are advocating for upcoming legislation to include attorneys for both parties. The current OCR guidelines don’t preclude that, but do state that schools can limit the parts of the proceedings an attorney can participate in.
Teresa Watanabe of the Los Angeles Times wrote, “At present, campuses vary in policies on attorneys — the University of California allows them but Occidental does not. Ruth Jones, Occidental’s Title IX coordinator, said the college has barred attorneys to prevent the discipline process from being too “adversarial” but would change the policy in accord with final federal regulations.” She wouldn’t have much choice, if it becomes the law.
It’s easy to see why school administrators like Jungers at Missouri State University find things run much more smoothly without an attorney clogging up the process with non-Title IX law.
The Department of Education gives him a suggested maximum of 60 days to get the whole thing investigated, adjudicated and punished so that he can get his report to them and they can add a tickmark to their campus sexual assault statistics. If he’s slow in getting his results, or if the accuser doesn’t like the results, the feds can put his school under investigation and take away its federal student aid money.
The young man shouldn’t have any fear of that, right? The government and the school tell him he doesn’t need a lawyer, even if he’s being accused of what’s considered a felony outside the campus walls.
In an essay for Time last month, Christina Hoff Sommers, author of The War on Boys, vividly portrayed the problem facing male students in the “rape culture” environment:
On January 27, 2010, University of North Dakota officials charged undergraduate Caleb Warner with sexually assaulting a fellow student. He insisted the encounter was consensual, but was found guilty by a campus tribunal and thereupon expelled and banned from campus.
A few months later, Warner received surprising news. The local police had determined not only that Warner was innocent, but that the alleged victim had deliberately falsified her charges. She was charged with lying to police for filing a false report, and fled the state.
Cases like Warner’s are proliferating. Here is a partial list of young men who have recently filed lawsuits against their schools for what appear to be gross mistreatment in campus sexual assault tribunals: Drew Sterrett—University of Michigan, “John Doe”—Swarthmore, Anthony Villar—Philadelphia University, Peter Yu—Vassar, Andre Henry—Delaware State, Dez Wells—Xavier, and Zackary Hunt—Denison. Presumed guilty is the new legal principle where sex is concerned.
On campuses across the country, there’s actual rape and sexual assault by anyone’s definition. And there’s false accusations of it. And there’s “the gray area” in between. The Department of Education has decided to be the overseer of it all, with all schools receiving federal dollars given the impossible mandate of serving as its prevention and enforcement bureaus.
Many schools already feel overwhelmed with the new responsibilities. Still, in an effort to increase reporting of campus sexual assault, the government created a website for the accusers: NotAlone.gov.
The OCR claims it wishes to treat the accused with fairness and equity. For all the accused stripped of Constitutional rights and wondering if they do need an attorney, perhaps the government should create a DontBeAlone.gov site for them.
“Prudence Paine” is a pseudonym for a former journalist whose work has appeared on newsstands in national magazines. Her quest for knowledge has led to an excessive amount of time spent on college campuses. She can now be found writing a couple books, participating in the MOOC revolution (free online college classrooms) and tweeting at @prupaine.
29 29 Comments Christina Hoff Sommers, Political Correctness
According to Rape Culture Theory, if: - both parties are equally intoxicated - the female said "yes" - clearly,... http://t.co/WQSgFscgwy
@rau9
ICYMI: my post at @LegInsurrection => When alcohol meets #rapeculture on campus http://t.co/rALFg6dEpD #YesAllWomen
@Prudence Paine
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@Fools2234
@agetro_17 @Nostra_Dormouse @QuayBangz So college is now also a potentially dangerous place for sexually active men. http://t.co/17qtbJnPkp
@Robert Hartley
ICYMI: An Innocent Man's Guide to #RapeCulture on Campus http://t.co/rALFg6dEpD #yesallwomen @NoahCRothman @allahpundit @justkarl
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@MHRA_Leander
.@RSMcCain Rape Culture Theory Ensnares Innocent Men http://t.co/g4JzsFofmn via @PruPaine #RadFem
@Donald Douglas
ICYMI: Who Is a Good Guy in a #RapeCulture Theory World? http://t.co/rrpq6wRh4x #YesAllWomen @KurtSchlichter @AdamBaldwin
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@Chance Boudreaux
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@Cardinal Curmudgeon
@PruPaine does thorough job of exposing injustice & bogusity (bō'gŏs'ĭ-tē) of vogue of "rape culture". http://t.co/pZ9mKeXNjF @instapundit
@Damian Bennett
Every male collegestudent should read this excellent post on rapeculture http://t.co/CpV7xo9xOH "@PruPaine: thanks for the RT of my post!"
@Barbara McMahon
Rape Culture Theory Ensnares Innocent Men http://t.co/04rgxMK1YZ via @sharethis
@rickey bolin
RT @LegInsurrection ICYMI in the noise yesterday: Rape Culture Theory Ensnares Innocent Men http://t.co/09NiF6sd9i by @prupaine
@Tom Seeman
#WarOnMen RT @LegInsurrection: ICYMI in the noise yesterday: Rape Culture Theory Ensnares Innocent Men http://t.co/wf8AcyHvOB by @prupaine
@ MPeper
ICYMI in the noise yesterday: Rape Culture Theory Ensnares Innocent Men http://t.co/QPQNtcos3n by @prupaine
@Legal Insurrection
Amazing and disturbing article by @prupaine re: "rape culture" and overzealous prosecution of campus sexual crimes http://t.co/JGgdcU2i9w
@CatherineFitzpatrick
Progressive Rape Culture Theory Ensnares Innocent Men http://t.co/XA2Bz6sLvz
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@Elise Ronan
When alcohol meets #rapeculture on campus http://t.co/rALFg6dEpD #YesAllWomen
Rape Culture Theory Ensnares Innocent Men http://t.co/47hlyM06t7
@Fuzzy Slippers
This is outrageous & shld be illegal!...Rape Culture Theory Ensnares Innocent Men http://t.co/eF4nsNHUEG
@Juanita K Fentiman
Campus Rape Culture | Department Justice | False Accusations http://t.co/bSinWgu0VB
@Michelle Ray
@GaltsGirl here's me blowing my own horn... http://t.co/rALFg6dEpD :)
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@Matt Herren
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@Ann Shultis
I could see this being seen by SCOTUS. The equality in intoxication argument is pretty interesting. http://t.co/JakC3SJ1tU
@Army Actor
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@YPORTBILL
Leftists like @ClaireCmc push falsified stats to pass dangerous sexual assault laws that'll destroy innocents' lives: http://t.co/HsvbovLqHK
@el Sooper
Prudence Paine- Rape Culture Theory Ensnares Innocent Men http://t.co/qbmSSetjXh
@Dave O
@JonahNRO perhaps my first post for Legal Insurrection would be good fodder? :) http://t.co/rrpq6wRh4x
Who Is a Good Guy in a #RapeCulture Theory World? http://t.co/rrpq6wRh4x #YesAllWomen @MelissaTweets @SissyWillis
This (Probably) Isn’t Your Grandmother’s Definition of “Sexual Assault” http://t.co/rrpq6wRh4x
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@Tabitha Bliss
Waiting for the #HobbyLobby decision to come in? Check out my post on #RapeCulture and College Men http://t.co/BwjDVU77Xy
Those of you supporting this nonsense? Please slam your head in a door. Repeatedly. http://t.co/Kb6T5Tprka
@Physics Geek
I have a post at Legal Insurrection! => Rape Culture Theory Ensnares Innocent Men http://t.co/BwjDVU77Xy #YesAllWomen
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JohnC | June 30, 2014 at 8:29 am
Feminism- We want to be treated just like men but with none of the personal responsibility.
mzk | June 30, 2014 at 1:26 pm
This cannot be legal. Maybe we do need an Equal Rights Amendment to protect men.
If the man is drunk, he should make a rape accusation first. And always.
Whispering: Once upon a time, people of the opposite sex were not allowed in the dorm. Would you let your daughter into such a setting? Or your son?
richard40 | July 3, 2014 at 11:29 am
And notice he did not address rules at all for female on female and male on male. Probably because there are no rules there, since the leftists also beleive that gays can never be guilty of anything. Only hetero males are always wrong.
JBourque | June 30, 2014 at 8:57 am
Canada tried to go to a standard like this under former Justice Minister, Kim Campbell, sadly of their former Conservative party. I say former because when Campbell was chosen as interim Prime Minister to lead the party into national elections it received an epic historical crushing and Stephen Harper’s current Conservative party government was created, years later, from a merging of Canada’s version of the Tea Party with what was left of the Conservatives, with the “Reform Party” people in charge.
Anyway, I heard a lot about the effort at the time from my father. He wasn’t much amused by the standard of “if a man is drunk, he is responsible; if a woman is drunk, she is incapable of consent (if she decides she didn’t like the sex later.” And yet that could have easily been the law in Canada.
This means that women are inferior beings incapable of judgment. That is what these women are saying. So why are they allowed to vote or drive?
I noticed that once canadas conservative party got taken over by the reform party, they have reformed considerably, and may have even become better than US repubs. Canada is ceertainly better governed today than the US is, which is something I never would nhave said during Reagan, when we looked upon canada as our friendly socialist brothers from the north.
dmacleo | June 30, 2014 at 9:17 am
how can it be legal for these schools and, this is the critical part, the students to act as prosecutors and sentence someone.
who in their right mind thought it would be a good idea for these schools to have their own (for all intents and purposes) governments and court systems??
been raped?
call the cops.
don’t want to call the cops?
too bad, sucks being you.
enough playing around letting these students think they are more important than they really are.
they are students, go to class and shut up.
Uncle Samuel | June 30, 2014 at 9:23 am
There is an increase of sexual violence on campuses, but the truth of it is not being told.
Yes, the women are inviting it, engaging in risky behaviors, but the perpetrators of rape have also been sickened by their upbringing and the media.
A sexually promiscuous hook-up culture is dangerous due to STDs, injuries, mental health consequences as well as sexual violence. Promiscuity increases the incidence of negative outcomes.
Herald Reasoner | July 1, 2014 at 12:17 pm
Hey Uncle Sam, Please state your source for your assertion that “there is an increase of sexual violence on campus.” Because: statistics can lie.
For instance, if there are more reports by administrators that there is an increase, then that might enhance their job security. Or, if the category of sexual violence includes what was once not categorized that way, then it would “increase.” (Counting oranges as oranges is one thing, but redefining oranges as fruit, and then counting apples and bananas and grapes as fruit gives an increase in “fruit.”)
Frankly, Reasoner’s Laser would suggest that this is merely an extension of the War on Men perpetrated by feminists and aided and abetted by PC-addled administrators.
First he says sexual violence is increasing, while giving no solid evidence for it, even though FBI stats show it is decreasing. Then in the rest of his comment he talks about women voluntarily and promiscously participating in a drunken sexual hookup culture, as if that is somehow rape, rather than iresponsible risky behavior on the part of the women participlating (and the men as well, but they aren’t being convicted of iresponsible behavior, they are falsely being convicted of rape, while the equally iresponsible women are being convicted of nothing)
Simple, Obama and his civil rights division says it is legal, not just legal but absolutely required, and in fact punish the colleges by witholding fed aid if they dont do it. What else do you need, Obama, corrupt dem senators like McCaskill, and their army of leftie bureaucrats, are the only law that matters now. Forget about such outdated things as constitutional protections for the defendent, due process, and laws that are clearly defined so you know when doing something whether you are guilty of a crime.
I remember a time when many liberals actually used to care about civil liberties, defendent rights, and free open debate. But since liberals turned into todays leftists, they are not liberal anymore.
The feminists, rape culture theorists, the US government and the UN all ignore the most frequent perpetrators of the rape in the USA and western nations: Islamists, African-American gangstas, pedophiles, prisoners and pansexual deviants.
It isn’t PC to tell the whole truth about rape and rape statistics.
MrE | June 30, 2014 at 9:38 am
Since the accused are effectively detained and charged with a crime, are they advised of their rights at any point, i.e., ‘Mirandized’?
MarkS | June 30, 2014 at 12:57 pm
You miss the point. The accused is deemed guilty by the accusation and therefore violating his rights to achieve the narrative is all that matters
I R A Darth Aggie | June 30, 2014 at 10:11 am
So, in other words they’re moving sexual assault cases out of the criminal court system into higher ed’s disciplinary system?
This is an improvement?
Yes, and into a system with such a lack of due process protections for the defendant that it is more akin to a stalinist show trial, or the salem witch trials, than any kind of court. This is feminisms idea of justice, and the corrupt dem party is fully behind it.
Amazed | June 30, 2014 at 10:26 am
Bizarre in the extreme. There should be no action by the university without adjudication in a court of law. There should never be an adverse action against anyone accused of such a heinous crime without a court decision yea or nay. To do otherwise, to codify these college kangaroo courts in law gives an air of wisdom and legitimacy to academic vigilantism. A pox on all their universities.
janitor | June 30, 2014 at 10:59 am
This article (similar articles about the rape “crisis” and “rape culture” regularly have been coming out for 40 years), is being circulated today http://www.thenation.com/article/180441/how-did-fbi-miss-over-1-million-rapes If you read carefully, you will notice that it’s really all about justifying government grants and funding for feminist stakeholder organizations and secondarily pushing the discrimination issues in “marginalized” communities.
smalltownoklahoman | June 30, 2014 at 11:00 am
So even if both parties are drunk to the point of being incapacitated the guy is still held to blame. Makes me think that would just lead to a new default prohibition for the male population on campus.
Rules like this are not going to help relations between men and women on campus. About the only thing it will do is leave a lot of men basically gun shy (second def: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun-shy) of even getting close to women. This is something that could leave them emotionally messed up for years even after they have finished college.
