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lydia lunch - The I-94 Bar
City Primeval. New York. Berlin. Prague. Curated by Robert Carrithers and Louis Armand (Literaria Pragensia Books/ Univerzita Karlova)
Written by The Barman on 27 December 2017 .
You may, or may not, see this book in shops. If you do, buy it. Most of the readers here will want to read the New York section. So don’t hesitate.
But I’m s’posed to be a critic or something and The Barman wants to know: how many McGarretts? In spite of the several things which annoy the hell out of me, "City Primeval" rates a mighty Three McGarretts. Yep: 100 percent..
Why so high, Grand-dad?
Well, the concept alone is mighty. And it could’ve been seriously terrible. But "City Primeval" is one of those unique, slanted historiography things which are invaluable to any music/ culture enthusiast. Sure, the book could’ve done with a decent editor, and sure some of the people writing here don’t usually write so it’s not the smoothest.
But that’s not the point, at all, and in fact is part of the charm. Reading "City Primeval" doesn’t just give us a bit more context, but part of the "ah-HA!" understanding which so many outsiders to any florid scene lack.
Hey Australia: Lydia's coming to Lunch
Written by The Barman on 02 April 2018 .
American Singer, poet, writer and actress, Lydia Lunch returns to Australia with her all-star cast of sonic brutarians in a no-holds-barred survey of her musical output from 1977 to the present.
Lunch will be including music from Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, 8 Eyed Spy, Queen of Siam, 1313 and Shotgun Wedding.
Lydia Lunch Retrovirus features members from Sonic Youth, Pussy Galore, Chrome Cranks, The Flying Luttenbachers, Child Abuse and more and marries No Wave, Skronk, Hard Rock and Psychedelic Out Jazz to create a dynamic live performance which is dangerous, infectious and aggressively sexy the way Rock music once was.
It's 2018 and we still need Lunch
Written by The Barman on 12 May 2018 .
Jasmine Hirst photo.
Lydia Lunch doesn’t particularly care whether people are offended by her art.
From her beginnings in New York no wave outfit, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, to her spoken-word performances, to her collaborations with Rowland S Howard in Shotgun Wedding, Swans’ Michael Gira, Sonic Youth’s Kim Gordon and Thurston Moore, Bob Quine (Richard and the Hell and the Voidoids), right through to her more recent profane expositions on the United States under Donald Trump, Lunch’s self-defined brief has been deliberately and avowedly confrontationalist.
In her own words, Lunch is a conceptualist, exploring concepts that highlight the exploitation and marginalisation of the individual in contemporary society, the typically patriarchal and oppressive discourse wielded by institutions of power.
If you can’t stand the heat in Lunch’s artistic kitchen, go find yourself a fast-food media joint and starve on the processed, intellectually bankrupt crud that masquerades as entertainment.
In May 2018 Lunch returns to Australia with her Retrovirus concept, trawling across her 40-year career with the aid of Bob Bert (Sonic Youth, Chrome Cranks), Weasel Walter (The Flying Luttenbachers) and Algis Kizys (Swans). I spoke to Lydia Lunch in her sometime home town of New York City.
Messin' With The Kid
Written by The Barman on 23 March 2018 .
Guess who's coming to dinner? Kid Congo Powers (right) and the Pink Monkey Birds.
Kid Congo Powers’ musical career is a lens through which can be seen some of the most intense and evocative music of the last 40 years.
Born Brian Tristan in the Los Angeles suburb of La Puente, Kid Congo Powers famously met Jeffrey Lee Pierce in the line at a Pere Ubu concert. Pierce was the president of the LA chapter of the Blondie Fan Club; Powers was the president of local chapter of The Ramones Fan Club. Pierce recruited Powers to join his fledgling band, Creeping Ritual, later to become The Gun Club.
In 1980 Powers joined psychobilly band The Cramps, who’d recently moved to LA from New York (it was Cramps lead singer Lux Interior who bestowed Brian Tristan with the moniker Kid Congo Powers).
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The Drop: Your Guide To New Music Friday Featuring Phoebe Ryan, Anne-Marie & Jessica Sanchez
Mike Wass | May 20, 2016 6:04 pm
Bonnaroo 2012: The 19 Acts We Can’t Wait To See
Carl Williott | June 4, 2012 6:00 am
The Temper Trap Show Their “Sweet Disposition” For Idolator
Becky Bain | September 1, 2010 1:27 pm
PHOTOS: Goldfrapp, Kate Nash, La Roux, Lissie And More At Britain’s V Festival
Erika Brooks Adickman | August 23, 2010 2:16 pm
One glance at the bill for this year’s V Festival, and it’s easy to see how the annual double venue music spectacular sold out in a mere 90 minutes. From Elly Jackson’s giant black druid-esque hood, to Kate Nash‘s fringed unitard, the theme for the festival’s second day seemed to be “Outrageous Outfits”. None of the artists, however, could compare to Goldfrapp‘s bizarre —but wonderful—jacket that looked as though it was made from discarded VHS tapes. Flip through to see Lissie, Florence And The Machine, Mika, The Temper Trap and more highlights from the V Festival. More »
PHOTOS: The Temper Trap Drum Up Big Cheers At Lollapalooza
Erika Brooks Adickman | August 9, 2010 1:55 pm
Aussie band The Temper Trap were all warmed up by the time their Sunday set at Lollapalooza rolled around. The Conditions quartet rocked Chi-town with “Drum Song”, “Science Of Fear”, and “Fader”, before tearing into a rip roaring performance of their mega hit “Sweet Disposition”. Check out all the Lolla action here. More »
PHOTOS: The Temper Trap Gear Up For Lollapalooza At Angels & Kings
Last night, Buzzmedia (the folks who allow us to live out our pop music obsession every day) kicked off the Lollapalooza party early with a private soiree at Chicago’s Angels & Kings, which provided the perfect backdrop for a set from Aussie rockers The Temper Trap. The virtuosic band behind hit “Sweet Disposition” rocked a packed crowd of over 200 fans with a taste of what to expect this Sunday from their first ever Lolla set. Our favorite drink of the night? The Idolator Pop Fizz, of course.
Flip through to check out an exclusive look all the the alt band in action. We can’t wait to see what happens when Weezy gets his hands on the Temper Trap’s live recordings from this weekend. More »
The Temper Trap US Tour Ticket Giveaway
Idolator Staff | July 26, 2010 4:33 pm
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Elected & Appointed Officeholders
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Become a Member - Membership FAQ
What are the advantages of Membership?
The Illinois Green Party is deeply committed to grassroots democracy. The Membership is the highest voting body within the party structure.
As a Member, you are entitled to:
- Nominate and vote for candidates in ILGP officer elections
- Vote on the recognition and endorsement of ILGP candidates
- Submit and vote on changes to the ILGP Platform and Bylaws
- Join in the founding of new local Chapters of the ILGP
- Join and vote in local Chapters of the ILGP (unless otherwise provided by local Bylaws)
- Join, lead, or found Committees of the ILGP, and vote on Committee decisions (unless otherwise provided by Committee rules)
Note that some Membership privileges have tenure requirements--for example, Membership of at least one year is required to run for election to the ILGP Executive Committee.
How do I join the Illinois Green Party?
As a party that does not take corporate or dark-money donations, the ILGP is a dues-based membership organization. Any resident of the state of Illinois 13 years of age or older may become a Member of the Illinois Green Party by submitting their information and a dues payment via the Become a Member webpage.
If you are unable to access the webpage or make online payments, a paper registration and a check for annual dues payment ($60/year or $12/year for low-income members) may be sent to:
Illinois Green Party Secretary
213 S Wheaton Ave
Membership is automatic upon completion of the initial dues payment, or upon receipt by the ILGP of a paper registration and dues payment. The date on which the payment was submitted, or the date on which the paper registration was received, shall be the start date of the Member's tenure with the Illinois Green Party.
What information is required for Membership?
Your first name, last name, and residential address are required. (Homeless individuals may, as described under Illinois voter registration law, list the name of any location where they can receive mail, such as a relative's house, a shelter with a mail drop program, or a PO Box.)
Email and phone number contact information is not required for Membership, but is strongly recommended, so that Members can be made aware of upcoming party meetings, votes, and other opportunities.
Does joining the ILGP affect my Illinois voter status?
No. Membership is an internal function of the Illinois Green Party, and is separate from your state voter registration. Your registration as an Illinois voter does not have a partisan affiliation.
Illinois uses a semi-open primary system, in which any registered voter may request one ballot for each primary election cycle, from whichever party that voter chooses. Any registration, membership, or other agreements made with political parties as private entities does not affect an Illinois voter's ability to cast a ballot in the primary of their choosing each cycle. Be aware that voting in the primary of a political party will make you ineligible to run for office for all except the political party you chose to vote for in the primary.
Do I have to renew my membership yearly?
It will depend on how you pay your dues. Monthly membership dues renew automatically, while annual dues must be renewed each year.
Annual dues-paying members will receive automated reminders in advance of their membership expiring, and there is a grace period of three months on payment renewal before a membership is removed for non-payment of dues.
Illinois Green Party
Wheaton IL 60187
© 2014 Illinois Green Party, CityZen & NationBuilder. Some rights reserved.
Paid for by the Illinois Green Party. Contributions may be used in connection with federal elections and are subject to all federal campaign contribution limits. Contributions are not deductible for federal income tax purposes as charitable contributions.
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jovelle tamayo,
photo and video journalist
Jovelle Tamayo 2019
Email: hello@jovelle.photo
U.S. Cell: +1 (732) 322-7706
Instagram: @jovelletamayo
Sheley Secrest, former vice president for the King County NAACP, stands among demonstrators on Feb. 25, 2016 at a rally for for Che Taylor, who was shot and killed by Seattle Police. For The Seattle Globalist.
Kyesha Curtis, of Tacoma, Wash., poses with her dog, Cutie at Hempfest 2017 in Seattle. For Leafly News.
Isaiah McNeill of hip-hop duo I.O.U. at the New Brunswick Transit Center in New Brunswick, NJ. For I.O.U.
Thomas Quinn, professor and salmon scientist at the University of Washington, on Thursday, Aug. 10, 2017, at the school’s Fishery Sciences Building in Seattle, Wash. For CNN.
A member of Rancho Viejo Charro Association waves during the 56th annual Sunfair Parade on Saturday, Sept. 23, 2017, in downtown Yakima, Wash. For the Yakima Herald-Republic.
Iftan Hagimohamed, 32, poses for a portrait at the New Holly Gathering Hall on Nov. 12, 2016. For the Seattle Weekly.
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Events and Comments
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2019: three steps forward, two steps back.Data about the Activity of Moldovan Commercial Banks on November 30, 2019Plamen MILANOV: 13 persons became millionaires in Moldova within a year due to the lotteryVictor SHUMILO: The sale of hybrid cars exceeded the sales of cars with traditional fuels in 2019."Bewitched by the "Annus Mirabilis". The main events of 2018 Trucks will be able to cross the Moldovan border much quickerAbout the "second coming" and control over the banking system of MoldovaPrivatization of Air Moldova: 2000 vs 2018. To find 10 differences!The Head of USAID Office in Moldova Karen Hilliard: "We promote the idea that winemaking and tourism are integral whole"The Secrets of the Moldovan Foreign Exchange Market - 2017 15 years of leasing business in Moldova: through diversification to expansionMoldovan Leu vs Geopolitics. How does the currency rate interplay with government, entrepreneurs and world’s processes?10 years ago construction of the Trans-Oil terminals in Giurgiulesti port startedDoes it take $200 million out of consumers' pockets to implement European Directives? Who protects the new edition of the law on internal trade?State Securities Market 2014-2016: The Ministry of Finance calculates the losses, investors - income.It will affect each and every one and you won’t find it funny.A careful attempt to pass the dead zoneT-Bills market: The Ministry of Finance is chasing for money, investors - for profitability. Both should be ready for any scenario.The money that can be washed…Phoenix with the Arab capitalMoldova’s Key Macroeconomic IndicatorsPrices at filling stations
Fines levied from drivers who do not have a driving license while driving will be abolished in Moldova 10.09.2019
The relevant amendments to the legislation were initiated by the State Chancellery. In accordance with the changes, car owners who drive a vehicle will no longer be fined if they do not have a driving license with them. The fines in the Code of Offenses for driving a vehicle by a person who does not have a driver’s license will be levied only from persons who are not the owners of the car and are on an international trip. For them, the fine will remain at the level of 3 to 6 conventional units with the accrual of 2 penalty points. Car owners will be able to confirm the availability of a driving license by means of other documents. As noted in the explanatory note to the draft, the law on data exchange and interaction allowed state institutions to exchange data on citizens on the “single-window” basis. Technically, road agents may not ask for driving licenses the drivers who drive their own vehicles on the national roads. However, the measure relating to the driver’s license could not be implemented, since the Code of Offenses and the Rules of the Road explicitly provided for penalties for drivers who do not have a driver’s license. The proposed changes apply only to drivers who are driving their own car when they are stopped by the police. Road agents do not yet have the technical ability to check the driver's license of persons who are not driving their own car, as well as if they are on an international trip. Consultations on the project are held until September 18: http://particip.gov.md/proiectview.php?l=ro&idd=6614. // 10.09.2019 – InfoMarket
News on the subject
Moldova and Russia agreed in the III quarter of this year to conduct an additional exchange of permits for the current year for the transport of goods by carriers of the two countries 20.08.2019
The implementation of the Good Roads program in Moldova will soon resume, but the 650 million lei provided for by the budget will be redistributed across all settlements according to the new principle, based on the population. 19.08.2019
The Cabinet of Ministers of Moldova approved an intergovernmental agreement with Switzerland on regular air services, which will increase the number of direct flights between countries. 07.08.2019
A new international tender has been announced in Moldova, for the selection of contractors for the repair of two sections of roads with an EBRD loan. 05.08.2019
The WB, EIB and EBRD are ready to continue investing in projects to develop road infrastructure in Moldova, but many of their funds have not yet been used for existing projects - Vadim Brinzan. 02.08.2019
Moldovan citizens engaged in cargo and passenger transportation will be able to stay in Ukraine up to 180 days during each half year 23.07.2019
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Главный редактор: Александр Бурдейный
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Iranian News
Vote Recount
Slain
Demonstrate
Detained
Iranian Police
07/11/2009 [-] Iran Detains Iranian-American Without Disclosing Charges
07/11/2009 [-] Hundreds of Iranian-Americans, protesters march to White House to rally for change in Iran
07/11/2009 [-] Iranian Foreign Minister Says Tehran Preparing 'Package' for West
07/11/2009 [-] Iranian refugee sentenced to life in prison
07/11/2009 [-] Iranian scientists successfully clone calf
07/11/2009 [-] Iranian-Americans rally in front of White House
07/11/2009 [-] Iranian Cleric Calls For Clearer Laws
07/11/2009 [-] Iranians pelt eggs at German embassy over murder
07/11/2009 [-] Iranian Opposition Cleric Says Violence, Detainments Cannot Solve Crisis
07/11/2009 [-] Iranian-American man arrested in Tehran
07/11/2009 [-] Violence, detentions cannot solve crisis Iranian cleric
07/11/2009 [-] Diplomacy American and Iranian
07/11/2009 [-] TWT journalist tells of Iranian captivity
07/11/2009 [-] McCarthy Obama Frees Iranian Terror Masters
07/11/2009 [-] 5 Iranians freed by U.S. to leave Iraq for Iran
07/11/2009 [-] Iranian security forces use tear gas against demonstrators marking 18 Tir anniversary
07/11/2009 [-] Iranian Calls Israel Racist at Meeting in Geneva
07/11/2009 [-] Family Await News of Iranian-American Arrested in Tehran
07/11/2009 [-] Exile artists give voice to Iranians
07/11/2009 [-] US-Iranian academic is arrested for second time in two years
07/11/2009 [-] Briton 'blindfolded and interrogated' in Iranian prison
07/11/2009 [-] Inside the Iranian Crackdown
07/11/2009 [-] Iranian police fire in air to disperse pro-reform protestors
07/10/2009 [-] Iranian-American academic arrested for second time in 2 years in Tehran
07/10/2009 [-] Obama World Won#39t Wait Around for Iranian Nuke
07/10/2009 [-] US frees Iranians detained in Iraq
07/10/2009 [-] Iranian-American democracy scholar held
07/10/2009 [-] Senior Iranian cleric calls for revision of election laws
07/10/2009 [-] Iranian Police Kill Two Protestors
07/10/2009 [-] Iranian Opposition Remains Defiant
07/10/2009 [-] Kian Tajbakhsh, an Iranian American Living in Tehran, Said to Be Arrested
07/10/2009 [-] Freed Greek Journalist Describes Iranian Jail
07/10/2009 [-] 5 Iranians freed by US to leave Iraq for Iran
07/10/2009 [-] Family Iranian-American democracy scholar held
07/10/2009 [-] Iraq denies US policy shift brought Iranians' release
07/10/2009 [-] Pro-Iranian Democracy Rally Washington, DC July 2009
07/10/2009 [-] Iraq Denies U.S. Policy Shift Brought Iranians' Release
07/10/2009 [-] US releases five Iranians arrested in Arbil
07/10/2009 [-] Iranians Rely on Twitter during Election Strife
07/10/2009 [-] Iranians resume protesting election result
07/10/2009 [-] ‘Diplomats’ or IED-Supplying Terror Facilitators U.S. Hands Over Detained Iranians
07/10/2009 [-] US Iranian Prisoner Release Not a Gesture to Tehran and conflict
07/10/2009 [-] Iranian protesters back in streets
07/10/2009 [-] 5 Iranian Diplomats Released – Amb.
07/10/2009 [-] Iranian Kurd Refugees Relocated from No-man's Land to Camp
07/10/2009 [-] Video Iranians not settling for silence
07/10/2009 [-] Iranian Government released about 1,000 detainees
07/10/2009 [-] Iranians defy warnings over protests
07/10/2009 [-] Shots fired as Iranians defy ban on election protests
07/10/2009 [-] Iranian supreme leader faces unprecedented discontent from clerics
07/10/2009 [-] After 30 Months, US Grudgingly Frees Iranian Officials in Iraq
07/10/2009 [-] 'United for Neda' is artists' song for Iranians
07/10/2009 [-] Iranians in Ireland call on Government to push for sanctions
07/10/2009 [-] Iranian officials kidnepped by US forces freed
07/10/2009 [-] US Iranian Prisoner Release Not a Gesture to Tehran east
07/10/2009 [-] Iranian art show draws crowds in London
07/10/2009 [-] Iranian Prisoner Release Not a Gesture to Tehran
07/10/2009 [-] U.S. releases five Iranians in Iraq
07/10/2009 [-] Iraq Releases Dangerous Iranians Over U.S. Objections
07/10/2009 [-] US releases Iranian diplomats in Iraq Summary
07/10/2009 [-] US Iranian Prisoner Release Not a Gesture to Tehran
07/09/2009 [-] US Iranian Prisoner Release Not a Gesture to Tehran states
07/09/2009 [-] US frees five Iranian diplomats held in Iraq since 2006
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian police fire tear-gas as thousands mark 1999 unrest
07/09/2009 [-] US Military Releases Iranian Diplomats in Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] Arabs and the Iranian upheaval, Hazem Saghieh
07/09/2009 [-] Dozens killed in Iraq bombings; U.S. releases 4 Iranians
07/09/2009 [-] US releases Iranian diplomats in Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian Protesters Met with Tear Gas, Batons
07/09/2009 [-] State Department cites 'big concern' over potential security threat from released Iranians
07/09/2009 [-] Reporter held for 21 days in Iranian jails
07/09/2009 [-] US worried that freed Iranians could pose threat
07/09/2009 [-] US frees five Iranians held in Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] US military releases Iranian agents
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian police disrupt gathering of protesters
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian government must allow peaceful commemorations of 18 Tir events
07/09/2009 [-] US frees Iranian officials
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian art displays another side
07/09/2009 [-] Amil Imani In Solidarity With the Iranian People
07/09/2009 [-] A True Iranian Reformer, and His Movement?
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian police fire in air to disperse protesters
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian protesters defy crackdown
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian police disperse pro-reformists witness
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian students during a demonstration in the center of Tehran, July 1999
07/09/2009 [-] More Iraq bombings as U.S. releases 4 Iranian diplomats
07/09/2009 [-] Iraq sees worst violence since US combat troops left cities; US military releases Iranians
07/09/2009 [-] US releases 5 Iranian officials in Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] US hands over five Iranian detainees
07/09/2009 [-] US Military Frees Five Iranian Diplomats In Iraq-IRNA
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian activists back on the streets
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian students chant 'Death to the dictator'
07/09/2009 [-] Americans Release Iranian Detainees to Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian Protestors Defy Enormous Security Presence
07/09/2009 [-] U.S. Hands 5 Detained Iranian Officials to Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] U.S. Releases 5 Iranian Officials in Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] US releases five Iranian detainees in Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] Five Iranians held by US for two years handed to Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] US Military Frees 5 Iranian Diplomats In Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian Governor Warns Security Forces Will 'Smash' Protesters and conflict
07/09/2009 [-] U.S. military releases 5 Iranian diplomats
07/09/2009 [-] U.S. Hands Over Iranian Officials Detained in Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] A leaner, meaner Iranian regime
07/09/2009 [-] U.S. reportedly frees Iranian diplomats
07/09/2009 [-] U.S. Releases 5 Iranian Diplomats 09 Jul 2009 055632 GMT
07/09/2009 [-] U.S. releases 5 Iranian officials detained in 2007
07/09/2009 [-] US military frees five Iranian diplomats in Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] Tehran governor warns any attempts at new protests by Iranian opposition will be 'smashed'
07/09/2009 [-] US forces released 5 Iranians in Baghdad held since January 2007
07/09/2009 [-] U.S. military frees 5 Iranian diplomats in Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] IRNA U.S. Military Frees 5 Iranian Diplomats in Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] Court upholds asset freeze on Iranian bank in UK
07/09/2009 [-] US releases 5 Iranian officials
07/09/2009 [-] U.S. releases five Iranian diplomats
07/09/2009 [-] Iran envoy Iranians held by U.S. handed over to Iraq
07/09/2009 [-] US releases Iranian diplomats in Iraq, ambassador says
07/09/2009 [-] US releases 5 Iranian diplomats
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian human rights lawyer detained source
07/09/2009 [-] Mortality of the Iranian Ex-Prisoners of War in Iraqi Detention Camps .
07/09/2009 [-] In Solidarity with the Iranian People
07/09/2009 [-] US for more Iranian sanction if outreach fails, says Hillary
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian Deputy FM, Foreign Secy hold talks
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian exile speaks out against militia he once supported
07/09/2009 [-] LEAD G-8 condemns N. Korean nuclear test, deplores Iranian violence+
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian Trained Labor Activist Arrested in Kut
07/09/2009 [-] Iranian protests, the Turkish
07/08/2009 [-] G-8 condemns N. Korean nuclear test, deplores Iranian violence+
07/08/2009 [-] RAK CP receives Kenyan and Iranian envoys
07/08/2009 [-] Iranian president hails ‘new era’ at home, abroad
07/08/2009 [-] Iranian-Kurd refugees moved to Iraq-Syria border
07/08/2009 [-] Iranian opposition goes back on attack
07/08/2009 [-] Sharif Jordan gov't did not close down Iranian TV stations
07/08/2009 [-] Senior Iranian Clerics Reject Re-election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
07/08/2009 [-] Iranian President Defends Re-Election
07/08/2009 [-] Gov't did not close down Iranian TV stations Sharif
07/08/2009 [-] Election Underscores Splits Among Iranian Clerics east
07/07/2009 [-] Iranian opposition calls for end to crackdown
07/07/2009 [-] Iranian group wants Canada Post Neda stamp
07/07/2009 [-] New beginning for Iran, President Ahmadinejad says
07/07/2009 [-] Iranian president to address nation
07/07/2009 [-] Nobel laureates urge U.N. to help jailed Iranians
07/07/2009 [-] Iranian reformers call for end to crackdown
07/07/2009 [-] Iranian leaders call for end to 'security state'
07/07/2009 [-] A generational divide typical of Iranian American families
07/07/2009 [-] Jewish Iranians prefer Ahmadinejad to Mousavi
07/07/2009 [-] Lawmakers Drop Iranian group from EU terror list
07/07/2009 [-] Iranians Flood to Polls in Pivotal Presidential Election
07/07/2009 [-] Armenian, Iranian junior soccer teams to play friendly match in Yerevan
07/07/2009 [-] Reaping the Bushes' Iranian Whirlwind
07/06/2009 [-] Iranian leader warns against interference
07/06/2009 [-] Japanese, Iranian navy ships leave for anti-piracy mission off Somalia
07/06/2009 [-] Ayatollah Western 'lies' depict Iranians as 'rioters'
07/06/2009 [-] Judging the Iranian Election
07/06/2009 [-] Iranian riot police blocking protesters on a street of Tehran in June
07/06/2009 [-] Iranian Revolutionary Guard take command
07/06/2009 [-] Iranian blogger detained
07/06/2009 [-] Iranian offices shut down by dust storms
07/06/2009 [-] Iranian leader Khamenei warns 'meddling' West
07/06/2009 [-] Iranian supreme leader warns West to stop meddling, or else
07/06/2009 [-] Europe Lacks A Unified Response to Iranian Trouble-Making
07/06/2009 [-] Photojournalist released in Iran
07/06/2009 [-] A report on violations at Iranian elections was submitted
07/06/2009 [-] Dubai Police stop Iranian petition
07/06/2009 [-] Iranian clerics dispute election results
07/06/2009 [-] Mullen Unstable Prospects Around Iranian Nukes
07/06/2009 [-] Iranian clerics ask for more investigation into election fraud
07/06/2009 [-] Israeli Air Force preparing for Iranian strike
07/06/2009 [-] Iranian Ambassador to Luxembourg called to Ministry
07/06/2009 [-] Analyst Arif Keskin does not expect new Iranian revolution
07/06/2009 [-] Iranian media call for Mousavi to face trial for inciting domestic unrest
07/05/2009 [-] Iranians find new ways to keep protests alive
07/05/2009 [-] Iranian Clergy Group Blasts Election
07/05/2009 [-] Iranian clerical group says presidential vote 'invalid'
07/05/2009 [-] Iraq fails to fulfill promises to free detained Iranians
07/05/2009 [-] US will not stand in Israel's way on Iranian issue
07/05/2009 [-] Iranian clerical group says
07/05/2009 [-] Iranian clerical group says vote result 'invalid'
07/05/2009 [-] Leading clerics condemn Iranian election
07/05/2009 [-] Journalist Athanasiadis has been released from Iranian prison
07/05/2009 [-] Biden US will not stand in Israel's way on Iranian issue
07/05/2009 [-] Son of Iranian Revolutionary Icon Calls for Ahmadinejad's Dismissal
07/05/2009 [-] The growing Iranian fissure
07/05/2009 [-] Iranian cleric group backs opposition on election Summary
07/05/2009 [-] Ex-Iranian 'Secret Jews' Gather
07/05/2009 [-] An Iranian clerical group says vote result 'invalid'
07/05/2009 [-] Iranian Clerics Declare Ahmadinejed Re-Election Illegitimate
07/05/2009 [-] Iranian cleric group backs opposition on election
07/05/2009 [-] Celebrating the Fourth and Cheering the Iranians
07/05/2009 [-] Miliband's 'cold anger' over treatment of Iran British Embassy workers
07/05/2009 [-] Iranian Clerics Protest Election Results
07/05/2009 [-] Iranian clerics refute election in defiance of supreme leader
07/05/2009 [-] Who Will Stand With Iranians?
07/05/2009 [-] Israel assured of Saudi support in future Iranian nuke raid
07/05/2009 [-] ANALYSIS Iranian hardliners poised for revenge on dissenters
07/05/2009 [-] Iranian hardliners poised for revenge on dissenters
07/05/2009 [-] Iranian clergy assembly joins protests over election fraud
07/05/2009 [-] Reformists resist Iranian government pressure
07/05/2009 [-] Iranians not 'satisfied' post-election
07/05/2009 [-] Pressure mounts on Iranian reformists
07/05/2009 [-] Top Iranian cleric says Mousavi should be tried for 'crimes against the nation
07/05/2009 [-] Rafsanjani Iranians not 'satisfied' post-election
07/05/2009 [-] Rafsanjani doubts Iranians 'satisfied' with election aftermath
07/05/2009 [-] Iranian sex offender can stay in Canada
07/05/2009 [-] The NYT calls Iranian interrogation tactics 'torture' Glenn Greenwald
07/05/2009 [-] Iranian hardliner calls Mousavi U.S. agent
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian Sex Offender Allowed to Roam Free on Canadian Streets
07/04/2009 [-] Parisian Gallery to Hang Iranian Photographer+s Works
07/04/2009 [-] German, Iranian Artists Team Up for Tehran Exhibit
07/04/2009 [-] Book Different Sames New Perspectives in Contemporary Iranian Art
07/04/2009 [-] British Embassy staff to be tried, Iranian cleric says
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian Fascism Calls For More Than Strong Words
07/04/2009 [-] Influential Iranian aide calls for opposition leader to be tried
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian aide says opposition leader is US agent
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian Rips Prez Loser as U.S. Agent
07/04/2009 [-] Raw McCain Seeks Support For Iranian Protesters
07/04/2009 [-] Foreign Office travel advice website is 'proof' of antiIranian plot
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian hardliner calls opposition leader U.S. agent
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian newspaper says opposition figure should stand trial
07/04/2009 [-] Many Iranians unconvinced about poll result-cleric
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian hardliner calls for Mousavi trial
07/04/2009 [-] Top Iranian cleric says Mousavi should be tried for 'crimes against the nation'
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian Reporter Tells The Other Side Of The Story
07/04/2009 [-] Ambassador to US Iranian nuke could wipe Israel out in seconds
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian Newspaper Accuses Opposition Leader of Treason
07/04/2009 [-] Meeting between Armenian and Iranian Defense Ministers to be held in Tehran
07/04/2009 [-] Politics U.s. Revives Bush-era Charge Of Iranian-taliban Ties
07/04/2009 [-] The Iranian regime still refusing to suspend uranium enrichment IAEA
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian Daily Accuses Opposition Leader of Treason
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian hardliner calls opposition leader US agent
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian Cleric says British staff will face trial
07/04/2009 [-] EU summons Iran Ambassadors to protest Iranians detention in Tehran
07/04/2009 [-] Calls for Iranian opposition, UK embassy staff to face trial
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian hard-liner calls opposition leader U.S. agent
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian nuke could wipe off Israel in seconds
07/04/2009 [-] Many Iranian
07/04/2009 [-] Ambassador to US Iranian nuke could wipe off Israel in seconds
07/04/2009 [-] Iranians in Oklahoma see hope ahead
07/04/2009 [-] Iran cleric threatens trial for UK embassy staff
07/04/2009 [-] British aides face trial, says Iranian cleric
07/04/2009 [-] Mir Hossein Mousavi Calls Iranian Government Illegitimate
07/04/2009 [-] Iranian cleric threatens trial for detainees
07/04/2009 [-] Ex-Iranian president seeks to free detainees
07/04/2009 [-] Israel US ambassador warns of Iranian bomb
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian cleric says British Embassy staff to be tried
07/03/2009 [-] Held British embassy staff face trial says Iranian cleric
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian UK Embassy Staff Set for Tehran Trial
07/03/2009 [-] EU summons Iranian ambassadors in protest move
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian convicted of dealing drugs and sex offences avoids deportation
07/03/2009 [-] EU presidency Sweden summons Iranian ambassador
07/03/2009 [-] EU States Summon Iranian Ambassadors Over Detention Of British Embassy Staff
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian ambassadors to hear detention protests
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian Cleric British Embassy Staffers 'Confessed,' Will Face Trials
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian Police Torture & Rape Protestors
07/03/2009 [-] EU nations summon Iranian envoys over embassy detentions
07/03/2009 [-] EU states summon all Iranian ambassadors
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian cleric says British Embassy employees will be tried
07/03/2009 [-] Detained Iranian British embassy employees to face trial, cleric says
07/03/2009 [-] EU warns Iran not to put UK embassy staff on trial
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian cleric says some British Embassy staff to be tried
07/03/2009 [-] Powerful Iranian cleric says UK embassy staff may face trial
07/03/2009 [-] EU calls in Iranian envoys to protest detentions
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian cleric says UK embassy staff face trial
07/03/2009 [-] EU summons Iranian envoys over UK embassy detentions
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian Cleric British Staff Face Trial
07/03/2009 [-] EU summons Iranian envoys over detentions
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian cleric says British embassy staffers to be put on trial
07/03/2009 [-] The Iranian Revolution has begun
07/03/2009 [-] Iran to put British embassy staff on trial, cleric says
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian cleric says UK embassy staff may face trial
07/03/2009 [-] _ Top Iranian cleric Some British Embassy staff will be put on trial.
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian cleric British Embassy staff to be tried
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian Women Bring Century of Activism to Protests
07/03/2009 [-] Rally draws support for Iranian freedom
07/03/2009 [-] Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Hails Election As Victory for the Iranian People
07/03/2009 [-] Former Iranian president blasts election 'coup'
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian leaders want legal action to sort out opposition
07/03/2009 [-] Iranian lawmakers urge
07/02/2009 [-] Iranian leaders urge legal action against Mousavi
07/02/2009 [-] Saddam told FBI I bluffed on WMD because I feared Iranian nukes
07/02/2009 [-] Iranian writer up for Akutagawa Prize
07/02/2009 [-] Iranian Jewish group to meet in J'lem
07/02/2009 [-] 'World not reconciled to Iranian nukes'
07/02/2009 [-] Film Spotlights True Story of Iranian Woman's Stoning issues
07/02/2009 [-] Film Spotlights True Story of Iranian Woman's Stoning east
07/02/2009 [-] Former Iranian president Khatami slams ruling regime
07/02/2009 [-] Film Spotlights True Story of Iranian Woman's Stoning rights and law
07/02/2009 [-] Al Jazeera Tehran Footage Allowed by Iranian Government
07/02/2009 [-] Former Iranian president Regime conducted coup against the people
07/02/2009 [-] Iranian Nezammafi nominated for prestigious Akutagawa literary award
07/02/2009 [-] US shocked by Iranian claims that Neda's death was staged
07/02/2009 [-] Iranian claims Neda's death staged 'shocking' US
07/02/2009 [-] Former Iranian President Election 'Coup'
07/02/2009 [-] Iranian Gov't Says Neda Soltan's Murder Was 'Staged'
07/02/2009 [-] Mousavi Declares Iranian Government 'illegitimate'
07/02/2009 [-] Former Iranian reformist president decries Ahmadinejad win as 'velvet coup' against the people
07/02/2009 [-] Than Shwe congratulates Iranian President Ahadinejad – Lawi Weng
07/02/2009 [-] Iranian Government Says Neda Soltan's Murder Was 'Staged'
07/01/2009 [-] Iranian opposition leaders denounce regime 'coup'
07/01/2009 [-] Video U.S. ambassador to UN wont say Iranian regime is illegitimate
07/01/2009 [-] West's hypocrites betray Iranians
07/01/2009 [-] 'This Iranian Form of Theocracy Has Failed'
07/01/2009 [-] Iran's Destiny in the Hands of Iranians
07/01/2009 [-] Russians Reject Iranian Satellite Launch Request
07/01/2009 [-] Iranian opposition leaders continue defiance
07/01/2009 [-] Moussavi Says Future Iranian Government 'Not Legitimate'
07/01/2009 [-] Jailed Iranian reformist's life at risk U.S. group
07/01/2009 [-] Iranian Militia Calls for Probe on Opposition Leader
07/01/2009 [-] EU not qualified for nuclear talks-Iranian commander
07/01/2009 [-] Iranian opposition newspaper shut temporarily
07/01/2009 [-] Beware the Dreaded Iranian Curse
07/01/2009 [-] Iranian MFA refutes Azerbaijan�s complicity in disorders
07/01/2009 [-] Iranian president cancels trip to AU summit
07/01/2009 [-] Iranian Delegates Walk Out of Peres Speech
07/01/2009 [-] U.S. sanctions Iranian firm over Korea
07/01/2009 [-] Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad cancels visit to Africa summit, giving no reason
07/01/2009 [-] Defeated Iranian presidential candidate Mehdi Karroubi
07/01/2009 [-] The Squandered Emancipation of Iranian Women
07/01/2009 [-] Egypt interested in S'400 to counter Iranian missiles
07/01/2009 [-] Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
07/01/2009 [-] Iranian cleric warns demonstrators
07/01/2009 [-] Ahmadinejad hails election as victory for Iranians
06/30/2009 [-] Nick Ferrari quits Iran Press TV over ‘bias’ after Iranian election
06/30/2009 [-] Foundation of Iran's Protests for Human Rights Through Iranian Poetry and History
06/30/2009 [-] US Sanctions Iranian Firm
06/30/2009 [-] Iranian gas and Iranian transit � Jack-pot in a Big Game
06/30/2009 [-] Iranian Americans Watch Tehran From Afar
06/30/2009 [-] US slaps sanctions on Iran firm for NK ties
06/30/2009 [-] Iranian report says Canadian journalist admits bias
06/30/2009 [-] US Sanction for Iranian Company Helping North Korea
06/30/2009 [-] Iranian watchdog upholds disputed election results
06/30/2009 [-] Iranian clerics confirm result
06/30/2009 [-] Iran's Ahmadinejad hails election victory
06/30/2009 [-] Iranian report says Canadian reporter admits bias
06/30/2009 [-] Iranian mullahs Well assume protests will be violent from now on
06/30/2009 [-] Iranian authorities declare presidential election vote valid
06/30/2009 [-] Ahmadinejad confirmed as Iranian president
06/30/2009 [-] 'US Forces Attempt To Hijack Iranian Oil Field'
06/30/2009 [-] US Forces Attempt to Hijack Iranian Oil Field
06/30/2009 [-] Run a TOR node, help Iranians and others keep their privacy
06/30/2009 [-] US staged Iranian coup as Barack Obama admits CIA role
06/30/2009 [-] Iranians take risks to upload their dissent online
06/30/2009 [-] Barzani vows to seek release of Iranian diplomats
06/30/2009 [-] Letter to President Obama Statements on Demonstrations in Iran from Iranian-Americans
06/30/2009 [-] Iranian riot police are out in force in Tehran
06/30/2009 [-] Exiled groups deflate Iranian opposition
06/29/2009 [-] Bon Jovi makes 'Stand' with Iranian protest video
06/29/2009 [-] Neda killed by Basiji`s of iranian Regime 20_06_2009
06/29/2009 [-] Iranian authorities uphold Ahmadinejad's victory
06/29/2009 [-] Iranian authorities move to certify Ahmadinejad win
06/29/2009 [-] Iranians free UK embassy workers
06/29/2009 [-] The Best Sources of Coverage During the Iranian Uprising
06/29/2009 [-] Iranian council begins partial recount
06/29/2009 [-] Ajman Ruler receives Iranian Ambassador
06/29/2009 [-] Five Iranian Staff Of British Embassy Released
06/29/2009 [-] Dr. Rafey Habib Poem about Iranian Elections
06/29/2009 [-] Thousands of Iranians ignore threats, march in rally
06/29/2009 [-] Five out of nine Iranian staff of British embassy released TV
06/29/2009 [-] Iranians seek U.S. help for dissidents in Iraq
06/29/2009 [-] Neda's fiance 'told her not to go'
06/29/2009 [-] Iranian election protests like 'reliving the revolution'
06/29/2009 [-] Iranian authorities arrest nine workers at UK embassy
06/29/2009 [-] Iranians march in unsanctioned rally
06/29/2009 [-] British Embassy staff arrested for ‘role’ in Iranian unrest
06/29/2009 [-] Iranian women lead the protests
06/29/2009 [-] Iranians protest again as relations with West worsen
06/29/2009 [-] Witnesses Iranian police clash with up to 3,000 protesters USA Today
06/29/2009 [-] Iranian police 'beat protesters'
06/29/2009 [-] Turkish fuel smuggler killed by Iranian troops
06/29/2009 [-] Iranian minister blames Britain, U.S. for unrest
06/29/2009 [-] 41 Iranian Tourists Wounded in Accident in Khanaqin
06/28/2009 [-] Tribute To NEDA and All Other Brave IRANIAN Women
06/28/2009 [-] Vigil in support of Iranian friends, family
06/28/2009 [-] Bon Jovi and Joan Baez Post Videos in Support of Iranian Protest
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian Police Clash With Protesters, Witnesses Say
06/28/2009 [-] Influential Iranian cleric Vote fallout a 'tangled mess'
06/28/2009 [-] Deputy Commander of Dubai Police meets Iranian Consul
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian pro'democracy martyr Neda Agha'Soltan's murder described by doctor who tried to save her
06/28/2009 [-] Thousands of Iranians ignore leaders' threats, march in unauthorized rally
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian cops and 3,000 protesters clash
06/28/2009 [-] Senior Iranian hardline cleric Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami
06/28/2009 [-] Ahmadinejad not in charge of Iranian foreign policy
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian Police Clash With 3,000 Protesters
06/28/2009 [-] Axelrod Ahmadinejad not in charge of Iranian foreign policy
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian Police Clash With 3,000 Protestors
06/28/2009 [-] Witnesses say Iranian police clash with up to 3,000 protesters in Tehran
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian Police Clash With Up To 3K Protesters
06/28/2009 [-] British Embassy Staff in Tehran Arrested by Iranian Authorities
06/28/2009 [-] British gov't demands immediate release of embassy's Iranian staff
06/28/2009 [-] From Mossadegh to Ahmadinejad The CIA and the Iranian experiment
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian police clash with up to 3,000 protesters
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian authorities detain British Embassy staffers
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian revolution needs a leader before it dies
06/28/2009 [-] Bon Jovi, Baez show support for Iranian protesters with lyrics in Farsi
06/28/2009 [-] US musicians sing support for Iranian protesters
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian militia accused of carrying out night-time raids on civilians' homes
06/28/2009 [-] * Demonstrators in Stockholm attack Iranian embassy
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian harassment will be met by strong response
06/28/2009 [-] Miliband Iranian harassment will be met by strong response
06/28/2009 [-] TIMELINE Ups and downs in British-Iranian ties
06/28/2009 [-] Gordon Brown announced on June 23 that Britain was expelling two Iranian diplomats
06/28/2009 [-] Christchurch protest at Iranian election crackdown
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian authorities arrest eight British embassy employees in Tehran
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian Media Reports Arrest of Local British Embassy Staff
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian Opposition Leader Mousavi Rejects Vote Recount east
06/28/2009 [-] Community Services Worker, Men's Support Group, Iranian Community Organisation
06/28/2009 [-] Turkish fuel smuggler shot dead by Iranian troops
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian president vows 'crushing' response to U.S. criticism
06/28/2009 [-] Former Iranian President Rafsanjani quiet
06/28/2009 [-] Mousavi Blames Organisers of 'rigged' Iranian Poll for Bloodshed During Street Protests
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian Crackdown Quietly Drains Dissidents
06/28/2009 [-] Mousavi Rejects Call for Iranian Pres. Recount
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian President Rebukes Obama
06/28/2009 [-] Iranians Using 'Rights Software' to Foil Censors
06/28/2009 [-] Has The Iranian 'Revolution' Already Been Crushed? Cold Water
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian man arrested with 20 kilograms of methamphetamine
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian Opposition Leader Mousavi Rejects Vote Recount
06/28/2009 [-] Iranian's bid to smuggle in RM5.7mil syabu foiled
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian president blasts U.S. again
06/27/2009 [-] 'Hacktivists' attack sites for Iranian government and media as clashes in streets quiet
06/27/2009 [-] Software helps Iranian dissidents connect
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian council offers Moussavi deal to settle dispute Update
06/27/2009 [-] Punish rioters, Iranian cleric says
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian Cleric Calls for Protest Leaders to Be Punished
06/27/2009 [-] SAUDIS TO HELP IRANIAN OPPOSITION?
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian President Chastises Obama
06/27/2009 [-] Demonstrators in Stockholm attack Iranian embassy
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian election protests crushed
06/27/2009 [-] Iranians rip off tyranny's mask
06/27/2009 [-] Obama siding with Iranian protesters a mistake
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian agents seize hundreds of dissenters
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian Leaders Gaining the Edge Over Protesters
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian authorities threaten protesters with execution
06/27/2009 [-] Rioters should be executed, says hardline Iranian cleric
06/27/2009 [-] Iranians pray at Tehran University
06/27/2009 [-] Two demonstrators protest against the recent Iranian elections in Trieste
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian religious leaders call for death sentence for demonstration organizers
06/27/2009 [-] Ahmadinejad Obama siding with Iranian protesters a mistake
06/27/2009 [-] Swedish broadcaster SVT says protesters are trying to break into Iranian Embassy in Stockholm
06/27/2009 [-] Obama calls for an end to attacks against Iranians
06/27/2009 [-] NWN in Japanese SL
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian bloggers mark 30th anniversary
06/27/2009 [-] Cleric calls for execution of some Iranian protesters
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian cleric calls for the execution of protesters
06/27/2009 [-] Harsh punishment for riot leaders Iranian cleric
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian's attempt to smuggle in RM5.75mil of syabu foiled
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian election protests crushed?
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian opposition gets a martyr in Neda
06/27/2009 [-] Protest at Iranian Embassy in Sweden
06/27/2009 [-] Obama fires back at Iranian regime
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian cleric says protesters wage war against God
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian cleric urges firm punishment for protesters
06/27/2009 [-] Top Iranian cleric calls for execution of protesters
06/27/2009 [-] Demonstrators broke into the Iranian Embassy outside Stockholm
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian Cleric Calls for Protest Leaders to Be Punished 'Ruthlessly and Savagely'
06/27/2009 [-] Protesters should be 'dealt with without mercy,’ Iranian cleric says
06/27/2009 [-] Canadian software helps Iranian dissidents connect
06/27/2009 [-] Hundreds of Iranian dissenters seized
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian cleric urges executin
06/27/2009 [-] Defiant Mousavi refuses to quit Iranian election challenge
06/27/2009 [-] Activists Rally in Support of Iranian Opposition in New York east
06/27/2009 [-] Activists Rally in Support of Iranian Opposition in New York
06/27/2009 [-] Mousavi, Celebrated in Iranian Protests, Was the 'Butcher of Beirut'
06/27/2009 [-] Top Iranian legislative
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian Ayatollah threatens protesters with execution
06/27/2009 [-] Iranian rockers find their voice
06/27/2009 [-] Raw Video Protest at Iranian embassy in Sweden
06/26/2009 [-] Harsh sermon may signal bigger crackdown on Iranian opposition
06/26/2009 [-] Protesters gather at Iranian embassy
06/26/2009 [-] US praise for protesters as Iranian cleric urges executions
06/26/2009 [-] Televised Iranian confessions decried
06/26/2009 [-] Monitoring Iranian Events for Political Lessons
06/26/2009 [-] Antiretroviral induced adverse drug reactions in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus positive patients
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian doctor blames militia
06/26/2009 [-] U.S. denies Iranian delegation visas for UN conference, says envoy
06/26/2009 [-] Obama, Merkel condemn Iranian violence
06/26/2009 [-] Senior Iranian cleric says rioters should be severely punished
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian cleric urges executing some protesters
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian embassy in Sweden attacked by protesters
06/26/2009 [-] Hardline cleric calls for Iranian 'rioters' to be executed
06/26/2009 [-] Protesters break into Iranian embassy in Sweden
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian Cleric Urges Harsh Punishment Where is Obama?
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian cleric calls for executions
06/26/2009 [-] Canadian technology helps Iranians bypass censorship
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian expats storm embassy in Stockholm
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian hackers attack U.S. university
06/26/2009 [-] Swedish broadcaster reports attack on Iranian Embassy
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian Leaders Blaming CIA, Protestors, for Killing Neda
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian Protesters Go Viral With Beat it Revolt Video
06/26/2009 [-] Protesters attack Iranian embassy in Sweden
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian cleric says election protesters should be executed
06/26/2009 [-] A Rude Iranian Awakening
06/26/2009 [-] Senior Iranian cleric says some leaders of election unrest should be executed
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian Cleric Says Protesters Should Be Harshly Punished
06/26/2009 [-] Iran crisis delicate situation for Obama
06/26/2009 [-] Pro-Iranian Regime Hackers Invade U.S. Computers
06/26/2009 [-] Tyranny Watch Iran Makes War on Iranians
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian cleric wants death sentence for protest leaders
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian cleric Some protest leaders 'worthy of execution'
06/26/2009 [-] Russia expresses concern over Iranian use of force
06/26/2009 [-] Obama Blasts Iranian Regime
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian cleric 'Rioters' should be executed.'
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian Cleric Says Protesters Should Be Harshly Punished east
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian cleric harsh punishment for rioters
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian cleric issues stern warning
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian Media Pounces On McCain Comments
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian Cleric Says Protesters Should Be Harshly Punished and conflict
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian Anti-Protest Firewall Ignores Online Gaming
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian cleric says 'rioters' should be executed
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian cleric wants demonstration leaders executed
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian demonstrators protest against the recent Iranian elections in Los Angeles
06/26/2009 [-] My Iranian Cousin and I ' Try to Have Hope'
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian protesters avoid censorship with Navy technology
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian cleric harsh punishment for riot leaders
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian president demands apology from Obama
06/26/2009 [-] Top Iranian legislative body declares election fair
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian Self Published Author Offers an Intimate Look into Persian Weddings, Culture
06/26/2009 [-] U.S. grants support to Iranian dissidents
06/26/2009 [-] Academics arrested in Iranian crackdown
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian doctor who tried to save Neda blames militia
06/26/2009 [-] Top Dissident Cleric Warns Iranian Rulers Over Crackdown
06/26/2009 [-] Web awash in tributes to slain Iranian protester
06/26/2009 [-] Aussie protesters target Iranian embassy
06/26/2009 [-] Twitter's role in Iranian elections, aftermath questioned
06/26/2009 [-] U.S. grants support Iranian dissidents
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian linked to Canadian death to probe rioters
06/26/2009 [-] Ahmadinejad Tells Obama Not to Interfere Iranian Warns Against Further Criticism
06/26/2009 [-] Iranians pay respects at Neda Agha-Soltan's grave
06/26/2009 [-] Why Modern Technology Is Bad, Not Good, for Iranian Protesters
06/26/2009 [-] Iranians Watching 'Lord of the Rings'
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian linked to Kazemi's death is investigating rioters
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian opposition leader vows to fight on
06/26/2009 [-] Iranians mourn slain woman as power struggle continues
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian President Obama Should Apologize
06/26/2009 [-] US Senators Push Bill to Help Iranians Avoid Government Online east
06/26/2009 [-] Iranian Rockers Give New Meaning to Underground Music
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian Opposition Asks for Israeli Technical Help
06/25/2009 [-] Russians Say 'Nyet' to Another Iranian Satellite
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian Gov Intensifies Countrywide Crackdown
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian diplomats disinvited from Canada Day ceremonies
06/25/2009 [-] Academics' Declaration of Support for Iranian Demonstrators
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian doctor Neda shot by government forces
06/25/2009 [-] Mousavi talks of 'rigged' Iranian poll
06/25/2009 [-] Witness to murder Iranian doctor who tried to save Neda speaks
06/25/2009 [-] * Parents of slain Iranian woman forced from home
06/25/2009 [-] Iranians in St. Louis area cheer uprising, worry about loved ones
06/25/2009 [-] US Senators Push Bill to Help Iranians Avoid Government Online states
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian election protest will continue
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian Opposition Calls For Rallies Despite Crackdown
06/25/2009 [-] India's Oil Cos Propose Investment in Iranian Gas Block
06/25/2009 [-] People Who Think the Religious Right are Just Like Iranian Mullahs....
06/25/2009 [-] Parents of slain Iranian woman forced from home
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian Interior Minister Western Intelligence Behind Riots And Unrest
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian MPs Snub Ahmadinejad Celebration
06/25/2009 [-] Israeli PM Netanyahu 75% of the Iranians want regime change
06/25/2009 [-] Israel�s Defense Ministry closes its 'Iranian Department'
06/25/2009 [-] Vigil Held For Iranian Protest Victims
06/25/2009 [-] US Senators Push Bill to Help Iranians Avoid Government Online
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian hackers attack the US
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian Opposition Calls For Rallies Online Despite Crackdown and conflict
06/25/2009 [-] Obama Supports Iranian Nuclear Power, Not Ours
06/25/2009 [-] In Afghanistan, Iranian truck drivers dispute election and debate crackdown
06/25/2009 [-] G8 Foreign Ministers Gather In Trieste; Iranians Stay Home Update
06/25/2009 [-] Persian radio in Holland gives Iranians news
06/25/2009 [-] US Rescinds Invitations to Iranian Diplomats east
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian Envoy Hits Out at EU Over Protest Support
06/25/2009 [-] TIMELY TALE OF 1986 EXECUTION BARES IRANIAN HORRORS
06/25/2009 [-] Iranians not allowed at American party
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian academics held after meeting with Moussavi
06/25/2009 [-] 70 Iranian Professors Reportedly Detained
06/25/2009 [-] Pro-Iranian regime hackers invade US computers
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian academics arrested after meeting with Moussavi
06/25/2009 [-] Colorado Iranians monitor turmoil with hope, anger
06/25/2009 [-] Iranians told to ‘respect the law’
06/25/2009 [-] Local Iranians protest disputed vote
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian women are making sure their voices are heard
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian police swiftly crush protest
06/25/2009 [-] Iranians howl from roofs to denounce regime
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian authorities arrest protest 'masterminds'
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian Election Divides Arabs, Their Leaders
06/25/2009 [-] Demonstrators in Union Square in New York City protest the Iranian election results
06/25/2009 [-] Zizek on Iranian protests
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian Pres. Smiles Again
06/25/2009 [-] Iranian Embassy Officials Help Korean Farmers
06/25/2009 [-] The B-Cast B-Side Iranian Woman Begs US for Help
06/25/2009 [-] In a makeshift Afghan teahouse, Iranian truckers debate election
06/25/2009 [-] withdraws July 4 invitations to Iranian diplomats
06/25/2009 [-] South Florida's Iranian community rallies in Miami against regime
06/25/2009 [-] No Iranian diplomats accept invitation for U.S. Independent Day celebrations
06/25/2009 [-] The Iranian foil or silent accomplice
06/25/2009 [-] US halts July 4 invitations to Iranian diplomats
06/25/2009 [-] Clashes and arrests in Iranian streets
06/25/2009 [-] An Iranian Revolution That's Not Over Yet
06/25/2009 [-] Wearing head scarves, wielding rocks Iranian women take centre stage in countrys protests
06/25/2009 [-] US withdraws July 4 invitations to Iranian diplomats
06/25/2009 [-] Texas Tech Iranian students protest to stop violence in their country
06/25/2009 [-] Khamenei urges tolerance, Iranian media report
06/24/2009 [-] In a makeshift Afghan teahouse, Iranian truckers dispute election
06/24/2009 [-] Obama rescinds July 4 invites to Iranian diplomats
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian women take centre stage
06/24/2009 [-] The Onion Finally Weighs In On The Iranian Situation Ruining Twitter
06/24/2009 [-] US withdraws July 4 party invitations to Iranians
06/24/2009 [-] Neda Agha Sultan Brings Martyrdom to Iranian Situation
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian Politics Watching 'The Lord of the Rings' in Tehra
06/24/2009 [-] Hackers post message supporting Iranian regime on Oregon University System home page
06/24/2009 [-] Wearing head scarves, wielding rocks Iranian women take centre stage in country?s protests
06/24/2009 [-] Israel is waiting patiently in the wings of the Iranian stage
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian Footballers Forced to Retire for Supporting Protesters
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian women Describe Events in Iran CNN
06/24/2009 [-] Israel-based radio offers voice for Iranians
06/24/2009 [-] WH rescinds July 4 invites to Iranians
06/24/2009 [-] Wearing head scarves, wielding rocks Iranian women take centre stage in protests
06/24/2009 [-] Neda highlighted at Iranian-American rally in Minneapolis
06/24/2009 [-] Four Iranian players banned for protest support
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian riot police block rallies
06/24/2009 [-] White House cancels July 4th invitation to Iranian diplomats
06/24/2009 [-] Security Forces Blast Iranians With Tear Gas, Batons in Renewed Violence
06/24/2009 [-] Wife fears for safety of detained Iranian activist
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian Flags Outside White House Gates
06/24/2009 [-] 'Security Forces' Ambush Iranian Demonstrators
06/24/2009 [-] Obama rethinking Iranian invites?
06/24/2009 [-] No Iranian envoys to attend July 4 parties
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian protesters brave crackdown
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian riot police block demonstrations witnesses
06/24/2009 [-] 'Daily Show' Compares American Knowledge Of Iran To Iranian Knowledge Of America
06/24/2009 [-] Pro-Iranian regime hackers invade Oregon computers
06/24/2009 [-] Khamenei vows not to retreat on Iranian elections
06/24/2009 [-] Emir of Qatar Praises 'Iranian Democracy'
06/24/2009 [-] Soccer Four Iranian players banned for protest support
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian Regime Implements Their Own Tiananmen Square Stratagy
06/24/2009 [-] Local Supporters Discuss Iranian Freedom Protests
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian Soccer Players Banned After Post-Election Protest
06/24/2009 [-] Newsmaker Newt Gingrich on the Iranian crackdown
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian Soccer Players Banned After Post-Election Protest east
06/24/2009 [-] Iranians protest against election result witness
06/24/2009 [-] Are the Iranian Protests Another U.S. Orchestrated 'Color' Revolution?
06/24/2009 [-] Video Engel Iranian movement 'isn't going away'
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian Women Lead Charge For Change
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian soccer rebels get the boot for wristband protest
06/24/2009 [-] Britain expels two Iranian diplomats in tit-
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian presidential candidate withdraws election complaint
06/24/2009 [-] The Arabs' Forlorn Envy of Iranians
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian-Americans rally for shooting victim
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian election controversy continues
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian moves against Britain reflect old suspicions
06/24/2009 [-] New Iranian Protest Woman in Revealing Dress Stops Traffic With Uncovered Hair
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian-Canadians stage die-in
06/24/2009 [-] Why Obama's Iranian Citizen Question Really Matters
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian football stars 'retired' after match protest
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian authorities crack down on protests
06/24/2009 [-] Protests Over Iranian Election At SF City Hall
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian conservative candidate pulls fraud complaints
06/24/2009 [-] Change your Timezone to +330 Tehran to help hide twittering Iranians
06/24/2009 [-] An Iranian woman passes a service station in central Tehran
06/24/2009 [-] Nordlinger One Iranians plea, c.
06/24/2009 [-] Dallas rally aims to show Iranian protesters they have support in U.S.
06/24/2009 [-] Groups promote Iranian nukes,work with Palestinian Authority
06/24/2009 [-] Close in spirit, yet so far away from the Iranian homeland she loves
06/24/2009 [-] Hundreds rally at Dallas City Hall in support of Iranian protesters
06/24/2009 [-] Intensified Crackdown Mutes Iranian Protests
06/24/2009 [-] Why Iranian protests paralyze Obama
06/24/2009 [-] Corporate Media Providing False View Of Iranian Post Election Protests
06/24/2009 [-] Britain said it was expelling two Iranian diplomats after a similar move by Tehran.
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian Nobel Peace laureate urges EU sanctions
06/24/2009 [-] Senators Weigh In on U.S. Response to Iranian Protests
06/24/2009 [-] Local Iranian Makes Contact With Mother
06/24/2009 [-] Rally for Iranian human rights attracts nearly 100
06/24/2009 [-] U.S. Appalled and Outraged by Violence Against Iranian Protesters
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian footballers stood down over protest report
06/24/2009 [-] 'The timeless dignity of tens of thousands of Iranians marching in silence'
06/24/2009 [-] Traffic jams, strikes the new Iranian protest
06/24/2009 [-] Barack Obama criticizes Iranian violence
06/24/2009 [-] Iranian Soccer Stars 'Retire' Over Wristband Protest
06/23/2009 [-] 'Appalled' at Iranian violence
06/23/2009 [-] The Iranian crisis at the clerical level
06/23/2009 [-] Award-winning Iranian director urges support for protests
06/23/2009 [-] WSJ.com Son's Death Has Iranian Family Asking Why
06/23/2009 [-] Four Iranian Soccer Players Retired For Life For Protesting Election
06/23/2009 [-] World 'appalled and outraged' by Iranian government
06/23/2009 [-] Iranians Protest Outside of U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian TV in bid to discredit protesters
06/23/2009 [-] Technology Proves Bigger than Iranian Gov't
06/23/2009 [-] Obama takes question from Iranian via Internet
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian military conducts 'routine' aerial exercises
06/23/2009 [-] Obama to GOP 'Iranians can speak for themselves'
06/23/2009 [-] France again summons Iranian ambassador
06/23/2009 [-] Barack Obama 'outraged' by Iranian violence as Britain expels two diplomats
06/23/2009 [-] Timeline-Ups and downs in British-Iranian ties
06/23/2009 [-] Britain expels Iranian diplomats
06/23/2009 [-] Ahmadinejad to be inaugurated by mid-August, Iranian parliament announces
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian authorities scramble to negate Neda...
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian director says youth should be given reins of country
06/23/2009 [-] Obama slams Iran government while paying tribute to Iranian people
06/23/2009 [-] Iranians, not U.S., will
06/23/2009 [-] Netanyahu hails Iranian pro-reform protests
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian women stand up in defiance, flout rules
06/23/2009 [-] Iranians, not U.S., will 'choose' their future
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian authorities vow to teach 'exemplary lesson' to protesters
06/23/2009 [-] Iranians in the U.S. tell Haaretz what's on their mind
06/23/2009 [-] IRANIAN FAMILY TOLD TO PAY FOR SON'S BODY
06/23/2009 [-] UK Expels Iranian Diplomats In 'Tit For Tat'
06/23/2009 [-] Britain expels Iranian diplomats in tit-for-tat move Summary
06/23/2009 [-] IRAN UK expels Iranian diplomats in tit-for-tat move
06/23/2009 [-] France summons Iranian ambassador over protests
06/23/2009 [-] Obama denies interfering, but condemns Iranian gov't for unjust actions against people
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian Film Director Against Ahmadinejad's “Coup”
06/23/2009 [-] The Iranian Firewall
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian Nobel Peace laureate Ebadi at EU
06/23/2009 [-] Britain expels Iranian diplomats in tit-for-tat with Tehran
06/23/2009 [-] Britain Expels 2 Iranian Diplomats in Tit-for-Tat Move
06/23/2009 [-] Obama 'Not Too Late' for Iranian Government to Peacefully Resolve Unrest
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian Protest in Toronto June 22 2009
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian students demonstrate outside the British embassy in Tehran
06/23/2009 [-] Obama There are significant questions about legitimacy of Iranian election
06/23/2009 [-] No'drama Obama may invite more Iranian repression
06/23/2009 [-] Iran remains key trade partner for Europe
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian diplomats expelled from UK
06/23/2009 [-] 'Give Me Liberty ...' Iranian People Demand Democracy
06/23/2009 [-] Obama condemns Iranian government's response to protests
06/23/2009 [-] France summons Iranian ambassador again over disputed election
06/23/2009 [-] Obama questions legitimacy of Iranian election
06/23/2009 [-] Britain expells two Iranian diplomats
06/23/2009 [-] ROME Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu praises courage of Iranian protesters.
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian Guardian Council Says 'no fraud or breach' in poll!
06/23/2009 [-] Arabs Worry Of Spillover Of Iranian Protests
06/23/2009 [-] Report British to expel two Iranian diplomats
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian Council Election Results Will Stand
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian Film Director says Election Was 'Coup d'Etat east
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian 'special courts' to try rioters
06/23/2009 [-] UK expels Iran's diplomats in tit-for-tat move
06/23/2009 [-] Special Blog roundup on the life of Iranian Neda Agha-Soltan
06/23/2009 [-] Britain expels two Iranian diplomats
06/23/2009 [-] Mourning Iranians Charged 'Bullet Fee'
06/23/2009 [-] WaPo Obama's Cairo Speech Encouraged Iranian Revolt
06/23/2009 [-] Mass European Protests Back Iranian Reformers
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian becomes opposition icon on YouTube film
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian Officials Rule Out Revote
06/23/2009 [-] Police fire tear gas as Iranian protesters defy Guards warning
06/23/2009 [-] Rachel Maddow Iranian Protesters Targetting the Basiji
06/23/2009 [-] Netanyahu Iranian regime 'unmasked'
06/23/2009 [-] Iranians protest from Tehran rooftops
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian Elections Change in the air in Iran
06/23/2009 [-] Indonesia Detains 12 Iranians Bound For Australia Police
06/23/2009 [-] New Iranian Proposal Aims to End Nuclear Dispute
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian Parliament abolishes law on stoning punishment
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian protesters focus rage against UK Embassy
06/23/2009 [-] 12 Iranians bound for Australia detained
06/23/2009 [-] Death video Iranian woman 'shot by militia' fiance
06/23/2009 [-] Authority rules out annuling Iranian elections
06/23/2009 [-] Iranians 'bound for Australia' detained
06/23/2009 [-] Michael Collins writes 'Give Me Liberty ,,,' Iranian People Demand Democracy
06/23/2009 [-] Lessons Learned From Ten Days of the Iranian Uprising
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian furor boils over
06/23/2009 [-] Clerics in Iraq hold tongues on Iranian uprising
06/23/2009 [-] An Iranian riot policeman stands guard in a street in Tehran
06/23/2009 [-] Video clips make icon of Iranian riot victim
06/23/2009 [-] the face of a new Iranian revolution
06/23/2009 [-] Family, friends mourn 'Neda,' Iranian woman who died on video
06/23/2009 [-] Massive Iranian protests, a 'revolution in the making'
06/23/2009 [-] Hi-tech helps Iranian monitoring
06/23/2009 [-] Leading Iranian reformist calls for day of mourning
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian woman's death stirs sorrow, outrage
06/23/2009 [-] U.S. Secretary of State, Iranian FM to skip G8
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian demonstrators in Los Angeles hold up a placard showing President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian revolution will take place, says senior Israeli minister
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian police renew crackdown
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian Police Attack Hundreds of Opposition Protesters Fox News
06/23/2009 [-] France Calls for Release of Iranian NGO Worker Silva Hartounian
06/23/2009 [-] Hundreds protest Iranian election in Austin demonstration
06/23/2009 [-] Israeli Radio Show Captivates Iranians
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian protests revive icons of revolutions past
06/23/2009 [-] Feared Basij militia has deep history in Iranian conflict
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian anti-riot police intercept traffic in a street in Tehran
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian anti-riot police intercept traffic during a patrol in Tehran
06/23/2009 [-] Video of student's shooting stands out among Iranian resistance images
06/23/2009 [-] Slain Woman Becomes Face Of Iranian Protests
06/23/2009 [-] Details Emerge About Neda, the Face of the Iranian Revolution Iran
06/23/2009 [-] The Iranian people have expressed a deep desire for freedom
06/23/2009 [-] Shah's Son Backs Iranian Protesters
06/23/2009 [-] Windsor Iranians plan march, vigil over unrest at home
06/23/2009 [-] Friends, family mourn Iranian woman who died in video
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian Conflict Hits Home in Denver
06/23/2009 [-] Helping Iranians Skirt Web Crackdown
06/23/2009 [-] Voting faults in 50 Iranian districts
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian police use violence to disperse protesters
06/23/2009 [-] Even After Beating And Murdering Protesters, Iranians Still Invited To 4th Of July Celebrations
06/23/2009 [-] Calgary's Iranian community worried about crackdown in Iran
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian demonstrators dispersed by riot troops
06/23/2009 [-] Stoning and amputation to go from Iranian criminal code
06/23/2009 [-] Election Protests Stir Mixed Emotions for Iranian-Americans
06/23/2009 [-] State Focus must be on Iranians
06/23/2009 [-] Women At Forefront Of Iranian Protests
06/23/2009 [-] Pentagon tells U.S. Navy to avoid incidents with Iranian military
06/23/2009 [-] Iranian-Americans and supporters protest in California
06/23/2009 [-] Many Iranian-American protesters fear to speak too boldly
06/23/2009 [-] Lack of news frustrating Iranians
06/23/2009 [-] Western Corporations Helped Censor Iranian Internet
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian protesters focus rage on British Embassy in Tehran
06/22/2009 [-] Web Video Makes an Iranian Woman’s Death a Symbol of Iran’s Crisis
06/22/2009 [-] State Dept Iranian diplomats still welcome to celebrate July 4th with U.S.
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Reaction
06/22/2009 [-] The Disputed June 12 Iranian Presidential Election Has Far-Reaching Social Implications
06/22/2009 [-] World rejects Iranian charges of media meddling
06/22/2009 [-] Do Iranians Need an Age of Reason to Succeed in Present Protest?
06/22/2009 [-] Former Crown Prince Cries For Dead Iranian Protesters 22 Jun 2009 170854 GMT
06/22/2009 [-] Family, friends mourn Iranian woman who died on video
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Women's Key Role in the Iran Election Protests
06/22/2009 [-] Hamas denies claims of aiding Iranian forces
06/22/2009 [-] France calls for release of Iranian NGO worker
06/22/2009 [-] New Video Shows Iranian Security Using Tear Gas on Protesters
06/22/2009 [-] Western Nations Deny Iranian Claims of Inciting Violence
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Moderate Calls For Election Annulment
06/22/2009 [-] Czech EU presidency summons Iranian diplomat
06/22/2009 [-] Obama's Dilemma Stand With Iranian Protesters, or Step Aside?
06/22/2009 [-] Western Nations Deny Iranian Claims of Inciting Violence and conflict
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian government bars funeral for young woman being called 'Iran's Joan of Arc'
06/22/2009 [-] Eyewitnesses Say Iranian Police Use Force to Break Up Protest
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Student to Obama and the World 'Don't Leave Us Alone'
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Revolutionary Guards Warn Against Illegal Demonstrations
06/22/2009 [-] IRIB, the State Television Network, Becomes a Focus for Iranian Anger
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Police Attack Protestors
06/22/2009 [-] From Iranian rooftops, a view of protest and violence
06/22/2009 [-] Pro-reform Iranians gather in Tehran square
06/22/2009 [-] 'Neda' Slain Iranian woman becomes symbol of protests
06/22/2009 [-] EU rejects 'baseless' Iranian accusations, condemns violence
06/22/2009 [-] Hudson Institute's Current Trends in Islamist Ideology Examines Iranian-led Shiite Islamism
06/22/2009 [-] Op-Ed Iranians Don't Want Help From U.S.