And the same feminists are also complaining that there are no decent guys in college willing to date them anymore. With rules like this would any guy with any sense ever go out with any college girl today.
MouseTheLuckyDog | June 30, 2014 at 12:00 pm
What if only the guy is drunk? If a guy wakes up next to a coyote ugly teetotaler can he cry rape?
No, he should always make an accusation, in all cases.
Pure evil. Just pure evil.
Title IX needs to be repealed, and the entire department abolished.
tblackwell | July 1, 2014 at 11:31 am
As the parent of four children, this is very disturbing. I have three daughters, all college /grad school enrolled, and one son starting college now. My oldest daughter had roommates who routinely brought home random guys drunk and late at night who they slept with. They even at one point had a competition to see who could bring home the most , different guys (sad , but true). Needless to say, they didn’t have much relationship luck. To think that they could now claim to have been raped by anyone of these guys , because they were drunk is crazy. I fear for my son now. Going to a party, “hooking up” , could mean an end to his college and career plans ? A vindictive (or remorseful)girl just needs to make the claim , and he is guilty? This makes
“dating” a hazardous activity. Does he need to have a certified BAL and signed consent form ? Very romantic. It is ironic that feminists will kill the sexual revolution. By the way, do these rules apply to same sex hook ups? Can a female student rape a drunk female student (who later decides she didn’t like experimenting with a woman?)
randian | July 1, 2014 at 3:33 pm
“Can a female student rape a drunk female student”
Obviously not, just like a drunk female student apparently can’t rape a drunk male student. Only male students are held to a standard of responsibility when drunk.
Micha Elyi | July 2, 2014 at 7:14 pm
Defining rape as penetration but not engulfment is sexist.
You’ll notice the feminists gave their movement a blatantly sexist name. Only fools believe feminism is about ‘equality’.
Or even better, what if you have 2 drunk male students, who is the guilty male rapist then. I suspect nothing would happen at all, even if one of the men actually engaged in forcible rape, since these same leftists just love homosexuals.
markswanson222 | July 2, 2014 at 5:45 pm
Eventually, will women be able to get drunk and rob a bank? Surely, they’re not able to make good choices while they’re drunk. Perhaps while being on drugs, women can get away very easily with shop-lifting? Of course, a woman could never be responsible for anything she does when she’s intoxicated. Unbelievable!
“McCaskill said that she is working with a bipartisan group of lawmakers in crafting the legislation, including Republican Senators Dean Heller of Nevada, Kelly Ayotte of New Hampshire and Marco Rubio of Florida.”
Rubeo lost enough conservative cred already from his embrace of amnesty, although I was willing to forgive one mistake by an otherwise promissing newcomer, and was not a single issue voter on immigration anyway. But if Rubeo is also willing to participate in this travesty of justice, in actually sanctioning these campus kangaroo courts with law, he is out forever as any kind of conservative or tea partier in my book.
I expect this kind of thing from Ayotte, since New Hamshire is enough of a dem leaning state is is hard to be a full conservative there, and she never really pretended she was a full conservative anyway. But Rubeo specifically ran as a tea party conservative, and now he is considering once again allowing a leftist dem to use his name for an obsenity like this.
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Home > TFG Somalia, United States > U.S. operating armed drones in Ethiopia: report
U.S. operating armed drones in Ethiopia: report
Friday, October 28, 2011 Laaska News
Laaska News Oct. 28,2011
Photo: File
WASHINGTON, Oct. 27 (Xinhua) — The Unite States is using armed drones to carry out counterterrorism missions in Ethiopia, The Washington Post reported Thursday.
The secret operations involving Reaper drones have been confirmed by Master Sergeant James Fisher, a spokesman for the 17th Air Force, which oversees operations in Africa, according to the report.
Fisher said an unspecified number of Air Force personnel are working at the Ethiopian airfield “to provide operation and technical support for our security assistance programs.”
The drone flights “will continue as long as the government of Ethiopia welcomes our cooperation on these varied security programs,” he added.
The drone base is located at the Arba Minch airport, about 480 km south of Addis Ababa and about 960 km east of the Somali border, within the 1,840-km reach of standard models of the Reaper, according to the report.
The newspaper reported last month that the United States is building a series of secret drone bases in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula as part of counterterrorism efforts targeting al-Qaida’s affiliates in Somalia and Yemen. But it did not disclose the location of the Ethiopian base and the fact that it became operational this year.
The report came at a time when the United States has been expanding the use of drones on counterterrorism missions, and has increasingly targeted al-Qaida’s affiliates outside South Asia, particularly in Yemen and Somalia.
Xinhua.
Obama sending US troops to Africa – RT
US military targets Africa – Interview
U.S. building secret drone bases in Africa, Arabian Peninsula, officials say – The Washington Post
War in Horn Africa:Kenyan forces go after raiders inside Somalia – More Related News + VIDEO
War in Southern Somalia:US planes join Kenyan battle (laaska.wordpress.com)
Tags: AFRICA, Arabian Peninsula, Ethiopia, Horn of Africa, Military news, News, SOMALIA
Turkey:Quake toll in Van exceeds 500 Libya War:UN ends NATO mission despite pleas from Libya
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Drug-Resistant Superbugs, Multi-drug Resistant Organisms: MRSA, VRE, Clostridium difficile, and CRE (Online CE Course)
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Detection of Oxacillin Resistance
Which of the following scenarios represents appropriate detection of MRSA by the Kirby Bauer method?
A laboratory performs MIC tests, in addition to Kirby Bauer, and a PBP 2a assay on blood culture isolates. Which of the following isolates should be r...
MRSA Treatment/Vancomycin Resistance in S. aureus
MRSA Treatment/Vancomycin Resistance
Vancomycin-Intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and Vancomycin-Resistant S. aureus (VRSA)
Testing for Vancomycin Susceptibility
A laboratory's primary susceptibility testing method is disk diffusion. The cefoxitin disc has a zone size of 19 mm and the vancomycin disc has a zone...
Future Perspectives: MRSA
Future Perspectives
Future Perspectives, continued
Moving forward, important strategies for dealing with MRSA strains will include which of the following?
Enterococcus
Risk Factors and Resistance
Enterococci can possess both intrinsic and acquired resistance. Which of the following represents the intrinsic resistance of a typical enterococcal s...
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Phenotypes
Which statements concerning vancomycin resistance in Enterococci are true?
Laboratory Diagnosis of VRE
Identification of Enterococcus Species From Clinical Cultures
Screening Cultures for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)
Susceptibility Testing of Enterococci
Detecting Vancomycin Resistance
High Level Aminoglycoside Resistance (HLAR) Screening
Which of the following statements reflect accurate identifications of Enterococcus species?
With regards to identifying resistance in enterococci, which general statements are true?
Treatment of Resistant Enterococci
Newer antibiotics for Treatment of Resistant Enterococci
Clostridium Species
C. difficile Toxin A and Toxin B
Pathogenisis of C. Difficile-Associated Diarrhea
Risk factors for C. difficile Infection
C. difficile-associated Diarrhea (CDAD)
C. difficile disease is more likely to occur when:
Strain BI/NAP1/027
Laboratory Diagnosis of CDAD
Laboratory Detection of C. difficile
Stool Culture
Cell Cytotoxicity Neutralization Assay (CCNA)
Enzyme Immunoassay Methods
Various methods have been employed for detection of C. difficile disease: cultivation of the organism, cell cytotoxin neutralization assays, and enzym...
Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH) Antigen Assays
Molecular Methods
Which of the following approaches for diagnostic testing have been indicated by recent literature?
Treatment of C. difficile Infection
Treatment of C. difficile Infection (CDI) and C. difficile Associated Disease (CDAD)
Disinfection & Control of C. difficile Infection
Future Perspectives: CDI/CDAD
Enterobacteriaceae and Spectrum of Disease
CRE Defined and Risk Factors
Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae
What carbapenemase is produced most commonly by CRE encountered in the United States?
Laboratory Diagnosis of CRE
Detection, Identification, and Susceptibility Testing of CRE
Summary: CRE Versus CP-CRE
When using current antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) breakpoints, it is recommended by CLSI that laboratories should also routinely implement...
Treatment and Control of CRE
Treatment of CRE
Control of CRE
CRE Screening
Future Perspective: CRE
Future Perspecitves: CRE
Intended audience: Medical laboratory scientists, medical technologists, and technicians, This course is also appropriate for clinical laboratory science students and pathology residents.
Author information: Carolyn M. Law, PhD, MT(AMT) is the CEO of Celtic Labs Diagnostic Microbiology Services in Trinidad. She holds a PhD in Microbiology from National University of Ireland, Maynooth.
Catherine Dragoni, MT(ASCP)SM received her BS degree in medical technology from the State University of New York, Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse. She began her career as a bench microbiologist at Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine. Currently she is the Assistant Chief Technologist of Microbiology and Molecular Pathology at NorDx Laboratories, Scarborough, Maine.
Co-author information: Judi Bennett, MT, BSM is currently a Program Director for MediaLab, Inc. in Lawrenceville, Georgia. She has over 30 years of medical laboratory experience in an acute care hospital setting as a laboratory manager, senior clinical applications specialist, point-of-care coordinator, microbiology supervisor, and generalist technologist. Judi has experience speaking at various professional conferences and is the author of numerous peer-reviewed publications.
Course description: Multiple drug resistant organisms (MDROs) are a serious problem facing healthcare and the general public. This course details the clinical significance, risk factors, and laboratory detection of these multi-drug resistant organisms: methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin resistant Enterococcus species, Clostridium difficile, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Future perspectives are also discussed.
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An Incessant Shower of Innumerable Atoms: Renata Adler
By Katie Ryder
VIRGINIA WOOLF, in her 1919 essay “Modern Fiction,” wrote of popular novels of the time:
Is life like this? […] Look within and life, it seems, is very far from being “like this.” Examine for a moment an ordinary mind on an ordinary day. The mind receives a myriad impressions — trivial, fantastic, evanescent, or engraved with the sharpness of steel. From all sides they come, an incessant shower of innumerable atoms […] Life is not a series of gig lamps symmetrically arranged; life is a luminous halo, a semi-transparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end.
Woolf called upon novelists to convey this life as best they could.
The greatest achievement of Renata Adler’s Speedboat, published in 1976 and reissued by New York Review Books Classics in March 2013, can be seen as its response to this challenge. Adler creates a world of “myriad impressions” that swirl about the reader, through partial stories, passing thoughts, and the type of overheard ephemera that with just the right tilt of the head become analogies for everything. Through short vignettes, quotations, stand-alone sentences — both independent and necessarily linked — and very light threads of continuing story, Adler builds a world of “innumerable atoms” that also starts, stops, jerks, speeds, and lulls, as its eponymous vehicle might. Speedboat, many have said in different words, is a successful portrait of modern whiplash.
The “semi-transparent envelope” surrounding the reader, in this case, is by and large an aural and verbal one — a sphere of experience formed by the words of the times: mostly public cant and the proud expressions of individual self-assertion, the two categories often overlapping. No page of the book is free of floating idiom: a lone janitor, of whom we know nothing else, mutters to himself, “Far from it, far from it,” repeatedly as he cleans. He appears later, for just an instant, now intoning, “Don’t dwell on it,” and in his third appearance, the phrases are combined.
While the narrator, Jen Fain — a journalist and left-ish, semi-reluctant haute-bourgeois New Yorker — says she doesn’t believe that there is a “spirit of the times,” the era’s accepted parlance is often her explicit subject: “‘Mutual’ meant common, shared, together, both or simply somehow two-ish […] ‘Agony’ could mean anything — usually, pending indictment.” Later: “While people tagged up on these public codes and incantation, baby talk took over private conversation — naughty and cranky, in particular.”
Adler is a veteran nonfiction writer, and her snippets have the feeling of being taken directly from the world — they are artifacts sliced from observation, each chosen to depict precisely one thing, and reflecting many:
Bonbon Wechsler of Santa Barbara, who had already acquired a small Moroccan boyfriend and was chanting with him to improve her French […] was accidentally pushed through the window of a bookshop on the Rue Bonaparte, where she nearly bled to death among the old, incomplete set of tarot cards.
This is fully particular, and, at the same time, one of Adler’s broad lessons: where we are is not always where we believe ourselves to be.
Adler can be quite musical — a master of declarative, brick-laying rhythm à la Hemingway — as in the opening lines of the section “The Agency”: “The boat was old. The food was boiled. The berths were not sound. The passage took more than a week. The class in all cabins, on all decks, was tourist class.” Her prose can be both beautiful and wry, form often falling foot and step with content: in calm, even cadence, “the unburied coolly bided their time.” She is frequently funny, never flowery, usually original, and alliterative: Broadway Junction, Jen thinks, “might have been created by an architect with an Erector Set and recurrent amnesia.” Across such descriptions lie cool, logical pronouncements, where the empirical and reason join calmly in insight. On embarrassment: “Its command of the attention is absolute. Someone who needs and does not have a handkerchief is likely to be as preoccupied as someone scared to death.”
It may be Adler’s omissions that evoke the world most vividly. Through incomplete stories, gaps between observations, and sentence-by-sentence juxtapositions — where seemingly unrelated thoughts abut each other, tectonically, shifting abruptly, mimicking and inducing the world she describes — “Freedom means nothing left; cab change receptacles are hearing aids in which one’s fingers jam — when the clips are coming quite fast, it’s like waking up and trying to orient the bed.” In these spaces, we the reader must find or create the bridge.
Some of the most clever of such leaps are those joined by conjunctions — “however,” “but,” “though” — presenting one found fact as counterevidence for another:
Vlad thinks that, like so many valuable learning experiences, it cannot, cannot in the end ever be or have been worth it. I once saw, however, what might have been an altogether hopeless old man on crutches, making his way out of Disneyland, with a large Mickey Mouse balloon.
At times, the meaning is clear, quickly. At others, one must pause and consider: “‘Self-pity’ is just sadness, I think, in the pejorative. But ‘joking with nurses’ fascinates me in the press.”
Through such spaces, Adler’s work becomes a grid onto which we stretch our own inferences, conclusions, and meaning. Thus it’s rare that we find her world static, stale, or simply inaccurate. We read the book’s passing, partial cues much as we read life. As Woolf wrote: “To make a whole […] one of the most universal and profound of our instincts.” In doing so, our perspective melds with that of the narrator. At the same time, Adler invokes the tone of common knowledge — we, the observers, know what this means, she implies — and we, the reader, are happy, eager really, to oblige her.
Speedboat’s observations almost always lead us to lessons, in part because of the blanks left for us to fill, and these usually have to do with falsehood and absurdity. Yet Adler implies that the work is not representative or general. Jen does not “dream in parables.” “There are no conclusions to be drawn from it.” “‘Forget it,’ says the drunken voice outside. ‘What’s it for? Throw it away.’” The futility — in fact the inanity — of generalization and the inevitable failure of precision, of hitting the nail on the head, are themselves running lessons.
The book’s only literal speedboat arrives about halfway through, where it punctuates another lesson we will learn thoroughly:
The speedboat was serious. The young tycoon was serious about it, as he was about his factories, his wife, his children, his parties, his work, his art collection, his resort […] The young American wife from Malibu, who had been overexcited about everything since dawn, said she would adore to go […] The American lady, in her eagerness, began to bounce with anticipation over every little wave. The boat scudded hard; she exaggerated every happy bounce. Until she broke her back.
The speedboat is the tycoon’s ostentatious masculinity; it is the woman’s preening fun-loving spirit; it is each of our self-assertions, the revving show, the signals people project into the world to say “me.” The professor, a recurring voice, says, “All acts are acts of aggression, we know that.” And Speedboat is often about the crash. Adler’s characters talk at, over, and through each other consistently. Hers is a world of individual declarations, slamming into each other, or barely missing, unheeded: “Perhaps the two people were grazed in passing by. […] [H]it by flying suicide.”
Speedboat’s narrator, uniquely, is defined through the solipsism of everyone else: she is the heliocenter of a universe filled by suns. Jen’s character is formed almost entirely through an awareness of and reaction to the self-avowals of others, and she contains the world and holds on to it by recording and playing back what she finds. Her judgments are largely implicit, but what she sees is plain: people are failing.
“Sanity,” Jen thinks, “is the most profound moral option of our time.” And so the moral weight is in awareness: in catching the rhythm of the breakdown:
Dennis, a rich, unintelligent, and not particularly well-meaning man, reveled in his favorite expressions. When he was certain of something, he said it was sure as God made little green apples. […] When he felt superior to someone, he said he ate that sort of fella for breakfast. […] His appointments secretary, in whom he confided his impressions, of business, his home life, his diet, had a recurrent dream that she shot him.
At times like this, Jen’s — and Adler’s — approach can feel too easy, and not so unlike the affirmations of those she observes, who hack their way past each other on jealously guarded, borrowed trains of thought.
“‘What you say is true,’ the professor said, staring through his study window at the sky, ‘but not so very interesting.’” Adler’s prose is almost always interesting, and impressively true, like a trenchant, whetted encyclopedia, really, but there are so many entries. Its drive, its reason for being, can become too distant — as aloof as its narrator. Somewhere along the line, about halfway through the book, when one has become accustomed to Adler’s ear — her ability to select from found cacophony and submerge us in it — and come to expect the bone-dry authority of her insights, questions arise: Why? For what? Because this is a depiction of the world, like the world. It is Woolf’s “luminous halo.” But is it?
One disadvantage Adler’s work faces, 40 years after its original publication, is that efforts to record, to contain, to capture the dizzying “now” are undertaken by non-artists every day. A new, ridiculous Sprint commercial describes the world as “data dressed as pixels,” which through the iPhone 5 can be seen from “every point of view, every panorama,” and proclaims our “right to upload” it all. Our time is arguably more fractured than Adler’s 1970s — add “pixilation” to her list: “The jet, the telephone, the boat, the train, the television. Dislocations.” — but it is also arguably calmer in all its passivity. We have grown used to the jolty ride and have quite a different relationship to the “clip” of information. Often, we shut down by plugging into the whir and watching it go by, looking at Facebook, for example, a contained safe-room for rabid, fatuous, tone-deaf, and entertaining declarations of existence. We have a more formalized collective sense of trends, of group action, of public absurdity, and many of us knowingly participate in a meta-culture. Tweeting a new-ish cliché can be a successful joke. Videos and lists simply playing back commonalities go viral (“Shit girls say,” “Stuff white people like”). The existence of the hashtag points to us all as little sociologists, identifying tiny blinks in the body public, creating winks when we can.
So this may be where Speedboat is dated: in the early 21st century, we, collectively, have a keener ear for the representative, for the absurd, for that snippet that nails it. None of this lessens Adler’s accomplishment. But considering the shift in audience — considering the one billion “photojournalists” and found-object comedians — is helpful in defining Speedboat’s deficiencies:
Martin, our campaign contributor […] tends to say ‘How too like life’ when he is drunk. Anything — a joke, a sigh, a quarrel, an anecdote — has upon him, at such times, this effect. He says, ‘How too like life.’ When the American lady had her accident, Martin said How too like life all afternoon.”
Martin finds actual life to be impressively like itself. Though at base nonsensical, the sentiment is, of course, not uncommon. Those of the writerly persuasion, in particular, read life as a symbol of itself often, and frequently from such a position of detachment. In Speedboat, Adler presents a world of disorder, propelled by no universal force, no reasoning will at the wheel, but every bit of evidence makes part of an absurdist rhyme. There is beauty, and entropic order, in the reason gone awry — it is intelligent design for the sardonic. Over the course of the book, we find ourselves too often admiring the model and feeling little. How too like life, we think, and sit back and nod:
“I can’t believe it,” people said, almost with passion. It was that year’s version of hello. […] Apparently incredulous, astounded, people met. Sometimes the rejoinder was “For God’s sake,” as in “Harry! Maude! I can’t believe it.” “Marilyn! Well, for God’s sake.”
How too like life. It’s quite funny. But Adler is also quite serious: Jen feels that we, amidst the twaddle, are “fighting for our lives.”
Virginia Woolf’s essay “Street Haunting” is a work quite unlike Speedboat. (Hands slap foreheads.) But it is also a work about moving through the world as the aware eye. Unlike Jen Fain, Woolf’s narrator sees herself as joining the “vast republican army of anonymous trampers” in the streets she wanders. She imagines, with some gleaming wonder, the life behind those green curtains, and — something missing from Speedboat — the world is a tactile place: a pencil is “too soft” or “too hard,” the road is “hammered silver.” Woolf the observer is distinctly present. (She’s also joyful.)
The task set forth in “Modern Fiction” was to capture the experience of the mind, which continues to be more than the external world reflected and refracted through it, still, even in Speedboat’s frenetic time and our own. Jen tells us, “The point changes and goes out. You cannot be forever watching for the point, or you lose the simplest thing: being a major character in your own life.” But certainly, this is her fate.
As to Woolf’s joy, who needs it. But emotion is too rare here. Adler has said in interview that she hoped to communicate “conventional feeling” through a modern form, but she didn’t think she “managed, except sporadically, until Pitch Dark. Maybe not even then.” To her credit, the characters she portrays are not an emphatic group: “In the idiom of our class and generation, we said, Maybe we could lie down for a minute.” The book’s few moments with emotional stakes are strong: still spare — restrained, distant, or muffled, rather than absent. But these moments are outnumbered by a factor of hundreds.
Guy Trebay, in his afterword to the reissue, says that “vigilant skepticism, deep dubiety, is probably the strongest […] current of feeling in Speedboat.” He finds this fitting, “as doubt,” he says, “is writing.” I’m sure he means the inverse — that writing is doubt, an act of and expression of, most likely. But on a more fundamental level, writing is an act and expression of awareness (and at closer range, vitality). It includes doubt, and its opposite, which in the case of the material world is not faith but awe or appreciation.
At Speedboat’s end, Jen is hopeful. Despite every human action being “aggression” and every personal interaction a “hostage situation,” “all the same,” she says, it is “worthwhile” to keep going:
“You can’t miss it” always means you’re never going to find it. The shortest distance between two points may well be the wrong way on a one-way street. All the same, all the same, I think there’s something to be said for assuring the next that the water’s fine — quite warm, actually — once you get into it. You can’t miss it. It could be the sort of sentence one wants right here is the kind that runs, and laughs, and slides, and stops right on a dime.
The last line is utterly, self-consciously genius. I read it three or four times in a row. It is “too like life” and “too like a book” at once. “All the same” it is “worthwhile” to encourage one another and ourselves, using the words and cadence and forms that signify hopefulness.
But, why?
What can we look forward to besides the percussive, banal bullshit of the world going by, or the crash of your life into mine? What to believe in beyond the absurdist rhyme? Adlerian playback of our insufficiencies; our petty satisfactions; our inevitable, violent collisions, is not enough to sustain the simpleton’s question, Why. Very few moments can be found to answer it. For me there might be only one. It is a beauty:
The frail, serious four-year-old boy stood, arms outspread, at the foot of the staircase. He looked at his infant sister, who stood three steps above. “Jump, baby,” he said, gravely, encouragingly. She summoned her courage, let go of the banister, and jumped. He caught her, but since she was quite plump, she flattened him. “Good baby,” he said, when his breath returned. Then he went to his room, put on his pajamas, and lay down for his nap. Every day, when he got home from school, they repeated this process. It was his way of taking her education in hand.
Katie Ryder is a New York–based writer and a contributing editor for Guernica.
By Renata Adler
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Matt Smith and Claire Foy in The Crown. Picture: Netflix
The Crown’s Matt Smith breaks silence on pay gap
by Bronte Coy
23rd Apr 2018 12:57 PM
THE Crown's Matt Smith has broken his silence following backlash over the revelation that he was paid more than his co-star (and the series' titular character) Claire Foy.
In a new interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Smith - who played Prince Philip alongside Foy's Queen Elizabeth II - said she had his full support.
"Claire is one of my best friends, and I believe that we should be paid equally and fairly," he asserted.
"I support her completely, and I am pleased that it was resolved and they made amends for that because that's what needed to happen. Going forward, I think we should all bear in mind we need to strive to make this better, a more even playing field, for everyone involved - but not just in our industry, in all industries."
Matt Smith and Claire Foy as Philip and Elizabeth.
The hit Netflix show became the subject of plenty of scrutiny last month when Foy and Smith's salaries were discussed by producer Suzanne Mackie during a panel discussion as reported by Variety.
Mackie and her fellow producers acknowledged that Smith did earn more for The Crown due to his Doctor Who fame, but vowed that future seasons of the show would see that pay gap closed.
"Going forward, no one gets paid more than the Queen," said Mackie.
Following the outcry, Foy told Entertainment Weekly: "I'm surprised because I'm at the centre of it, and anything that I'm at the centre of like that is very, very odd, and feels very, very out of ordinary.
"But I'm not [surprised about the interest in the story] in the sense that it was a female-led drama," she said.
"I'm not surprised that people saw [the story] and went, 'Oh, that's a bit odd.'
"But I know that Matt feels the same that I do, that it's odd to find yourself at the centre [of a story] that you didn't particularly ask for."
Foy and Smith are ‘best friends’. Picture: John Phillips/Getty Images
Ahead of The Crown's third season, the roles of Queen Elizabeth, Prince Philip and Princess Margaret have all been recast with older actors.
After news broke of the significant pay disparity, the production company behind The Crown apologised to both actors.
"We want to apologise to both Claire Foy and to Matt Smith, brilliant actors and friends, who have found themselves at the centre of a media storm this week through no fault of their own," Left Bank said in a statement at the time.
"Claire and Matt are incredibly gifted actors who, along with the wider cast on The Crown, have worked tirelessly to bring our characters to life with compassion and integrity.
"As the producers of The Crown, we at Left Bank Pictures are responsible for budgets and salaries; the actors are not aware of who gets what and cannot be held personally responsible for the pay of their colleagues. We understand and appreciate the conversation which is rightly being played out across society and we are absolutely united with the fight for fair pay, free of gender bias, and for a rebalancing of the industry's treatment of women, both those in front of the camera and for those behind the scenes."
The Crown stars’ pay gap revealed
Netflix cops $48m Kevin Spacey hit
The Queen we haven’t seen before
Crown star’s payout after gender gap
First look at The Crown’s new Queen Lizzie
Cast revealed for Charlie’s Angels reboot
Doctor backtracks on sexist attack on colleagues
gender equality matt smith netflix pay gap salary the crown
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Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor DBE (February 27, 1932 – March 23, 2011) was a British-American actress, businesswoman, and humanitarian. She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s, and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s. She continued her career successfully into the 1960s, and remained a well-known public figure for the rest of her life. In 1999, the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend.
Full name at birth
Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor
National Velvet
Hampstead, London, England, UK
Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, US
Actress, Model, Producer
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142 lbs (64.4 kg)
Distinctive feature
Violet Eyes
Buxom Figure
Daisy (dog)
University High School, Los Angeles, CA
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Political affiliation political affiliation
Political party political party
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This page is the FamousFix profile for Elizabeth Taylor. Content on this page is contributed by editors who belong to our editorial community. We welcome your contributions... so please create an account if you would like to collaborate with other editor's in helping to shape this website.