06/22/2009 [-] Europeans protest Iranian crackdown
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian police use force to break up protest over disputed election
06/22/2009 [-] Europe protests Iranian crackdown, taking the heat from Tehran instead of Obama
06/22/2009 [-] BBC Persian channels Iranian voices of opposition
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Police Presence 'Intimidating'
06/22/2009 [-] EU states consider summoning Iranian envoys
06/22/2009 [-] Top Iranian clerics could depose Ayatollah
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Guards vow protest crackdown
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Police Fire Tear Gas as Protestors Defy Guards' Warning
06/22/2009 [-] International Criticism of Iranian Government Grows
06/22/2009 [-] Top Iranian clerics could depose Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
06/22/2009 [-] IRAN EU presidency urges states to summon Iranian envoys
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Leaders Accuse UK Of Stoking Protests
06/22/2009 [-] Twitter Links Iranians to Outside World
06/22/2009 [-] Khamenei's Speech on the Iranian Elections, June 2009
06/22/2009 [-] Government ready to get Mousavi Iranian official
06/22/2009 [-] Go Tell the Iranians U.S. Stands for Freedom and Dignity of Man
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Girl's Death Heard Around The World
06/22/2009 [-] Nashville Iranians rally for families at home
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian DDoS Mob Exposed to Drive-By Attacks
06/22/2009 [-] VIDEO OF DYING IRANIAN WOMAN BECOMES ICONIC IMAGE
06/22/2009 [-] Authorities step up crackdown on Iranian protesters
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Protest Held At Centennial Park
06/22/2009 [-] Protesting Iranians have something to cheer
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian police use force to break up protest
06/22/2009 [-] The Iranian Leadership 'Has Lost its Legitimacy'
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian forces ready to clear country of 'hooligans'
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Transsexual Gets Read
06/22/2009 [-] Some Family Of Former Iranian President Detained
06/22/2009 [-] Neda, lady shot in Iran protests is an icon now
06/22/2009 [-] The World from Berlin The Iranian Leadership 'Has Lost its Legitimacy'
06/22/2009 [-] Netanyahu believes in peace between Iranians and Israelis
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Women Protest Against Ahmadinejad
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Elect Mir-Hossein Mousavi
06/22/2009 [-] Basij With Uniformless Cloths Botons Iranian
06/22/2009 [-] Former Iranian president's daughter freed after detention
06/22/2009 [-] Pandering to the gay Iranian vote
06/22/2009 [-] Israeli President Shimon Peres applauds Iranian street protesters
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian opposition leader calls for more protests
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Elections The ‘Stolen Elections Hoax
06/22/2009 [-] Hundreds of rioting Iranians arrested
06/22/2009 [-] Demos in Europe backing Iranian opposition
06/22/2009 [-] Over 450 arrested in Iranian post-election riots
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Leaders Try to Divert Attention by Pointing at West, Israel, ‘Terrorists’
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian State Media Intensify Criticism of Mousavi, Protesters
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian media Guardian Council admits election fraud
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian crisis widens fissure among clerics
06/22/2009 [-] Iranians rally for families at home
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Opposition Leader Mousavi Calls for More Protests and conflict
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian air force to start exercises in Gulf on Monday
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Who Maced By Basij
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Support Mir-Hossein Mousavi
06/22/2009 [-] Arrests expose Iranian clerics' growing rift
06/22/2009 [-] An Iranian Killed By Basij
06/22/2009 [-] Protests Continue to Spread in Iranian Election Aftermath
06/22/2009 [-] Peres Applauds Iranian Protestors, Obama Remains Neutral
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Shout Death to Khamenei
06/22/2009 [-] Shot woman, Neda, becomes global symbol of Iranian protests
06/22/2009 [-] Women and the Iranian Unrest
06/22/2009 [-] Rafsanjani daughter released Iranian state TV
06/22/2009 [-] Wellington students picket Iranian Embassy
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian riot police block protesters on a street in Tehran
06/22/2009 [-] Did the Iranian Crackdown Work Tehran Streets Are Empty
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian protest parallels with 1979
06/22/2009 [-] Irregularities found in Iranian election
06/22/2009 [-] The Wages of Censorship Iranian Govt Unhappy With Foreign Coverage of Crackdown
06/22/2009 [-] Peres Applauds Iranian Protestors, Obama Neutral
06/22/2009 [-] 50 Cities with over 100% Participation in Iranian Elections?
06/22/2009 [-] Did the Iranian Crackdown Work? Tehran Streets Are Empty
06/22/2009 [-] Obama criticised for being 'too timid' on Iranian crisis
06/22/2009 [-] International Criticism of Iranian Government Actions Grows
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Opposition Leader Mousavi Calls for More Protests east
06/22/2009 [-] Media's Role Diminished In Wake Of Iranian Ban
06/22/2009 [-] International Criticism of Iranian Government Actions Grows east
06/22/2009 [-] Iranians Translate Protest into Folk Song of Martyred Woman
06/22/2009 [-] And Now for Some Crude Iranian Propaganda
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Resistance Requests
06/22/2009 [-] 4 members of Iranian cleric's family are freed
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian protests
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Protests and News
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Opposition Leader Mousavi Calls for More Protests
06/22/2009 [-] Local Iranians Protest Election Results In WeHo
06/22/2009 [-] Heavy Security Reins In Iranian Protests
06/22/2009 [-] Young Iranian woman describes beating
06/22/2009 [-] 19 Killed in Iranian Capital Tehran Clashes
06/22/2009 [-] Iranian Government Trying to 'Cut the Head Off' Opposition
06/22/2009 [-] Atlanta protesters burn photo of Iranian president
06/21/2009 [-] Vigil held for Iranian victims
06/21/2009 [-] Burmese and Iranians Make Buffalo Their Adopted Home
06/21/2009 [-] Protesters post video footage of girl fatally injured in Iranian clashes
06/21/2009 [-] Charlotteans join demonstration at White House
06/21/2009 [-] Iranian media calls Mousavi a criminal
06/21/2009 [-] RIP Neda Horrific Death of Young Iranian Woman Becomes Rallying Cry for Protestors
06/21/2009 [-] Afghanistan Could Afghan Resupply Efforts Promote US-Iranian Cooperation?
06/21/2009 [-] U.S. Congress voices support for Iranian opposition
06/21/2009 [-] 'Scores of Iranian protesters die'
06/21/2009 [-] Iranian opposition leader Mir Hossein Mousavi
06/21/2009 [-] Why Obama won't back Iranian people
06/21/2009 [-] Israeli PM Iranian Authorities 'Unmasked'
06/21/2009 [-] US, Britain deny Iranian meddling
06/21/2009 [-] Austria Vigil held for Iranian victims
06/21/2009 [-] Neda RIP Support the Iranian Uprising
06/21/2009 [-] CNN 19 Killed in Iranian Capital Tehran Clashes
06/21/2009 [-] Relatives of Former Iranian President Are Arrested
06/21/2009 [-] Iranians broadcast violence despite media ban
06/21/2009 [-] US, Britain deny Iranian vote meddling
06/21/2009 [-] Study finds some Iranian results 'highly implausible'
06/21/2009 [-] Israeli PM Iranian Authorities 'Unmasked' east
06/21/2009 [-] Neda, Iranian Woman Shot Video Seen Around the World
06/21/2009 [-] Iranian protests spark religious rift
06/21/2009 [-] Netanyahu hails 'courage'of Iranian demonstrators
06/21/2009 [-] Iranian exiles protest in Berlin and Paris
06/21/2009 [-] Crowd Gathers In Vigil For Iranian Protesters
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Home Mobile Motorola, RIM Surge in Smartphones?
Motorola, RIM Surge in Smartphones?
By Judy Mottl | August 11, 2008
Motorola may have finally turned the corner on its decline in mobile devices and Research In Motion's BlackBerry now represents one in every 10 smartphones sold in the United States, according to a report released today from Strategy Analytics.
Mobile-phone shipments for the U.S. market grew 5.3 percent annually year over year in the second quarter of 2008, reaching 41.9 million units. Motorola (NYSE: MOT) kept its No. 1 position with a 25.8 percent market share.
"In a nutshell I think Motorola may have hit the bottom and is now on the rebound," Bonny Joy, an analyst covering wireless device strategies for Strategy Analytics, told InternetNews.com.
The research firm attributes RIM's (NASDAQ: RIMM) double-digit achievement and Motorola's continued traction to "attractive" carrier bundle plans the two vendors have put in place, and new devices hitting the market. Joy also said Motorola's appointment of a new mobile division leader bodes well for third-quarter expectations.
The mobile device growth comes at a time when the market is under increasing stress, given the sluggish economy, a cutback on IT spend and consumers eliminating luxury costs in light of tough economics.
Motorola introduced 16 new handsets in the first half of the year and 10 launched in the second quarter. It plans to launch 34 more by year's end. RIM recently launched its latest smartphone, the Bold, and has consistently focused attention on the consumer market this year.
According to Joy, the results from Motorola and RIM are important given the market place today. He was surprised by Motorola's numbers and expected to see greater advancements by LG and fourth-place handset maker Samsung.
LG did grab second place in the U.S. market for the first time in two years, the research report stated.
Motorola last week announced it had hired former Qualcomm leader Sanjay Jha to serve as both co-CEO of Motorola and CEO of the soon-to-be spun-off mobile device division.
For RIM the outlook is just as bright, said Joy, noting the BlackBerry maker "is delivering the full package" these days.
"RIM's got favorable bundles with all the carriers and is providing both the consumer and the enterprise with a broad product portfolio at a good price point," Joy said.
RIM and Motorola were unable to comment immediately by press time.
While nowhere near challenging the handset leaders, Apple's (NASDAQ: AAPL) iPhone sales have been remarkable given it's been on the market a little more than a year.
The vendor shipped 400,000 iPhone units, representing 1 percent North America market share, in the second quarter. Strategy Analytics predicts Apple will ship 6.3 million iPhones in the U.S. by year's end given the 3G iPhone 2.0 launch in July. It estimates that 500,000 3G units were shipped within the first two weeks of launch.
Updated to add stats for the Apple iPhone.
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SDGs in Science Centers and Museums
Global Experiment
Using a new GLOBE app to track mosquitoes and mosquito borne diseases
The mosquito is the most dangerous animal in the world. While there are more than 3,500 species of mosquitoes, only about 200 species—and only their females—carry the diseases that are so harmful to humans. Some of these mosquitoes are responsible for spreading the Zika virus, which is implicated in serious birth defects found in thousands of babies in South America alone. Mosquito borne diseases kill close to 2.7 million people annually.
The good news is that we can make a difference in working together to eradicate these killers from our neighborhoods through awareness and action. The GLOBE Observer (GO) Program just released a tool enabling citizen scientists worldwide to use their mobile devices for identifying and eliminating potential mosquito breeding sites. Using the mobile application, GO Mosquito Habitat Mapper, citizen scientists will also be able to identify the mosquito species responsible for transmitting Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya. They will also be able to identify two other genera that contain species that transmit disease (Culex and Anopheles).
In the Global Experiment this year, science centers and science museums around the world, working together, can use this new mosquito application to begin to be part of the solution. They can train armies of citizen scientists to explore their households and neighborhoods and identify and eliminate potential mosquito breeding sites.
NASA–GLOBE will also share the research that is taking place to identify the spread of mosquito borne diseases, which includes the use of satellite technology to identify environmental conditions that enable mosquitoes to thrive. Each institution participating in the Global Experiment can identify the mosquito season for its region prior to the activity, so it can host events during the time when mosquitoes are active locally and can determine the level and kind of involvement that matches its programming objectives.
Here is a list of potential actions and results from participating in this worldwide effort
Access a suite of resources to assist science centers and science museums in training and responding to the Global Experiment
Learn which mosquito borne diseases have been found in an institution’s country and region using World Health Organization, U.S. Centers for Disease Control, and local health records
Find out when and where outbreaks of mosquito borne diseases have occurred in an institution’s region
See how many potential mosquito breeding sites science center and science museum visitors can identify and eliminate; keep a tally and images of breeding locations (natural and human made) and how these were eliminated
Use global precipitation measurement data to see how much precipitation fell in the three months preceding mosquito borne disease outbreaks to see if there is a correlation between precipitation amount and the onset of mosquito borne illnesses in humans
Use surface temperature data to see what the surface temperature conditions were like in the three months preceding the disease outbreaks, and use this data to see if institutions’ visitors can determine a correlation between the surface temperature and the onset of mosquito borne illnesses in humans
Explore data to see is there is a correlation between soil moisture and the onset of mosquito borne illnesses in humans
Connect with local scientists and health professionals, and engage them in training sessions and local programming.
GO Mosquito Habitat Mapper is a founding member of a new alliance among citizen science organizations and the United Nations Environmental Program that seeks to escalate the global fight against mosquito borne diseases. This initiative, Global Mosquito Alert, brings together thousands of scientists and volunteers from around the world to track and control mosquito vectors that cause disease and is the first shared platform to leverage citizen science for the global surveillance and control of disease carrying mosquitos. Thus, data collected by science center and science museum visitors as part of the Global Experiment will be an early contribution to this ground breaking global collaboration and directly contributes to several of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
As science center and science museum participants in the Global Experiment, you will have access to cutting edge science and scientific resources handpicked from NASA missions and the GLOBE Program. Last, but not least, our partners at GLOBE will create an animation with the results collected through the Global Experiment efforts—an amazing visualization tool that everybody will be able to use on November 10 as an ISCSMD activity.
ASTC offered two informational webinars on June 6 and 7 with two senior NASA/GLOBE education specialists, Betsy Boger and Dorian Janney. They were designed for you to learn more about how your science center or museum can participate in the Global Experiment and how you can empower your visitors to help stop the spread of mosquito borne diseases.
Click here to watch the webinar recording.
You can see Boger and Janney discuss several items that will be useful in talking with visitors about the science surrounding the world’s deadliest animal, the diseases they spread, and mosquito eradication, including
what the different types of mosquitoes are
what their life cycles are
how they spread different diseases
why we need to monitor mosquitoes
how to protect yourself from bites
how satellites help to identify potential mosquito borne disease outbreaks
why scientists are interested in environmental data, including precipitation, soil moisture, vegetation types, and surface temperature
how individual citizens can help.
In the recorded webinar, you’ll also find out about the code to use with your visitors so that their observations and data will be counted with the contributions of all the other people participating though all the other science centers and museums around the world.
Additional resources discussed in the webinar are downloadable here
Science behind Mosquitoes and Disease
The GLOBE Observer Mosquito Habitat Mapper App
Controlling Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes
“Help Control Mosquitoes” Visitor Handout
Illustrated Flipbook for Public Programs
ISCSMD and the Science Centre World Summit
From the start, the ISCSMD has connected with the objectives of the triennial Science Centre World Summit because of its emphasis on the UN SDGs. The last summit took place in November 2017 in Tokyo and formalized the global commitment of the science center field to the achievement of the SDGs and to the ISCSMD as one of the instruments to do so, as explicitly expressed in the adopted Tokyo Protocol. Click here to read the full text.
Science as a Human Right—ISCSMD 2018July 19, 2018 - 7:50 am
Science centers and museums celebrate ISCSMD 2019November 14, 2019 - 3:25 pm
Join the International Science Center and Science Museum Day webcastNovember 7, 2019 - 1:47 pm
© Copyright - ASTC - International Science Center & Science Museum Day
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JENAHURA OPEN
JAMIE ELSON
RICHARD MCEVOY
PEDRO ORIOL
TOUR ACADEMY
Jamie disappointed but making progress...
In the end Jamie Elson’s week at Moor Allerton near Leeds finished in disappointment with a frustrating final day but nonetheless he carded another top ten finish in the Clipper Logistics Players Championship on the EuroPro Tour. Despite niggling back and rib injuries, Jamie battled his way to the top of the leaderboard on day three en-route to an excellent round of 67 (-5). Sadly, a bad final day on the treacherous greens put an end to Jamie’s challenge for victory eventually finishing in a tie for 8th position. Afterwards Elson was disappointed but upbeat that his game is “getting there” following a season of frustration.
The legendary links at Prince’s, Sandwich is next up for Jamie – the final qualifying event on the EuroPro Tour before the top 60 players on the Order of Merit head to the EuroPro Tour Championship in Desert Springs, Spain.
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Incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Ranendra Hajong, Malaya Ranjan Dhal, Narang Naku, Buru Kapa
Department of General Surgery, NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
Dr. Ranendra Hajong
NEIGRIHMS, Shillong - 793 018, Meghalaya
Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a host of disease spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis liver, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD can occur at all ages, and the highest prevalence is found in the age group of 35–55 years. NAFLD is becoming the commonest cause leading to hepatic cirrhosis, but there is no prescribed therapy for this common condition. Reduction in body weight may reverse the condition. Aim: To find the prevalence of NAFLD in a cohort of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in this part of the country and also to evaluate the usefulness of routine liver biopsy for the diagnosis of NAFLD. Materials and Methods: Interventional type of cross-sectional study. In all, 200 consecutive patients underwent a liver biopsy at the end of a standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and detailed histopathological examination was done. Clinical, biochemical, demographic, and anthropometric variables were obtained prospectively. NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) was obtained for each patient. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22. Results: A total of 200 patients (140 females and 60 males) were included in the study. In all, 138 patients were categorized as non-nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 39 patients as borderline/suspicious NASH, and 23 patients had definitive NASH. A higher body mass index, weight, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, alkaline phosphatise, and weight circumference were found in patients with NASH. Conclusion: The high prevalence of NAFLD in patients with gallstone disease may justify routine liver biopsy during cholecystectomy to establish the diagnosis, stage, and possibly direct therapy.
Keywords: Gallstone disease, liver biopsy, obesity, steatohepatitis
Hajong R, Dhal MR, Naku N, Kapa B. Incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Family Med Prim Care 2018;7:1375-8
Hajong R, Dhal MR, Naku N, Kapa B. Incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Family Med Prim Care [serial online] 2018 [cited 2020 Jan 21];7:1375-8. Available from: http://www.jfmpc.com/text.asp?2018/7/6/1375/246476
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as the most common liver abnormality affecting 2.8%–24% of the general population worldwide.[1] NAFLD ranges from fatty liver to steatohepatitis without significant liver damage to hepatocellular inflammation and damage with or without significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in the absence of significant alcohol intake.[2],[3],[4] NAFLD usually occurs in two phases. Initially, triglycerides are deposited in the hepatocytes without causing any damage to the liver. But later on due to lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, hepatic damage takes place.[5],[6] Patients with gallstones are found to have associated NAFLD as both the disease conditions share similar risk factors such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertriglyceridemia.[7]
The study was conducted from September 2015 to August 2017. Consenting patients above 18 years of age with no history of alcohol intake for the past 6 months and seronegative for hepatitis B and C were included in the study.
Keeping the prevalence at 32% by Mohan et al.[8] in South India and by Majumdar et al.[9] at 30.7% in Northern India in community-based studies; the absolute precision was kept at 10%, and the sample size was determined to be 87. By keeping a design effect of two, the sample size was calculated at 174. The final sample size was calculated at 200 keeping the refusal rate at 15%.
Patients with clinical or biochemical evidence of hepatitis due to autoimmune, viral hepatitis, genetic, cholestatic, or drug-induced etiology and also patients with history of alcohol intake of ≥20 g/day were excluded from the study.
At the end of standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy, liver tissue of approximately 1.5 cm in diameter was taken with endo scissor and sent for histopathological examination. The tissues were examined under hematoxylin–eosin stain for morphological features of ballooning, steatosis, and lobular inflammation; and Masson's trichrome stain was used for fibrosis staging.[10]
Each biopsy specimen was evaluated by NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) proposed by the NASH Clinical Research Network (CRN).[10] Based on the NAS-CRN, the biopsies were categorised as non-nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), borderline/suspicious NASH, and definitive NASH. Steatosis was graded as Grade I: >5%–33%, Grade II: >33%–66%, and Grade III: >66%.[11],[12]
NAS score ranges from 0 to 8 after taking into account the unweighted sum of scores of steatosis (0–3) ballooning (0–2), and lobular inflammation (0–3). A value of NAS <3 was categorised as non-NASH, 3–4 as suspicious/borderline NASH, and >5 as NASH.
Fibrosis was staged on a scale of 0–4 as follows:[10]
Stage 0: absence of fibrosis
Stage 1: perisinusoidal or portal fibrosis (1a: mild/delicate zone 3 fibrosis, 1b: moderate/dense zone 3 fibrosis, 1c: portal fibrosis only)
Stage 2: peri-sinusoidal and portal/periportal fibrosis
Stage 3: septal or bridging fibrosis
Stage 4: cirrhosis
Means with standard deviation of various variables were calculated and their means were compared using independent samples t-test.
A total of 200 patients (140 females and 60 males) were included in the study. In all, 138 patients were categorized as non-NASH, 39 patients as borderline/suspicious NASH, and 23 patients had definitive NASH. The mean age in patients with NASH was 39.47 ± 11.701 years, and in non-NASH group the mean age was 38.64 ± 12.124 years.
The other parameters between the two groups are shown in the [Table 1]. There was no difference in the levels of blood sugar, serum bilirubin, aspartate aminiotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), high-density lipoprotein, and height of the patients in both the groups. Body mass index (BMI) in patients with NASH was significantly higher (26.691 ± 2.155) than non-NASH patients (22.861 ± 1.900) with a P value < 0.001. The mean weight was also significantly higher (66.00 ± 8. 343 KG) in NASH than non-NASH group of patients (55.22 ± 5.679) with a P value <0.001.
Table 1: Different parameters in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and non–nonalcoholic steatohepatitis group of patients
Total cholesterol was also found to be higher in the NASH (176.63 ± 8.286 mg/dL) than those in non-NASH group of patients (168.83 ± 10.759) which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Serum low-density lipoproteins were also significantly higher in NASH (90.58 ± 7.858) than in non-NASH group of patients (85.72 ± 7.742) with a P value <0.001.
Patients in NASH group had higher waist circumference (82.11 ± 5.261 cms) than non-NASH group of patients (73.38 ± 3.878) which is statistically significant (P < 0.001). Among the biochemical parameters, only serum alkaline phosphatase was found to be significantly increased in NASH (68.69 ± 7.933) group of patients.
In this study, the prevalence of patients with NAFLD was 31% which was similar to the findings of Mohan et al. (32%) in urban South Indian population[8] and Anindo Majumdar et al. (30.7%) in rural North Indian population.[9] Singh et al.[13] and Bajaj et al.[14] in their hospital-based studies found prevalence of NAFLD to be 24.5% and 32.2%, respectively, similar to this study. Similar prevalence was seen outside India also. Dassanayake et al.[15] found a prevalence of 32.6% in middle-aged population in neighbouring Sri Lanka similar to this study. The prevalence ranged from 23.4% to 46% in some other studies.[16],[17],[18],[19],[20] Whereas Farah A et al. in the neighbouring Pakistan found a very high prevalence of 62.5%.[21]
Lobular inflammation and ballooning along with steatosis are the main features required to diagnose NASH.[22] Liver biopsy is the gold standard to assess and diagnose these histopathological characteristics and also to predict the prognosis.[4],[23],[24]
High BMI was seen in patients with NASH similar to the studies of Farah A et al.[21] Higher waist circumference was found among patients with NASH in this study similar to many previous studies.[8],[9],[16],[20],[21]
A high serum cholesterol level was also found in this study similar to other studies.[8],[14] A high ALT level correlates well with high steatosis and high activity as shown by Rastogi et al.,[25] but it was found to be similar in both groups of patients in this study.
Awareness of this entity among the rural surgeons might enable them to undertake studies by ultrasonography while scanning the abdomen for other pathologies and also to check the liver for any fatty changes either grossly or by biopsy followed by histopathological examination of the biopsies, so that proper dietary advice and exercises may be advised to the patients to prevent further progress of their fatty liver conditions.
Patients with cholelithiasis have a high prevalence of NAFLD, which is 31%. Hence, patients at the time of discharge were advised about lifestyle modifications in the form of regular exercises, diet modifications to ingest balanced diets as advised by the Institute's dieticians, to take seasonal fruits regularly, and so on. Patients were also warned about the possible progress of their liver conditions to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma if they do not take proper care of their health.
Limitations of the study
The study population was patients with gallstones who share similar risk factors to develop NAFLD. Therefore, the results may not be representative of the general population of the region. Hence, population-based prospective studies may be undertaken to get the actual incidence of NAFLD in the general population.
Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM. The prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferase levels in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:960-7.
Angulo P, Kleiner DE, Dam-Larsen S, Adams LA, Bjornsson ES, Charatcharoenwitthaya P, et al. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2015;149:389-97.
Bellentani S, Marino M. Epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Ann Hepatol 2009;8 Suppl 1:S4-8.
Bedossa P. Pathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2017;37 Suppl 1:85-9.
Browning JD, Horton JD. Molecular mediators of hepatic steatosis and liver injury. J Clin Invest 2004;114:147-52.
Haque M, Sanyal AJ. The metabolic abnormalities associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2002;16:709-31.
Fracanzani AL, Valenti L, Russello M, Miele L, Bertelli C, Bellia A, et al. Gallstone disease is associated with more severe liver damage in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One 2012;7:e41183.
Mohan V, Farooq S, Deepa M, Ravikumar R, Pitchumoni CS. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in urban South Indians in relation to different grades of glucose intolerance and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009;84:84-91.
Majumdar A, Misra P, Sharma S, Kant S, Krishnan A, Pandav CS, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an adult population in a rural community of Haryana, India. Indian J Public Health 2016;60:26-33.
Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005;41:1313-21.
Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Caldwell SH. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Summary of an AASLD single topic conference. Hepatology 2003;37:1202-19.
Brunt EM, Janney CG, Di Bisceglie AM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bacon BR. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:2467-74.
Singh SP, Nayak S, Swain M, Rout N, Mallik RN, Agrawal O, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in coastal Eastern India: A preliminary ultrasonographic survey. Trop Gastroenterol 2004;25:76-9.
Bajaj S, Nigam P, Luthra A, Pandey RM, Kondal D, Bhatt SP, et al. A case-control study on insulin resistance, metabolic co-variates & prediction score in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Indian J Med Res 2009;129:285-92.
Dassanayake AS, Kasturiratne A, Rajindrajith S, Kalubowila U, Chakrawarthi S, De Silva AP, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among adults in an urban Sri Lankan population. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;24:1284-8.
Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Lee KE, Kim DJ, Kim SK, Ahn CW, et al. Metabolic significance of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in nonobese, nondiabetic adults. Arch Int Med 2004;164:2169-75.
Williams CD, Stengel J, Asike MI, Torres DM, Shaw J, Contreras M, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among a largely middle-aged population utilizing ultrasound and liver biopsy: A prospective study. Gastroenterology 2011;140:124-31.
Zelber-Sagi S, Nitzan-Kaluski D, Halpern Z, Oren R. Prevalence of primary non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a population-based study and its association with biochemical and anthropometric measures. Liver Int 2006;26:856-63.
Jimba S, Nakagami T, Takahashi M, Wakamatsu T, Hirota Y, Iwamoto Y, et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with impaired glucose metabolism in Japanese adults. Diabet Med 2005;22:1141-5.
Selm SA. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its association with metabolic syndrome in adults people living in Aden. Middle East J Fam Med 2010;8:17-20.
Ahmed F, Baloch Q, Memon ZA, Ali I. An observational study on the association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome with gall stone disease requiring cholecystectomy. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2017;17:7-13.
Sanyal AJ, Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, Kowdley KV, Chalasani N, Lavine JE, et al. Endpoints and clinical trial design for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2011;54:344-53.
Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K, et al. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association. Hepatology 2012;55:2005-23.
Hübscher SG. Histological assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Histopathology 2006;49:450-65.
Rastogi A, Shasthry SM, Agarwal A, Bihari C, Jain P, Jindal A, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – Histological scoring systems: A large cohort single-center, evaluation study. APMIS 2017;125:962-73.
Hajong R
Dhal MR
Naku N
Kapa B
Gallstone disease
steatohepatitis
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Vidjagame Apocalypse 236 – Residents Evil
October 20, 2017 Wikiparaz
This week, we switch gears from more generalized spooky topics to a spooky series, as Henry Gilbert rejoins to help us rank our five favorite installments of the legendary Resident Evil franchise. We’ll then suit up for South Park: The Fractured But Whole, lament the demise of Visceral Games, and look at the horror movies you’d want to turn into horror games.
If you had infinite money and could use it to revive one dead development studio, which would you pick, and what would you have them work on?
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36 thoughts on “Vidjagame Apocalypse 236 – Residents Evil”
Lasertimerules says:
QotW: Cing. I’d have them work on sequels to Hotel Dusk/Last Window and Another Code. Hotel Dusk’s story is rich and further sequels would’ve been great. I’m not an importer but Last Window was a title I wanted to play badly, so it was the first title I imported. Luckily it was translated into English for the EU territories and that the DS is region free.
Frankly Man says:
Again, in case of spam burying the QOTW thread, my answer:
Free Radical Design and TimeSplitters. It was ironic that with the leap of the PS2 to the PS3 generation, many games and studios jumped on the multiplayer bandwagon and yet one of the best multiplayer experiences I and many others had that would have worked perfectly online was no where to be found. Between the avalanche of single player content, both story and challenges, unlockables, level editors and customizable multiplayer ranging from AI, weapon load outs and victory conditions, all things common now but done back during the PS2’s best years. I hear there was a fan project in the works but I haven’t heard much since and also now only fragments of Free Radical remain among other studios. A great series that needs to live again!
Serdingo says:
Seconded with Free Radical Design, but I would want them to work on a sequel to Second Sight, or a remastered version of Second Sight, or at the very least a game in the same vein as Second Sight. I already gushed about my love for Second Sight in the ‘obscure game’ QOTW, but the short version is that I played and replayed that game so many times, and I think a big part of the draw was Free Radical’s character design aesthetic and storytelling ability. I’m really sorry that I’ve never actually played TimeSplitters, but I definitely support resurrecting this studio and have them work on… probably anything, really.
DoomGuysJockStrap says:
Reposting due to spam bukkake
There’s literally dozens I could go with, and am probably forgetting about.
They’re not technically a dead studio, but I’ll say Konami. I’ve been a life long fan of franchises like Castlevania and Silent Hill, and I know Konami is just gonna sit on these amazing series and let them die. It’s a shame the company went totally batshit and shifted their target audience to old Japanese business men.
If not Konami, then I’ll go with Whoopie Camp. Tomba was a great game of my childhood, and I’d love to see a Tomba 3, or even a next-gen remake of the original. I’m just not sure a game about a lunatic pig-stomping jungle boy would appeal to most modern gamers.
Itchy Sunburn says:
QOTW: While not technically dead, Raven Software has been relegated to COD the last few years. I’d revive them and get a new Jedi Outcast and Marvel Ultimate Alliance game.
If you want legit dead, then LucasArts for a sequel to my favorite RTS of all time, Star Wars Galactic Battlegrounds. It was an AoE 2 clone and I played it for countless hours in the early 00s.
Joey Jo-Jo says:
QOTW: I know Curt Schilling is basically a dink, but I would have liked to see more from 38 Studios. It made one pretty good game in Kingdoms of Amular: Reckoning that mostly delivered on what it set out to do, in spite of its ridiculous mouthful title. I think with time the studio could have output something greater, but instead it’s studio head turned out to be really shitty at handling money and forecasting sales. Despite the game selling relatively well, it came up far short of making the company money. I don’t know if they expected the game to sell millions of copies and erase their debt, or if they wanted it to go beyond that and make them enough money to fund some MMO they were working on. Either way, their ambitions went beyond “pie in the sky” and the only people dumber than the ones handling the money for 38 Studios is probably the Rhode Island legislature that actually gave them a no-strings attached giant loan to move their headquarters from Massachusetts to there. At least their folding has spared us all the crisis of conscience of whether or not to buy a new 38 Studios game that slightly enrichens Mr. Curt “Nazi-enthusiast” Schilling.
thepenguin55 says:
QOTW: I want Sega AM2 to make a return. The fighting game genre got a nice shot in the arm this year which made the absence of a new Virtua Fighter that much more noticeable. I NEED VIRTUA FIGHTER 6. No, THE WORLD NEEDS VIRTUA FIGHTER 6. Something I need in my life is Jacky Bryant exclaiming “YEAH!” as he does a leg sweep that makes a comically loud SWOOSH noise.
So some non-QOTW related comments: Great list guys. I’m a definite defender of classic RE (though I totally understand how someone could look at those games and think “NO THANKS”) with the REmake and RE2 still being truly excellent games. Having said that, I’ve really enjoyed the more action oriented side of RE over the years as well. I used to love RE5 but a recent playthrough with a friend who never played the game really caused me to change my stance. RE5 mercs mode is great and Lost In Nightmares is great (Desperate Escape is ok) and the RE5 campaign starts fairly solid (if a little slow) but the moment you and your partner step onto a Jeep with the machine guns is the moment that puts RE5’s campaign on track to being one of the worst RE campaigns in the entire series. Yes, worst than RE6. RE6 is an unfocused game but outside of some of the very early encounters in both Leon and Chris’s campaigns I found the encounters way more interesting in RE6. Also, RE5 genuinely has some of the worst/most poorly designed boss fights in the entire series with the only exceptions being the fights with that mutated bat creature. The rest of the boss fights in that game are absolutely terrible. Then combine that with the garbage encounter design and that game just did not hold up well to me at all. By the way, I still liked your list guys so don’t take this as criticism of your list. Just I personally have found RE5 REALLY hard to go back to.
Daniel Feit says:
I think remnants of the studio exist, but I’d pay a lot of money if it meant AKI got back into the wrestling game business. Their WCW and WWF games on N64 were the best, and even their later Gamecube titles (MUSCLE…and Def Jam!?) played like a dream.
Black dynamite says:
I want that too. I can’t believe THQ choose yukes over AKI
thewalkindude says:
I’d love to revive Kojima Productions from Konami, to either do the full version of Silent Hills, or an Eternal Darkness sequel/spiritual successor. Either way, I want Kojima to make a horror game that messes with the player. The way Kojima handles things like Psycho Mantis used to scare people would be amazing. And the opening hospital sequence and a couple of other sequences from MGSV prove that Kojima can do intense horror and suspense. Heck, even seeing him revive Clock Tower would be great.
semifraki says:
QotW – I would love to SEGA CD2 brought back from the grave, and by “the grave” I mean “making Mario sports games”. Sure, they live on as Camelot, and their output for Nintendo has been *fine*, but 20 years of sour grapes between them and SEGA has just left me wondering if Mario Golf is really worth 2 decades of bad Shining Force games.
(Reposted to fix grammar)
QotW – I would love to see SEGA CD2/Sonic! Software Planning brought back from the grave, and by “the grave” I mean “making Mario sports games”. Sure, they live on as Camelot, and their output for Nintendo has been *fine*, but 20 years of sour grapes between them and SEGA has just left me wondering if Mario Golf is really worth 2 decades of bad Shining Force games.
I would like to see Lucasarts brought back and make new X-Wing or Tie Fighter games. I loved Tie Fighter were you had the secret path with special mission objectives. Plus getting to be Vader’s Wingman was great. Especially the start of the mission where you are told not to give him directions.
Who wouldn’t want to be Vader’s wingman.
Oh man I loved all the PC Lucasarts games.
PvtWeaksauce says:
I was always sad to see Smilebit fade away into nothingness, as they were responsible for two personal favorites on the original Xbox – Panzer Dragoon Orta and Jet Set Radio Future. With their penchant for stylish and quirky games, I could have seen them develop into something like Platinum.
RellieMax says:
While they’re still around, I’d fund Criterion to finally make a proper new Burnout game. Burnout Paradise is the single greatest racing game of all time, and while the new Need For Speed game looks like it has a lot of Burnout DNA in it, you’ll never be able to get the cars as fucked up as you want them to be (apparently brands want you to think you’ll survive crashing their car 200mph into another car head on).
K=S=O says:
QOTW: With the power of my infinite money, I would bring Treasure back from nothing. While I have no idea if Treasure is still around, they have not put out anything since the Steam version of Ikaruga in 2014, so I will count that company as being dead. I would also use that money to convince Nintendo to team up with Treasure to make Sin & Punishment 3 since that is the game I keep wishing for because the Sin & Punishment games are some of the best games that Treasure has ever made.
batmanboy11 says:
Great episode as usual guys, loved the Resident Evil discussion. Dave and Hank really need to play 7! It’s easily one of the best games of the year, if not the generation so far.
I’m really hoping the RE2 remake is still on track since I’ve never played 2 or 3 and would love to see it put on PS4 with modern controls and a graphical overhaul, even though it’s a hell of a lot more work than porting the REmake and RE 0 was.
QOTW: I’d bring back Raven and get them to make some more awesome Marvel games! Now that Marvel seems to be taking charge with their franchises instead of just letting Activision shit out a Spider-Man game every summer, it’d be cool to see what Raven could do with some good funding and another Marvel property, since we all know there won’t be any X-Men games anytime soon.
ThePinkPanter says:
Long time lurker, first time poster. I hate this list.
RE7 just felt like a warmed over version of modern horror games with a horrible coat of Rob Zombie paint.
RE 4 is an okay action game, but not a good RE game. It’s vastly, vastly over rated.
As for the question, I’d revive Team Silent. I want another SH game. I want Yamaoka to do the music. I don’t want it to be first person.
I want it to be genuinely scary – which modern horror games aren’t.
Qotw: I would reopen Lionhead studio and have them make a next gen Fable.
Frduff says:
QOTW: With all the current Star Wars games being made, I really miss Factor 5. Rogue Squadron looks way too good to be a Nintendo 64 game, and they managed to get the GameCube sequel to run at 60FPS at Launch! If only they were shuttered by SixAxis problems with Lair! Anyways. Bring back Rogue Squadron. Love ya guys!
blackpariah says:
QOTW: What I want isn’t really resurrecting a dead studio, but putting a team back together. I want Amy Hennig and everyone else who was part of early 2000s Crystal Dynamics to come together to finish off Legacy of Kain. The last game, Defiance, wrapped up most of the hanging plot threads, but ended on the climax of Kain and Raziel’s journey, not the close. The story still needs to be finished.
fingersmaloy says:
I think about this series all the time. It feels like so much more than the sum of its parts, all of which I think are flawed in some way (though nothing specific sticks out about Defiance). Every time I think I’d like to see more LoK, I realize I don’t know what I’d actually want. Dead Sun looked so beside the point, I’m not sure I care it was canceled. A remake or retelling would inevitably do a disservice to the series by abridging too much, or would be so ambitious as to be unfeasible.
I guess to start I’d just love a faithful remake of Blood Omen and/or Soul Reaver, which I think are the two best games in the series but also the most compromised. Blood Omen has like a 1:2 load time to play time ratio and is kind of hideous; Soul Reaver has a ton of cut content and half-implemented concepts.
Jeopardy Host Pat Sajak says:
QOTW: I’ll answer: What is Clover Studios? I want a sequel to God Hand now with more insane ass kicking and maybe a proper sequel to Okami. I’m surprised the character Gene doesn’t get much notoriety as the dog or the hot milf lady with guns for shoes.I remember playing God Hand and at first regretting my purchase but after further moving along I enjoyed the hilarious scenes and the *ahem* ability to spank female baddies whenever they’re down. I highly suggest live streaming a play, it’s great.
Thanks for answering and don’t forget: Spay and neuter your contestants! NO WHAMMIES!
ghostbaby says:
QOTW: So with Dave stealing my first answer of Bizarre Creations I had to think a little harder. Then I remembered Black Box, makers of Skate. Those games were great. EA shut them in 2013. With my infinite money after making a sizable investment in Lasetime studios PLC, I’d have than create a BMX game with the Skate. engine. I could be amazing.
squidSpoons says:
Personally I want Westwood Studio to be resurrected and make a brand new RTS. They could always go back to the mine and make a new Command and Conquer but I would personally love a new Star Wars RTS. The last one, Empire at War was developed by Petroglyph, which was made up of some former member of Westwood so I don’t think it would be that hard to do. Seriously a command and conquer style RTS with both space and ground combat would be insane.
I’m also going to add on to Henry’s response and say I would love for Visceral to come back and make a new Dead Space. But instead of making it 3rd person make it first person like in what Capcom did with Resident Evil 7. It wouldn’t even need to be a sequel. I would go for just a complete re imagining of the first game in first person.
kevatar1981 says:
QOTW: I’m going to have to say Snowblind Studios. I don’t know if you guys remember them but they made a bunch of Diablo rip offs based in various fantasy settings. They had Baldur’s Gate Dark Alliance and Lord of the Rings War in the North but my absolute favorites were the two games they made in the Everquest world called Champions of Norrath. They were amazing Diablo clones with, in my opinion, better stories than Diablo itself. Plus I believe both the Champions and Baldur’s Gate Games left an opening for more games at the end of each series that sadly we never got. I may be the only person who wants this though cause I don’t here much chatter about these games anymore.
John Rodriguez says:
QOTW:
If I could I would bring back Black Rock Studio and Disney Interactive Studios to make a follow up to Split/Second
I feel like it never really got the attention it deserved. It’s easly the best arcade racer that’s not a Nintendo game and I still love playing it to this day.
Austin_SJ says:
I would bring Maxis back from the dead, I know they technically still exist but in the current state they are in, they are basically a corpse. Then I would have them work on an actual sim city game, with no weird small maps and forced online elements.
apocalypseSE7EN says:
QotW: With an infinite amount of money at my disposal, I would invent the technological capability of resurrection and bring the great Kenji Eno back from the dead so he could reform WARP and continue the D series! Seeing how he would reinvent the series in a David Cage/TellTale world would be incredibly interesting.
Dusty Donovan says:
QoTW: If I had endless resources and influence, hire a team of bounty hunters to track down Game Arts, Victor Ireland and the original Working Designs team and force them to make another Lunar game. Companies like Atlus and NIS America have great jobs of bringing over niche JRPGs in the modern era, but the undisputed kings of that were Working Designs back in the 90s. Their localizations were always fantastic, and they had some of the most robust special edition box sets, filled with art books, music CDs, and other collectibles. As the pendulum begins to swing away from the epic western RPGs that ruled the late 2000s, the time is right for Working Designs to come back and put their polish on a great JRPG.
Virjunior says:
Clover. Okami 2-6. Thank you.
2nd:
Treasure, and some kind of successor to Guardian Heroes.
+1, though I’d like to see Treasure do something new. It’s been forever.
Lemaign says:
Hey guys! First, I’d like to say that while I knew it wasn’t going to make the list, I’m nonetheless disappointed that RE: Revelations 2 didn’t make the list. I didn’t really care for the first one, but I felt like the second really went above and beyond in terms of making an interesting story with its characters, and making me care about them as people. The RE cast usually has a one-dimensional charm to them that you either like or you don’t, but Revelations 2 helped flesh them out and want to see everyone make it out alive. Even the new characters made me want to see them live, instead of the ordinary destiny of biting it like red shirts.
Anyway, for the QotW, I would say Silicon Knights. I actually did really like the GC remake of MGS1, but I would actually want to revive them for a sequel to Eternal Darkness, which is one of my favorite games of all time. Though rough around the edges, with the first title as a launching point, I think they could make a really fun, creepy, and visually impressive game out of the precedent and lore already established. It’s really sad knowing that there won’t ever be more.
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Captain American and The Avengers – Arcade Longplay
The Best TV of the Year – Laser Time #312
Mario Kart 8 - Nintendo Wii U
Evolve - PlayStation 4
Eastbound & Down: Season 4 (Blu-ray + Digital Copy)
Super Mario 3D World - Nintendo Wii U
Guardians of the Galaxy: Tomorrow's Avengers - Volume 1
Irredeemable: Volume 1
Spider-Man: The Graphic Novels
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Lexicolatry
A blog about words and dictionaries, as I read the Oxford English Dictionary and post a daily word of interest.
Casus belli - The Case for War
A German medium bomber flies over a Polish city
Noun phrase. Plural same. Mid-19th century.
[from Latin casus CASE noun + belli genitive of bellum war.]
An act or situation justifying or precipitating war.
Countries (generally) need a damn good reason to go to war, a reason that will motivate its fighting forces, galvanise support from its allies, undermine support for its enemy, and mollify critics and its own civilian population. Where there is no reasonable justification, however, governments haven't been above artfully orchestrating them: Nazi Germany staged an attack on its own Sender Gleiwitz radio station by Germans dressed in Polish uniforms, an "act of aggression" that was subsequently used to justify its catalytic invasion, and later that same year, the Soviet Union shelled the Russian village of Mainila and blamed it on Finland, using that as an excuse to invade and start the 'The Winter War'. Interestingly, while Germany's invasion of Poland was technically the casus belli for Britain and France to declare war, this is more correctly termed a casus foederis, a 'case for the alliance', which is when the terms of a military alliance trigger a declaration of war. Of course, in the age of media and democracy, the importance of a convincing casus belli has never been greater - alleging the development of WMDs or links to Al Qaeda have been particularly useful in this regard.
Do feel free to leave any comments in the box below.
Labels: 19th century, Latin, Noun, Noun phrase, Politics, War
Anonymous Friday, 21 February 2014 at 09:13:00 GMT
I'm a little reticent commenting today, given the NSA's tentacles and what happened to Snowden, but I do have to ask how could anybody suspect the Finns? They gave us Nokia and saunas.
-NOT clueless. Different IP. (I flippin' love democracy.)
Unknown Friday, 21 February 2014 at 16:52:00 GMT
I don't think anyone did suspect the Finns; I certainly didn't. Anyway, it's kind of satisfying to know (if one is the type to celebrate the wholesale slaughter of conscripted, largely teenage troops) that the white-suited Finns gave those Ruskies a damn good thrashing. It doesn't matter how good your casus belli is - if you've got tanks and they've got skis, you're in for a slippery kicking.
Sally Prue Friday, 21 February 2014 at 13:48:00 GMT
But are you a Big-Endian or a Little-Endian, Diff IP?
I've never even been to Lilliput Sally.
-c.
I've got no idea what either of you are talking about.
Sally Prue Saturday, 22 February 2014 at 09:30:00 GMT
Gulliver!
Traditionally, Lilliputians broke boiled eggs on the larger end; a few generations ago, an Emperor of Lilliput, the Present Emperor's great-grandfather, had decreed that all eggs be broken on the smaller end after he cut himself breaking the egg on the larger end. The differences between Big-Endians (those who broke their eggs at the larger end) and Little-Endians had given rise to "six rebellions... wherein one Emperor lost his life, and another his crown".
Unknown Saturday, 22 February 2014 at 13:35:00 GMT
Well, in fairness I recognised the Lilliput reference, but the various endians had me thoroughly lost. I did attempt to read Gulliver's Travels when I was little, but all I remember about it is that I found it interminably boring, and I've never gone back for a second attempt.
Anonymous Saturday, 22 February 2014 at 11:19:00 GMT
Oddly enough, big and little endianness also refers to different ways binary data can be organised.
However, since we're going off-topic Sally (which could lead to both of us losing our lives or crowns in Lexicolaria) I'm declaring war on you for daring to question how I tackle my boiled eggs.
Had I know about the endian schism, it could have been illustrative of some of the dafter historical casus belli, such as "The Football War" between El Salvador and Honduras (my reading on this is that, despite there being a lot of reasons for this war, a football match was the de facto casus belli), and "The War of the Golden Stool" between the British and the Ashanti Empire.
As the last thing I want is to end up with egg on my face, I hereby surrender.
I no longer know what any of us are on about now so I'm going to move on to the next one because I think it's about cats.
I flippin' love cats.
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Washington DC - 25th October 2003
October 25th, 2003 in Washington, DC, USA
"Thaeter"
"This Is the New Shit"
"Disposable Teens"
"Use Your Fist and Not Your Mouth"
"Rock Is Dead"
"mOBSCENE"
"The Dope Show"
"The Golden Age of Grotesque"
"Doll-Dagga Buzz-Buzz Ziggety-Zag"
"Sweet Dreams" - "The Reflecting God Outro"
"It's a Small World After All"
"The Fight Song"
"The Beautiful People"
Retrieved from "http://www.mansonwiki.com/w/index.php?title=Washington_DC_-_25th_October_2003&oldid=96432"
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Human Zoo at One Another: Empathy and Experience Workshop
The aim of the workshop was to explore the role of empathy through experiments and to invite people to explore this subject and develop new empathic approaches.
Team: Sahra Hersi, Mariana Pedrosa, Jupone Wang
Date: October 2015, 1 week (full – time)
Empathy is essential to people-centred design, but what would it really mean to experience the world as someone else does? The aim of One Another, a five day workshop at the Royal College of Art, was to explore multiple perspectives on empathy through activities which introduced us practically to other ways of thinking and perceiving.
Over five days, we experienced heightened senses through the perceptions of autistic and synaesthetic individuals, expanding the assumptions around the world of experience from one to another, exploring animal behaviour through a visit to London Zoo, and creating a prototype and interviewing people about their perception of empathy.
We experienced heightened senses through different activities and experiments
Empathy exercise - Is it possible to feel empathy toward an inanimate object - e.g paper?
The week culminated in designing an experience for others, with the aim of giving the participants new ways of understanding the world. The brief was to ‘create an experience, game or performance that invites people to try to experience the world through the perspective of another person, animal or thing.’
Following our visit to the zoo, we decided to focus on giving people a perspective of what it is like to be in a zoo, by which we mean:
1. to be enclosed, completely or partially, and in a shared / private enclosure
2. to be watched / observed
We created an experiment called the Human Zoo, where we crafted different types of enclosure and asked students from the college to stay in their ‘cages’ for a couple of minutes whilst undertaking different activities. This was set up in an exhibition gallery at the Royal College of Art, where other people were passing by and observing them. For a complete understanding of the experiment, please see the video below.
Our conclusions from the experiment were:
– Participants’ behaviours change when they know they’re being watched
– People in cages are self-conscious of what others are thinking about them
– People tend to be more comfortable when they’re in a shared enclosure
– Even people in open enclosures felt trapped
– People were able to empathise with others who were in different types of enclosures to them
– Time moves slower in a cage and people immediately felt bored, lonely and sometimes angry
– People disconnect from and objectify fellow humans in cages
With this experiment we as a group, better understood human behaviour in social spaces. In the future, we would also love to look into how the impact of the human zoo experience could be measured, and we would like to explore further ideas around empathy, exposure and visibility.
Go back to projects page
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Home > Website archive > News and media > Around LSE > Around LSE archives > 2013 > Professor Lord Nicholas Stern receives award for outstanding climate science communication
Around LSE
Around LSE archives
'A new government - a changing China?' ask experts at this year's LSE China Conference
Dorothee Wierling becomes Gerda Henkel Visiting Professor 2013-14
From LSE to the Chair of the Federal Reserve
Incident at LGBT Pride Week Stall
LSE academic awarded Order of the Phoenix of the Hellenic Republic
LSE academic awarded W.J.M. Mackenzie Book Prize for 2013
LSE academic gives evidence to Political and Constitutional Reform Committee
LSE academic joins Bill Clinton on Rockerfeller Foundation's Resilient Cities judging
LSE academics honoured by the Political Studies Association
LSE appoints new Pro-Director and Vice-Chair of the Appointments Committee
LSE extends Chevening visiting scholarship and MSc scholarship programmes
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LSE Student Ambassador for Sport wins rowing world cup for Great Britain
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LSE students Sleep Out for Spires
LSE students' social enterprise company shortlisted for prestigious Hult Prize 2013
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Michael Cox appointed as Foreign Office Expert Adviser
Nick Byrne appointed to Advisory Board for British Academy project
Professor Lord Nicholas Stern receives award for outstanding climate science communication
Ronald Coase
Professor Lord Nicholas Stern, chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), has won the 2013 Stephen H. Schneider Award for Outstanding Climate Science Communication.
He was presented with the $10,000 prize at a special event in San Francisco last night (Wednesday 11 December). The money associated with the award will go to a fund for students at LSE working on climate change and the environment.
The annual prize is awarded by Climate One, a non-profit and nonpartisan sustainability initiative, to a natural or social scientist who has made extraordinary scientific contributions and has an outstanding record of communicating the findings effectively to a broad public. It was established to honour the late Stanford scientist Stephen H. Schneider, who died suddenly in 2010.
Dr Stephen Schneider was a founding father of modern climate science, a fearless communicator, and the first member of the Climate One Advisory Council. Lord Stern is the third recipient of the award, following Richard Alley of Penn State University and former NASA scientist James Hansen.
Professor Lord Stern, who is also I. G. Patel Professor of Economics and Government at the School and President of the British Academy, said: "Steve Schneider provided inspiration to us all in the research community about how to communicate effectively with public audiences about climate change. In particular he showed how to tackle difficult aspects, such as uncertainty, in a clear and open way, whilst recognising the importance of framing climate change in terms of risk. I am very honoured to receive this award in Steve's memory, whose dedication and commitment to the communication of climate science has provided such a marvelous example to current and future generations of researchers."
On announcing the prize, the Climate One panel said: “Few people have impacted the discussion of economics of carbon pollution more than English economist Nicholas Stern. Lord Stern authored the highly influential 2006 “Stern Review,” which concluded that the costs of inaction were far greater than the costs of action and has more recently emphasized the great opportunities in the transition to the low-carbon economy. Nick Stern stands out in his ability to assemble crucial information from earth scientists, biologists, technologists, and social scientists, to combine this information in a way that yields important climate-policy conclusions, and to communicate these findings widely and effectively to the public."
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Forest Stewardship Council Accepts Mighty Earth’s Formal Complaint Against Korindo
|Forests, Palm Oil
Extensive deforestation breaches FSC policy, Company should no longer be able to sell certified timber and paper
UPDATE- June 2, 2017: Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) notified Mighty Earth that our complaint against agribusiness Korindo was officially accepted for investigation. Their acceptance note stated, “With this email we would like to inform you that, after an internal assessment of the complaint submission (including the additional information provided and the related investigation report “Burning Paradise”), FSC International has decided to accept the PfA complaint filed by Mighty against the Korindo group.”
BONN, Germany, May 15, 2017– Mighty Earth has submitted a complaint today to the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), a global sustainable forestry certification body, regarding agribusiness Korindo’s deforestation activities. The complaint presents compelling evidence confirming that since 2013 Korindo’s oil palm companies have been responsible for clearing over 30,000 hectares (ha) of Indonesian rainforests in Papua and North Maluku.
Under the ‘Policy for the Association of Organizations with FSC’ (1), companies are prohibited from clearing more than 10,000 hectares of forests over the past five-years across their operations. The FSC policy aims to prevent its certificate holders from conducting such ‘unacceptable forest-related activities [which are] ‘harmful to FSC’s reputation’.
The FSC policy also prohibits clearing areas classified as High Conservation Value Forests, such as primary forests. Korindo oil palm companies have cleared at least 11,700 ha of primary forests since 2013. In addition, it requires Korindo companies to “uphold the legal and customary rights of local communities,” which the group is failing to do on its operations in North Maluku and parts of Papua. To see the full complaint, click here.
“Korindo has not earned the good reputation that comes along with holding FSC certification and has violated the trust of its wood products customers who believed that the certification brought assurances of sustainability,” said Deborah Lapidus, Campaign Director with Mighty Earth. “We call on the FSC to fully investigate Korindo’s violations of the Policy for Association, and take steps to terminate Korindo’s FSC certificates until it strictly complies with its standards.”
As a result of the complaint, four of Korindo’s forest products companies located in Indonesia (PT. Korintiga Hutani, PT. Aspex Kumbong, PT. Korindo Abadi Asike, and PT. Korindo Ariabima Sari), stand to have their FSC certificates revoked. This could put some of Korindo’s timber trade in jeopardy from suspension by buyers seeking FSC-certified products. For example, Korindo’s pulpwood buyers include the Japanese companies Oji Holdings (also Korindo’s Korintiga Hutani joint venture partner) and Marubeni Corporation. A coalition of Japanese organizations is working to ensure that only FSC certified wood is used in the construction of the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo—a standard that should preclude Korindo’s products from being accepted in light of this complaint. Korindo also sells plywood to the Dubai-based Transcontinental Identing company.
The complaint follows several months of work by Mighty Earth and a coalition of allied organizations in Indonesia, South Korea, and across the Globe, following the September 2016 release of a report entitled Burning Paradise (2), which documented through satellite analysis and field investigation Korindo’s deforestation of 30,000 ha and over 900 fire hotspots since 2013 on its palm oil plantations in Papua and North Maluku, Indonesia. In response to global media exposure and pressure from its customers, Korindo announced a moratorium on forest clearing on December 1st, 2016, but then quickly breached this commitment throughout January and February 2017 by carving roads over 3,100 ha of forest and clearing 1,000 ha at its PT Papua Agro Lestari oil palm concession in Papua. Despite reinstating the moratorium and agreeing to submit its sustainability assessments for independent quality review, Korindo has yet to provide the data needed for the reviews to commence and has failed to adopt a comprehensive Group-wide policy to implement zero deforestation and protect human rights.
“Until Korindo can delink its operations from deforestation and land rights violations, it should not be able to get away with carrying a green FSC label on its products,” said Ms. Lapidus. “Korindo’s slogan, ‘Green Tomorrow’, says it all. For the FSC to maintain its credibility, it needs to require Korindo to clean up its operations today, not tomorrow.”
About Mighty Earth
Mighty Earth is a global environmental campaign organization that works to protect forests, conserve oceans, and address climate change. We work in Southeast Asia, Latin America, Africa, and North America to drive large-scale action towards environmentally responsible agriculture that protects native ecosystems, wildlife, and water, and respects local community rights. Mighty Earth’s global team has played a decisive role in persuading the world’s largest food and agriculture companies to dramatically improve their environmental and social policies and practices. More information on Mighty Earth can be found at http://www.mightyearth.org/.
Notes to Editor:
The ‘Policy for the Association of Organizations with FSC’ is available here.
Mighty’s report on Korindo’s palm oil activities is available here.
Olam and Mighty Earth agree to collaborate on Forest Conservation and Sustainable Agriculture in Highly Forested Countries
KFEM and Wahli Stand in Solidarity Against Deforestation
This Small Change Is Big News for the World’s Forests
Straight Talk on Indonesia’s Deforestation
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CLEAN WATER ACCOUNTABILITY ACT
On its final day of work in 2013, the Minnesota legislature passed the Clean Water Accountability Act, a bill MCEA drafted to better target Clean Water Legacy funds for water quality clean up and protection. MCEA thanks bill authors Rep. John Persell and Sen. John Hoffman for their strong support and advocacy for clean water.
After reviewing all of the state’s federally-required cleanup plans (known as TMDLs), MCEA found that the plans frequently fail to identify pollution sources with enough specificity to direct clean up or protection efforts for maximum effect. For example, some plans listed the source of sediment in the river as “upland soil erosion.” Most of the cleanup plans also lack timelines and benchmarks for progress, making it impossible to evaluate whether we are on track to achieve clean water. Even if there were timelines, no reporting to the public on progress was required.
The Clean Water Accountability Act requires identification of pollution sources with sufficient specificity to target implementation. It requires each plan to set benchmarks and timelines for implementation, with MPCA required to report on progress toward water quality goals every two years.
The bill also requires that the Board of Water and Soil Resources create a priority funding plan to address the nonpoint (largely agricultural) pollution sources identified, taking into account water quality outcomes, cost-effectiveness, landowner financial need, and leverage of nonstate funding sources. The dedicated water funding from the Clean Water, Land, and Legacy Amendment must be used to target those pollution sources.
When implemented, the CWAA will correct problems that MCEA has found in the past, such as grants for school rain gardens that claimed to reduce a bacteria problem in a major river or failure to correct straight pipe septic systems that have discharged raw sewage for years after cleanup plans (along with state law) called for their elimination.
MCEA worked closely with partners including Clean Water Action, Environment Minnesota, Freshwater Society, Friends of the Mississippi River, and Minnesota Environmental Partnership to pass the bill.
The Clean Water Act requires states to monitor their water resources to determine whether they are meeting water quality standards. Waters that are violating standards are to be placed on an “impaired” waters list. The state must then develop a cleanup plan called a “Total Maximum Daily Load” or “TMDL” for each water on the list. The TMDLs are a calculation of the largest amount of the impairment-causing pollutant that the water can receive while still meeting water quality standards.
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M.C.Queen Writes
Homepage and blog of the author of "How I Was Murdered by a Fox Monster" and "Memories of a Soul in the Underworld." Subscribe to my posts or follow me on Facebook or Twitter for all the latest news and free story previews.
Memories of a Soul in the Underworld
Published July 29, 2015 by M.C.Queen
The Monster Exorcist Ch6
I followed Katie to the edge of town where there was nothing but trees. We ran until the cement path became dirt and pebbles.
I thought she would have heard my footsteps pounding behind her, but she was too engrossed in her destination. Every now and again she would pull out her cell phone and quickly glance at the screen before dashing off again.
We kept running until I could hear the voices of the other exorcists from somewhere beyond the trees.
“I don't know what you're waiting for, let's just attack now,” came the obnoxious voice of Isaac.
“No, we should wait for it to make the first move, we don't know what we're dealing with,” said Tyson.
“You're just scared because the last one took a chunk out of your arm,” Isaac replied.
Katie picked up speed and I wasn't far behind, within a matter of seconds she burst through the trees and was out in an open field. I decided things would be best if I didn't draw attention, so I hung back and hid myself behind a bush. I pushed the branches apart and peeked through the leaves to get a better view. The rest of the exorcists were already there. Tyson, Nina, Annie, Isaac, Kurt, and Laurence were gathered around in a circle staring at something I couldn't see.
“Katie, thank god you're here!” Yelled Tyson
“Someone was late. Was there a sale at the mall?”
“Shut your face Isaac!”
I was so excited; I could finally see a real life monster and witness my first exorcism. I expected them to be dressed in special clothes and carrying mystical weapons, but compared to my day dreams they looked more like they were going home from after school sports.
Tyson and Annie were holding wooden poles which were similar to those used in the Kendo club. Nina was holding a bow and arrow (which probably came from the archery club), and Kurt looked like he was prepared to cut down a tree with a single ax in his hand. Isaac and Laurence weren't holding anything, so maybe they intended to beat the monster to death.
I caught a glance of a small raccoon in the center of the circle. It didn't look anything like the monster Tyson showed me on his phone, and it looked more like a tiny raccoon trembling in fear.
I stared in confusion and began to wonder if what Tyson told me was the truth, or a funny lie made up to mess with me. What if monsters didn't really exist after all? What if the teenagers who I had mistaken for having mystic powers, were actually just a bunch of weird kids? Maybe they were all in a make-believe club which ran around the forest pretending to be exorcists and killing animals. I was embarrassed by how easily I had believed their strange fantasies.
I felt pity for the raccoon. I thought it was going to be beaten to death, so I decided to intervene.
I walked out of the trees with both hands up to show that I meant no harm.
“Hey guys,” I said while trying to appear casual and relaxed. I thought it was the best way to convey my voice of reason.
They all spun around and stared at me.
“Why is he here?!” Screeched Katie.
“What do you mean why is he here? Didn't you bring him?” Asked Tyson.
“No, why the hell would I do that?!”
“He must have followed you,” said Isaac. “Great job Katie, I can see those exorcist skills hard at work.”
Tyson frantically waved his arms like he was trying to shoo me back behind the trees.
“Hey you! Just find a safe place to hide and get out of the way!”
I planned to give a small speech about how all animals are our friends, but I could finally see what lay behind them. The raccoon began to gnaw on something pink beside it. At first my naive brain thought it must have been a peach, but I soon realized the raccoon was chewing on a human arm.
“WHY IS THAT RACCOON EATING SOMEONE?” I screamed.
“Oh crap,” Tyson turned his attention back to the raccoon, but it was already too late. The raccoon began to shake like it was going to throw up, but instead it began to grow larger.
“Nina now!” He yelled.
“Roger!” Nina grabbed an arrow from the pack on her back and loaded it into the bow. She aimed downward and shot, but her arm wavered and the arrow missed and implanted itself into the ground beside the monster.
“Shit!” Swore Tyson. “Everyone back now! Isaac prepare a charm! Kurt cover Isaac! Annie take care of this guy!” He said while pointing at me.
Annie on the other hand wasn't too happy about becoming my personal bodyguard. “What! Why me? You never let me fight monsters!”
“Annie, get back there now!” He snapped.
With a huff Annie dashed to my aid and held her pole out before us as a shield. Her brow was narrowed in anger, but when she turned back to glance at me her mouth broke out into a smile. “Don't worry you'll be safe,” she said gently.
Happiness swelled within my chest. The girl I liked was prepared to protect me from a terrifying man-eating monster. I wanted to say that I was dying of happiness, until I realized I was currently facing death on four furry legs.
“I almost forgot,” Tyson quickly dashed over to Annie and I. “I have something to give you.”
He reached into his pocket and I assumed he was going to pull out a weapon I could use to protect myself, but instead it was his cell phone.
“If you don't mind, do you think you could get some shots of me fighting this thing?” He asked.
“I suppose,” I muttered hesitantly. I wasn't sure if it was an appropriate situation for taking pictures.
“Thanks,” he said with a wave before turning his attention back to the monster.
The monster had grown to the size of a person. It still resembled a raccoon, except its teeth and claws were ten times larger and it was foaming at the mouth. I wanted to appear brave and manly in front of Annie, but I was soon clinging to her shoulder on the verge of tears. I may have also been screaming “Save me, its going to eat us all!”
Unlike everyone else who had jumped back and scattered, Nina reloaded her bow. She looked like she was going to take another shot but her fingers were shaking.
“Nina, get back!” Yelled Tyson.
“It's OK, I can handle it,” she said.
Nina didn't get the chance to shoot because the giant raccoon lunged at her. She screamed and fell back before any of us had the chance to do anything. I could no longer see her behind the monster, so I assumed she must have been a goner. It was the first time I'd ever seen someone die so I froze in shock. I found myself unable to move or do anything.
“Nina!” Yelled a frantic Tyson.
Tyson ran to her aid, but before he'd even taken a step, there was a large thud, and an ax was suddenly sticking out of the monster's back. I assume it was thrown by Kurt since he was the only one with any ax skills.
The raccoon in return wasn't pleased at being stabbed in the back, but at least it wasn't done by his trusted teacher. The monster spun around, glared at us, stood on its hind legs and howled at the sky in rage. I trembled in fear and began wishing that the others would get their act together and defeat the monster before it ate us all.
I couldn't help noticing that its eyes were red, and crimson blood (most probably Nina's) dripped from the monster's mouth.
"What is that thing?" I said in terror and awe. It was probably a bad idea to make any noise, and to my horror it jerked its head and locked eyes with mine. I took a step backwards in shock, and the monster took the momentary lapse in my guard as an invitation to come hurling towards Annie and I!
All I could see was the giant monster encroaching closer and closer towards us. Instead of helping Annie, I screamed, hit the ground, and placed my hands over my head in an attempt to shield myself.
I'm sorry Annie, I thought. Maybe we can be together in the afterlife.
I expected to be munched up in a matter of moments, but as scared as I was, I could hear nothing but yelling and the thud of wood against flesh. I hesitantly looked up to fine Tyson fending off our approaching death with his wooden stick.
“Isaac can you hurry up already,” he groaned.
“He's still working on it!” Yelled Kurt.
I scanned the area for Isaac. He was standing off to the side with a piece of paper between his fingers, and his eyes were closed in concentration. Isaac's mouth was moving at rapid speed, so he was either chanting or talking to himself.
Laurence on the other hand hadn't participated much in the epic battle of high schoolers vs. raccoon. He mostly hung back and looked as though he was unsure of what to do. Every now and again he'd rush forward as though to attack, only to quickly catch himself and go back to doing nothing. I later found out that everyone thought Laurence was pretty useless when it came to fighting monsters.
To my relief I finally caught sight of Nina as well. I expected her to be mauled to pieces and scattered across the field, but she appeared unhurt except for the blood gashing profusely from her leg.
Katie dashed towards her and I assumed she was running to help her friend, but instead Katie ripped the bow and arrow straight from Nina's hands and took aim at the giant monster. Her aim was dead on, and she landed a hit directly through the head. I thought this would be enough to kill it (It looked like enough to kill anything), but the raccoon continued to thrash at Tyson despite having an ax in its back and an arrow sticking out of its skull.
“I don't get it, why isn't it dead yet?” I asked Annie.
“Monsters are a lot stronger than regular animals and can heal faster,” she said without taking her eyes off the battle. “If they were easy to kill there would be no need for us exorcists.”
“Oh,” I said. That seemed to make sense.
Despite my amazement and fear I angled the cell phone and took some shots of Tyson battling the monster. As hard as I tried I could never understand the guy's obsession with taking photos, and I pray he didn't meet his end by trying to get a snapshot with the fox monster.
Isaac began to chant louder to the point where he was almost yelling. The strip of paper in his hand began to glow, then flash, and all of a sudden a giant ball of lightning began to emerge from the paper. It crackled, flashed, and I was certain he was going to electrocute himself.
“Move it Tyson!” Yelled Katie. “It's coming!”
Tyson dropped back and left a direct path between Isaac and the monster.
The giant electric ball finally separated itself from the paper and shot straight towards the monster like a magnet. It hit the monster dead on and engulfed it in a ball of light. The whole field around us lit up and began the flash.
“Wow!” I muttered as I stared at the raccoon withering in pain amongst the blinding light. Black, white, black, white. A small glance was enough to hurt my eyes and I had to use my sleeve as a shield. But even when I wasn't looking I could hear the monster's screams over the crackles of lightning.
Finally the screaming ended and I looked up once more and blinked as red spots clouded my vision. After a few moments my eyesight cleared and I could see that the rabid raccoon monster had been reduced to nothing more than a smoldering pile of ashes. This terrifying experience should have been enough for me to realize the dangers associated with exorcism, but all I could say back then was- “Amazing! Annie did you see that?”
“As expected of Isaac,” she sighed and collapsed to the ground. “Thank goodness it's over, that was so stressful.”
“Isaac!” I exclaimed. It wasn't like he was the only guy doing anything. Tyson, Katie and Kurt had done most of the work. I was about to tell Annie all my personal observations of Isaac doing nothing, until I noticed her staring at him in admiration as he poked the smoking raccoon carcass.
“Whatever,” I hissed before looking away. I didn't think he was that special.
The bloody scene was enough to make me nauseous, but that didn't effect Kurt who had already pulled out a bag of potato chips and was happily munching away. Laurence on the other-hand had finally put himself to good use by patching Nina up. She was covered in scratches, but she looked mostly fine except for the blood gashing from her leg and upper arm.
“Hey Nina do you think you'll be OK?” Asked Laurence while wrapping her leg in a bandage.
“I'm sure it's just a scratch?” She said despite her face being screwed up in pain.
“You really shouldn't push yourself so hard, if you think it's too much you should just pull back,” said Laurence.
“I'll try,” she muttered.
I stared in awe as I noticed the resemblance between Nina and my sister. Her face was identical with the same small nose and large eyes. She had even tied her hair up in a ponytail the same way. Nina stared at the bandages, poked the wound hesitantly, and winced at the pain. Up until now I'd only seen glances of her around school, so I decided that it was time to finally walk over and introduce myself.
“Are you OK?” I asked. I didn't know her back then, but her resemblance to Sis was enough to make me feel concerned.
“Yes, I'm fine,” she said with a hint of annoyance. Nina must have assumed I was one of the others, because she looked up and appeared shocked to see me staring back at her.
“You're that guy the others were talking about right? Michael Matsumoto? Kurt told me th-”
I didn't get to hear what she said next because Tyson suddenly yanked me away by the shirt collar.
“You!” Said Tyson. He held me up so that we were face to face. “Should not be here.”
His stare was cold and serious, and I was certain that I had escaped death by raccoon only to face my end at the hands of Tyson Song. “But you took the photo's right?” He asked.
“Yes,” I wheezed through his death grip. “Yes, I did.”
I handed him the phone and he dropped me instantly and was by Kurt's side in a fraction of a second. Tyson's hand was sliding across the screen at the speed of light and it was like I didn't exist anymore.
“Check out this one Kurt! This is definitely one for the wall,” he said.
It didn't appear like anything could distract him, and the only time Tyson took a break was to throw his pole over the Annie and order her to begin cleaning up.
I rubbed my neck and felt relieved that I had escaped another brush with death.
Annie had begun dismantling the weapons and placing them back into a large duffel bag. It looked like a lot of work, so I decided helping her was the least I could do for defending my life.
“Hey Annie!” I called out.
“Michael, you shouldn't have come here, you could have gotten hurt,” she said without looking up from the weapons she was packing.
Annie was right, but all I felt back then was joy that a girl was concerned for me. “Hey, I'm sorry, but you did a great job protecting me. Let me help you with that.”
I picked up a rod and attempted to dismantle it before I realized I didn't know what I was doing, so I handed it back to Annie. I peered into the duffel bag to see what else was there. My second reason for helping out was because I wanted to check out there exorcist gear. I was hoping they kept all their mystical weapons in the bag for special occasions, but it was packed full of arrows and strips of paper no bigger than an envelope.
“Do you use this stuff for exorcisms?” I asked.
“Sort of,” she said while brushing her hair behind her ear. “These are paper charms that we use for fighting the monsters.”
They were all decorated with different calligraphy which I couldn't understand. I picked up a charm and brought it closer to my face for better look. I squinted and attempted to decipher the characters, but before I knew it the charm suddenly caught fire. I quickly threw it away in shock like a kid playing with matches for the first time, but I soon picked up another and squinted, only to watch as it burned from top to bottom. I thought it was a magic trick worth showing Sophie.
“Wow! This is awesome, the paper just caught fire by itself. Where can you buy this stuff?” I asked.
I turned to interrogate Annie about the magic paper, but her eyes were wide and her mouth was open in awe.
“Michael, that's amazing,” she said.
“Really?” I asked. Her sudden awe was puzzling, and I thought that maybe I could have unintentionally used the power of my mind to make it burn. I attempted the same thing to the grass near my feet but there was no result.
Before I knew it Tyson was also leaning over my shoulder. “Hey Michael, are you sure you've never done any training to be an exorcist before?”
“That's odd, normally it doesn't do that unless you know what you're doing. Especially not to normal people. Are you sure you're not related to the Matsumotos?” He stared at me skeptically. “But you don't look like the pictures of the other Michael.”
I felt ecstatic.” Does this mean that I also have amazing exorcist powers?”
“Maybe,” said Tyson. “Or Annie made a mistake when she was writing the charms, we once had a batch that constantly let off smoke.”