On the Elizabeth Taylor page you will be able to add and update factual information, post media and connect this topic to other topics on the website. This website does skew towards famous actors, musicians, models and sports stars, however we would like to expand that to include many other interesting topics.
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Corral Canyon
By Jerry Schad, Sept. 10, 2008
Roam-O-Rama
Diminutive Corral Canyon Park is one of the newer parcels of open space to be added to the archipelago of public lands known as the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. A lazily looping hiking trail traverses the park’s grass- and chaparral-covered slopes, inviting your exploration on foot (no mountain bikes allowed, though).
The trailhead is obscure. To get there, you’ll need to be going westbound (up the coast from Santa Monica) through Malibu on Pacific Coast Highway. (There is no eastbound access to the trailhead.) At a point 0.6 mile east of Puerco Canyon Road, there’s a parking lot on the right for the Malibu Seafood and Deli restaurant, 25623 Pacific Coast Highway, which doubles as the Corral Canyon trailhead. If you reach Corral Canyon Road, you have gone 0.3 mile too far.
Check out the interpretive plaques at the trailhead and then take off on the trail, which begins by crossing a small area of willow scrub in the often-marshy bottom of Corral Canyon. On the far side, swing left. After 0.1 mile choose the trail on the right that will take you immediately uphill and counterclockwise on a two-mile loop. The beautifully graded pathway curls up a grassy hillside swept by fresh Pacific breezes. Hang-gliding humans on parasailing craft can often be seen drifting lazily to and fro along the shoreline, utilizing those same sea breezes.
At 0.8 mile, you reach a narrow ridge. A false trail goes right up along the top of that ridge, but you stay left, following a more gently graded trail that continues gaining elevation, going north, parallel to the canyon bottom below. By about 1.1 miles, at an elevation of 550 feet above sea level, there’s a sharp switchback. You swing left and initiate a zigzagging descent down into the canyon and then alongside the canyon bottom. Keep an eye on the sky for ravens, hawks, or vultures swooping, soaring, and gliding.
Nearing the end of the hike you pass a homesite — a cabin burned like so many others in this wildfire-prone region — with its forlorn chimney still standing. Shortly ahead, you come to the aforementioned split in the trail, a short distance shy of the trailhead.
This article contains information about a publicly owned recreation or wilderness area. Trails and pathways are not necessarily marked. Conditions can change rapidly. Hikers should be properly equipped and have safety and navigational skills. The Reader and Jerry Schad assume no responsibility for any adverse experience.
Climb high above the Pacific Ocean on the trails of Malibu’s Corral Canyon Park.
Distance from downtown San Diego: 150 miles
Hiking length: 2.2 miles
More stories by Jerry Schad
Piuma Overlook — Sept. 30, 2009
Upper Solstice Canyon — Aug. 27, 2008
Aliso and Wood Canyons — May 14, 2008
Nicholas Flat — Feb. 13, 2008
Caballero Canyon — Jan. 16, 2008
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» Equipment
» Aircraft
» Mosquito
Manufacturer de Havilland Aircraft Company
Primary Role Light Bomber
Maiden Flight 25 November 1940
Contributor: C. Peter Chen
ww2dbaseThe spruce-and-balsa wooden Mosquito multi-role aircraft were designed as fast light bombers that could outrun pursuing hostile fighters; because of their light weight and high speed, they were also used as fighters when necessary. Although the original design was released in 1938, it was not until 1940 when the British Air Ministry took notice of the wooden aircraft. When the German airmen faced these aircraft, they were amazed by their speed and their ability to protect the airspace over Britain. "In 1940 I could at least fly as far as Glasgow in most of my aircraft, but not now!", said Hermann Göring, commander of the Luftwaffe, in Jan 1943. "It makes me furious when I see the Mosquito. I turn green and yellow with envy." What made Göring and the rest of Germany most envious was de Havilland's ability to construct a capable aircraft out of material as common as wood at a time when iron and steel was in great demand. The most numerous variant was the Mk.IX that served as a high altitude bomber, encouraged by the result of a Royal Air Force cost-benefit analysis: throughout the entire war, the Mosquito bombers enjoyed the lowest loss rate, while it dealt far greater damage to the Germans when compared to the larger and more expensive Lancaster bombers. During its service, 7,781 Mosquitos were built, with 6,710 of them during the war. A significant fraction of that number came from Commonwealth nations such as Canada and Australia. During the war, Mosquito bombers were responsible for dropping 35,000 tons of bombs at a loss of only 193 aircraft.
ww2dbaseSource: Wikipedia.
Last Major Revision: Apr 2006
Mosquito Timeline
25 Nov 1940 The prototype of the de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito unarmed light bomber was flown for the first time from Hatfield Aerodrome, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom. The aircraft was flown by Geoffrey de Havilland, accompanied by engineer John E. Walker.
2 Jun 1941 The British RAF took delivery of the first Mosquito PR 1 photo-reconnaissance aircraft. With double the range of the streamlined Spitfire photo-reconnaissance aircraft, by early 1942 UK-based Mosquito aircraft would be regularly flying photo-reconnaissance missions as far away as northern Norway, Ostpreußen (East Prussia) in Germany, and the north of Italy.
17 Sep 1941 The first operation conducted by a British Mosquito aircraft was launched to take photographs of German-controlled ports.
Mk.II
Machinery Two Rolls-Royce Merlin 21 engines rated at 1,230hp each
Armament 4x20mm Hispano cannons, 4x0.303in Brownings
Span 16.52 m
Length 13.57 m
Weight, Empty 6,396 kg
Weight, Loaded 7,938 kg
Speed, Maximum 595 km/h
Service Ceiling 10,520 m
Range, Normal 2,990 km
Mk.IV
Armament 4x20mm Hispano cannons, 4x0.303in Brownings, 4x227kg bombs
Weight, Loaded 10,206 kg
Mk.IX
Armament 4x20mm Hispano cannons, 4x0.303in Brownings, 4,000lb of bombs or extra fuel
See all 4 photographs of Mosquito Light Bomber
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Visitor Submitted Comments
Show older comments
1. Bill says:
22 Aug 2010 11:46:59 AM
The Mosquito Mk XVIII carried a 57mm cannon and four 303 caliber machine guns. The cannon was 1,800lbs/815kgs in weight, and each round for the cannon was 7lbs/3.2kgs in weight. Twenty five rounds for the cannon was carried and with an automatic-loader, could fire all twenty five rounds in twenty seconds! Twenty seven aircraft were fitted with this weapon, However it was found out that two 500lb bombs, or eight 60lb rockets were found to be better suited.
2. David Barker says:
13 Jan 2020 06:23:10 AM
I believe that the maiden flight of the prototype Mosquito constructed at Salisbury Hall, London Colney in November 1940 was from an adjacent field, not from Hatfield Aerodrome as stated on your website. A photograph taken there prior to this flight is shown in the HistoryNet article on the Mosquito aircraft at: https://www.historynet.com/the-miraculous-mosquito.htm
All visitor submitted comments are opinions of those making the submissions and do not reflect views of WW2DB.
Mosquito Light Bomber Photo Gallery
"No bastard ever won a war by dying for his country. You win the war by making the other poor dumb bastard die for his country!"
George Patton, 31 May 1944
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Fundamentals of the Legal Health Record and Designated Record Set
Throughout this brief, sentences marked with the † symbol indicate AHIMA best practices in health information management. These practices are collected in the new AHIMA Compendium, offering health information management professionals "just in time" guidance as they research and address practice challenges.
For years healthcare organizations have struggled to define their legal health records and align them with the designated record set required by the HIPAA privacy rule. Questions often arise about the differences between the two sets because both identify information that must be disclosed upon request.
The expanding scope of health records adds to the challenge of defining and compiling these record sets. An individual's record can consist of a facility's record, outpatient diagnostic test results or therapies, pharmacy records, physician records, other care providers' records, and the patient's own personal health record. Administrative and financial documents and data may be intermingled with clinical data.
In addition, the type of media on which information is recorded is also expanding. Source records may include diagnostic images, video, voice files, and e-mail. The organization must determine which of these data elements, electronic-structured documents, images, audio files, and video files to include.
The emergence of electronic health records (EHRs) also is complicating organizational efforts to define and disclose information. Information in EHRs is often stored in multiple systems, inhibiting the ability to succinctly pull together the record for either the legal health record or the designated record set.
These input systems may include laboratory information, pharmacy information, picture archiving and communications, cardiology information, results reporting, computerized provider order entry, nurse care planning, transcription, document imaging, and fetal trace monitoring systems, as well as a myriad of home-grown or individual clinical department systems.
However, the same criteria that organizations used to determine what paper records to retain and include in their legal health records and designated record sets can be applied to electronic records. Questions organizations must ask include:
What information can be stored long term?
What is clinically useful long term?
What is the cost of storage?
How can the organization effectively and succinctly assemble the EHR for long-term use?
This practice brief compiles and updates guidance from four previously published practice briefs to provide an overview of the purposes of the designated record set and the legal health record and helps organizations identify what information to include in each. It also provides guidelines for disclosing health records from the sets. The four original practice briefs are listed in the "Sources" section at the end of this practice brief.
Defining the Legal Health Record and Designated Record Set
There is no one-size-fits-all definition for the legal health record and designated record set. The healthcare organization must explicitly define both in a multidisciplinary team approach. Medical staff, for example, should provide guidance to ensure that patient care needs will be met for immediate, long-term, and research uses.†
In addition, organizations should consider the capabilities of their electronic systems, both immediate and long term. Additional considerations include ease of access to different components of patient care information and guidance from the organization's legal counsel considering community standards of care, federal regulations, state laws and regulations, standards of accrediting agencies, and the requirements of third-party payers.
Organizations should follow the following common principles when defining their legal health record and designated record set.
Legal Health Record Definition and Role
The legal health record serves to identify what information constitutes the official business record of an organization for evidentiary purposes. The legal health record is a subset of the entire patient database. The elements that constitute an organization's legal health record vary depending on how the organization defines it.
The legal health record is the documentation of healthcare services provided to an individual during any aspect of healthcare delivery in any type of healthcare organization. An organization's legal health record definition must explicitly identify the sources, medium, and location of the individually identifiable data that it includes (i.e., the data collected and directly used in documenting healthcare or health status).† The documentation that comprises the legal health record may physically exist in separate and multiple paper-based or electronic systems.
The legal health record serves to:
Support the decisions made in a patient's care
Support the revenue sought from third-party payers
Document the services provided as legal testimony regarding the patient's illness or injury, response to treatment, and caregiver decisions
Serve as the organization's business and legal record
The legal health record is typically used when responding to formal requests for information for evidentiary purposes. It does not affect the discoverability of other information held by the organization.
When defining the legal health record, healthcare organizations should consider:†
The available functions in the EHR system that may generate relevant information. For example, does the EHR have clinical decision support, digital image import, or patient portals? Will information sent to or by the patient through the portal be inserted into the record and considered part of the legal record?
The storage capacity and cost for the required retention period of the health record. For example, what is the cost and storage capacity for WAVE files, transcribed records, and scanned documents or images?
The data's importance for long-term use. For example, organizations should define how to differentiate between different types of raw data. Some source documentation for test results, whether digital or paper, generally is considered useful only for short-term use (e.g., EEG tracings).
Whether the EHR system is able to provide both readable electronic and paper copies of all components of the legal health record.
Designated Record Set Definition and Role
The HIPAA privacy rule defines the designated record set as a group of records maintained by or for a covered entity that may include patient medical and billing records; the enrollment, payment, claims, adjudication, and cases or medical management record systems maintained by or for a health plan; or information used in whole or in part to make care-related decisions.
The designated record set also contains individually identifiable data stored on any medium and collected and directly used in documenting healthcare or health status. It includes clinical data such as WAVE files, images (e.g., x-rays), and billing information.
The designated record set is generally broader than the legal health record because it addresses all protected health information. While the legal health record is generally the information used by the patient care team to make decisions about the treatment of a patient, the designated record set contains protected health information along with business information unrelated to patient care.
Organizations must define the types of documentation that comprise the designated record set and identify where the records physically exist, such as in separate and multiple paper-based or electronic systems.†
Under HIPAA, the designated record set is used to clarify the rights of individuals to access, amend, restrict, and acquire an accounting of disclosures. Individuals have the right to inspect and obtain a copy, request amendments, and set restrictions and accountings of medical and billing information used to make decisions about their care.
Guidance for Defining Record Sets
The challenge for HIM professionals in defining the legal health record or designated record set is to determine which data elements, electronic-structured documents, images, audio files, and video files to include. The primary consideration in defining the legal health record and designated record set must always be the needs for immediate and long-term patient care. An HIM committee comprised primarily of patient care team members can guide this process. Members of this committee should make the decision on what information is clinically meaningful.†
1. Identify Relevant Regulations, Standards, and Laws
Based on the committee's clinical direction, the first step in defining the legal health record and designated record set is to determine what legal entities enforce relevant regulations, guidelines, standards, or laws on health records. Although these entities may have defined a legal record in paper terms (e.g., requiring a medication sheet rather than an electronic medication administration record), their definitions must become the basis for the organization's legal health record definition.
2. Determine Records Created in the Course of Business
The second step is to determine whether the records are created in the provider or entity's ordinary course of business. Source-system or raw data are the data from which interpretations, summaries, and notes are derived. They may be designated part of the legal health record, whether or not they are integrated into a single system or maintained as part of the source system.
Records from source systems may be considered part of the legal health record based on the content of the source system's record. Historically, reports or findings upon which clinical decision making is based are parts of the legal health record. For example, the written result of a test such as an x-ray, an ECG, or other similar procedures are always part of the record, whether these reports are integrated into a single system or part of a source system.