“Hey! My calligraphy is perfect,” protested Annie.
“Hey! Hey! Do you think that you could teach me some cool exorcists tricks, like that thing were you send out a giant lightning bolt?” I asked naively.
“Ha!” laughed Kurt. “That's a good one.”
“I don't know,” said Tyson “things didn't end well with the last guy who begged us to join. We thought it would be fun to teach him how to be an exorcist, but we spend a week cleaning him up off the pavement. The worst part was breaking it to his parents.”
I stood there with my mouth open in horror, and I would have never guessed that Tyson was messing with me until Annie began punching him in the arm.
“Stop making up stories,” she said. “You're full of it! You're always moaning about how you wish there were more of us out here. ”
“Hey!” He said while fending off her assault. “We have to talk to Akito, it's not up to me!”
“But it wouldn't hurt to have another person right?” She asked.
“Annie,” I said with my eyes wide open in admiration. Too bad that vouching for me only led to her lying in a pool of her own blood.
“He'll probably just get in our way,” muttered Isaac.
“You aren't serious are you Annie?” Asked Katie. “Since when do they let guys like this in?”
“But he's the adopted son of Able Matsumoto so that must count for something. If we train him up, he might turn out to be pretty good. It wouldn't be bad to have a guy called Michael Matsumoto on our side, right guys?”
She turned to the others. I don't know if she expected them to cheer in support but they just stared at her blankly. Laurence opened his mouth, and looked like he was going to say something encouraging, before a glare from Kurt silenced him. I sighed and returned to helping Annie pack so that no one would see my face turning red from embarrassment. I thought that was going to be the end of my exorcist career, but it was only the beginning.
This is the end of the free samples. You can purchase the ebook with the whole 25 chapters from the link below.
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NATHALIE'S YACHT PORTRAIT *
MY "Be Mine"
A Lürssen Motor Yacht
Now I have something really special for you. Fulfil a dream and set out to sea - naturally not on this fishing boat, but on a super, luxury yacht.
“Be mine”, the waves whisper as the “Be Mine” glides effortlessly over the sea. The declaration of love applies to the most beautiful yacht of all which whisked us off for a few weeks to see the most splendid places in the world. The super-yacht from the renowned Lurssen shipyard in Bremen represents the quintessence of know-how in modern boat design. The 40-metre long yacht is a successful mixture of exemplary elegance and cool high-tech made in Germany . Anybody seeing “Be Mine” for the first time will fall in love immediately.
When Friedrich Lurssen set up the shipyard some 20 years ago, the company initially produced sturdy, seaworthy freight carriers and war ships which were launched from the stocks. Lurssen soon had a reputation for being a pioneer in technical ship construction. It is still its technology today that gives the Lurssen ship that special touch. No loud engine noises will disturb the trip - so let's set off into the sun, dive and swim. Bring along you closest friends to enjoy the best holiday of their life.
The Aga Khan, Donald Trump, Heidi Horton and the Burdas - they are all proud owners of a Lurssen yacht. As in the past, the 85 engineers design the ships according to marine safety regulations. Captain Andersson and his crew also lay an important role in ensuring that “Be Mine” safely manages the Atlantic crossings. The Captain knows that all the high seas and anchors in the world's most idyllic places. We go ashore in Bonifacio (Corsica), Porto Cervo (Costa Smeralda/Sardegna) and in Positano, an enchanting bay on the Italian coast. A few days later we arrive at the Côte d'Azur where we anchor the yacht in the bays of Canne, Nice and Monte-Carlo.
Anybody returning to his floating home after a trip ashore, will wish that the trip would never come to an end. With “Be Mine” the Lurssen shipyard, which has been in the possession of a single family for four generations, has created another masterpiece. It was elected “Superyacht of the year” in 1991 at the international boat fair in Fort Lauderdale ; the magazine “Showboats” awarded her another prize for the best interior.
Any objects which could possible slide, rattle or even fly through the air have been secured or disguised. Star designer dell'Anna from Milan has created a classical English look with a touch of luxury Italian refinement. Elegant understatement without ostentation is the in thing at the moment. The magnificent yellow salon is a lounge-cum-dining room rounded off with elegant fabrics, wood panelling, antiques, crystal and genuine silver. The evening meal is served on the finest porcelain. During the day we dine on the floating terrace outside. 8 crew members ensure everything runs smoothly, ready and willing to fulfil your every wish and command.
Up the spiral staircase to reach the tastefully furnished guest cabins. The VIP guest suite comprises a double cabin with a wardrobe you can actually walk into. The love for detail and op tim um use of space is of particular note in all 4 cabins. You will find all you need in a very small space without feeling at all claustrophobic. There is naturally enough space for every kind of luxury in the suite; it would be impossible to beat the bathroom's magnificence and it certainly makes you want to try out water games of every kind.
Sun, sea and lots of fun.... holiday on a mega ship offers limitless freedom all of which has its price though. Recently, a millionaire said to us: “Anybody wishing to own a luxury yacht, has to be able to write off the million dollars he pays for it”. Chartering a yacht costs about 25,000 - 35.000 dollars a week. The "Be Mine" has been sold recently, but there are other Lürssen-Yachts to charter.
Anybody who wants to get a close-up view of other great yachts should visit my feature about the Monaco Yacht Show in Monte Carlo.
Prince Leopold of Bavaria (l) and Peter Lürssen (r)
at the annual Monaco Yacht Show in Monte-Carlo
Fr. Lürssen Werft GmbH & Co.KG
Zum Alten Speicher 11; D - 28759 Bremen-Vegesack
Tel:: +49 421 6604 0; Fax: +49 421 6604 443
info@luerssen.de
www.luerssen.de
Nathalie's Feature:
Côte d'Azur Lifestyle
* This special feature "Be Mine Yacht" has been one of more than 300 Portraits, produced by Nathalie Gütermann for her TV-Shows 'Nathalie's Lifestyle' and 'Nathalie's Art of Living' that were broadcasted between 1990 - 2003 in Germany and in 15 countries world-wide. The content has been updated with actual information in 2008 for Nathalies-Lifestyle.com © 1990 - 2008. The reproduction or other use of any text, photographs, layout etc. needs the prior written permission of the Chief Publisher.
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India eye clean sweep against Proteas
October 19, 2019 Sports 21 Views
Ranchi: It would have been a dead rubber but with valuable World Test Championship points on offer, India would be eyeing victory while South Africa would be desperate for some consolation in a wretched tour when the third and final Test starts here on Saturday.
There are 40 points on offer and a 3-0 series whitewash, both of which India would be targetting against the hapless visitors.
Dominating the Proteas in all the departments, India won the first Test in Visakhapatnam by 203 runs before inflicting an innings and 137-run defeat on the hapless visitors in Pune to regain the Freedom Trophy.
India, who have 200 points from four games, have a massive 140-point lead over nearest rivals New Zealand and Sri Lanka in the WTC standings. Skipper Virat Kohli has also made it clear that there is plenty to play for in the final Test and the team cannot afford a drop in intensity.
Going into the game, India have very few holes to plug, be it their batting or bowling.
The home team could not have asked for more from their top-order with Rohit Sharma showing why he is such an impact player as he feasted on the South African bowlers with twin hundreds in the first Test while opening for the first time.
The Mumbaikar’s opening partner Maynak Agarwal on the other hand went on to convert his maiden hundred into a double in Visakhapatnam and followed it up with another century in
Pune.
Then it was the turn of ‘King Kohli’ who came to the party in the Pune with a career-best double hundred — a majestic 254 not out — and made it look like a routine job.
Rohit will be eyeing a big score after not firing in the first innings of the Pune Test while Cheteshwar Pujara, who has scored two fifties in the series, would be looking to cross the three-figure mark.
That India have lost only 16 wickets while routing South Africa in both the Tests sums up their dominance.
Toss has also been kind to India so far and things are likely to get more exciting if the stroke of luck favours Faf du Plessis in the final Test.
The last time South Africa toured the India, rank-turners had welcomed the side but this time both the pacers and spinners have been able to extract something out of the pitch.
Umesh Yadav made a fine comeback in the Pune Test to return with fine figures of 3/22 with some brief hostile spells as wicketkeeper Wriddhiman Saha who took some breathtaking catches to aid to the pacer’s tally.
Kohli played an extra pacer in Umesh at Pune by benching Hanuma Vihari but only time will tell what combination he chooses for the final Test.
South African captain Faf du Plessis has already predicted the Ranchi pitch to be a turner, bringing a third spinner into picture.
Since Kuldeep Yadav has been ruled out of the match due to a shoulder injury, left-arm spinner Shahbaz Nadeem has been drafted into the squad and he might sneak into the playing XI as well.
South Africa batsmen showed some fight in Visakhapatnam but they let themselves down in Pune.
It was only the tailenders who showed some character and frustrated the Indian bowling. Du Plessis has urged experiences players like Dean Elgar, Quinton De Kock and Temba Bavuma to bat with responsibility.
Their batting woes are further compounded by the absence of opener Aiden Markram who has been ruled out of the third Test with an injury.
The pace attack comprising Kagiso Rabada, Vernon Philander and Anrich Nortje has also not been as effective as expected while the Indian pacers have managed to provide the breakthroughs.
With their senior-most spinner Keshav Maharaj also ruled out, South Africa will find it tougher to stop the Indian juggernaut.
Previous 100 percent aware of United’s strength: Klopp
Next GOA BRIEFS
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No Ripcord | Independent Music & Film Magazine
Believe The Hype
Various Artists Dark Was The Night
(4AD Records) Buy it from Insound
Charity albums are usually a pretty shaky proposition with the emphasis of the album often on the cause rather than the actual music. The tunes are often cast-offs or largely uninspired and/or unoriginal covers with most artists saving their best work for their own records. Dark Was The Night doesn’t avoid all of these pitfalls but fares better than most compilations of this nature. The 31-track album was devised by Aaron and Bryce Dessner of the National to raise money and awareness for AIDS foundation, the Red Hot Organisation.
The album recalls the similarly conceived 1993 AIDS fund-raiser No Alternative which featured the likes of Nirvana, Sonic Youth and Pavement; the record standing as some type of definition of alternative-rock. Similarly Dark Was The Night represents a roll call for the who’s who of today’s indie-folk scene featuring a mixture of older and more recent indie darlings. The Arcade Fire? Check. Sufjan Stevens? Check. Yo La Tengo? Check. A couple of members from Broken Social Scene? Check. And so on and so forth. Let’s just start by saying there’s nothing groundbreaking here. (Except perhaps the Sufjan track but he seems to be an exception to most rules). Most of the artists have slipped into their most generic, polite, Obama-supporting personas. However this is not to say the album isn’t enjoyable and featuring so many high caliber artists, almost all the songs are good and some really hit the mark.
Opening highlight Knotty Pine combines veteran David Byrne with modern art-rock band Dirty Projectors with stellar results. The song is short but it is energised and inspired; Byrne managing to bring focus to the often rambling indulgence of the Projectors. Another highlight on the first disc is The National’s own track, an original titled So Far Around the Bend which conjures up notions of a long lost love who has drifted into a bohemian existence, nostalgic for the nineties, “praying for Pavement to get back together.” Matt Berninger is backed by a charming woodwind and string arrangements revealing the band at their least brooding and the song is a delight. Yeasayer’s Tightrope with its jangly percussion and dreamy chant is also joyful.
Antony invests Dylan’s I Was Young When I Left Home with a deep regret and sadness which is quietly beautiful. Indie kid’s dream team, Death Cab’s Ben Gibbard and Feist, cover Vashti Bunyan’s Train Song and the duet is lonesome and lovely. Iron and Wine and Bon Iver both contribute some new tunes which resemble good quality off-cuts; Beam’s tune sounds like it was taken from Our Endless Numbered Days and Vernon’s track could have easily slipped alongside the songs of his debut. Both are predictable but wistful nonetheless.
Sufjan Stevens' cover of the Castanets’ You Are The Blood is the compilation’s longest track clocking in at just over ten minutes, revealing Stevens' talent to use every instrument and piece of equipment available to him. The song is nothing short of epic with its zany keyboards, shimmering percussion, distorted electronics and high-pitched vocals. The song builds into something gothic and creepy, other times ecstatically joyful and also crests into something more soft and peaceful. While the track may divide fans, it undoubtedly proves that Stevens is one of the most creative artists around.
So onto the second disc where the Arcade Fire offer up an unreleased track from the Neon Bible sessions. Channeling Bowie, Lenin rumbles to a start as the almost honkey-tonk piano pounds its way into a joyful dancing stomp which offsets the dire lyrics of, “Daddy, daddy, please save the world from the government.” It is a track the band probably left off the set list when they played for Obama last month and while not the best Arcade Fire song, it is one of the more upbeat tunes on the compilation.
Highlights on this side include Dave Sitek’s cover of the Troggs’ With a Girl Like You. It has TV On The Radio written all over the track’s dense production, sonic fuzz and delightful horns. Sitek’s husky, deep baritone invests the song with a weird affection. Yo La Tengo’s Gentle Hour opens with a lovely haze swirling around the rumble of a beautiful piano melody. The song is surreal and gentle, recalling the dreamy landscapes of Galaxie 500.
Cat Power’s version of Amazing Grace is pretty predictable material and demonstrates Marshall’s continued transformation into banal soul singer. Bird’s cover of the Handsome Family’s The Giant Illinois is rich and lush revealing the musician’s knack for layering melodies, even if the result here is slightly underwhelming. Some may be quick to dismiss Oberst’s duet of Lua with Gillian Welch as a lazy trade-off but the cover of his own song aches with a numbing and affecting loneliness.
Many of the loveliest tracks on Dark Was The Night are collaborations. A song that slipped my mind was Feist’s other collaboration, this time teaming up with Grizzly Bear to cover their song Service Bell; the new version bearing a beautiful and delicate otherworldliness. It is these collaborations which hint at something bigger than the songs themselves. There is the sense of a vague outline forming behind the indie-folk scene, artists who respect each other and believe in the musical scene they are creating; a movement which is a lot stronger than suggested by the gentle chords they strum.
15 February, 2009 - 11:07 — Cara Nash
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Let us help you explore NWA!
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Mount Kessler Purchase Approved By City Council
The Fayetteville City Council voted unanimously on February 18 to purchase 376 acres on beautiful Mount Kessler. The city’s costs will be offset by a $1.5 million matching grant from the Walton Family Foundation and a pledge from the Fayetteville Natural Heritage Association to provide $300,000.
The City Council chambers overflowed with residents and visitors who attended to show their support for the mountain. More than 40 bicyclists and runners from around the region rode/ran to the meeting on the Razorback Greenway.
The land purchase will allow for the preservation of a historic and ecologically important piece of Fayetteville, while providing a public space for outdoor recreation and education.
As part of the contract, the city will construct a trailhead for Mount Kessler within 90 days and start work on a long-term plan for preservation of the mountain.
The Fayetteville Natural Heritage Association is now beginning work on its fundraising efforts. Supporters can visit fayettevillenatural.org to donate online or request a donation form.
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About POGO
Task Forces, Projects, Working Groups & Training Initiatives
Biological Obs Task Force
DNA sampling tools for the global CPR Survey
EO for Water-associated Diseases
IQOE
Macroalgal Communities
OASIIS
Observational Physical Oceanography, Benin
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OpenMODs
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SAMOC
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OpenMODs - Open Access Marine Observation Devices
“To devise ocean sensors and monitoring devices, globally available to all and not just to a privileged few.”
In order to inform decision making at all levels, from international economic and environmental policy down to small ocean-based businesses, such as fishing and tourism, scientists need access to more reliable and comprehensive ocean observation data.
The majority of global coastal areas belong to countries with low-to-medium GDP per capita, with most human marine activities taking place in this coastal zone.
However, access to user-friendly, low cost and easily deployable instrumentation is a limiting factor in coastal ocean observing.
This implies a need to rethink our ocean-going instrumentation, the majority of which is expensive to acquire, difficult to deploy and costly to operate.
How OpenMODs contributes to POGO priority areas
One aim of POGO is to reduce the gaps in data and knowledge between the advanced and the developing countries through its education and training and access to technology programmes. This is an enabling mechanism through which coastal states in the developing world can establish and develop the expertise and the know-how requested for responsible stewardship of their marine patrimony.
This project will contribute to the implementation of the above overarching POGO strategy (‘Taking the pulse of Global Ocean’, 2016) as described below:
Priority 1: To Lead the making and innovation of observations that contribute to the global ocean observing system by proposing a viable solution that can fit users scientific and societal needs. This involves identifying a process that will facilitate the increase of the observing infrastructure in coastal areas and contributing to fill the data and knowledge gaps specifically in developing Nations.
Priority 2: To Develop the world-wide capacity and capabilities needed for ocean observations by preparing a dialog platform via Workshops and in POGO-NANO where users, technology providers and scientists (notably involving NANO Alumni) meet to define the blueprint of novel, cost-effective, easy-to-use ocean technology, affordable also by developing countries.
Priority 3: To advocate and promote, worldwide, the importance of making systematic sustained, ocean observations for society by developing pilot studies aimed at demonstrating viability which are to be implemented as a long term Project
Download the project flyer to find out more:
OpenMODs_flyer_Nov18.pdf
Visit the Facebook group:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/OpenMODs/
Join the Facebook discussion forum:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/OpenMODsForum/
Click here to read about the Side Event held at COP24
Click here to view a poster presented by Marco Marcelli at OceanObs'19
Alessandro Crise, OGS, Italy
Karen H. Wiltshire, Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany
Riccardo Gerin, OGS, Italy
Michael Boer, 4H-JENA engineering GmbH, Germany
Website hosted & developed by VLIZ
Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean is a charitable incorporated organisation registered and regulated by the Charity Commission of England and Wales, No 1171692
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Eileen Workman
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“Fiction reveals truths that reality obscures.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson
De Cura
016 Droplets 1 – Eileen
Droplets of Love!
You can bring Life’s gentle encouragement towards healthy self-discipline, self-awareness, and self-love into your inbox on a weekly basis with Droplets from Raindrops of Love for A Thirsty World. Sign up here!
016 Press Release RDoL
"SAN FRANCISCO, CA, May 31, 2017 || 24-7 Press Release || — A timely spiritual guide to surviving and thriving in today's pervasive, gloomy atmosphere of alienation and fear, the new book, Raindrops of Love For a Thirsty World, lays out a path to life-long self-actualization, and reconnection through a shared consciousness."
016 – Also by this writer – Eileen
Also by this writer...
"I used to believe that people who claimed God spoke to them were crazy. Then one day God started speaking to me, which forced me to reevaluate my position."
Raindrops Of Love for A Thirsty World
“Beloved, I am Life. And I invite you, in this perfect moment, to realize that we —you and I —are one Spirit flowing within, and throughout, the infinite realm of matter, and that our unity has always and ever been so. Although for a while you forgot that we were united, that did not mean we were ever separated. It just rendered you briefly insensible to our eternal connection. ”
Invitation to Communion,
A timely spiritual guide to surviving and thriving in today’s pervasive, gloomy atmosphere of alienation and fear, the new book, Raindrops of Love For a Thirsty World, lays out a path to life-long self-actualization, and reconnection through a shared consciousness. The author, Eileen Workman, has summoned the profound wisdom of The Life Force in a series of loving messages. These communications come at an opportune time, as we drift in a sea of anxiety and worry, deeply shaken by recent political, economic and social crises, and starved for connection due to divisiveness.
A decade ago Workman experienced a startling spiritual awakening. Abandoning her high-powered, highly-paid role in the financial world, she opened up to a channeled gift of eloquent, soul-stirring passages from what she calls LIFE –– “The Life Force” –– a field of energy and love that transformed her life and her relationship to humanity.
In four parts, Raindrops of Love For a Thirsty World encourages readers to undertake self-examination in a way that encourages them to fall back in love with themselves and learn to practice healthy self-discipline, self-awareness and self-love.
Part I – Soft Love: The Wonder of Self-Realization
Part II – Tough Love: The Challenge of Self-Discipline
Part III – Self-Love: The Responsibility of Self-Actualization
Part IV – Life Love: The Freedom of Self-Governance
As receivers of these compelling, wise messages from LIFE, readers are exhorted to manifest their greatest gifts in the world, which is exactly what the author decided to do when she changed the direction of her own life. This personal transformation and connection to the limitless love of LIFE is the key to a rewarding, meaningful life.
Encourage others to realize that your amazing ingenuity and imagination, when filtered through the perspective of life awareness, holds the power to generate awesome new creative potential . . . This is why I encourage you to trust the living process . . . For you live within a self-organizing, self-scaffolding field of living love that manifests as light.
Speaking directly into the heart and soul of each reader, Raindrops of Love For a Thirsty World enables them to wed their minds and hearts in a holy communion. That marriage enables us to move beyond the influence of collapsing social systems and political and economic hostilities. Through the clarity of our newly realized life purpose and enlightenment as received from the Raindrops of Love, we can transform ourselves and the world.
I know how confused you have felt . . . and how you’ve struggled to find your proper place in the world. I’ve watched you grow lost in the dramas of human society. In this precious now moment, you can reclaim your native tongue and commune with me in our mutual language, for the language of Life has been ever your birthright, Beloved.
Eileen Workman spent sixteen years in the financial industry as First Vice President of Investments at a major Wall Street firm. After a profound spiritual awakening, she departed the high-powered world of money and wrote Sacred Economics: The Currency of Life, which questions assumptions about the nature of capitalism. The book is about directing our attention toward the purposeful design of a more compassionate, cooperative, and abundantly flowing economic system from a spiritually-driven perspective.
“ . . . one of those rare individuals who not only talks the talk of the financial world because she worked in it, she also walks the walk of one who has made meaningful changes in her own life to reflect the ideals she believes in.”
In her new title, Raindrops of Love For a Thirsty World, Workman calls down the wisdom and the words of the Life Force, inviting us to embrace our fullest capacity as a species. Find her at eileenworkman.com.
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Mikolaj GOMÓLKA (c1535 - 1591/1609?): "Audite, gentes! - Psalms of the Golden Age"
Paulina Ceremuzynska, soprano; Fernando Reyes, vihuela, guitar; Carlos Castro, percussion
rec: August 4 - 8, 2014, Warsaw, Lutoslawski Concert Studio
CD Accord - ACD 2142 (© 2014) (60'23")
Liner-notes: E/P; lyrics - translations: E
Psalm 1: Szczesliwy, ktory nie byl miedzy zlemi w radzie; Psalm 7: W Tobie ja samym, Panie, czlowiek smutny, nadzieje klade; Psalm 20: Wsiadaj z dobrym sercem, o krolu cnotliwy; Psalm 29: Niescie chwale, mocarze, Panu mocniejszemu; Psalm 33: Pana sercem wesolym wspomiencie, cnotliwi; Psalm 47: Kleszczmy rekoma wszyscy zgodliwie; Psalm 49: Sluchaj, co zywo! Wszystki ziemskie kraje nakloncie uszu; Psalm 77: Pana ja wzywac bede, dokadem zywy; Psalm 91: Kto sie w opieke poda Panu swemu; Psalm 92: Sluszna rzecz, Panie, Tobie chwale dawac i Twoje swiete imie wyznawac; Psalm 96: Zácznicie nowa moznému piesn; Psalm 99: Pan kroluje, ktory wlada anjoly lotnemi; Psalm 118: Chwalcie Pana prze dobroc Jego niewymowna; Psalm 130: W troskach glebokich ponurzony; Psalm 137: Siedzac po niskich brzegach babilonskiej wody
(N.B. The diacritics in the titles have been omitted)
Source: Melodie na Psalterz polski, 1580
The Book of Psalms has been at the heart of the liturgy of the Christian Church since early times. Psalms have been sung or recited on a daily basis in churches, chapels and monasteries. Part of their importance stems from the fact that they include the whole range of human emotions and are an expression of the relationship between God and his people. The importance of the Book of Psalms was eloquently expressed by Martin Luther who called it "a Little Bible, wherein everything contained in the entire Bible is beautifully and briefly comprehended, and compacted into an enchiridion or Manual."
One of the ideals of the Reformation was to make the congregation sing psalms and hymns in the vernacular. To that end the Psalms were rhymed and set to melodies which were easy to memorise. The best-known collection of rhymed Psalms in the vernacular is the Huguenot or Genevan Psalter which is still in use in our time. Although rhymed Psalms are strongly connected to the Reformation and Protestantism, their success encouraged Catholic poets and composers to follow in the footsteps of their Protestant counterparts. That happened especially in France: Philippe Desportes put the 150 Psalms into 'French rhymes' and Jean-Antoine de Baïf translated the Psalter into 'measured verses'.
The present disc turns our attention to a collection of rhymed Psalms from Poland. In 1579 Jan Kochanowski who is generally considered the greatest Polish poet before the 19th century published a versification of the Book of Psalms in Polish, and the next year Mikolaj Gomolka published his settings of these versifications. The latter was from the south-east of Poland and was in various ways connected to the court from 1545 to 1563. He later was active as a professional musician in Krakow in the service of leading citizens. One of them was Bishop Piotr Myszkowski. He also funded the publication of Kochanowski's Psalterz Dawidowy as well as Gomolka's Melodie na Psalterz polski. The epigram to Gomolka's collection was written by Andrzej Trzecieski, a leading representative of the Polish Reformation. From this one may conclude that these Psalm settings were meant to be used by Catholics and Protestants alike.
Gomolka's Psalms are the only music from his pen which has been preserved. They are scored for four voices and show the influence of Italian and especially Neapolitan music. Gomolka makes use of forms of secular vocal music, such as frottola and villanella, and dances like passamezzo, bergamasca and ciacona. It attests to the strong influence of the Italian style in Poland: many aristocrats and intellectuals travelled to Italy to expand their horizon. One other feature of these psalm settings needs to be mentioned. In the second half of the 16th century theorists and composers emphasized the importance of the text. Among them were Cipriano de Rore and Orlandus Lassus. Gomolka joins them as in his settings he closely follows the text. Paulina Ceremuzynska in her liner-notes states that "[it] is therefore quite natural that the refined metrics of Kochanowski's poems is an integral part and the pillar of Gomolka's composition, and ultimately shaped the metric of the psalms. Gomolka skillfully emphasized the written text, and accorded it primacy over the musical matter. (...) The sophisticated diversity of musical articulation is suggested by Jan Kochanowski's use of punctuation, which Gomolka closely mirrors in his Melodies. It is not our modern grammatical punctuation, but rhetorical-intonational punctuation, intended for performers".
This aspect is given much attention in the performance on this disc, alongside a historical pronunciation. This is not of purely historical interest but is instrumental in communicating the text and the emotions it expresses. It is a little unfortunate that this 'historical' approach is not worked out consistently. As has been mentioned above these Psalms are scored for four voices. That doesn't mean that they have to be sung by four singers. In the renaissance it was common practice to vary the scoring: voices could sing a capella or with instruments playing colla voce. Another option was a vocal performance of one part - usually the upper part - with the other parts being performed instrumentally, either by an instrumental ensemble or by a chordal instrument, such as lute or organ. The latter option is followed here. But the choice of a guitar seems rather debatable, and the use of a vihuela is even harder to defend as this was an almost exclusively Spanish instrument. The addition of percussion in some Psalms is justified by a reference to the presence of dance forms in Gomolka's Psalms. That is not particularly remarkable as dance forms appear in all kinds of music of the renaissance and baroque periods. Moreover, dances can perfectly be performed without percussion. The choice of a particular line-up should depend on how these Psalms were sung in Poland at the time, but unfortunately we don't receive any information about that.
Talking about disappointments, the booklet offers the lyrics in Polish, but without translation. That is to say: it includes English versions of the Psalms, but not a literal translation of Kochanowski's poems but rather "a poetic paraphrase of the Book of Psalms by Sir Philip Sidney and Mary Sidney (1580-1599) from The Psalmes of David translated into divers and sundry kindes of verse, more rare and excellent ...". That was not a very good idea: if it is emphasized how close Gomolka follows the text it would be useful to give a translation of Kochanowski's poems which is as close to the original as possible.
This should not give the impression that this is a bad recording. Far from it. Paulina Ceremuzynska's singing is spot on. She has a beautiful voice, avoids an incessant vibrato and doesn't try to do too much, for instance by adding ornamentation which would be out of place here. Her delivery is also excellent, and I assume that Polish speakers will have no problems understanding the text without reading the booklet. The playing of Fernando Reyes is also excellent and he never overshadows the vocal line.
Gomolka's Psalms are really enjoyable and I very much would like to hear more of them in a variety of scorings, including what seems the most logical: with four voices, either a capella or with a modest instrumental support. In the meantime let us enjoy this disc which brings a most interesting collection to our attention.
Paulina Ceremuzynska
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Plain text for smartphones & printers
Pristine Classical
Ernst von DOHNÁNYI (1877-1960)
Violin Sonata in C sharp minor, Op.21 (1912) [18:28]
Four Rhapsodies, Op.11 (1902-03) [24:15]
Piano Concerto No.2 in B minor, Op.42 (1946-47) [27:27]
Ernst von Dohnányi (piano)
Albert Spalding (violin)
Royal Philharmonic Orchestra/Adrian Boult
rec. 1951, NYC (Rhapsodies); 1952, NYC (Sonata); September 1956, EMI Abbey Road Studio No.1, London (Concerto)
Ambient Stereo except the Concerto; full stereo
PRISTINE AUDIO PASC 381 [69:57]
The real prize here for rarity is the recording of Dohnányi’s Violin Sonata. Recorded in 1952, it wasn’t released until 1978 when it appeared on a Varèse Sarabande LP. It joins Pristine Audio’s restoration of the Brahms sonata collaborations of Dohnányi and the elegant American violinist Albert Spalding [Pristine Audio PACM078]. In a sense it’s not a real reflection of Spalding’s stature, any more than the Brahms Sonatas which were made for Remington the previous year, given that Spalding had retired and was soon to die. Thus Spalding’s intonation wavers too often in the C sharp minor sonata, and there are several points where his technique buckles under the strain of Dohnányi’s passagework. Add to this the increasing thinness of Spalding’s tone, especially at the top, and one might be forgiven for thinking this little more than a historical curio, an artefact beloved of collectors and completists but of no real function beyond that rather rarefied, somewhat obsessive community. That would not wholly be so. The performance demarcates how Dohnányi wanted his sonata to ‘go’ and Spalding does generate a degree of romantic intensity, not least via his expressive and pervasive portamenti. There is plenty of drive in the outer sections of the finale and phrasal nobility from the violinist, though the tonal colour of his best days is long gone. So, it’s no match violinistically for Ricci, or Shumsky, or even - more relevantly in terms of its time period, perhaps - for the English violinist Thomas Matthews who recorded it on 78s for Australian Columbia. Then again, this is Dohnányi’s sonata and he is playing the piano - no small inducement.
Another valuable item is the 1951 Remington LP transfer of the Four Rhapsodies, Op.11. There has been no CD transfer of this either. Though volume levels fluctuate in the original set-up, one can only admire the composer-pianist’s command, not least in the post-Lisztian heroics of the G minor or in the pugnacious Mussorgskian moments of the C major. This is the one with sound level fluctuation and also some inherent tape wobbles. The Dies Irae courses through the final E flat minor.
The transfer of the Second Piano Concerto recording is in stereo, taken from an American Angel source. It was recorded in London with Boult and the RPO, the composer once more the executant. Couched in late-Romantic vernacular, the urgent March theme of the first movement imparts a Brahms cum Rachmaninov cum Liszt patina to the work. In the slow movement, though, one hears a considerable amount of refined pianism and Boult draws out some distinguished string tone from the orchestra even though thematically things are not especially distinctive. The chattering winds in the finale beckon liveliness and the loquacious high spirits are duly forthcoming; an amiable fugato included.
I should finally re-emphasise the point in the headnote: that the first two items are in ambient stereo, whilst the concerto is in full stereo.
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The Spectator, Volume 2. eBook
The Spectator, Volume 2. by Joseph Addison
The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
VOL. II. 1
GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, LIMITED 1
L. 9
T. 12
L. 15
Z. 23
ADVERTISEMENT. 65
No. 236. Friday, November 30, 1711. Steele 90
T. 103
No. 246. Wednesday, December 12, 1711. Steele 115
TO THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. [1] 131
C. [4] 175
X. 212
I. 218
T. [2] 239
No. 288. Wednesday, January 30, 1712. Steele 242
Z. 256
No. 297. Saturday, February 9, 1712. Addison 267
ADVERTISEMENT. 323
TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THOMAS EARL OF WHARTON.[1] 348
No. 325. Thursday, March 13, 1712. Budgell 357
R. 368
No. 334. Monday, March 24, 1712. Steele 385
No. 339 Saturday, March 29, 1712. Addison 399
MESSIAH. 514
No. 380. Friday, May 16, 1712. Steele 520
TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE CHARLES EARL OF SUNDERLAND [1] 557
Robin ran back, with 568
No. 403. Thursday, June 12, 1712. Addison 577
No. 404. Friday, June 13, 1712. Budgell 579
VOL. II.
GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, LIMITED
Broadway, Ludgate hill
Glasgow, Manchester and new york
No. 203. Tuesday, October 23, 1711. Addison.
Phoebe pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum,
Nec falsa Clymene culpam sub imagine celat;
Pignora da, Genitor
Ov. Met.
There is a loose Tribe of Men whom I have not yet taken Notice of, that ramble into all the Corners of this great City, in order to seduce such unfortunate Females as fall into their Walks. These abandoned Profligates raise up Issue in every Quarter of the Town, and very often, for a valuable Consideration, father it upon the Church-warden. By this means there are several Married Men who have a little Family in most of the Parishes of London and Westminster, and several Batchelors who are undone by a Charge of Children.
When a Man once gives himself this Liberty of preying at large, and living upon the Common, he finds so much Game in a populous City, that it is surprising to consider the Numbers which he sometimes propagates. We see many a young Fellow who is scarce of Age, that could lay his Claim to the Jus trium Liberorum, or the Privileges which were granted by the Roman Laws to all such as were Fathers of three Children: Nay, I have heard a Rake [who [1]] was not quite five and twenty, declare himself the Father of a seventh Son, and very prudently determine to breed him up a Physician. In short, the Town is full of these young Patriarchs, not to mention several batter’d Beaus, who, like heedless Spendthrifts that squander away their Estates before they are Masters of them, have raised up their whole Stock of Children before Marriage.
I must not here omit the particular Whim of an Impudent Libertine, that had a little Smattering of Heraldry; and observing how the Genealogies of great Families were often drawn up in the Shape of Trees, had taken a Fancy to dispose of his own illegitimate Issue in a Figure of the same kind.
—Nec longum tempus et ingens
Exiit ad coelum ramis felicibus arbos,
Miraturque novas frondes, et non sua poma.
Virg. [2]
The Trunk of the Tree was mark’d with his own Name, Will Maple. Out of the Side of it grew a large barren Branch, Inscribed Mary Maple, the Name of his unhappy Wife. The Head was adorned with five huge Boughs. On the Bottom of the first was written in Capital Characters Kate Cole, who branched out into three Sprigs, viz. William, Richard, and Rebecca. Sal Twiford gave Birth to another Bough, that shot up into Sarah, Tom, Will, and Frank. The third Arm of the Tree had only a single Infant in it, with a Space left for a second, the Parent from whom it sprung being near her Time when the Author took this Ingenious Device into his Head. The two other great Boughs were very plentifully loaden with Fruit of the same kind; besides which there were many Ornamental Branches that did not bear. In short, a more flourishing Tree never came out of the Heralds Office.
What makes this Generation of Vermin so very prolifick, is the indefatigable Diligence with which they apply themselves to their Business. A Man does not undergo more Watchings and Fatigues in a Campaign, than in the Course of a vicious Amour. As it is said of some Men, that they make their Business their Pleasure, these Sons of Darkness may be said to make their Pleasure their Business. They might conquer their corrupt Inclinations with half the Pains they are at in gratifying them.
Nor is the Invention of these Men less to be admired than their Industry or Vigilance. There is a Fragment of Apollodorus the Comick Poet (who was Contemporary with Menander) which is full of Humour as follows: Thou mayest shut up thy Doors, says he, with Bars and Bolts: It will be impossible for the Blacksmith to make them so fast, but a Cat and a Whoremaster will find a Way through them. In a word, there is no Head so full of Stratagems as that of a Libidinous Man.
Were I to propose a Punishment for this infamous Race of Propagators, it should be to send them, after the second or third Offence, into our American Colonies, in order to people those Parts of her Majesty’s Dominions where there is a want of Inhabitants, and in the Phrase of Diogenes, to Plant Men. Some Countries punish this Crime with Death; but I think such a Banishment would be sufficient, and might turn this generative Faculty to the Advantage of the Publick.
In the mean time, till these Gentlemen may be thus disposed of, I would earnestly exhort them to take Care of those unfortunate Creatures whom they have brought into the World by these indirect Methods, and to give their spurious Children such an Education as may render them more virtuous than their Parents. This is the best Atonement they can make for their own Crimes, and indeed the only Method that is left them to repair their past Mis-carriages.
I would likewise desire them to consider, whether they are not bound in common Humanity, as well as by all the Obligations of Religion and Nature, to make some Provision for those whom they have not only given Life to, but entail’d upon them, [tho very unreasonably, a Degree of] Shame and [Disgrace. [3]] And here I cannot but take notice of those depraved Notions which prevail among us, and which must have taken rise from our natural Inclination to favour a Vice to which we are so very prone, namely, that Bastardy and Cuckoldom should be look’d upon as Reproaches, and that the [Ignominy [4]] which is only due to Lewdness and Falsehood, should fall in so unreasonable a manner upon the Persons who [are [5]] innocent.
I have been insensibly drawn into this Discourse by the following Letter, which is drawn up with such a Spirit of Sincerity, that I question not but the Writer of it has represented his Case in a true and genuine Light.
I am one of those People who by the general Opinion of the World are
counted both Infamous and Unhappy.
My Father is a very eminent Man in this Kingdom, and one who bears considerable Offices in it. I am his Son, but my Misfortune is, That I dare not call him Father, nor he without Shame own me as his Issue, I being illegitimate, and therefore deprived of that endearing Tenderness and unparallel’d Satisfaction which a good Man finds in the Love and Conversation of a Parent: Neither have I the Opportunities to render him the Duties of a Son, he having always carried himself at so vast a Distance, and with such Superiority towards me, that by long Use I have contracted a Timorousness when before him, which hinders me from declaring my own Necessities, and giving him to understand the Inconveniencies I undergo.
It is my Misfortune to have been neither bred a Scholar, [a Soldier,] nor to [any kind of] Business, which renders me Entirely uncapable of making Provision for my self without his Assistance; and this creates a continual Uneasiness in my Mind, fearing I shall in Time want Bread; my Father, if I may so call him, giving me but very faint Assurances of doing any thing for me.
I have hitherto lived somewhat like a Gentleman, and it would be very hard for me to labour for my Living. I am in continual Anxiety for my future Fortune, and under a great Unhappiness in losing the sweet Conversation and friendly Advice of my Parents; so that I cannot look upon my self otherwise than as a Monster, strangely sprung up in Nature, which every one is ashamed to own.
I am thought to be a Man of some natural Parts, and by the continual Reading what you have offered the World, become an Admirer thereof, which has drawn me to make this Confession; at the same time hoping, if any thing herein shall touch you with a Sense of Pity, you would then allow me the Favour of your Opinion thereupon; as also what Part I, being unlawfully born, may claim of the Man’s Affection who begot me, and how far in your Opinion I am to be thought his Son, or he acknowledged as my Father. Your Sentiments and Advice herein will be a great Consolation and Satisfaction to, sir, Your Admirer and Humble Servant, W. B.
[Footnote 1: that]
[Footnote 2: Georg. II. v. 89.]
[Footnote 3: Infamy.]
[Footnote 4: Shame]
[Footnote 5: suffer and are]
No. 204. Wednesday, October 24, 1711. Steele.
Urit grata protervitas,
Et vultus nimium lubricus aspici.
I am not at all displeased that I am become the Courier of Love, and that the Distressed in that Passion convey their Complaints to each other by my Means. The following Letters have lately come to my hands, and shall have their Place with great Willingness. As to the Readers Entertainment, he will, I hope, forgive the inserting such Particulars as to him may perhaps seem frivolous, but are to the Persons who wrote them of the highest Consequence. I shall not trouble you with the Prefaces, Compliments, and Apologies made to me before each Epistle when it was desired to be inserted; but in general they tell me, that the Persons to whom they are addressed have Intimations, by Phrases and Allusions in them, from whence they came.
To the Sothades [1].
“The Word, by which I address you, gives you, who understand Portuguese, a lively Image of the tender Regard I have for you. The spectator’s late Letter from Statira gave me the Hint to use the same Method of explaining my self to you. I am not affronted at the Design your late Behaviour discovered you had in your Addresses to me; but I impute it to the Degeneracy of the Age, rather than your particular Fault. As I aim at nothing more than being yours, I am willing to be a Stranger to your Name, your Fortune, or any Figure which your Wife might expect to make in the World, provided my Commerce with you is not to be a guilty one. I resign gay Dress, the Pleasure of Visits, Equipage, Plays, Balls, and Operas, for that one Satisfaction of having you for ever mine. I am willing you shall industriously conceal the only Cause of Triumph which I can know in this Life. I wish only to have it my Duty, as well as my Inclination, to study your Happiness. If this has not the Effect this Letter seems to aim at, you are to understand that I had a mind to be rid of you, and took the readiest Way to pall you with an Offer of what you would never desist pursuing while you received ill Usage. Be a true Man; be my Slave while you doubt me, and neglect me when you think I love you. I defy you to find out what is your present Circumstance with me; but I know while I can keep this Suspence.
I am your admired Belinda.”
“It is a strange State of Mind a Man is in, when the very Imperfections of a Woman he loves turn into Excellencies and Advantages. I do assure you, I am very much afraid of venturing upon you. I now like you in spite of my Reason, and think it an ill Circumstance to owe ones Happiness to nothing but Infatuation. I can see you ogle all the young Fellows who look at you, and observe your Eye wander after new Conquests every Moment you are in a publick Place; and yet there is such a Beauty in all your Looks and Gestures, that I cannot but admire you in the very Act of endeavouring to gain the Hearts of others. My Condition is the same with that of the Lover in the Way
of the World, [2] I have studied your Faults so long, that they are become as familiar to me, and I like them as well as I do my own. Look to it, Madam, and consider whether you think this gay Behaviour will appear to me as amiable when an Husband, as it does now to me a Lover. Things are so far advanced, that we must proceed; and I hope you will lay it to Heart, that it will be becoming in me to appear still your Lover, but not in you to be still my Mistress. Gaiety in the Matrimonial Life is graceful in one Sex, but exceptionable in the other. As you improve these little Hints, you will ascertain the Happiness or Uneasiness of, Madam, Your most obedient, Most humble Servant, T.D.”
SIR, When I sat at the Window, and you at the other End of the Room by my Cousin, I saw you catch me looking at you. Since you have the Secret at last, which I am sure you should never have known but by Inadvertency, what my Eyes said was true. But it is too soon to confirm it with my Hand, therefore shall not subscribe my Name.
SIR, There were other Gentlemen nearer, and I know no Necessity you were under to take up that flippant Creatures Fan last Night; but you shall never touch a Stick of mine more, that’s pos. Phillis.
To Colonel R——s [3] in Spain.
Before this can reach the best of Husbands and the fondest Lover, those tender Names will be no more of Concern to me. The Indisposition in which you, to obey the Dictates of your Honour and Duty, left me, has increased upon me; and I am acquainted by my Physicians I cannot live a Week longer. At this time my Spirits fail me; and it is the ardent Love I have for you that carries me beyond my Strength, and enables me to tell you, the most painful Thing in the Prospect of Death, is, that I must part with you. But let it be a Comfort to you, that I have no Guilt hangs upon me, no unrepented Folly that retards me; but I pass away my last Hours in Reflection upon the Happiness we have lived in together, and in Sorrow that it is so soon to have an End. This is a Frailty which I hope is so far from criminal, that methinks there is a kind of Piety in being so unwilling to be separated from a State which is the Institution of Heaven, and in which we have lived according to its Laws. As we know no more of the next Life, but that it will be an happy one to the Good, and miserable to the Wicked, why may we not please ourselves at least, to alleviate the Difficulty of resigning this Being, in imagining that we shall have a Sense of what passes below, and may possibly be employed in guiding the Steps of those with whom we walked with Innocence when mortal? Why may not I hope to go on in my usual Work, and, tho unknown to you, be assistant in all the Conflicts of your Mind? Give me leave to say to you, O best of Men, that I cannot figure to myself a greater Happiness than in such an Employment: To be present at all the Adventures to which human
Life is exposed, to administer Slumber to thy Eyelids in the Agonies of a Fever, to cover thy beloved Face in the Day of Battle, to go with thee a Guardian Angel incapable of Wound or Pain, where I have longed to attend thee when a weak, a fearful Woman: These, my Dear, are the Thoughts with which I warm my poor languid Heart; but indeed I am not capable under my present Weakness of bearing the strong Agonies of Mind I fall into, when I form to myself the Grief you will be in upon your first hearing of my Departure. I will not dwell upon this, because your kind and generous Heart will be but the more afflicted, the more the Person for whom you lament offers you Consolation. My last Breath will, if I am my self, expire in a Prayer for you. I shall never see thy Face again.
Farewell for ever. T.
[Footnote 1: Saudades. To have saudades of anything is to yearn with desire towards it. Saudades da Patria is home sickness. To say Tenho Saudades without naming an object would be taken to mean I am all yearning to call a certain gentleman or lady mine.]
[Footnote 2: In Act I. sc. 3, of Congreve’s Way of the World, Mirabell says of Millamant,
I like her with all her faults, nay, like her for her faults. Her follies are so natural, or so artful, that they become her; and those affectations which in another woman would be odious, serve but to make her more agreeable. Ill tell thee, Fainall, she once used me with that insolence, that in revenge I took her to pieces, sifted her, and separated her failings; I studied em and got em by rote. The Catalogue was so large, that I was not without hopes one day or other to hate her heartily: to which end I so used myself to think of em, that at length, contrary to my design and expectation, they gave me every hour less and less disturbance; till in a few days it became habitual to me to remember em without being displeased. They are now grown as familiar to me as my own frailties; and, in all probability, in a little time longer I shall like em as well.]
[Footnote 3: The name was commonly believed to be Rivers, when this Paper was published.]
No. 205. Thursday, October 25, 1711. Addison.
When I meet with any vicious Character that is not generally known, in order to prevent its doing Mischief, I draw it at length, and set it up as a Scarecrow; by which means I do not only make an Example of the Person to whom it belongs, but give Warning to all Her Majesty’s Subjects, that they may not suffer by it. Thus, to change the [Allusion,[1]] I have marked out several of the Shoals and Quicksands of Life, and am continually employed in discovering those [which [2]] are still concealed, in order to keep the Ignorant and Unwary from running upon them. It is with this Intention that I publish the following Letter, which brings to light some Secrets of this Nature.
Mr. Spectator,
There are none of your Speculations which I read over with greater Delight, than those which are designed for the Improvement of our Sex. You have endeavoured to correct our unreasonable Fears and Superstitions, in your Seventh and Twelfth Papers; our Fancy for Equipage, in your Fifteenth; our Love of Puppet-Shows, in your Thirty-First; our Notions of Beauty, in your Thirty-Third; our Inclination for Romances, in your Thirty-Seventh; our Passion for French Fopperies, in your Forty-Fifth; our Manhood and Party-zeal, in your Fifty-Seventh; our Abuse of Dancing, in your Sixty-Sixth and Sixty-Seventh; our Levity, in your Hundred and Twenty-Eighth; our Love of Coxcombs, in your Hundred and Fifty-Fourth, and Hundred and Fifty-Seventh; our Tyranny over the Henpeckt, in your Hundred and Seventy-Sixth. You have described the Pict in your Forty-first; the Idol, in your Seventy-Third; the Demurrer, in your Eighty-Ninth; the Salamander, in your Hundred and Ninety-Eighth. You have likewise taken to pieces our Dress, and represented to us the Extravagancies we are often guilty of in that Particular. You have fallen upon our Patches, in your Fiftieth and Eighty-First; our Commodes, in your Ninety-Eighth; our Fans in your Hundred and Second; our Riding Habits in your Hundred and Fourth; our Hoop-petticoats, in your Hundred and Twenty-Seventh; besides a great many little Blemishes which you have touched upon in your several other Papers, and in those many Letters that are scattered up and down your Works. At the same Time we must own, that the Compliments you pay our Sex are innumerable, and that those very Faults which you represent in us, are neither black in themselves nor, as you own, universal among us. But, Sir, it is plain that these your Discourses are calculated for none but the fashionable Part of Womankind, and for the Use of those who are rather indiscreet than vicious. But, Sir, there is a Sort of Prostitutes in the lower Part of our Sex, who are a Scandal to us, and very well deserve to fall under your Censure. I know it would debase your Paper too much to enter into the Behaviour of these Female Libertines; but as your Remarks on some Part of it would be a doing of Justice to several Women of Virtue and Honour, whose Reputations suffer by it, I hope you will not think it improper to give the Publick some Accounts of this Nature. You must know, Sir, I am provoked to write you this Letter by the Behaviour of an infamous Woman, who having passed her Youth in a most shameless State of Prostitution, is now one of those who gain their Livelihood by seducing others, that are younger than themselves, and by establishing a criminal Commerce between the two Sexes. Among several of her Artifices to get Money, she frequently perswades a vain young Fellow, that such a Woman of Quality, or such a celebrated Toast, entertains a secret Passion for him, and wants nothing but an Opportunity
of revealing it: Nay, she has gone so far as to write Letters in the Name of a Woman of Figure, to borrow Money of one of these foolish Roderigos, [3] which she has afterwards appropriated to her own Use. In the mean time, the Person who has lent the Money, has thought a Lady under Obligations to him, who scarce knew his Name; and wondered at her Ingratitude when he has been with her, that she has not owned the Favour, though at the same time he was too much a Man of Honour to put her in mind of it.
When this abandoned Baggage meets with a Man who has Vanity enough to give Credit to Relations of this nature, she turns him to very good Account, by repeating Praises that were never uttered, and delivering Messages that were never sent. As the House of this shameless Creature is frequented by several Foreigners, I have heard of another Artifice, out of which she often raises Money. The Foreigner sighs after some British Beauty, whom he only knows by Fame: Upon which she promises, if he can be secret, to procure him a Meeting. The Stranger, ravished at his good Fortune, gives her a Present, and in a little time is introduced to some imaginary Title; for you must know that this cunning Purveyor has her Representatives upon this Occasion, of some of the finest Ladies in the Kingdom. By this Means, as I am informed, it is usual enough to meet with a German Count in foreign Countries, that shall make his Boasts of Favours he has received from Women of the highest Ranks, and the most unblemished Characters. Now, Sir, what Safety is there for a Woman’s Reputation, when a Lady may be thus prostituted as it were by Proxy, and be reputed an unchaste Woman; as the Hero in the ninth Book of Dryden’s Virgil is looked upon as a Coward, because the Phantom which appeared in his Likeness ran away from Turnus? You may depend upon what I relate to you to be Matter of Fact, and the Practice of more than one of these female Pandars. If you print this Letter, I may give you some further Accounts of this vicious Race of Women. Your humble Servant, BELVIDERA.
I shall add two other Letters on different Subjects to fill up my Paper.
I am a Country Clergyman, and hope you will lend me your Assistance
in ridiculing some little Indecencies which cannot so properly be
exposed from the Pulpit.
A Widow Lady, who straggled this Summer from London into my Parish for the Benefit of the Air, as she says, appears every Sunday at Church with many fashionable Extravagancies, to the great Astonishment of my Congregation.
But what gives us the most Offence is her theatrical Manner of Singing the Psalms. She introduces above fifty Italian Airs into the hundredth Psalm, and whilst we begin All People in the old solemn Tune of our Forefathers, she in a quite different Key runs Divisions on the
Vowels, and adorns them with the Graces of Nicolini; if she meets with Eke or Aye, which are frequent in the Metre of Hopkins and Sternhold,[4] we are certain to hear her quavering them half a Minute after us to some sprightly Airs of the Opera.
I am very far from being an Enemy to Church Musick; but fear this Abuse of it may make my Parish ridiculous, who already look on the Singing Psalms as an Entertainment, and no Part of their Devotion: Besides, I am apprehensive that the Infection may spread, for Squire Squeekum, who by his Voice seems (if I may use the Expression) to be cut out for an Italian Singer, was last Sunday practising the same Airs.
I know the Lady’s Principles, and that she will plead the Toleration, which (as she fancies) allows her Non-Conformity in this Particular; but I beg you to acquaint her, That Singing the Psalms in a different Tune from the rest of the Congregation, is a Sort of Schism not tolerated by that Act.
I am, SIR, Your very humble Servant, R. S.
In your Paper upon Temperance, you prescribe to us a Rule of drinking, out of Sir William Temple, in the following Words; The first Glass for myself, the second for my Friends, the third for Good-humour, and the fourth for mine Enemies. Now, Sir, you must know, that I have read this your Spectator, in a Club whereof I am a Member; when our President told us, there was certainly an Error in the Print, and that the Word Glass should be Bottle; and therefore has ordered me to inform you of this Mistake, and to desire you to publish the following Errata: In the Paper of Saturday, Octob. 13, Col. 3. Line 11, for Glass read Bottle.
Yours, Robin Good-fellow.
[Footnote 1: Metaphor,]
[Footnote 3: As the Roderigo whose money Iago used.]
[Footnote 4: Thomas Sternhold who joined Hopkins, Norton, and others in translation of the Psalms, was groom of the robes to Henry VIII. and Edward VI.]
No. 206. Friday, October 26, 1711. Steele.
Quanto quisque sibi plura negaverit,
A Diis plura feret—
There is a Call upon Mankind to value and esteem those who set a moderate Price upon their own Merit; and Self-denial is frequently attended with unexpected Blessings, which in the End abundantly recompense such Losses as the Modest seem to suffer in the ordinary Occurrences of Life. The Curious tell us, a Determination in our Favour or to our Disadvantage is made upon our first Appearance, even before they know any thing
of our Characters, but from the Intimations Men gather from our Aspect. A Man, they say, wears the Picture of his Mind in his Countenance; and one Man’s Eyes are Spectacles to his who looks at him to read his Heart. But tho that Way of raising an Opinion of those we behold in Publick is very fallacious, certain it is, that those, who by their Words and Actions take as much upon themselves, as they can but barely demand in the strict Scrutiny of their Deserts, will find their Account lessen every Day. A modest Man preserves his Character, as a frugal Man does his Fortune; if either of them live to the Height of either, one will find Losses, the other Errors, which he has not Stock by him to make up. It were therefore a just Rule, to keep your Desires, your Words and Actions, within the Regard you observe your Friends have for you; and never, if it were in a Man’s Power, to take as much as he possibly might either in Preferment or Reputation. My Walks have lately been among the mercantile Part of the World; and one gets Phrases naturally from those with whom one converses: I say then, he that in his Air, his Treatment of others, or an habitual Arrogance to himself, gives himself Credit for the least Article of more Wit, Wisdom, Goodness, or Valour than he can possibly produce if he is called upon, will find the World break in upon him, and consider him as one who has cheated them of all the Esteem they had before allowed him. This brings a Commission of Bankruptcy upon him; and he that might have gone on to his Lifes End in a prosperous Way, by aiming at more than he should, is no longer Proprietor of what he really had before, but his Pretensions fare as all Things do which are torn instead of being divided.
There is no one living would deny Cinna the Applause of an agreeable and facetious Wit; or could possibly pretend that there is not something inimitably unforced and diverting in his Manner of delivering all his Sentiments in Conversation, if he were able to conceal the strong Desire of Applause which he betrays in every Syllable he utters. But they who converse with him, see that all the Civilities they could do to him, or the kind Things they could say to him, would fall short of what he expects; and therefore instead of shewing him the Esteem they have for his Merit, their Reflections turn only upon that they observe he has of it himself.
If you go among the Women, and behold Gloriana trip into a Room with that theatrical Ostentation of her Charms, Mirtilla with that soft Regularity in her Motion, Chloe with such an indifferent Familiarity, Corinna with such a fond Approach, and Roxana with such a Demand of Respect in the great Gravity of her Entrance; you find all the Sex, who understand themselves and act naturally, wait only for their Absence, to tell you that all these Ladies would impose themselves upon you; and each of them carry in their Behaviour a Consciousness of so much more than they should pretend to, that they lose what would otherwise be given them.
I remember the last time I saw Macbeth, I was wonderfully taken with the Skill of the Poet, in making the Murderer form Fears to himself from the Moderation of the Prince whose Life he was going to take away. He says of the King, He bore his Faculties so meekly; and justly inferred from thence, That all divine and human Power would join to avenge his Death, who had made such an abstinent Use of Dominion. All that is in a Man’s Power to do to advance his own Pomp and Glory, and forbears, is so much laid up against the Day of Distress; and Pity will always be his Portion in Adversity, who acted with Gentleness in Prosperity.
The great Officer who foregoes the Advantages he might take to himself, and renounces all prudential Regards to his own Person in Danger, has so far the Merit of a Volunteer; and all his Honours and Glories are unenvied, for sharing the common Fate with the same Frankness as they do who have no such endearing Circumstances to part with. But if there were no such Considerations as the good Effect which Self-denial has upon the Sense of other Men towards us, it is of all Qualities the most desirable for the agreeable Disposition in which it places our own Minds. I cannot tell what better to say of it, than that it is the very Contrary of Ambition; and that Modesty allays all those Passions and Inquietudes to which that Vice exposes us. He that is moderate in his Wishes from Reason and Choice, and not resigned from Sourness, Distaste, or Disappointment, doubles all the Pleasures of his Life. The Air, the Season, a [Sun-shiny [1]] Day, or a fair Prospect, are Instances of Happiness, and that which he enjoys in common with all the World, (by his Exemption from the Enchantments by which all the World are bewitched) are to him uncommon Benefits and new Acquisitions. Health is not eaten up with Care, nor Pleasure interrupted by Envy. It is not to him of any Consequence what this Man is famed for, or for what the other is preferred. He knows there is in such a Place an uninterrupted Walk; he can meet in such a Company an agreeable Conversation: He has no Emulation, he is no Man’s Rival, but every Man’s Well-wisher; can look at a prosperous Man, with a Pleasure in reflecting that he hopes he is as happy as himself; and has his Mind and his Fortune (as far as Prudence will allow) open to the Unhappy and to the Stranger.
Lucceius has Learning, Wit, Humour, Eloquence, but no ambitious Prospects to pursue with these Advantages; therefore to the ordinary World he is perhaps thought to want Spirit, but known among his Friends to have a Mind of the most consummate Greatness. He wants no Man’s Admiration, is in no Need of Pomp. His Cloaths please him if they are fashionable and warm; his Companions are agreeable if they are civil and well-natured. There is with him no Occasion for Superfluity at Meals, for Jollity in Company, in a word, for any thing extraordinary to administer Delight to him. Want of Prejudice and Command of Appetite are the Companions which make his Journey of Life so easy, that he in all Places meets with more Wit, more good Cheer and more good Humour, than is necessary to make him enjoy himself with Pleasure and Satisfaction.
[Footnote 1: [Sun-shine], and in the first reprint.]
No. 207. Saturday, October 27, 1711. Addison.
Omnibus in terris, quoe sunt a Gadibus usque
Auroram et Gangem, pauci dignoscere possunt
Vera bona, atque illis multum diversa, remota
Erroris nebula—
Juv.
In my last Saturdays Paper I laid down some Thoughts upon Devotion in general, and shall here shew what were the Notions of the most refined Heathens on this Subject, as they are represented in Plato’s Dialogue upon Prayer, entitled, Alcibiades the Second, which doubtless gave Occasion to Juvenal’s tenth Satire, and to the second Satire of Persius; as the last of these Authors has almost transcribed the preceding Dialogue, entitled Alcibiades the First, in his Fourth Satire.
The Speakers in this Dialogue upon Prayer, are Socrates and Alcibiades; and the Substance of it (when drawn together out of the Intricacies and Digressions) as follows.
Socrates meeting his Pupil Alcibiades, as he was going to his Devotions, and observing his Eyes to be fixed upon the Earth with great Seriousness and Attention, tells him, that he had reason to be thoughtful on that Occasion, since it was possible for a Man to bring down Evils upon himself by his own Prayers, and that those things, which the Gods send him in Answer to his Petitions, might turn to his Destruction: This, says he, may not only happen when a Man prays for what he knows is mischievous in its own Nature, as OEdipus implored the Gods to sow Dissension between his Sons; but when he prays for what he believes would be for his Good, and against what he believes would be to his Detriment. This the Philosopher shews must necessarily happen among us, since most Men are blinded with Ignorance, Prejudice, or Passion, which hinder them from seeing such things as are really beneficial to them. For an Instance, he asks Alcibiades, Whether he would not be thoroughly pleased and satisfied if that God, to whom he was going to address himself, should promise to make him the Sovereign of the whole Earth? Alcibiades answers, That he should doubtless look upon such a Promise as the greatest Favour that he could bestow upon him. Socrates then asks him, If after [receiving [1]] this great Favour he would be content[ed] to lose his Life? or if he would receive it though he was sure he should make an ill Use of it? To both which Questions Alcibiades answers in the Negative. Socrates then shews him, from the Examples of others, how these might very probably be the Effects of such a Blessing. He then adds, That other reputed Pieces of Good-fortune, as that of having a Son, or procuring the highest Post in a Government, are subject to the like fatal Consequences;
which nevertheless, says he, Men ardently desire, and would not fail to pray for, if they thought their Prayers might be effectual for the obtaining of them. Having established this great Point, That all the most apparent Blessings in this Life are obnoxious to such dreadful Consequences, and that no Man knows what in its Events would prove to him a Blessing or a Curse, he teaches Alcibiades after what manner he ought to pray.
In the first Place, he recommends to him, as the Model of his Devotions, a short Prayer, which a Greek Poet composed for the Use of his Friends, in the following Words; O Jupiter, give us those Things which are good for us, whether they are such Things as we pray for, or such Things as we do not pray for: and remove from us those Things which are hurtful, though they are such Things as we pray for.
In the second Place, that his Disciple may ask such Things as are expedient for him, he shews him, that it is absolutely necessary to apply himself to the Study of true Wisdom, and to the Knowledge of that which is his chief Good, and the most suitable to the Excellency of his Nature.
In the third and last Place he informs him, that the best Method he could make use of to draw down Blessings upon himself, and to render his Prayers acceptable, would be to live in a constant Practice of his Duty towards the Gods, and towards Men. Under this Head he very much recommends a Form of Prayer the Lacedemonians made use of, in which they petition the Gods, to give them all good Things so long as they were virtuous. Under this Head likewise he gives a very remarkable Account of an Oracle to the following Purpose.
When the Athenians in the War with the Lacedemonians received many Defeats both by Sea and Land, they sent a Message to the Oracle of Jupiter Ammon, to ask the Reason why they who erected so many Temples to the Gods, and adorned them with such costly Offerings; why they who had instituted so many Festivals, and accompanied them with such Pomps and Ceremonies; in short, why they who had slain so many Hecatombs at their Altars, should be less successful than the Lacedemonians, who fell so short of them in all these Particulars. To this, says he, the Oracle made the following Reply; I am better pleased with the Prayer of the Lacedemonians, than with all the Oblations of the Greeks. As this Prayer implied and encouraged Virtue in those who made it, the Philosopher proceeds to shew how the most vicious Man might be devout, so far as Victims could make him, but that his Offerings were regarded by the Gods as Bribes, and his Petitions as Blasphemies. He likewise quotes on this Occasion two Verses out of Homer, [2] in which the Poet says, That the Scent of the Trojan Sacrifices was carried up to Heaven by the Winds; but that it was not acceptable to the Gods, who were displeased with Priam and all his People.
The Conclusion of this Dialogue is very remarkable. Socrates having deterred Alcibiades from the Prayers and Sacrifice which he was going to offer, by setting forth the above-mentioned Difficulties of performing that Duty as he ought, adds these Words, We must therefore wait till such Time as we may learn how we ought to behave ourselves towards the Gods, and towards Men. But when will that Time come, says Alcibiades, and who is it that will instruct us? For I would fain see this Man, whoever he is. It is one, says Socrates, who takes care of you; but as Homer tells us, [3] that Minerva removed the Mist from Diomedes his Eyes, that he might plainly discover both Gods and Men; so the Darkness that hangs upon your Mind must be removed before you are able to discern what is Good and what is Evil. Let him remove from my Mind, says Alcibiades, the Darkness, and what else he pleases, I am determined to refuse nothing he shall order me, whoever he is, so that I may become the better Man by it. The remaining Part of this Dialogue is very obscure: There is something in it that would make us think Socrates hinted at himself, when he spoke of this Divine Teacher who was to come into the World, did not he own that he himself was in this respect as much at a Loss, and in as great Distress as the rest of Mankind.
Some learned Men look upon this Conclusion as a Prediction of our Saviour, or at least that Socrates, like the High-Priest, [4] prophesied unknowingly, and pointed at that Divine Teacher who was to come into the World some Ages after him. However that may be, we find that this great Philosopher saw, by the Light of Reason, that it was suitable to the Goodness of the Divine Nature, to send a Person into the World who should instruct Mankind in the Duties of Religion, and, in particular, teach them how to Pray.
Whoever reads this Abstract of Plato’s Discourse on Prayer, will, I believe, naturally make this Reflection, That the great Founder of our Religion, as well by his own Example, as in the Form of Prayer which he taught his Disciples, did not only keep up to those Rules which the Light of Nature had suggested to this great Philosopher, but instructed his Disciples in the whole Extent of this Duty, as well as of all others. He directed them to the proper Object of Adoration, and taught them, according to the third Rule above-mentioned, to apply themselves to him in their Closets, without Show or Ostentation, and to worship him in Spirit and in Truth. As the Lacedemonians in their Form of Prayer implored the Gods in general to give them all good things so long as they were virtuous, we ask in particular that our Offences may be forgiven, as we forgive those of others. If we look into the second Rule which Socrates has prescribed, namely, That we should apply ourselves to the Knowledge of such Things as are best for us,
this too is explain’d at large in the Doctrines of the Gospel, where we are taught in several Instances to regard those things as Curses, which appear as Blessings in the Eye of the World; and on the contrary, to esteem those things as Blessings, which to the Generality of Mankind appear as Curses. Thus in the Form which is prescribed to us we only pray for that Happiness which is our chief Good, and the great End of our Existence, when we petition the Supreme Being for the coming of his Kingdom, being solicitous for no other temporal Blessings but our daily Sustenance. On the other side, We pray against nothing but Sin, and against Evil in general, leaving it with Omniscience to determine what is really such. If we look into the first of Socrates his Rules of Prayer, in which he recommends the above-mentioned Form of the ancient Poet, we find that Form not only comprehended, but very much improved in the Petition, wherein we pray to the Supreme Being that his Will may be done: which is of the same Force with that Form which our Saviour used, when he prayed against the most painful and most ignominious of Deaths, Nevertheless not my Will, but thine be done. This comprehensive Petition is the most humble, as well as the most prudent, that can be offered up from the Creature to his Creator, as it supposes the Supreme Being wills nothing but what is for our Good, and that he knows better than ourselves what is so.
[Footnote 1: [having received], and in first reprint.]
[Footnote 2: Iliad, viii. 548, 9.]
[Footnote 3: Iliad, v. 127.]
[Footnote 4: John xi. 49.]
No. 208. Monday, October 29, 1711. Steele.
—Veniunt spectentur ut ipsae.
Ov.[1]
I have several Letters of People of good Sense, who lament the Depravity or Poverty of Taste the Town is fallen into with relation to Plays and publick Spectacles. A Lady in particular observes, that there is such a Levity in the Minds of her own Sex, that they seldom attend any thing but Impertinences. It is indeed prodigious to observe how little Notice is taken of the most exalted Parts of the best Tragedies in Shakespear; nay, it is not only visible that Sensuality has devoured all Greatness of Soul, but the Under-Passion (as I may so call it) of a noble Spirit, Pity, seems to be a Stranger to the Generality of an Audience. The Minds of Men are indeed very differently disposed; and the Reliefs from Care and Attention are of one Sort in a great Spirit, and of another in an ordinary one. The Man of a great Heart and a serious Complexion, is more pleased with Instances of Generosity and Pity, than the light and ludicrous Spirit can possibly be with the highest Strains of Mirth and Laughter: It is therefore a melancholy Prospect when we see a numerous Assembly lost to all
serious Entertainments, and such Incidents, as should move one sort of Concern, excite in them a quite contrary one. In the Tragedy of Macbeth, the other Night, [2] when the Lady who is conscious of the Crime of murdering the King, seems utterly astonished at the News, and makes an Exclamation at it, instead of the Indignation which is natural to the Occasion, that Expression is received with a loud Laugh: They were as merry when a Criminal was stabbed. It is certainly an Occasion of rejoycing when the Wicked are seized in their Designs; but I think it is not such a Triumph as is exerted by Laughter.
You may generally observe, that the Appetites are sooner moved than the Passions: A sly Expression which alludes to Bawdry, puts a whole Row into a pleasing Smirk; when a good Sentence that describes an inward Sentiment of the Soul, is received with the greatest Coldness and Indifference. A Correspondent of mine, upon this Subject, has divided the Female Part of the Audience, and accounts for their Prepossession against this reasonable Delight in the following Manner. The Prude, says he, as she acts always in Contradiction, so she is gravely sullen at a Comedy, and extravagantly gay at a Tragedy. The Coquette is so much taken up with throwing her Eyes around the Audience, and considering the Effect of them, that she cannot be expected to observe the Actors but as they are her Rivals, and take off the Observation of the Men from her self. Besides these Species of Women, there are the Examples, or the first of the Mode: These are to be supposed too well acquainted with what the Actor was going to say to be moved at it. After these one might mention a certain flippant Set of Females who are Mimicks, and are wonderfully diverted with the Conduct of all the People around them, and are Spectators only of the Audience. But what is of all the most to be lamented, is the Loss of a Party whom it would be worth preserving in their right Senses upon all Occasions, and these are those whom we may indifferently call the Innocent or the Unaffected. You may sometimes see one of these sensibly touched with a well-wrought Incident; but then she is immediately so impertinently observed by the Men, and frowned at by some insensible Superior of her own Sex, that she is ashamed, and loses the Enjoyment of the most laudable Concern, Pity. Thus the whole Audience is afraid of letting fall a Tear, and shun as a Weakness the best and worthiest Part of our Sense.
[Sidenote: Pray settle what is to be a proper Notification of a
Persons being in Town, and how that differs according to Peoples
Quality.]
As you are one that doth not only pretend to reform, but effects it amongst People of any Sense; makes me (who are one of the greatest of your Admirers) give you this Trouble to desire you will settle the Method of us Females knowing when one another is in Town: For they have now got a Trick of never sending to their Acquaintance when they first come; and if one does not visit them within the Week which they stay at home, it is a mortal Quarrel. Now, dear Mr. SPEC, either command them to put it in the Advertisement of your Paper, which is generally read by our Sex, or else order them to breathe their saucy Footmen (who are good for nothing else) by sending them to tell all their Acquaintance. If you think to print this, pray put it into a better Style as to the spelling Part. The Town is now filling every Day, and it cannot be deferred, because People take Advantage of one another by this Means and break off Acquaintance, and are rude: Therefore pray put this in your Paper as soon as you can possibly, to prevent any future Miscarriages of this Nature. I am, as I ever shall be,
Dear SPEC, Your most obedient Humble Servant, Mary Meanwell.
October the 20th.
I have been out of Town, so did not meet with your Paper dated September the 28th, wherein you, to my Hearts Desire, expose that cursed Vice of ensnaring poor young Girls, and drawing them from their Friends. I assure you without Flattery it has saved a Prentice of mine from Ruin; and in Token of Gratitude as well as for the Benefit of my Family, I have put it in a Frame and Glass, and hung it behind my Counter. I shall take Care to make my young ones read it every Morning, to fortify them against such pernicious Rascals. I know not whether what you writ was Matter of Fact, or your own Invention; but this I will take my Oath on, the first Part is so exactly like what happened to my Prentice, that had I read your Paper then, I should have taken your Method to have secured a Villain. Go on and prosper.
Your most obliged Humble Servant,
Without Raillery, I desire you to insert this Word for Word in your next, as you value a Lovers Prayers. You see it is an Hue and Cry after a stray Heart (with the Marks and Blemishes underwritten) which whoever shall bring to you, shall receive Satisfaction. Let me beg of you not to fail, as you remember the Passion you had for her to whom you lately ended a Paper.
Noble, Generous, Great, and Good,
But never to be understood;
Fickle as the Wind, still changing,
After every Female ranging,
Panting, trembling, sighing, dying,
But addicted much to Lying:
When the Siren Songs repeats,
Equal Measures still it beats;
Who-e’er shall wear it, it will smart her,
And who-e’er takes it, takes a Tartar.
[Footnote 1: Spectaret Populum ludis attentius ipsis.-Hor.]
[Footnote 2: Acted Saturday, October 20.]
[Greek: Gynaikos oudi chraem anaer laeizetai
Esthlaes ameinon, oude rhigion kakaes.]
Simonides.
There are no Authors I am more pleased with than those who shew human Nature in a Variety of Views, and describe the several Ages of the World in their different Manners. A Reader cannot be more rationally entertained, than by comparing the Virtues and Vices of his own Times with those which prevailed in the Times of his Forefathers; and drawing a Parallel in his Mind between his own private Character, and that of other Persons, whether of his own Age, or of the Ages that went before him. The Contemplation of Mankind under these changeable Colours, is apt to shame us out of any particular Vice, or animate us to any particular Virtue, to make us pleased or displeased with our selves in the most proper Points, to clear our Minds of Prejudice and Prepossession, and rectify that Narrowness of Temper which inclines us to think amiss of those who differ from our selves.
If we look into the Manners of the most remote Ages of the World, we discover human Nature in her Simplicity; and the more we come downwards towards our own Times, may observe her hiding herself in Artifices and Refinements, Polished insensibly out of her Original Plainness, and at length entirely lost under Form and Ceremony, and (what we call) good Breeding. Read the Accounts of Men and Women as they are given us by the most ancient Writers, both Sacred and Prophane, and you would think you were reading the History of another Species.
Among the Writers of Antiquity, there are none who instruct us more openly in the Manners of their respective Times in which they lived, than those who have employed themselves in Satyr, under what Dress soever it may appear; as there are no other Authors whose Province it is to enter so directly into the Ways of Men, and set their Miscarriages in so strong a Light.
Simonides,[1] a Poet famous in his Generation, is, I think, Author of the oldest Satyr that is now extant; and, as some say, of the first that was ever written. This Poet flourished about four hundred Years after the Siege of Troy; and shews, by his way of Writing, the Simplicity, or rather Coarseness, of the Age in which he lived. I have taken notice, in my Hundred and sixty first Speculation, that the Rule of observing what the French call the bienseance, in an Allusion, has been found out of later Years; and that the Ancients, provided there was a Likeness in their Similitudes, did not much trouble themselves about the Decency of the Comparison. The Satyr or Iambicks of Simonides, with which
I shall entertain my Readers in the present Paper, are a remarkable Instance of what I formerly advanced. The Subject of this Satyr is Woman. He describes the Sex in their several Characters, which he derives to them from a fanciful Supposition raised upon the Doctrine of Praeexistence. He tells us, That the Gods formed the Souls of Women out of those Seeds and Principles which compose several Kinds of Animals and Elements; and that their Good or Bad Dispositions arise in them according as such and such Seeds and Principles predominate in their Constitutions. I have translated the Author very faithfully, and if not Word for Word (which our Language would not bear) at least so as to comprehend every one of his Sentiments, without adding any thing of my own. I have already apologized for this Authors Want of Delicacy, and must further premise, That the following Satyr affects only some of the lower part of the Sex, and not those who have been refined by a Polite Education, which was not so common in the Age of this Poet.
In the Beginning God made the Souls of Womankind out of different
Materials, and in a separate State from their Bodies.
The Souls of one Kind of Women were formed out of those Ingredients which compose a Swine. A Woman of this Make is a Slut in her House and a Glutton at her Table. She is uncleanly in her Person, a Slattern in her Dress, and her Family is no better than a Dunghill.
A Second Sort of Female Soul was formed out of the same Materials that enter into the Composition of a Fox. Such an one is what we call a notable discerning Woman, who has an Insight into every thing, whether it be good or bad. In this Species of Females there are some Virtuous and some Vicious.
A Third Kind of Women were made up of Canine Particles. These are what we commonly call Scolds, who imitate the Animals of which they were taken, that are always busy and barking, that snarl at every one who comes in their Way, and live in perpetual Clamour.
The Fourth Kind of Women were made out of the Earth. These are your Sluggards, who pass away their Time in Indolence and Ignorance, hover over the Fire a whole Winter, and apply themselves with Alacrity to no kind of Business but Eating.
The Fifth Species of Females were made out of the Sea. These are Women of variable uneven Tempers, sometimes all Storm and Tempest, sometimes all Calm and Sunshine. The Stranger who sees one of these in her Smiles and Smoothness would cry her up for a Miracle of good Humour; but on a sudden her Looks and her Words are changed, she is nothing but Fury and Outrage, Noise and Hurricane.
The Sixth Species were made up of the Ingredients which compose an Ass, or a Beast of Burden. These are naturally exceeding slothful, but, upon the Husbands exerting his Authority, will
live upon hard Fare, and do every thing to please him. They are however far from being averse to Venereal Pleasure, and seldom refuse a Male Companion.
The Cat furnished Materials for a Seventh Species of Women, who are of a melancholy, froward, unamiable Nature, and so repugnant to the Offers of Love, that they fly in the Face of their Husband when he approaches them with conjugal Endearments. This Species of Women are likewise subject to little Thefts, Cheats and Pilferings.
The Mare with a flowing Mane, which was never broke to any servile Toil and Labour, composed an Eighth Species of Women. These are they who have little Regard for their Husbands, who pass away their Time in Dressing, Bathing, and Perfuming; who throw their Hair into the nicest Curls, and trick it up with the fairest Flowers and Garlands. A Woman of this Species is a very pretty Thing for a Stranger to look upon, but very detrimental to the Owner, unless it be a King or Prince who takes a Fancy to such a Toy.
The Ninth Species of Females were taken out of the Ape. These are such as are both ugly and ill-natured, who have nothing beautiful in themselves, and endeavour to detract from or ridicule every thing which appears so in others.
The Tenth and last Species of Women were made out of the Bee; and happy is the Man who gets such an one for his Wife. She is altogether faultless and unblameable; her Family flourishes and improves by her good Management. She loves her Husband, and is beloved by him. She brings him a Race of beautiful and virtuous Children. She distinguishes her self among her Sex. She is surrounded with Graces. She never sits among the loose Tribe of Women, nor passes away her Time with them in wanton Discourses. She is full of Virtue and Prudence, and is the best Wife that Jupiter can bestow on Man.
I shall conclude these Iambicks with the Motto of this Paper, which is a Fragment of the same Author: A Man cannot possess any Thing that is better than a good Woman, nor any thing that is worse than a bad one.
As the Poet has shewn a great Penetration in this Diversity of Female Characters, he has avoided the Fault which Juvenal and Monsieur Boileau are guilty of, the former in his sixth, and the other in his last Satyr, where they have endeavoured to expose the Sex in general, without doing Justice to the valuable Part of it. Such levelling Satyrs are of no Use to the World, and for this Reason I have often wondered how the French Author above-mentioned, who was a Man of exquisite Judgment, and a Lover of Virtue, could think human Nature a proper Subject for Satyr in another of his celebrated Pieces, which is called The Satyr upon Man. What Vice or Frailty can a Discourse correct, which censures the whole Species alike, and endeavours to shew by some Superficial Strokes of Wit, that Brutes are the more excellent Creatures of the two? A Satyr should expose nothing but what is corrigible, and make a due Discrimination between those who are, and those who are not the proper Objects of it.
[Footnote 1: Of the poems of Simonides, contemporary of AEschylus, only fragments remain. He died about 467 B.C.]
No. 210. Wednesday, Oct. 31, 1711. John Hughes.
Nescio quomodo inhaeret in mentibus quasi seculorum quoddam augurium
futurorum; idque in maximis ingeniis altissimisque animis et existit
maxime et apparet facillime.
Cic. Tusc. Quaest.
To the SPECTATOR.
I am fully persuaded that one of the best Springs of generous and worthy Actions, is the having generous and worthy Thoughts of our selves. Whoever has a mean Opinion of the Dignity of his Nature, will act in no higher a Rank than he has allotted himself in his own Estimation. If he considers his Being as circumscribed by the uncertain Term of a few Years, his Designs will be contracted into the same narrow Span he imagines is to bound his Existence. How can he exalt his Thoughts to any thing great and noble, who only believes that, after a short Turn on the Stage of this World, he is to sink into Oblivion, and to lose his Consciousness for ever?
For this Reason I am of Opinion, that so useful and elevated a Contemplation as that of the Souls Immortality cannot be resumed too often. There is not a more improving Exercise to the human Mind, than to be frequently reviewing its own great Privileges and Endowments; nor a more effectual Means to awaken in us an Ambition raised above low Objects and little Pursuits, than to value our selves as Heirs of Eternity.
It is a very great Satisfaction to consider the best and wisest of Mankind in all Nations and Ages, asserting, as with one Voice, this their Birthright, and to find it ratify’d by an express Revelation. At the same time if we turn our Thoughts inward upon our selves, we may meet with a kind of secret Sense concurring with the Proofs of our own Immortality.
You have, in my Opinion, raised a good presumptive Argument from the increasing Appetite the Mind has to Knowledge, and to the extending its own Faculties, which cannot be accomplished, as the more restrained Perfection of lower Creatures may, in the Limits of a short Life. I think another probable Conjecture may be raised from our Appetite to Duration it self, and from a Reflection on our Progress through the several Stages of it: We are complaining, as you observe in a former Speculation, of the Shortness of Life, and yet are perpetually hurrying over the Parts of it, to arrive at certain little Settlements, or imaginary Points of Rest, which are dispersed up and down in it.
Now let us consider what happens to us when we arrive at these imaginary Points of Rest: Do we stop our Motion, and sit down satisfied in
the Settlement we have gain’d? or are we not removing the Boundary, and marking out new Points of Rest, to which we press forward with the like Eagerness, and which cease to be such as fast as we attain them? Our Case is like that of a Traveller upon the Alps, who should fancy that the Top of the next Hill must end his Journey, because it terminates his Prospect; but he no sooner arrives as it, than he sees new Ground and other Hills beyond it, and continues to travel on as before. [1]
This is so plainly every Man’s Condition in Life, that there is no one who has observed any thing, but may observe, that as fast as his Time wears away, his Appetite to something future remains. The Use therefore I would make of it is this, That since Nature (as some love to express it) does nothing in vain, or, to speak properly, since the Author of our Being has planted no wandering Passion in it, no Desire which has not its Object, Futurity is the proper Object of the Passion so constantly exercis’d about it; and this Restlessness in the present, this assigning our selves over to further Stages of Duration, this successive grasping at somewhat still to come, appears to me (whatever it may to others) as a kind of Instinct or natural Symptom which the Mind of Man has of its own Immortality.
I take it at the same time for granted, that the Immortality of the Soul is sufficiently established by other Arguments: And if so, this Appetite, which otherwise would be very unaccountable and absurd, seems very reasonable, and adds Strength to the Conclusion. But I am amazed when I consider there are Creatures capable of Thought, who, in spite of every Argument, can form to themselves a sullen Satisfaction in thinking otherwise. There is something so pitifully mean in the inverted Ambition of that Man who can hope for Annihilation, and please himself to think that his whole Fabrick shall one Day crumble into Dust, and mix with the Mass of inanimate Beings, that it equally deserves our Admiration and Pity. The Mystery of such Mens Unbelief is not hard to be penetrated; and indeed amounts to nothing more than a sordid Hope that they shall not be immortal, because they dare not be so.
This brings me back to my first Observation, and gives me Occasion to say further, That as worthy Actions spring from worthy Thoughts, so worthy Thoughts are likewise the Consequence of worthy Actions: But the Wretch who has degraded himself below the Character of Immortality, is very willing to resign his Pretensions to it, and to substitute in its Room a dark negative Happiness in the Extinction of his Being.
The admirable Shakespear has given us a strong Image of the unsupported Condition of such a Person in his last Minutes, in the second Part of King Henry the Sixth, where Cardinal Beaufort, who had been concerned in the Murder of the good Duke Humphrey, is represented
on his Death-bed. After some short confused Speeches which shew an Imagination disturbed with Guilt, just as he is expiring, King Henry standing by him full of Compassion, says,
Lord Cardinal! if thou thinkst on Heavens Bliss,
Hold up thy Hand, make Signal of that Hope!
He dies, and makes no Sign!—
The Despair which is here shewn, without a Word or Action on the Part
of the dying Person, is beyond what could be painted by the most
forcible Expressions whatever.
I shall not pursue this Thought further, but only add, That as Annihilation is not to be had with a Wish, so it is the most abject Thing in the World to wish it. What are Honour, Fame, Wealth, or Power when compared with the generous Expectation of a Being without End, and a Happiness adequate to that Being?
I shall trouble you no further; but with a certain Gravity which these Thoughts have given me, I reflect upon some Things People say of you, (as they will of Men who distinguish themselves) which I hope are not true; and wish you as good a Man as you are an Author.
I am, SIR, Your most obedient humble Servant, T. D.
[Footnote 1:
Hills peep o’er Hills, and Alps on Alps arise.
Popes Essay on Criticism, then newly published.]
No. 211 Thursday, November 1, 1711. Addison.
Fictis meminerit nos jocari Fabulis.
Phaed.
Having lately translated the Fragment of an old Poet which describes Womankind under several Characters, and supposes them to have drawn their different Manners and Dispositions from those Animals and Elements out of which he tells us they were compounded; I had some Thoughts of giving the Sex their Revenge, by laying together in another Paper the many vicious Characters which prevail in the Male World, and shewing the different Ingredients that go to the making up of such different Humours and Constitutions. Horace has a Thought [1] which is something akin to this, when, in order to excuse himself to his Mistress, for an Invective which he had written against her, and to account for that unreasonable Fury with which the Heart of Man is often transported, he tells us that, when Prometheus made his Man of Clay, in the kneading up of his Heart, he season’d it with some furious Particles of the Lion. But upon turning this Plan to and fro in my Thoughts, I observed so many unaccountable Humours in Man, that I did not know out of what Animals to fetch them. Male Souls are diversify’d with so many Characters, that the World has not Variety of Materials sufficient to furnish out their different Tempers and Inclinations. The Creation, with all its Animals and Elements, would not be large enough to supply their several Extravagancies.
Instead therefore of pursuing the Thought of Simonides, I shall observe, that as he has exposed the vicious Part of Women from the Doctrine of Praeexistence, some of the ancient Philosophers have, in a manner, satirized the vicious Part of the human Species in general, from a Notion of the Souls Postexistence, if I may so call it; and that as Simonides describes Brutes entering into the Composition of Women, others have represented human Souls as entering into Brutes. This is commonly termed the Doctrine of Transmigration, which supposes that human Souls, upon their leaving the Body, become the Souls of such Kinds of Brutes as they most resemble in their Manners; or to give an Account of it as Mr. Dryden has described it in his Translation of Pythagoras his Speech in the fifteenth Book of Ovid, where that Philosopher dissuades his Hearers from eating Flesh:
Thus all things are but alter’d, nothing dies,
And here and there th’ unbody’d Spirit flies:
By Time, or Force, or Sickness dispossess’d,
And lodges where it lights, in Bird or Beast,
Or hunts without till ready Limbs it find,
And actuates those according to their Kind:
From Tenement to Tenement is toss’d:
The Soul is still the same, the Figure only lost.
Then let not Piety be put to Flight,
To please the Taste of Glutton-Appetite;
But suffer inmate Souls secure to dwell,
Lest from their Seats your Parents you expel;
With rabid Hunger feed upon your Kind,
Or from a Beast dislodge a Brothers Mind.
Plato in the Vision of Erus the Armenian, which I may possibly make the Subject of a future Speculation, records some beautiful Transmigrations; as that the Soul of Orpheus, who was musical, melancholy, and a Woman-hater, entered into a Swan; the Soul of Ajax, which was all Wrath and Fierceness, into a Lion; the Soul of Agamemnon, that was rapacious and imperial, into an Eagle; and the Soul of Thersites, who was a Mimick and a Buffoon, into a Monkey. [2]
Mr. Congreve, in a Prologue to one of his Comedies, [3] has touch’d upon this Doctrine with great Humour.
Thus_ Aristotle’s Soul of old that was,
May now be damn’d to animate an Ass;
Or in this very House, for ought we know,
Is doing painful Penance in some Beau.
I shall fill up this Paper with some Letters which my last Tuesdays Speculation has produced. My following Correspondents will shew, what I there observed, that the Speculation of that Day affects only the lower Part of the Sex.
From my House in the Strand, October 30, 1711.
Upon reading your Tuesdays Paper, I find by several Symptoms in my Constitution that I am a Bee. My Shop, or, if you please to call it so, my Cell, is in that great Hive of Females which goes by the Name of The New Exchange; where I am daily employed in gathering together a little Stock of Gain from the finest Flowers about the Town, I mean the Ladies and the Beaus. I have a numerous Swarm of Children, to whom I give the best Education I am able: But, Sir, it is my Misfortune to be married to a Drone, who lives upon what I get, without bringing any thing into the common Stock. Now, Sir, as on the one hand I take care not to behave myself towards him like a Wasp, so likewise I would not have him look upon me as an Humble-Bee; for which Reason I do all I can to put him upon laying up Provisions for a bad Day, and frequently represent to him the fatal Effects [his [4]] Sloth and Negligence may bring upon us in our old Age. I must beg that you will join with me in your good Advice upon this Occasion, and you will for ever oblige
Your humble Servant,
Picadilly, October 31, 1711.
I am joined in Wedlock for my Sins to one of those Fillies who are described in the old Poet with that hard Name you gave us the other Day. She has a flowing Mane, and a Skin as soft as Silk: But, Sir, she passes half her Life at her Glass, and almost ruins me in Ribbons. For my own part, I am a plain handicraft Man, and in Danger of breaking by her Laziness and Expensiveness. Pray, Master, tell me in your next Paper, whether I may not expect of her so much Drudgery as to take care of her Family, and curry her Hide in case of Refusal.
Your loving Friend,
Barnaby Brittle.
Cheapside, October 30.
I am mightily pleased with the Humour of the Cat, be so kind as to
enlarge upon that Subject.
Yours till Death,
Josiah Henpeck.
P.S. You must know I am married to a Grimalkin.
Wapping, October 31, 1711.
Ever since your Spectator of Tuesday last came into our Family, my Husband is pleased to call me his Oceana, because the foolish old Poet that you have translated says, That the Souls of some Women are made of Sea-Water. This, it seems, has encouraged my Sauce-Box to be witty upon me. When I am angry, he cries Prythee my Dear be calm; when I chide one of my Servants, Prythee Child do not bluster. He had the Impudence about an Hour ago to tell me, That he was a Sea-faring Man, and must expect to divide his Life between Storm and Sunshine. When I bestir myself with any Spirit in my Family, it is high Sea in his House; and when I sit still without doing any thing, his Affairs forsooth
are Wind-bound. When I ask him whether it rains, he makes Answer, It is no Matter, so that it be fair Weather within Doors. In short, Sir, I cannot speak my Mind freely to him, but I either swell or rage, or do something that is not fit for a civil Woman to hear. Pray, Mr. SPECTATOR, since you are so sharp upon other Women, let us know what Materials your Wife is made of, if you have one. I suppose you would make us a Parcel of poor-spirited tame insipid Creatures; but, Sir, I would have you to know, we have as good Passions in us as your self, and that a Woman was never designed to be a Milk-Sop.
MARTHA TEMPEST.
[Footnote 1: Odes, I. 16. ]
[Footnote 2: In the Timaeus Plato derives woman and all the animals from man, by successive degradations. Cowardly or unjust men are born again as women. Light, airy, and superficial men, who carried their minds aloft without the use of reason, are the materials for making birds, the hair being transmuted into feathers and wings. From men wholly without philosophy, who never looked heavenward, the more brutal land animals are derived, losing the round form of the cranium by the slackening and stopping of the rotations of the encephalic soul. Feet are given to these according to the degree of their stupidity, to multiply approximations to the earth; and the dullest become reptiles who drag the whole length of their bodies on the ground. Out of the very stupidest of men come those animals which are not judged worthy to live at all upon earth and breathe this air, these men become fishes, and the creatures who breathe nothing but turbid water, fixed at the lowest depths and almost motionless, among the mud. By such transitions, he says, the different races of animals passed originally and still pass into each other.]
[Footnote 3: In the Epilogue to Love for Love.]
[Footnote 4: that his]
No. 212. Friday, November 2, 1711. Steele.
—Eripe turpi
Colla jugo, liber, liber dic, sum age—
I Never look upon my dear Wife, but I think of the Happiness Sir ROGER DE COVERLEY enjoys, in having such a Friend as you to expose in proper Colours the Cruelty and Perverseness of his Mistress. I have very often wished you visited in our Family, and were acquainted with my Spouse; she would afford you for some Months at least Matter enough for one Spectator a Week. Since we are not so happy as to be of your Acquaintance, give me leave to represent to you our present Circumstances as well as I can in Writing. You are to know then that I am not of a very different Constitution from Nathaniel Henroost, whom you have lately recorded in your Speculations; and have a Wife who makes a more tyrannical
Use of the Knowledge of my easy Temper than that Lady ever pretended to. We had not been a Month married, when she found in me a certain Pain to give Offence, and an Indolence that made me bear little Inconveniences rather than dispute about them. From this Observation it soon came to that pass, that if I offered to go abroad, she would get between me and the Door, kiss me, and say she could not part with me; and then down again I sat. In a Day or two after this first pleasant Step towards confining me, she declared to me, that I was all the World to her, and she thought she ought to be all the World to me. If, she said, my Dear loves me as much as I love him, he will never be tired of my Company. This Declaration was followed by my being denied to all my Acquaintance; and it very soon came to that pass, that to give an Answer at the Door before my Face, the Servants would ask her whether I was within or not; and she would answer No with great Fondness, and tell me I was a good Dear. I will not enumerate more little Circumstances to give you a livelier Sense of my Condition; but tell you in general, that from such Steps as these at first, I now live the Life of a Prisoner of State; my Letters are opened, and I have not the Use of Pen, Ink and Paper, but in her Presence. I never go abroad, except she sometimes takes me with her in her Coach to take the Air, if it may be called so, when we drive, as we generally do, with the Glasses up. I have overheard my Servants lament my Condition, but they dare not bring me Messages without her Knowledge, because they doubt my Resolution to stand by em. In the midst of this insipid Way of Life, an old Acquaintance of mine, Tom Meggot, who is a Favourite with her, and allowed to visit me in her Company because he sings prettily, has roused me to rebel, and conveyed his Intelligence to me in the following Manner. My Wife is a great Pretender to Musick, and very ignorant of it; but far gone in the Italian Taste. Tom goes to Armstrong, the famous fine Writer of Musick, and desires him to put this Sentence of Tully [1] in the Scale of an Italian Air, and write it out for my Spouse from him. An ille mihi liber cui mulier imperat? Cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat quod videtur? Qui nihil imperanti negare, nihil recusare audet? Poscit? dandum est. Vocat? veniendum. Ejicit? abeundum. Minitatur? extimiscendum. Does he live like a Gentleman who is commanded by a Woman? He to whom she gives Law, grants and denies what she pleases? who can neither deny her any thing she asks, or refuse to do any thing she commands?
To be short, my Wife was extremely pleased with it; said the Italian was the only Language for Musick; and admired how wonderfully tender the Sentiment was, and how pretty the Accent is of that Language, with the rest that is said by Rote on that Occasion. Mr. Meggot is sent for to sing this Air, which he performs with mighty Applause;
and my Wife is in Ecstasy on the Occasion, and glad to find, by my being so much pleased, that I was at last come into the Notion of the Italian; for, said she, it grows upon one when one once comes to know a little of the Language; and pray, Mr. Meggot, sing again those Notes, Nihil Imperanti negare, nihil recusare. You may believe I was not a little delighted with my Friend Toms Expedient to alarm me, and in Obedience to his Summons I give all this Story thus at large; and I am resolved, when this appears in the Spectator, to declare for my self. The manner of the Insurrection I contrive by your Means, which shall be no other than that Tom Meggot, who is at our Tea-table every Morning, shall read it to us; and if my Dear can take the Hint, and say not one Word, but let this be the Beginning of a new Life without farther Explanation, it is very well; for as soon as the Spectator is read out, I shall, without more ado, call for the Coach, name the Hour when I shall be at home, if I come at all; if I do not, they may go to Dinner. If my Spouse only swells and says nothing, Tom and I go out together, and all is well, as I said before; but if she begins to command or expostulate, you shall in my next to you receive a full Account of her Resistance and Submission, for submit the dear thing must to,
Your most obedient humble Servant,
Anthony Freeman.
P. S. I hope I need not tell you that I desire this may be in your
very next.
[Footnote 1: Paradox V. on the Thesis that All who are wise are Free, and the fools Slaves.]
No. 213. Saturday, November 3, 1711. Addison.
—Mens sibi conscia recti.
Virg.
It is the great Art and Secret of Christianity, if I may use that Phrase, to manage our Actions to the best Advantage, and direct them in such a manner, that every thing we do may turn to Account at that great Day, when every thing we have done will be set before us.
In order to give this Consideration its full Weight, we may cast all our Actions under the Division of such as are in themselves either Good, Evil, or Indifferent. If we divide our Intentions after the same Manner, and consider them with regard to our Actions, we may discover that great Art and Secret of Religion which I have here mentioned.
A good Intention joined to a good Action, gives it its proper Force and Efficacy; joined to an Evil Action, extenuates its Malignity, and in some Cases may take it wholly away; and joined to an indifferent Action turns it to a Virtue, and makes it meritorious as far as human Actions can be so.
In the next Place, to consider in the same manner the Influence of an Evil Intention upon our Actions. An Evil Intention perverts the best of Actions, and makes them in reality, what the Fathers with a witty kind of Zeal have termed the Virtues of the Heathen World, so many shining Sins. It destroys the Innocence of an indifferent Action, and gives an evil Action all possible Blackness and Horror, or in the emphatical Language of Sacred Writ, makes Sin exceeding sinful. [1]
If, in the last Place, we consider the Nature of an indifferent Intention, we shall find that it destroys the Merit of a good Action; abates, but never takes away, the Malignity of an evil Action; and leaves an indifferent Action in its natural State of Indifference.
It is therefore of unspeakable Advantage to possess our Minds with an habitual good Intention, and to aim all our Thoughts, Words, and Actions at some laudable End, whether it be the Glory of our Maker, the Good of Mankind, or the Benefit of our own Souls.
This is a sort of Thrift or Good-Husbandry in moral Life, which does not throw away any single Action, but makes every one go as far as it can. It multiplies the Means of Salvation, increases the Number of our Virtues, and diminishes that of our Vices.
There is something very devout, though not solid, in Acosta’s Answer to Limborch, [2] who objects to him the Multiplicity of Ceremonies in the Jewish Religion, as Washings, Dresses, Meats, Purgations, and the like. The Reply which the Jew makes upon this Occasion, is, to the best of my Remembrance, as follows: There are not Duties enough (says he) in the essential Parts of the Law for a zealous and active Obedience. Time, Place, and Person are requisite, before you have an Opportunity of putting a Moral Virtue into Practice. We have, therefore, says he, enlarged the Sphere of our Duty, and made many Things, which are in themselves indifferent, a Part of our Religion, that we may have more Occasions of shewing our Love to God, and in all the Circumstances of Life be doing something to please him.
Monsieur St. Evremond has endeavoured to palliate the Superstitions of the Roman Catholick Religion with the same kind of Apology, where he pretends to consider the differing Spirit of the Papists and the Calvinists, as to the great Points wherein they disagree. He tells us, that the former are actuated by Love, and the other by Fear; and that in their Expressions of Duty and Devotion towards the Supreme Being, the former seem particularly careful to do every thing which may possibly please him, and the other to abstain from every thing which may possibly displease him. [3]
But notwithstanding this plausible Reason with which both the Jew and the Roman Catholick would excuse their respective Superstitions, it is certain there is something in them very pernicious to Mankind, and destructive to Religion; because the Injunction of superfluous Ceremonies makes such Actions Duties, as were before indifferent, and by that means renders Religion more burdensome and difficult than it is in its own Nature, betrays many into Sins of Omission which they could not otherwise be guilty of, and fixes the Minds of the Vulgar to the shadowy unessential Points, instead of the more weighty and more important Matters of the Law.
This zealous and active Obedience however takes place in the great Point we are recommending; for, if, instead of prescribing to our selves indifferent Actions as Duties, we apply a good Intention to all our most indifferent Actions, we make our very Existence one continued Act of Obedience, we turn our Diversions and Amusements to our eternal Advantage, and are pleasing him (whom we are made to please) in all the Circumstances and Occurrences of Life.
It is this excellent Frame of Mind, this holy Officiousness (if I may be allowed to call it such) which is recommended to us by the Apostle in that uncommon Precept, wherein he directs us to propose to ourselves the Glory of our Creator in all our most indifferent Actions, whether we eat or drink, or whatsoever we do. [4]
A Person therefore who is possessed with such an habitual good Intention, as that which I have been here speaking of, enters upon no single Circumstance of Life, without considering it as well-pleasing to the great Author of his Being, conformable to the Dictates of Reason, suitable to human Nature in general, or to that particular Station in which Providence has placed him. He lives in a perpetual Sense of the Divine Presence, regards himself as acting, in the whole Course of his Existence, under the Observation and Inspection of that Being, who is privy to all his Motions and all his Thoughts, who knows all his Down-sitting and his Up-rising, who is about his Path, and about his Bed, and spieth out all his Ways. [5] In a word, he remembers that the Eye of his Judge is always upon him, and in every Action he reflects that he is doing what is commanded or allowed by Him who will hereafter either reward or punish it. This was the Character of those holy Men of old, who in that beautiful Phrase of Scripture are said to have walked with God?. [6]
When I employ myself upon a Paper of Morality, I generally consider how I may recommend the particular Virtue which I treat of, by the Precepts or Examples of the ancient Heathens; by that Means, if possible, to shame those who have greater Advantages of knowing their Duty, and therefore greater Obligations to perform it, into a better Course of Life; Besides that many among us are unreasonably disposed to give a fairer hearing to a Pagan Philosopher, than to a Christian Writer.
I shall therefore produce an Instance of this excellent Frame of Mind in a Speech of Socrates, which is quoted by Erasmus.
This great Philosopher on the Day of his Execution, a little before the Draught of Poison was brought to him, entertaining his Friends with a Discourse on the Immortality of the Soul, has these Words: Whether or no God will approve of my Actions, I know not; but this I am sure of, that I have at all Times made it my Endeavour to please him, and I have a good Hope that this my Endeavour will be accepted by him. We find in these Words of that great Man the habitual good Intention which I would here inculcate, and with which that divine Philosopher always acted. I shall only add, that Erasmus, who was an unbigotted Roman Catholick, was so much transported with this Passage of Socrates, that he could scarce forbear looking upon him as a Saint, and desiring him to pray for him; or as that ingenious and learned Writer has expressed himself in a much more lively manner: When I reflect on such a Speech pronounced by such a Person, I can scarce forbear crying out, Sancte Socrates, ora pro nobis: O holy Socrates, pray for us. [7]
[Footnote 1: Rom. vii. 16.]
[Footnote 2: Arnica Collatio de Veritate Relig. Christ. cum Erudito Judaeo, published in 1687, by Philippe de Limborch, who was eminent as a professor of Theology at Amsterdam from 1667 until his death, in 1712, at the age of 79. But the learned Jew was the Spanish Physician Isaac Orobio, who was tortured for three years in the prisons of the Inquisition on a charge of Judaism. He admitted nothing, was therefore set free, and left Spain for Toulouse, where he practised physic and passed as a Catholic until he settled at Amsterdam. There he made profession of the Jewish faith, and died in the year of the publication of Limborchs friendly discussion with him.
The Uriel Acosta, with whom Addison confounds Orobio, was a gentleman of Oporto who had embraced Judaism, and, leaving Portugal, had also gone to Amsterdam. There he was circumcised, but was persecuted by the Jews themselves, and eventually whipped in the synagogue for attempting reformation of the Jewish usages, in which, he said, tradition had departed from the law of Moses. He took his thirty-nine lashes, recanted, and lay across the threshold of the synagogue for all his brethren to walk over him. Afterwards he endeavoured to shoot his principal enemy, but his pistol missed fire. He had another about him, and with that he shot himself. This happened about the year 1640, when Limborch was but a child of six or seven.]
[Footnote 3: Sur la Religion. OEuvres (Ed. 1752), Vol. III. pp. 267, 268.]
[Footnote 4: I Cor. x. 31.]
[Footnote 5: Psalm cxxxix. 2, 3.]
[Footnote 6: Genesis v.22; vi. 9]
[Footnote 7: Erasm. Apophthegm. Bk. III.]
No. 214. Monday, November 5, 1711. Steele.
Perierunt tempora longi
Servitii
Juv. [1]
I did some time ago lay before the World the unhappy Condition of the trading Part of Mankind, who suffer by want of Punctuality in the Dealings of Persons above them; but there is a Set of Men who are much more the Objects of Compassion than even those, and these are the Dependants on great Men, whom they are pleased to take under their Protection as such as are to share in their Friendship and Favour. These indeed, as well from the Homage that is accepted from them, as the hopes which are given to them, are become a Sort of Creditors; and these Debts, being Debts of Honour, ought, according to the accustomed Maxim, to be first discharged.
When I speak of Dependants, I would not be understood to mean those who are worthless in themselves, or who, without any Call, will press into the Company of their Betters. Nor, when I speak of Patrons, do I mean those who either have it not in their Power, or have no Obligation to assist their Friends; but I speak of such Leagues where there is Power and Obligation on the one Part, and Merit and Expectation on the other.
The Division of Patron and Client, may, I believe, include a Third of our Nation; the Want of Merit and real Worth in the Client, will strike out about Ninety-nine in a Hundred of these; and the Want of Ability in Patrons, as many of that Kind. But however, I must beg leave to say, that he who will take up anothers Time and Fortune in his Service, though he has no Prospect of rewarding his Merit towards him, is as unjust in his Dealings as he who takes up Goods of a Tradesman without Intention or Ability to pay him. Of the few of the Class which I think fit to consider, there are not two in ten who succeed, insomuch that I know a Man of good Sense who put his Son to a Blacksmith, tho an Offer was made him of his being received as a Page to a Man of Quality.[2] There are not more Cripples come out of the Wars than there are from those great Services; some through Discontent lose their Speech, some their Memories, others their Senses or their Lives; and I seldom see a Man thoroughly discontented, but I conclude he has had the Favour of some great Man. I have known of such as have been for twenty Years together within a Month of a good Employment, but never arrived at the Happiness of being possessed of any thing.
There is nothing more ordinary, than that a Man who is got into a considerable Station, shall immediately alter his manner of treating all his Friends, and from that Moment he is to deal with you as if he were your Fate. You are no longer to be consulted, even in Matters which concern your self, but your Patron is of a Species above you, and a free Communication with you is not to be expected. This perhaps may be your Condition all the while he bears Office, and when that is at an End, you are as intimate as ever you were, and he will take it very ill if you keep the Distance he prescribed you towards him in his Grandeur. One would think this should be a Behaviour a Man could fall into with the worst Grace imaginable; but they who know the World have seen it more than once. I have often, with secret Pity, heard the same Man who has professed his Abhorrence against all Kind of passive Behaviour, lose Minutes, Hours, Days, and Years in a fruitless Attendance on one who had no Inclination to befriend him. It is very much to be regarded, that the Great have one particular Privilege above the rest of the World, of being slow in receiving Impressions of Kindness, and quick in taking Offence. The Elevation above the rest of Mankind, except in very great Minds, makes Men so giddy, that they do not see after the same Manner they did before: Thus they despise their old Friends, and strive to extend their Interests to new Pretenders. By this means it often happens, that when you come to know how you lost such an Employment, you will find the Man who got it never dreamed of it; but, forsooth, he was to be surprized into it, or perhaps sollicited to receive it. Upon such Occasions as these a Man may perhaps grow out of Humour; and if you are so, all Mankind will fall in with the Patron, and you are an Humourist and untractable if you are capable of being sour at a Disappointment: But it is the same thing, whether you do or do not resent ill Usage, you will be used after the same Manner; as some good Mothers will be sure to whip their Children till they cry, and then whip them for crying.
There are but two Ways of doing any thing with great People, and those are by making your self either considerable or agreeable: The former is not to be attained but by finding a Way to live without them, or concealing that you want them; the latter is only by falling into their Taste and Pleasures: This is of all the Employments in the World the most servile, except it happens to be of your own natural Humour. For to be agreeable to another, especially if he be above you, is not to be possessed of such Qualities and Accomplishments as should render you agreeable in your self, but such as make you agreeable in respect to him. An Imitation of his Faults, or a Compliance, if not Subservience, to his Vices, must be the Measures of your Conduct. When it comes to that, the unnatural State a Man lives in, when his Patron pleases, is ended; and his Guilt and Complaisance are objected to him, tho the Man who rejects him for his Vices was not only his Partner but Seducer. Thus the Client (like a young Woman who has given up the Innocence which made her charming) has not only lost his Time, but also the Virtue which could render him capable of resenting the Injury which is done him.
It would be endless to recount the [Tricks[3]] of turning you off from themselves to Persons who have less Power to serve you, the Art of being sorry for such an unaccountable Accident in your Behaviour, that such a one (who, perhaps, has never heard of you) opposes your Advancement; and if you have any thing more than ordinary in you, you are flattered with a Whisper, that tis no Wonder People are so slow in doing for a Man of your Talents, and the like.
After all this Treatment, I must still add the pleasantest Insolence of all, which I have once or twice seen; to wit, That when a silly Rogue has thrown away one Part in three of his Life in unprofitable Attendance, it is taken wonderfully ill that he withdraws, and is resolved to employ the rest for himself.
When we consider these things, and reflect upon so many honest Natures (which one who makes Observation of what passes, may have seen) that have miscarried by such sort of Applications, it is too melancholy a Scene to dwell upon; therefore I shall take another Opportunity to discourse of good Patrons, and distinguish such as have done their Duty to those who have depended upon them, and were not able to act without their Favour. Worthy Patrons are like Plato’s Guardian Angels, who are always doing good to their Wards; but negligent Patrons are like Epicurus’s Gods, that lie lolling on the Clouds, and instead of Blessings pour down Storms and Tempests on the Heads of those that are offering Incense to them. [4]
Dulcis inexperta cultura potentis amici,
Expertus metuit
Hor.]
[Footnote 2: A son of one of the inferior gentry received as page by a nobleman wore his lords livery, but had it of more costly materials than were used for the footmen, and was the immediate attendant of his patron, who was expected to give him a reputable start in life when he came of age. Percy notes that a lady who described to him the custom not very long after it had become obsolete, remembered her own husbands giving L500 to set up such a page in business.
[Footnote 3: [Trick]]
[Footnote 4: The Daemon or Angel which, in the doctrine of Immortality according to Socrates or Plato, had the care of each man while alive, and after death conveyed him to the general place of judgment (Phaedon, p. 130), is more properly described as a Guardian Angel than the gods of Epicurus can be said to pour storms on the heads of their worshippers. Epicurus only represented them as inactive and unconcerned with human affairs.]
No. 215. Tuesday, November 6, 1711. Addison.
—Ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes
Emollit mores, nec sinit esse feros.
Ov.
I consider an Human Soul without Education like Marble in the Quarry, which shews none of its inherent Beauties, till the Skill of the Polisher fetches out the Colours, makes the Surface shine, and discovers every ornamental Cloud, Spot, and Vein that runs through the Body of it. Education, after the same manner, when it works upon a noble Mind, draws out to View every latent Virtue and Perfection, which without such Helps are never able to make their Appearance.
If my Reader will give me leave to change the Allusion so soon upon him, I shall make use of the same Instance to illustrate the Force of Education, which Aristotle has brought to explain his Doctrine of Substantial Forms, when he tells us that a Statue lies hid in a Block of Marble; and that the Art of the statuary only clears away the superfluous Matter, and removes the Rubbish. The Figure is in the Stone, the Sculptor only finds it. What Sculpture is to a Block of Marble, Education is to a Human Soul. The Philosopher, the Saint, or the Hero, the Wise, the Good, or the Great Man, very often lie hid and concealed in a Plebeian, which a proper Education might have disinterred, and have brought to Light. I am therefore much delighted with Reading the Accounts of Savage Nations, and with contemplating those Virtues which are wild and uncultivated; to see Courage exerting it self in Fierceness, Resolution in Obstinacy, Wisdom in Cunning, Patience in Sullenness and Despair.
Mens Passions operate variously, and appear in different kinds of Actions, according as they are more or less rectified and swayed by Reason. When one hears of Negroes, who upon the Death of their Masters, or upon changing their Service, hang themselves upon the next Tree, as it frequently happens in our American Plantations, who can forbear admiring their Fidelity, though it expresses it self in so dreadful a manner? What might not that Savage Greatness of Soul which appears in these poor Wretches on many Occasions, be raised to, were it rightly cultivated? And what Colour of Excuse can there be for the Contempt with which we treat this Part of our Species; That we should not put them upon the common foot of Humanity, that we should only set an insignificant Fine upon the Man who murders them; nay, that we should, as much as in us lies, cut them off from the Prospects of Happiness in another World as well as in this, and deny them that which we look upon as the proper Means for attaining it?
Since I am engaged on this Subject, I cannot forbear mentioning a Story which I have lately heard, and which is so well attested, that I have no manner of Reason to suspect the Truth of it. I may call it a kind of wild Tragedy that passed about twelve Years ago at St. Christopher’s, one of our British Leeward Islands. The Negroes who were the persons concerned in it, were all of them the Slaves of a Gentleman who is now in England.
This Gentleman among his Negroes had a young Woman, who was look’d upon as a most extraordinary Beauty by those of her own Complexion. He had at the same time two young Fellows who were likewise Negroes and Slaves, remarkable for the Comeliness of their Persons, and for the Friendship which they bore to one another. It unfortunately happened that both of them fell in love with the Female Negro above mentioned, who would have been very glad to have taken either of them for her Husband, provided they could agree between themselves which should be the Man. But they were both so passionately in Love with her, that neither of them could think of giving her up to his Rival; and at the same time were so true to one another, that neither of them would think of gaining her without his Friends Consent. The Torments of these two Lovers were the Discourse of the Family to which they belonged, who could not forbear observing the strange Complication of Passions which perplexed the Hearts of the poor Negroes, that often dropped Expressions of the Uneasiness they underwent, and how impossible it was for either of them ever to be happy.
After a long Struggle between Love and Friendship, Truth and Jealousy, they one Day took a Walk together into a Wood, carrying their Mistress along with them: Where, after abundance of Lamentations, they stabbed her to the Heart, of which she immediately died. A Slave who was at his Work not far from the Place where this astonishing Piece of Cruelty was committed, hearing the Shrieks of the dying Person, ran to see what was the Occasion of them. He there discovered the Woman lying dead upon the Ground, with the two Negroes on each side of her, kissing the dead Corps, weeping over it, and beating their Breasts in the utmost Agonies of Grief and Despair. He immediately ran to the English Family with the News of what he had seen; who upon coming to the Place saw the Woman dead, and the two Negroes expiring by her with Wounds they had given themselves.
We see in this amazing Instance of Barbarity, what strange Disorders are bred in the minds of those Men whose Passions are not regulated by Virtue, and disciplined by Reason. Though the Action which I have recited is in it self full of Guilt and Horror, it proceeded from a Temper of Mind which might have produced very noble Fruits, had it been informed and guided by a suitable Education.
It is therefore an unspeakable Blessing to be born in those Parts of the World where Wisdom and Knowledge flourish; tho it must be confest, there are, even in these Parts, several poor uninstructed Persons, who are but little above the Inhabitants of those Nations of which I have been here speaking; as those who have had the Advantages of a more liberal Education, rise above one another by several different Degrees of Perfection. For to return to our Statue in the Block of Marble, we see it sometimes only begun to be chipped, sometimes rough-hewn and but just sketched into an human Figure; sometimes we see the Man appearing distinctly in all his Limbs and Features, sometimes we find the Figure wrought up to a great Elegancy, but seldom meet with any to which the Hand of a Phidias or Praxiteles could not give several nice Touches and Finishings.
Discourses of Morality, and Reflections upon human Nature, are the best Means we can make use of to improve our Minds, and gain a true Knowledge of our selves, and consequently to recover our Souls out of the Vice, Ignorance, and Prejudice, which naturally cleave to them. I have all along profest myself in this Paper a Promoter of these great Ends; and I flatter my self that I do from Day to Day contribute something to the polishing of Mens Minds: at least my Design is laudable, whatever the Execution may be. I must confess I am not a little encouraged in it by many Letters, which I receive from unknown Hands, in Approbation of my Endeavours; and must take this Opportunity of returning my Thanks to those who write them, and excusing my self for not inserting several of them in my Papers, which I am sensible would be a very great Ornament to them. Should I publish the Praises which are so well penned, they would do Honour to the Persons who write them; but my publishing of them would I fear be a sufficient Instance to the World that I did not deserve them.
No. 216. Wednesday, November 7, 1711. Steele.
Siquidem hercle possis, nil prius, neque fortius:
Verum si incipies, neque perficies naviter,
Atque ubi pati non poteris, cum nemo expetet,
Infecta pace ultro ad eam venies indicans
Te amare, et ferre non posse: Actum est, ilicet,
Peristi: eludet ubi te victum senserit.
To Mr. SPECTATOR,
This is to inform you, that Mr. Freeman [1] had no sooner taken Coach, but his Lady was taken with a terrible Fit of the Vapours, which, ’tis feared will make her miscarry, if not endanger her Life; therefore, dear Sir, if you know of any Receipt that is good against this fashionable reigning Distemper, be pleased to communicate it for the Good of the Publick, and you will oblige
A. NOEWILL.
The Uproar was so great as soon as I had read the Spectator concerning Mrs. Freeman, that after many Revolutions in her Temper, of raging, swooning, railing, fainting, pitying herself, and reviling her Husband, upon an accidental coming in of a neighbouring Lady (who says she has writ to you also) she had nothing left for it but to fall in a Fit. I had the Honour to read the Paper to her, and have a pretty good Command of my Countenance and Temper on such Occasions; and soon found my historical Name to be Tom Meggot in your Writings, but concealed my self till I saw how it affected Mrs. Freeman. She looked frequently at her Husband, as often at me; and she did not tremble as she filled Tea, till she came to the Circumstance of Armstrong’s writing out a Piece of Tully for an Opera Tune: Then she burst out, She was exposed, she was deceiv’s, she was wronged and abused. The Tea-cup was thrown in the Fire; and without taking Vengeance on her Spouse, she said of me, That I was a pretending Coxcomb, a Medler that knew not what it was to interpose in so nice an Affair as between a Man and his Wife. To which Mr. Freeman; Madam, were I less fond of you than I am, I should not have taken this Way of writing to the SPECTATOR, to inform a Woman whom God and Nature has placed under my Direction with what I request of her; but since you are so indiscreet as not to take the Hint which I gave you in that Paper, I must tell you, Madam, in so many Words, that you have for a long and tedious Space of Time acted a Part unsuitable to the Sense you ought to have of the Subordination in which you are placed. And I must acquaint you once for all, that the Fellow without, ha Tom! (here the Footman entered and answered Madam) Sirrah don’t you know my Voice; look upon me when I speak to you: I say, Madam, this Fellow here is to know of me my self, whether I am at Leisure to see Company or not. I am from this Hour Master of this House; and my Business in it, and every where else, is to behave my self in such a Manner, as it shall be hereafter an Honour to you to bear my Name; and your Pride, that you are the Delight, the Darling, and Ornament of a Man of Honour, useful and esteemed by his Friends; and I no longer one that has buried some Merit in the World, in Compliance to a froward Humour which has grown upon an agreeable Woman by his Indulgence. Mr. Freeman ended this with a Tenderness in his Aspect and a downcast Eye, which shewed he was extremely moved at the Anguish he saw her in; for she sat swelling with Passion, and her Eyes firmly fixed on the Fire; when I, fearing he would lose all again, took upon me to provoke her out of that amiable Sorrow she was in, to fall upon me; upon which I said very seasonably for my Friend, That indeed Mr. Freeman was become the common Talk of the Town; and that nothing was so much a Jest, as when it was said in Company Mr.
Freeman had promised to come to such a Place. Upon which the good Lady turned her Softness into downright Rage, and threw the scalding Tea-Kettle upon your humble Servant; flew into the Middle of the Room, and cried out she was the unfortunatest of all Women: Others kept Family Dissatisfactions for Hours of Privacy and Retirement: No Apology was to be made to her, no Expedient to be found, no previous Manner of breaking what was amiss in her; but all the World was to be acquainted with her Errors, without the least Admonition. Mr. Freeman was going to make a softning Speech, but I interposed; Look you, Madam, I have nothing to say to this Matter, but you ought to consider you are now past a Chicken; this Humour, which was well enough in a Girl, is insufferable in one of your Motherly Character. With that she lost all Patience, and flew directly at her Husbands Periwig. I got her in my Arms, and defended my Friend: He making Signs at the same time that it was too much; I beckoning, nodding, and frowning over her Shoulder, that [he] was lost if he did not persist. In this manner [we] flew round and round the Room in a Moment, till the Lady I spoke of above and Servants entered; upon which she fell on a Couch as breathless. I still kept up my Friend; but he, with a very silly Air, bid them bring the Coach to the Door, and we went off, I forced to bid the Coachman drive on. We were no sooner come to my Lodgings, but all his Wife’s Relations came to enquire after him; and Mrs. Freeman’s Mother writ a Note, wherein she thought never to have seen this Day, and so forth.
In a word, Sir, I am afraid we are upon a thing we have no Talents for; and I can observe already, my Friend looks upon me rather as a Man that knows a Weakness of him that he is ashamed of, than one who has rescu’d him from Slavery. Mr. SPECTATOR, I am but a young Fellow, and if Mr. Freeman submits, I shall be looked upon as an Incendiary, and never get a Wife as long as I breathe. He has indeed sent Word home he shall lie at Hampstead to-night; but I believe Fear of the first Onset after this Rupture has too great a Place in this Resolution. Mrs. Freeman has a very pretty Sister; suppose I delivered him up, and articled with the Mother for her for bringing him home. If he has not Courage to stand it, (you are a great Casuist) is it such an ill thing to bring my self off, as well as I can? What makes me doubt my Man, is, that I find he thinks it reasonable to expostulate at least with her; and Capt. SENTREY will tell you, if you let your Orders be disputed, you are no longer a Commander. I wish you could advise me how to get clear of this Business handsomely.
Tom Meggot.
[Footnote 1: See No. 212]
[Footnote 2: we]
[Footnote 3: he]
No. 217. Thursday, Nov. 8, 1711. Budgell.
—Tunc foemina simplex,
Et pariter toto repetitur clamor ab antro.
Juv. Sat. 6.
I shall entertain my Reader to-day with some Letters from my Correspondents. The first of them is the Description of a Club, whether real or imaginary I cannot determine; but am apt to fancy, that the Writer of it, whoever she is, has formed a kind of Nocturnal Orgie out of her own Fancy: Whether this be so or not, her Letter may conduce to the Amendment of that kind of Persons who are represented in it, and whose Characters are frequent enough in the World.
In some of your first Papers you were pleased to give the Publick a very diverting Account of several Clubs and nocturnal Assemblies; but I am a Member of a Society which has wholly escaped your Notice, I mean a Club of She-Romps. We take each a Hackney-Coach, and meet once a Week in a large upper Chamber, which we hire by the Year for that Purpose; our Landlord and his Family, who are quiet People, constantly contriving to be abroad on our Club-Night. We are no sooner come together than we throw off all that Modesty and Reservedness with which our Sex are obliged to disguise themselves in publick Places. I am not able to express the Pleasure we enjoy from Ten at Night till four in the Morning, in being as rude as you Men can be, for your Lives. As our Play runs high the Room is immediately filled with broken Fans, torn Petticoats, Lappets of Head-dresses, Flounces, Furbelows, Garters, and Working-Aprons. I had forgot to tell you at first, that besides the Coaches we come in our selves, there is one which stands always empty to carry off our dead Men, for so we call all those Fragments and Tatters with which the Room is strewed, and which we pack up together in Bundles and put into the aforesaid Coach. It is no small Diversion for us to meet the next Night at some Members Chamber, where every one is to pick out what belonged to her from this confused Bundle of Silks, Stuffs, Laces, and Ribbons. I have hitherto given you an Account of our Diversion on ordinary Club-Nights; but must acquaint you farther, that once a Month we demolish a Prude, that is, we get some queer formal Creature in among us, and unrig her in an Instant. Our last Months Prude was so armed and fortified in Whalebone and Buckram that we had much ado to come at her; but you would have died with laughing to have seen how the sober awkward Thing looked when she was forced out of her Intrenchments. In short, Sir, ’tis impossible to give you a true Notion of our Sports, unless you would come one Night amongst us; and tho it be directly against the Rules of our Society to admit a Male Visitant, we repose so much Confidence in your Silence and Taciturnity, that was agreed by the whole Club, at our last Meeting, to give you Entrance for one Night as a Spectator.
I am, Your Humble Servant,
Kitty Termagant.
P. S. We shall demolish a Prude next Thursday.
Tho I thank Kitty for her kind Offer, I do not at present find in my self any Inclination, to venture my Person with her and her romping Companions. I should regard my self as a second Clodius intruding on the Mysterious Rites of the Bona Dea, and should apprehend being Demolished as much as the Prude.
The following Letter comes from a Gentleman, whose Taste I find is much too delicate to endure the least Advance towards Romping. I may perhaps hereafter improve upon the Hint he has given me, and make it the Subject of a whole Spectator; in the mean time take it as it follows in his own Words.
It is my Misfortune to be in Love with a young Creature who is daily committing Faults, which though they give me the utmost Uneasiness, I know not how to reprove her for, or even acquaint her with. She is pretty, dresses well, is rich, and good-humour’d; but either wholly neglects, or has no Notion of that which Polite People have agreed to distinguish by the Name of Delicacy. After our Return from a Walk the other Day she threw her self into an Elbow-Chair, and professed before a large Company, that she was all over in a Sweat. She told me this Afternoon that her Stomach aked; and was complaining Yesterday at Dinner of something that stuck in her Teeth. I treated her with a Basket of Fruit last Summer, which she eat so very greedily, as almost made me resolve never to see her more. In short, Sir, I begin to tremble whenever I see her about to speak or move. As she does not want Sense, if she takes these Hints I am happy; if not, I am more than afraid, that these Things which shock me even in the Behaviour of a Mistress, will appear insupportable in that of a Wife.
I am, SIR, Yours, &c.
My next Letter comes from a Correspondent whom I cannot but very much value, upon the Account which she gives of her self.
I am happily arrived at a State of Tranquillity, which few People envy, I mean that of an old Maid; therefore being wholly unconcerned in all that Medley of Follies which our Sex is apt to contract from their silly Fondness of yours, I read your Railleries on us without Provocation. I can say with Hamlet,
—Man delights not me,
Nor Woman neither—
Therefore, dear Sir, as you never spare your own Sex, do not be afraid
of reproving what is ridiculous in ours, and you will oblige at least
one Woman, who is
Your humble Servant, Susannah Frost.
I am Wife to a Clergyman, and cannot help thinking that in your Tenth
or Tithe-Character of Womankind [1] you meant my self, therefore I
have no Quarrel against you for the other Nine Characters.
Your humble Servant, A.B.
[Footnote 1: See No. 209.]
Quid de quoque viro et cui dicas saepe caveto.
I happened the other Day, as my Way is, to strole into a little Coffee-house beyond Aldgate; and as I sat there, two or three very plain sensible Men were talking of the SPECTATOR. One said, he had that Morning drawn the great Benefit Ticket; another wished he had; but a third shaked his Head and said, It was pity that the Writer of that Paper was such a sort of Man, that it was no great Matter whether he had it or no. He is, it seems, said the good Man, the most extravagant Creature in the World; has run through vast Sums, and yet been in continual Want; a Man, for all he talks so well of Oeconomy, unfit for any of the Offices of Life, by reason of his Profuseness. It would be an unhappy thing to be his Wife, his Child, or his Friend; and yet he talks as well of those Duties of Life as any one. Much Reflection has brought me to so easy a Contempt for every thing which is false, that this heavy Accusation gave me no manner of Uneasiness; but at the same Time it threw me into deep Thought upon the Subject of Fame in general; and I could not but pity such as were so weak, as to value what the common People say out of their own talkative Temper to the Advantage or Diminution of those whom they mention, without being moved either by Malice or Good-will. It will be too long to expatiate upon the Sense all Mankind have of Fame, and the inexpressible Pleasure which there is in the Approbation of worthy Men, to all who are capable of worthy Actions; but methinks one may divide the general Word Fame into three different Species, as it regards the different Orders of Mankind who have any Thing to do with it. Fame therefore may be divided into Glory, which respects the Hero; Reputation, which is preserved by every Gentleman; and Credit, which must be supported by every Tradesman. These Possessions in Fame are dearer than Life to these Characters of Men, or rather are the Life of those Characters. Glory, while the Hero pursues great and noble Enterprizes, is impregnable; and all the Assailants of his Renown do but shew their Pain and Impatience of its Brightness, without throwing the least Shade upon it. If the Foundation of an high Name be Virtue and Service, all that is offered against it is but Rumour, which is too short-liv’d to stand up in Competition with Glory, which is everlasting.
Reputation, which is the Portion of every Man who would live with the elegant and knowing Part of Mankind, is as stable as Glory, if it be as well founded; and the common Cause of human Society is thought concerned when we hear a Man of good Behaviour calumniated: Besides which, according to a prevailing Custom amongst us, every Man has his Defence in his own Arm; and Reproach is soon checked, put out of Countenance, and overtaken by Disgrace.
The most unhappy of all Men, and the most exposed to the Malignity or Wantonness of the common Voice, is the Trader. Credit is undone in Whispers. The Tradesman’s Wound is received from one who is more private and more cruel than the Ruffian with the Lanthorn and Dagger. The Manner of repeating a Man’s Name, As; Mr. Cash, Oh! do you leave your Money at his Shop? Why, do you know Mr. Searoom? He is indeed a general Merchant. I say, I have seen, from the Iteration of a Man’s Name, hiding one Thought of him, and explaining what you hide by saying something to his Advantage when you speak, a Merchant hurt in his Credit; and him who, every Day he lived, literally added to the Value of his Native Country, undone by one who was only a Burthen and a Blemish to it. Since every Body who knows the World is sensible of this great Evil, how careful ought a Man to be in his Language of a Merchant? It may possibly be in the Power of a very shallow Creature to lay the Ruin of the best Family in the most opulent City; and the more so, the more highly he deserves of his Country; that is to say, the farther he places his Wealth out of his Hands, to draw home that of another Climate.
In this Case an ill Word may change Plenty into Want, and by a rash Sentence a free and generous Fortune may in a few Days be reduced to Beggary. How little does a giddy Prater imagine, that an idle Phrase to the Disfavour of a Merchant may be as pernicious in the Consequence, as the Forgery of a Deed to bar an Inheritance would be to a Gentleman? Land stands where it did before a Gentleman was calumniated, and the State of a great Action is just as it was before Calumny was offered to diminish it, and there is Time, Place and Occasion expected to unravel all that is contrived against those Characters; but the Trader who is ready only for probable Demands upon him, can have no Armour against the Inquisitive, the Malicious, and the Envious, who are prepared to fill the Cry to his Dishonour. Fire and Sword are slow Engines of Destruction, in Comparison of the Babbler in the Case of the Merchant.
For this Reason I thought it an imitable Piece of Humanity of a Gentleman of my Acquaintance, who had great Variety of Affairs, and used to talk with Warmth enough against Gentlemen by whom he thought himself ill dealt with; but he would never let any thing be urged against a Merchant (with whom he had any Difference) except in a Court of Justice. He used to say, that to speak ill of a Merchant, was to begin his Suit with Judgment and Execution. One cannot, I think, say more on this Occasion, than to repeat, That the Merit of the Merchant is above that of all other Subjects; for while he is untouched in his Credit, his Hand-writing is a more portable Coin for the Service of his Fellow-Citizens, and his Word the Gold of Ophir to the Country wherein he resides.
No. 219. Saturday, Nov. 10, 1711. Addison.
Vix ea nostra voco—
There are but few Men, who are not ambitious of distinguishing themselves in the Nation or Country where they live, and of growing considerable among those with whom they converse. There is a kind of Grandeur and Respect, which the meanest and most insignificant Part of Mankind endeavour to procure in the little Circle of their Friends and Acquaintance. The poorest Mechanick, nay the Man who lives upon common Alms, gets him his Set of Admirers, and delights in that Superiority which he enjoys over those who are in some Respects beneath him. This Ambition, which is natural to the Soul of Man, might methinks receive a very happy turn; and, if it were rightly directed, contribute as much to a Persons Advantage, as it generally does to his Uneasiness and Disquiet.
I shall therefore put together some Thoughts on this Subject, which I have not met with in other Writers: and shall set them down as they have occurred to me, without being at the Pains to Connect or Methodise them.
All Superiority and Preeminence that one Man can have over another, may be reduced to the Notion of Quality, which, considered at large, is either that of Fortune, Body, or Mind. The first is that which consists in Birth, Title, or Riches, and is the most foreign to our Natures, and what we can the least call our own of any of the three Kinds of Quality. In relation to the Body, Quality arises from Health, Strength, or Beauty, which are nearer to us, and more a Part of our selves than the former. Quality, as it regards the Mind, has its Rise from Knowledge or Virtue; and is that which is more essential to us, and more intimately united with us than either of the other two.
The Quality of Fortune, tho a Man has less Reason to value himself upon it than on that of the Body or Mind, is however the kind of Quality which makes the most shining Figure in the Eye of the World.
As Virtue is the most reasonable and genuine Source of Honour, we generally find in Titles an Imitation of some particular Merit that should recommend Men to the high Stations which they possess. Holiness is ascribed to the Pope; Majesty to Kings; Serenity or Mildness of Temper to Princes; Excellence or Perfection to Ambassadors; Grace to Archbishops; Honour to Peers; Worship or Venerable Behaviour to Magistrates; and Reverence, which is of the same Import as the former, to the inferior Clergy.
In the Founders of great Families, such Attributes of Honour are generally correspondent with the Virtues of the Person to whom they are applied; but in the Descendants they are too often the Marks rather of Grandeur than of Merit. The Stamp and Denomination still continues, but the Intrinsick Value is frequently lost.
The Death-Bed shews the Emptiness of Titles in a true Light. A poor dispirited Sinner lies trembling under the Apprehensions of the State he is entring on; and is asked by a grave Attendant how his Holiness does? Another hears himself addressed to under the Title of Highness or Excellency, who lies under such mean Circumstances of Mortality as are the Disgrace of Human Nature. Titles at such a time look rather like Insults and Mockery than Respect.
The truth of it is, Honours are in this World under no Regulation; true Quality is neglected, Virtue is oppressed, and Vice triumphant. The last Day will rectify this Disorder, and assign to every one a Station suitable to the Dignity of his Character; Ranks will be then adjusted, and Precedency set right.
Methinks we should have an Ambition, if not to advance our selves in another World, at least to preserve our Post in it, and outshine our Inferiors in Virtue here, that they may not be put above us in a State which is to Settle the Distinction for Eternity.
Men in Scripture are called Strangers and Sojourners upon Earth, and Life a Pilgrimage. Several Heathen, as well as Christian Authors, under the same kind of Metaphor, have represented the World as an Inn, which was only designed to furnish us with Accommodations in this our Passage. It is therefore very absurd to think of setting up our Rest before we come to our Journeys End, and not rather to take care of the Reception we shall there meet, than to fix our Thoughts on the little Conveniences and Advantages which we enjoy one above another in the Way to it.
Epictetus makes use of another kind of Allusion, which is very beautiful, and wonderfully proper to incline us to be satisfied with the Post in which Providence has placed us. We are here, says he, as in a Theatre, where every one has a Part allotted to him. The great Duty which lies upon a Man is to act his Part in Perfection. We may indeed say, that our Part does not suit us, and that we could act another better. But this (says the Philosopher) is not our Business. All that we are concerned in is to excel in the Part which is given us. If it be an improper one, the Fault is not in us, but in him who has cast our several Parts, and is the great Disposer of the Drama. [1]
The Part that was acted by this Philosopher himself was but a very indifferent one, for he lived and died a Slave. His Motive to Contentment in this Particular, receives a very great Inforcement from the above-mentioned Consideration, if we remember that our Parts in the other World will be new cast, and that Mankind will be there ranged in different Stations of Superiority and Praeeminence, in Proportion as they have here excelled one another in Virtue, and performed in their several Posts of Life the Duties which belong to them.
There are many beautiful Passages in the little Apocryphal Book, entitled, The Wisdom of Solomon, to set forth the Vanity of Honour, and the like temporal Blessings which are in so great Repute among Men, and to comfort those who have not the Possession of them. It represents in very warm and noble Terms this Advancement of a good Man in the other World, and the great Surprize which it will produce among those who are his Superiors in this. Then shall the righteous Man stand in great Boldness before the Face of such as have afflicted him, and made no Account
of his Labours. When they see it, they shall be troubled with terrible Fear, and shall be amazed at the Strangeness of his Salvation, so far beyond all that they looked for. And they repenting and groaning for Anguish of Spirit, shall say within themselves; This was he whom we had sometime in Derision, and a Proverb of Reproach. We Fools accounted his Life Madness, and his End to be without Honour. How is he numbered among the Children of God, and his Lot is among the Saints! [2]
If the Reader would see the Description of a Life that is passed away in Vanity and among the Shadows of Pomp and Greatness, he may see it very finely drawn in the same Place. [3] In the mean time, since it is necessary in the present Constitution of things, that Order and Distinction should be kept in the World, we should be happy, if those who enjoy the upper Stations in it, would endeavour to surpass others in Virtue, as much as in Rank, and by their Humanity and Condescension make their Superiority easy and acceptable to those who are beneath them: and if, on the contrary, those who are in meaner Posts of Life, would consider how they may better their Condition hereafter, and by a just Deference and Submission to their Superiors, make them happy in those Blessings with which Providence has thought fit to distinguish them.
[Footnote 1: Epict. Enchirid. ch. 23.]
[Footnote 2: Wisd., ch. v. 1-5.]
[Footnote 3: Ch. v. 8-14.]
No. 220. Monday, November 12, 1711. Steele.
Rumoresque serit varios
Why will you apply to my Father for my Love? I cannot help it if he will give you my Person; but I assure you it is not in his Power, nor even in my own, to give you my Heart. Dear Sir, do but consider the ill Consequence of such a Match; you are Fifty-five, I Twenty-one. You are a Man of Business, and mightily conversant in Arithmetick and making Calculations; be pleased therefore to consider what Proportion your Spirits bear to mine; and when you have made a just Estimate of the necessary Decay on one Side, and the Redundance on the other, you will act accordingly. This perhaps is such Language as you may not expect from a young Lady; but my Happiness is at Stake, and I must talk plainly. I mortally hate you; and so, as you and my Father agree, you may take me or leave me: But if you will be so good as never to see me more, you will for ever oblige,
Your most humble Servant,
HENRIETTA.
Mr. SPECTATOR, [2]
There are so many Artifices and Modes of false Wit, and such a Variety of Humour discovers it self among its Votaries, that it would be impossible to exhaust so fertile a Subject, if you would think fit to resume it. The following Instances may, if you think fit, be added by Way of Appendix to your Discourses on that Subject.
That Feat of Poetical Activity mentioned by Horace, of an Author who could compose two hundred Verses while he stood upon one Leg, [3] has been imitated (as I have heard) by a modern Writer; who priding himself on the Hurry of his Invention, thought it no small Addition to his Fame to have each Piece minuted with the exact Number of Hours or Days it cost him in the Composition. He could taste no Praise till he had acquainted you in how short Space of Time he had deserved it; and was not so much led to an Ostentation of his Art, as of his Dispatch.
—Accipe si vis,
Accipe jam tabulas; detur nobis locus, hora,
Custodes: videamus uter plus scribere possit.
This was the whole of his Ambition; and therefore I cannot but think the Flights of this rapid Author very proper to be opposed to those laborious Nothings which you have observed were the Delight of the German Wits, and in which they so happily got rid of such a tedious Quantity of their Time.
I have known a Gentleman of another Turn of Humour, who, despising the Name of an Author, never printed his Works, but contracted his Talent, and by the help of a very fine Diamond which he wore on his little Finger, was a considerable Poet upon Glass. He had a very good Epigrammatick Wit; and there was not a Parlour or Tavern Window where he visited or dined for some Years, which did not receive some Sketches or Memorials of it. It was his Misfortune at last to lose his Genius and his Ring to a Sharper at Play; and he has not attempted to make a Verse since.
But of all Contractions or Expedients for Wit, I admire that of an ingenious Projector whose Book I have seen. [4] This Virtuoso being a Mathematician, has, according to his Taste, thrown the Art of Poetry into a short Problem, and contrived Tables by which any one without knowing a Word of Grammar or Sense, may, to his great Comfort, be able to compose or rather to erect Latin Verses. His Tables are a kind of Poetical Logarithms, which being divided into several Squares, and all inscribed with so many incoherent Words, appear to the Eye somewhat like a Fortune-telling Screen. What a Joy must it be to the unlearned Operator to find that these Words, being carefully collected and writ down in Order according to the Problem, start of themselves into Hexameter and Pentameter Verses? A Friend of mine, who is a Student in Astrology, meeting with this Book, performed the Operation, by the Rules there set down; he shewed his Verses to the next of
his Acquaintance, who happened to understand Latin; and being informed they described a Tempest of Wind, very luckily prefixed them, together with a Translation, to an Almanack he was just then printing, and was supposed to have foretold the last great Storm. [5]
I think the only Improvement beyond this, would be that which the late Duke of Buckingham mentioned to a stupid Pretender to Poetry, as the Project of a Dutch Mechanick, viz. a Mill to make Verses. This being the most compendious Method of all which have yet been proposed, may deserve the Thoughts of our modern Virtuosi who are employed in new Discoveries for the publick Good: and it may be worth the while to consider, whether in an Island where few are content without being thought Wits, it will not be a common Benefit, that Wit as well as Labour should be made cheap.
I am, SIR, Your humble Servant, &c.
I often dine at a Gentleman’s House, where there are two young Ladies, in themselves very agreeable, but very cold in their Behaviour, because they understand me for a Person that is to break my Mind, as the Phrase is, very suddenly to one of them. But I take this Way to acquaint them, that I am not in Love with either of them, in Hopes they will use me with that agreeable Freedom and Indifference which they do all the rest of the World, and not to drink to one another [only,] but sometimes cast a kind Look, with their Service to,
SIR, Your humble Servant.
I am a young Gentleman, and take it for a Piece of Good-breeding to pull off my Hat when I see any thing particularly charming in any Woman, whether I know her or not. I take care that there is nothing ludicrous or arch in my Manner, as if I were to betray a Woman into a Salutation by Way of Jest or Humour; and yet except I am acquainted with her, I find she ever takes it for a Rule, that she is to look upon this Civility and Homage I pay to her supposed Merit, as an Impertinence or Forwardness which she is to observe and neglect. I wish, Sir, you would settle the Business of salutation; and please to inform me how I shall resist the sudden Impulse I have to be civil to what gives an Idea of Merit; or tell these Creatures how to behave themselves in Return to the Esteem I have for them. My Affairs are such, that your Decision will be a Favour to me, if it be only to save the unnecessary Expence of wearing out my Hat so fast as I do at present.
There are some that do know me, and wont bow to me.
I am, SIR,
—Aliena negotia centum
Per caput, et circa saliunt latus.
[Footnote 2: This letter is by John Hughes.]
—in hora saepe ducentos,
Ut magnum, versus dictabat stans pede in uno.
Sat. I. iv. 10.]
[Footnote 4: A pamphlet by John Peter, Artificial Versifying, a New Way to make Latin Verses. Lond. 1678.]
[Footnote 5: Of Nov. 26, 1703, which destroyed in London alone property worth a million.]
No. 221. Tuesday, November 13, 1711. Addison.
—Ab Ovo
Usque ad Mala—
When I have finished any of my Speculations, it is my Method to consider which of the ancient Authors have touched upon the Subject that I treat of. By this means I meet with some celebrated Thought upon it, or a Thought of my own expressed in better Words, or some Similitude for the Illustration of my Subject. This is what gives Birth to the Motto of a Speculation, which I rather chuse to take out of the Poets than the Prose-writers, as the former generally give a finer Turn to a Thought than the latter, and by couching it in few Words, and in harmonious Numbers, make it more portable to the Memory.
My Reader is therefore sure to meet with at least one good Line in every Paper, and very often finds his Imagination entertained by a Hint that awakens in his Memory some beautiful Passage of a Classick Author.