Working notes used by a provider to complete a final report are not considered part of the health record unless they are made available to others providing patient care. However, documents that are kept in a separate system (such as notes from a particular area of specialty that are kept separately but are treatment records) are always considered part of the health record.
The determining factor in whether information is to be considered part of the legal health record is not where it resides or the format it takes, but rather how it is used and whether it may be reasonably expected to be routinely released when a request for a complete medical record is received.
Uses of the information for business and legal purposes are usually, but not always, drawn from the legal health record. The most notable exceptions are those disclosures made for purposes of discovery or e-discovery in which any information requested under the court order must be provided.
Several states have laws or regulations that spell out the requirements and conditions under which health information from another healthcare organization or provider must be redisclosed. In the absence of more stringent state law, the HIPAA privacy rule prevails. However, because any medical or billing information that was used to make decisions about the individual is included as part of the designated record set under the HIPAA privacy rule, information must be disclosed or redisclosed if requested by the individual to whom it pertains, regardless of whether the information is external or internal.
3. Address Retention Requirements
The third step in determining the legal health record is ensuring that components are retained appropriately. Storing EHR components in disparate systems can cause problems. HIM professionals must identify and collaborate with IT professionals and system owners to define retention policies and practices. Without adequate retention of the EHR, compiling the complete record for release could be impossible.
A tool such as a matrix is critical for tracking the paper and electronic portions of the health record. As records are transitioned from paper to electronic, dates should be documented to provide a guide for staff when retrieving the patient's health information. (A sample matrix is provided in Appendix A, "Health Record Matrix.")
4. Consider How Data Would Be Produced
The fourth step in defining the legal health record and designated record set is to determine how information may be appropriately released. While it is easy to declare something such as an EKG WAVE file as part of the legal health record or designated record set, the organization must consider how it will be reproduced.
Questions to ask include if the source system can print or download to a CD, how it will be accessed by the requester, and if it will be in an understandable format. Components of the legal health record and designated record set must be reproducible in an accessible format. See appendix B for a comparison of the legal health record versus the designated record set.
5. Classify External Records
The fifth step is determining how to classify external records received by the organization. Some state laws address how to classify external records; however, in the absence of state law, the organization must determine if external records will be a part of the health record.
There is a school of thought that these external records cannot and should not become part of the legal health record because of the inability to attest to how they were originally created. To include them as part of the legal health record may result in implied liability for any inaccuracies the external records contain.
The opposing view is that if the external records were relied upon to make care decisions they should be included as part of the legal record. In addition, the College of American Pathologists requires that the laboratory director be involved with the decision on what lab results should be included in the EHR.
However, including external records as part of the designated record set and making them available in all appropriate disclosures, including disclosures in response to a subpoena, may accomplish the same purpose. The organization's legal counsel should be consulted prior to determining policy regarding the inclusion of external records as part of the legal health record.
Ultimately, the admissibility of the requested information in court is not the concern of the party producing the information. Compliance with the terms of the subpoena or order is required.
Additional Elements and Functions to Consider
As technology continues to evolve, other features will need to be evaluated and reflected in the legal health record and designated record set policies. Consideration needs to be given to documents that are not yet complete or in interim/pending status. Functions such as clinical decision support triggers and annotations need to be considered as well. Appendix C [...] lists the features and functions that should be evaluated when creating the policy for the organization's designated record set and legal health record.
Equally as important, organizations need to identify information that is not in the legal health record or designated record set. Data such as audit trails, metadata, and psychotherapy notes are not included in the definitions for these record sets. See appendix D for a sample list of items outside the legal health record and designated record set.
Other Federal Laws and Regulations
In addition to the HIPAA privacy rule, other federal laws and regulations give individuals the right to access their health information. Organizations must meet these obligations, as well as protect the confidentiality of patient records by ensuring they are released to or accessed by authorized individuals only.
The Privacy Act of 1974, like the HIPAA privacy rule, gives individuals the right to access and request amendments to their records. The act defines a record as "any item, collection, or grouping of information about an individual that is maintained by an agency, including, but not limited to, his education, financial transactions, medical history, and criminal or employment history and that contains his name, or the identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual, such as a finger or voice print or a photograph."1
The Medicare Conditions of Participation for state long-term care facilities state that the resident or his or her legal representative has the right to access "all records pertaining to himself or herself" including current clinical records.2 In addition to clinical records, the term "records" includes all records pertaining to the resident, such as trust fund ledgers pertinent to the resident and contracts between the resident and the facility.3
The Confidentiality of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Patient Records regulation allows federally subsidized alcohol and drug abuse programs to give patients access to their own records, including the opportunity to inspect and copy any records that the program maintains about the patient. The regulation defines records as "any information, whether recorded or not, relating to a patient received or acquired by a federally assisted alcohol or drug program."4
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires employers document certain employee injuries, including medical care provided in relation to those injuries. Employees and their designated representatives generally have access to such injury reports and related health records.5
The HIPAA privacy rule clearly indicates its intent is not to preempt other federal laws and regulations. Therefore, if an individual's rights of access are greater under another federal law, the individual should be afforded the greater access.
Many states have laws or regulations that give individuals the right to their health information. Some state laws may define health information more broadly than the privacy rule. Some states may not limit access and amendment to PHI in a designated record set. When state laws or regulations afford individuals greater rights of access, the covered entity must adhere to state law.
Privacy Act of 1974. 5 USC, Section 552A. Available online at www.justice.gov/opcl/privstat.htm.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. "Part 483-Requirements for States and Long Term Care Facilities." Title 42-Public Health. Chapter IV. Available online at www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_01/42cfr483_01.html.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. "State Operations Manual: Appendix PP-Guidance to Surveyors for Long Term Care Facilities." Revised December 2, 2009. Available online at http://cms.gov/manuals/Downloads/som107ap_pp_guidelines_ltcf.pdf.
"Confidentiality of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Patient Records." 42 CFR, Part 2. Available online at http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&rgn=div5&view=text&node=42:1.0.1.1.2&idno=42.l.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor. "Recording and Reporting Occupational Injuries and Illnesses." 29 CFR, Chapter 17, Part 1904.35, Section 657. 2002. Available online at www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owastand.display_standard_group?p_toc_level=1&p_part_number=1904
Recommendations for Clarifying Disclosure
Healthcare organizations can take the following basic steps to help clear up confusion around the legal health record and the designated record set and the disclosure of information from both:
Develop and maintain an inventory of documents and data that comprise the legal health record. Consider whether other types of information that are not document-based are part of the legal health record (e.g., e-mail, electronic fetal monitoring strips, diagnostic images, digital photography, and video).
Develop a detailed inventory of items that comprise the designated record. Declare the official legal health record and designated record set in organizational policy.
Consider a single repository for legal retention requirements.
Consider the use of records management software that supports the records declaration process and records lifecycle management, particularly for messaging records (such as e-mail or instant messages that are considered part of the legal health record or designated record set).
Collaborate with clinicians to develop procedures for identifying external information that has been used in patient care. Once identified as such, provisions should be made for including this in the patient's record, whether paper or electronic. Within the record, consideration should be given to filing or indexing the external information under a separate tab or section of the electronic or paper record developed for this purpose. Review state statues that may require inclusion of external information.
Promptly return to the patient (if feasible) or dispose of (in accordance with the organization's destruction procedures) any health information that is not used or not solicited.
Consider developing policies and procedures that confine the ability to request health information from external sources and to place such information in the patient's record to specified staff or personnel.
Develop written policies and procedures as well as staff training for clinical users that address the use of external information. Train HIM staff on procedures related to redisclosure of health information.
Identify the records the organization believes individuals have the right to access and amend under state and federal laws and regulations
Apply HIPAA's pre-emption standards where individuals' rights to access and amend are not the same under other federal or state laws and regulations
There may be times when an individual has a legitimate need to access source data that are not considered part of the legal health record or designated record set. The organization's legal counsel should advise whenever there is uncertainty. Appendix E contains policy definitions that can be included in organizational policy. Appendix F offers a sample template for the legal health record, and Appendix G features a sample template for a designated record set policy.
AHIMA e-HIM Work Group on the Legal Health Record. "Update: Guidelines for Defining the Legal Health Record for Disclosure Purposes." Journal of AHIMA 76, no. 8 (Sept. 2005): 64A-G. Available online in the AHIMA Body of Knowledge at www.ahima.org.
AHIMA EHR Practice Council. "Developing a Legal Health Record Policy." Journal of AHIMA 78, no. 9 (Oct. 2007): 93-97. Available online in the AHIMA Body of Knowledge at www.ahima.org.
Hughes, Gwen. "Defining the Designated Record Set." Journal of AHIMA 74, no. 1 (Jan. 2003): 64A-D. Available online in the AHIMA Body of Knowledge at www.ahima.org.
Dougherty, Michelle, and Lydia Washington. "Defining and Disclosing the Designated Record Set and the Legal Health Record." Journal of AHIMA 79, no. 4 (Apr. 2008): 65-68. Available online in the AHIMA Body of Knowledge at www.ahima.org.
Seven appendixes are included in the online version of this brief.
Appendix A: Health Record Matrix
The matrix below is a tool organizations can use to help identify and track the paper and electronic portions of the health record during an EHR implementation and ongoing maintenance. HIM professionals can customize this matrix to their organization's needs and add specific items that should be considered when implementing an EHR. It is up to each individual organization to determine what health information is considered part of their legal health record and their designated record set.
Type of Document Name of Document Primary Source* Primary Source System Start Date Source of the Legal Health Record/ Designated Record Set Legal Health Record, Designated Record Set, or Both Comments
Nursing ICU nursing assessment Electronic nursing documentation system 1/2/2007 Enterprise document management system Both Phased implementation
Physician orders Congestive heart failure order set Computerized physician order entry system 1/2/2007 EHR Both Downtime paper orders scanned
Emergency department Emergency department treatment record Paper 3/15/2005 Enterprise document system Both
Discharge summary Discharge summary Transcription system 12/15/2002 EHR Both
Claims Billing report Patient financial system 7/1/1998 Patient financial system Designated record set
*Includes scanned images
Appendix B: Comparison of the Designated Record Set versus the Legal Health Record
Editor's note: this appendix contains work previously published by AHIMA.
This side-by-side comparison of the designated record set and the legal health record demonstrates the differences between the two sets of information, as well as their purposes.
Designated Record Set
Legal Health Record
A group of records maintained by or for a covered entity that is the medical and billing records about individuals; enrollment, payment, claims adjudication, and case or medical management record systems maintained by or for a health plan; information used in whole or in part by or for the HIPAA covered entity to make decisions about individuals.
The business record generated at or for a healthcare organization. It is the record that would be released upon receipt of a request. The legal health record is the officially declared record of healthcare services provided to an individual delivered by a provider.
Used to clarify the access and amendment standards in the HIPAA privacy rule, which provide that individuals generally have the right to inspect and obtain a copy of protected health information in the designated record set.
The official business record of healthcare services delivered by the entity for regulatory and disclosure purposes.
Defined in organizational policy and required by the HIPAA privacy rule. The content of the designated record set includes medical and billing records of covered providers; enrollment, payment, claims, and case information of a health plan; and information used in whole or in part by or for the covered entity to make decisions about individuals.
Defined in organizational policy and can include individually identifiable data in any medium collected and directly used in documenting healthcare services or health status. It excludes administrative, derived, and aggregate data.
Supports individual HIPAA right of access and amendment.
Provides a record of health status as well as documentation of care for reimbursement, quality management, research, and public health purposes; facilitates business decision-making and education of healthcare practitioners as well as the legal needs of the healthcare organization.
Categorizing record types can assist in understanding the similarities and differences and help organizations develop policies for each. Some record types are found in both the designated record set and the legal health record, while others are specific to the designated record set. The table below provides examples of different types of records and shows the similarities and differences between the two sets of information.
Sorting Record Types
Some record types belong in both the designated record set and the legal health record. Some belong in the designated record set only. Categorizing record types helps organizations set policies for each record set.
Lab reports (including contract lab)
Clinical reports
Authorizations and consents
designated record set and legal health record Source Clinical Data
Fetal strips
Pathology slides
designated record set and legal health record External Records and Reports
External records referenced for patient care: other providers? records, records provided upon transfer
Patient generated records
designated record set and possibly legal health record*
* There are two points of view on whether external records referenced for patient care are part of the legal health record. One view is that they should be if they were relied upon to make care decisions. The other view is that although they are part of the designated record set and are available for patient care and disclosures, they should not be because of the organization's inability to attest to how the external records were originally created. Organizations should consult with their counsels to weigh the risks and benefits of either approach.
Committee Reports (of patient-specific care decisions)
Ethics committee or tumor board, if deciding on a course of treatment for an individual patient
Note: Documentation of findings could be reported in the patient's medical record. Other legal privileges may apply to these records.
designated record set only
Super bills/encounter forms
Remittance advice
Case management records
Secondary/Administrative and Statistical
Tumor registries data
QI/QM reports and abstracts
Committee minutes (not patient-specific treatment related)
Appendix C: Considerations for the Legal Health Record and Designated Record Set
Editor's note: this appendix compiles work previously published by AHIMA.
The move toward electronic health records is complicating organizational efforts to define and disclose information. Many of the items within the EHR have not historically been included in the legal health record and the designated record set. Examples of documents and data that should be evaluated for inclusion or exclusion include, but are not limited to:
Administrative data/documents: patient-identifiable data used for administrative, regulatory, healthcare operations, and payment (financial) purposes.1
Annotations/"sticky notes": additional information that is added as a layer on top of the note. The annotation or sticky note may be suppressed when viewing or printing. These may be considered part of the health record. This documentation may become a permanent part of the record and is maintained in a manner similar to any other information contained within the health record.