It was a Saying of an ancient Philosopher, which I find some of our Writers have ascribed to Queen Elizabeth, who perhaps might have taken occasion to repeat it, That a good Face is a Letter of Recommendation. [1] It naturally makes the Beholders inquisitive into the Person who is the Owner of it, and generally prepossesses them in his Favour. A handsome Motto has the same Effect. Besides that, it always gives a Supernumerary Beauty to a Paper, and is sometimes in a manner necessary when the Writer is engaged in what may appear a Paradox to vulgar Minds, as it shews that he is supported by good Authorities, and is not singular in his Opinion.
I must confess, the Motto is of little Use to an unlearned Reader, for which Reason I consider it only as a Word to the Wise. But as for my unlearned Friends, if they cannot relish the Motto, I take care to make Provision for them in the Body of my Paper. If they do not understand the Sign that is hung out, they know very well by it, that they may meet with Entertainment in the House; and I think I was never better pleased than with a plain Man’s Compliment, who, upon his Friends telling him that he would like the Spectator much better if he understood the Motto, replied, That good Wine needs no Bush.
I have heard of a Couple of Preachers in a Country Town, who endeavoured which should outshine one another, and draw together the greatest Congregation. One of them being well versed in the Fathers, used to quote every now and then a Latin Sentence to his illiterate Hearers, who it seems found themselves so edified by it, that they flocked in greater Numbers to this learned Man than to his Rival. The other finding his Congregation mouldering every Sunday, and hearing at length what was the Occasion of it, resolved to give his Parish a little Latin in his Turn; but being unacquainted with any of the Fathers, he digested into his Sermons the whole Book of Quae Genus, adding however such Explications to it as he thought might be for the Benefit of his People. He afterwards entered upon As in praesenti, [2] which he converted in the same manner to the Use of his Parishioners. This in a very little time thickned his Audience, filled his Church, and routed his Antagonist.
The natural Love to Latin which is so prevalent in our common People, makes me think that my Speculations fare never the worse among them for that little Scrap which appears at the Head of them; and what the more encourages me in the Use of Quotations in an unknown Tongue is, that I hear the Ladies, whose Approbation I value more than that of the whole Learned World, declare themselves in a more particular manner pleased with my Greek Mottos.
Designing this Days Work for a Dissertation upon the two Extremities of my Paper, and having already dispatch’d my Motto, I shall, in the next place, discourse upon those single Capital Letters, which are placed at the End of it, and which have afforded great Matter of Speculation to the Curious. I have heard various Conjectures upon this Subject. Some tell us that C is the Mark of those Papers that are written by the Clergyman, though others ascribe them to the Club in general: That the Papers marked with R were written by my Friend Sir ROGER: That L signifies the Lawyer, whom I have described in my second Speculation; and that T stands for the Trader or Merchant: But the Letter X, which is placed at the End of some few of my Papers, is that which has puzzled the whole Town, as they cannot think of any Name which begins with that Letter, except Xenophon and Xerxes, who can neither of them be supposed to have had any Hand in these Speculations.
In Answer to these inquisitive Gentlemen, who have many of them made Enquiries of me by Letter, I must tell them the Reply of an ancient Philosopher, who carried something hidden under his Cloak. A certain Acquaintance desiring him to let him know what it was he covered so carefully; I cover it, says he, on purpose that you should not know. I have made use of these obscure Marks for the same Purpose. They are, perhaps, little Amulets or Charms to preserve the Paper against the Fascination and Malice of evil Eyes; for which Reason I would not have my Reader surprized, if hereafter he sees any of my Papers marked with a Q, a Z, a Y, an &c., or with the Word Abracadabra [3]
I shall, however, so far explain my self to the Reader, as to let him know that the Letters, C, L, and X, are Cabalistical, and carry more in them than it is proper for the World to be acquainted with. Those who are versed in the Philosophy of Pythagoras, and swear by the Tetrachtys, [4] that is, the Number Four, will know very well that the Number Ten, which is signified by the Letter X, (and which has so much perplexed the Town) has in it many particular Powers; that it is called by Platonick Writers the Complete Number; that One, Two, Three and Four put together make up the Number Ten; and that Ten is all. But these are not Mysteries for ordinary Readers to be let into. A Man must have spent many Years in hard Study before he can arrive at the Knowledge of them.
We had a Rabbinical Divine in England, who was Chaplain to the Earl of Essex in Queen Elizabeth’s Time, that had an admirable Head for Secrets of this Nature. Upon his taking the Doctor of Divinity’s Degree, he preached before the University of Cambridge, upon the First Verse of the First Chapter of the First Book of Chronicles, in which, says he, you have the three following Words,
Adam, Sheth, Enosh.
He divided this short Text into many Parts, and by discovering several Mysteries in each Word, made a most Learned and Elaborate Discourse. The Name of this profound Preacher was Doctor Alabaster, of whom the Reader may find a more particular Account in Doctor Fullers Book of English Worthies. [5] This Instance will, I hope, convince my Readers that there may be a great deal of fine Writing in the Capital Letters which bring up the Rear of my Paper, and give them some Satisfaction in that Particular. But as for the full Explication of these Matters, I must refer them to Time, which discovers all things.
[Footnote 1: Diogenes Laertius, Bk. V. ch. I.]
[Footnote 2: Quae Genus and As in Praesenti were the first words in collections of rules then and until recently familiar as part of the standard Latin Grammar, Lilly’s, to which Erasmus and Colet contributed, and of which Wolsey wrote the original Preface.]
[Footnote 3: Abraxas, which in Greek letters represents 365, the number of the deities supposed by the Basilidians to be subordinate to the All Ruling One, was a mystical name for the supreme God, and was engraved as a charm on stones together with the figure of a human body (Cadaver), with cats head and reptiles feet. From this the name Abracadabra may have arisen, with a sense of power in it as a charm. Serenus Sammonicus, a celebrated physician who lived about A.D. 210, who had, it is said, a library of 62,000 volumes, and was killed at a banquet by order of Caracalla, said in an extant Latin poem upon Medicine and Remedies, that fevers were cured by binding to the body the word Abracadabra written in this fashion:
Abracadabr
Abracadab
Abracada
and so on, till there remained only the initial A. His word was taken, and this use of the charm was popular even in the Spectators time. It is described by Defoe in his History of the Plague.]
[Footnote 4: The number Four was called Tetractys by the Pythagoreans, who accounted it the most powerful of numbers, because it was the foundation of them all, and as a square it signified solidity. They said it was at the source of Nature, four elements, four seasons, &c., to which later speculators added the four rivers of Paradise, four evangelists, and association of the number four with God, whose name was a mystical Tetra grammaton, Jod, He, Vau, He.]
[Footnote 5: Where it is explained that Adam meaning Man; Seth, placed; and Enosh, Misery: the mystic inference is that Man was placed in Misery.]
No. 222. Wednesday, November 14, 1711. Steele.
Cur alter fratrum cessare, et ludere, et ungi,
Praeferat Herodis palmetis pinguibus
There is one thing I have often look’d for in your Papers, and have as often wondered to find my self disappointed; the rather, because I think it a Subject every way agreeable to your Design, and by being left unattempted by others, seems reserved as a proper Employment for you; I mean a Disquisition, from whence it proceeds, that Men of the brightest Parts, and most comprehensive Genius, compleatly furnished with Talents for any Province in humane Affairs; such as by their wise Lessons of Oeconomy to others have made it evident, that they have the justest Notions of Life and of true Sense in the Conduct of it—: from what unhappy contradictious Cause it proceeds, that Persons thus finished by Nature and by Art, should so often fail in the Management of that which they so well understand, and want the Address to make a right Application of their own Rules. This is certainly a prodigious Inconsistency in Behaviour, and makes much such a Figure in Morals as a monstrous Birth in Naturals, with this Difference only, which greatly aggravates the Wonder, that it happens much more frequently; and what a Blemish does it cast upon Wit and Learning in the general Account of the World? And in how disadvantageous a Light does it expose them to the busy Class of Mankind, that there should be so many Instances of Persons who have so conducted their Lives in spite of these transcendent Advantages, as neither to be happy in themselves, nor useful to their Friends; when every Body sees it was entirely in their own Power to be eminent in both these Characters? For my part, I think there is no Reflection more astonishing, than to consider one of these Gentlemen spending a fair Fortune, running in every Body’s Debt without the least Apprehension of a future Reckoning, and at last leaving not only his own
Children, but possibly those of other People, by his Means, in starving Circumstances; while a Fellow, whom one would scarce suspect to have a humane Soul, shall perhaps raise a vast Estate out of Nothing, and be the Founder of a Family capable of being very considerable in their Country, and doing many illustrious Services to it. That this Observation is just, Experience has put beyond all Dispute. But though the Fact be so evident and glaring, yet the Causes of it are still in the Dark; which makes me persuade my self, that it would be no unacceptable Piece of Entertainment to the Town, to inquire into the hidden Sources of so unaccountable an Evil. I am, SIR, Your most Humble Servant.
What this Correspondent wonders at, has been Matter of Admiration ever since there was any such thing as humane Life. Horace reflects upon this Inconsistency very agreeably in the Character of Tigellius, whom he makes a mighty Pretender to Oeconomy, and tells you, you might one Day hear him speak the most philosophick Things imaginable concerning being contented with a little, and his Contempt of every thing but mere Necessaries, and in Half a Week after spend a thousand Pound. When he says this of him with Relation to Expence, he describes him as unequal to himself in every other Circumstance of Life. And indeed, if we consider lavish Men carefully, we shall find it always proceeds from a certain Incapacity of possessing themselves, and finding Enjoyment in their own Minds. Mr. Dryden has expressed this very excellently in the Character of Zimri. [1]
A Man so various, that he seem’d to be
Not one, but all Mankind’s Epitome.
Stiff in Opinion, always in the Wrong,
Was every Thing by Starts, and Nothing long;
But in the Course of one revolving Moon,
Was Chymist, Fidler, Statesman, and Buffoon.
Then all for Women, Painting, Rhiming, Drinking,
Besides ten thousand Freaks that died in thinking;
Blest Madman, who could every Hour employ
In something new to wish or to enjoy!
In squandering Wealth was his peculiar Art,
Nothing went unrewarded but Desert.
This loose State of the Soul hurries the Extravagant from one Pursuit to another; and the Reason that his Expences are greater than anothers, is, that his Wants are also more numerous. But what makes so many go on in this Way to their Lives End, is, that they certainly do not know how contemptible they are in the Eyes of the rest of Mankind, or rather, that indeed they are not so contemptible as they deserve. Tully says, it is the greatest of Wickedness to lessen your paternal Estate. And if a Man would thoroughly consider how much worse than Banishment it must be to his Child, to ride by the Estate which should have been his had it not been for his Fathers Injustice to him, he would be smitten with the Reflection more deeply than can be understood by any but one who is a Father. Sure there can be nothing more afflicting than to think it had been happier for his Son to have been born of any other Man living than himself.
It is not perhaps much thought of, but it is certainly a very important Lesson, to learn how to enjoy ordinary Life, and to be able to relish your Being without the Transport of some Passion or Gratification of some Appetite. For want of this Capacity, the World is filled with Whetters, Tipplers, Cutters, Sippers, and all the numerous Train of those who, for want of Thinking, are forced to be ever exercising their Feeling or Tasting. It would be hard on this Occasion to mention the harmless Smoakers of Tobacco and Takers of Snuff.
The slower Part of Mankind, whom my Correspondent wonders should get Estates, are the more immediately formed for that Pursuit: They can expect distant things without Impatience, because they are not carried out of their Way either by violent Passion or keen Appetite to any thing. To Men addicted to Delight[s], Business is an Interruption; to such as are cold to Delights, Business is an Entertainment. For which Reason it was said to one who commended a dull Man for his Application,
No Thanks to him; if he had no Business, he would have nothing to do.
[Footnote 1: i.e. The Duke of Buckingham, in Part I. of ’Absalom and Achitophel’.]
No. 223. Thursday, Nov. 15, 1711. Addison.
O suavis Anima! qualem te dicam bonam
Antehac fuisse, tales cum sint reliquiae!
When I reflect upon the various Fate of those Multitudes of Ancient Writers who flourished in Greece and Italy, I consider Time as an Immense Ocean, in which many noble Authors are entirely swallowed up, many very much shattered and damaged, some quite disjointed and broken into pieces, while some have wholly escaped the Common Wreck; but the Number of the last is very small.
Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto.
Among the mutilated Poets of Antiquity, there is none whose Fragments are so beautiful as those of Sappho. They give us a Taste of her Way of Writing, which is perfectly conformable with that extraordinary Character we find of her, in the Remarks of those great Criticks who were conversant with her Works when they were entire. One may see by what is left of them, that she followed Nature in all her Thoughts, without descending to those little Points, Conceits, and Turns of Wit with which many of our modern Lyricks are so miserably infected. Her Soul seems to have been made up of Love and Poetry; She felt the Passion in all its Warmth, and described it in all its Symptoms. She is called by ancient Authors the Tenth Muse; and by Plutarch is compared to Cacus the Son of Vulcan, who breathed out nothing but Flame. I do not know, by the Character that is given of her Works, whether it is not for the Benefit of Mankind that they are lost. They were filled with such bewitching Tenderness and Rapture, that it might have been dangerous to have given them a Reading.
An Inconstant Lover, called Phaon, occasioned great Calamities to this Poetical Lady. She fell desperately in Love with him, and took a Voyage into Sicily in Pursuit of him, he having withdrawn himself thither on purpose to avoid her. It was in that Island, and on this Occasion, she is supposed to have made the Hymn to Venus, with a Translation of which I shall present my Reader. Her Hymn was ineffectual for the procuring that Happiness which she prayed for in it. Phaon was still obdurate, and Sappho so transported with the Violence of her Passion, that she was resolved to get rid of it at any Price.
There was a Promontory in Acarnania called Leucrate [1] on the Top of which was a little Temple dedicated to Apollo. In this Temple it was usual for despairing Lovers to make their Vows in secret, and afterwards to fling themselves from the Top of the Precipice into the Sea, where they were sometimes taken up alive. This Place was therefore called, The Lovers Leap; and whether or no the Fright they had been in, or the Resolution that could push them to so dreadful a Remedy, or the Bruises which they often received in their Fall, banished all the tender Sentiments of Love, and gave their Spirits another Turn; those who had taken this Leap were observed never to relapse into that Passion. Sappho tried the Cure, but perished in the Experiment.
After having given this short Account of Sappho so far as it regards the following Ode, I shall subjoin the Translation of it as it was sent me by a Friend, whose admirable Pastorals and Winter-Piece have been already so well received. [2] The Reader will find in it that Pathetick Simplicity which is so peculiar to him, and so suitable to the Ode he has here Translated. This Ode in the Greek (besides those Beauties observed by Madam Dacier) has several harmonious Turns in the Words, which are not lost in the English. I must farther add, that the Translation has preserved every Image and Sentiment of Sappho, notwithstanding it has all the Ease and Spirit of an Original. In a Word, if the Ladies have a mind to know the Manner of Writing practised by the so much celebrated Sappho, they may here see it in its genuine and natural Beauty, without any foreign or affected Ornaments.
An HYMN to VENUS.
I. O Venus, Beauty of the Skies,
To whom a Thousand Temples rise,
Gayly false in gentle Smiles,
Full of Loves perplexing Wiles;
O Goddess! from my Heart remove
The wasting Cares and Pains of Love.
II. If ever thou hast kindly heard
A Song in soft Distress preferr’d,
Propitious to my tuneful Vow,
O gentle Goddess! hear me now.
Descend, thou bright, immortal Guest,
In all thy radiant Charms confest.
III. Thou once didst leave Almighty Jove,
And all the Golden Roofs above:
The Carr thy wanton Sparrows drew;
Hovring in Air they lightly flew,
As to my Bower they wing’d their Way:
I saw their quivring Pinions play.
IV. The Birds dismist (while you remain)
Bore back their empty Carr again:
Then You, with Looks divinely mild,
In evry heavnly Feature smil’d,
And ask’d what new Complaints I made,
And why I call’d you to my Aid?
V. What Phrenzy in my Bosom rag’d,
And by what Care to be asswag’d?
What gentle Youth I could allure,
Whom in my artful Toiles secure?
Who does thy tender Heart subdue,
Tell me, my Sappho, tell me Who?
VI. Tho now he Shuns thy longing Arms,
He soon shall court thy slighted Charms;
Tho now thy Offrings he despise,
He soon to thee shall Sacrifice;
Tho now he freeze, he soon shall burn,
And be thy Victim in his turn.
VII. Celestial Visitant, once more
Thy needful Presence I implore!
In Pity come and ease my Grief,
Bring my distemper’d Soul Relief;
Favour thy Suppliants hidden Fires,
And give me All my Heart desires.
Madam Dacier observes, there is something very pretty in that Circumstance of this Ode, wherein Venus is described as sending away her Chariot upon her Arrival at Sappho’s Lodgings, to denote that it was not a short transient Visit which she intended to make her. This Ode was preserved by an eminent Greek Critick, [3] who inserted it intire in his Works, as a Pattern of Perfection in the Structure of it.
Longinus has quoted another Ode of this great Poetess, which is likewise admirable in its Kind, and has been translated by the same Hand with the foregoing one. I shall oblige my Reader with it in another Paper. In the mean while, I cannot but wonder, that these two finished Pieces have never been attempted before by any of our Countrymen. But the Truth of it is, the Compositions of the Ancients, which have not in them any of those unnatural Witticisms that are the Delight of ordinary Readers, are extremely difficult to render into another Tongue, so as the Beauties of the Original may not appear weak and faded in the Translation.
[Footnote 1: Leucas]
[Footnote 2: Ambrose Philips, whose Winter Piece appeared in No. 12 of the Tatler, and whose six Pastorals preceded those of Pope. Philips’s Pastorals had appeared in 1709 in a sixth volume of a Poetical Miscellany issued by Jacob Tonson. The first four volumes of that Miscellany had been edited by Dryden, the fifth was collected after Dryden’s death, and the sixth was notable for opening with the
Pastorals of Ambrose Philips and closing with those of young Pope which Tonson had volunteered to print, thereby, said Wycherley, furnishing a Jacob’s ladder by which Pope mounted to immortality. In a letter to his friend Mr. Henry Cromwell, Pope said, generously putting himself out of account, that there were no better eclogues in our language than those of Philips; but when afterwards Tickell in the Guardian, criticising Pastoral Poets from Theocritus downwards, exalted Philips and passed over Pope, the slighted poet took his revenge by sending to Steele an amusing one paper more upon Pastorals. This was ironical exaltation of the worst he could find in Philips over the best bits of his own work, which Steele inserted (it is No. 40 of the Guardian). Hereupon Philips, it is said, stuck up a rod in Buttons Coffee House, which he said was to be used on Pope when next he met him. Pope retained his wrath, and celebrated Philips afterwards under the character of Macer, saying of this Spectator time,
When simple Macer, now of high renown, First sought a Poets fortune in the town, Twas all the ambition his high soul could feel, To wear red stockings, and to dine with Steele.]
[Footnote 3: Dionysius of Halicarnassus.]
No. 224. Friday, November 16, 1711. Hughes.
—Fulgente trahit constrictos Gloria curru
Non minus ignotos generosis
Hor. Sat. 6.
If we look abroad upon the great Multitudes of Mankind, and endeavour to trace out the Principles of Action in every Individual, it will, I think, seem highly probable that Ambition runs through the whole Species, and that every Man in Proportion to the Vigour of his Complection is more or less actuated by it. It is indeed no uncommon thing to meet with Men, who by the natural Bent of their Inclinations, and without the Discipline of Philosophy, aspire not to the Heights of Power and Grandeur; who never set their Hearts upon a numerous Train of Clients and Dependancies, nor other gay Appendages of Greatness; who are contented with a Competency, and will not molest their Tranquillity to gain an Abundance: But it is not therefore to be concluded that such a Man is not Ambitious; his Desires may have cut out another Channel, and determined him to other Pursuits; the Motive however may be still the same; and in these Cases likewise the Man may be equally pushed on with the Desire of Distinction.
Though the pure Consciousness of worthy Actions, abstracted from the Views of popular Applause, be to a generous Mind an ample Reward, yet the Desire of Distinction was doubtless implanted in our Natures as an additional Incentive to exert our selves in virtuous Excellence.
This Passion indeed, like all others, is frequently perverted to evil and ignoble Purposes; so that we may account for many of the Excellencies and Follies of Life upon the same innate Principle, to wit, the Desire of being remarkable: For this, as it has been differently cultivated by Education, Study and Converse, will bring forth suitable Effects as it falls in with an [ingenuous] [1] Disposition, or a corrupt Mind; it does accordingly express itself in Acts of Magnanimity or selfish Cunning, as it meets with a good or a weak Understanding. As it has been employed in embellishing the Mind, or adorning the Outside, it renders the Man eminently Praise-worthy or ridiculous. Ambition therefore is not to be confined only to one Passion or Pursuit; for as the same Humours, in Constitutions otherwise different, affect the Body after different Manners, so the same aspiring Principle within us sometimes breaks forth upon one Object, sometimes upon another.
It cannot be doubted, but that there is as great Desire of Glory in a Ring of Wrestlers or Cudgel-Players, as in any other more refined Competition for Superiority. No Man that could avoid it, would ever suffer his Head to be broken but out of a Principle of Honour. This is the secret Spring that pushes them forward; and the Superiority which they gain above the undistinguish’d many, does more than repair those Wounds they have received in the Combat. Tis Mr. Waller’s Opinion, that Julius Caesar, had he not been Master of the Roman Empire, would in all Probability have made an excellent Wrestler.
Great Julius on the Mountains bred, A Flock perhaps or Herd had led; He that the World subdued, had been But the best Wrestler on the Green. [2]
That he subdued the World, was owing to the Accidents of Art and Knowledge; had he not met with those Advantages, the same Sparks of Emulation would have kindled within him, and prompted him to distinguish himself in some Enterprize of a lower Nature. Since therefore no Man’s Lot is so unalterably fixed in this Life, but that a thousand Accidents may either forward or disappoint his Advancement, it is, methinks, a pleasant and inoffensive Speculation, to consider a great Man as divested of all the adventitious Circumstances of Fortune, and to bring him down in ones Imagination to that low Station of Life, the Nature of which bears some distant Resemblance to that high one he is at present possessed of. Thus one may view him exercising in Miniature those Talents of Nature, which being drawn out by Education to their full Length, enable him for the Discharge of some important Employment. On the other Hand, one may raise uneducated Merit to such a Pitch of Greatness as may seem equal to the possible Extent of his improved Capacity.
Thus Nature furnishes a Man with a general Appetite of Glory, Education determines it to this or that particular Object. The Desire of Distinction is not, I think, in any Instance more observable than in the Variety of Outsides and new Appearances, which the modish Part of the World are obliged to provide, in order to make themselves remarkable; for any thing glaring and particular, either in Behaviour or Apparel, is known to have this good Effect, that it catches the Eye, and will not suffer you to pass over the Person so adorned without due Notice and Observation. It has likewise, upon this Account, been frequently resented as a very great Slight, to leave any Gentleman out of a Lampoon or Satyr, who has as much Right to be there as his Neighbour, because it supposes the Person not eminent enough to be taken notice of. To this passionate Fondness for Distinction are owing various frolicksome and irregular Practices, as sallying out into Nocturnal Exploits, breaking of Windows, singing of Catches, beating the Watch, getting Drunk twice a Day, killing a great Number of Horses; with many other Enterprizes of the like fiery Nature: For certainly many a Man is more Rakish and Extravagant than he would willingly be, were there not others to look on and give their Approbation.
One very Common, and at the same time the most absurd Ambition that ever shewed it self in Humane Nature, is that which comes upon a Man with Experience and old Age, the Season when it might be expected he should be wisest; and therefore it cannot receive any of those lessening Circumstances which do, in some measure, excuse the disorderly Ferments of youthful Blood: I mean the Passion for getting Money, exclusive of the Character of the Provident Father, the Affectionate Husband, or the Generous Friend. It may be remarked, for the Comfort of honest Poverty, that this Desire reigns most in those who have but few good Qualities to recommend them. This is a Weed that will grow in a barren Soil. Humanity, Good Nature, and the Advantages of a Liberal Education, are incompatible with Avarice. Tis strange to see how suddenly this abject Passion kills all the noble Sentiments and generous Ambitions that adorn Humane Nature; it renders the Man who is over-run with it a peevish and cruel Master, a severe Parent, an unsociable Husband, a distant and mistrustful Friend. But it is more to the present Purpose to consider it as an absurd Passion of the Heart, rather than as a vicious Affection of the Mind. As there are frequent Instances to be met with of a proud Humility, so this Passion, contrary to most others, affects Applause, by avoiding all Show and Appearance; for this Reason it will not sometimes endure even the common Decencies of Apparel. A covetous Man will call himself poor, that you may sooth his Vanity by contradicting him. Love and the Desire of Glory, as they are the most natural, so they are capable of being refined into the most delicate and rational Passions. Tis
true, the wise Man who strikes out of the secret Paths of a private Life, for Honour and Dignity, allured by the Splendour of a Court, and the unfelt Weight of publick Employment, whether he succeeds in his Attempts or no, usually comes near enough to this painted Greatness to discern the Dawbing; he is then desirous of extricating himself out of the Hurry of Life, that he may pass away the Remainder of his Days in Tranquillity and Retirement.
It may be thought then but common Prudence in a Man not to change a better State for a worse, nor ever to quit that which he knows he shall take up again with Pleasure; and yet if human Life be not a little moved with the gentle Gales of Hopes and Fears, there may be some Danger of its stagnating in an unmanly Indolence and Security. It is a known Story of Domitian, that after he had possessed himself of the Roman Empire, his Desires turn’d upon catching Flies. Active and Masculine Spirits in the Vigour of Youth neither can nor ought to remain at Rest: If they debar themselves from aiming at a noble Object, their Desires will move downwards, and they will feel themselves actuated by some low and abject Passion.
Thus if you cut off the top Branches of a Tree, and will not suffer it to grow any higher, it will not therefore cease to grow, but will quickly shoot out at the Bottom. The Man indeed who goes into the World only with the narrow Views of Self-interest, who catches at the Applause of an idle Multitude, as he can find no solid Contentment at the End of his Journey, so he deserves to meet with Disappointments in his Way; but he who is actuated by a noble Principle, whose Mind is so far enlarged as to take in the Prospect of his Country’s Good, who is enamoured with that Praise which is one of the fair Attendants of Virtue, and values not those Acclamations which are not seconded by the impartial Testimony of his own Mind; who repines not at the low Station which Providence has at present allotted him, but yet would willingly advance himself by justifiable Means to a more rising and advantageous Ground; such a Man is warmed with a generous Emulation; it is a virtuous Movement in him to wish and to endeavour that his Power of doing Good may be equal to his Will.
The Man who is fitted out by Nature, and sent into the World with great Abilities, is capable of doing great Good or Mischief in it. It ought therefore to be the Care of Education to infuse into the untainted Youth early Notices of Justice and Honour, that so the possible Advantages of good Parts may not take an evil Turn, nor be perverted to base and unworthy Purposes. It is the Business of Religion and Philosophy not so much to extinguish our Passions, as to regulate and direct them to valuable well-chosen Objects: When these have pointed out to us which Course we may lawfully steer, tis no Harm to set out all our Sail; if the Storms and Tempests of Adversity should rise upon us, and not suffer us to make the Haven where we would be, it will however prove no small Consolation to us in these Circumstances, that we have neither mistaken our Course, nor fallen into Calamities of our own procuring.
Religion therefore (were we to consider it no farther than as it interposes in the Affairs of this Life) is highly valuable, and worthy of great Veneration; as it settles the various Pretensions, and otherwise interfering Interests of mortal Men, and thereby consults the Harmony and Order of the great Community; as it gives a Man room to play his Part, and exert his Abilities; as it animates to Actions truly laudable in themselves, in their Effects beneficial to Society; as it inspires rational Ambitions, correct Love, and elegant Desires.
[Footnote 1: ingenious]
[Footnote 2: In the Poem To Zelinda.]
No. 225 Saturday, November 17, 1711 Addison.
Nullum numen abest si sit Prudentia
I have often thought if the Minds of Men were laid open, we should see but little Difference between that of the Wise Man and that of the Fool. There are infinite Reveries, numberless Extravagancies, and a perpetual Train of Vanities which pass through both. The great Difference is that the first knows how to pick and cull his Thoughts for Conversation, by suppressing some, and communicating others; whereas the other lets them all indifferently fly out in Words. This sort of Discretion, however, has no Place in private Conversation between intimate Friends. On such Occasions the wisest Men very often talk like the weakest; for indeed the Talking with a Friend is nothing else but thinking aloud.
Tully has therefore very justly exposed a Precept delivered by some Ancient Writers, That a Man should live with his Enemy in such a manner, as might leave him room to become his Friend; and with his Friend in such a manner, that if he became his Enemy, it should not be in his Power to hurt him. The first Part of this Rule, which regards our Behaviour towards an Enemy, is indeed very reasonable, as well as very prudential; but the latter Part of it which regards our Behaviour towards a Friend, savours more of Cunning than of Discretion, and would cut a Man off from the greatest Pleasures of Life, which are the Freedoms of Conversation with a Bosom Friend. Besides, that when a Friend is turned into an Enemy, and (as the Son of Sirach calls him) a Bewrayer of Secrets, the World is just enough to accuse the Perfidiousness of the Friend, rather than the Indiscretion of the Person who confided in him.
Discretion does not only shew it self in Words, but in all the Circumstances of Action; and is like an Under-Agent of Providence, to guide and direct us in the ordinary Concerns of Life.
There are many more shining Qualities in the Mind of Man, but there is none so useful as Discretion; it is this indeed which gives a Value to all the rest, which sets them at work in their proper Times and Places, and turns them to the Advantage of the Person who is possessed of them. Without it Learning is Pedantry, and Wit Impertinence; Virtue itself looks like Weakness; the best Parts only qualify a Man to be more sprightly in Errors, and active to his own Prejudice.
Nor does Discretion only make a Man the Master of his own Parts, but of other Mens. The discreet Man finds out the Talents of those he Converses with, and knows how to apply them to proper Uses. Accordingly if we look into particular Communities and Divisions of Men, we may observe that it is the discreet Man, not the Witty, nor the Learned, nor the Brave, who guides the Conversation, and gives Measures to the Society. A Man with great Talents, but void of Discretion, is like Polyphemus in the Fable, Strong and Blind, endued with an irresistible Force, which for want of Sight is of no Use to him.
Though a Man has all other Perfections, and wants Discretion, he will be of no great Consequence in the World; but if he has this single Talent in Perfection, and but a common Share of others, he may do what he pleases in his particular Station of Life.
At the same time that I think Discretion the most useful Talent a Man can be Master of, I look upon Cunning to be the Accomplishment of little, mean, ungenerous Minds. Discretion points out the noblest Ends to us, and pursues the most proper and laudable Methods of attaining them: Cunning has only private selfish Aims, and sticks at nothing which may make them succeed. Discretion has large and extended Views, and, like a well-formed Eye, commands a whole Horizon: Cunning is a Kind of Short-sightedness, that discovers the minutest Objects which are near at hand, but is not able to discern things at a distance. Discretion, the more it is discovered, gives a greater Authority to the Person who possesses it: Cunning, when it is once detected, loses its Force, and makes a Man incapable of bringing about even those Events which he might have done, had he passed only for a plain Man. Discretion is the Perfection of Reason, and a Guide to us in all the Duties of Life; Cunning is a kind of Instinct, that only looks out after our immediate Interest and Welfare. Discretion is only found in Men of strong Sense and good Understandings: Cunning is often to be met with in Brutes themselves, and in Persons who are but the fewest Removes from them. In short Cunning is only the Mimick of Discretion, and may pass upon weak Men, in the same manner as Vivacity is often mistaken for Wit, and Gravity for Wisdom.
The Cast of Mind which is natural to a discreet Man, makes him look forward into Futurity, and consider what will be his Condition Millions of Ages hence, as well as what it is at present. He knows that the Misery or Happiness which are reserv’d for him in another World, lose nothing of their Reality by being placed at so great Distance from him. The Objects do not appear little to him because they are remote. He considers that those Pleasures and Pains which lie hid in Eternity, approach nearer to him every Moment, and will be present with him in their full Weight and Measure, as much as those Pains and Pleasures which he feels at this very Instant. For this Reason he is careful to secure to himself
that which is the proper Happiness of his Nature, and the ultimate Design of his Being. He carries his Thoughts to the End of every Action, and considers the most distant as well as the most immediate Effects of it. He supersedes every little Prospect of Gain and Advantage which offers itself here, if he does not find it consistent with his Views of an Hereafter. In a word, his Hopes are full of Immortality, his Schemes are large and glorious, and his Conduct suitable to one who knows his true Interest, and how to pursue it by proper Methods.
I have, in this Essay upon Discretion, considered it both as an Accomplishment and as a Virtue, and have therefore described it in its full Extent; not only as it is conversant about worldly Affairs, but as it regards our whole Existence; not only as it is the Guide of a mortal Creature, but as it is in general the Director of a reasonable Being. It is in this Light that Discretion is represented by the Wise Man, who sometimes mentions it under the Name of Discretion, and sometimes under that of Wisdom. It is indeed (as described in the latter Part of this Paper) the greatest Wisdom, but at the same time in the Power of every one to attain. Its Advantages are infinite, but its Acquisition easy; or to speak of her in the Words of the Apocryphal Writer whom I quoted in my last Saturdays Paper, Wisdom is glorious, and never fadeth away, yet she is easily seen of them that love her, and found of such as seek her. She preventeth them that desire her, in making herself first known unto them. He that seeketh her early, shall have no great Travel: for he shall find her sitting at his Doors. To think therefore upon her is Perfection of Wisdom, and whoso watcheth for her shall quickly be without Care. For she goeth about seeking such as are worthy of her, sheweth her self favourably unto them in the Ways, and meeteth them in every Thought. [1]
[Footnote 1: Wisdom vi. 12-16.]
No. 226 Monday, November 19, 1711. [1] Steele.
—Mutum est pictura poema.
Hor. [2]
I have very often lamented and hinted my Sorrow in several Speculations, that the Art of Painting is made so little Use of to the Improvement of our Manners. When we consider that it places the Action of the Person represented in the most agreeable Aspect imaginable, that it does not only express the Passion or Concern as it sits upon him who is drawn, but has under those Features the Height of the Painters Imagination. What strong Images of Virtue and Humanity might we not expect would be instilled into the Mind from the Labours of the Pencil? This is a Poetry which would be understood with much less Capacity, and less Expence of Time, than what is taught by Writings; but the Use of it is generally perverted, and that admirable Skill prostituted to the basest and most
unworthy Ends. Who is the better Man for beholding the most beautiful Venus, the best wrought Bacchanal, the Images of sleeping Cupids, languishing Nymphs, or any of the Representations of Gods, Goddesses, Demy-gods, Satyrs, Polyphemes, Sphinxes, or Fauns? But if the Virtues and Vices, which are sometimes pretended to be represented under such Draughts, were given us by the Painter in the Characters of real Life, and the Persons of Men and Women whose Actions have rendered them laudable or infamous; we should not see a good History-Piece without receiving an instructive Lecture. There needs no other Proof of this Truth, than the Testimony of every reasonable Creature who has seen the Cartons in Her Majesty’s Gallery at Hampton—Court: These are Representations of no less Actions than those of our Blessed Saviour and his Apostles. As I now sit and recollect the warm Images which the admirable Raphael has raised, it is impossible even from the faint Traces in ones Memory of what one has not seen these two Years, to be unmoved at the Horror and Reverence which appear in the whole Assembly when the mercenary Man fell down dead; at the Amazement of the Man born blind, when he first receives Sight; or at the graceless Indignation of the Sorcerer, when he is struck blind. The Lame, when they first find Strength in their Feet, stand doubtful of their new Vigour. The heavenly Apostles appear acting these great Things, with a deep Sense of the Infirmities which they relieve, but no Value of themselves who administer to their Weakness. They know themselves to be but Instruments; and the generous Distress they are painted in when divine Honours are offered to them, is a Representation in the most exquisite Degree of the Beauty of Holiness. When St. Paul is preaching to the Athenians, with what wonderful Art are almost all the different Tempers of Mankind represented in that elegant Audience? You see one credulous of all that is said, another wrapt up in deep Suspence, another saying there is some Reason in what he says, another angry that the Apostle destroys a favourite Opinion which he is unwilling to give up, another wholly convinced and holding out his Hands in Rapture; while the Generality attend, and wait for the Opinion of those who are of leading Characters in the Assembly. I will not pretend so much as to mention that Chart on which is drawn the Appearance of our Blessed Lord after his Resurrection. Present Authority, late Suffering, Humility and Majesty, Despotick Command, and [Divine] [3] Love, are at once seated in his celestial Aspect. The Figures of the Eleven Apostles are all in the same Passion of Admiration, but discover it differently according to their Characters. Peter receives his Masters Orders on his Knees with an Admiration mixed with a more particular Attention: The two next with a more open Ecstasy, though still constrained by the Awe of the Divine [4] Presence: The beloved Disciple,
whom I take to be the Right of the two first Figures, has in his Countenance Wonder drowned in Love; and the last Personage, whose Back is towards the Spectator[s], and his Side towards the Presence, one would fancy to be St. Thomas, as abashed by the Conscience of his former Diffidence; which perplexed Concern it is possible Raphael thought too hard a Task to draw but by this Acknowledgment of the Difficulty to describe it.
The whole Work is an Exercise of the highest Piety in the Painter; and all the Touches of a religious Mind are expressed in a Manner much more forcible than can possibly be performed by the most moving Eloquence. These invaluable Pieces are very justly in the Hands of the greatest and most pious Sovereign in the World; and cannot be the frequent Object of every one at their own Leisure: But as an Engraver is to the Painter what a Printer is to an Author, it is worthy Her Majesty’s Name, that she has encouraged that Noble Artist, Monsieur Dorigny, [5] to publish these Works of Raphael. We have of this Gentleman a Piece of the Transfiguration, which, I think, is held a Work second to none in the World.
Methinks it would be ridiculous in our People of Condition, after their large Bounties to Foreigners of no Name or Merit, should they overlook this Occasion of having, for a trifling Subscription, a Work which it is impossible for a Man of Sense to behold, without being warmed with the noblest Sentiments that can be inspired by Love, Admiration, Compassion, Contempt of this World, and Expectation of a better.
It is certainly the greatest Honour we can do our Country, to distinguish Strangers of Merit who apply to us with Modesty and Diffidence, which generally accompanies Merit. No Opportunity of this Kind ought to be neglected; and a modest Behaviour should alarm us to examine whether we do not lose something excellent under that Disadvantage in the Possessor of that Quality. My Skill in Paintings, where one is not directed by the Passion of the Pictures, is so inconsiderable, that I am in very great Perplexity when I offer to speak of any Performances of Painters of Landskips, Buildings, or single Figures. This makes me at a loss how to mention the Pieces which Mr. Boul exposes to Sale by Auction on Wednesday next in Shandois-street: But having heard him commended by those who have bought of him heretofore for great Integrity in his Dealing, and overheard him himself (tho a laudable Painter) say, nothing of his own was fit to come into the Room with those he had to sell, I fear’d I should lose an Occasion of serving a Man of Worth, in omitting to speak of his Auction.
[Footnote 1: Swift to Stella, Nov. 18, 1711.
Do you ever read the SPECTATORS? I never do; they never come in my way; I go to no coffee-houses. They say abundance of them are very pretty; they are going to be printed in small volumes; Ill bring them over with me.]
Pictura Poesis erit.
[Footnote 3: Brotherly]
[Footnote 4: coelestial]
[Footnote 5: Michel Dorigny, painter and engraver, native of St. Quentin, pupil and son-in-law of Simon Vouet, whose style he adopted, was Professor in the Paris Academy of Painting, and died at the age of 48, in 1665. His son and Vouet’s grandson, Nicolo Dorigny, in aid of whose undertaking Steele wrote this paper in the Spectator, had been invited from Rome by several of the nobility, to produce, with licence from the Queen, engravings from Raphael’s Cartoons, at Hampton Court. He offered eight plates 19 inches high, and from 25 to 30 inches long, for four guineas subscription, although, he said in his Prospectus, the five prints of Alexanders Battles after Lebrun were often sold for twenty guineas.]
There is arrived from Italy
a Painter
who acknowledges himself the greatest Person of the Age in that Art,
and is willing to be as renowned in this Island
as he declares he is in Foreign Parts.
The Doctor paints the Poor for nothing.
[Greek: O moi ego ti patho; ti ho dussuos; ouch hypakoueis; Tan Baitan apodus eis kumata taena aleumai Homer tos thunnos skopiazetai Olpis ho gripeus. Kaeka mae pothano, to ge man teon hadu tetuktai.
Theoc.]
In my last Thursday’s Paper I made mention of a Place called The Lovers’ Leap, which I find has raised a great Curiosity among several of my Correspondents. I there told them that this Leap was used to be taken from a Promontory of Leucas. This Leucas was formerly a Part of Acarnania, being [joined to[1]] it by a narrow Neck of Land, which the Sea has by length of Time overflowed and washed away; so that at present Leucas is divided from the Continent, and is a little Island in the Ionian Sea. The Promontory of this Island, from whence the Lover took his Leap, was formerly called Leucate. If the Reader has a mind to know both the Island and the Promontory by their modern Titles, he will find in his Map the ancient Island of Leucas under the Name of St. Mauro, and the ancient Promontory of Leucate under the Name of The Cape of St. Mauro.
Since I am engaged thus far in Antiquity, I must observe that Theocritus in the Motto prefixed to my Paper, describes one of his despairing Shepherds addressing himself to his Mistress after the following manner, Alas! What will become of me! Wretch that I am! Will you not hear me? Ill throw off my Cloaths, and take a Leap into that Part of the Sea which is so much frequented by Olphis the
Fisherman. And tho I should escape with my Life, I know you will be pleased with it. I shall leave it with the Criticks to determine whether the Place, which this Shepherd so particularly points out, was not the above-mentioned Leucate, or at least some other Lovers Leap, which was supposed to have had the same Effect. I cannot believe, as all the Interpreters do, that the Shepherd means nothing farther here than that he would drown himself, since he represents the Issue of his Leap as doubtful, by adding, That if he should escape with [Life,[2]] he knows his Mistress would be pleased with it; which is, according to our Interpretation, that she would rejoice any way to get rid of a Lover who was so troublesome to her.
After this short Preface, I shall present my Reader with some Letters which I have received upon this Subject. The first is sent me by a Physician.
The Lovers Leap, which you mention in your 223d Paper, was generally, I believe, a very effectual Cure for Love, and not only for Love, but for all other Evils. In short, Sir, I am afraid it was such a Leap as that which Hero took to get rid of her Passion for Leander. A Man is in no Danger of breaking his Heart, who breaks his Neck to prevent it. I know very well the Wonders which ancient Authors relate concerning this Leap; and in particular, that very many Persons who tried it, escaped not only with their Lives but their Limbs. If by this Means they got rid of their Love, tho it may in part be ascribed to the Reasons you give for it; why may not we suppose that the cold Bath into which they plunged themselves, had also some Share in their Cure? A Leap into the Sea or into any Creek of Salt Waters, very often gives a new Motion to the Spirits, and a new Turn to the Blood; for which Reason we prescribe it in Distempers which no other Medicine will reach. I could produce a Quotation out of a very venerable Author, in which the Frenzy produced by Love, is compared to that which is produced by the Biting of a mad Dog. But as this Comparison is a little too coarse for your Paper, and might look as if it were cited to ridicule the Author who has made use of it; I shall only hint at it, and desire you to consider whether, if the Frenzy produced by these two different Causes be of the same Nature, it may not very properly be cured by the same Means.
Your most humble Servant, and Well-wisher,_
ESCULAPIUS.
I am a young Woman crossed in Love. My Story is very long and melancholy. To give you the heads of it: A young Gentleman, after having made his Applications to me for three Years together, and filled my Head with a thousand Dreams of Happiness, some few Days since married another. Pray tell me in what Part of the World your Promontory lies, which you call The Lovers Leap, and whether
one may go to it by Land? But, alas, I am afraid it has lost its Virtue, and that a Woman of our Times would find no more Relief in taking such a Leap, than in singing an Hymn to Venus. So that I must cry out with Dido in Dryden’s Virgil,
Ah! cruel Heaven, that made no Cure for Love!
Your disconsolate Servant,_
ATHENAIS.
MISTER SPICTATUR,
My Heart is so full of Lofes and Passions for Mrs. Gwinifrid, and
she is so pettish and overrun with Cholers against me, that if I had
the good Happiness to have my Dwelling (which is placed by my
Creat-Cranfather upon the Pottom of an Hill) no farther Distance but
twenty Mile from the Lofers Leap, I would indeed indeafour to preak
my Neck upon it on Purpose. Now, good Mister SPICTATUR of Crete
Prittain, you must know it there is in Caernaruanshire a fery pig
Mountain, the Glory of all Wales, which is named Penmainmaure, and
you must also know, it iss no great Journey on Foot from me; but the
Road is stony and bad for Shooes. Now, there is upon the Forehead of
this Mountain a very high Rock, (like a Parish Steeple) that cometh a
huge deal over the Sea; so when I am in my Melancholies, and I do
throw myself from it, I do desire my fery good Friend to tell me in
his Spictatur, if I shall be cure of my grefous Lofes; for there is
the Sea clear as Glass, and as creen as the Leek: Then likewise if I
be drown, and preak my Neck, if Mrs. Gwinifrid will not lose me
afterwards. Pray be speedy in your Answers, for I am in crete Haste,
and it is my Tesires to do my Pusiness without Loss of Time. I remain
with cordial Affections, your ever lofing Friend, Davyth ap
Shenkyn.
P. S. My Law-suits have brought me to London, but I have lost my
Causes; and so have made my Resolutions to go down and leap before the
Frosts begin; for I am apt to take Colds.
Ridicule, perhaps, is a better Expedient against Love than sober Advice, and I am of Opinion, that Hudibras and Don Quixote may be as effectual to cure the Extravagancies of this Passion, as any of the old Philosophers. I shall therefore publish, very speedily, the Translation of a little Greek Manuscript, which is sent me by a learned Friend. It appears to have been a Piece of those Records which were kept in the little Temple of Apollo, that stood upon the Promontory of Leucate. The Reader will find it to be a Summary Account of several Persons who tried the Lovers Leap, and of the Success they found in it. As there seem to be in it some Anachronisms and Deviations from the ancient Orthography, I am not wholly satisfied myself that it is authentick, and not rather the Production of one of those Grecian Sophisters, who have imposed upon the World several spurious Works of this Nature. I speak this by way of Precaution, because I know there are several Writers, of uncommon Erudition, who would not fail to expose my Ignorance, if they caught me tripping in a Matter of so great Moment. [3]
[Footnote 1: [divided from]]
[Footnote 2: [his Life,]]
[Footnote 3: The following Advertisement appeared in Nos. 227-234, 237, 247 and 248, with the word certainly before be ready after the first insertion:
There is now Printing by Subscription two Volumes of the SPECTATORS on a large Character in Octavo; the Price of the two Vols. well Bound and Gilt two Guineas. Those who are inclined to Subscribe, are desired to make their first Payments to Jacob Tonson, Bookseller in the Strand, the Books being so near finished, that they will be ready for the Subscribers at or before Christmas next.
The Third and Fourth Volumes of the LUCUBRATIONS of Isaac Bickerstaff,
Esq., are ready to be delivered at the same Place.
N.B. The Author desires that such Gentlemen who have not received
their Books for which they have Subscribed, would be pleased to
signify the same to Mr. Tonson.]
Percunctatorem fugito, nam Garrulus idem est.
There is a Creature who has all the Organs of Speech, a tolerable good Capacity for conceiving what is said to it, together with a pretty proper Behaviour in all the Occurrences of common Life; but naturally very vacant of Thought in it self, and therefore forced to apply it self to foreign Assistances. Of this Make is that Man who is very inquisitive. You may often observe, that tho he speaks as good Sense as any Man upon any thing with which he is well acquainted, he cannot trust to the Range of his own Fancy to entertain himself upon that Foundation, but goes on to still new Enquiries. Thus, tho you know he is fit for the most polite Conversation, you shall see him very well contented to sit by a Jockey, giving an Account of the many Revolutions in his Horses Health, what Potion he made him take, how that agreed with him, how afterwards he came to his Stomach and his Exercise, or any the like Impertinence; and be as well pleased as if you talked to him on the most important Truths. This Humour is far from making a Man unhappy, tho it may subject him to Raillery; for he generally falls in with a Person who seems to be born for him, which is your talkative Fellow. It is so ordered, that there is a secret Bent, as natural as the Meeting of different Sexes, in these two Characters, to supply each others Wants. I had the Honour the other Day to sit in a publick Room, and saw an inquisitive Man look with an Air of Satisfaction upon the Approach of one of these Talkers.
The Man of ready Utterance sat down by him, and rubbing his Head, leaning on his Arm, and making an uneasy Countenance, he began; There is no manner of News To-day. I cannot tell what is the Matter with me, but I slept very ill last Night; whether I caught Cold or no, I know not, but I fancy I do not wear Shoes thick enough for the Weather, and I have coughed all this Week: It must be so, for the Custom of washing my Head Winter and Summer with cold Water, prevents any Injury from the Season entering that Way; so it must come in at my Feet; But I take no notice of it: as it comes so it goes. Most of our Evils proceed from too much Tenderness; and our Faces are naturally as little able to resist the Cold as other Parts. The Indian answered very well to an European, who asked him how he could go naked; I am all Face.
I observed this Discourse was as welcome to my general Enquirer as any other of more Consequence could have been; but some Body calling our Talker to another Part of the Room, the Enquirer told the next Man who sat by him, that Mr. such a one, who was just gone from him, used to wash his Head in cold Water every Morning; and so repeated almost verbatim all that had been said to him. The Truth is, the Inquisitive are the Funnels of Conversation; they do not take in any thing for their own Use, but merely to pass it to another: They are the Channels through which all the Good and Evil that is spoken in Town are conveyed. Such as are offended at them, or think they suffer by their Behaviour, may themselves mend that Inconvenience; for they are not a malicious People, and if you will supply them, you may contradict any thing they have said before by their own Mouths. A farther Account of a thing is one of the gratefullest Goods that can arrive to them; and it is seldom that they are more particular than to say, The Town will have it, or I have it from a good Hand: So that there is room for the Town to know the Matter more particularly, and for a better Hand to contradict what was said by a good one.
I have not known this Humour more ridiculous than in a Father, who has been earnestly solicitous to have an Account how his Son has passed his leisure Hours; if it be in a Way thoroughly insignificant, there cannot be a greater Joy than an Enquirer discovers in seeing him follow so hopefully his own Steps: But this Humour among Men is most pleasant when they are saying something which is not wholly proper for a third Person to hear, and yet is in itself indifferent. The other Day there came in a well-dressed young Fellow, and two Gentlemen of this Species immediately fell a whispering his Pedigree. I could overhear, by Breaks, She was his Aunt; then an Answer, Ay, she was of the Mothers Side: Then again in a little lower Voice, His Father wore generally a darker Wig; Answer, Not much. But this Gentleman wears higher Heels to his Shoes.
As the Inquisitive, in my Opinion, are such merely from a Vacancy in their own Imaginations, there is nothing, methinks, so dangerous as to communicate Secrets to them; for the same Temper of Enquiry makes them as impertinently communicative: But no Man, though he converses with them, need put himself in their Power, for they will be contented with Matters of less Moment as well. When there is Fuel enough, no matter what it is—Thus the Ends of Sentences in the News Papers, as, This wants Confirmation, This occasions many Speculations, and Time will discover the Event, are read by them, and considered not as mere Expletives.
One may see now and then this Humour accompanied with an insatiable Desire of knowing what passes, without turning it to any Use in the world but merely their own Entertainment. A Mind which is gratified this Way is adapted to Humour and Pleasantry, and formed for an unconcerned Character in the World; and, like my self, to be a mere Spectator. This Curiosity, without Malice or Self-interest, lays up in the Imagination a Magazine of Circumstances which cannot but entertain when they are produced in Conversation. If one were to know, from the Man of the first Quality to the meanest Servant, the different Intrigues, Sentiments, Pleasures, and Interests of Mankind, would it not be the most pleasing Entertainment imaginable to enjoy so constant a Farce, as the observing Mankind much more different from themselves in their secret Thoughts and publick Actions, than in their Night-caps and long Periwigs?
Plutarch tells us, that Caius Gracchus, the Roman, was frequently hurried by his Passion into so loud and tumultuous a way of Speaking, and so strained his Voice as not to be able to proceed. To remedy this Excess, he had an ingenious Servant, by Name Licinius, always attended him with a Pitch-pipe, or Instrument to regulate the Voice; who, whenever he heard his Master begin to be high, immediately touched a soft Note; at which, ’tis said, Caius would presently abate and grow calm.
Upon recollecting this Story, I have frequently wondered that this useful Instrument should have been so long discontinued; especially since we find that this good Office of Licinius has preserved his Memory for many hundred Years, which, methinks, should have encouraged some one to have revived it, if not for the publick Good, yet for his own Credit. It may be objected, that our loud Talkers are so fond of their own Noise, that they would not take it well to be check’d by their Servants: But granting this to be true, surely any of their Hearers have a very good Title to play a soft Note in their own Defence. To be short, no Licinius appearing and the Noise increasing, I was resolved to give this late long Vacation to the Good of my Country; and I have at length, by the Assistance of an ingenious Artist, (who works to the Royal Society)
almost compleated my Design, and shall be ready in a short Time to furnish the Publick with what Number of these Instruments they please, either to lodge at Coffee-houses, or carry for their own private Use. In the mean time I shall pay that Respect to several Gentlemen, who I know will be in Danger of offending against this Instrument, to give them notice of it by private Letters, in which I shall only write, Get a Licinius.
I should now trouble you no longer, but that I must not conclude without desiring you to accept one of these Pipes, which shall be left for you with Buckley; and which I hope will be serviceable to you, since as you are silent yourself you are most open to the Insults of the Noisy.
I am, SIR, &c.
I had almost forgot to inform you, that as an Improvement in this Instrument, there will be a particular Note, which I call a Hush-Note; and this is to be made use of against a long Story, Swearing, Obsceneness, and the like.
—Spirat adhuc amor,
Vivuntque commissi calores
AEoliae fidibus puellae.
Among the many famous Pieces of Antiquity which are still to be seen at Rome, there is the Trunk of a Statue [1] which has lost the Arms, Legs, and Head; but discovers such an exquisite Workmanship in what remains of it, that Michael Angelo declared he had learned his whole Art from it. Indeed he studied it so attentively, that he made most of his Statues, and even his Pictures in that Gusto, to make use of the Italian Phrase; for which Reason this maimed Statue is still called Michael Angelo’s School.
A Fragment of Sappho, which I design for the Subject of this Paper, [2] is in as great Reputation among the Poets and Criticks, as the mutilated Figure above-mentioned is among the Statuaries and Painters. Several of our Countrymen, and Mr. Dryden in particular, seem very often to have copied after it in their Dramatick Writings; and in their Poems upon Love.
Whatever might have been the Occasion of this Ode, the English Reader will enter into the Beauties of it, if he supposes it to have been written in the Person of a Lover sitting by his Mistress. I shall set to View three different Copies of this beautiful Original: The first is a Translation by Catullus, the second by Monsieur Boileau, and the last by a Gentleman whose Translation of the Hymn to Venus has been so deservedly admired.
Ad LESBIAM.
Ille mi par esse deo videtur,
Ille, si fas est, superare divos,
Qui sedens adversus identidem te,
Spectat, et audit.
Dulce ridentem, misero quod omnis
Eripit sensus mihi: nam simul te,
Lesbia, adspexi, nihil est super mi_
Quod loquar amens.
Lingua sed torpet, tenuis sub artus
Flamnia dimanat, sonitu suopte
Tinniunt aures, gemina teguntur
Lumina nocte.
My learned Reader will know very well the Reason why one of these Verses is printed in Roman Letter; [3] and if he compares this Translation with the Original, will find that the three first Stanzas are rendred almost Word for Word, and not only with the same Elegance, but with the same short Turn of Expression which is so remarkable in the Greek, and so peculiar to the Sapphick Ode. I cannot imagine for what Reason Madam Dacier has told us, that this Ode of Sappho is preserved entire in Longinus, since it is manifest to any one who looks into that Authors Quotation of it, that there must at least have been another Stanza, which is not transmitted to us.
The second Translation of this Fragment which I shall here cite, is that of Monsieur Boileau.
Heureux! qui pres de toi, pour toi seule soupire:
Qui jouit du plaisir de tentendre parler:
Qui te voit quelquefois doucement lui sourire.
Les Dieux, dans son bonheur, peuvent-ils legaler?
Je sens de veine en veine une subtile flamme
Courir par tout mon corps, si-tost que je te vois:
Et dans les doux transports, ou segare mon ame,
Je ne scaurois trouver de langue, ni de voix.
Un nuage confus se repand sur ma vue,
Je nentens plus, je tombe en de douces langueurs;
Et pale, sans haleine, interdite, esperdue,
Un frisson me saisit, je tremble, je me meurs.
The Reader will see that this is rather an Imitation than a Translation. The Circumstances do not lie so thick together, and follow one another with that Vehemence and Emotion as in the Original. In short, Monsieur Boileau has given us all the Poetry, but not all the Passion of this famous Fragment. I shall, in the last Place, present my Reader with the English Translation.
I. Blest as th’immortal Gods is he,
The Youth who fondly sits by thee,
And hears and sees thee all the while
Softly speak and sweetly smile.
II. Twas this deprived my Soul of Rest,
And raised such Tumults in my Breast;
For while I gaz’d, in Transport tost,
My Breath was gone, my Voice was lost:
III. My Bosom glowed; the subtle Flame
Ran quick through all my vital Frame;
O’er my dim Eyes a Darkness hung;
My Ears with hollow Murmurs rung.
IV. In dewy Damps my Limbs were child;
My Blood with gentle Horrors thrill’d;
My feeble Pulse forgot to play;
I fainted, sunk, and dy’d away.
Instead of giving any Character of this last Translation, I shall desire my learned Reader to look into the Criticisms which Longinus has made upon the Original. By that means he will know to which of the Translations he ought to give the Preference. I shall only add, that this Translation is written in the very Spirit of Sappho, and as near the Greek as the Genius of our Language will possibly suffer.
Longinus has observed, that this Description of Love in Sappho is an exact Copy of Nature, and that all the Circumstances which follow one another in such an Hurry of Sentiments, notwithstanding they appear repugnant to each other, are really such as happen in the Phrenzies of Love.
I wonder, that not one of the Criticks or Editors, through whose Hands this Ode has passed, has taken Occasion from it to mention a Circumstance related by Plutarch. That Author in the famous Story of Antiochus, who fell in Love with Stratonice, his Mother-in-law, and (not daring to discover his Passion) pretended to be confined to his Bed by Sickness, tells us, that Erasistratus, the Physician, found out the Nature of his Distemper by those Symptoms of Love which he had learnt from Sappho’s Writings. [4] Stratonice was in the Room of the Love-sick Prince, when these Symptoms discovered themselves to his Physician; and it is probable, that they were not very different from those which Sappho here describes in a Lover sitting by his Mistress. This Story of Antiochus is so well known, that I need not add the Sequel of it, which has no Relation to my present Subject.
[Footnote 1: The Belvidere Torso.]
[Footnote 2: The other translation by Ambrose Philips. See note to No. 223.]
[Footnote 3: Wanting in copies then known, it is here supplied by conjecture.]
[Footnote 4: In Plutarch’s Life of Demetrius.
When others entered Antiochus was entirely unaffected. But when Stratonice came in, as she often did, he shewed all the symptoms described by Sappho, the faltering voice, the burning blush, the languid eye, the sudden sweat, the tumultuous pulse; and at length, the passion overcoming his spirits, a swoon and mortal paleness.]
No. 230. Friday, Nov. 23, 1711. Steele.
Homines ad Deos nulla re propius accedunt, quam salutem Hominibus
dando.
Tull.
Human Nature appears a very deformed, or a very beautiful Object, according to the different Lights in which it is viewed. When we see Men of inflamed Passions, or of wicked Designs, tearing one another to pieces by open Violence, or undermining each other by secret Treachery; when we observe base and narrow Ends pursued by ignominious and dishonest Means; when we behold Men mixed in Society as if it were for the Destruction of it; we are even ashamed of our Species, and out of Humour with our own Being: But in another Light, when we behold them mild, good, and benevolent, full of a generous Regard for the publick Prosperity, compassionating [each [1]] others Distresses, and relieving each others Wants, we can hardly believe they are Creatures of the same Kind. In this View they appear Gods
to each other, in the Exercise of the noblest Power, that of doing Good; and the greatest Compliment we have ever been able to make to our own Being, has been by calling this Disposition of Mind Humanity. We cannot but observe a Pleasure arising in our own Breast upon the seeing or hearing of a generous Action, even when we are wholly disinterested in it. I cannot give a more proper Instance of this, than by a Letter from Pliny, in which he recommends a Friend in the most handsome manner, and, methinks, it would be a great Pleasure to know the Success of this Epistle, though each Party concerned in it has been so many hundred Years in his Grave.
To MAXIMUS.
What I should gladly do for any Friend of yours, I think I may now with Confidence request for a Friend of mine. Arrianus Maturius is the most considerable Man of his Country; when I call him so, I do not speak with Relation to his Fortune, though that is very plentiful, but to his Integrity, Justice, Gravity, and Prudence; his Advice is useful to me in Business, and his Judgment in Matters of Learning: His Fidelity, Truth, and good Understanding, are very great; besides this, he loves me as you do, than which I cannot say any thing that signifies a warmer Affection. He has nothing that’s aspiring; and though he might rise to the highest Order of Nobility, he keeps himself in an inferior Rank; yet I think my self bound to use my Endeavours to serve and promote him; and would therefore find the Means of adding something to his Honours while he neither expects nor knows it, nay, though he should refuse it. Something, in short, I would have for him that may be honourable, but not troublesome; and I entreat that you will procure him the first thing of this kind that offers, by which you will not only oblige me, but him also; for though he does not covet it, I know he will be as grateful in acknowledging your Favour as if he had asked it. [2]
The Reflections in some of your Papers on the servile manner of Education now in Use, have given Birth to an Ambition, which, unless you discountenance it, will, I doubt, engage me in a very difficult, tho not ungrateful Adventure. I am about to undertake, for the sake of the British Youth, to instruct them in such a manner, that the most dangerous Page in Virgil or Homer may be read by them with much Pleasure, and with perfect Safety to their Persons.
Could I prevail so far as to be honoured with the Protection of some few of them, (for I am not Hero enough to rescue many) my Design is to retire with them to an agreeable Solitude; though within the Neighbourhood of a City, for the Convenience of their being instructed in Musick, Dancing, Drawing, Designing, or any other such Accomplishments, which it is conceived may make as proper Diversions for them, and almost as pleasant, as the little sordid
Games which dirty School-boys are so much delighted with. It may easily be imagined, how such a pretty Society, conversing with none beneath themselves, and sometimes admitted as perhaps not unentertaining Parties amongst better Company, commended and caressed for their little Performances, and turned by such Conversations to a certain Gallantry of Soul, might be brought early acquainted with some of the most polite English Writers. This having given them some tolerable Taste of Books, they would make themselves Masters of the Latin Tongue by Methods far easier than those in Lilly, with as little Difficulty or Reluctance as young Ladies learn to speak French, or to sing Italian Operas. When they had advanced thus far, it would be time to form their Taste something more exactly: One that had any true Relish of fine Writing, might, with great Pleasure both to himself and them, run over together with them the best Roman Historians, Poets, and Orators, and point out their more remarkable Beauties; give them a short Scheme of Chronology, a little View of Geography, Medals, Astronomy, or what else might best feed the busy inquisitive Humour so natural to that Age. Such of them as had the least Spark of Genius, when it was once awakened by the shining Thoughts and great Sentiments of those admired Writers, could not, I believe, be easily withheld from attempting that more difficult Sister Language, whose exalted Beauties they would have heard so often celebrated as the Pride and Wonder of the whole Learned World. In the mean while, it would be requisite to exercise their Style in Writing any light Pieces that ask more of Fancy than of Judgment: and that frequently in their Native Language, which every one methinks should be most concerned to cultivate, especially Letters, in which a Gentleman must have so frequent Occasions to distinguish himself. A Set of genteel good-natured Youths fallen into such a Manner of Life, would form almost a little Academy, and doubtless prove no such contemptible Companions, as might not often tempt a wiser Man to mingle himself in their Diversions, and draw them into such serious Sports as might prove nothing less instructing than the gravest Lessons. I doubt not but it might be made some of their Favourite Plays, to contend which of them should recite a beautiful Part of a Poem or Oration most gracefully, or sometimes to join in acting a Scene of Terence, Sophocles, or our own Shakespear. The Cause of Milo might again be pleaded before more favourable Judges, Caesar a second time be taught to tremble, and another Race of Athenians be afresh enraged at the Ambition of another Philip. Amidst these noble Amusements, we could hope to see the early Dawnings of their Imagination daily brighten into Sense, their Innocence improve into Virtue, and their unexperienced Good-nature directed to a generous Love of their Country.
I am, &c.
[Footnote 1: of each]
[Footnote 2: Pliny, Jun, Epist. Bk. II. Ep. 2. Thus far the paper is by John Hughes.]
No. 231. Saturday, November 24, 1711. Addison.
O Pudor! O Pietas!
Mart.
Looking over the Letters which I have lately received from from my Correspondents, I met with the following one, which is written with such a Spirit of Politeness, that I could not but be very much pleased with it my self, and question not but it will be as acceptable to the Reader.
You, who are no Stranger to Publick Assemblies, cannot but have observed the Awe they often strike on such as are obliged to exert any Talent before them. This is a sort of elegant Distress, to which ingenuous Minds are the most liable, and may therefore deserve some remarks in your Paper. Many a brave Fellow, who has put his Enemy to Flight in the Field, has been in the utmost Disorder upon making a Speech before a Body of his Friends at home: One would think there was some kind of Fascination in the Eyes of a large Circle of People, when darting altogether upon one Person. I have seen a new Actor in a Tragedy so bound up by it as to be scarce able to speak or move, and have expected he would have died above three Acts before the Dagger or Cup of Poison were brought in. It would not be amiss, if such an one were at first introduced as a Ghost or a Statue, till he recovered his Spirits, and grew fit for some living Part.
As this sudden Desertion of ones self shews a Diffidence, which is not displeasing, it implies at the same time the greatest Respect to an Audience that can be. It is a sort of mute Eloquence, which pleads for their Favour much better than Words could do; and we find their Generosity naturally moved to support those who are in so much Perplexity to entertain them. I was extremely pleased with a late Instance of this Kind at the Opera of Almahide, in the Encouragement given to a young Singer, [2] whose more than ordinary Concern on her first Appearance, recommended her no less than her agreeable Voice, and just Performance. Meer Bashfulness without Merit is awkward; and Merit without Modesty, insolent. But modest Merit has a double Claim to Acceptance, and generally meets with as many Patrons as Beholders. I am, &c.
It is impossible that a Person should exert himself to Advantage in an Assembly, whether it be his Part either to sing or speak, who lies under too great Oppressions of Modesty. I remember, upon talking with a Friend of mine concerning the Force of Pronunciation, our Discourse led us into the Enumeration of the several Organs of Speech which an Orator ought to have in Perfection, as the Tongue, the Teeth [the Lips,] the Nose, the Palate, and the Wind-pipe. Upon which, says my Friend, you have omitted the most material Organ of them all, and that is the Forehead.
But notwithstanding an Excess of Modesty obstructs the Tongue, and renders it unfit for its Offices, a due Proportion of it is thought so requisite to an Orator, that Rhetoricians have recommended it to their Disciples as a Particular in their Art. Cicero tells us that he never liked an Orator who did not appear in some little Confusion at the Beginning of his Speech, and confesses that he himself never entered upon an Oration without Trembling and Concern. It is indeed a kind of Deference which is due to a great Assembly, and seldom fails to raise a Benevolence in the Audience towards the Person who speaks. My Correspondent has taken notice that the bravest Men often appear timorous on these Occasions, as indeed we may observe, that there is generally no Creature more impudent than a Coward.
—Lingua melior, sedfrigida bello
Dextera—
A bold Tongue and a feeble Arm are the Qualifications of Drances in Virgil; as Homer, to express a Man both timorous and sawcy, makes use of a kind of Point, which is very rarely to be met with in his Writings; namely, that he had the Eyes of a Dog, but the Heart of a Deer. [3]
A just and reasonable Modesty does not only recommend Eloquence, but sets off every great Talent which a Man can be possessed of. It heightens all the Virtues which it accompanies like the Shades in Paintings, it raises and rounds every Figure, and makes the Colours more beautiful, though not so glaring as they would be without it.
Modesty is not only an Ornament, but also a Guard to Virtue. It is a kind of quick and delicate Feeling in the Soul, which makes her shrink and withdraw her self from every thing that has Danger in it. It is such an exquisite Sensibility, as warns her to shun the first Appearance of every thing which is hurtful.
I cannot at present recollect either the Place or Time of what I am going to mention; but I have read somewhere in the History of Ancient Greece, that the Women of the Country were seized with an unaccountable Melancholy, which disposed several of them to make away with themselves. The Senate, after having tried many Expedients to prevent this Self-Murder, which was so frequent among them, published an Edict, That if any Woman whatever should lay violent Hands upon her self, her Corps should be exposed naked in the Street, and dragged about the City in the most publick Manner. This Edict immediately put a Stop to the Practice which was before so common. We may see in this Instance the Strength of Female Modesty, which was able to overcome the Violence even of Madness and Despair. The Fear of Shame in the Fair Sex, was in those Days more prevalent than that of Death.
If Modesty has so great an Influence over our Actions, and is in many Cases so impregnable a Fence to Virtue; what can more undermine Morality than that Politeness which reigns among the unthinking Part of Mankind, and treats as unfashionable the most ingenuous Part of our Behaviour; which recommends Impudence as good Breeding, and keeps a Man always in Countenance, not because he is Innocent, but because he is Shameless?
Seneca thought Modesty so great a Check to Vice, that he prescribes to us the Practice of it in Secret, and advises us to raise it in ourselves upon imaginary Occasions, when such as are real do not offer themselves; for this is the Meaning of his Precept, that when we are by ourselves, and in our greatest Solitudes, we should fancy that Cato stands before us, and sees every thing we do. In short, if you banish Modesty out of the World, she carries away with her half the Virtue that is in it.
After these Reflections on Modesty, as it is a Virtue; I must observe, that there is a vicious Modesty, which justly deserves to be ridiculed, and which those Persons very often discover, who value themselves most upon a well-bred Confidence. This happens when a Man is ashamed to act up to his Reason, and would not upon any Consideration be surprized in the Practice of those Duties, for the Performance of which he was sent into the World. Many an impudent Libertine would blush to be caught in a serious Discourse, and would scarce be able to show his Head, after having disclosed a religious Thought. Decency of Behaviour, all outward Show of Virtue, and Abhorrence of Vice, are carefully avoided by this Set of Shame-faced People, as what would disparage their Gayety of Temper, and infallibly bring them to Dishonour. This is such a Poorness of Spirit, such a despicable Cowardice, such a degenerate abject State of Mind, as one would think Human Nature incapable of, did we not meet with frequent Instances of it in ordinary Conversation.
There is another Kind of vicious Modesty which makes a Man ashamed of his Person, his Birth, his Profession, his Poverty, or the like Misfortunes, which it was not in his Choice to prevent, and is not in his Power to rectify. If a Man appears ridiculous by any of the afore-mentioned Circumstances, he becomes much more so by being out of Countenance for them. They should rather give him Occasion to exert a noble Spirit, and to palliate those Imperfections which are not in his Power, by those Perfections which are; or to use a very witty Allusion of an eminent Author, he should imitate Caesar, who, because his Head was bald, cover’d that Defect with Laurels.
[Footnote 2: Mrs. Barbier]
[Footnote 3: Iliad, i. 225.]
No. 232. Monday, November 26, 1711. Hughes [1].
Nihil largiundo gloriam adeptus est.
Sallust.
My wise and good Friend, Sir Andrew Freeport, divides himself almost equally between the Town and the Country: His Time in Town is given up to the Publick, and the Management of his private Fortune; and after every three or four Days spent in this Manner, he retires for as many to his Seat within a few Miles of the Town, to the Enjoyment of himself, his Family, and his Friend. Thus Business and Pleasure, or rather, in Sir Andrew, Labour and Rest, recommend each other. They take their Turns with so quick a Vicissitude, that neither becomes a Habit, or takes Possession of the whole Man; nor is it possible he should be surfeited with either. I often see him at our Club in good Humour, and yet sometimes too with an Air of Care in his Looks: But in his Country Retreat he is always unbent, and such a Companion as I could desire; and therefore I seldom fail to make one with him when he is pleased to invite me.
The other Day, as soon as we were got into his Chariot, two or three Beggars on each Side hung upon the Doors, and solicited our Charity with the usual Rhetorick of a sick Wife or Husband at home, three or four helpless little Children all starving with Cold and Hunger. We were forced to part with some Money to get rid of their Importunity; and then we proceeded on our Journey with the Blessings and Acclamations of these People.
Well then, says Sir Andrew, we go off with the Prayers and good Wishes of the Beggars, and perhaps too our Healths will be drunk at the next Ale-house: So all we shall be able to value ourselves upon, is, that we have promoted the Trade of the Victualler and the Excises of the Government. But how few Ounces of Wooll do we see upon the Backs of those poor Creatures? And when they shall next fall in our Way, they will hardly be better dress’d; they must always live in Rags to look like Objects of Compassion. If their Families too are such as they are represented, tis certain they cannot be better clothed, and must be a great deal worse fed: One would think Potatoes should be all their Bread, and their Drink the pure Element; and then what goodly Customers are the Farmers like to have for their Wooll, Corn and Cattle? Such Customers, and such a Consumption, cannot choose but advance the landed Interest, and hold up the Rents of the Gentlemen.
But of all Men living, we Merchants, who live by Buying and Selling, ought never to encourage Beggars. The Goods which we export are indeed the Product of the lands, but much the greatest Part of their Value is the Labour of the People: but how much of these Peoples Labour shall we export whilst we hire them to sit still? The very Alms they receive from us, are the Wages of Idleness. I have often thought that no Man should be permitted to take Relief from the Parish, or to ask it in the Street, till he has first purchased as much as possible of his own Livelihood by the Labour of his own Hands;
and then the Publick ought only to be taxed to make good the Deficiency. If this Rule was strictly observed, we should see every where such a Multitude of new Labourers, as would in all probability reduce the Prices of all our Manufactures. It is the very Life of Merchandise to buy cheap and sell dear. The Merchant ought to make his Outset as cheap as possible, that he may find the greater Profit upon his Returns; and nothing will enable him to do this like the Reduction of the Price of Labour upon all our Manufactures. This too would be the ready Way to increase the Number of our Foreign Markets: The Abatement of the Price of the Manufacture would pay for the Carriage of it to more distant Countries; and this Consequence would be equally beneficial both to the Landed and Trading Interests. As so great an Addition of labouring Hands would produce this happy Consequence both to the Merchant and the Gentle man; our Liberality to common Beggars, and every other Obstruction to the Increase of Labourers, must be equally pernicious to both.
Sir Andrew then went on to affirm, That the Reduction of the Prices of our Manufactures by the Addition of so many new Hands, would be no Inconvenience to any Man: But observing I was something startled at the Assertion, he made a short Pause, and then resumed the Discourse.
It may seem, says he, a Paradox, that the Price of Labour should be reduced without an Abatement of Wages, or that Wages can be abated without any Inconvenience to the Labourer, and yet nothing is more certain than that both those Things may happen. The Wages of the Labourers make the greatest Part of the Price of every Thing that is useful; and if in Proportion with the Wages the Prices of all other Things should be abated, every Labourer with less Wages would be still able to purchase as many Necessaries of Life; where then would be the Inconvenience? But the Price of Labour may be reduced by the Addition of more Hands to a Manufacture, and yet the Wages of Persons remain as high as ever. The admirable Sir William Petty [2] has given Examples of this in some of his Writings: One of them, as I remember, is that of a Watch, which I shall endeavour to explain so as shall suit my present Purpose. It is certain that a single Watch could not be made so cheap in Proportion by one only Man, as a hundred Watches by a hundred; for as there is vast Variety in the Work, no one Person could equally suit himself to all the Parts of it; the Manufacture would be tedious, and at last but clumsily performed: But if an hundred Watches were to be made by a hundred Men, the Cases may be assigned to one, the Dials to another, the Wheels to another, the Springs to another, and every other Part to a proper Artist; as there would be no need of perplexing any one Person with too much Variety, every one would be able to perform his single Part with greater Skill and Expedition; and the hundred Watches would be finished in one
fourth Part of the Time of the first one, and every one of them at one fourth Part of the Cost, tho the Wages of every Man were equal. The Reduction of the Price of the Manufacture would increase the Demand of it, all the same Hands would be still employed and as well paid. The same Rule will hold in the Clothing, the Shipping, and all the other Trades whatsoever. And thus an Addition of Hands to our Manufactures will only reduce the Price of them; the Labourer will still have as much Wages, and will consequently be enabled to purchase more Conveniencies of Life; so that every Interest in the Nation would receive a Benefit from the Increase of our Working People.
Besides, I see no Occasion for this Charity to common Beggars, since
every Beggar is an Inhabitant of a Parish, and every Parish is taxed
to the Maintenance of their own Poor. [3]
For my own part, I cannot be mightily pleased with the Laws which have done this, which have provided better to feed than employ the Poor. We have a Tradition from our Forefathers, that after the first of those Laws was made, they were insulted with that famous Song;
Hang Sorrow, and cast away Care,
The Parish is bound to find us, &c.
And if we will be so good-natured as to maintain them without Work,
they can do no less in Return than sing us The Merry Beggars.
What then? Am I against all Acts of Charity? God forbid! I know of no Virtue in the Gospel that is in more pathetical Expressions recommended to our Practice. I was hungry and [ye] [4] gave me no Meat, thirsty and ye gave me no Drink, naked and ye clothed me not, a Stranger and ye took me not in, sick and in prison and ye visited me not. Our Blessed Saviour treats the Exercise or Neglect of Charity towards a poor Man, as the Performance or Breach of this Duty towards himself. I shall endeavour to obey the Will of my Lord and Master: And therefore if an industrious Man shall submit to the hardest Labour and coarsest Fare, rather than endure the Shame of taking Relief from the Parish, or asking it in the Street, this is the Hungry, the Thirsty, the Naked; and I ought to believe, if any Man is come hither for Shelter against Persecution or Oppression, this is the Stranger, and I ought to take him in. If any Countryman of our own is fallen into the Hands of Infidels, and lives in a State of miserable Captivity, this is the Man in Prison, and I should contribute to his Ransom. I ought to give to an Hospital of Invalids, to recover as many useful Subjects as I can; but I shall bestow none of my Bounties upon an Alms-house of idle People; and for the same Reason I should not think it a Reproach to me if I had withheld my Charity from those common Beggars. But we prescribe better Rules than we are able to practise; we are ashamed not to give into the mistaken Customs of our Country: But at the same time, I cannot but think it a Reproach worse than that of common Swearing, that the Idle and the Abandoned are suffered in the Name of Heaven and all that is sacred, to extort from Christian and tender Minds a Supply to a profligate Way of Life, that is always to be supported, but never relieved.
[Z.] [5]
[Footnote 1: Or Henry Martyn?]
[Footnote 2: Surveyor-general of Ireland to Charles II. See his Discourse of Taxes (1689).]
[Footnote 3: Our idle poor till the time of Henry VIII. lived upon alms. After the dissolution of the monasteries experiments were made for their care, and by a statute 43 Eliz. overseers were appointed and Parishes charged to maintain their helpless poor and find work for the sturdy. In Queen Annes time the Poor Law had been made more intricate and troublesome by the legislation on the subject that had been attempted after the Restoration.]
[Footnote 4: [you] throughout, and in first reprint.]
[Footnote 5: X.]
No. 233. Tuesday, Nov. 27, 1711. Addison.
—Tanquam hec sint nostri medicina furoris,
Aut Deus ille malis hominum mitescere discat.
I shall, in this Paper, discharge myself of the Promise I have made to the Publick, by obliging them with a Translation of the little Greek Manuscript, which is said to have been a Piece of those Records that were preserved in the Temple of Apollo, upon the Promontory of Leucate: It is a short History of the Lovers Leap, and is inscribed, An Account of Persons Male and Female, who offered up their Vows in the Temple of the Pythian Apollo, in the Forty sixth Olympiad, and leaped from the Promontory of Leucate into the Ionian Sea, in order to cure themselves of the Passion of Love.
This Account is very dry in many Parts, as only mentioning the Name of the Lover who leaped, the Person he leaped for, and relating, in short, that he was either cured, or killed, or maimed by the Fall. It indeed gives the Names of so many who died by it, that it would have looked like a Bill of Mortality, had I translated it at full length; I have therefore made an Abridgment of it, and only extracted such particular Passages as have something extraordinary, either in the Case, or in the Cure, or in the Fate of the Person who is mentioned in it. After this short Preface take the Account as follows.
Battus, the Son of Menalcas the Sicilian, leaped for Bombyca
the Musician: Got rid of his Passion with the Loss of his Right Leg
and Arm, which were broken in the Fall.
Melissa, in Love with Daphnis, very much bruised, but escaped with
Cynisca, the Wife of AEschines, being in Love with Lycus; and AEschines her Husband being in Love with Eurilla; (which had made this married Couple very uneasy to one another for several Years) both the Husband and the Wife took the Leap by Consent; they both of them escaped, and have lived very happily together ever since.
Larissa, a Virgin of Thessaly,
deserted by Plexippus, after a Courtship of three Years; she stood upon the Brow of the Promontory for some time, and after having thrown down a Ring, a Bracelet, and a little Picture, with other Presents which she had received from Plexippus, she threw her self into the Sea, and was taken up alive.
N. B. Larissa, before she leaped, made an Offering of a Silver
Cupid in the Temple of Apollo.
Simaetha, in Love with Daphnis the Myndian, perished in the
Charixus, the Brother of Sappho, in Love with Rhodope the Courtesan, having spent his whole Estate upon her, was advised by his Sister to leap in the Beginning of his Amour, but would not hearken to her till he was reduced to his last Talent; being forsaken by Rhodope, at length resolved to take the Leap. Perished in it.
Aridaeus, a beautiful Youth of Epirus, in Love with Praxinoe,
the Wife of Thespis, escaped without Damage, saving only that two of
his Fore-Teeth were struck out and his Nose a little flatted.
Cleora, a Widow of Ephesus, being inconsolable for the Death of her Husband, was resolved to take this Leap in order to get rid of her Passion for his Memory; but being arrived at the Promontory, she there met with Dimmachus the Miletian, and after a short Conversation with him, laid aside the Thoughts of her Leap, and married him in the Temple of Apollo.
N. B. Her Widows Weeds are still to be seen hanging up in the
Western Corner of the Temple.
Olphis, the Fisherman, having received a Box on the Ear from
Thestylis the Day before, and being determined to have no more to do
with her, leaped, and escaped with Life.
Atalanta, an old Maid, whose Cruelty had several Years before driven two or three despairing Lovers to this Leap; being now in the fifty fifth Year of her Age, and in Love with an Officer of Sparta, broke her Neck in the Fall.
Hipparchus being passionately fond of his own Wife who was enamoured
of Bathyllus, leaped, and died of his Fall; upon which his Wife
married her Gallant.
Tettyx, the Dancing-Master, in Love with Olympia an Athenian
Matron, threw himself from the Rock with great Agility, but was
crippled in the Fall.
Diagoras, the Usurer, in Love with his Cook-Maid; he peeped several
times over the Precipice, but his Heart misgiving him, he went back,
and married her that Evening.
Cinaedus, after having entered his own Name in the Pythian Records,
being asked the Name of the Person whom he leaped for, and being
ashamed to discover it, he was set aside, and not suffered to leap.
Eunica, a Maid of Paphos, aged Nineteen, in Love with Eurybates.
Hurt in the Fall, but recovered.
N. B. This was her second Time of Leaping.
Hesperus, a young Man of Tarentum, in Love with his Masters
Daughter. Drowned, the Boats not coming in soon enough to his Relief.
Sappho, the Lesbian, in Love with Phaon, arrived at the Temple of Apollo, habited like a Bride in Garments as white as Snow. She wore a Garland of Myrtle on her Head, and carried in her Hand the little Musical Instrument of her own Invention. After having sung an Hymn to Apollo, she hung up her Garland on one Side of his Altar, and her Harp on the other. She then tuck’d up her Vestments, like a Spartan Virgin, and amidst thousands of Spectators, who were anxious for her Safety, and offered up Vows for her Deliverance, [marched[1]] directly forwards to the utmost Summit of the Promontory, where after having repeated a Stanza of her own Verses, which we could not hear, she threw herself off the Rock with such an Intrepidity as was never before observed in any who had attempted that dangerous Leap. Many who were present related, that they saw her fall into the Sea, from whence she never rose again; tho there were others who affirmed, that she never came to the Bottom of her Leap, but that she was changed into a Swan as she fell, and that they saw her hovering in the Air under that Shape. But whether or no the Whiteness and Fluttering of her Garments might not deceive those who looked upon her, or whether she might not really be metamorphosed into that musical and melancholy Bird, is still a Doubt among the Lesbians.
Alcaeus, the famous Lyrick Poet, who had for some time been passionately in Love with Sappho, arrived at the Promontory of Leucate that very Evening, in order to take the Leap upon her Account; but hearing that Sappho had been there before him, and that her Body could be no where found, he very generously lamented her Fall, and is said to have written his hundred and twenty fifth Ode upon that Occasion.
Leaped in this Olympiad [250 [2]]
Males 124
Females 126
Cured [120[3]]
Males 51
Females 69
[Footnote 1: [she marched]]
[Footnote 2: [350], and in first reprint.]
[Footnote 3: [150], corrected by an Erratum.]
No. 234. Wednesday, Nov. 28, 1711. Steele.
[Vellum in amicitia erraremus.
Hor.] [1]
You very often hear People, after a Story has been told with some entertaining Circumstances, tell it over again with Particulars that destroy the Jest, but give Light into the Truth of the Narration. This sort of Veracity, though it is impertinent, has something amiable in it, because it proceeds from the Love of Truth, even in frivolous Occasions. If such honest Amendments do not promise an agreeable Companion, they do a sincere Friend; for which Reason one should allow them so much of our Time, if we fall into their Company, as to set us right in Matters that can do us no manner of Harm, whether the Facts be one Way or the other. Lies which are told out of Arrogance and Ostentation a Man should detect in his own Defence, because he should not be triumphed over; Lies which are told out of Malice he should expose, both for his own sake and that of the rest of Mankind, because every Man should rise against a common Enemy: But the officious Liar many have argued is to be excused, because it does some Man good, and no Man hurt. The Man who made more than ordinary speed from a Fight in which the Athenians were beaten, and told them they had obtained a complete Victory, and put the whole City into the utmost Joy and Exultation, was check’d by the Magistrates for his Falshood; but excused himself by saying, O Athenians! am I your Enemy because I gave you two happy Days? This Fellow did to a whole People what an Acquaintance of mine does every Day he lives in some eminent Degree to particular Persons. He is ever lying People into good Humour, and, as Plato said, it was allowable in Physicians to lie to their Patients to keep up their Spirits, I am half doubtful whether my Friends Behaviour is not as excusable. His Manner is to express himself surprised at the Chearful Countenance of a Man whom he observes diffident of himself; and generally by that means makes his Lie a Truth. He will, as if he did not know any [thing] [2] of the Circumstance, ask one whom he knows at Variance with another, what is the meaning that Mr. such a one, naming his Adversary, does not applaud him with that Heartiness which formerly he has heard him? He said indeed, (continues he) I would rather have that Man for my Friend than any Man in England; but for an Enemy—This melts the Person he talks to, who expected nothing but downright Raillery from that Side. According as he sees his Practices succeeded, he goes to the opposite Party, and tells him, he cannot imagine how it happens that some People know one another so little; you spoke with so much Coldness of a Gentleman who said more Good of you, than, let me tell you, any Man living deserves. The Success of one of these Incidents was, that the next time that one of the Adversaries spied the other, he hems after him in the publick Street, and they must crack a Bottle at the next Tavern, that used to turn out of the others Way to avoid one anothers Eyeshot. He will tell one Beauty she was commended by another,
nay, he will say she gave the Woman he speaks to, the Preference in a Particular for which she her self is admired. The pleasantest Confusion imaginable is made through the whole Town by my Friends indirect Offices; you shall have a Visit returned after half a Years Absence, and mutual Railing at each other every Day of that Time. They meet with a thousand Lamentations for so long a Separation, each Party naming herself for the greater Delinquent, if the other can possibly be so good as to forgive her, which she has no Reason in the World, but from the Knowledge of her Goodness, to hope for. Very often a whole Train of Railers of each Side tire their Horses in setting Matters right which they have said during the War between the Parties; and a whole Circle of Acquaintance are put into a thousand pleasing Passions and Sentiments, instead of the Pangs of Anger, Envy, Detraction, and Malice.
The worst Evil I ever observed this Man’s Falsehood occasion, has been that he turned Detraction into Flattery. He is well skilled in the Manners of the World, and by over-looking what Men really are, he grounds his Artifices upon what they have a Mind to be. Upon this Foundation, if two distant Friends are brought together, and the Cement seems to be weak, he never rests till he finds new Appearances to take off all Remains of Ill-will, and that by new Misunderstandings they are thoroughly reconciled.
Devonshire, Nov. 14, 1711.
There arrived in this Neighbourhood two Days ago one of your gay Gentlemen of the Town, who being attended at his Entry with a Servant of his own, besides a Countryman he had taken up for a Guide, excited the Curiosity of the Village to learn whence and what he might be. The Countryman (to whom they applied as most easy of Access) knew little more than that the Gentleman came from London to travel and see Fashions, and was, as he heard say, a Free-thinker: What Religion that might be, he could not tell; and for his own Part, if they had not told him the Man was a Free-thinker, he should have guessed, by his way of talking, he was little better than a Heathen; excepting only that he had been a good Gentleman to him, and made him drunk twice in one Day, over and above what they had bargained for.
I do not look upon the Simplicity of this, and several odd Inquiries with which I shall not trouble you to be wondered at, much less can I think that our Youths of fine Wit, and enlarged Understandings, have any Reason to laugh. There is no Necessity that every Squire in Great Britain should know what the Word Free-thinker stands for; but it were much to be wished, that they who value themselves upon that conceited Title were a little better instructed in what it ought to stand for; and that they would not perswade themselves a Man is really and truly a Free-thinker in any tolerable Sense, meerly by virtue
of his being an Atheist, or an Infidel of any other Distinction. It may be doubted, with good Reason, whether there ever was in Nature a more abject, slavish, and bigotted Generation than the Tribe of Beaux Esprits, at present so prevailing in this Island. Their Pretension to be Free-thinkers, is no other than Rakes have to be Free-livers, and Savages to be Free-men, that is, they can think whatever they have a Mind to, and give themselves up to whatever Conceit the Extravagancy of their Inclination, or their Fancy, shall suggest; they can think as wildly as they talk and act, and will not endure that their Wit should be controuled by such formal Things as Decency and common Sense: Deduction, Coherence, Consistency, and all the Rules of Reason they accordingly disdain, as too precise and mechanical for Men of a liberal Education.
This, as far as I could ever learn from their Writings, or my own Observation, is a true Account of the British Free-thinker. Our Visitant here, who gave occasion to this Paper, has brought with him a new System of common Sense, the Particulars of which I am not yet acquainted with, but will lose no Opportunity of informing my self whether it contain any [thing] [3] worth Mr. SPECTATORS Notice. In the mean time, Sir, I cannot but think it would be for the good of Mankind, if you would take this Subject into your own Consideration, and convince the hopeful Youth of our Nation, that Licentiousness is not Freedom; or, if such a Paradox will not be understood, that a Prejudice towards Atheism is not Impartiality.
I am, SIR, Your most humble Servant,
PHILONOUS.
Splendide mendax.
[Footnote 2: think]
No. 235. Thursday, November 29, 1711. Addison.
—Populares
Vincentum strepitus
There is nothing which lies more within the Province of a Spectator than publick Shows and Diversions; and as among these there are none which can pretend to vie with those elegant Entertainments that are exhibited in our Theatres, I think it particularly incumbent on me to take Notice of every thing that is remarkable in such numerous and refined Assemblies.
It is observed, that of late Years there has been a certain Person in the upper Gallery of the Playhouse, who when he is pleased with any Thing that is acted upon the Stage, expresses his Approbation by a loud Knock upon the Benches or the Wainscot, which may be heard over the whole Theatre. This Person is commonly known by the Name of the Trunk-maker in the upper Gallery. Whether it be, that the Blow he gives on these Occasions resembles that which is often heard in the Shops of such Artizans, or that he was supposed to have been a real Trunk-maker, who after the finishing of his Days Work used to unbend
his Mind at these publick Diversions with his Hammer in his Hand, I cannot certainly tell. There are some, I know, who have been foolish enough to imagine it is a Spirit which haunts the upper Gallery, and from Time to Time makes those strange Noises; and the rather, because he is observed to be louder than ordinary every Time the Ghost of Hamlet appears. Others have reported, that it is a dumb Man, who has chosen this Way of uttering himself when he is transported with any Thing he sees or hears. Others will have it to be the Playhouse Thunderer, that exerts himself after this Manner in the upper Gallery, when he has nothing to do upon the Roof.
But having made it my Business to get the best Information I could in a Matter of this Moment, I find that the Trunk-maker, as he is commonly called, is a large black Man, whom no body knows. He generally leans forward on a huge Oaken Plant with great Attention to every thing that passes upon the Stage. He is never seen to smile; but upon hearing any thing that pleases him, he takes up his Staff with both Hands, and lays it upon the next Piece of Timber that stands in his Way with exceeding Vehemence: After which, he composes himself in his former Posture, till such Time as something new sets him again at Work.
It has been observed, his Blow is so well timed, that the most judicious Critick could never except against it. As soon as any shining Thought is expressed in the Poet, or any uncommon Grace appears in the Actor, he smites the Bench or Wainscot. If the Audience does not concur with him, he smites a second Time, and if the Audience is not yet awaked, looks round him with great Wrath, and repeats the Blow a third Time, which never fails to produce the Clap. He sometimes lets the Audience begin the Clap of themselves, and at the Conclusion of their Applause ratifies it with a single Thwack.
He is of so great Use to the Play-house, that it is said a former Director of it, upon his not being able to pay his Attendance by reason of Sickness, kept one in Pay to officiate for him till such time as he recovered; but the Person so employed, tho he laid about him with incredible Violence, did it in such wrong Places, that the Audience soon found out that it was not their old Friend the Trunk-maker.
It has been remarked, that he has not yet exerted himself with Vigour this Season. He sometimes plies at the Opera; and upon Nicolini’s first Appearance, was said to have demolished three Benches in the Fury of his Applause. He has broken half a dozen Oaken Plants upon Dogget [1] and seldom goes away from a Tragedy of Shakespear, without leaving the Wainscot extremely shattered.
The Players do not only connive at his obstreperous Approbation, but very cheerfully repair at their own Cost whatever Damages he makes. They had once a Thought of erecting a kind of Wooden Anvil for his Use that should be made of a very sounding Plank, in order to render his Stroaks more deep and mellow; but as this might not have been distinguished from the Musick of a Kettle-Drum, the Project was laid aside.
In the mean while, I cannot but take notice of the great Use it is to an Audience, that a Person should thus preside over their Heads like the Director of a Consort, in order to awaken their Attention, and beat time to their Applauses; or, to raise my Simile, I have sometimes fancied the Trunk-maker in the upper Gallery to be like Virgil’s Ruler of the Wind, seated upon the Top of a Mountain, who, when he struck his Sceptre upon the Side of it, roused an Hurricane, and set the whole Cavern in an Uproar. [2]
It is certain, the Trunk-maker has saved many a good Play, and brought many a graceful Actor into Reputation, who would not otherwise have been taken notice of. It is very visible, as the Audience is not a little abashed, if they find themselves betrayed into a Clap, when their Friend in the upper Gallery does not come into it; so the Actors do not value themselves upon the Clap, but regard it as a meer Brutum fulmen, or empty Noise, when it has not the Sound of the Oaken Plant in it. I know it has been given out by those who are Enemies to the Trunk-maker, that he has sometimes been bribed to be in the Interest of a bad Poet, or a vicious Player; but this is a Surmise which has no Foundation: his Stroaks are always just, and his Admonitions seasonable; he does not deal about his Blows at Random, but always hits the right Nail upon the Head. [The [3]] inexpressible Force wherewith he lays them on, sufficiently shows the Evidence and Strength of his Conviction. His Zeal for a good Author is indeed outrageous, and breaks down every Fence and Partition, every Board and Plank, that stands within the Expression of his Applause.
As I do not care for terminating my Thoughts in barren Speculations, or in Reports of pure Matter of Fact, without drawing something from them for the Advantage of my Countrymen, I shall take the Liberty to make an humble Proposal, that whenever the Trunk-maker shall depart this Life, or whenever he shall have lost the Spring of his Arm by Sickness, old Age, Infirmity, or the like, some able-bodied Critick should be advanced to this Post, and have a competent Salary settled on him for Life, to be furnished with Bamboos for Operas, Crabtree-Cudgels for Comedies, and Oaken Plants for Tragedy, at the publick Expence. And to the End that this Place should be always disposed of according to Merit, I would have none preferred to it, who has not given convincing Proofs both of a sound Judgment and a strong Arm, and who could not, upon Occasion, either knock down an Ox, or write a Comment upon Horace’s Art of Poetry. In short, I would have him a due Composition of Hercules and Apollo, and so rightly qualified for this important Office, that the Trunk-maker may not be missed by our Posterity.
[Footnote 1: Thomas Doggett, an excellent comic actor, who was for many years joint-manager with Wilkes and Cibber, died in 1721, and bequeathed the Coat and Badge that are rowed for by Thames Watermen every first of August, from London Bridge to Chelsea.]
[Footnote 2: AEneid I. 85.]
[Footnote 3: That.]
No. 236. Friday, November 30, 1711. Steele
—Dare Jura maritis.
You have not spoken in so direct a manner upon the Subject of Marriage as that important Case deserves. It would not be improper to observe upon the Peculiarity in the Youth of Great Britain, of railing and laughing at that Institution; and when they fall into it, from a profligate Habit of Mind, being insensible of the [Satisfaction [1]] in that Way of Life, and treating their Wives with the most barbarous Disrespect.
Particular Circumstances and Cast of Temper, must teach a Man the Probability of mighty Uneasinesses in that State, (for unquestionably some there are whose very Dispositions are strangely averse to conjugal Friendship;) but no one, I believe, is by his own natural Complexion prompted to teaze and torment another for no Reason but being nearly allied to him: And can there be any thing more base, or serve to sink a Man so much below his own distinguishing Characteristick, (I mean Reason) than returning Evil for Good in so open a Manner, as that of treating an helpless Creature with Unkindness, who has had so good an Opinion of him as to believe what he said relating to one of the greatest Concerns of Life, by delivering her Happiness in this World to his Care and Protection? Must not that Man be abandoned even to all manner of Humanity, who can deceive a Woman with Appearances of Affection and Kindness, for no other End but to torment her with more Ease and Authority? Is any Thing more unlike a Gentleman, than when his Honour is engaged for the performing his Promises, because nothing but that can oblige him to it, to become afterwards false to his Word, and be alone the Occasion of Misery to one whose Happiness he but lately pretended was dearer to him than his own? Ought such a one to be trusted in his common Affairs? or treated but as one whose Honesty consisted only in his Incapacity of being otherwise?
There is one Cause of this Usage no less absurd than common, which takes place among the more unthinking Men: and that is the Desire to appear to their Friends free and at Liberty, and without those Trammels they have so much ridiculed. [To avoid [2]] this they fly into the other Extream, and grow Tyrants that they may seem Masters. Because an uncontroulable Command of their own Actions is a certain Sign of entire Dominion, they wont so much as recede from the Government even in one Muscle, of their Faces. A kind Look they believe would be fawning, and a civil Answer yielding the Superiority. To this must we attribute an Austerity they betray in every Action: What but this can put a Man out of Humour in his Wife’s Company, tho he
is so distinguishingly pleasant every where else? The Bitterness of his Replies, and the Severity of his Frowns to the tenderest of Wives, clearly demonstrate, that an ill-grounded Fear of being thought too submissive, is at the Bottom of this, as I am willing to call it, affected Moroseness; but if it be such only, put on to convince his Acquaintance of his entire Dominion, let him take Care of the Consequence, which will be certain, and worse than the present Evil; his seeming Indifference will by Degrees grow into real Contempt, and if it doth not wholly alienate the Affections of his Wife for ever from him, make both him and her more miserable than if it really did so.
However inconsistent it may appear, to be thought a well-bred Person has no small Share in this clownish Behaviour: A Discourse therefore relating to good Breeding towards a loving and a tender Wife, would be of great Use to this Sort of Gentlemen. Could you but once convince them, that to be civil at least is not beneath the Character of a Gentleman, nor even tender Affection towards one who would make it reciprocal, betrays any Softness or Effeminacy that the most masculine Disposition need be ashamed of; could you satisfy them of the Generosity of voluntary Civility, and the Greatness of Soul that is conspicuous in Benevolence without immediate Obligations; could you recommend to Peoples Practice the Saying of the Gentleman quoted in one of your Speculations, That he thought it incumbent upon him to make the Inclinations of a Woman of Merit go along with her Duty: Could you, I say, perswade these Men of the Beauty and Reasonableness of this Sort of Behaviour, I have so much Charity for some of them at least, to believe you would convince them of a Thing they are only ashamed to allow: Besides, you would recommend that State in its truest, and consequently its most agreeable Colours; and the Gentlemen who have for any Time been such professed Enemies to it, when Occasion should serve, would return you their Thanks for assisting their Interest in prevailing over their Prejudices. Marriage in general would by this Means be a more easy and comfortable Condition; the Husband would be no where so well satisfied as in his own Parlour, nor the Wife so pleasant as in the Company of her Husband: A Desire of being agreeable in the Lover would be increased in the Husband, and the Mistress be more amiable by becoming the Wife. Besides all which, I am apt to believe we should find the Race of Men grow wiser as their Progenitors grew kinder, and the Affection of the Parents would be conspicuous in the Wisdom of their Children; in short, Men would in general be much better humoured than they are, did not they so frequently exercise the worst Turns of their Temper where they ought to exert the best.
I am a Woman who left the Admiration of this whole Town, to throw myself ([for [3]] Love of Wealth) into the Arms of a Fool. When I married him, I could have had any one of several Men of Sense who languished for me; but my Case is just. I believed my superior Understanding would form him into a tractable Creature. But, alas, my Spouse has Cunning and Suspicion, the inseparable Companions of little Minds; and every Attempt I make to divert, by putting on an agreeable Air, a sudden Chearfulness, or kind Behaviour, he looks upon as the first Act towards an Insurrection against his undeserved Dominion over me. Let every one who is still to chuse, and hopes to govern a Fool, remember
TRISTISSA.
St. Martins, November 25.
This is to complain of an evil Practice which I think very well deserves a Redress, though you have not as yet taken any Notice of it: If you mention it in your Paper, it may perhaps have a very good Effect. What I mean is the Disturbance some People give to others at Church, by their Repetition of the Prayers after the Minister, and that not only in the Prayers, but also the Absolution and the Commandments fare no better, winch are in a particular Manner the Priests Office: This I have known done in so audible a manner, that sometimes their Voices have been as loud as his. As little as you would think it, this is frequently done by People seemingly devout. This irreligious Inadvertency is a Thing extremely offensive: But I do not recommend it as a Thing I give you Liberty to ridicule, but hope it may be amended by the bare Mention.
Your very humble Servant,
[Footnote 1: Satisfactions]
[Footnote 2: [For this Reason should they appear the least like what they were so much used to laugh at, they would become the Jest of themselves, and the Object of that Raillery they formerly bestowed on others. To avoid &c.]
[Footnote 3: [by], and in first reprint.]
No. 237. Saturday, December 1, 1711. Addison.
Visu carentem magna pars veri latet.
Senec. in OEdip.
It is very reasonable to believe, that Part of the Pleasure which happy Minds shall enjoy in a future State, will arise from an enlarged Contemplation of the Divine Wisdom in the Government of the World, and a Discovery of the secret and amazing Steps of Providence, from the Beginning to the End of Time. Nothing seems to be an Entertainment more adapted to the Nature of Man, if we consider that Curiosity is one of the strongest and most lasting Appetites implanted in us, and that Admiration is one of our most pleasing Passions; and what a perpetual Succession of Enjoyments will be afforded to both these, in a Scene so large and various as shall then be laid open to our View in the Society of superior Spirits, who perhaps will join with us in so delightful a Prospect!
It is not impossible, on the contrary, that Part of the Punishment of such as are excluded from Bliss, may consist not only in their being denied this Privilege, but in having their Appetites at the same time vastly encreased, without any Satisfaction afforded to them. In these, the vain Pursuit of Knowledge shall, perhaps, add to their Infelicity, and bewilder them into Labyrinths of Error, Darkness, Distraction and Uncertainty of every thing but their own evil State. Milton has thus represented the fallen Angels reasoning together in a kind of Respite from their Torments, and creating to themselves a new Disquiet amidst their very Amusements; he could not properly have described the Sports of condemned Spirits, without that Cast of Horror and Melancholy he has so judiciously mingled with them.
Others apart sate on a Hill retired,
In Thoughts more elevate, and reason’d high
Of Providence, Foreknowledge, Will, and Fate,
First Fate, Freewill, Foreknowledge absolute,
And found no End in wandring Mazes lost. [1]
In our present Condition, which is a middle State, our Minds are, as it were, chequered with Truth and Falshood; and as our Faculties are narrow, and our Views imperfect, it is impossible but our Curiosity must meet with many Repulses. The Business of Mankind in this Life being rather to act than to know, their Portion of Knowledge is dealt to them accordingly.
From hence it is, that the Reason of the Inquisitive has so long been exercised with Difficulties, in accounting for the promiscuous Distribution of Good and Evil to the Virtuous and the Wicked in this World. From hence come all those pathetical Complaints of so many tragical Events, which happen to the Wise and the Good; and of such surprising Prosperity, which is often the Lot[2] of the Guilty and the Foolish; that Reason is sometimes puzzled, and at a loss what to pronounce upon so mysterious a Dispensation.
Plato expresses his Abhorrence of some Fables of the Poets, which seem to reflect on the Gods as the Authors of Injustice; and lays it down as a Principle, That whatever is permitted to befal a just Man, whether Poverty, Sickness, or any of those Things which seem to be Evils, shall either in Life or Death conduce to his Good. My Reader will observe how agreeable this Maxim is to what we find delivered by a greater Authority. Seneca has written a Discourse purposely on this Subject[3], in which he takes Pains, after the Doctrine of the Stoicks, to shew that Adversity is not in itself an Evil; and mentions a noble Saying of Demetrius, That nothing would be more unhappy than a Man who had never known Affliction. He compares Prosperity to the Indulgence of a fond Mother to a Child, which often proves his Ruin; but the Affection of the Divine Being to that of a wise Father who would have his Sons exercised with Labour, Disappointment, and Pain, that they may gather Strength, and improve their Fortitude. On this Occasion the Philosopher rises into the celebrated Sentiment, That there is not on Earth a Spectator more worthy the Regard of a Creator intent on his Works than a brave Man superior to his Sufferings; to which he adds, That it must be a Pleasure to Jupiter himself to look down from Heaven, and see Cato amidst the Ruins of his Country preserving his Integrity.
This Thought will appear yet more reasonable, if we consider human Life as a State of Probation, and Adversity as the Post of Honour in it, assigned often to the best and most select Spirits.
But what I would chiefly insist on here, is, that we are not at present in a proper Situation to judge of the Counsels by which Providence acts, since but little arrives at our Knowledge, and even that little we discern imperfectly; or according to the elegant Figure in Holy Writ, We see but in part, and as in a Glass darkly. [It is to be considered, that Providence[4]] in its Oeconomy regards the whole System of Time and Things together, [so that] we cannot discover the beautiful Connection between Incidents which lie widely separated in Time, and by losing so many Links of the Chain, our Reasonings become broken and imperfect. Thus those Parts in the moral World which have not an absolute, may yet have a relative Beauty, in respect of some other Parts concealed from us, but open to his Eye before whom Past, Present, and To come, are set together in one Point of View: and those Events, the Permission of which seems now to accuse his Goodness, may in the Consummation of Things both magnify his Goodness, and exalt his Wisdom. And this is enough to check our Presumption, since it is in vain to apply our Measures of Regularity to Matters of which we know neither the Antecedents nor the Consequents, the Beginning nor the End.
I shall relieve my Reader from this abstracted Thought, by relating here a Jewish Tradition concerning Moses [5] which seems to be a kind of Parable, illustrating what I have last mentioned. That great Prophet, it is said, was called up by a Voice from Heaven to the top of a Mountain; where, in a Conference with the Supreme Being, he was permitted to propose to him some Questions concerning his Administration of the Universe. In the midst of this Divine [Colloquy [6]] he was commanded to look down on the Plain below. At the Foot of the Mountain there issued out a clear Spring of Water, at which a Soldier alighted from his Horse to drink. He was no sooner gone than a little Boy came to the same Place, and finding a Purse of Gold which the Soldier had dropped, took it up and went away with it. Immediately after this came an infirm old Man, weary with Age and Travelling, and having quenched his Thirst, sat down to rest himself by the Side of the Spring. The Soldier missing his Purse returns to search for it, and demands it of the old Man, who affirms he had not seen it, and appeals to Heaven in witness of his Innocence. The Soldier not believing his Protestations, kills him. Moses fell on his Face with Horror and Amazement, when the Divine Voice thus prevented his Expostulation: Be not surprised, Moses, nor ask why the Judge of the whole Earth has suffer’d this Thing to come to pass: The Child is the Occasion that the Blood of the old Man is spilt; but know, that the old Man whom thou sawst, was the Murderer of that Child’s Father [7].
[Footnote 1: Paradise Lost, B. II. v. 557-561.]
[Footnote 2: In Saturdays Spectator, for reward read lot. Erratum in No. 238.]
[Footnote 3: De Constantia Sapientis.]
[Footnote 4: [Since Providence, therefore], and in 1st rep.]
[Footnote 5: Henry Mores Divine Dialogues.]
[Footnote 6: [Conference]]
[Footnote 7: No letter appended to original issue or reissue. Printed in Addison’s Works, 1720. The paper has been claimed for John Hughes in the Preface to his Poems (1735).]
No. 238. Monday, December 3, 1711. Steele.
Nequicquam populo bibulas donaveris Aures;
Respue quod non es.
Persius, Sat. 4.
Among all the Diseases of the Mind, there is not one more epidemical or more pernicious than the Love of Flattery. For as where the Juices of the Body are prepared to receive a malignant Influence, there the Disease rages with most Violence; so in this Distemper of the Mind, where there is ever a Propensity and Inclination to suck in the Poison, it cannot be but that the whole Order of reasonable Action must be overturn’d, for, like Musick, it
—So softens and disarms the Mind,
That not one Arrow can Resistance find.
First we flatter ourselves, and then the Flattery of others is sure of Success. It awakens our Self-Love within, a Party which is ever ready to revolt from our better Judgment, and join the Enemy without. Hence it is, that the Profusion of Favours we so often see poured upon the Parasite, are represented to us, by our Self-Love, as Justice done to Man, who so agreeably reconciles us to our selves. When we are overcome by such soft Insinuations and ensnaring Compliances, we gladly recompense the Artifices that are made use of to blind our Reason, and which triumph over the Weaknesses of our Temper and Inclinations.
But were every Man perswaded from how mean and low a Principle this Passion is derived, there can be no doubt but the Person who should attempt to gratify it, would then be as contemptible as he is now successful. Tis the Desire of some Quality we are not possessed of, or Inclination to be something we are not, which are the Causes of our giving ourselves up to that Man, who bestows upon us the Characters and Qualities of others; which perhaps suit us as ill and were as little design’d for our wearing, as their Cloaths. Instead of going out of our own complectional Nature into that of others, twere a better and more laudable Industry to improve our own, and instead of a miserable Copy become a good Original; for there is no Temper, no Disposition so rude and untractable, but may in its own peculiar Cast and Turn be brought to some agreeable Use in Conversation, or in the Affairs of Life. A Person of a rougher Deportment, and less tied up to the usual Ceremonies of Behaviour, will, like Manly in the Play,[1] please by the Grace which Nature gives to every Action wherein she is complied with; the Brisk and Lively will not want their Admirers, and even a more reserved and melancholy Temper may at some times be agreeable.
When there is not Vanity enough awake in a Man to undo him, the Flatterer stirs up that dormant Weakness, and inspires him with Merit enough to be a Coxcomb. But if Flattery be the most sordid Act that can be complied with, the Art of Praising justly is as commendable: For tis laudable to praise well; as Poets at one and the same time give Immortality, and receive it themselves for a Reward: Both are pleased, the one whilst he receives the Recompence of Merit, the other whilst he shews he knows now to discern it; but above all, that Man is happy in this Art, who, like a skilful Painter, retains the Features and Complection, but still softens the Picture into the most agreeable Likeness.
There can hardly, I believe, be imagin’d a more desirable Pleasure, than that of Praise unmix’d with any Possibility of Flattery. Such was that which Germanicus enjoyed, when, the Night before a Battle, desirous of some sincere Mark of the Esteem of his Legions for him, he is described by Tacitus listening in a Disguise to the Discourse of a Soldier, and wrapt up in the Fruition of his Glory, whilst with an undesigned Sincerity they praised his noble and majestick Mien, his Affability, his Valour, Conduct, and Success in War. How must a Man have his Heart full-blown with Joy in such an Article of Glory as this? What a Spur and Encouragement still to proceed in those Steps which had already brought him to so pure a Taste of the greatest of mortal Enjoyments?
It sometimes happens, that even Enemies and envious Persons bestow the sincerest Marks of Esteem when they least design it. Such afford a greater Pleasure, as extorted by Merit, and freed from all Suspicion of Favour or Flattery. Thus it is with Malvolio; he has Wit, Learning, and Discernment, but temper’d with an Allay of Envy, Self-Love and Detraction: Malvolio turns pale at the Mirth and good Humour of the Company, if it center not in his Person; he grows jealous and displeased when he ceases to be the only Person admired, and looks upon the Commendations paid to another as a Detraction from his Merit, and an Attempt to lessen the Superiority he affects; but by this very Method, he bestows such Praise as can never be suspected of Flattery. His Uneasiness and Distastes are so many sure and certain Signs of anothers Title to that Glory he desires, and has the Mortification to find himself not possessed of.
A good Name is fitly compared to a precious Ointment,[2] and when we are praised with Skill and Decency, tis indeed the most agreeable Perfume, but if too strongly admitted into a Brain of a less vigorous and happy Texture, twill, like too strong an Odour, overcome the Senses, and prove pernicious to those Nerves twas intended to refresh. A generous Mind is of all others the most sensible of Praise and Dispraise; and a noble Spirit is as much invigorated with its due Proportion of Honour and Applause, as tis depressed by Neglect and Contempt: But tis only Persons far above the common Level who are thus affected with either of these Extreams; as in a Thermometer, tis only the purest and most sublimated Spirit that is either contracted or dilated by the Benignity or Inclemency of the Season.
The Translations which you have lately given us from the Greek, in some of your last Papers, have been the Occasion of my looking into some of those Authors; among whom I chanced on a Collection of Letters which pass under the Name of Aristaenetus. Of all the Remains of Antiquity, I believe there can be Nothing produc’d of an Air so gallant and polite; each Letter contains a little Novel or Adventure, which is told with all the Beauties of Language and heightened with a Luxuriance of Wit. There are several of them translated,[3] but with such wide Deviations from the Original, and in a Style so far differing from the Authors, that the Translator seems rather to have taken Hints for the expressing his own Sense and Thoughts, than to have endeavoured to render those of Aristaenetus. In the following Translation, I have kept as near the Meaning of the Greek as I could, and have only added a few Words to make the Sentences in English fit together a little better than they would otherwise have done. The Story seems to be taken from that of Pygmalion and the Statue in Ovid: Some of the Thoughts are of the same Turn, and the whole is written in a kind of Poetical Prose.
Philopinax to Chromation.
“Never was Man more overcome with so fantastical a Passion as mine. I have painted a beautiful Woman, and am despairing, dying for the Picture. My own Skill has undone me; tis not the Dart of Venus, but my own Pencil has thus wounded me. Ah me! with what Anxiety am I necessitated to adore my own Idol? How miserable am I, whilst every one must as much pity the Painter as he praises the Picture, and own my Torment more than equal to my Art. But why do I thus complain? Have there not been more unhappy and unnatural Passions than mine? Yes, I have seen the Representations of Phaedra, Narcissus, and Pasiphae. Phaedra was unhappy in her Love; that of Pasiphae was monstrous; and whilst the other caught at his beloved Likeness, he destroyed the watery Image, which ever eluded his Embraces. The Fountain represented Narcissus to himself, and the Picture both that and him, thirsting after his adored Image. But I am yet less unhappy, I enjoy her Presence continually, and if I touch her, I destroy not the beauteous Form, but she looks pleased, and a sweet Smile sits in the charming Space which divides her Lips. One would swear that Voice and Speech were issuing out, and that ones Ears felt the melodious Sound. How often have I, deceived by a Lovers Credulity, hearkned if she had not something to whisper me? and when frustrated of my Hopes, how often have I taken my Revenge in Kisses from her Cheeks and Eyes, and softly wooed her to my Embrace, whilst she (as to me it seem’d) only withheld her Tongue the more to inflame me. But, Madman that I am, shall I be thus taken with the Representation only of a beauteous Face, and flowing
Hair, and thus waste myself and melt to Tears for a Shadow? Ah, sure tis something more, tis a Reality! for see her Beauties shine out with new Lustre, and she seems to upbraid me with such unkind Reproaches. Oh may I have a living Mistress of this Form, that when I shall compare the Work of Nature with that of Art, I may be still at a loss which to choose, and be long perplex’d with the pleasing Uncertainty.
[Footnote 1: Wycherley’s Plain Dealer.]
[Footnote 2: Eccles, vii. I.]
[Footnote 3: In a volume of translated Letters on Wit, Politicks, and Morality, edited by Abel Boyer, in 1701. The letters ascribed to Aristaenetus of Nicer in Bithynis, who died A.D. 358, but which were written after the fifth century, were afterwards translated as Letters of Love and Gallantry, written in Greek by Aristaenetus. This volume, 12mo (1715), was dedicated to Eustace Budgell, who is named in the Preface as the author of the Spectator papers signed X.]
No. 239. Tuesday, December 4, 1711. Addison.
Bella, horrida bella!
I have sometimes amused myself with considering the several Methods of managing a Debate which have obtained m the World.
The first Races of Mankind used to dispute, as our ordinary People do now-a-days, in a kind of wild Logick, uncultivated by Rules of Art.
Socrates introduced a catechetical Method of Arguing. He would ask his Adversary Question upon Question, till he had convinced him out of his own Mouth that his Opinions were wrong. This Way of Debating drives an Enemy up into a Corner, seizes all the Passes through which he can make an Escape, and forces him to surrender at Discretion.
Aristotle changed this Method of Attack, and invented a great Variety of little Weapons, call’d Syllogisms. As in the Socratick Way of Dispute you agree to every thing which your Opponent advances, in the Aristotelick you are still denying and contradicting some Part or other of what he says. Socrates conquers you by Stratagem, Aristotle by Force: The one takes the Town by Sap, the other Sword in Hand.
The Universities of Europe, for many Years, carried on their Debates by Syllogism, insomuch that we see the Knowledge of several Centuries laid out into Objections and Answers, and all the good Sense of the Age cut and minced into almost an Infinitude of Distinctions.
When our Universities found that there was no End of Wrangling this Way, they invented a kind of Argument, which is not reducible to any Mood or Figure in Aristotle. It was called the Argumentum Basilinum (others write it Bacilinum or Baculinum) which is pretty well express’d in our English Word Club-Law. When they were not able to confute their Antagonist, they knock’d him down. It was their Method in these polemical Debates, first to discharge their Syllogisms, and afterwards to betake themselves to their Clubs, till such Time as they had one Way or other confounded their Gainsayers. There is in Oxford a narrow [Defile, [1] (to make use of a military Term) where the Partizans used to encounter, for which Reason it still retains the Name of Logic-Lane. I have heard an old Gentleman, a Physician, make his Boasts, that when he was a young Fellow he marched several Times at the Head of a Troop of Scotists, [2] and cudgel’d a Body of Smiglesians [3] half the length of High-street, till they had dispersed themselves for Shelter into their respective Garrisons.
This Humour, I find, went very far in Erasmus’s Time. For that Author tells us [4], That upon the Revival of Greek Letters, most of the Universities in Europe were divided into Greeks and Trojans. The latter were those who bore a mortal Enmity to the Language of the Grecians, insomuch that if they met with any who understood it, they did not fail to treat him as a Foe. Erasmus himself had, it seems, the Misfortune to fall into the Hands of a Party of Trojans, who laid him on with so many Blows and Buffets that he never forgot their Hostilities to his dying Day.
There is a way of managing an Argument not much unlike the former, which is made use of by States and Communities, when they draw up a hundred thousand Disputants on each Side, and convince one another by Dint of Sword. A certain Grand Monarch [5] was so sensible of his Strength in this way of Reasoning, that he writ upon his Great Guns—Ratio ultima Regum, The Logick of Kings; but, God be thanked, he is now pretty well baffled at his own Weapons. When one was to do with a Philosopher of this kind, one should remember the old Gentleman’s Saying, who had been engaged in an Argument with one of the Roman Emperors. [6] Upon his Friends telling him, That he wonder’d he would give up the Question, when he had visibly the Better of the Dispute; I am never asham’d, says he, to be confuted by one who is Master of fifty Legions.
I shall but just mention another kind of Reasoning, which may be called arguing by Poll; and another which is of equal Force, in which Wagers are made use of as Arguments, according to the celebrated Line in Hudibras [7]
But the most notable way of managing a Controversy, is that which we may call Arguing by Torture. This is a Method of Reasoning which has been made use of with the poor Refugees, and which was so fashionable in our Country during the Reign of Queen Mary, that in a Passage of an Author quoted by Monsieur Bayle [8] it is said the Price of Wood was raised in England, by reason of the Executions that were made in Smithfield. These Disputants convince their Adversaries with a Sorites, [9] commonly called a Pile of Faggots. The Rack is also a kind of Syllogism which has been used with good Effect, and has made Multitudes of Converts. Men were formerly disputed out of their Doubts, reconciled to Truth by Force of Reason, and won over to Opinions by the Candour, Sense and Ingenuity of those who had the Right on their Side; but this Method of Conviction operated too slowly. Pain was found to be much more enlightning than Reason. Every Scruple was looked upon as Obstinacy, and not to be removed but by several Engines invented for that Purpose. In a Word, the Application of Whips, Racks, Gibbets, Gallies, Dungeons, Fire and Faggot, in a Dispute, may be look’d upon as Popish Refinements upon the old Heathen Logick.
There is another way of Reasoning which seldom fails, tho it be of a quite different Nature to that I have last mentioned. I mean, convincing a Man by ready Money, or as it is ordinarily called, bribing a Man to an Opinion. This Method has often proved successful, when all the others have been made use of to no purpose. A Man who is furnished with Arguments from the Mint, will convince his Antagonist much sooner than one who draws them from Reason and Philosophy. Gold is a wonderful Clearer of the Understanding; it dissipates every Doubt and Scruple in an Instant; accommodates itself to the meanest Capacities; silences the Loud and Clamorous, and brings over the most Obstinate and Inflexible. Philip of Macedon was a Man of most invincible Reason this Way. He refuted by it all the Wisdom of Athens, confounded their Statesmen, struck their Orators dumb, and at length argued them out of all their Liberties.
Having here touched upon the several Methods of Disputing, as they have prevailed in different Ages of the World, I shall very suddenly give my Reader an Account of the whole Art of Cavilling; which shall be a full and satisfactory Answer to all such Papers and Pamphlets as have yet appeared against the SPECTATOR.
[Footnote 1: Defile]
[Footnote 2: The followers of the famous scholastic philosopher, Duns Scotus (who taught at Oxford and died in 1308), were Realists, and the Scotists were as Realists opposed to the Nominalists, who, as followers of Thomas Aquinas, were called Thomists. Abuse, in later time, of the followers of Duns gave its present sense to the word Dunce.]
[Footnote 3: The followers of Martin Simglecius a Polish Jesuit, who taught Philosophy for four years and Theology for ten years at Vilna, in Lithuania, and died at Kalisch in 1618. Besides theological works he published a book of Disputations upon Logic.]
[Footnote 4: Erasm. Epist.]
[Footnote 5: Louis XIV.]
[Footnote 6: Adrian, cited in Bacons Apophthegms.]
[Footnote 7: Hudibras, Pt. II. c. i, v. 297. See note to No. 145.]
[Footnote 8: And. Ammonius in Bayle’s Life of him, but the saying was of the reign of Henry VIII.]
[Footnote 9: A Sorites, in Logic,—from [Greek: soros], a heap—is a pile of syllogisms so compacted that the conclusion of one serves as a premiss to the next.]
No. 240. Wednesday, December 5, 1711. Steele.
—Aliter not fit, Avite, liber.
I am of one of the most genteel Trades in the City, and understand thus much of liberal Education, as to have an ardent Ambition of being useful to Mankind, and to think That the chief End of Being as to this Life. I had these good Impressions given me from the handsome Behaviour of a learned, generous, and wealthy Man towards me when I first began the World. Some Dissatisfaction between me and my Parents made me enter into it with less Relish of Business than I ought; and to turn off this Uneasiness I gave my self to criminal Pleasures, some Excesses, and a general loose Conduct. I know not what the excellent Man above-mentioned saw in me, but he descended from the Superiority of his Wisdom and Merit, to throw himself frequently into my Company. This made me soon hope that I had something in me worth cultivating, and his Conversation made me sensible of Satisfactions in a regular Way, which I had never before imagined. When he was grown familiar with me, he opened himself like a good Angel, and told me, he had long laboured to ripen me into a Preparation to receive his Friendship and Advice, both which I should daily command, and the Use of any Part of his Fortune, to apply the Measures he should propose to me, for the Improvement of my own. I assure you, I cannot recollect the Goodness and Confusion of the good Man when he spoke to this Purpose to me, without melting into Tears; but in a word, Sir, I must hasten to tell you, that my Heart burns with Gratitude towards him, and he is so happy a Man, that it can never be in my Power to return him his Favours in Kind, but I am sure I have made him the most agreeable Satisfaction I could possibly, [in being ready to serve others to my utmost Ability,] as far as is consistent with the Prudence he prescribes to me. Dear Mr. SPECTATOR, I do not owe to him only the good Will and Esteem of my own Relations, (who are People of Distinction) the present Ease and Plenty of my Circumstances, but also the Government of my Passions, and Regulation
of my Desires. I doubt not, Sir, but in your Imagination such Virtues as these of my worthy Friend, bear as great a Figure as Actions which are more glittering in the common Estimation. What I would ask of you, is to give us a whole Spectator upon Heroick Virtue in common Life, which may incite Men to the same generous Inclinations, as have by this admirable Person been shewn to, and rais’d in,
SIR, Your most humble Servant.
I am a Country Gentleman, of a good plentiful Estate, and live as the rest of my Neighbours with great Hospitality. I have been ever reckoned among the Ladies the best Company in the World, and have Access as a sort of Favourite. I never came in Publick but I saluted them, tho in great Assemblies, all round, where it was seen how genteelly I avoided hampering my Spurs in their Petticoats, while I moved amongst them; and on the other side how prettily they curtsied and received me, standing in proper Rows, and advancing as fast as they saw their Elders, or their Betters, dispatch’d by me. But so it is, Mr. SPECTATOR, that all our good Breeding is of late lost by the unhappy Arrival of a Courtier, or Town Gentleman, who came lately among us: This Person where-ever he came into a Room made a profound Bow, and fell back, then recovered with a soft Air, and made a Bow to the next, and so to one or two more, and then took the Gross of the Room, by passing by them in a continued Bow till he arrived at the Person he thought proper particularly to entertain. This he did with so good a Grace and Assurance, that it is taken for the present Fashion; and there is no young Gentlewoman within several Miles of this Place has been kissed ever since his first Appearance among us. We Country Gentlemen cannot begin again and learn these fine and reserved Airs; and our Conversation is at a Stand, till we have your Judgment for or against Kissing, by way of Civility or Salutation; which is impatiently expected by your Friends of both Sexes, but by none so much as
Rustick Sprightly.
December 3, 1711.
I was the other Night at Philaster,[1] where I expected to hear your famous Trunk-maker, but was happily disappointed of his Company, and saw another Person who had the like Ambition to distinguish himself in a noisy manner, partly by Vociferation or talking loud, and partly by his bodily Agility. This was a very lusty Fellow, but withal a sort of Beau, who getting into one of the Side-boxes on the Stage before the Curtain drew, was disposed to shew the whole Audience his Activity by leaping over the Spikes; he pass’d from thence to one of the entering Doors, where he took Snuff with a tolerable good Grace, display’d his fine Cloaths, made two or three feint Passes at the Curtain with his Cane, then faced about and appear’d at tother
Door: Here he affected to survey the whole House, bow’d and smil’d at random, and then shew’d his Teeth, which were some of them indeed very white: After this he retired behind the Curtain, and obliged us with several Views of his Person from every Opening.
During the Time of Acting, he appear’d frequently in the Princes Apartment, made one at the Hunting-match, and was very forward in the Rebellion. If there were no Injunctions to the contrary, yet this Practice must be confess’d to diminish the Pleasure of the Audience, and for that Reason presumptuous and unwarrantable: But since her Majesty’s late Command has made it criminal,[2] you have Authority to take Notice of it.
SIR, Your humble Servant,
Charles Easy.
[Footnote 1: Beaumont and Fletchers Philaster had been acted on the preceding Friday, Nov. 30. The Hunt is in the Fourth Act, the Rebellion in the Fifth.]
[Footnote 2: At this time there had been added to the playbills the line
By her Majesty’s Command no Person is to be admitted behind the
Scenes.]
No. 241. Thursday, December 6, 1711. Addison.
—Semperque relinqui
Sola sibi, semper longam incomitata videtur
Ire viam—
Though you have considered virtuous Love inmost of its Distresses, I do not remember that you have given us any Dissertation upon the Absence of Lovers, or laid down any Methods how they should support themselves under those long Separations which they are sometimes forced to undergo. I am at present in this unhappy Circumstance, having parted with the best of Husbands, who is abroad in the Service of his Country, and may not possibly return for some Years. His warm and generous Affection while we were together, with the Tenderness which he expressed to me at parting, make his Absence almost insupportable. I think of him every Moment of the Day, and meet him every Night in my Dreams. Every thing I see puts me in mind of him. I apply myself with more than ordinary Diligence to the Care of his Family and his Estate; but this, instead of relieving me, gives me but so many Occasions of wishing for his Return. I frequent the Rooms where I used to converse with him, and not meeting him there, sit down in his Chair, and fall a weeping. I love to read the Books he delighted in, and to converse with the Persons whom he esteemed. I visit his Picture a hundred times a Day, and place myself over-against it whole Hours together. I pass a great part of my Time in the Walks where I used to lean upon his Arm, and recollect in my Mind the Discourses which have there passed between us: I look over the several Prospects and Points of View which we used to survey together, fix my Eye
upon the Objects which he has made me take notice of, and call to mind a thousand [agreeable] Remarks which he has made on those Occasions. I write to him by every Conveyance, and contrary to other People, am always in good Humour when an East-Wind blows, because it seldom fails of bringing me a Letter from him. Let me entreat you, Sir, to give me your Advice upon this Occasion, and to let me know how I may relieve my self in this my Widowhood.
ASTERIA.
Absence is what the Poets call Death in Love, and has given Occasion to abundance of beautiful Complaints in those Authors who have treated of this Passion in Verse. Ovid’s Epistles are full of them. Otway’s Monimia talks very tenderly upon this Subject. [1]
—It was not kind
To leave me like a Turtle, here alone,
To droop and mourn the Absence of my Mate._
When thou art from me, every Place is desert:
And I, methinks, am savage and forlorn.
Thy Presence only tis can make me blest,
Heal my unquiet Mind, and tune my Soul.
The Consolations of Lovers on these Occasions are very extraordinary. Besides those mentioned by Asteria, there are many other Motives of Comfort, which are made use of by absent Lovers.
I remember in one of Scudery’s Romances, a Couple of honourable Lovers agreed at their parting to set aside one half Hour in the Day to think of each other during a tedious Absence. The Romance tells us, that they both of them punctually observed the Time thus agreed upon; and that whatever Company or Business they were engaged in, they left it abruptly as soon as the Clock warned them to retire. The Romance further adds, That the Lovers expected the Return of this stated Hour with as much Impatience, as if it had been a real Assignation, and enjoyed an imaginary Happiness that was almost as pleasing to them as what they would have found from a real Meeting. It was an inexpressible Satisfaction to these divided Lovers, to be assured that each was at the same time employ’d in the same kind of Contemplation, and making equal Returns of Tenderness and Affection.
If I may be allowed to mention a more serious Expedient for the alleviating of Absence, I shall take notice of one which I have known two Persons practise, who joined Religion to that Elegance of Sentiments with which the Passion of Love generally inspires its Votaries. This was, at the Return of such an Hour, to offer up a certain Prayer for each other, which they had agreed upon before their Parting. The Husband, who is a Man that makes a Figure in the polite World, as well as in his own Family, has often told me, that he could not have supported an Absence of three Years without this Expedient.
[Strada, in one of his Prolusions, [2]] gives an Account of a chimerical Correspondence between two Friends by the Help of a certain Loadstone, which had such Virtue in it, that if it touched two several Needles, when one of the Needles so touched [began [3]], to move, the other, tho at never so great a Distance, moved at the same Time, and in the same Manner. He tells us, that the two Friends, being each of them possessed of one of these Needles, made a kind of a Dial-plate, inscribing it with the four and twenty Letters, in the same manner as the Hours of the Day are marked upon the ordinary Dial-plate. They then fixed one of the Needles on each of these Plates in such a manner, that it could move round without Impediment, so as to touch any of the four and twenty Letters. Upon their Separating from one another into distant Countries, they agreed to withdraw themselves punctually into their Closets at a certain Hour of the Day, and to converse with one another by means of this their Invention. Accordingly when they were some hundred Miles asunder, each of them shut himself up in his Closet at the Time appointed, and immediately cast his Eye upon his Dial-plate. If he had a mind to write any thing to his Friend, he directed his Needle to every Letter that formed the Words which he had occasion for, making a little Pause at the end of every Word or Sentence, to avoid Confusion. The Friend, in the mean while, saw his own sympathetick Needle moving of itself to every Letter which that of his Correspondent pointed at. By this means they talked together across a whole Continent, and conveyed their Thoughts to one another in an Instant over Cities or Mountains, Seas or Desarts.
If Monsieur Scudery, or any other Writer of Romance, had introduced a Necromancer, who is generally in the Train of a Knight-Errant, making a Present to two Lovers of a Couple of those above-mentioned Needles, the Reader would not have been a little pleased to have seen them corresponding with one another when they were guarded by Spies and Watches, or separated by Castles and Adventures.
In the mean while, if ever this Invention should be revived or put in practice, I would propose, that upon the Lovers Dial-plate there should be written not only the four and twenty Letters, but several entire Words which have always a Place in passionate Epistles, as Flames, Darts, Die, Language, Absence, Cupid, Heart, Eyes, Hang, Drown, and the like. This would very much abridge the Lovers Pains in this way of writing a Letter, as it would enable him to express the most useful and significant Words with a single Touch of the Needle.
[Footnote 1: Orphan, Act II.]
[Footnote 2: [In one of Strada’s Prolusions he] Lib. II. Prol. 6.]
[Footnote 3: [begun], and in first reprint.]
No. 242. Friday, December 7, 1711. Steele.
Creditur, ex medio quia res arcessit, habere
Sudoris minimum—
Your Speculations do not so generally prevail over Mens Manners as I could wish. A former Paper of yours [1] concerning the Misbehaviour of People, who are necessarily in each others Company in travelling, ought to have been a lasting Admonition against Transgressions of that Kind: But I had the Fate of your Quaker, in meeting with a rude Fellow in a Stage-Coach, who entertained two or three Women of us (for there was no Man besides himself) with Language as indecent as was ever heard upon the Water. The impertinent Observations which the Coxcomb made upon our Shame and Confusion were such, that it is an unspeakable Grief to reflect upon them. As much as you have declaimed against Duelling, I hope you will do us the Justice to declare, that if the Brute has Courage enough to send to the Place where he saw us all alight together to get rid of him, there is not one of us but has a Lover who shall avenge the Insult. It would certainly be worth your Consideration, to look into the frequent Misfortunes of this kind, to which the Modest and Innocent are exposed, by the licentious Behaviour of such as are as much Strangers to good Breeding as to Virtue. Could we avoid hearing what we do not approve, as easily as we can seeing what is disagreeable, there were some Consolation; but since [in a Box at a Play,][2] in an Assembly of Ladies, or even in a Pew at Church, it is in the Power of a gross Coxcomb to utter what a Woman cannot avoid hearing, how miserable is her Condition who comes within the Power of such Impertinents? And how necessary is it to repeat Invectives against such a Behaviour? If the Licentious had not utterly forgot what it is to be modest, they would know that offended Modesty labours under one of the greatest Sufferings to which human Life can be exposed. If one of these Brutes could reflect thus much, tho they want Shame, they would be moved, by their Pity, to abhor an impudent Behaviour in the Presence of the Chaste and Innocent. If you will oblige us with a Spectator on this Subject, and procure it to be pasted against every Stage-Coach in Great-Britain, as the Law of the Journey, you will highly oblige the whole Sex, for which you have professed so great an Esteem; and in particular, the two Ladies my late Fellow-Sufferers, and,
SIR, Your most humble Servant,
Rebecca Ridinghood.
The Matter which I am now going to send you, is an unhappy Story in low Life, and will recommend it self, so that you must excuse the Manner of expressing it. A poor idle drunken Weaver in Spittle-Fields has a faithful laborious Wife, who by her Frugality and Industry had laid by her as much Money as purchased her a Ticket in the present Lottery. She had hid this very privately in the Bottom of a Trunk,
and had given her Number to a Friend and Confident, who had promised to keep the Secret, and bring her News of the Success. The poor Adventurer was one Day gone abroad, when her careless Husband, suspecting she had saved some Money, searches every Corner, till at length he finds this same Ticket; which he immediately carries abroad, sells, and squanders away the Money without the Wife’s suspecting any thing of the Matter. A Day or two after this, this Friend, who was a Woman, comes and brings the Wife word, that she had a Benefit of Five Hundred Pounds. The poor Creature over-joyed, flies up Stairs to her Husband, who was then at Work, and desires him to leave his Loom for that Evening, and come and drink with a Friend of his and hers below. The Man received this chearful Invitation as bad Husbands sometimes do, and after a cross Word or two told her he woudn’t come. His Wife with Tenderness renewed her Importunity, and at length said to him, My Love! I have within these few Months, unknown to you, scraped together as much Money as has bought us a Ticket in the Lottery, and now here is Mrs. Quick [come] [3] to tell me, that tis come up this Morning a Five hundred Pound Prize. The Husband replies immediately, You lye, you Slut, you have no Ticket, for I have sold it. The poor Woman upon this Faints away in a Fit, recovers, and is now run distracted. As she had no Design to defraud her Husband, but was willing only to participate in his good Fortune, every one pities her, but thinks her Husbands Punishment but just. This, Sir, is Matter of Fact, and would, if the Persons and Circumstances were greater, in a well-wrought Play be called Beautiful Distress. I have only sketched it out with Chalk, and know a good Hand can make a moving Picture with worse Materials.
SIR, &c.
I am what the World calls a warm Fellow, and by good Success in Trade I have raised myself to a Capacity of making some Figure in the World; but no matter for that. I have now under my Guardianship a couple of Nieces, who will certainly make me run mad; which you will not wonder at, when I tell you they are Female Virtuosos, and during the three Years and a half that I have had them under my Care, they never in the least inclined their Thoughts towards any one single Part of the Character of a notable Woman. Whilst they should have been considering the proper Ingredients for a Sack-posset, you should hear a Dispute concerning the [magnetick] [4], and in first reprint.] Virtue of the Loadstone, or perhaps the Pressure of the Atmosphere: Their Language is peculiar to themselves, and they scorn to express themselves on the meanest Trifle with Words that are not of a Latin Derivation. But this were supportable still, would they suffer me to enjoy an uninterrupted Ignorance; but, unless I fall in with their abstracted Idea of Things (as they call them) I must not expect to smoak one Pipe in Quiet. In a late Fit of the Gout I complained
of the Pain of that Distemper when my Niece Kitty begged Leave to assure me, that whatever I might think, several great Philosophers, both ancient and modern, were of Opinion, that both Pleasure and Pain were imaginary [Distinctions [5]], and that there was no such thing as either in rerum Natura. I have often heard them affirm that the Fire was not hot; and one Day when I, with the Authority of an old Fellow, desired one of them to put my blue Cloak on my Knees; she answered, Sir, I will reach the Cloak; but take notice, I do not do it as allowing your Description; for it might as well be called Yellow as Blue; for Colour is nothing but the various Infractions of the Rays of the Sun. Miss Molly told me one Day; That to say Snow was white, is allowing a vulgar Error; for as it contains a great Quantity of nitrous Particles, it [might more reasonably][6] be supposed to be black. In short, the young Husseys would persuade me, that to believe ones Eyes is a sure way to be deceived; and have often advised me, by no means, to trust any thing so fallible as my Senses. What I have to beg of you now is, to turn one Speculation to the due Regulation of Female Literature, so far at least, as to make it consistent with the Quiet of such whose Fate it is to be liable to its Insults; and to tell us the Difference between a Gentleman that should make Cheesecakes and raise Paste, and a Lady that reads Locke, and understands the Mathematicks. In which you will extreamly oblige
Your hearty Friend and humble Servant,
Abraham Thrifty.
[Footnote 1: No. 132.]
[Footnote 2: at a Box in a Play, and in first reprint.]
[Footnote 3: [comes], and in first reprint.]
[Footnote 4: [magnetical], and in first reprint.]
[Footnote 5: [Distractions], and in first reprint.]
[Footnote 6: [may more seasonably], and in first reprint.]
Formam quidem ipsam, Marce fili, et tanquam faciem Honesti vides: quae
si oculis cerneretur, mirabiles amores (ut ait Plato) excitaret
Sapientiae.
Tull. Offic.
I do not remember to have read any Discourse written expressly upon the Beauty and Loveliness of Virtue, without considering it as a Duty, and as the Means of making us happy both now and hereafter. I design therefore this Speculation as an Essay upon that Subject, in which I shall consider Virtue no further than as it is in it self of an amiable Nature, after having premised, that I understand by the Word Virtue such a general Notion as is affixed to it by the Writers of Morality, and which by devout Men generally goes under the Name of Religion, and by Men of the World under the Name of Honour.
Hypocrisy it self does great Honour, or rather Justice, to Religion, and tacitly acknowledges it to be an Ornament to human Nature. The Hypocrite would not be at so much Pains to put on the Appearance of Virtue, if he did not know it was the most proper and effectual means to gain the Love and Esteem of Mankind.
We learn from Hierodes, it was a common Saying among the Heathens, that the Wise Man hates no body, but only loves the Virtuous.
Tully has a very beautiful Gradation of Thoughts to shew how amiable Virtue is. We love a virtuous Man, says he, who lives in the remotest Parts of the Earth, though we are altogether out of the Reach of his Virtue, and can receive from it no Manner of Benefit; nay, one who died several Ages ago, raises a secret Fondness and Benevolence for him in our Minds, when we read his Story: Nay, what is still more, one who has been the Enemy of our Country, provided his Wars were regulated by Justice and Humanity, as in the Instance of Pyrrhus whom Tully mentions on this Occasion in Opposition to Hannibal. Such is the natural Beauty and Loveliness of Virtue.
Stoicism, which was the Pedantry of Virtue, ascribes all good Qualifications, of what kind soever, to the virtuous Man. Accordingly [Cato][1] in the Character Tully has left of him, carried Matters so far, that he would not allow any one but a virtuous Man to be handsome. This indeed looks more like a Philosophical Rant than the real Opinion of a Wise Man; yet this was what Cato very seriously maintained. In short, the Stoics thought they could not sufficiently represent the Excellence of Virtue, if they did not comprehend in the Notion of it all possible Perfection[s]; and therefore did not only suppose, that it was transcendently beautiful in it self, but that it made the very Body amiable, and banished every kind of Deformity from the Person in whom it resided.