Clinical decision support systems: a subcategory of clinical information systems that is designed to help healthcare professionals make knowledge-based clinical decisions.2 Currently there are no generally accepted rules on including decision support such as system-generated notifications, prompts, and alerts as part of the health record.3 Alerts, reminders, pop-ups, and similar tools are used as aides in the clinical decision-making process. The tools themselves are usually not considered part of the legal health record; however, associated documentation is considered a component.4 At a minimum the EHR should include documentation of the clinician's actions in response to decision support. This documentation is evidence of the clinician's decision to follow or disregard decision support. The organization should define the extent of exception documentation required (e.g., what no documentation means).5 When an organization decides to include the decision support trigger as part of the health record, the organization will need to define if all triggers will be part of the record or just the clinical decision support triggers. For example, alerts for patient appointment reminders may not be considered part of the legal health record, but alerts for drug-drug interaction may be.6
Coding queries: a routine communication and education tool used to advocate complete and compliant documentation. Retention of the query varies by healthcare organization. First, an organization must determine if the query will be part of the health record. If the query is not part of the health record, then the organization must decide if the query is kept as part of the business record or only the outcome of the query is maintained in a database.7
Continuing care records: records received from another healthcare provider. Historically, these records were generally not considered part of the legal health record unless they were used in the provision of patient care. In the EHR it may be difficult to determine if information was viewed or used in delivering healthcare. It may be necessary to define such information as part of the legal health record. Policies should reflect the proper disposition of health records from external sources (e.g., other healthcare providers) if they are not integrated into the electronic and legal health record.8
Data/documents: documentation of patient care that took place in the ordinary course of business by all healthcare providers.9
Data from source systems: written results of tests. Data from which interpretations, summaries, notes, flowcharts, etc., are derived.10
Discrete structured data: laboratory orders/refills, orders/medication orders/MARs, online charting and documentation, and any detailed charges.11
Document completion (lockdown): organizations must determine when users can no longer create or make changes to electronic documentation. Organizations with several source systems should consider locking down documents at some determined time after a patient encounter. There may be limitations with how the EHR handles this function, which organizations will need to factor into their policies.12
External records and reports: healthcare records that are created by providers outside of the organization that are received by the organization for patient care. The decision of which category external records and reports fall into depends on the applicability of HIPAA privacy rules, state law or regulation, source of the request, and type of request. If external records and reports are used to make decisions about an individual, they become part of the designated record set. If those decisions are care decisions, in most cases those same records and reports will also be included in the provider's legal health record, especially if they are created pursuant to a contract.13
Personal health records (PHRs): copies of PHRs that are created, owned, and managed by the patient and are provided to a healthcare organization (s) may be considered part of the health record if so defined by the organization.14
Research records: organizational policy should differentiate whether research records are part of the health record and how these records will be kept.15
Version control. Organizations must decide whether all versions of a document or ancillary report will be displayed or just the final version.16
Diagnostic image data: CT, MRI, ultrasound, nuclear medicine, etc.17
Signal tracing data: EKG, EEG, fetal monitoring signal tracings, etc.18
Audio data: heart sounds, voice dictations, annotations, etc.19
Video data: ultrasound, cardiac catheterization examinations, etc.20
Text data: radiology reports, transcribed reports, UBS, itemized bills, etc.21
Original analog document ? document image data: signed patient consent forms, handwritten notes, drawings, etc.22
Appendix C Notes
AHIMA EHR Practice Council. "Developing a Legal Health Record Policy: Appendix A." Journal of AHIMA 78, no. 9 (Oct. 2007): Web extra. Available online in the AHIMA Body of Knowledge at www.ahima.org.
AHIMA. Pocket Glossary of Health Information Management and Technology. Chicago, IL: AHIMA, 2009.
AHIMA EHR Practice Council. "Developing a Legal Health Record Policy."
Warner, Diana. "Evaluating Alerts and Triggers: Determining Whether Alerts and Triggers Are Part of the Legal Health Record." Journal of AHIMA 81, no. 3 (Mar. 2010): 40-41. Available online in the AHIMA Body of Knowledge at www.ahima.org.
AHIMA. "Guidance for Clinical Documentation Improvement Programs." Journal of AHIMA 81, no. 5 (May 2010): expanded Web version. Available online in the AHIMA Body of Knowledge at www.ahima.org.
AHIMA e-HIM Work Group on the Legal Health Record. "Update: Guidelines for Defining the Legal Health Record for Disclosure Purposes."
AHIMA EHR Practice Council. "Developing a Legal Health Record Policy: Appendix A."
Appendix D: Documents that Fall Outside the Designated Record Set and Legal Health Record
Editor's note: portions of this document were previously published in two practice briefs. The original practice briefs are listed in the "Sources" section at the end of this appendix.
In its definition of the designated record set the privacy rule does not specifically address source data such as pathology slides, diagnostic films, and tracings. However, narrative throughout the preamble suggests that providing interpretations from source data would generally be acceptable in the designated record set. In most cases, individuals cannot interpret source data, so such data is meaningless. On the other hand, the interpretations of source data provide individuals with information needed to make informed decisions about their healthcare.
There may be times, however, when an individual has a legitimate need to access source data. When such a need arises, the covered entity will want to provide the individual with greater rights of access, allowing the individual access to or copies of the source data when possible.
The following table provides examples of those documents that are not included in the designated record set.
Outside the Designated Record Set
Health information generated, collected, or maintained for purposes that do not include decision making about the individual
Data collected and maintained for research
Data collected and maintained for peer review purposes
Data collected and maintained for performance improvement purposes
Appointment and surgery schedules
Birth and death registers
Surgery registers
Diagnostic or operative indexes
Duplicate copies of information that can also be located in the individual's medical or billing record
Psychotherapy notes
The notes of a mental health professional about counseling sessions that are maintained separate and apart from the regular health record
Information compiled in reasonable anticipation of or for use in a civil, criminal, or administrative action or proceeding
Notes taken by a covered entity during a meeting with the covered entity's attorney about a pending lawsuit
Requisitions for laboratory tests
Duplicate lab results when the originals are filed in the individual's paper chart
Employer records
Pre-employment physicals maintained in human resource files
The results of HIV tests maintained by the infectious disease control nurse on employees who have suffered needle stick injuries on the job
Business associate records that meet the definition of designated record set but that merely duplicate information maintained by the covered entity
Transcribed operative reports that have been transmitted to the covered entity
Education records
Records generated and maintained by teachers and teachers' aides employed by a school district or patients in acute care hospitals, institutions for the developmentally disabled and rehabilitation care centers
Source (raw) data interpreted or summarized in the individual's medical or health record
Diagnostic films
Electrocardiogram tracings from which interpretations are derived
Management of multiple revisions of the same document. By versioning, each iteration of a document is tracked.
Data that provides a detailed description about other data. "Information about a particular data set or document that describes how, when, and by whom it was collected, created, accessed, or modified and how it is formatted.1
Results of reviews to identify variations from established baselines or used to track an individual's activity in an electronic system (e.g., view, print, edit).
Pending reports
Reports that have been initiated by a member of the healthcare team but not yet authenticated and may not be available for viewing by staff until completed. An EHR system will keep these documents in a pending or incomplete status.
Administrative and Derived Data
There are many types of patient-identifiable data elements that are pulled from the patient's healthcare record that are not included in the legal health record or designated record set definitions. Administrative data and derived data and documents are two examples of patient-identifiable data that are used in the healthcare organization.
Administrative data are patient-identifiable data used for administrative, regulatory, healthcare operation, and payment (financial) purposes. Examples of administrative data include:
Audit trails related to the EHR
Authorization forms for release of information
Birth and death certificate worksheets
Correspondence concerning requests for records
Databases containing patient information
Event history and audit trails
Financial and insurance forms
Incident or patient safety reports
Institutional review board lists
Notice of privacy practices acknowledgments (unless the organization chooses to classify them as part of the health record)
Patient-identifiable data reviewed for quality assurance or utilization management
Protocols and clinical pathways, practice guidelines, and other knowledge sources that do not imbed patient data
Work lists and works-in-progress
Derived or administrative data are derived from the primary healthcare record and contain selected data elements to aid in the provision, support, evaluation, or advancement of patient care. Derived data and documents should be provided the same level of confidentiality as the legal health record. However, derived data should not be considered part of the health record and would not be produced in response to a court order, subpoena or request for the health record.
Derived data consist of information aggregated or summarized from patient records so that there are no means to identify patients. Examples of derived data are:
Accreditation reports
Anonymous patient data for research purposes
Best-practice guidelines created from aggregate patient data
OASIS reports
ORYX, Quality Indicator, Quality Measure, or other reports
Public health reports that do not contain patient-identifiable data
Transmission reports for MDS, OASIS, and IRF PAI
Appendix D Note
Sedona Conference. "The Sedona Guidelines: Best Practice Guidelines and Commentary for Managing Information & Records in the Electronic Age." September 2005. Available online at www.thesedonaconference.org/content/miscFiles/TSG9_05.pdf.
Appendix D Sources
Appendix E: Policy Definitions
The following definitions may be helpful for organizations when creating the legal health record and designated record set policies. Any key terms the organization identifies should also be included in the organization's final policy.
Business record: "a recording/record made or received in conjunction with a business purpose and preserved as evidence or because the information has value. Because this information is created, received, and maintained as evidence and information by an organization or person, in pursuance of legal obligation or in the transaction of business, it must consistently deliver a full and accurate record with no gaps or additions."1
Data: basic facts about people, processes, measurements, and conditions represented in dates, numerical statistics, images, and symbols. An unprocessed collection or representation of raw facts, concepts, or instructions in a manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by humans or automatic means.2
Data element: a combination of one or more data entities that forms a unit or piece of information, such as patient identifier, a diagnosis, or treatment.3
Electronic health record: medical information compiled in a data-gathering format for retention and transferral of protected information via secured, encrypted communication line. The information can be readily stored on an acceptable storage medium such as compact disc.4
Evidence: information that a fact finder may use to decide an issue. Information that makes a fact or issue before court or other hearing more or less probable.5
Legal health record: AHIMA defines the legal health record as "generated at or for a healthcare organization as its business record and is the record that would be released upon request. It does not affect the discoverability of other information held by the organization. The custodian of the legal health record is the health information manager in collaboration with information technology personnel. HIM professionals oversee the operational functions related to collecting, protecting, and archiving the legal health record, while information technology staff manage the technical infrastructure of the electronic health record."6
The legal health record is a formally defined legal business record for a healthcare organization. It includes documentation of healthcare services provided to an individual in any aspect of healthcare delivery by a healthcare organization.7,8 The health record is individually identifiable data in any medium, collected and directly used in documenting healthcare or health status. The term also includes records of care in any health-related setting used by healthcare professionals while providing patient care services, reviewing patient data, or documenting observations, actions, or instructions.9
Original document: an authentic writing as opposed to a copy. 10
Regular course of business: doing business in accordance with the normal practice of business and custom, as opposed to doing it differently because an organization may be or is being sued.11
Source systems: The systems in which data were originally created.
Primary source system: an information system that is part of the overall clinical information system in which documentation is most commonly first entered or generated.
Source of legal health record: the permanent storage system where the documentation for the legal health record is held.
Appendix E Notes
AHIMA e-HIM Work Group on e-Discovery. "New Electronic Discovery Civil Rule." Journal of AHIMA 77, no. 8 (Sept. 2006): 68A-H.
AHIMA e-HIM Work Group on the Legal Health Record. "Update: Guidelines for Defining the Legal Health Record for Disclosure Purposes." Journal of AHIMA 76, no. 8 (Sept. 2005): 64A-G.
Amatayakul, Margaret, et al. "Definition of the Health Record for Legal Purposes." Journal of AHIMA 72, no. 9 (Oct. 2001): 88A-H.
Appendix F: Legal Health Record Sample Template
Legal Health Record Policy Template
Policy Name: The Health Record for Legal and Business Purposes
Departments Affected: HIM, Information Systems, Legal Services, [any additional departments affected]
Purpose: This policy identifies the health record of [organization] for business and legal purposes and to ensure that the integrity of the health record is maintained so that it can support business and legal needs.
Scope: This policy applies to all uses and disclosures of the health record for administrative, business, or evidentiary purposes. It encompasses records that may be kept in a variety of media including, but not limited to, electronic, paper, digital images, video, and audio. It excludes those health records not normally made and kept in the regular course of the business of [organization].
Note: The determining factor in whether a document is considered part of the legal health record is not where the information resides or its format, but rather how the information is used and whether it is reasonable to expect the information to be routinely released when a request for a complete health record is received. The legal health record excludes health records that are not official business records of a healthcare provider. Organizations should seek legal counsel when deciding what constitutes the organization's legal health record.
Policy: It is the policy of [organization] to create and maintain health records that, in addition to their primary intended purpose of clinical and patient care use, will also serve the business and legal needs of [organization].
It is the policy of [organization] to maintain health records that will not be compromised and will support the business and legal needs of [organization].
Routine disclosures will only include information needed to fulfill the intent of the request. It excludes information determined to not be included in the legal health record.
It is the responsibility of the Health Information Management Director, working in conjunction with the Information Services Department (IS) and the Legal Department [or other appropriate departments] to:
Maintain a matrix or other document that tracks the source, location, and media of each component of the health record. [Reference an addendum or other source where the health record information is found.]
Identify any content that may be used in decision making and care of the patient that may be external to the organization (outside records and reports, PHRs, e-mail, etc.) that is not included as part of the legal record because it was not made or kept in the regular course of business.
Develop, coordinate, and administer a plan that manages all information content, regardless of location or form that comprises the legal health record of [organization].