It is a common Observation, that the most abandoned to all Sense of Goodness, are apt to wish those who are related to them of a different Character; and it is very observable, that none are more struck with the Charms of Virtue in the fair Sex, than those who by their very Admiration of it are carried to a Desire of ruining it.
A virtuous Mind in a fair Body is indeed a fine Picture in a good Light, and therefore it is no Wonder that it makes the beautiful Sex all over Charms.
As Virtue in general is of an amiable and lovely Nature, there are some particular kinds of it which are more so than others, and these are such as dispose us to do Good to Mankind. Temperance and Abstinence, Faith and Devotion, are in themselves perhaps as laudable as any other Virtues; but those which make a Man popular and beloved, are Justice, Charity, Munificence, and, in short, all the good Qualities that render us beneficial to each other. For which Reason even an extravagant Man, who has nothing else to recommend him but a false Generosity, is often more beloved and esteemed than a Person of a much more finished Character, who is defective in this Particular.
The two great Ornaments of Virtue, which shew her in the most advantageous Views, and make her altogether lovely, are Chearfulness and Good-Nature. These generally go together, as a Man cannot be agreeable to others who is not easy within himself. They are both very requisite in a virtuous Mind, to keep out Melancholy from the many serious Thoughts it is engaged in, and to hinder its natural Hatred of Vice from souring into Severity and Censoriousness.
If Virtue is of this amiable Nature, what can we think of those who can look upon it with an Eye of Hatred and Ill-will, or can suffer their Aversion for a Party to blot out all the Merit of the Person who is engaged in it. A Man must be excessively stupid, as well as uncharitable, who believes that there is no Virtue but on his own Side, and that there are not Men as honest as himself who may differ from him in Political Principles. Men may oppose one another in some Particulars, but ought not to carry their Hatred to those Qualities which are of so amiable a Nature in themselves, and have nothing to do with the Points in Dispute. Men of Virtue, though of different Interests, ought to consider themselves as more nearly united with one another, than with the vicious Part of Mankind, who embark with them in the same civil Concerns. We should bear the same Love towards a Man of Honour, who is a living Antagonist, which Tully tells us in the forementioned Passage every one naturally does to an Enemy that is dead. In short, we should esteem Virtue though in a Foe, and abhor Vice though in a Friend.
I speak this with an Eye to those cruel Treatments which Men of all Sides are apt to give the Characters of those who do not agree with them. How many Persons of undoubted Probity, and exemplary Virtue, on either Side, are blackned and defamed? How many Men of Honour exposed to publick Obloquy and Reproach? Those therefore who are either the Instruments or Abettors in such Infernal Dealings, ought to be looked upon as Persons who make use of Religion to promote their Cause, not of their Cause to promote Religion.
[Footnote 1: [we find that Cato,]]
No. 244. Monday, December 10, 1711. Steele.
—Judex et callidus audis.
Covent-Garden, Dec. 7.
I cannot, without a double Injustice, forbear expressing to you the Satisfaction which a whole Clan of Virtuosos have received from those Hints which you have lately given the Town on the Cartons of the inimitable Raphael. It [1] should be methinks the Business of a SPECTATOR to improve the Pleasures of Sight, and there cannot be a more immediate Way to it than recommending the Study and Observation of excellent Drawings and Pictures. When I first went to view those of Raphael which you have celebrated, I must confess 1 was but barely pleased; the next time I liked them better, but at last as I grew better acquainted with them, I fell deeply in love with them, like wise Speeches they sunk deep into my Heart; for you know, Mr. SPECTATOR, that a Man of Wit may extreamly affect one for the Present, but if he has not Discretion, his Merit soon vanishes away, while a Wise Man that has not so great a Stock
of Wit, shall nevertheless give you a far greater and more lasting Satisfaction: Just so it is in a Picture that is smartly touched but not well studied; one may call it a witty Picture, tho the Painter in the mean time may be in Danger of being called a Fool. On the other hand, a Picture that is thoroughly understood in the Whole, and well performed in the Particulars, that is begun on the Foundation of Geometry, carried on by the Rules of Perspective, Architecture, and Anatomy, and perfected by a good Harmony, a just and natural Colouring, and such Passions and Expressions of the Mind as are almost peculiar to Raphael; this is what you may justly style a wise Picture, and which seldom fails to strike us Dumb, till we can assemble all our Faculties to make but a tolerable Judgment upon it. Other Pictures are made for the Eyes only, as Rattles are made for Children’s Ears; and certainly that Picture that only pleases the Eye, without representing some well-chosen Part of Nature or other, does but shew what fine Colours are to be sold at the Colour-shop, and mocks the Works of the Creator. If the best Imitator of Nature is not to be esteemed the best Painter, but he that makes the greatest Show and Glare of Colours; it will necessarily follow, that he who can array himself in the most gaudy Draperies is best drest, and he that can speak loudest the best Orator. Every Man when he looks on a Picture should examine it according to that share of Reason he is Master of, or he will be in Danger of making a wrong Judgment. If Men as they walk abroad would make more frequent Observations on those Beauties of Nature which every Moment present themselves to their View, they would be better Judges when they saw her well imitated at home: This would help to correct those Errors which most Pretenders fall into, who are over hasty in their Judgments, and will not stay to let Reason come in for a share in the Decision. Tis for want of this that Men mistake in this Case, and in common Life, a wild extravagant Pencil for one that is truly bold and great, an impudent Fellow for a Man of true Courage and Bravery, hasty and unreasonable Actions for Enterprizes of Spirit and Resolution, gaudy Colouring for that which is truly beautiful, a false and insinuating Discourse for simple Truth elegantly recommended. The Parallel will hold through all the Parts of Life and Painting too; and the Virtuosos above-mentioned will be glad to see you draw it with your Terms of Art. As the Shadows in Picture represent the serious or melancholy, so the Lights do the bright and lively Thoughts: As there should be but one forcible Light in a Picture which should catch the Eye and fall on the Hero, so there should be but one Object of our Love, even the Author of Nature. These and the like Reflections well improved, might very much contribute to open the Beauty of that Art, and prevent young People from being poisoned by the ill Gusto of an extravagant Workman that should be imposed upon us. I am, SIR, Your most humble Servant.
Though I am a Woman, yet I am one of those who confess themselves highly pleased with a Speculation you obliged the World with some time ago, [2] from an old Greek Poet you call Simonides, in relation to the several Natures and Distinctions of our own Sex. I could not but admire how justly the Characters of Women in this Age, fall in with the Times of Simonides, there being no one of those Sorts I have not at some time or other of my Life met with a Sample of. But, Sir, the Subject of this present Address, are a Set of Women comprehended, I think, in the Ninth Specie of that Speculation, called the Apes; the Description of whom I find to be, “That they are such as are both ugly and ill-natured, who have nothing beautiful themselves, and endeavour to detract from or ridicule every thing that appears so in others.” Now, Sir, this Sect, as I have been told, is very frequent in the great Town where you live; but as my Circumstance of Life obliges me to reside altogether in the Country, though not many Miles from London, I cant have met with a great Number of em, nor indeed is it a desirable Acquaintance, as I have lately found by Experience. You must know, Sir, that at the Beginning of this Summer a Family of these Apes came and settled for the Season not far from the Place where I live. As they were Strangers in the Country, they were visited by the Ladies about em, of whom I was, with an Humanity usual in those that pass most of their Time in Solitude. The Apes lived with us very agreeably our own Way till towards the End of the Summer, when they began to bethink themselves of returning to Town; then it was, Mr. SPECTATOR, that they began to set themselves about the proper and distinguishing Business of their Character; and, as tis said of evil Spirits, that they are apt to carry away a Piece of the House they are about to leave, the Apes, without Regard to common Mercy, Civility, or Gratitude, thought fit to mimick and fall foul on the Faces, Dress, and Behaviour of their innocent Neighbours, bestowing abominable Censures and disgraceful Appellations, commonly called Nicknames, on all of them; and in short, like true fine Ladies, made their honest Plainness and Sincerity Matter of Ridicule. I could not but acquaint you with these Grievances, as well at the Desire of all the Parties injur’d, as from my own Inclination. I hope, Sir, if you cant propose entirely to reform this Evil, you will take such Notice of it in some of your future Speculations, as may put the deserving Part of our Sex on their Guard against these Creatures; and at the same time the Apes may be sensible, that this sort of Mirth is so far from an innocent Diversion, that it is in the highest Degree that Vice which is said to comprehend all others. [3]
I am, SIR, Your humble Servant,
Constantia Field.
[Footnote 1: In No. 226. Signor Dorigny’s scheme was advertised in Nos. 205, 206, 207, 208, and 210.]
[Footnote 3: Ingratitude.
Ingratum si dixeris, omnia dixeris.]
No. 245. Tuesday, December 11, 1711. Addison.
Ficta Voluptatis causa sint proxima Veris.
There is nothing which one regards so much with an Eye of Mirth and Pity as Innocence, when it has in it a Dash of Folly. At the same time that one esteems the Virtue, one is tempted to laugh at the Simplicity which accompanies it. When a Man is made up wholly of the Dove, without the least Grain of the Serpent in his Composition, he becomes ridiculous in many Circumstances of Life, and very often discredits his best Actions. The Cordeliers tell a Story of their Founder St. Francis, that as he passed the Streets in the Dusk of the Evening, he discovered a young Fellow with a Maid in a Corner; upon which the good Man, say they, lifted up his Hands to Heaven with a secret Thanksgiving, that there was still so much Christian Charity in the World. The Innocence of the Saint made him mistake the Kiss of a Lover for a Salute of Charity. I am heartily concerned when I see a virtuous Man without a competent Knowledge of the World; and if there be any Use in these my Papers, it is this, that without presenting Vice under any false alluring Notions, they give my Reader an Insight into the Ways of Men, and represent human Nature in all its changeable Colours. The Man who has not been engaged in any of the Follies of the World, or, as Shakespear expresses it, hackney’d in the Ways of Men, may here find a Picture of its Follies and Extravagancies. The Virtuous and the Innocent may know in Speculation what they could never arrive at by Practice, and by this Means avoid the Snares of the Crafty, the Corruptions of the Vicious, and the Reasonings of the Prejudiced. Their Minds may be opened without being vitiated.
It is with an Eye to my following Correspondent, Mr. Timothy Doodle, who seems a very well-meaning Man, that I have written this short Preface, to which I shall subjoin a Letter from the said Mr. Doodle.
I could heartily wish that you would let us know your Opinion upon several innocent Diversions which are in use among us, and which are very proper to pass away a Winter Night for those who do not care to throw away their Time at an Opera, or at the Play-house. I would gladly know in particular, what Notion you have of Hot-Cockles; as also whether you think that Questions and Commands, Mottoes, Similes, and Cross-Purposes have not more Mirth and Wit in them, than those publick Diversions which are grown so very fashionable among us. If you would recommend to our Wives and Daughters, who read your Papers with a great deal of Pleasure, some of those Sports and Pastimes that may be practised within Doors, and by the Fire-side, we who are Masters
of Families should be hugely obliged to you. I need not tell you that I would have these Sports and Pastimes not only merry but innocent, for which Reason I have not mentioned either Whisk or Lanterloo, nor indeed so much as One and Thirty. After having communicated to you my Request upon this Subject, I will be so free as to tell you how my Wife and I pass away these tedious Winter Evenings with a great deal of Pleasure. Tho she be young and handsome, and good-humoured to a Miracle, she does not care for gadding abroad like others of her Sex. There is a very friendly Man, a Colonel in the Army, whom I am mightily obliged to for his Civilities, that comes to see me almost every Night; for he is not one of those giddy young Fellows that cannot live out of a Play-house. When we are together, we very often make a Party at Blind-Man’s Buff, which is a Sport that I like the better, because there is a good deal of Exercise in it. The Colonel and I are blinded by Turns, and you would laugh your Heart out to see what Pains my Dear takes to hoodwink us, so that it is impossible for us to see the least Glimpse of Light. The poor Colonel sometimes hits his Nose against a Post, and makes us die with laughing. I have generally the good Luck not to hurt myself, but am very often above half an Hour before I can catch either of them; for you must know we hide ourselves up and down in Corners, that we may have the more Sport. I only give you this Hint as a Sample of such Innocent Diversions as I would have you recommend; and am, Most esteemed SIR, your ever loving Friend, Timothy Doodle.
The following Letter was occasioned by my last Thursdays Paper upon the Absence of Lovers, and the Methods therein mentioned of making such Absence supportable.
Among the several Ways of Consolation which absent Lovers make use of while their Souls are in that State of Departure, which you say is Death in Love, there are some very material ones that have escaped your Notice. Among these, the first and most received is a crooked Shilling, which has administered great Comfort to our Forefathers, and is still made use of on this Occasion with very good Effect in most Parts of Her Majesty’s Dominions. There are some, I know, who think a Crown-Piece cut into two equal Parts, and preserved by the distant Lovers, is of more sovereign Virtue than the former. But since Opinions are divided in this Particular, why may not the same Persons make use of both? The Figure of a Heart, whether cut in Stone or cast in Metal, whether bleeding upon an Altar, stuck with Darts, or held in the Hand of a Cupid, has always been looked upon as Talismanick in Distresses of this Nature. I am acquainted with many a brave Fellow, who carries his Mistress in the Lid of his Snuff-box, and by that Expedient has supported himself under the Absence of a whole Campaign. For my own Part, I have tried all these Remedies, but never
found so much Benefit from any as from a Ring, in which my Mistresss Hair is platted together very artificially in a kind of True-Lovers Knot. As I have received great Benefit from this Secret, I think myself obliged to communicate it to the Publick, for the Good of my Fellow-Subjects. I desire you will add this Letter as an Appendix to your Consolations upon Absence, and am, Your very humble Servant, T. B.
I shall conclude this Paper with a Letter from an University Gentleman, occasioned by my last Tuesdays Paper, wherein I gave some Account of the great Feuds which happened formerly in those learned Bodies, between the modern Greeks and Trojans.
This will give you to understand, that there is at present in the Society, whereof I am a Member, a very considerable Body of Trojans, who, upon a proper Occasion, would not fail to declare ourselves. In the mean while we do all we can to annoy our Enemies by Stratagem, and are resolved by the first Opportunity to attack Mr. Joshua Barnes [1], whom we look upon as the Achilles of the opposite Party. As for myself, I have had the Reputation ever since I came from School, of being a trusty Trojan, and am resolved never to give Quarter to the smallest Particle of Greek, where-ever I chance to meet it. It is for this Reason I take it very ill of you, that you sometimes hang out Greek Colours at the Head of your Paper, and sometimes give a Word of the Enemy even in the Body of it. When I meet with any thing of this nature, I throw down your Speculations upon the Table, with that Form of Words which we make use of when we declare War upon an Author.
Graecum est, non potest legi. [2]
I give you this Hint, that you may for the future abstain from any
such Hostilities at your Peril.
Troilus.
[Footnote 1: Professor of Greek at Cambridge, who edited Homer, Euripides, Anacreon, &c., and wrote in Greek verse a History of Esther. He died in 1714.]
It is Greek. It cannot be read.
This passed into a proverb from Franciscus Accursius, a famous Jurisconsult and son of another Accursius, who was called the Idol of the Jurisconsults. Franciscus Accursius was a learned man of the 13th century, who, in expounding Justinian, whenever he came to one of Justinian’s quotations from Homer, said Graecum est, nec potest legi. Afterwards, in the first days of the revival of Greek studies in Europe, it was often said, as reported by Claude d’Espence, for example, that to know anything of Greek made a man suspected, to know anything of Hebrew almost made him a heretic.]
No. 246. Wednesday, December 12, 1711. Steele
[Greek: Ouch ara soi ge pataer aen ippora Paeleus Oude Thetis maetaer,
glaukae de d etikte thalassa Petrai t aelibatoi, hoti toi noos estin
apaenaes.]
As your Paper is Part of the Equipage of the Tea-Table, I conjure you to print what I now write to you; for I have no other Way to communicate what I have to say to the fair Sex on the most important Circumstance of Life, even the Care of Children. I do not understand that you profess your Paper is always to consist of Matters which are only to entertain the Learned and Polite, but that it may agree with your Design to publish some which may tend to the Information of Mankind in general; and when it does so, you do more than writing Wit and Humour. Give me leave then to tell you, that of all the Abuses that ever you have as yet endeavoured to reform, certainly not one wanted so much your Assistance as the Abuse in [nursing [1]] Children. It is unmerciful to see, that a Woman endowed with all the Perfections and Blessings of Nature, can, as soon as she is delivered, turn off her innocent, tender, and helpless Infant, and give it up to a Woman that is (ten thousand to one) neither in Health nor good Condition, neither sound in Mind nor Body, that has neither Honour nor Reputation, neither Love nor Pity for the poor Babe, but more Regard for the Money than for the whole Child, and never will take further Care of it than what by all the Encouragement of Money and Presents she is forced to; like AEsop’s Earth, which would not nurse the Plant of another Ground, altho never so much improved, by reason that Plant was not of its own Production. And since anothers Child is no more natural to a Nurse than a Plant to a strange and different Ground, how can it be supposed that the Child should thrive? and if it thrives, must it not imbibe the gross Humours and Qualities of the Nurse, like a Plant in a different Ground, or like a Graft upon a different Stock? Do not we observe, that a Lamb sucking a Goat changes very much its Nature, nay even its Skin and Wooll into the Goat Kind? The Power of a Nurse over a Child, by infusing into it, with her Milk, her Qualities and Disposition, is sufficiently and daily observed: Hence came that old Saying concerning an ill-natured and malicious Fellow, that he had imbibed his Malice with his Nurses Milk, or that some Brute or other had been his Nurse. Hence Romulus and Remus were said to have been nursed by a Wolf, Telephus the Son of Hercules by a Hind, Pelias the Son of Neptune by a Mare, and AEgisthus by a Goat; not that they had actually suck’d such Creatures, as some Simpletons have imagin’d, but that their Nurses had been of such a Nature and Temper, and infused such into them.
Many Instances may be produced from good Authorities and daily Experience, that Children actually suck in the several Passions and depraved
Inclinations of their Nurses, as Anger, Malice, Fear, Melancholy, Sadness, Desire, and Aversion. This Diodorus, lib. 2, witnesses, when he speaks, saying, That Nero the Emperors Nurse had been very much addicted to Drinking; which Habit Nero received from his Nurse, and was so very particular in this, that the People took so much notice of it, as instead of Tiberius Nero, they call’d him Biberius Mero. The same Diodorus also relates of Caligula, Predecessor to Nero, that his Nurse used to moisten the Nipples of her Breast frequently with Blood, to make Caligula take the better Hold of them; which, says Diodorus, was the Cause that made him so blood-thirsty and cruel all his Life-time after, that he not only committed frequent Murder by his own Hand, but likewise wished that all human Kind wore but one Neck, that he might have the Pleasure to cut it off. Such like Degeneracies astonish the Parents, [who] not knowing after whom the Child can take, [see [2]] one to incline to Stealing, another to Drinking, Cruelty, Stupidity; yet all these are not minded. Nay it is easy to demonstrate, that a Child, although it be born from the best of Parents, may be corrupted by an ill-tempered Nurse. How many Children do we see daily brought into Fits, Consumptions, Rickets, &c., merely by sucking their Nurses when in a Passion or Fury? But indeed almost any Disorder of the Nurse is a Disorder to the Child, and few Nurses can be found in this Town but what labour under some Distemper or other. The first Question that is generally asked a young Woman that wants to be a Nurse, [Why[3]] she should be a Nurse to other Peoples Children; is answered, by her having an ill Husband, and that she must make Shift to live. I think now this very Answer is enough to give any Body a Shock if duly considered; for an ill Husband may, or ten to one if he does not, bring home to his Wife an ill Distemper, or at least Vexation and Disturbance. Besides as she takes the Child out of meer Necessity, her Food will be accordingly, or else very coarse at best; whence proceeds an ill-concocted and coarse Food for the Child; for as the Blood, so is the Milk; and hence I am very well assured proceeds the Scurvy, the Evil, and many other Distempers. I beg of you, for the Sake of the many poor Infants that may and will be saved, by weighing this Case seriously, to exhort the People with the utmost Vehemence to let the Children suck their own [Mothers, [4]] both for the Benefit of Mother and Child. For the general Argument, that a Mother is weakned by giving suck to her Children, is vain and simple; I will maintain that the Mother grows stronger by it, and will have her Health better than she would have otherwise: She will find it the greatest Cure and Preservative for the Vapours and future Miscarriages, much beyond any other Remedy whatsoever: Her Children will be like Giants, whereas otherwise they are but living Shadows and
like unripe Fruit; and certainly if a Woman is strong enough to bring forth a Child, she is beyond all Doubt strong enough to nurse it afterwards. It grieves me to observe and consider how many poor Children are daily ruin’d by careless Nurses; and yet how tender ought they to be of a poor Infant, since the least Hurt or Blow, especially upon the Head, may make it senseless, stupid, or otherwise miserable for ever?
But I cannot well leave this Subject as yet; for it seems to me very unnatural, that a Woman that has fed a Child as Part of her self for nine Months, should have no Desire to nurse it farther, when brought to Light and before her Eyes, and when by its Cry it implores her Assistance and the Office of a Mother. Do not the very cruellest of Brutes tend their young ones with all the Care and Delight imaginable? For how can she be call’d a Mother that will not nurse her young ones? The Earth is called the Mother of all Things, not because she produces, but because she maintains and nurses what she produces. The Generation of the Infant is the Effect of Desire, but the Care of it argues Virtue and Choice. I am not ignorant but that there are some Cases of Necessity where a Mother cannot give Suck, and then out of two Evils the least must be chosen; but there are so very few, that I am sure in a Thousand there is hardly one real Instance; for if a Woman does but know that her Husband can spare about three or six Shillings a Week extraordinary, (altho this is but seldom considered) she certainly, with the Assistance of her Gossips, will soon perswade the good Man to send the Child to Nurse, and easily impose upon him by pretending In-disposition. This Cruelty is supported by Fashion, and Nature gives Place to Custom. SIR, Your humble Servant.
[Footnote 1: [nursing of], and in first reprint.]
[Footnote 2: [seeing], and in 1st r.]
[Footnote 3: [is, why], and in 1st. r.]
[Footnote 4: Mother,]
No. 247. Thursday, December 13, 1711. Addison.
[Greek:—Ton d akamatos rheei audae Ek stomaton haedeia—Hes.]
We are told by some antient Authors, that Socrates was instructed in Eloquence by a Woman, whose Name, if I am not mistaken, was Aspasia. I have indeed very often looked upon that Art as the most proper for the Female Sex, and I think the Universities would do well to consider whether they should not fill the Rhetorick Chairs with She Professors.
It has been said in the Praise of some Men, that they could Talk whole Hours together upon any Thing; but it must be owned to the Honour of the other Sex, that there are many among them who can Talk whole Hours together upon Nothing. I have known a Woman branch out into a long Extempore Dissertation upon the Edging of a Petticoat, and chide her Servant for breaking a China Cup, in all the Figures of Rhetorick.
Were Women admitted to plead in Courts of Judicature, I am perswaded they would carry the Eloquence of the Bar to greater Heights than it has yet arrived at. If any one doubts this, let him but be present at those Debates which frequently arise among the Ladies [of the [1]] British Fishery.
The first Kind therefore of Female Orators which I shall take notice of, are those who are employed in stirring up the Passions, a Part of Rhetorick in which Socrates his Wife had perhaps made a greater Proficiency than his above-mentioned Teacher.
The second Kind of Female Orators are those who deal in Invectives, and who are commonly known by the Name of the Censorious. The Imagination and Elocution of this Set of Rhetoricians is wonderful. With what a Fluency of Invention, and Copiousness of Expression, will they enlarge upon every little Slip in the Behaviour of another? With how many different Circumstances, and with what Variety of Phrases, will they tell over the same Story? I have known an old Lady make an unhappy Marriage the Subject of a Months Conversation. She blamed the Bride in one Place; pitied her in another; laughed at her in a third; wondered at her in a fourth; was angry with her in a fifth; and in short, wore out a Pair of Coach-Horses in expressing her Concern for her. At length, after having quite exhausted the Subject on this Side, she made a Visit to the new-married Pair, praised the Wife for the prudent Choice she had made, told her the unreasonable Reflections which some malicious People had cast upon her, and desired that they might be better acquainted. The Censure and Approbation of this Kind of Women are therefore only to be consider’d as Helps to Discourse.
A third Kind of Female Orators may be comprehended under the Word Gossips. Mrs. Fiddle Faddle is perfectly accomplished in this Sort of Eloquence; she launches out into Descriptions of Christenings, runs Divisions upon an Headdress, knows every Dish of Meat that is served up in her Neighbourhood, and entertains her Company a whole Afternoon together with the Wit of her little Boy, before he is able to speak.
The Coquet may be looked upon as a fourth Kind of Female Orator. To give her self the larger Field for Discourse, she hates and loves in the same Breath, talks to her Lap-dog or Parrot, is uneasy in all kinds of Weather, and in every Part of the Room: She has false Quarrels and feigned Obligations to all the Men of her Acquaintance; sighs when she is not sad, and Laughs when she is not Merry. The Coquet is in particular a great Mistress of that Part of Oratory which is called Action, and indeed seems to speak for no other Purpose, but as it gives her an Opportunity of stirring a Limb, or varying a Feature, of glancing her Eyes, or playing with her Fan.
As for News-mongers, Politicians, Mimicks, Story-Tellers, with other Characters of that nature, which give Birth to Loquacity, they are as commonly found among the Men as the Women; for which Reason I shall pass them over in Silence.
I have often been puzzled to assign a Cause why Women should have this Talent of a ready Utterance in so much greater Perfection than Men. I have sometimes fancied that they have not a retentive Power, or the Faculty of suppressing their Thoughts, as Men have, but that they are necessitated to speak every Thing they think, and if so, it would perhaps furnish a very strong Argument to the Cartesians, for the supporting of their [Doctrine,[2]] that the Soul always thinks. But as several are of Opinion that the Fair Sex are not altogether Strangers to the Art of Dissembling and concealing their Thoughts, I have been forced to relinquish that Opinion, and have therefore endeavoured to seek after some better Reason. In order to it, a Friend of mine, who is an excellent Anatomist, has promised me by the first Opportunity to dissect a Woman’s Tongue, and to examine whether there may not be in it certain Juices which render it so wonderfully voluble [or [3]] flippant, or whether the Fibres of it may not be made up of a finer or more pliant Thread, or whether there are not in it some particular Muscles which dart it up and down by such sudden Glances and Vibrations; or whether in the last Place, there may not be certain undiscovered Channels running from the Head and the Heart, to this little Instrument of Loquacity, and conveying into it a perpetual Affluence of animal Spirits. Nor must I omit the Reason which Hudibras has given, why those who can talk on Trifles speak with the greatest Fluency; namely, that the Tongue is like a Race-Horse, which runs the faster the lesser Weight it carries.
Which of these Reasons soever may be looked upon as the most probable, I think the Irishman’s Thought was very natural, who after some Hours Conversation with a Female Orator, told her, that he believed her Tongue was very glad when she was asleep, for that it had not a Moments Rest all the while she was awake.
That excellent old Ballad of The Wanton Wife of Bath has the following remarkable Lines.
I think, quoth Thomas, Womens Tongues
Of Aspen Leaves are made.
And Ovid, though in the Description of a very barbarous Circumstance, tells us, That when the Tongue of a beautiful Female was cut out, and thrown upon the Ground, it could not forbear muttering even in that Posture.
—Comprensam forcipe linguam
Abstulit ense fero. Radix micat ultima linguae,
Ipsa jacet, terraeque tremens immurmurat atrae;
Utque salire solet mutilatae cauda colubrae
Palpitat:—[4]
If a tongue would be talking without a Mouth, what could it have done when it had all its Organs of Speech, and Accomplices of Sound about it? I might here mention the Story of the Pippin-Woman, had not I some Reason to look upon it as fabulous.
I must confess I am so wonderfully charmed with the Musick of this little Instrument, that I would by no Means discourage it. All that I aim at by this Dissertation is, to cure it of several disagreeable Notes, and in particular of those little Jarrings and Dissonances which arise from Anger, Censoriousness, Gossiping and Coquetry. In short, I would always have it tuned by Good-Nature, Truth, Discretion and Sincerity.
[Footnote 1: that belong to our]
[Footnote 2: [Opinion,]]
[Footnote 3: [and]]
[Footnote 4: Met. I. 6, v. 556.]
No. 248. Friday, December 14, 1711. Steele.
Hoc maxime Officii est, ut quisque maxime opis indigeat, ita ei
potissimum opitulari.
There are none who deserve Superiority over others in the Esteem of Mankind, who do not make it their Endeavour to be beneficial to Society; and who upon all Occasions which their Circumstances of Life can administer, do not take a certain unfeigned Pleasure in conferring Benefits of one kind or other. Those whose great Talents and high Birth have placed them in conspicuous Stations of Life, are indispensably obliged to exert some noble Inclinations for the Service of the World, or else such Advantages become Misfortunes, and Shade and Privacy are a more eligible Portion. Where Opportunities and Inclinations are given to the same Person, we sometimes see sublime Instances of Virtue, which so dazzle our Imaginations, that we look with Scorn on all which in lower Scenes of Life we may our selves be able to practise. But this is a vicious Way of Thinking; and it bears some Spice of romantick Madness, for a Man to imagine that he must grow ambitious, or seek Adventures, to be able to do great Actions. It is in every Man’s Power in the World who is above meer Poverty, not only to do Things worthy but heroick. The great Foundation of civil Virtue is Self-Denial; and there is no one above the Necessities of Life, but has Opportunities of exercising that noble Quality, and doing as much as his Circumstances will bear for the Ease and Convenience of other Men; and he who does more than ordinarily Men practise upon such Occasions as occur in his Life, deserves the Value of his Friends as if he had done Enterprizes which are usually attended with the highest Glory. Men of publick Spirit differ rather in their Circumstances than their Virtue; and the Man who does all he can in a low Station, is more [a[1]] Hero than he who omits any worthy Action he is able to accomplish in a great one. It is not many Years ago since Lapirius, in Wrong of his elder Brother, came to a great Estate by Gift of his Father, by reason of the dissolute Behaviour of the First-born. Shame and Contrition reformed the Life of the disinherited Youth, and he became as remarkable for his good Qualities as formerly for his Errors. Lapirius, who observed his Brothers Amendment, sent him on a New-Years Day in the Morning the following Letter:
Honoured Brother,
I enclose to you the Deeds whereby my Father gave me this House and Land: Had he lived till now, he would not have bestowed it in that Manner; he took it from the Man you were, and I restore it to the Man you are. I am,
Your affectionate Brother, and humble Servant,
P. T.
As great and exalted Spirits undertake the Pursuit of hazardous Actions for the Good of others, at the same Time gratifying their Passion for Glory; so do worthy Minds in the domestick Way of Life deny themselves many Advantages, to satisfy a generous Benevolence which they bear to their Friends oppressed with Distresses and Calamities. Such Natures one may call Stores of Providence, which are actuated by a secret Celestial Influence to undervalue the ordinary Gratifications of Wealth, to give Comfort to an Heart loaded with Affliction, to save a falling Family, to preserve a Branch of Trade in their Neighbourhood, and give Work to the Industrious, preserve the Portion of the helpless Infant, and raise the Head of the mourning Father. People whose Hearts are wholly bent towards Pleasure, or intent upon Gain, never hear of the noble Occurrences among Men of Industry and Humanity. It would look like a City Romance, to tell them of the generous Merchant who the other Day sent this Billet to an eminent Trader under Difficulties to support himself, in whose Fall many hundreds besides himself had perished; but because I think there is more Spirit and true Gallantry in it than in any Letter I have ever read from Strepkon to Phillis, I shall insert it even in the mercantile honest Stile in which it was sent.
I Have heard of the Casualties which have involved you in extreme Distress at this Time; and knowing you to be a Man of great Good-Nature, Industry and Probity, have resolved to stand by you. Be of good Chear, the Bearer brings with him five thousand Pounds, and has my Order to answer your drawing as much more on my Account. I did this in Haste, for fear I should come too late for your Relief; but you may value your self with me to the Sum of fifty thousand Pounds; for I can very chearfully run the Hazard of being so much less rich than I am now, to save an honest Man whom I love.
Your Friend and Servant,
[W. S. [2]]
I think there is somewhere in Montaigne Mention made of a Family-book, wherein all the Occurrences that happened from one Generation of that House to another were recorded. Were there such a Method in the Families, which are concerned in this Generosity, it would be an hard Task for the greatest in Europe to give, in their own, an Instance of a Benefit better placed, or conferred with a more graceful Air. It has been heretofore urged, how barbarous and inhuman is any unjust Step made to the Disadvantage of a Trader; and by how much such an Act towards him is detestable, by so much an Act of Kindness towards him is laudable. I remember to have heard a Bencher of the Temple tell a Story of a Tradition in their House, where they had formerly a Custom of chusing Kings for such a Season, and allowing him his Expences at the Charge of the Society: One of our Kings, said my Friend, carried his Royal Inclination a little too far, and
there was a Committee ordered to look into the Management of his Treasury. Among other Things it appeared, that his Majesty walking incog, in the Cloister, had overheard a poor Man say to another, Such a small Sum would make me the happiest Man in the World. The King out of his Royal Compassion privately inquired into his Character, and finding him a proper Object of Charity, sent him the Money. When the Committee read their Report, the House passed his Account with a Plaudite without further Examination, upon the Recital of this Article in them.
For making a Man happy L. : s. : d.:
[Footnote 1: [an]]
[Footnote 2: [W. P.] corrected by an Erratum in No. 152 to W.S.]
No. 249. Saturday, December 15, 1711. Addison.
[Greek: Gelos akairos en brotois deinon kakon]
Frag. Vet. Poet.
When I make Choice of a Subject that has not been treated on by others, I throw together my Reflections on it without any Order or Method, so that they may appear rather in the Looseness and Freedom of an Essay, than in the Regularity of a Set Discourse. It is after this Manner that I shall consider Laughter and Ridicule in my present Paper.
Man is the merriest Species of the Creation, all above and below him are Serious. He sees things in a different Light from other Beings, and finds his Mirth [a]rising from Objects that perhaps cause something like Pity or Displeasure in higher Natures. Laughter is indeed a very good Counterpoise to the Spleen; and it seems but reasonable that we should be capable of receiving Joy from what is no real Good to us, since we can receive Grief from what is no real Evil.
I have in my Forty-seventh Paper raised a Speculation on the Notion of a Modern Philosopher [1], who describes the first Motive of Laughter to be a secret Comparison which we make between our selves, and the Persons we laugh at; or, in other Words, that Satisfaction which we receive from the Opinion of some Pre-eminence in our selves, when we see the Absurdities of another or when we reflect on any past Absurdities of our own. This seems to hold in most Cases, and we may observe that the vainest Part of Mankind are the most addicted to this Passion.
I have read a Sermon of a Conventual in the Church of Rome, on those Words of the Wise Man, I said of Laughter, it is mad; and of Mirth, what does it? Upon which he laid it down as a Point of Doctrine, that Laughter was the Effect of Original Sin, and that Adam could not laugh before the Fall.
Laughter, while it lasts, slackens and unbraces the Mind, weakens the Faculties, and causes a kind of Remissness and Dissolution in all the Powers of the Soul: And thus far it may be looked upon as a Weakness in the Composition of Human Nature. But if we consider the frequent Reliefs we receive from it, and how often it breaks the Gloom which is apt to depress the Mind and damp our Spirits, with transient unexpected Gleams of Joy, one would take care not to grow too Wise for so great a Pleasure of Life.
The Talent of turning Men into Ridicule, and exposing to Laughter those one converses with, is the Qualification of little ungenerous Tempers. A young Man with this Cast of Mind cuts himself off from all manner of Improvement. Every one has his Flaws and Weaknesses; nay, the greatest Blemishes are often found in the most shining Characters; but what an absurd Thing is it to pass over all the valuable Parts of a Man, and fix our Attention on his Infirmities to observe his Imperfections more than his Virtues; and to make use of him for the Sport of others, rather than for our own Improvement?
We therefore very often find, that Persons the most accomplished in Ridicule are those who are very shrewd at hitting a Blot, without exerting any thing masterly in themselves. As there are many eminent Criticks who never writ a good Line, there are many admirable Buffoons that animadvert upon every single Defect in another, without ever discovering the least Beauty of their own. By this Means, these unlucky little Wits often gain Reputation in the Esteem of Vulgar Minds, and raise themselves above Persons of much more laudable Characters.
If the Talent of Ridicule were employed to laugh Men out of Vice and Folly, it might be of some Use to the World; but instead of this, we find that it is generally made use of to laugh Men out of Virtue and good Sense, by attacking every thing that is Solemn and Serious, Decent and Praiseworthy in Human Life.
We may observe, that in the First Ages of the World, when the great Souls and Master-pieces of Human Nature were produced, Men shined by a noble Simplicity of Behaviour, and were Strangers to those little Embellishments which are so fashionable in our present Conversation. And it is very remarkable, that notwithstanding we fall short at present of the Ancients in Poetry, Painting, Oratory, History, Architecture, and all the noble Arts and Sciences which depend more upon Genius than Experience, we exceed them as much in Doggerel, Humour, Burlesque, and all the trivial Arts of Ridicule. We meet with more Raillery among the Moderns, but more Good Sense among the Ancients.
The two great Branches of Ridicule in Writing are Comedy and Burlesque. The first ridicules Persons by drawing them in their proper Characters, the other by drawing them quite unlike themselves. Burlesque is therefore of two kinds; the first represents mean Persons in the Accoutrements of Heroes, the other describes great Persons acting and speaking like the basest among the People. Don Quixote is an Instance of the first, and Lucians Gods of the second. It is a Dispute among the Criticks, whether Burlesque Poetry runs best in Heroick Verse, like that of the Dispensary; [2] or in Doggerel, like that of Hudibras. I think where the low Character is to be raised, the Heroick is the proper Measure; but when an Hero is to be pulled down and degraded, it is done best in Doggerel.
If Hudibras had been set out with as much Wit and Humour in Heroick Verse as he is in Doggerel, he would have made a much more agreeable Figure than he does; though the generality of his Readers are so wonderfully pleased with the double Rhimes, that I do not expect many will be of my Opinion in this Particular.
I shall conclude this Essay upon Laughter with observing that the Metaphor of Laughing, applied to Fields and Meadows when they are in Flower, or to Trees when they are in Blossom, runs through all Languages; which I have not observed of any other Metaphor, excepting that of Fire and Burning when they are applied to Love. This shews that we naturally regard Laughter, as what is in it self both amiable and beautiful. For this Reason likewise Venus has gained the Title of [Greek: Philomeidaes,] the Laughter-loving Dame, as Waller has Translated it, and is represented by Horace as the Goddess who delights in Laughter. Milton, in a joyous Assembly of imaginary Persons [3], has given us a very Poetical Figure of Laughter. His whole Band of Mirth is so finely described, that I shall [set [4]] down [the Passage] at length.
But come thou Goddess fair and free, In Heaven ycleped Euphrosyne, And by Men, heart-easing Mirth, Whom lovely Venus at a Birth, With two Sister Graces more, To Ivy-crowned Bacchus bore: Haste thee, Nymph, and bring with thee Jest and youthful jollity, Quips and Cranks, and wanton Wiles, Nods, and Becks, and wreathed Smiles, Such as hang on Hebes Cheek, And love to live in Dimple sleek: Sport that wrinkled Care derides, And Laughter holding both his Sides. Come, and trip it, as you go, On the light fantastick Toe: And in thy right Hand lead with thee The Mountain Nymph, sweet Liberty; And if I give thee Honour due, Mirth, admit me of thy Crew, To live with her, and live with thee, In unreproved Pleasures free.
[Footnote 1: Hobbes.]
[Footnote 2: Sir Samuel Garth, poet and physician, who was alive at this time (died in 1719), satirized a squabble among the doctors in his poem of the Dispensary.
The piercing Caustics ply their spiteful Powr;
Emetics ranch, and been Cathartics sour.
The deadly Drugs in double Doses fly;
And Pestles peal a martial Symphony_.]
[Footnote 3: L’Allegro.]
[Footnote 4: [set it]]
No. 250. Monday, December 17, 1711.
Disce docendus adhuc, quae censet amiculus, ut si
Caecus iter monstrare velit; tamen aspice si quid
Et nos, quod cures proprium fecisse, loquamur.
You see the Nature of my Request by the Latin Motto which I address to you. I am very sensible I ought not to use many Words to you, who are one of but few; but the following Piece, as it relates to Speculation in Propriety of Speech, being a Curiosity in its Kind, begs your Patience. It was found in a Poetical Virtuosos Closet among his Rarities; and since the several Treatises of Thumbs, Ears, and Noses, have obliged the World, this of Eyes is at your Service.
The first Eye of Consequence (under the invisible Author of all) is the visible Luminary of the Universe. This glorious Spectator is said never to open his Eyes at his Rising in a Morning, without having a whole Kingdom of Adorers in Persian Silk waiting at his Levee. Millions of Creatures derive their Sight from this Original, who, besides his being the great Director of Opticks, is the surest Test whether Eyes be of the same Species with that of an Eagle, or that of an Owl: The one he emboldens with a manly Assurance to look, speak, act or plead before the Faces of a numerous Assembly; the other he dazzles out of Countenance into a sheepish Dejectedness. The Sun-Proof Eye dares lead up a Dance in a full Court; and without blinking at the Lustre of Beauty, can distribute an Eye of proper Complaisance to a Room crowded with Company, each of which deserves particular Regard; while the other sneaks from Conversation, like a fearful Debtor, who never dares [to] look out, but when he can see no body, and no body him.
The next Instance of Opticks is the famous Argus, who (to speak in the Language of Cambridge) was one of an Hundred; and being used as a Spy in the Affairs of Jealousy, was obliged to have all his Eyes about him. We have no Account of the particular Colours, Casts and Turns of this Body of Eyes; but as he was Pimp for his Mistress Juno, tis probable he used all the modern Leers, sly Glances, and other ocular Activities to serve his Purpose. Some look upon him as the then King at Arms to the Heathenish Deities; and make no more of his Eyes than as so many Spangles of his Heralds Coat.
The next upon the Optick List is old Janus, who stood in a double-sighted Capacity, like a Person placed betwixt two opposite Looking-Glasses, and so took a sort of retrospective Cast at one View. Copies of this double-faced Way are not yet out of Fashion with many Professions, and the ingenious Artists pretend to keep up this Species by double-headed Canes and Spoons [1]; but there is no Mark of this Faculty, except in the emblematical Way of a wise General having an Eye to both Front and Rear, or a pious Man taking a Review and Prospect of his past and future State at the same Time.
I must own, that the Names, Colours, Qualities, and Turns of Eyes vary almost in every Head; for, not to mention the common Appellations of the Black, the Blue, the White, the Gray, and the like; the most
remarkable are those that borrow their Title[s] from Animals, by Vertue of some particular Quality or Resemblance they bear to the Eyes of the respective Creature[s]; as that of a greedy rapacious Aspect takes its Name from the Cat, that of a sharp piercing Nature from the Hawk, those of an amorous roguish Look derive their Title even from the Sheep, and we say such a[n] one has a Sheep’s Eye, not so much to denote the Innocence as the simple Slyness of the Cast: Nor is this metaphorical Inoculation a modern Invention, for we find Homer taking the Freedom to place the Eye of an Ox, Bull, or Cow in one of his principal Goddesses, by that frequent Expression of
[Greek: Boopis potnia haerae—][2]
Now as to the peculiar Qualities of the Eye, that fine Part of our Constitution seems as much the Receptacle and Seat of our Passions, Appetites and Inclinations as the Mind it self; and at least it is the outward Portal to introduce them to the House within, or rather the common Thorough-fare to let our Affections pass in and out. Love, Anger, Pride, and Avarice, all visibly move in those little Orbs. I know a young Lady that cant see a certain Gentleman pass by without shewing a secret Desire of seeing him again by a Dance in her Eye-balls; nay, she cant for the Heart of her help looking Half a Streets Length after any Man in a gay Dress. You cant behold a covetous Spirit walk by a Goldsmiths Shop without casting a wistful Eye at the Heaps upon the Counter. Does not a haughty Person shew the Temper of his Soul in the supercilious Rowl of his Eye? and how frequently in the Height of Passion does that moving Picture in our Head start and stare, gather a Redness and quick Flashes of Lightning, and make all its Humours sparkle with Fire, as Virgil finely describes it.
—Ardentis ab ore
Scintillae absistunt: oculis micat acribus ignis. [3]
As for the various Turns of [the] Eye-sight, such as the voluntary or involuntary, the half or the whole Leer, I shall not enter into a very particular Account of them; but let me observe, that oblique Vision, when natural, was anciently the Mark of Bewitchery and magical Fascination, and to this Day tis a malignant ill Look; but when tis forced and affected it carries a wanton Design, and in Play-houses, and other publick Places, this ocular Intimation is often an Assignation for bad Practices: But this Irregularity in Vision, together with such Enormities as Tipping the Wink, the Circumspective Rowl, the Side-peep through a thin Hood or Fan, must be put in the Class of Heteropticks, as all wrong Notions of Religion are ranked under the general Name of Heterodox. All the pernicious Applications of Sight are more immediately under the Direction of a SPECTATOR; and I hope you will arm your Readers against the Mischiefs which are daily done by killing Eyes, in which you will highly oblige your wounded unknown Friend, T. B.
You professed in several Papers your particular Endeavours in the Province of SPECTATOR, to correct the Offences committed by Starers, who disturb whole Assemblies without any Regard to Time, Place or Modesty. You complained also, that a Starer is not usually a Person to be convinced by Reason of the Thing, nor so easily rebuked, as to amend by Admonitions. I thought therefore fit to acquaint you with a convenient Mechanical Way, which may easily prevent or correct Staring, by an Optical Contrivance of new Perspective-Glasses, short and commodious like Opera Glasses, fit for short-sighted People as well as others, these Glasses making the Objects appear, either as they are seen by the naked Eye, or more distinct, though somewhat less than Life, or bigger and nearer. A Person may, by the Help of this Invention, take a View of another without the Impertinence of Staring; at the same Time it shall not be possible to know whom or what he is looking at. One may look towards his Right or Left Hand, when he is supposed to look forwards: This is set forth at large in the printed Proposals for the Sale of these Glasses, to be had at Mr. Dillons in Long-Acre, next Door to the White-Hart. Now, Sir, as your Spectator has occasioned the Publishing of this Invention for the Benefit of modest Spectators, the Inventor desires your Admonitions concerning the decent Use of it; and hopes, by your Recommendation, that for the future Beauty may be beheld without the Torture and Confusion which it suffers from the Insolence of Starers. By this means you will relieve the Innocent from an Insult which there is no Law to punish, tho it is a greater Offence than many which are within the Cognizance of Justice.
Abraham Spy.
[Footnote 1: Apostle spoons and others with fancy heads upon their handles.]
[Footnote 2: The ox-eyed, venerable Juno.]
[Footnote 3: AEn. 12, v. 101.]
—Lingua centum sunt, oraque centum.
Ferrea Vox.
There is nothing which more astonishes a Foreigner, and frights a Country Squire, than the Cries of London. My good Friend Sir ROGER often declares, that he cannot get them out of his Head or go to Sleep for them, the first Week that he is in Town. On the contrary, WILL. HONEYCOMB calls them the Ramage de la Ville, and prefers them to the Sounds of Larks and Nightingales, with all the Musick of the Fields and Woods. I have lately received a Letter from some very odd Fellow upon this Subject, which I shall leave with my Reader, without saying any thing further of it.
I am a Man of all Business, and would willingly turn my Head to any thing for an honest Livelihood. I have invented several Projects for raising many Millions of Money without burthening the Subject, but I cannot get the Parliament to listen to me, who look upon me, forsooth, as a Crack, and a Projector; so that despairing to enrich either my self or my Country by this Publick-spiritedness, I would make some Proposals to you relating to a Design which I have very much at Heart, and which may procure me [a [1]] handsome Subsistence, if you will be pleased to recommend it to the Cities of London and Westminster.
The Post I would aim at, is to be Comptroller-General of the London Cries, which are at present under no manner of Rules or Discipline. I think I am pretty well qualified for this Place, as being a Man of very strong Lungs, of great Insight into all the Branches of our British Trades and Manufactures, and of a competent Skill in Musick.
The Cries of London may be divided into Vocal and Instrumental. As for the latter they are at present under a very great Disorder. A Freeman of London has the Privilege of disturbing a whole Street for an Hour together, with the Twanking of a Brass-Kettle or a Frying-Pan. The Watchman’s Thump at Midnight startles us in our Beds, as much as the Breaking in of a Thief. The Sowgelder’s Horn has indeed something musical in it, but this is seldom heard within the Liberties. I would therefore propose, that no Instrument of this Nature should be made use of, which I have not tuned and licensed, after having carefully examined in what manner it may affect the Ears of her Majesty’s liege Subjects.
Vocal Cries are of a much larger Extent, and indeed so full of Incongruities and Barbarisms, that we appear a distracted City to Foreigners, who do not comprehend the Meaning of such enormous Outcries. Milk is generally sold in a note above Ela, and in Sounds so [exceeding [2]] shrill, that it often sets our Teeth [on [3]] Edge. The Chimney-sweeper is [confined [4]] to no certain Pitch; he sometimes utters himself in the deepest Base, and sometimes in the sharpest Treble; sometimes in the highest, and sometimes in the lowest Note of the Gamut. The same Observation might be made on the Retailers of Small-coal, not to mention broken Glasses or Brick-dust. In these therefore, and the like Cases, it should be my Care to sweeten and mellow the Voices of these itinerant Tradesmen, before they make their Appearance in our Streets; as also to accommodate their Cries to their respective Wares; and to take care in particular, that those may not make the most Noise who have the least to sell, which is very observable in the Venders of Card-matches, to whom I cannot but apply that old Proverb of Much Cry but little Wool.
Some of these last mentioned Musicians
are so very loud in the Sale of these trifling Manufactures, that an honest Splenetick Gentleman of my Acquaintance bargained with one of them never to come into the Street where he lived: But what was the Effect of this Contract? Why, the whole Tribe of Card-match-makers which frequent that Quarter, passed by his Door the very next Day, in hopes of being bought off after the same manner.
It is another great Imperfection in our London Cries, that there is no just Time nor Measure observed in them. Our News should indeed be published in a very quick Time, because it is a Commodity that will not keep cold. It should not, however, be cried with the same Precipitation as Fire: Yet this is generally the Case. A Bloody Battle alarms the Town from one End to another in an Instant. Every Motion of the French is Published in so great a Hurry, that one would think the Enemy were at our Gates. This likewise I would take upon me to regulate in such a manner, that there should be some Distinction made between the spreading of a Victory, a March, or an Incampment, a Dutch, a Portugal or a Spanish Mail. Nor must I omit under this Head, those excessive Alarms with which several boisterous Rusticks infest our Streets in Turnip Season; and which are more inexcusable, because these are Wares which are in no Danger of Cooling upon their Hands.
There are others who affect a very slow Time, and are, in my Opinion, much more tuneable than the former; the Cooper in particular swells his last Note in an hollow Voice, that is not without its Harmony; nor can I forbear being inspired with a most agreeable Melancholy, when I hear that sad and solemn Air with which the Public are very often asked, if they have any Chairs to mend? Your own Memory may suggest to you many other lamentable Ditties of the same Nature, in which the Musick is wonderfully languishing and melodious.
I am always pleased with that particular Time of the Year which is proper for the pickling of Dill and Cucumbers; but alas, this Cry, like the Song of the [Nightingale [5]], is not heard above two Months. It would therefore be worth while to consider, whether the same Air might not in some Cases be adapted to other Words.
It might likewise deserve our most serious Consideration, how far, in a well-regulated City, those Humourists are to be tolerated, who, not contented with the traditional Cries of their Forefathers, have invented particular Songs and Tunes of their own: Such as was, not many Years since, the Pastryman, commonly known by the Name of the Colly-Molly-Puff; and such as is at this Day the Vender of Powder and Wash-balls, who, if I am rightly informed, goes under the Name of Powder-Watt.
I must not here omit one particular Absurdity which runs through this whole vociferous Generation, and which renders their Cries very often not only
incommodious, but altogether useless to the Publick; I mean, that idle Accomplishment which they all of them aim at, of Crying so as not to be understood. Whether or no they have learned this from several of our affected Singers, I will not take upon me to say; but most certain it is, that People know the Wares they deal in rather by their Tunes than by their Words; insomuch that I have sometimes seen a Country Boy run out to buy Apples of a Bellows-mender, and Gingerbread from a Grinder of Knives and Scissars. Nay so strangely infatuated are some very eminent Artists of this particular Grace in a Cry, that none but then Acquaintance are able to guess at their Profession; for who else can know, that Work if I had it, should be the Signification of a Corn-Cutter?
Forasmuch therefore as Persons of this Rank are seldom Men of Genius or Capacity, I think it would be very proper, that some Man of good Sense and sound Judgment should preside over these Publick Cries, who should permit none to lift up their Voices in our Streets, that have not tuneable Throats, and are not only able to overcome the Noise of the Croud, and the Rattling of Coaches, but also to vend their respective Merchandizes in apt Phrases, and in the most distinct and agreeable Sounds. I do therefore humbly recommend my self as a Person rightly qualified for this Post; and if I meet with fitting Encouragement, shall communicate some other Projects which I have by me, that may no less conduce to the Emolument of the Public.
SIR_, &c.,
Ralph Crotchet.
[Footnote 1: an]
[Footnote 2: exceedingly]
[Footnote 4: contained]
[Footnote 5: Nightingales]
TO THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. [1]
As it is natural to have a Fondness for what has cost us so much Time and Attention to produce, I hope Your Grace will forgive an endeavour to preserve this Work from Oblivion, by affixing to it Your memorable Name.
I shall not here presume to mention the illustrious Passages of Your Life, which are celebrated by the whole Age, and have been the Subject of the most sublime Pens; but if I could convey You to Posterity in your private Character, and describe the Stature, the Behaviour and Aspect of the Duke of Marlborough, I question not but it would fill the Reader with more agreeable Images, and give him a more delightful Entertainment than what can be found in the following, or any other Book.
One cannot indeed without Offence, to Your self, observe, that You excel the rest of Mankind in the least, as well as the greatest Endowments. Nor were it a Circumstance to be mentioned, if the Graces and Attractions of Your Person were not the only Preheminence You have above others, which is left, almost, unobserved by greater Writers.
Yet how pleasing would it be to those who shall read the surprising Revolutions in your Story, to be made acquainted with your ordinary Life and Deportment? How pleasing would it be to hear that the same Man who had carried Fire and Sword into the Countries of all that had opposed the Cause of Liberty, and struck a Terrour into the Armies of France, had, in the midst of His high Station, a Behaviour as gentle as is usual in the first Steps towards Greatness? And if it were possible to express that easie Grandeur, which did at once perswade and command; it would appear as clearly to those to come, as it does to his Contemporaries, that all the great Events which were brought to pass under the Conduct of so well-govern’d a Spirit, were the Blessings of Heaven upon Wisdom and Valour: and all which seem adverse fell out by divine Permission, which we are not to search into.
You have pass’d that Year of Life wherein the most able and fortunate Captain, before Your Time, declared he had lived enough both to Nature and to Glory; [2] and Your Grace may make that Reflection with much more Justice. He spoke it after he had arrived at Empire, by an Usurpation upon those whom he had enslaved; but the Prince of Mindleheim may rejoice in a Sovereignty which was the Gift of Him whose Dominions he had preserved.
Glory established upon the uninterrupted Success of honourable Designs and Actions is not subject to Diminution; nor can any Attempts prevail against it, but in the Proportion which the narrow Circuit of Rumour bears to the unlimited Extent of Fame.
We may congratulate Your Grace not only upon your high Atchievements, but likewise upon the happy Expiration of Your Command, by which your Glory is put out of the Power of Fortune: And when your Person shall be so too, that the Author and Disposer of all things may place You in that higher Mansion of Bliss and Immortality which is prepared for good Princes, Lawgivers, and Heroes, when HE in HIS due Time removes them from the Envy of Mankind, is the hearty Prayer of,
Your Graces
Most Obedient,
Most Devoted
Humble Servant,
THE SPECTATOR.
[Footnote 1: John Churchill, afterwards Duke of Marlborough, was at this time 62 years old, and past the zenith of his fame. He was born at Ashe, in Devonshire, in 1650, the son of Sir Winston Churchill, an adherent of Charles I. At the age of twelve John Churchill was placed as page in the household of the Duke of York. He first distinguished himself as a soldier in the defence of Tangier against the Moors. Between 1672 and 1677 he served in the auxiliary force sent by our King Charles II. to his master, Louis XIV. In 1672, after the siege of Maestricht, Churchill was praised by Louis at the head of his army, and made Lieutenant-colonel. Continuing in the service of the Duke of York, Churchill, about 1680, married Sarah Jennings, favourite of the Princess Anne.
In 1682 Charles II. made Churchill a Baron, and three years afterwards he was made Brigadier-general when sent to France to announce the accession of James II. On his return he was made Baron Churchill of Sandridge. He helped to suppress Monmouth’s insurrection, but before the Revolution committed himself secretly to the cause of the Prince of Orange; was made, therefore, by William III., Earl of Marlborough and Privy Councillor. After some military service he was for a short time imprisoned in the Tower on suspicion of treasonous correspondence with the exiled king. In 1697 he was restored to favour, and on the breaking out of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1701 he was chief commander of the Forces in the United Provinces. In this war his victories made him the most famous captain of the age. In December, 1702, he was made Duke, with a pension of five thousand a year. In the campaign of 1704 Marlborough planned very privately, and executed on his own responsibility, the boldest and most distant march that had ever been attempted in our continental wars. France, allied with Bavaria, was ready to force the way to Vienna, but Marlborough, quitting the Hague, carried his army to the Danube, where he took by storm a strong entrenched camp of the enemy upon the Schellenberg, and cruelly laid waste the towns and villages of the Bavarians, who never had taken arms; but, as he said, we are now going to burn and destroy the Electors country, to oblige him to hearken to terms. On the 13th of August, the army of Marlborough having been joined by the army under Prince Eugene, battle was given to the French and Bavarians under Marshal Tallard, who had his head-quarters at the village of Plentheim, or Blenheim. At the cost of eleven thousand killed and wounded in the armies of Marlborough and Eugene, and fourteen thousand killed and wounded on the other side, a decisive victory was secured, Tallard himself being made prisoner, and 26 battalions and 12 squadrons capitulating as prisoners of war. 121 of the enemy’s standards and 179 colours were brought home and hung up in Westminster Hall. Austria was saved, and Louis XIV. utterly humbled at the time when he had expected confidently to make himself master of the destinies of Europe.
For this service Marlborough was made by the Emperor a Prince of the Empire, and his Most Illustrious Cousin as the Prince of Mindelsheim. At home he was rewarded with the manor of Woodstock, upon which was built for him the Palace of Blenheim, and his pension of L5000 from the Post-office was annexed to his title. There followed other victories, of which the series was closed with that of Malplaquet, in 1709, for which a national thanksgiving was appointed. Then came a change over the face of home politics. England was weary of the war, which Marlborough was accused of prolonging for the sake of the enormous wealth he drew officially from perquisites out of the different forms of expenditure upon the army. The Tories
gathered strength, and in the beginning of 1712 a commission on a charge of taking money from contractors for bread, and 2 1/2 per cent, from the pay of foreign troops, having reported against him, Marlborough was dismissed from all his employments. Sarah, his duchess, had also been ousted from the Queens favour, and they quitted England for a time, Marlborough writing, Provided that my destiny does not involve any prejudice to the public, I shall be very content with it; and shall account myself happy in a retreat in which I may be able wisely to reflect on the vicissitudes of this world. It was during this season of his unpopularity that Steele and Addison dedicated to the Duke of Marlborough the fourth volume of the Spectator.]
[Footnote 2: Julius Caesar.]
No. 252. Wednesday, December 19, 1711. Steele.
Erranti, passimque oculos per cuncta ferenti.
I am very sorry to find by your Discourse upon the Eye, 1 that you have not thoroughly studied the Nature and Force of that Part of a beauteous Face. Had you ever been in Love, you would have said ten thousand things, which it seems did not occur to you: Do but reflect upon the Nonsense it makes Men talk, the Flames which it is said to kindle, the Transport it raises, the Dejection it causes in the bravest Men; and if you do believe those things are expressed to an Extravagance, yet you will own, that the Influence of it is very great which moves Men to that Extravagance. Certain it is, that the whole Strength of the Mind is sometimes seated there; that a kind Look imparts all, that a Years Discourse could give you, in one Moment. What matters it what she says to you, see how she looks, is the Language of all who know what Love is. When the Mind is thus summed up and expressed in a Glance, did you never observe a sudden Joy arise in the Countenance of a Lover? Did you never see the Attendance of Years paid, over-paid in an Instant? You a SPECTATOR, and not know that the Intelligence of Affection is carried on by the Eye only; that Good-breeding has made the Tongue falsify the Heart, and act a Part of continual Constraint, while Nature has preserved the Eyes to her self, that she may not be disguised or misrepresented. The poor Bride can give her Hand, and say, I do, with a languishing Air, to the Man she is obliged by cruel Parents to take for mercenary Reasons, but at the same Time she cannot look as if she loved; her Eye is full of Sorrow, and Reluctance sits in a Tear, while the Offering of the Sacrifice is performed in what we call the Marriage Ceremony. Do you never go to Plays? Cannot you distinguish between the Eyes of those who go to see, from those who come to be seen? I am a Woman turned of Thirty, and am on the Observation a little; therefore if you or your Correspondent had consulted me in your
Discourse on the Eye, I could have told you that the Eye of Leonora is slyly watchful while it looks negligent: she looks round her without the Help of the Glasses you speak of, and yet seems to be employed on Objects directly before her. This Eye is what affects Chance-medley, and on a sudden, as if it attended to another thing, turns all its Charms against an Ogler. The Eye of Lusitania is an Instrument of premeditated Murder; but the Design being visible, destroys the Execution of it; and with much more Beauty than that of Leonora, it is not half so mischievous. There is a brave Soldiers Daughter in Town, that by her Eye has been the Death of more than ever her Father made fly before him. A beautiful Eye makes Silence eloquent, a kind Eye makes Contradiction an Assent, an enraged Eye makes Beauty deformed. This little Member gives Life to every other Part about us, and I believe the Story of Argus implies no more than that the Eye is in every Part, that is to say, every other Part would be mutilated, were not its Force represented more by the Eye than even by it self. But this is Heathen Greek to those who have not conversed by Glances. This, Sir, is a Language in which there can be no Deceit, nor can a Skilful Observer be imposed upon by Looks even among Politicians and Courtiers. If you do me the Honour to print this among your Speculations, I shall in my next make you a Present of Secret History, by Translating all the Looks of the next Assembly of Ladies and Gentlemen into Words, to adorn some future Paper. I am, SIR, Your faithful Friend, Mary Heartfree.
Dear Mr. SPECTATOR, I have a Sot of a Husband that lives a very scandalous Life, and wastes away his Body and Fortune in Debaucheries; and is immoveable to all the Arguments I can urge to him. I would gladly know whether in some Cases a Cudgel may not be allowed as a good Figure of Speech, and whether it may not be lawfully used by a Female Orator. Your humble Servant, Barbara Crabtree.
Though I am a Practitioner in the Law of some standing, and have heard many eminent Pleaders in my Time, as well as other eloquent Speakers of both Universities, yet I agree with you, that Women are better qualified to succeed in Oratory than the Men, and believe this is to be resolved into natural Causes. You have mentioned only the Volubility of their Tongue; but what do you think of the silent Flattery of their pretty Faces, and the Perswasion which even an insipid Discourse carries with it when flowing from beautiful Lips, to which it would be cruel to deny any thing? It is certain too, that they are possessed of some Springs of Rhetorick which Men want, such as Tears, fainting Fits, and the like, which I have seen employed upon Occasion with good Success. You must know I am a plain Man and love my Money; yet I have a Spouse who is so great an Orator in this Way, that she draws from
me what Sum she pleases. Every Room in my House is furnished with Trophies of her Eloquence, rich Cabinets, Piles of China, Japan Screens, and costly Jars; and if you were to come into my great Parlour, you would fancy your self in an India Ware-house: Besides this she keeps a Squirrel, and I am doubly taxed to pay for the China he breaks. She is seized with periodical Fits about the Time of the Subscriptions to a new Opera, and is drowned in Tears after having seen any Woman there in finer Cloaths than herself: These are Arts of Perswasion purely Feminine, and which a tender Heart cannot resist. What I would therefore desire of you, is, to prevail with your Friend who has promised to dissect a Female Tongue, that he would at the same time give us the Anatomy of a Female Eye, and explain the Springs and Sluices which feed it with such ready Supplies of Moisture; and likewise shew by what means, if possible, they may be stopped at a reasonable Expence: Or, indeed, since there is something so moving in the very Image of weeping Beauty, it would be worthy his Art to provide, that these eloquent Drops may no more be lavished on Trifles, or employed as Servants to their wayward Wills; but reserved for serious Occasions in Life, to adorn generous Pity, true Penitence, or real Sorrow. I am, &c.
[Footnote 1: quis Temeros oculus mihi fascinat Agnos.—Virg.]
Indignor quicquam reprehendi, non quia crasse
Compositum, illepideve putetur, sed quia nuper.
There is nothing which more denotes a great Mind, than the Abhorrence of Envy and Detraction. This Passion reigns more among bad Poets, than among any other Set of Men.
As there are none more ambitious of Fame, than those who are conversant in Poetry, it is very natural for such as have not succeeded in it to depreciate the Works of those who have. For since they cannot raise themselves to the Reputation of their Fellow-Writers, they must endeavour to sink it to their own Pitch, if they would still keep themselves upon a Level with them.
The greatest Wits that ever were produced in one Age, lived together in so good an Understanding, and celebrated one another with so much Generosity, that each of them receives an additional Lustre from his Contemporaries, and is more famous for having lived with Men of so extraordinary a Genius, than if he had himself been the [sole Wonder [1]] of the Age. I need not tell my Reader, that I here point at the Reign of Augustus, and I believe he will be of my Opinion, that neither Virgil nor Horace would have gained so great a Reputation in the World, had they not been the Friends and Admirers of each other. Indeed all the great Writers of that Age, for whom singly we have so great an Esteem, stand up together as Vouchers for one anothers Reputation. But at the same time that Virgil was celebrated by Gallus, Propertius, Horace, Varius, Tucca and Ovid, we know that Bavius and Maevius were his declared Foes and Calumniators.
In our own Country a Man seldom sets up for a Poet, without attacking the Reputation of all his Brothers in the Art. The Ignorance of the Moderns, the Scribblers of the Age, the Decay of Poetry, are the Topicks of Detraction, with which he makes his Entrance into the World: But how much more noble is the Fame that is built on Candour and Ingenuity, according to those beautiful Lines of Sir John Denham, in his Poem on Fletchers Works!
But whither am I strayed? I need not raise
Trophies to thee from other Mens Dispraise:
Nor is thy Fame on lesser Ruins built,
Nor needs thy juster Title the foul Guilt
Of Eastern Kings, who, to secure their Reign,
Must have their Brothers, Sons, and Kindred slain.
I am sorry to find that an Author, who is very justly esteemed among the best Judges, has admitted some Stroaks of this Nature into a very fine Poem; I mean The Art of Criticism, which was publish’d some Months since, and is a Master-piece in its kind. [2] The Observations follow one another like those in Horace’s Art of Poetry, without that methodical Regularity which would have been requisite in a Prose Author. They are some of them uncommon, but such as the Reader must assent to, when he sees them explained with that Elegance and Perspicuity in which they are delivered. As for those which are the most known, and the most received, they are placed in so beautiful a Light, and illustrated with such apt Allusions, that they have in them all the Graces of Novelty, and make the Reader, who was before acquainted with them, still more convinced of their Truth and Solidity. And here give me leave to mention what Monsieur Boileau has so very well enlarged upon in the Preface to his Works, that Wit and fine Writing doth not consist so much in advancing Things that are new, as in giving Things that are known an agreeable Turn. It is impossible for us, who live in the lat[t]er Ages of the World, to make Observations in Criticism, Morality, or in any Art or Science, which have not been touched upon by others. We have little else left us, but to represent the common Sense of Mankind in more strong, more beautiful, or more uncommon Lights. If a Reader examines Horace’s Art of Poetry, he will find but very few Precepts in it, which he may not meet with in Aristotle, and which were not commonly known by all the Poets of the Augustan Age. His Way of expressing and applying them, not his Invention of them, is what we are chiefly to admire.
For this Reason I think there is nothing in the World so tiresome as the Works of those Criticks who write in a positive Dogmatick Way, without either Language, Genius, or Imagination. If the Reader would see how the best of the Latin Criticks writ, he may find their Manner very beautifully described in the Characters of Horace, Petronius, Quintilian, and Longinus, as they are drawn in the Essay of which I am now speaking.
Since I have mentioned Longinus, who in his Reflections has given us the same kind of Sublime, which he observes in the several passages that occasioned them; I cannot but take notice, that our English Author has after the same manner exemplified several of his Precepts in the very Precepts themselves. I shall produce two or three Instances of this Kind. Speaking of the insipid Smoothness which some Readers are so much in Love with, he has the following Verses.
These_ Equal Syllables alone require,
Tho oft the Ear the open Vowels tire,
While Expletives their feeble Aid do join,
And ten low Words oft creep in one dull Line.
The gaping of the Vowels in the second Line, the Expletive do in the third, and the ten Monosyllables in the fourth, give such a Beauty to this Passage, as would have been very much admired in an Ancient Poet. The Reader may observe the following Lines in the same View.
A needless Alexandrine ends the Song,
That like a wounded Snake, drags its slow Length along.
And afterwards,
Tis not enough no Harshness gives Offence,
The Sound must seem an Eccho to the Sense.
Soft is the Strain when Zephyr gently blows,
And the smooth Stream in smoother Numbers flows;
But when loud Surges lash the sounding Shore,
The hoarse rough Verse shou’d like the Torrent roar.
When Ajax strives some Rocks vast Weight to throw,
The Line too labours, and the Words move slow;
Not so, when swift Camilla scours the Plain,
Flies o’er th’ unbending Corn, and skims along the Main.
The beautiful Distich upon Ajax in the foregoing Lines, puts me in mind of a Description in Homer’s Odyssey, which none of the Criticks have taken notice of. [3] It is where Sisyphus is represented lifting his Stone up the Hill, which is no sooner carried to the top of it, but it immediately tumbles to the Bottom. This double Motion of the Stone is admirably described in the Numbers of these Verses; As in the four first it is heaved up by several Spondees intermixed with proper Breathing places, and at last trundles down in a continual Line of Dactyls.
[Greek: Kai maen Sisyphon eiseidon, krater alge echonta, Laan Bastazonta pelorion amphoteraesin. Aetoi ho men skaeriptomenos chersin te posin te, Laan ano otheske poti lophon, all hote melloi Akron hyperbaleein, tot apostrepsaske krataiis, Autis epeita pedonde kylindeto laas anaidaes.]
It would be endless to quote Verses out of Virgil which have this particular Kind of Beauty in the Numbers; but I may take an Occasion in a future Paper to shew several of them which have escaped the Observation of others.
I cannot conclude this Paper without taking notice that we have three Poems in our Tongue, which are of the same Nature, and each of them a Master-Piece in its Kind; the Essay on Translated Verse [4], the Essay on the Art of Poetry [5], and the Essay upon Criticism.
[Footnote 1: [single Product]]
[Footnote 2: At the time when this paper was written Pope was in his twenty-fourth year. He wrote to express his gratitude to Addison and also to Steele. In his letter to Addison he said,
Though it be the highest satisfaction to find myself commended by a Writer whom all the world commends, yet I am not more obliged to you for that than for your candour and frankness in acquainting me with the error I have been guilty of in speaking too freely of my brother moderns.
The only moderns of whom he spoke slightingly were men of whom after-time has ratified his opinion: John Dennis, Sir Richard Blackmore, and Luke Milbourne. When, not long afterwards, Dennis attacked with his criticism Addison’s Cato, to which Pope had contributed the Prologue, Pope made this the occasion of a bitter satire on Dennis, called The Narrative of Dr. Robert Norris (a well-known quack who professed the cure of lunatics) upon the Frenzy J. D. Addison then, through Steele, wrote to Popes publisher of this manner of treating Mr. Dennis, that he could not be privy to it, and was sorry to hear of it. In 1715, when Pope issued to subscribers the first volume of Homer, Tickell’s translation of the first book of the Iliad appeared in the same week, and had particular praise at Buttons from Addison, Tickell’s friend and patron. Pope was now indignant, and expressed his irritation in the famous satire first printed in 1723, and, finally, with the name of Addison transformed to Atticus, embodied in the Epistle to Arbuthnot published in 1735. Here, while seeing in Addison a man
Blest with each talent and each art to please,
And born to live, converse, and write with ease,
he said that should he, jealous of his own supremacy, damn with faint praise, as one
Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike, Just hint the fault and hesitate dislike, Who when two wits on rival themes contest, Approves of both, but likes the worse the best: Like Cato, give his little Senate laws, And sits attentive to his own applause; While wits and templars every sentence raise: And wonder with a foolish face of praise: Who would not laugh if such a man there be? Who would not weep if Addison were he?