Develop, coordinate, and administer the process of disclosure of health information.
Develop and administer a health record retention schedule that complies with applicable regulatory and business requirements.
Ensure appropriate access to information systems containing components of the health record
Execute the archiving and retention schedule pursuant to the established retention schedule
[Other responsibilities]
[Additional responsibilities for other individuals or departments]
Appendix G: Sample Designated Record Set Template
Designated Record Set Template
Policy Name: Designated Record Set Policy
Purpose: The purpose of this policy is to establish guidelines for the definition and content of the [organization] designated record set in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Assurance Act (HIPAA) of 1996.
Scope: This policy applies to all uses and disclosures of the health record. It encompasses records that may be kept in a variety of media including, but not limited to, electronic, paper, digital images, video, and audio. It excludes those health records not normally made and kept in the regular course of the business of [organization].
Note: The determining factor in whether a document is considered part of the designated record set is not where the information resides or its format, but rather how the information is used and whether it is reasonable to expect the information to be routinely released when a request from the individual to inspect, copy or request an amendment. The designated record set excludes health records that are not official business records of a healthcare provider. Organizations should seek legal counsel when deciding what constitutes the organization's designated record set.
Policy: To define the specific information or records that patient's may access and amend under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and state privacy laws. The standards provide that individuals have the right to inspect and obtain a copy and request amendment of medical information used to make decisions about their care and billing information.
Designated Record Set: A group of records maintained by or for [organization] that includes the medical records and billing records about individuals that is used in whole or part by or for [organization] to make decisions about individuals. The term record is defined as any item, collection, or grouping of information that includes protected health information and is maintained, collected, used, or disseminated by or for [organization].
Legal medical record (refer to your organization's Legal Health Record Policy)
Patient-specific claim information such as encounter forms, claims submitted, account balances, payment agreements, ABN letters, notice of noncoverage letters, etc.
Outside facility or provider records used in whole or in part by [organization] to make decisions about individuals
Patient-submitted documentation and referral letters
Other patient-specific information such as consents and authorizations
Administrative data, which is patient-identifiable and used for administrative, regulatory, or other healthcare operations, such as event history/audit trails, data used for quality assurance or utilization management, data prepared in anticipation of legal action, etc.
Derived data stored in aggregate or summarized which is not patient-identifiable, such as data used for accreditation reports, research data, statistical reports, best practice guidelines, etc.
Psychotherapy notes maintained separate from the rest of the patient's medical record
Patient information created as part of a research study to which the patient has temporarily waived right to access
Records that have been destroyed because they have exceeded their required retention period or because they have been rendered unusable due to fire, flood, or other circumstances
Information that is subject to a legal privilege such as peer review or attorney/client privilege
Excluded from designated record set but may be disclosed with appropriate authorization:
Source data such as radiology films, videos, photographs, slides, EKG strips, fetal monitor strips, etc., when available.
Maintain a matrix or other document that tracks the source, location, and media of each component of the health record [reference an addendum or other source where the health record information is found]
Identify any content that may be used in decision making and care of the patient that may be external to the organization (outside records and reports, PHRs, e-mail, etc.) that is not included as part of the legal record because it was not made or kept in the regular course of business
Develop, coordinate, and administer a plan that manages all information content, regardless of location or form that comprises the legal health record of [organization]
Develop, coordinate, and administer the process of inspecting, copying, and amending health information
Develop and administer a health record retention schedule that complies with applicable regulatory and business requirements
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Department of Health and Human Services. Title 42-Public Health. Chapter IV, Subchapter G-Standards and Certification. Part 482-Conditions of Participation for Hospitals, Subpart C-Basic Hospital Functions. Section 482.24-Condition of Participation: Medical Record Services. Available online at http://cfr.vlex.com/vid/482-condition-participation-record-19811382#ixzz13345288z.
Department of Health and Human Services. "Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information; Final Rule." 45 CFR Parts 160 and 164. Federal Register 67, no. 157 (Aug. 14, 2002). Available online at http://aspe.hhs.gov/admnsimp/final/pvcguide1.htm.
Joint Commission. "The Joint Commission Standards." Available online at www.jointcommission.org/Standards.
NCHICA Designated Record Sets Work Group and Privacy and Confidentiality Focus Group. "Guidance for Identifying Designated Record Sets under HIPAA." August 16, 2002. Available online at www.nchica.org/HIPAA Resources/Samples/DesRecSets.pdf.
Servais, Cheryl E. The Legal Health Record. Chicago, IL: AHIMA, 2008.
Mary Beth Haugen, MS, RHIA
Anne Tegen, MHA, RHIA, HRM
Diana Warner, MS, RHIA, CHPS
Cecilia Backman, MBA, RHIA, CPHQ
Angela Dinh, MHA, RHIA, CHPS
Denise Dunyak, MS, RHIA
Suzy Johnson, MS, RHIA
Nicole Miller, RHIA
Mary Stanfill, MBI, RHIA, CCS, CCS-P, FAHIMA
Allison Viola, MBA, RHIA
Lou Ann Wiedemann, MS, RHIA, FAHIMA, CPEHR
The information contained in this practice brief reflects the consensus opinion of the professionals who developed it. It has not been validated through scientific research.
†Indicates an AHIMA best practice. Best practices are available in the AHIMA Compendium, http://compendium.ahima.org.
AHIMA. "Fundamentals of the Legal Health Record and Designated Record Set." Journal of AHIMA 82, no.2 (February 2011): expanded online version.
Defining and Disclosing the Designated Record Set and the Legal Health Record
Complete Medical Record in a Hybrid EHR Environment. Part II: Managing Access and Disclosure
Defining the Designated Record Set
Regulations Governing Research (2003)
Managing Individual Rights Requirements under HIPAA Privacy (HIPAA on the Job)
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Turn Any TV Into a Smart One with This Gadget
By Samantha Murphy 2012-07-01 16:29:57 UTC
Wish you could turn any TV into a smart one? A new gadget called the Pocket TV will convert your television into a giant Android tablet.
The device is a small microcomputer that plugs into your screen's HDMI sport. Pocket TV runs on Android 4.0 and allows you to do anything on the TV that you can with your phone, such as playing games, surfing the web and even video chatting with friends.
The small structure also features a USB port to plug in a mouse and keyboard and an SD card so you can add more storage.
SEE ALSO: 9 Essential Steps for a Killer Kickstarter Campaign
Created by Dubai-based company Infinitec, Pocket TV was posted to crowd-fundraising site Kickstarter to raise money for its development. The demand for the device is undeniable. In fact, it has already reached its funding goal three times over.
Although it will retail for over $160, those who pledged $99 or more will receive the Pocket TV. Production will likely start in July and shipping is expected for October.
BONUS: 10 Crazy Kickstarter Projects
The 10 Craziest Kickstarter Projects of 2011
1. Portals
Funded: $1,934
This project uses a box and an old monitor to simulate virtual reality. It is an incredibly cool project, but its Kickstarter backers shouldn't expect anything in return other than a "big happy thank you."
2. Decentralized Dance Party
Goal: $1,000
Two lifelong Canadian friends have found a way to resurrect vintage boomboxes from the '80s. The Decentralized Dance Party is a portable, battery-operated "party system" consisting of thousands of people carrying stereos. A DJ carries an FM transmitter in a backpack, and tunes the boomboxes to his master FM broadcast, resulting in a mobile, synchronized sound.
The pair is attempting to bring the dance party to Seattle, and to many others cities in the future.
3. Donut Tower
In place of a traditional wedding cake, this couple opted for a five-foot towering donut pedestal.
Now, with your support, the two are hoping to create a reusable donut tower in multiple sizes and configurations. They plan to market the prototype to donut shops, caterers and anyone else interested in the dessert presentation.
4. Crap Away
This quirky Kickstarter hopes to introduce "the silliest brand of toilet paper you could ever imagine" to the shelves of major retailers. The founder of this project has been making novelty toilet paper since 1998, but he's excited to launch "the only brand of toilet paper with a sense of humor."
5. The World's Largest Marble Run
This successfully funded project involves a half-kilometer-long marble chute that's been intricately laser cut out of 3mm, high-density fiberwood. It slightly beats the current record of 210.31 meters. View the world's longest marble chute here.
6. The Imaginary Marching Band
Funded:
Leave behind all the heavy instruments. The Imaginary Marching Band gloves allow the wearer to pantomime music using various open-source instruments. The project successfully met its funding goal.
7. Grilled Cheesus
Funded: $25,604
You've heard about people who've seen the Virgin Mary in their coffee cups, or Abe Lincoln on their dinner plates. Now you too can experience a sandwich vision. A young couple successfully funded and created an electronic sandwich press that toasts the face of Jesus onto bread.
8. Robotic Pipe Organ
High school and college students built this set of robotic pipe organs that anyone can play and watch over the Internet. This project met its funding, and can be viewed here.
9. Smokin' Glassware Dry Ice Goblet
Looking to grab attention at a party? Consider adding a little dry ice to your drink - but do it safely. This unique glass allows the drinker to enjoy dry ice "smoke" without worrying about frostbite. It was originally created to improve the martini, but the project is hoping to market a novelty glass that makes any beverage smoke like a cauldron.
10. Edible Cups
Now you can have your cup, drink out of it and eat it too! These biodegradable vegan cups are flavored to pair with the beverage they contain. If you choose not to consume your cup, it will turn to compost. The project was completely funded and will be available for sale soon.
BONUS: Yorkies Brand Briefs
Funded: $7, 525
"For men who are going places," this Kickstarter was inspired by one of the top political scandals of 2011 involving Anthony Weiner. The briefs have a QR code printed on the front, and the "sexy message" will be voted on by the fans of Yorkies' Facebook page.
Note: Some of the photos on the Kickstarter and Facebook page may be NSFW.
Topics: Entertainment, Gadgets, Kickstarter, Most Recent, Mobile, Social TV, Tech, Television
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Emilia Clarke and Henry Golding are doing a Wham! inspired Christmas movie together
Golding and Clarke are going to channel Wham! in their upcoming Christmas project
Image: getty
By Laura Byager 2018-09-19 09:42:20 UTC
Emilia Clarke is ready to embark on a new epic story centred around the destructive forces of fire and ice — and Christmas.
The Game of Thrones star is going to be acting along side Henry Golding of Crazy Rich Asians in the upcoming Paul Feig movie Last Christmas. And yes, the movie is actually inspired by the 1984 Wham! song.
SEE ALSO: 'Game of Thrones' wins third Emmy for most outstanding drama
Our guess is that Clarke is the soul of ice that starts a fire in the heart of Golding, a man under cover.
The casting was confirmed by Golding on Twitter, and he seems just as excited as we are.
Finally I can start getting excited and share the news... @paulfeig and I will be back to business in London at the end of the year ❤️ https://t.co/pLI5S5S0zq
— Henry Golding (@henrygolding) September 18, 2018
Last Christmas is written by British actor Emma Thompson with co-writer Bryony Kimmings, who confirmed to Radio Times that the movie is based on the Wham! Christmas hit — and all-round excellent song — written by George Michael.
Other than that, all that's really known about the movie is that it is a holiday romance set in London.
We're excited to see who's giving their heart to whom and whether they'll give it away the very next day.
WATCH: 'Love, Simon' unites diverse audiences through a relatable genre and tone
Topics: Celebrities, Christmas movies, Culture, henry-golding
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Jody Peltason
The Third Strongest Girl in the Third Grade
It was late afternoon when Jen Miller, Karen Mingey, and I set off into the woods behind Jen’s house. We were daring the March sun to set at its usual New England hour, half-thinking we could get to the Realm and back before dark, half-wondering what would happen if we didn’t. The red-brown pine needles whispered under our feet and the polyester of our checkerboard Umbro shorts swished softly, but I imagine that we talked in normal voices about whatever third graders discuss when they’re not discussing how it might get dark in the woods. Maybe soccer, but probably the Realm itself, which we were going to show Karen for the first time.
Jen and I had discovered the Realm a few weeks earlier while walking her golden retriever along the path that ran through the woods and over the aqueduct. It was a wooded area on the banks of the Charles River that had sustained a lot of damage during a recent winter. About a dozen fallen trees had created landslides of erosion, child-sized cliffs and ravines and rivers of loose dirt leading toward the choppy water. Their trunks were now bridges; their upturned root systems were now thrones, mountains, and barricades. Further down the path was the forest of rhododendron bushes whose groves and chambers had been our destination on the day we found the Realm. We were probably just heading off to play another game of Little Girls Lost in the Woods Surviving on Acorn Meat Until the Storm Hits when a glimpse of the fallen trees lured us off the trail, into the woods, toward the comic-majestic noises of the Canada geese who stirred up the Charles with their frighteningly strong wings.
I wish we had come up with a better name than the Realm. Even then it didn’t feel quite right to me. Something like “Terabithia” would have been better, but we hadn’t read the book yet, and if we had, we probably would have just called it Terabithia 2. Karen may have been more inventive; I don’t know, because she moved away a few months later and I never got to know her well. I remember only that she was good at sports, liked stuffed animals, and had short hair with a rat tail (this seems almost impossible but I’m sure it’s true). I think she must have been an unusual child, and maybe her imaginary play had the kind of generative spark that mine lacked. My dramas were flamboyantly articulated but mostly derivative of my favorite books and movies, and I think Jen followed my lead in this arena, although I followed hers in others. She was a soccer prodigy who moved quietly and comfortably on her strong, skinny legs, radiating a straightforward solidity and a gentle intelligence—a girl Buddha in a Champion sweatshirt and Sambas. The fabric of our friendship would not wear thin for many years (to paraphrase Dorothy Parker), and that day in the woods, it was new and bright.
A few hundred feet away, on the other side of the trail, was the Wellesley College golf course that ran between my home and Jen’s. The trail itself was well-maintained, either by the city government of our posh, Boston suburb or by the college itself. This was not wild country, but the thrill of discovery had felt real to Jen and me. The violent landscape, the harsh geese, the cold sunlight through the trees—the Realm was a rough enough stone against which to hone the edges of our eight-year-old souls.
We didn’t go deep into the Realm that day, as the darkness in the woods’ shade startled us into turning around almost immediately. We were heading back toward the aqueduct, the sun low and cool through the sparse canopy, the eastern skyline periwinkle, when we heard men’s voices. Youngish men, laughing a little raucously, men whom we did not expect to find wearing button-downs and khakis.
As we emerged from the woods, I heard my heart beating in my ears, the tips of which were burning with a familiar, Icy Hot sensation. The trail across the aqueduct was bordered by a double metal railing. About halfway across on the right, a hairy white man, whom my memory clothes in a leather vest with nothing underneath, was sitting with his legs over the lower railing and his arms over the top. I seem to remember a silver can of beer in his hand catching the evening sunlight. Another man leaned against the opposite railing, two motorcycles parked between them. Or at least that was how my child mind classified the vehicles; in retrospect, I can’t figure out what motorcycles would have been doing on that trail. Maybe they were Vespas? Maybe just very large, black dirt bikes? Regardless, the phrase that we murmured to each other was motorcycle gang.
The aqueduct was about 500 feet long. We had to pass these men to get home. It was surprising to meet anyone here, but our lives were so sheltered, our community so astonishingly homogenous, these men dressed so differently from the businessmen and college professors who populated our adult world, that this encounter felt like Danger. We joined hands, thought better of it and dropped them, kept going. We mustn’t stop, we mustn’t seem afraid. Closer, closer, the man on the railing looked back at us over his shoulder, said something to his friend. His friend laughed and, as we approached, said something to us that we didn’t understand. Nervously, politely, we smiled at him, walking faster, faster, the end of the aqueduct in sight. Don‘t run, don‘t run, keep going, almost there. I looked back: The men were still sitting there, talking to each other, paying us no attention.
Then the exuberance surged within us, a rush of adrenalized triumph. It wasn’t just the giddiness of tension relieved; it was fear turning to ferocity. We laughed, we skipped, and Karen said that if it had to happen to anyone, she was glad it was us, because we were “the three strongest girls in the third grade.”
I flushed with pride. Karen and Jen were definitely the two strongest girls. Was I really the third? It might have been the best compliment anyone had ever paid me.
That phrase has rung in my mind for thirty years. I didn’t think about it hard, but it made me laugh. Then my daughter Ruby caught Frozen fever, and I found myself absurdly moved as I watched her flinging her “ice powers” at her baby brother to the tune of “Let it Go.” I thought, May she too seek to own her powers, may she too grow to think there‘s no better compliment than to be classed among the three strongest girls in the third grade.
And better still, may she not need that compliment so badly. Surely I wished to be strong because I feared that I was weak. In Kindergarten I had been president of the Girls’ Fighting Team / Worm-Digging Club, in which office I spent recesses pretending to dig worms while devising surprise attacks on the boys’ team with Diana Barker and Aimee Worcester (and occasionally a boy named Aneesh Venka, who turned out to be a double agent). When we executed the attacks, I would kick up my heels and sing the theme song from the old Swedish Pippi Longstocking movies, part war cry and part victory dance. But even then I’d known it was a fantasy. I could not lift a horse like Pippi; I could not even run the mile in the Presidential Fitness Exam. Each morning and night, one of my parents would open a capsule of bitter white seeds into spoonful of maple syrup, maintenance medication that kept my asthmatic lungs from turning against me. I swam, I climbed, I had played soccer since Kinder Kick, but I rarely made it through so much as a game of tag without a timeout for two puffs on my moss green Ventolin steroid inhaler.
In addition to my asthma, I had anxiety and another, related condition that my mother had told me was called “empathy.” I was afraid of all suffering, my own or anyone else’s. I didn’t like scary movies, a genre which encompassed everything from Nightmare on Elm Street to Ghostbusters to the episode of Fat Albert in which one of the characters gets into a car accident while hitchhiking. I worried obsessively about a little boy called “Cowboy” who lived next door to my grandmother in Maryland because I saw him wandering the neighborhood unhappily with a bag lunch, and because his mother washed her car in a bikini. In fifth grade, I would be excused from watching educational films during the Revolutionary War unit because I had run from the room crying during a battle reenactment. The teacher let me go to the nurse’s office instead, where I picked up a Reagan-era drug education pamphlet that included the sentence, “I hit rock bottom when I woke up in the woods, face down in my own vomit.” I had an anxiety attack and had to call home.
I loved the pathetically passive pre-Elsa princesses, but the characters in whose image I forged my identity were the powerful children: Pippi Longstocking, Annie, even the twins in the Parent Trap. At night, I lay in bed imagining how I would disarm a robber holding another child hostage in JC Penny. That particular scenario remains vivid: I would sneak up behind him, signaling stealthily to the terrified patrons so that they would not give me away, then I’d grab the gun and turn it on him. What I don’t remember was whether this was more dream or nightmare. I spent at least as much time fantasizing about my own preposterous heroics as I did gnawing on fears about my vulnerability, and I am guessing these preoccupations ebbed and flowed in direct proportion to one another.
All children seek out risks, master their fears through stories of danger and triumph. I’ve read that when we try to make playground equipment safer, kids just seek out more dangerous ways to play. I do wonder, though, how Jen and Karen experienced that day, whether it was important to them the way it was important to me. At eight, they’d already found their bodies able to kick the ball a little farther, climb the rope a little faster than their peers. Neither of them was particularly anxious by temperament, and I don’t believe that either of them had asthma or any other chronic health condition that scored their lives with a vaguely sinister background music audible only to dogs, parents, and anxious little girls.
The volume of that background music fell as I entered adolescence, or rather it played from a different part of my consciousness, and I no longer recognized the tune. It surged again 15 years later, as I adjusted to the new vulnerabilities of falling in love and having children. I met this resurgence first with a few short rounds of cognitive behavioral therapy and then with a mindfulness meditation practice, both of which transformed my relationship to my anxiety. I now picture it as a sort of ugly-cute troll who comes to sit in my lap at inconvenient times, like a squirmy toddler or an irascible cat. I stroke its fuzzy orange hair or swat it affectionately on the bottom, depending on my mood. If it stays, I shift my position to make us both a little more comfortable until it’s ready to move on.
Back when my daughter was playing Elsa, it was too soon to tell whether she heard any background music other than “Let it Go.” That year, I watched her playing with a little boy in her bedroom, and I heard him cry, “Help, Ruby, save me! Save me!” I peeked in the door and saw him sitting in a large basket of stuffed animals, pretending to sink into quicksand or fall off a cliff, holding out his arms to Ruby for rescue. Busy dressing herself in princess garb, she did not respond.
“Look, Ruby!” I said, too eagerly. “Allesandro is in danger! He needs you to rescue him!”
She walked over to me and presented the zipper on the back of her dress. “Will you zoop me up?”
I decided to start reading her Pippi Longstocking. She loved it, especially when Pippi picks up the robbers and spins them around over her head, which is obviously the best part. At the last soccer practice of that season, she chased the ball with a ferocious glee, disappearing into a scrum of kicking four-year-olds. Then the ball emerged and the scrum broke up to reveal Ruby and her friend Catherine hugging in the middle, having apparently forgotten what they were there to do.
By the time she turned five, it was clear that we had defied neither nature nor nurture by producing a little Jen Miller or Karen Mingey, or even a little version of her remarkably non-anxious father. Ruby’s anxiety appeared to take more conventional forms than mine had—a summer germ-phobia, a flare-up around rule-breaking as she tried to master the world of Kindergarten crime and punishment—but who knows what else is going on in there? We taught her how to “boss her worries,” an age-appropriate version of my arrangement with the anxiety troll, and she likes the mindfulness exercises for kids that the school counselor comes to teach her class once her month. We’re optimistic.
But still, I signed her up for martial arts this year, and I’m looking for a class we can take together. Why settle for fantasizing that our soccer skills will protect us from the motorcycle gang when we could take a more direct approach?
A few years ago I ran into Jen Miller at the Whole Foods near my house in the suburbs of Washington, DC. We had fallen out of touch after college, but I knew from my parents that she now lived in Maine and was studying to be a radiologist. She was in town for work, and we were both completely disoriented by the meeting. As we talked, I watched two-year-old Ruby out of the corner of my eye, letting her stray far enough that Jen remarked on it. “She’s adventurous,” I said, “it’s fine.” But I was absorbed in our conversation, and I soon looked up to see her being escorted from behind the counter of the café by an employee who had found her in the kitchen. I was embarrassed to have let her wander, to have my judgment proven poor, but I know why I did it.
I did it for the same reason I left for the Realm that late afternoon. When my children wander and return, when they fall off the coffee table and get back up with a bruise and some bluster, I hear an echo of the triumphant motif that flooded my soul that day at the aqueduct, that fleeting interlude when the whole chorus sings in joyful five-part harmony: “We are strong, we are safe.”
My kids probably hear some version of that chorus too, and yes, some of these choices reflect a conscious parenting strategy–one you can read much about on the Internet–an effort to cultivate in my sheltered kids the sense of autonomy and fortitude that they might develop out in the woods if we lived in a different time or place. But when I’m being honest with myself, I own that these choices are more coping mechanism than ideology, as much a response to the child inside me as to the ones I’m raising.
So I let my kids jump from the coffee table to the couch, watch them moving the table a few inches farther away for each jump. And I leave work a little late on my bike, climbing the hill in the immense park by my home, daring night to fall on me in the woods. The sun shines low and cold through the spidery trees, and I peddle harder, seeking evidence that the world is a safer place–and that I am a stronger girl–than I sometimes fear.
Jody Peltason keeps busy as a parent, a teacher, an activist, and an instructional coach for the District of Columbia Public Schools, but life feels most complete when she remembers that she is also a writer. She has published essays on motherhood and teaching in Atlantic.com. She lives with her family in Takoma Park, Maryland.
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Kevin Michael Alexander
Instructor, Cardiovascular Institute
Christopher Almond
Professor of Pediatrics (Cardiology) at the Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital
Russ B. Altman
Kenneth Fong Professor and Professor of Bioengineering, of Genetics, of Medicine (General Medical Discipline), of Biomedical Data Science and, by courtesy, of Computer Science
Current Research and Scholarly Interests I refer you to my web page for detailed list of interests, projects and publications. In addition to pressing the link here, you can search "Russ Altman" on http://www.google.com/
Cristina M. Alvira
Associate Professor of Pediatrics (Critical Care) at the Stanford University Medical Center
Current Research and Scholarly Interests The overall objective of the Alvira Laboratory is to elucidate the mechanisms that promote postnatal lung development and repair, by focusing on three main scientific goals: (i) identification of the signaling pathways that direct the transition between the saccular and alveolar stages of lung development; (ii) exploration of the interplay between postnatal vascular and alveolar development; and (iii) determination of developmentally regulated pathways that mediate lung repair after injury.
Katrin Andreasson
Professor of Neurology at the Stanford University Medical Center
Current Research and Scholarly Interests Our research focuses on understanding how immune responses initiate and accelerate synaptic and neuronal injury in age-related neurodegeneration, including models of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We also focus on the role of immune responses in aggravating brain injury in models of stroke. Our goal is the identification of critical immune pathways that function in neurologic disorders and that can be targeted to elicit disease modifying effects.
Timothy Angelotti MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine (ICU) at the Stanford University Medical Center
Current Research and Scholarly Interests My research efforts are focused on investigating the pharmacological and physiological interface of the autonomic nervous system with effector organs. Utilizing molecular, cellular, and electrophysiological techniques, we are examining alpha2 adrenergic receptor function in cultured sympathetic neurons. Future research aims will be directed toward understanding neurotransmitter release in general.
Eric Appel
Assistant Professor of Material Science and Engineering and, by courtesy, of Bioengineering and of Pediatrics (Endocrinology)
Current Research and Scholarly Interests The underlying theme of the Appel Lab at Stanford University integrates concepts and approaches from supramolecular chemistry, natural/synthetic materials, and biology. We aim to develop supramolecular biomaterials that exploit a diverse design toolbox and take advantage of the beautiful synergism between physical properties, aesthetics, and low energy consumption typical of natural systems. Our vision is to use these materials to solve fundamental biological questions and to engineer advanced healthcare solutions.
Amin Arbabian
Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering
Current Research and Scholarly Interests My group's research covers RF circuits and system design for (1) biomedical, (2) sensing, and (3) Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
Euan A. Ashley
Associate Dean, School of Medicine, Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular), of Genetics, of Biomedical Data Science and, by courtesy, of Pathology at the Stanford University Medical Center
Current Research and Scholarly Interests The Ashley lab is focused on precision medicine. We develop methods for the interpretation of whole genome sequencing data to improve the diagnosis of genetic disease and to personalize the practice of medicine. At the wet bench, we take advantage of cell systems, transgenic models and microsurgical models of disease to prove causality in biological pathways and find targets for therapeutic development.
Themistocles (Tim) Assimes
Associate Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) and, by courtesy, of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology)
Current Research and Scholarly Interests Genetic Epidemiology, Genetic Determinants of Complex Traits related to Cardiovasular Medicine, Coronary Artery Disease related pathway analyses and integrative genomics, Mendelian randomization studies, risk prediction for major adverse cardiovascular events, cardiovascular medicine related pharmacogenomics, ethnic differences in the determinants of Insulin Mediated Glucose Uptake, pharmacoepidemiology of cardiovascular drugs & outcomes
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