But in this Spectator paper young Popes Essay on Criticism certainly was not damned with faint praise by the man most able to give it a firm standing in the world.]
[Footnote 3: Odyssey Bk. XI. In Ticknell’s edition of Addison’s works the latter part of this sentence is omitted; the same observation having been made by Dionysius of Halicarnassus.]
[Footnote 4: Wentworth Dillon, Earl of Roscommon, author of the Essay on Translated Verse, was nephew and godson to Wentworth, Earl of Strafford. He was born in Ireland, in 1633, educated at the Protestant University of Caen, and was there when his father died. He travelled in Italy, came to England at the Restoration, held one or two court offices, gambled, took a wife, and endeavoured to introduce into England the principals of criticism with which he had found the polite world occupied in France. He planned a society for refining our language and fixing its standard. During the troubles of King James’s reign he was about to leave the kingdom, when his departure was delayed by gout, of which he died in 1684. A foremost English representative of the chief literary movement of his time, he translated into blank verse Horace’s Art of Poetry, and besides a few minor translations and some short pieces of original verse, which earned from Pope the credit that
in all Charles’s days
Roscommon only boasts unspotted lays,
he wrote in heroic couplets an Essay on Translated Verse that was admired by Dryden, Addison, and Pope, and was in highest honour wherever the French influence upon our literature made itself felt. Roscommon believed in the superior energy of English wit, and wrote himself with care and frequent vigour in the turning of his couplets. It is from this poem that we get the often quoted lines,
Immodest words admit of no Defence:
For Want of Decency is Want of Sense.]
[Footnote 5: The other piece with which Addison ranks Popes Essay on Criticism, was by John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, who was living when the Spectator first appeared. He died, aged 72, in the year 1721. John Sheffield, by the death of his father, succeeded at the age of nine to the title of Earl of Mulgrave. In the reign of Charles II he served by sea and land, and was, as well as Marlborough, in the French service. In the reign of James II. he was admitted into the Privy Council, made Lord Chamberlain, and, though still Protestant, attended the King to mass. He acquiesced in the Revolution, but remained out of office and disliked King William, who in 1694 made him Marquis of Normanby. Afterwards he was received into the Cabinet Council, with a pension of L3000. Queen Anne, to whom Walpole says he had made love before her marriage, highly favoured him. Before her coronation she made him Lord Privy Seal, next year he was made first Duke of Normanby, and then of Buckinghamshire, to exclude any latent claimant to the title, which had been extinct since the miserable death of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, the author of the Rehearsal. When the Spectator appeared John Sheffield had just built Buckingham House—now a royal palace—on ground granted by the Crown, and taken office as Lord Chamberlain. He wrote more verse than Roscommon and poorer verse. The Essay on Poetry,
in which he followed the critical fashion of the day, he was praised into regarding as a masterpiece. He was continually polishing it, and during his lifetime it was reissued with frequent variations. It is polished quartz, not diamond; a short piece of about 360 lines, which has something to say of each of the chief forms of poetry, from songs to epics. Sheffield shows most natural force in writing upon plays, and here in objecting to perfect characters, he struck out the often-quoted line
A faultless monster which the world ne’er saw.
When he comes to the epics he is, of course, all for Homer and Virgil.
Read Homer once, and you can read no more; For all books else appear so mean, so poor, Verse will seem Prose; but still persist to read, And Homer will be all the Books you need.
And then it is supposed that some Angel had disclosed to M. Bossu, the French author of the treatise upon Epic Poetry then fashionable, the sacred mysteries of Homer. John Sheffield had a patronizing recognition for the genius of Shakespeare and Milton, and was so obliging as to revise Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar and confine the action of that play within the limits prescribed in the French gospel according to the Unities. Pope, however, had in the Essay on Criticism reckoned Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, among the sounder few
Who durst assert the juster ancient Cause And have restored Wits Fundamental Laws. Such was the Muse, whose Rules and Practice tell, Natures chief Masterpiece is writing well.
With those last words which form the second line in the Essay on Poetry Popes citation has made many familiar. Addison paid young Pope a valid compliment in naming him as a critic in verse with Roscommon, and, what then passed on all hands for a valid compliment, in holding him worthy also to be named as a poet in the same breath with the Lord Chamberlain.]
[Greek: Semnos eros aretaes, ho de kypridos achos ophellei.]
When I consider the false Impressions which are received by the Generality of the World, I am troubled at none more than a certain Levity of Thought, which many young Women of Quality have entertained, to the Hazard of their Characters, and the certain Misfortune of their Lives. The first of the following Letters may best represent the Faults I would now point at, and the Answer to it the Temper of Mind in a contrary Character.
My dear Harriot,
If thou art she, but oh how fallen, how changed, what an Apostate! how lost to all that’s gay and agreeable! To be married I find is to be buried alive; I cant conceive it more dismal to be shut up in a Vault to converse with the Shades of my Ancestors, than to be carried down to an old Manor-House in the Country, and confined to the Conversation of a sober Husband and an awkward Chamber-maid. For Variety I suppose you may entertain yourself with Madam in her Grogram Gown, the Spouse of your Parish Vicar, who has by this time I am sure well furnished you with Receipts for making Salves and Possets, distilling Cordial Waters, making Syrups, and applying Poultices.
Blest Solitude! I wish thee Joy, my Dear, of thy loved Retirement, which indeed you would perswade me is very agreeable, and different enough from what I have here described: But, Child, I am afraid thy Brains are a little disordered with Romances and Novels: After six Months Marriage to hear thee talk of Love, and paint the Country Scenes so softly, is a little extravagant; one would think you lived the Lives of Sylvan Deities, or roved among the Walks of Paradise, like the first happy Pair. But prythee leave these Whimsies, and come to Town in order to live and talk like other Mortals. However, as I am extremely interested in your Reputation, I would willingly give you a little good Advice at your first Appearance under the Character of a married Woman: Tis a little Insolence in me perhaps, to advise a Matron; but I am so afraid you’ll make so silly a Figure as a fond Wife, that I cannot help warning you not to appear in any publick Places with your Husband, and never to saunter about St. James’s Park together: If you presume to enter the Ring at Hide-Park together, you are ruined for ever; nor must you take the least notice of one another at the Play-house or Opera, unless you would be laughed at for a very loving Couple most happily paired in the Yoke of Wedlock. I would recommend the Example of an Acquaintance of ours to your Imitation; she is the most negligent and fashionable Wife in the World; she is hardly ever seen in the same Place with her Husband, and if they happen to meet, you would think them perfect Strangers: She never was heard to name him in his Absence, and takes care he shall never be the Subject of any Discourse that she has a Share in. I hope you’ propose this Lady as a Pattern, tho I am very much afraid you’ll be so silly to think Portia, &c. Sabine and Roman Wives much brighter Examples. I wish it may never come into your Head to imitate those antiquated Creatures so far, as to come into Publick in the Habit as well as Air of a Roman Matron. You make already the Entertainment at Mrs. Modish’s Tea-Table; she says, she always thought you a discreet Person, and qualified to manage a Family with admirable Prudence: she dies to see what demure and serious Airs Wedlock has given you, but she says she shall
never forgive your Choice of so gallant a Man as Bellamour to transform him to a meer sober Husband; twas unpardonable: You see, my Dear, we all envy your Happiness, and no Person more than Your humble Servant, Lydia.
Be not in pain, good Madam, for my Appearance in Town; I shall frequent no publick Places, or make any Visits where the Character of a modest Wife is ridiculous. As for your wild Raillery on Matrimony, tis all Hypocrisy; you, and all the handsome young Women of our Acquaintance, shew yourselves to no other Purpose than to gain a Conquest over some Man of Worth, in order to bestow your Charms and Fortune on him. There’s no Indecency in the Confession, the Design is modest and honourable, and all your Affectation cant disguise it.
I am married, and have no other Concern but to please the Man I Love; he’s the End of every Care I have; if I dress, tis for him; if I read a Poem or a Play, tis to qualify myself for a Conversation agreeable to his Taste: He’s almost the End of my Devotions; half my Prayers are for his Happiness. I love to talk of him, and never hear him named but with Pleasure and Emotion. I am your Friend, and wish your Happiness, but am sorry to see by the Air of your Letter that there are a Set of Women who are got into the Common-Place Raillery of every Thing that is sober, decent, and proper: Matrimony and the Clergy are the Topicks of People of little Wit and no Understanding. I own to you, I have learned of the Vicars Wife all you tax me with: She is a discreet, ingenious, pleasant, pious Woman; I wish she had the handling of you and Mrs. Modish; you would find, if you were too free with her, she would soon make you as charming as ever you were, she would make you blush as much as if you had never been fine Ladies. The Vicar, Madam, is so kind as to visit my Husband, and his agreeable Conversation has brought him to enjoy many sober happy Hours when even I am shut out, and my dear Master is entertained only with his own Thoughts. These Things, dear Madam, will be lasting Satisfactions, when the fine Ladies, and the Coxcombs by whom they form themselves, are irreparably ridiculous, ridiculous in old Age. I am, Madam, your most humble Servant, Mary Home.
Dear Mr. SPECTATOR, You have no Goodness in the World, and are not in earnest in any thing you say that is serious, if you do not send me a plain Answer to this: I happened some Days past to be at the Play, where during the Time of Performance, I could not keep my Eyes off from a beautiful young Creature who sat just before me, and who I have been since informed has no Fortune. It would utterly ruin my Reputation for Discretion to marry such a one, and by what I can learn she has a Character of great Modesty, so that there is nothing to be thought on any other Way. My Mind has ever since been so wholly bent on her, that I am much in danger of doing something very extravagant without your speedy Advice to,
I am sorry I cannot answer this impatient Gentleman, but by another Question.
Dear Correspondent, Would you marry to please other People, or your
self?
Laudis amore tumes? sunt certa piacula, quae te
Ter pure lecto poterunt recreare libello.
The Soul, considered abstractedly from its Passions, is of a remiss and sedentary Nature, slow in its Resolves, and languishing in its Executions. The Use therefore of the Passions is to stir it up, and to put it upon Action, to awaken the Understanding, to enforce the Will, and to make the whole Man more vigorous and attentive in the Prosecutions of his Designs. As this is the End of the Passions in general, so it is particularly of Ambition, which pushes the Soul to such Actions as are apt to procure Honour and Reputation to the Actor. But if we carry our Reflections higher, we may discover further Ends of Providence in implanting this Passion in Mankind.
It was necessary for the World, that Arts should be invented and improved, Books written and transmitted to Posterity, Nations conquered and civilized: Now since the proper and genuine Motives to these and the like great Actions, would only influence virtuous Minds; there would be but small Improvements in the World, were there not some common Principle of Action working equally with all Men. And such a Principle is Ambition or a Desire of Fame, by which [great [1]] Endowments are not suffered to lie idle and useless to the Publick, and many vicious Men over-reached, as it were, and engaged contrary to their natural Inclinations in a glorious and laudable Course of Action. For we may further observe, that Men of the greatest Abilities are most fired with Ambition: And that on the contrary, mean and narrow Minds are the least actuated by it: whether it be that [a Man’s Sense of his own [2]] Incapacities makes [him [3]] despair of coming at Fame, or that [he has [4]] not enough range of Thought to look out for any Good which does not more immediately relate to [his [5]] Interest or Convenience, or that Providence, in the very Frame of [his Soul [6]], would not subject [him [7]] to such a Passion as would be useless to the World, and a Torment to [himself. [8]]
Were not this Desire of Fame very strong, the Difficulty of obtaining it, and the Danger of losing it when obtained, would be sufficient to deter a Man from so vain a Pursuit.
How few are there who are furnished with Abilities sufficient to recommend their Actions to the Admiration of the World, and to distinguish themselves from the rest of Mankind? Providence for the most part sets us upon a Level, and observes a kind of Proportion in its Dispensation towards us. If it renders us perfect in one Accomplishment, it generally leaves us defective in another, and seems careful rather of preserving every Person from being mean and deficient in his Qualifications, than of making any single one eminent or extraordinary.
And among those who are the most richly endowed by Nature, and accomplished by their own Industry, how few are there whose Virtues are not obscured by the Ignorance, Prejudice or Envy of their Beholders? Some Men cannot discern between a noble and a mean Action. Others are apt to attribute them to some false End or Intention; and others purposely misrepresent or put a wrong Interpretation on them. But the more to enforce this Consideration, we may observe that those are generally most unsuccessful in their Pursuit after Fame, who are most desirous of obtaining it. It is Sallust’s Remark upon Cato, that the less he coveted Glory, the more he acquired it. [9]
Men take an ill-natur’d Pleasure in crossing our Inclinations, and disappointing us in what our Hearts are most set upon. When therefore they have discovered the passionate Desire of Fame in the Ambitious Man (as no Temper of Mind is more apt to show it self) they become sparing and reserved in their Commendations, they envy him the Satisfaction of an Applause, and look on their Praises rather as a Kindness done to his Person, than as a Tribute paid to his Merit. Others who are free from this natural Perverseness of Temper grow wary in their Praises of one, who sets too great a Value on them, lest they should raise him too high in his own Imagination, and by Consequence remove him to a greater Distance from themselves.
But further, this Desire of Fame naturally betrays the ambitious Man into such Indecencies as are a lessening to his Reputation. He is still afraid lest any of his Actions should be thrown away in private, lest his Deserts should be concealed from the Notice of the World, or receive any Disadvantage from the Reports which others make of them. This often sets him on empty Boasts and Ostentations of himself, and betrays him into vain fantastick Recitals of his own Performances: His Discourse generally leans one Way, and, whatever is the Subject of it, tends obliquely either to the detracting from others, or to the extolling of himself. Vanity is the natural Weakness of an ambitious Man, which exposes him to the secret Scorn and Derision of those he converses with, and ruins the Character he is so industrious to advance by it. For tho his Actions are never so glorious, they lose their Lustre when they are drawn at large, and set to show by his own Hand; and as the World is more apt to find fault than to commend, the Boast will probably be censured when the great Action that occasioned it is forgotten.
Besides this very Desire of Fame is looked on as a Meanness [and [10]] Imperfection in the greatest Character. A solid and substantial Greatness of Soul looks down with a generous Neglect on the Censures and Applauses of the Multitude, and places a Man beyond the little Noise and Strife of Tongues. Accordingly we find in our selves a secret Awe and Veneration for the Character of one who moves above us in a regular and
illustrious Course of Virtue, without any regard to our good or ill Opinions of him, to our Reproaches or Commendations. As on the contrary it is usual for us, when we would take off from the Fame and Reputation of an Action, to ascribe it to Vain-Glory, and a Desire of Fame in the Actor. Nor is this common Judgment and Opinion of Mankind ill-founded: for certainly it denotes no great Bravery of Mind to be worked up to any noble Action by so selfish a Motive, and to do that out of a Desire of Fame, which we could not be prompted to by a disinterested Love to Mankind, or by a generous Passion for the Glory of him that made us.
Thus is Fame a thing difficult to be obtained by all, but particularly by those who thirst after it, since most Men have so much either of Ill-nature, or of Wariness, as not to gratify [or [11]] sooth the Vanity of the Ambitious Man, and since this very Thirst after Fame naturally betrays him into such Indecencies as are a lessening to his Reputation, and is it self looked upon as a Weakness in the greatest Characters.
In the next Place, Fame is easily lost, and as difficult to be preserved as it was at first to be acquired. But this I shall make the Subject of a following Paper
[Footnote 1: [all great]]
[Footnote 2: [the Sense of their own]]
[Footnote 3: [them]]
[Footnote 4: [they have]]
[Footnote 5: [their]]
[Footnote 6: [their Souls]]
[Footnote 8: [themselves]]
[Footnote 9: Sallust. Bell. Catil. c. 49.]
[Footnote 10: [and an]]
[Footnote 11: [and]]
No. 256. Monday, December 24, 1711. Addison.
[Greek: Phaelae gar te kakae peletai kouphae men aeirai Reia mal,
argalen de pherein.]
Hes.
There are many Passions and Tempers of Mind which naturally dispose us to depress and vilify the Merit of one rising in the Esteem of Mankind. All those who made their Entrance into the World with the same Advantages, and were once looked on as his Equals, are apt to think the Fame of his Merits a Reflection on their own Indeserts; and will therefore take care to reproach him with the Scandal of some past Action, or derogate from the Worth of the present, that they may still keep him on the same Level with themselves. The like Kind of Consideration often stirs up the Envy of such as were once his Superiors, who think it a Detraction from their Merit to see another get ground upon them and overtake them in the Pursuits of Glory; and will therefore endeavour to sink his Reputation, that they may the better preserve their own. Those who were once his Equals envy and defame him, because they now see him their Superior; and those who were once his Superiors, because they look upon him as their Equal.
But further, a Man whose extraordinary Reputation thus lifts him up to the Notice and Observation of Mankind draws a Multitude of Eyes upon him that will narrowly inspect every Part of him, consider him nicely in all Views, and not be a little pleased when they have taken him in the worst and most disadvantageous Light. There are many who find a Pleasure in contradicting the common Reports of Fame, and in spreading abroad the Weaknesses of an exalted Character. They publish their ill-natur’d Discoveries with a secret Pride, and applaud themselves for the Singularity of their Judgment which has searched deeper than others, detected what the rest of the World have overlooked, and found a Flaw in what the Generality of Mankind admires. Others there are who proclaim the Errors and Infirmities of a great Man with an inward Satisfaction and Complacency, if they discover none of the like Errors and Infirmities in themselves; for while they are exposing anothers Weaknesses, they are tacitly aiming at their own Commendations, who are not subject to the like Infirmities, and are apt to be transported with a secret kind of Vanity to see themselves superior in some respects to one of a sublime and celebrated Reputation. Nay, it very often happens, that none are more industrious in publishing the Blemishes of an extraordinary Reputation, than such as lie open to the same Censures in their own Characters, as either hoping to excuse their own Defects by the Authority of so high an Example, or raising an imaginary Applause to themselves for resembling a Person of an exalted Reputation, though in the blameable Parts of his Character. If all these secret Springs of Detraction fail, yet very often a vain Ostentation of Wit sets a Man on attacking an established Name, and sacrificing it to the Mirth and Laughter of those about him. A Satyr or a Libel on one of the common Stamp, never meets with that Reception and Approbation among its Readers, as what is aimed at a Person whose Merit places him upon an Eminence, and gives him a more conspicuous Figure among Men. Whether it be that we think it shews greater Art to expose and turn to ridicule a Man whose Character seems so improper a Subject for it, or that we are pleased by some implicit kind of Revenge to see him taken down and humbled in his Reputation, and in some measure reduced to our own Rank, who had so far raised himself above us in the Reports and Opinions of Mankind.
Thus we see how many dark and intricate Motives there are to Detraction and Defamation, and how many malicious Spies are searching into the Actions of a great Man, who is not always the best prepared for so narrow an Inspection. For we may generally observe, that our Admiration of a famous Man lessens upon our nearer Acquaintance with him; and that we seldom hear the Description of a celebrated Person, without a Catalogue of some notorious Weaknesses and Infirmities. The Reason may be, because any little Slip is more conspicuous and observable in his Conduct than in
anothers, as it is not of a piece with the rest of his Character, or because it is impossible for a Man at the same time to be attentive to the more important [Part [1]] of his Life, and to keep a watchful Eye over all the inconsiderable Circumstances of his Behaviour and Conversation; or because, as we have before observed, the same Temper of Mind which inclines us to a Desire of Fame, naturally betrays us into such Slips and Unwarinesses as are not incident to Men of a contrary Disposition.
After all it must be confess’d, that a noble and triumphant Merit often breaks through and dissipates these little Spots and Sullies in its Reputation; but if by a mistaken Pursuit after Fame, or through human Infirmity, any false Step be made in the more momentous Concerns of Life, the whole Scheme of ambitious Designs is broken and disappointed. The smaller Stains and Blemishes may die away and disappear amidst the Brightness that surrounds them; but a Blot of a deeper Nature casts a Shade on all the other Beauties, and darkens the whole Character. How difficult therefore is it to preserve a great Name, when he that has acquired it is so obnoxious to such little Weaknesses and Infirmities as are no small Diminution to it when discovered, especially when they are so industriously proclaimed, and aggravated by such as were once his Superiors or Equals; by such as would set to show their Judgment or their Wit, and by such as are guilty or innocent of the same Slips or Misconducts in their own Behaviour?
But were there none of these Dispositions in others to censure a famous Man, nor any such Miscarriages in himself, yet would he meet with no small Trouble in keeping up his Reputation in all its Height and Splendour. There must be always a noble Train of Actions to preserve his Fame in Life and Motion. For when it is once at a Stand, it naturally flags and languishes. Admiration is a very short-liv’d Passion, that immediately decays upon growing familiar with its Object, unless it be still fed with fresh Discoveries, and kept alive by a new perpetual Succession of Miracles rising up to its View. And even the greatest Actions of a celebrated [Person [2]] labour under this Disadvantage, that however surprising and extraordinary they may be, they are no more than what are expected from him; but on the contrary, if they fall any thing below the Opinion that is conceived of him, tho they might raise the Reputation of another, they are a Diminution to his.
One would think there should be something wonderfully pleasing in the Possession of Fame, that, notwithstanding all these mortifying Considerations, can engage a Man in so desperate a Pursuit; and yet if we consider the little Happiness that attends a great Character, and the Multitude of Disquietudes to which the Desire of it subjects an ambitious Mind, one would be still the more surprised to see so many restless Candidates for Glory.
Ambition raises a secret Tumult in the Soul, it inflames the Mind, and puts it into a violent Hurry of Thought: It is still reaching after an empty imaginary Good, that has not in it the Power to abate or satisfy it. Most other Things we long for can allay the Cravings of their proper Sense, and for a while set the Appetite at Rest: But Fame is a Good so wholly foreign to our Natures, that we have no Faculty in the Soul adapted to it, nor any Organ in the Body to relish it; an Object of Desire placed out of the Possibility of Fruition. It may indeed fill the Mind for a while with a giddy kind of Pleasure, but it is such a Pleasure as makes a Man restless and uneasy under it; and which does not so much satisfy the present Thirst, as it excites fresh Desires, and sets the Soul on new Enterprises. For how few ambitious Men are there, who have got as much Fame as they desired, and whose Thirst after it has not been as eager in the very Height of their Reputation, as it was before they became known and eminent among Men? There is not any Circumstance in Caesars Character which gives me a greater Idea of him, than a Saying which Cicero tells us [3] he frequently made use of in private Conversation, That he was satisfied with his Share of Life and Fame, Se satis vel ad Naturam, vel ad Gloriam vixisse. Many indeed have given over their Pursuits after Fame, but that has proceeded either from the Disappointments they have met in it, or from their Experience of the little Pleasure which attends it, or from the better Informations or natural Coldness of old Age; but seldom from a full Satisfaction and Acquiescence in their present Enjoyments of it.
Nor is Fame only unsatisfying in it self, but the Desire of it lays us open to many accidental Troubles which those are free from who have no such a tender Regard for it. How often is the ambitious Man cast down and disappointed, if he receives no Praise where he expected it? Nay how often is he mortified with the very Praises he receives, if they do not rise so high as he thinks they ought, which they seldom do unless increased by Flattery, since few Men have so good an Opinion of us as we have of our selves? But if the ambitious Man can be so much grieved even with Praise it self, how will he be able to bear up under Scandal and Defamation? For the same Temper of Mind which makes him desire Fame, makes him hate Reproach. If he can be transported with the extraordinary Praises of Men, he will be as much dejected by their Censures. How little therefore is the Happiness of an ambitious Man, who gives every one a Dominion over it, who thus subjects himself to the good or ill Speeches of others, and puts it in the Power of every malicious Tongue to throw him into a Fit of Melancholy, and destroy his natural Rest and Repose of Mind? Especially when we consider that the World is more apt to censure than applaud, and himself fuller of Imperfections than Virtues.
We may further observe, that such a Man will be more grieved for the Loss of Fame, than he could have been pleased with the Enjoyment of it. For tho the Presence of this imaginary Good cannot make us happy, the Absence of it may make us miserable: Because in the Enjoyment of an Object we only find that Share of Pleasure which it is capable of giving us, but in the Loss of it we do not proportion our Grief to the real Value it bears, but to the Value our Fancies and Imaginations set upon it.
So inconsiderable is the Satisfaction that Fame brings along with it, and so great the Disquietudes, to which it makes us liable. The Desire of it stirs up very uneasy Motions in the Mind, and is rather inflamed than satisfied by the Presence of the Thing desired. The Enjoyment of it brings but very little Pleasure, tho the Loss or Want of it be very sensible and afflicting; and even this little Happiness is so very precarious, that it wholly depends on the Will of others. We are not only tortured by the Reproaches which are offered us, but are disappointed by the Silence of Men when it is unexpected; and humbled even by their Praises. [4]
[Footnote 1: Parts]
[Footnote 2: [Name]]
[Footnote 3: Oratio pro M. Marcello.]
[Footnote 4: I shall conclude this Subject in my next Paper.]
No. 257. Tuesday, December 25, [1] 1711. Addison.
[Greek: Ouch ehudei Dios
Ophthalmos eggus d esti kai paron pono.—Incert. ex Stob.]
That I might not lose myself upon a Subject of so great Extent as that of Fame, I have treated it in a particular Order and Method. I have first of all considered the Reasons why Providence may have implanted in our Mind such a Principle of Action. I have in the next Place shewn from many Considerations, first, that Fame is a thing difficult to be obtained, and easily lost; Secondly, that it brings the ambitious Man very little Happiness, but subjects him to much Uneasiness and Dissatisfaction. I shall in the last Place shew, that it hinders us from obtaining an End which we have Abilities to acquire, and which is accompanied with Fulness of Satisfaction. I need not tell my Reader, that I mean by this End that Happiness which is reserved for us in another World, which every one has Abilities to procure, and which will bring along with it Fulness of Joy and Pleasures for evermore.
How the Pursuit after Fame may hinder us in the Attainment of this great End, I shall leave the Reader to collect from the three following Considerations.
First, Because the strong Desire of Fame breeds several vicious Habits in the Mind.
Secondly, Because many of those Actions, which are apt to procure Fame, are not in their Nature conducive to this our ultimate Happiness.
Thirdly, Because if we should allow the same Actions to be the proper Instruments, both of acquiring Fame, and of procuring this Happiness, they would nevertheless fail in the Attainment of this last End, if they proceeded from a Desire of the first.
These three Propositions are self-evident to those who are versed in Speculations of Morality. For which Reason I shall not enlarge upon them, but proceed to a Point of the same Nature, which may open to us a more uncommon Field of Speculation.
From what has been already observed, I think we may make a natural Conclusion, that it is the greatest Folly to seek the Praise or Approbation of any Being, besides the Supreme, and that for these two Reasons, Because no other Being can make a right Judgment of us, and esteem us according to our Merits; and because we can procure no considerable Benefit or Advantage from the Esteem and Approbation of any other Being.
In the first Place, No other Being can make a right Judgment of us, and esteem us according to our Merits. Created Beings see nothing but our Outside, and can [therefore] only frame a Judgment of us from our exterior Actions and Behaviour; but how unfit these are to give us a right Notion of each others Perfections, may appear from several Considerations. There are many Virtues, which in their own Nature are incapable of any outward Representation: Many silent Perfections in the Soul of a good Man, which are great Ornaments to human Nature, but not able to discover themselves to the Knowledge of others; they are transacted in private, without Noise or Show, and are only visible to the great Searcher of Hearts. What Actions can express the entire Purity of Thought which refines and sanctifies a virtuous Man? That secret Rest and Contentedness of Mind, which gives him a Perfect Enjoyment of his present Condition? That inward Pleasure and Complacency, which he feels in doing Good? That Delight and Satisfaction which he takes in the Prosperity and Happiness of another? These and the like Virtues are the hidden Beauties of a Soul, the secret Graces which cannot be discovered by a mortal Eye, but make the Soul lovely and precious in His Sight, from whom no Secrets are concealed. Again, there are many Virtues which want an Opportunity of exerting and shewing themselves in Actions. Every Virtue requires Time and Place, a proper Object and a fit Conjuncture of Circumstances, for the due Exercise of it. A State of Poverty obscures all the Virtues of Liberality and Munificence. The Patience and Fortitude of a Martyr or Confessor lie concealed in the flourishing Times of Christianity. Some Virtues are only seen in Affliction, and some in Prosperity; some in a private, and others in a publick Capacity. But the great Sovereign of the World beholds every Perfection in its Obscurity, and not only sees what we do, but what we would do. He views our Behaviour in every Concurrence of Affairs, and sees us engaged in all the Possibilities of Action.
He discovers the Martyr and Confessor without the Tryal of Flames and Tortures, and will hereafter entitle many to the Reward of Actions, which they had never the Opportunity of Performing. Another Reason why Men cannot form a right Judgment of us is, because the same Actions may be aimed at different Ends, and arise from quite contrary Principles. Actions are of so mixt a Nature, and so full of Circumstances, that as Men pry into them more or less, or observe some Parts more than others, they take different Hints, and put contrary Interpretations on them; so that the same Actions may represent a Man as hypocritical and designing to one, which make him appear a Saint or Hero to another. He therefore who looks upon the Soul through its outward Actions, often sees it through a deceitful Medium, which is apt to discolour and pervert the Object: So that on this Account also, he is the only proper Judge of our Perfections, who does not guess at the Sincerity of our Intentions from the Goodness of our Actions, but weighs the Goodness of our Actions by the Sincerity of our Intentions.
But further; it is impossible for outward Actions to represent the Perfections of the Soul, because they can never shew the Strength of those Principles from whence they proceed. They are not adequate Expressions of our Virtues, and can only shew us what Habits are in the Soul, without discovering the Degree and Perfection of such Habits. They are at best but weak Resemblances of our Intentions, faint and imperfect Copies that may acquaint us with the general Design, but can never express the Beauty and Life of the Original. But the great Judge of all the Earth knows every different State and Degree of human Improvement, from those weak Stirrings and Tendencies of the Will which have not yet formed themselves into regular Purposes and Designs, to the last entire Finishing and Consummation of a good Habit. He beholds the first imperfect Rudiments of a Virtue in the Soul, and keeps a watchful Eye over it in all its Progress, till it has received every Grace it is capable of, and appears in its full Beauty and Perfection. Thus we see that none but the Supreme Being can esteem us according to our proper Merits, since all others must judge of us from our outward Actions, which can never give them a just Estimate of us, since there are many Perfections of a Man which are not capable of appearing in Actions; many which, allowing no natural Incapacity of shewing themselves, want an Opportunity of doing it; or should they all meet with an Opportunity of appearing by Actions, yet those Actions maybe misinterpreted, and applied to wrong Principles; or though they plainly discovered the Principles from whence they proceeded, they could never shew the Degree, Strength and Perfection of those Principles.
And as the Supreme Being is the only proper Judge of our Perfections, so is He the only fit Rewarder of them. This is a Consideration that comes home to our Interest, as the other adapts it self to our Ambition. And what could the most aspiring, or the most selfish Man desire more, were he to form the Notion of a Being to whom he would recommend himself, than such a Knowledge as can discover the least Appearance of Perfection in him, and such a Goodness as will proportion a Reward to it.
Let the ambitious Man therefore turn all his Desire of Fame this Way; and, that he may propose to himself a Fame worthy of his Ambition, let him consider that if he employs his Abilities to the best Advantage, the Time will come when the supreme Governor of the World, the great Judge of Mankind, who sees every Degree of Perfection in others, and possesses all possible Perfection in himself, shall proclaim his Worth before Men and Angels, and pronounce to him in the Presence of the whole Creation that best and most significant of Applauses, Well done, thou good and faithful Servant, enter thou into thy Masters Joy.
[Footnote 1: This being Christmas Day, Addison has continued to it a religious strain of thought.]
Divide et Impera.
Pleasure and Recreation of one Kind or other are absolutely necessary to relieve our Minds and Bodies from too constant Attention and Labour: Where therefore publick Diversions are tolerated, it behoves Persons of Distinction, with their Power and Example, to preside over them in such a Manner as to check any thing that tends to the Corruption of Manners, or which is too mean or trivial for the Entertainment of reasonable Creatures. As to the Diversions of this Kind in this Town, we owe them to the Arts of Poetry and Musick: My own private Opinion, with Relation to such Recreations, I have heretofore given with all the Frankness imaginable; what concerns those Arts at present the Reader shall have from my Correspondents. The first of the Letters with which I acquit myself for this Day, is written by one who proposes to improve our Entertainments of Dramatick Poetry, and the other comes from three Persons, who, as soon as named, will be thought capable of advancing the present State of Musick.
I am considerably obliged to you for your speedy Publication of my last in yours of the 18th Instant, and am in no small Hopes of being settled in the Post of Comptroller of the Cries. Of all the Objections I have hearkened after in publick Coffee-houses there is but one that seems to carry any Weight with it, viz. That such a Post would come too near the Nature of a Monopoly. Now, Sir, because I would have all Sorts of People made easy, and being willing to have more Strings than one to my Bow; in case that of Comptroller should fail me, I have since formed another Project, which, being grounded on the dividing a present Monopoly, I hope will give the Publick an Equivalent to their full Content. You know, Sir, it is allowed that the Business of the Stage is, as the Latin has it, Jucunda et Idonea dicere Vitae. Now there being but one Dramatick Theatre licensed for the Delight and Profit of this
extensive Metropolis, I do humbly propose, for the Convenience of such of its Inhabitants as are too distant from Covent-Garden, that another Theatre of Ease may be erected in some spacious Part of the City; and that the Direction thereof may be made a Franchise in Fee to me, and my Heirs for ever. And that the Town may have no Jealousy of my ever coming to an Union with the Set of Actors now in being, I do further propose to constitute for my Deputy my near Kinsman and Adventurer, Kit Crotchet, [1] whose long Experience and Improvements in those Affairs need no Recommendation. Twas obvious to every Spectator what a quite different Foot the Stage was upon during his Government; and had he not been bolted out of his Trap-Doors, his Garrison might have held out for ever, he having by long Pains and Perseverance arriv’d at the Art of making his Army fight without Pay or Provisions. I must confess it, with a melancholy Amazement, I see so wonderful a Genius laid aside, and the late Slaves of the Stage now become its Masters, Dunces that will be sure to suppress all Theatrical Entertainments and Activities that they are not able themselves to shine in!
Every Man that goes to a Play is not obliged to have either Wit or Understanding; and I insist upon it, that all who go there should see something which may improve them in a Way of which they are capable. In short, Sir, I would have something done as well as said on the Stage. A Man may have an active Body, though he has not a quick Conception; for the Imitation therefore of such as are, as I may so speak, corporeal Wits or nimble Fellows, I would fain ask any of the present Mismanagers, Why should not Rope-dancers, Vaulters, Tumblers, Ladder-walkers, and Posture-makers appear again on our Stage? After such a Representation, a Five-bar Gate would be leaped with a better Grace next Time any of the Audience went a Hunting. Sir, these Things cry loud for Reformation and fall properly under the Province of SPECTATOR General; but how indeed should it be otherwise, while Fellows (that for Twenty Years together were never paid but as their Master was in the Humour) now presume to pay others more than ever they had in their Lives; and in Contempt of the Practice of Persons of Condition, have the Insolence to owe no Tradesman a Farthing at the End of the Week. Sir, all I propose is the publick Good; for no one can imagine I shall ever get a private Shilling by it: Therefore I hope you will recommend this Matter in one of your this Weeks Papers, and desire when my House opens you will accept the Liberty of it for the Trouble you have receiv’d from, SIR, Your Humble Servant, Ralph Crotchet.
P.S. I have Assurances that the Trunk-maker will declare for us.
We whose Names are subscribed, [2] think you the properest Person to signify what we have to offer the Town in Behalf of our selves, and the Art which we profess, Musick. We conceive Hopes of your Favour from the Speculations on the Mistakes which the Town run into with Regard to their Pleasure of this Kind; and believing your Method of judging is, that you consider Musick only valuable, as it is agreeable to, and heightens the Purpose of Poetry, we consent that That is not only the true Way of relishing that Pleasure, but also, that without it a Composure of Musick is the same thing as a Poem, where all the Rules of Poetical Numbers are observed, tho the Words have no Sense or Meaning; to say it shorter, meer musical Sounds are in our Art no other than nonsense Verses are in Poetry. Musick therefore is to aggravate what is intended by Poetry; it must always have some Passion or Sentiment to express, or else Violins, Voices, or any other Organs of Sound, afford an Entertainment very little above the Rattles of Children. It was from this Opinion of the Matter, that when Mr. Clayton had finished his Studies in Italy, and brought over the Opera of Arsinoe, that Mr. Haym and Mr. Dieupart, who had the Honour to be well known and received among the Nobility and Gentry, were zealously inclined to assist, by their Solicitations, in introducing so elegant an Entertainment as the Italian Musick grafted upon English Poetry. For this End Mr. Dieupart and Mr. Haym, according to their several Opportunities, promoted the Introduction of Arsinoe, and did it to the best Advantage so great a Novelty would allow. It is not proper to trouble you with Particulars of the just Complaints we all of us have to make; but so it is, that without Regard to our obliging Pains, we are all equally set aside in the present Opera. Our Application therefore to you is only to insert this Letter, in your Papers, that the Town may know we have all Three joined together to make Entertainments of Musick for the future at Mr. Claytons House in York-buildings. What we promise ourselves, is, to make a Subscription of two Guineas, for eight Times; and that the Entertainment, with the Names of the Authors of the Poetry, may be printed, to be sold in the House, with an Account of the several Authors of the Vocal as well as the Instrumental Musick for each Night; the Money to be paid at the Receipt of the Tickets, at Mr. Charles Lillie’s. It will, we hope, Sir, be easily allowed, that we are capable of undertaking to exhibit by our joint Force and different Qualifications all that can be done in Musick; but lest you should think so dry a thing as an Account of our Proposal should be a Matter unworthy your Paper, which generally contains something of publick Use; give us leave to say, that favouring our Design is no less than reviving an Art, which runs to ruin by the utmost Barbarism under an Affectation of Knowledge.
We aim at establishing some settled Notion of what is Musick, as recovering from Neglect and Want very many Families who depend upon it, at making all Foreigners who pretend to succeed in England to learn the Language of it as we our selves have done, and not be so insolent as to expect a whole Nation, a refined and learned Nation, should submit to learn them. In a word, Mr. SPECTATOR, with all Deference and Humility, we hope to behave ourselves in this Undertaking in such a Manner, that all English Men who have any Skill in Musick may be furthered in it for their Profit or Diversion by what new Things we shall produce; never pretending to surpass others, or asserting that any Thing which is a Science is not attainable by all Men of all Nations who have proper Genius for it: We say, Sir, what we hope for is not expected will arrive to us by contemning others, but through the utmost Diligence recommending ourselves. We are, SIR, Your most humble Servants, Thomas Clayton, Nicolino Haym, Charles Dieupart.
[Footnote 1: Christopher Rich, of whom Steele wrote in No. 12 of the Tatler as Divito, who
has a perfect art in being unintelligible in discourse and uncomeatable in business. But he, having no understanding in his polite way, brought in upon us, to get in his money, ladder-dancers, rope-dancers, jugglers, and mountebanks, to strut in the place of Shakespeare’s heroes and Jonson’s humorists.]
[Footnote 2: Thomas Clayton (see note on p. 72) had set Dryden’s Alexanders Feast to music at the request of Steele and John Hughes; but its performance at his house in York Buildings was a failure. Clayton had adapted English words to Italian airs in the drama written for him by Motteux, of Arsinoe, Queen of Cyprus, and called it his own opera. Steele and Addison were taken by his desire to nationalize the opera, and put native music to words that were English and had literature in them. After Camilla at Drury Lane, produced under the superintendence of Nicolino Haym, Addison’s Rosamond was produced, with music by Clayton and Mrs. Tofts in the part of Queen Eleanor. The music killed the piece on the third night of performance. The coming of Handel and his opera of Rinaldo set Mr. Clayton aside, but the friendship of Steele and Addison abided with him, and Steele seems to have had a share in his enterprises at York Buildings. Of his colleagues who join in the signing of this letter, Nicola Francesco Haym was by birth a Roman, and resident in London as a professor of music. He published two good operas of sonatas for two violins and a bass, and joined Clayton and Dieupart in the service of the opera, until Handel’s success superseded them. Haym was also a man of letters, who published two quartos upon Medals, a notice of rare Italian Books, an edition of Tasso’s Gerusalemme, and two tragedies of his own. He wrote a History of Music in Italian, and issued proposals for its publication in English, but had no success. Finally he turned picture collector, and was employed in that quality by Dr. Mead and Sir Robert Walpole.
Charles Dieupart, a Frenchman, was a fine performer on the violin and harpsichord. At the representation of Arsinoe and the other earliest operas, he played the harpsichord and Haym the violoncello. Dieupart, after the small success of the design set forth in this letter, taught the harpsichord in families of distinction, but wanted self-respect enough to save him from declining into a player at obscure ale-houses, where he executed for the pleasure of dull ears solos of Corelli with the nicety of taste that never left him. He died old and poor in 1740.]
No. 259. Thursday, December 27, 1711. Steele.
Quod decet honestum est, et quod honestum est decet.
There are some Things which cannot come under certain Rules, but which one would think could not need them. Of this kind are outward Civilities and Salutations. These one would imagine might be regulated by every Man’s Common Sense without the Help of an Instructor; but that which we call Common Sense suffers under that Word; for it sometimes implies no more than that Faculty which is common to all Men, but sometimes signifies right Reason, and what all Men should consent to. In this latter Acceptation of the Phrase, it is no great Wonder People err so much against it, since it is not every one who is possessed of it, and there are fewer, who against common Rules and Fashions, dare obey its Dictates. As to Salutations, which I was about to talk of, I observe as I strole about Town, there are great Enormities committed with regard to this Particular. You shall sometimes see a Man begin the Offer of a Salutation, and observe a forbidding Air, or escaping Eye, in the Person he is going to salute, and stop short in the Pole of his Neck. This in the Person who believed he could do it with a good Grace, and was refused the Opportunity, is justly resented with a Coldness the whole ensuing Season. Your great Beauties, People in much Favour, or by any Means or for any Purpose overflattered, are apt to practise this which one may call the preventing Aspect, and throw their Attention another Way, lest they should confer a Bow or a Curtsie upon a Person who might not appear to deserve that Dignity. Others you shall find so obsequious, and so very courteous, as there is no escaping their Favours of this Kind. Of this Sort may be a Man who is in the fifth or sixth Degree of Favour with a Minister; this good Creature is resolved to shew the World, that great Honours cannot at all change his Manners; he is the same civil Person he ever was; he will venture his Neck to bow out of a Coach in full Speed, at once, to shew he is full of Business, and yet is not so taken up as to forget his old Friend. With a Man, who is not so well formed for Courtship and elegant Behaviour, such a Gentleman as this seldom finds his Account in the Return of his Compliments, but he will still
go on, for he is in his own Way, and must not omit; let the Neglect fall on your Side, or where it will, his Business is still to be well-bred to the End. I think I have read, in one of our English Comedies, a Description of a Fellow that affected knowing every Body, and for Want of Judgment in Time and Place, would bow and smile in the Face of a Judge sitting in the Court, would sit in an opposite Gallery and smile in the Ministers Face as he came up into the Pulpit, and nod as if he alluded to some Familiarities between them in another Place. But now I happen to speak of Salutation at Church, I must take notice that several of my Correspondents have importuned me to consider that Subject, and settle the Point of Decorum in that Particular.
I do not pretend to be the best Courtier in the World, but I have often on publick Occasions thought it a very great Absurdity in the Company (during the Royal Presence) to exchange Salutations from all Parts of the Room, when certainly Common Sense should suggest, that all Regards at that Time should be engaged, and cannot be diverted to any other Object, without Disrespect to the Sovereign. But as to the Complaint of my Correspondents, it is not to be imagined what Offence some of them take at the Custom of Saluting in Places of Worship. I have a very angry Letter from a Lady, who tells me [of] one of her Acquaintance, [who,] out of meer Pride and a Pretence to be rude, takes upon her to return no Civilities done to her in Time of Divine Service, and is the most religious Woman for no other Reason but to appear a Woman of the best Quality in the Church. This absurd Custom had better be abolished than retained, if it were but to prevent Evils of no higher a Nature than this is; but I am informed of Objections much more considerable: A Dissenter of Rank and Distinction was lately prevailed upon by a Friend of his to come to one of the greatest Congregations of the Church of England about Town: After the Service was over, he declared he was very well satisfied with the little Ceremony which was used towards God Almighty; but at the same time he feared he should not be able to go through those required towards one another: As to this Point he was in a State of Despair, and feared he was not well-bred enough to be a Convert. There have been many Scandals of this Kind given to our Protestant Dissenters from the outward Pomp and Respect we take to our selves in our Religious Assemblies. A Quaker who came one Day into a Church, fixed his Eyes upon an old Lady with a Carpet larger than that from the Pulpit before her, expecting when she would hold forth. An Anabaptist who designs to come over himself, and all his Family, within few Months, is sensible they want Breeding enough for our Congregations, and has sent his two [eldest [1]] Daughters to learn to dance, that they may not misbehave themselves at Church: It is worth considering whether, in regard to awkward People with scrupulous Consciences, a good Christian of the best Air in the World ought not rather to deny herself the Opportunity of shewing so many Graces, than keep a bashful Proselyte without the Pale of the Church.
[Footnote 1: [elder]]
Singula de nobis anni praedantur euntes.
I am now in the Sixty fifth Year of my Age, and having been the greater Part of my Days a Man of Pleasure, the Decay of my Faculties is a Stagnation of my Life. But how is it, Sir, that my Appetites are increased upon me with the Loss of Power to gratify them? I write this, like a Criminal, to warn People to enter upon what Reformation they may please to make in themselves in their Youth, and not expect they shall be capable of it from a fond Opinion some have often in their Mouths, that if we do not leave our Desires they will leave us. It is far otherwise; I am now as vain in my Dress, and as flippant if I see a pretty Woman, as when in my Youth I stood upon a Bench in the Pit to survey the whole Circle of Beauties. The Folly is so extravagant with me, and I went on with so little Check of my Desires, or Resignation of them, that I can assure you, I very often meerly to entertain my own Thoughts, sit with my Spectacles on, writing Love-Letters to the Beauties that have been long since in their Graves. This is to warm my Heart with the faint Memory of Delights which were once agreeable to me; but how much happier would my Life have been now, if I could have looked back on any worthy Action done for my Country? If I had laid out that which I profused in Luxury and Wantonness, in Acts of Generosity or Charity? I have lived a Batchelor to this Day; and instead of a numerous Offspring, with which, in the regular Ways of Life, I might possibly have delighted my self, I have only to amuse my self with the Repetition of Old Stories and Intrigues which no one will believe I ever was concerned in. I do not know whether you have ever treated of it or not; but you cannot fall on a better Subject, than that of the Art of growing old. In such a Lecture you must propose, that no one set his Heart upon what is transient; the Beauty grows wrinkled while we are yet gazing at her. The witty Man sinks into a Humourist imperceptibly, for want of reflecting that all Things around him are in a Flux, and continually changing: Thus he is in the Space of ten or fifteen Years surrounded by a new Set of People whose Manners are as natural to them as his Delights, Method of Thinking, and Mode of Living, were formerly to him and his Friends. But the Mischief is, he looks upon the same kind of Errors which he himself was guilty of with an Eye of Scorn, and with that sort of Ill-will which Men entertain against each other for different Opinions: Thus a crasie Constitution, and an uneasie Mind is fretted with vexatious Passions for young Mens doing foolishly what it is Folly to do at all. Dear Sir, this is my present State of Mind; I hate those I should laugh at, and envy those I contemn. The
Time of Youth and vigorous Manhood passed the Way in which I have disposed of it, is attended with these Consequences; but to those who live and pass away Life as they ought, all Parts of it are equally pleasant; only the Memory of good and worthy Actions is a Feast which must give a quicker Relish to the Soul than ever it could possibly taste in the highest Enjoyments or Jollities of Youth. As for me, if I sit down in my great Chair and begin to ponder, the Vagaries of a Child are not more ridiculous than the Circumstances which are heaped up in my Memory. Fine Gowns, Country Dances, Ends of Tunes, interrupted Conversations, and midnight Quarrels, are what must necessarily compose my Soliloquy. I beg of you to print this, that some Ladies of my Acquaintance, and my Years, may be perswaded to wear warm Night-caps this cold Season: and that my old Friend Jack Tawdery may buy him a Cane, and not creep with the Air of a Strut. I must add to all this, that if it were not for one Pleasure, which I thought a very mean one till of very late Years, I should have no one great Satisfaction left; but if I live to the 10th of March, 1714, and all my Securities are good, I shall be worth Fifty thousand Pound.
I am, SIR, Your most humble Servant, Jack Afterday.
You will infinitely oblige a distressed Lover, if you will insert in your very next Paper, the following Letter to my Mistress. You must know, I am not a Person apt to despair, but she has got an odd Humour of stopping short unaccountably, and, as she her self told a Confident of hers, she has cold Fits. These Fits shall last her a Month or six Weeks together; and as she falls into them without Provocation, so it is to be hoped she will return from them without the Merit of new Services. But Life and Love will not admit of such Intervals, therefore pray let her be admonished as follows.
I Love you, and I honour you: therefore pray do not tell me of waiting till Decencies, till Forms, till Humours are consulted and gratified. If you have that happy Constitution as to be indolent for ten Weeks together, you should consider that all that while I burn in Impatiences and Fevers; but still you say it will be Time enough, tho I and you too grow older while we are yet talking. Which do you think the more reasonable, that you should alter a State of Indifference for Happiness, and that to oblige me, or I live in Torment, and that to lay no Manner of Obligation upon you? While I indulge your Insensibility I am doing nothing; if you favour my Passion, you are bestowing bright Desires, gay Hopes, generous Cares, noble Resolutions and transporting Raptures upon, Madam,
Your most devoted humble Servant.
Here’s a Gentlewoman lodges in the same House with me, that I never did any Injury to in my whole Life; and she is always railing at me to those that she knows will tell me of it. Don’t you think she is in Love with me? or would you have me break my Mind yet or not? Your Servant, T. B.
I am a Footman in a great Family, and am in Love with the House-maid. We were all at Hot-cockles last Night in the Hall these Holidays; when I lay down and was blinded, she pulled off her Shoe, and hit me with the Heel such a Rap, as almost broke my Head to Pieces. Pray, Sir, was this Love or Spite?
No. 261. Saturday. December 29, 1711. Addison.
[Greek: Gamos gar anphropoisin euktaion kakon].
My Father, whom I mentioned in my first Speculation, and whom I must always name with Honour and Gratitude, has very frequently talked to me upon the Subject of Marriage. I was in my younger Years engaged, partly by his Advice, and partly by my own Inclinations in the Courtship of a Person who had a great deal of Beauty, and did not at my first Approaches seem to have any Aversion to me; but as my natural Taciturnity hindred me from showing my self to the best Advantage, she by degrees began to look upon me as a very silly Fellow, and being resolved to regard Merit more than any Thing else in the Persons who made their Applications to her, she married a Captain of Dragoons who happened to be beating up for Recruits in those Parts.
This unlucky Accident has given me an Aversion to pretty Fellows ever since, and discouraged me from trying my Fortune with the Fair Sex. The Observations which I made in this Conjuncture, and the repeated Advices which I received at that Time from the good old Man above-mentioned, have produced the following Essay upon Love and Marriage.
The pleasantest Part of a Man’s Life is generally that which passes in Courtship, provided his Passion be sincere, and the Party beloved kind with Discretion. Love, Desire, Hope, all the pleasing Motions of the Soul rise in the Pursuit.
It is easier for an artful Man who is not in Love, to persuade his Mistress he has a Passion for her, and to succeed in his Pursuits, than for one who loves with the greatest Violence. True Love has ten thousand Griefs, Impatiences and Resentments, that render a Man unamiable in the Eyes of the Person whose Affection he sollicits: besides, that it sinks his Figure, gives him Fears, Apprehensions and Poorness of Spirit, and often makes him appear ridiculous where he has a mind to recommend himself.
Those Marriages generally abound most with Love and Constancy, that are preceded by a long Courtship. The Passion should strike Root, and gather Strength before Marriage be grafted on it. A long Course of Hopes and Expectations fixes the Idea in our Minds, and habituates us to a Fondness of the Person beloved.
There is Nothing of so great Importance to us, as the good Qualities of one to whom we join ourselves for Life; they do not only make our present State agreeable, but often determine our Happiness to all Eternity. Where the Choice is left to Friends, the chief Point under Consideration is an Estate: Where the Parties chuse for themselves, their Thoughts turn most upon the Person. They have both their Reasons. The first would procure many Conveniencies and Pleasures of Life to the Party whose Interests they espouse; and at the same time may hope that the Wealth of their Friend will turn to their own Credit and Advantage. The others are preparing for themselves a perpetual Feast. A good Person does not only raise, but continue Love, and breeds a secret Pleasure and Complacency in the Beholder, when the first Heats of Desire are extinguished. It puts the Wife or Husband in Countenance both among Friends and Strangers, and generally fills the Family with a healthy and beautiful Race of Children.
I should prefer a Woman that is agreeable in my own Eye, and not deformed in that of the World, to a Celebrated Beauty. If you marry one remarkably beautiful, you must have a violent Passion for her, or you have not the proper Taste of her Charms; and if you have such a Passion for her, it is odds but it [would [1]] be imbittered with Fears and Jealousies.
Good-Nature and Evenness of Temper will give you an easie Companion for Life; Virtue and good Sense, an agreeable Friend; Love and Constancy, a good Wife or Husband. Where we meet one Person with all these Accomplishments, we find an hundred without any one of them. The World, notwithstanding, is more intent on Trains and Equipages, and all the showy Parts of Life; we love rather to dazzle the Multitude, than consult our proper Interest[s]; and, as I have elsewhere observed, it is one of the most unaccountable Passions of human Nature, that we are at greater Pains to appear easie and happy to others, than really to make our selves so. Of all Disparities, that in Humour makes the most unhappy Marriages, yet scarce enters into our Thoughts at the contracting of them. Several that are in this Respect unequally yoked, and uneasie for Life, with a Person of a particular Character, might have been pleased and happy with a Person of a contrary one, notwithstanding they are both perhaps equally virtuous and laudable in their Kind.
Before Marriage we cannot be too inquisitive and discerning in the Faults of the Person beloved, nor after it too dim-sighted and superficial. However perfect and accomplished the Person appears to you at a Distance, you will find many Blemishes and Imperfections in her Humour, upon a more intimate Acquaintance, which you never discovered or perhaps suspected. Here therefore Discretion and Good-nature are to shew their Strength; the first will hinder your Thoughts from dwelling on what is disagreeable, the other will raise in you all the Tenderness of Compassion and Humanity, and by degrees soften those very Imperfections into Beauties.
Marriage enlarges the Scene of our Happiness and Miseries. A Marriage of Love is pleasant; a Marriage of Interest easie; and a Marriage, where both meet, happy. A happy Marriage has in it all the Pleasures of Friendship, all the Enjoyments of Sense and Reason, and indeed, all the Sweets of Life. Nothing is a greater Mark of a degenerate and vicious Age, than the common Ridicule [which [2]] passes on this State of Life. It is, indeed, only happy in those who can look down with Scorn or Neglect on the Impieties of the Times, and tread the Paths of Life together in a constant uniform Course of Virtue.
[Footnote 1: [will]]
[Footnote 2: [that]]
Nulla venenato Littera mista Joco est.
Ovid.
I think myself highly obliged to the Publick for their kind Acceptance of a Paper which visits them every Morning, and has in it none of those Seasonings that recommend so many of the Writings which are in Vogue among us.
As, on the one Side, my Paper has not in it a single Word of News, a Reflection in Politics, nor a Stroak of Party; so on the other, there are no Fashionable Touches of Infidelity, no obscene Ideas, no Satyrs upon Priesthood, Marriage, and the like popular Topics of Ridicule; no private Scandal, nor any Thing that may tend to the Defamation of particular Persons, Families, or Societies.
There is not one of these above-mentioned Subjects that would not sell a very indifferent Paper, could I think of gratifying the Publick by such mean and base Methods. But notwithstanding I have rejected every Thing that savours of Party, every Thing that is loose and immoral, and every Thing that might create Uneasiness in the Minds of particular Persons, I find that the Demand of my Papers has encreased every Month since their first Appearance in the World. This does not perhaps reflect so much Honour upon my self, as on my Readers, who give a much greater Attention to Discourses of Virtue and Morality, than ever I expected, or indeed could hope.
When I broke loose from that great Body of Writers who have employed their Wit and Parts in propagating Vice and Irreligion, I did not question but I should be treated as an odd kind of Fellow that had a mind to appear singular in my Way of Writing: But the general Reception I have found, convinces me that the World is not so corrupt as we are apt to imagine; and that if those Men of Parts who have been employed in vitiating the Age had endeavour’d to rectify and amend it, they needed [not [1]] have sacrificed their good Sense and Virtue to their Fame and Reputation. No Man is so sunk in Vice and Ignorance, but there are still some hidden Seeds of Goodness and Knowledge in him; which give him a Relish of such Reflections and Speculations as have an [Aptness [2]] to improve the Mind, and make the Heart better.
I have shewn in a former Paper, with how much Care I have avoided all such Thoughts as are loose, obscene or immoral; and I believe my Reader would still think the better of me, if he knew the Pains I am at in qualifying what I write after such a manner, that nothing may be interpreted as aimed at private Persons. For this Reason when I draw any faulty Character, I consider all those Persons to whom the Malice of the World may possibly apply it, and take care to dash it with such particular Circumstances as may prevent all such ill-natured Applications. If I write any Thing on a black Man, I run over in my Mind all the eminent Persons in the Nation who are of that Complection: When I place an imaginary Name at the Head of a Character, I examine every Syllable and Letter of it, that it may not bear any Resemblance to one that is real. I know very well the Value which every Man sets upon his Reputation, and how painful it is to be exposed to the Mirth and Derision of the Publick, and should therefore scorn to divert my Reader, at the Expence of any private Man.
As I have been thus tender of every particular Persons Reputation, so I have taken more than ordinary Care not to give Offence to those who appear in the higher Figures of Life. I would not make myself merry even with a Piece of Paste-board that is invested with a Publick Character; for which Reason I have never glanced upon the late designed Procession of his Holiness and his Attendants, [3] notwithstanding it might have afforded Matter to many ludicrous Speculations. Among those Advantages, which the Publick may reap from this Paper, it is not the least, that it draws Mens Minds off from the Bitterness of Party, and furnishes them with Subjects of Discourse that may be treated without Warmth or Passion. This is said to have been the first Design of those Gentlemen who set on Foot the Royal Society; [4] and had then a very good Effect, as it turned many of the greatest Genius’s of that Age to the Disquisitions of natural Knowledge, who, if they had engaged in Politicks with the same Parts and Application, might have set their Country in a Flame. The Air-Pump, the Barometer, the Quadrant, and the like Inventions were thrown out to those busie Spirits, as Tubs and Barrels are to a Whale, that he may let the Ship sail on without Disturbance, while he diverts himself with those innocent Amusements.
I have been so very scrupulous in this Particular of not hurting any Man’s Reputation that I have forborn mentioning even such Authors as I could not name without Honour. This I must confess to have been a Piece of very great Self-denial: For as the Publick relishes nothing better than the Ridicule which turns upon a Writer of any Eminence, so there is nothing which a Man that has but a very ordinary Talent in Ridicule may execute with greater Ease. One might raise Laughter for a Quarter of a Year together upon the Works of a Person who has published but a very few Volumes. For which [Reason [5]] I am
astonished, that those who have appeared against this Paper have made so very little of it. The Criticisms which I have hitherto published, have been made with an Intention rather to discover Beauties and Excellencies in the Writers of my own Time, than to publish any of their Faults and Imperfections. In the mean while I should take it for a very great Favour from some of my underhand Detractors, if they would break all Measures with me so far, as to give me a Pretence for examining their Performances with an impartial Eye: Nor shall I look upon it as any Breach of Charity to criticise the Author, so long as I keep clear of the Person.
In the mean while, till I am provoked to such Hostilities, I shall from time to time endeavour to do Justice to those who have distinguished themselves in the politer Parts of Learning, and to point out such Beauties in their Works as may have escaped the Observation of others.
As the first Place among our English Poets is due to Milton; and as I have drawn more Quotations out of him than from any other, I shall enter into a regular Criticism upon his Paradise Lost, which I shall publish every Saturday till I have given my Thoughts upon that Poem. I shall not however presume to impose upon others my own particular Judgment on this Author, but only deliver it as my private Opinion. Criticism is of a very large Extent, and every particular Master in this Art has his favourite Passages in an Author, which do not equally strike the best Judges. It will be sufficient for me if I discover many Beauties or Imperfections which others have not attended to, and I should be very glad to see any of our eminent Writers publish their Discoveries on the same Subject. In short, I would always be understood to write my Papers of Criticism in the Spirit which Horace has expressed in those two famous Lines;
—Si quid novisti rectius istis,
Candidus imperti; si non, his utere mecum,
If you have made any better Remarks of your own, communicate them
with Candour; if not, make use of these I present you with.
[Footnote 1: [not to]]
[Footnote 2: [Aptness in them]]
[Footnote 3: [Fifteen images in waxwork, prepared for a procession on the 17th November, Queen Elizabeth’s birthday, had been seized under a Secretary of State’s warrant. Swift says, in his Journal to Stella, that the devil which was to have waited on the Pope was saved from burning because it was thought to resemble the Lord Treasurer.]
[Footnote 4: The Royal Society was incorporated in 1663 as the Royal Society of London for promoting Natural Knowledge. In the same year there was an abortive insurrection in the North against the infamy of Charles II.’s government.]
[Footnote 5: [Reasons]]
No. 263. Tuesday, January 1, 1712. Steele.
Gratulor quod eum quem necesse erat diligere, qualiscunque esset,
talem habemus ut libenter quoque diligamus.
Trebonius apud Tull.
Mr, SPECTATOR,
I am the happy Father of a very towardly Son, in whom I do not only see my Life, but also my Manner of Life, renewed. It would be extremely beneficial to Society, if you would frequently resume Subjects which serve to bind these sort of Relations faster, and endear the Ties of Blood with those of Good-will, Protection, Observance, Indulgence, and Veneration. I would, methinks, have this done after an uncommon Method, and do not think any one, who is not capable of writing a good Play, fit to undertake a Work wherein there will necessarily occur so many secret Instincts, and Biasses of human Nature which would pass unobserved by common Eyes. I thank Heaven I have no outrageous Offence against my own excellent Parents to answer for; but when I am now and then alone, and look back upon my past Life, from my earliest Infancy to this Time, there are many Faults which I committed that did not appear to me, even till I my self became a Father. I had not till then a Notion of the Earnings of Heart, which a Man has when he sees his Child do a laudable Thing, or the sudden Damp which seizes him when he fears he will act something unworthy. It is not to be imagined, what a Remorse touched me for a long Train of childish Negligencies of my Mother, when I saw my Wife the other Day look out of the Window, and turn as pale as Ashes upon seeing my younger Boy sliding upon the Ice. These slight Intimations will give you to understand, that there are numberless little Crimes which Children take no notice of while they are doing, which upon Reflection, when they shall themselves become Fathers, they will look upon with the utmost Sorrow and Contrition, that they did not regard, before those whom they offended were to be no more seen. How many thousand Things do I remember, which would have highly pleased my Father, and I omitted for no other Reason, but that I thought what he proposed the Effect of Humour and old Age, which I am now convinced had Reason and good Sense in it. I cannot now go into the Parlour to him, and make his Heart glad with an Account of a Matter which was of no Consequence, but that I told it, and acted in it. The good Man and Woman are long since in their Graves, who used to sit and plot the Welfare of us their Children, while, perhaps, we were sometimes laughing at the old Folks at another End of the House. The Truth of it is, were we merely to follow Nature in these great Duties of Life, tho we have a strong Instinct towards the performing of them, we should be on both Sides very deficient. Age is so unwelcome to the Generality of Mankind, and Growth towards Manhood so desirable to all, that Resignation to Decay is too difficult a Task in the Father; and Deference, amidst the Impulse of gay Desires, appears unreasonable to the Son. There are so few who can grow old
with a good Grace, and yet fewer who can come slow enough into the World, that a Father, were he to be actuated by his Desires, and a Son, were he to consult himself only, could neither of them behave himself as he ought to the other. But when Reason interposes against Instinct, where it would carry either out of the Interests of the other, there arises that happiest Intercourse of good Offices between those dearest Relations of human Life. The Father, according to the Opportunities which are offered to him, is throwing down Blessings on the Son, and the Son endeavouring to appear the worthy Offspring of such a Father. It is after this manner that Camillus and his firstborn dwell together. Camillus enjoys a pleasing and indolent old Age, in which Passion is subdued, and Reason exalted. He waits the Day of his Dissolution with a Resignation mixed with Delight, and the Son fears the Accession of his Fathers Fortune with Diffidence, lest he should not enjoy or become it as well as his Predecessor. Add to this, that the Father knows he leaves a Friend to the Children of his Friends, an easie Landlord to his Tenants, and an agreeable Companion to his Acquaintance. He believes his Sons Behaviour will make him frequently remembered, but never wanted. This Commerce is so well cemented, that without the Pomp of saying, Son, be a Friend to such a one when I am gone; Camillus knows, being in his Favour, is Direction enough to the grateful Youth who is to succeed him, without the Admonition of his mentioning it. These Gentlemen are honoured in all their Neighbourhood, and the same Effect which the Court has on the Manner of a Kingdom, their Characters have on all who live within the Influence of them.
My Son and I are not of Fortune to communicate our good Actions or Intentions to so many as these Gentlemen do; but I will be bold to say, my Son has, by the Applause and Approbation which his Behaviour towards me has gained him, occasioned that many an old Man, besides my self, has rejoiced. Other Mens Children follow the Example of mine, and I have the inexpressible Happiness of overhearing our Neighbours, as we ride by, point to their Children, and say, with a Voice of Joy, There they go.
You cannot, Mr. SPECTATOR, pass your time better than insinuating the Delights which these Relations well regarded bestow upon each other. Ordinary Passions are no longer such, but mutual Love gives an Importance to the most indifferent things, and a Merit to Actions the most insignificant. When we look round the World, and observe the many Misunderstandings which are created by the Malice and Insinuation of the meanest Servants between People thus related, how necessary will it appear that it were inculcated that Men would be upon their Guard to support a Constancy of Affection, and that grounded upon the Principles of Reason, not the Impulses of Instinct.
It is from the common Prejudices which
Men receive from their Parents, that Hatreds are kept alive from one Generation to another; and when Men act by Instinct, Hatreds will descend when good Offices are forgotten. For the Degeneracy of human Life is such, that our Anger is more easily transferred to our Children than our Love. Love always gives something to the Object it delights in, and Anger spoils the Person against whom it is moved of something laudable in him. From this Degeneracy therefore, and a sort of Self-Love, we are more prone to take up the Ill-will of our Parents, than to follow them in their Friendships.
One would think there should need no more to make Men keep up this sort of Relation with the utmost Sanctity, than to examine their own Hearts. If every Father remembered his own Thoughts and Inclinations when he was a Son, and every Son remembered what he expected from his Father, when he himself was in a State of Dependance, this one Reflection would preserve Men from being dissolute or rigid in these several Capacities. The Power and Subjection between them, when broken, make them more emphatically Tyrants and Rebels against each other, with greater Cruelty of Heart, than the Disruption of States and Empires can possibly produce. I shall end this Application to you with two Letters which passed between a Mother and Son very lately, and are as follows.
Dear FRANK,
If the Pleasures, which I have the Grief to hear you pursue in Town, do not take up all your Time, do not deny your Mother so much of it, as to read seriously this Letter. You said before Mr. Letacre, that an old Woman might live very well in the Country upon half my Jointure, and that your Father was a fond Fool to give me a Rent-Charge of Eight hundred a Year to the Prejudice of his Son. What Letacre said to you upon that Occasion, you ought to have born with more Decency, as he was your Fathers well-beloved Servant, than to have called him Country-put. In the first place, Frank, I must tell you, I will have my Rent duly paid, for I will make up to your Sisters for the Partiality I was guilty of, in making your Father do so much as he has done for you. I may, it seems, live upon half my Jointure! I lived upon much less, Frank, when I carried you from Place to Place in these Arms, and could neither eat, dress, or mind any thing for feeding and tending you a weakly Child, and shedding Tears when the Convulsions you were then troubled with returned upon you. By my Care you outgrew them, to throw away the Vigour of your Youth in the Arms of Harlots, and deny your Mother what is not yours to detain. Both your Sisters are crying to see the Passion which I smother; but if you please to go on thus like a Gentleman of the Town, and forget all Regards to your self and Family, I shall immediately enter upon your Estate for the Arrear due to me, and without one Tear more contemn you for forgetting
the Fondness of your Mother, as much as you have the Example of your Father. O Frank, do I live to omit writing myself, Your Affectionate Mother, A.T.
MADAM, I will come down to-morrow and pay the Money on my Knees. Pray write so no more. I will take care you never shall, for I will be for ever hereafter, Your most dutiful Son, F.T.
I will bring down new Heads for my Sisters. Pray let all be
forgotten.
No. 264. Wednesday, January 2, 1712. Steele.
—Secretum iter et fallentis Semita vitae.
It has been from Age to Age an Affectation to love the Pleasure of Solitude, amongst those who cannot possibly be supposed qualified for passing Life in that Manner. This People have taken up from reading the many agreeable things which have been writ on that Subject, for which we are beholden to excellent Persons who delighted in being retired and abstracted from the Pleasures that enchant the Generality of the World. This Way of Life is recommended indeed with great Beauty, and in such a Manner as disposes the Reader for the time to a pleasing Forgetfulness, or Negligence of the particular Hurry of Life in which he is engaged, together with a Longing for that State which he is charmed with in Description. But when we consider the World it self, and how few there are capable of a religious, learned, or philosophick Solitude, we shall be apt to change a Regard to that sort of Solitude, for being a little singular in enjoying Time after the Way a Man himself likes best in the World, without going so far as wholly to withdraw from it. I have often observed, there is not a Man breathing who does not differ from all other Men, as much in the Sentiments of his Mind, as the Features of his Face. The Felicity is, when anyone is so happy as to find out and follow what is the proper Bent of this Genius, and turn all his Endeavours to exert himself according as that prompts him. Instead of this, which is an innocent Method of enjoying a Man’s self, and turning out of the general Tracks wherein you have Crowds of Rivals, there are those who pursue their own Way out of a Sowrness and Spirit of Contradiction: These Men do every thing which they are able to support, as if Guilt and Impunity could not go together. They choose a thing only because another dislikes it; and affect forsooth an inviolable Constancy in Matters of no manner of Moment. Thus sometimes an old Fellow shall wear this or that sort of Cut in his Cloaths with great Integrity, while all the rest of the World are degenerated into Buttons, Pockets and Loops unknown to their Ancestors. As insignificant as even this is, if it were searched to the Bottom, you perhaps would find it not sincere, but that he is in the Fashion in his Heart, and holds
out from mere Obstinacy. But I am running from my intended Purpose, which was to celebrate a certain particular Manner of passing away Life, and is a Contradiction to no Man. but a Resolution to contract none of the exorbitant Desires by which others are enslaved. The best way of separating a Man’s self from the World, is to give up the Desire of being known to it. After a Man has preserved his Innocence, and performed all Duties incumbent upon him, his Time spent his own Way is what makes his Life differ from that of a Slave. If they who affect Show and Pomp knew how many of their Spectators derided their trivial Taste, they would be very much less elated, and have an Inclination to examine the Merit of all they have to do with: They would soon find out that there are many who make a Figure below what their Fortune or Merit entities them to, out of mere Choice, and an elegant Desire of Ease and Disincumbrance. It would look like Romance to tell you in this Age of an old Man who is contented to pass for an Humourist, and one who does not understand the Figure he ought to make in the World, while he lives in a Lodging of Ten Shillings a Week with only one Servant: While he dresses himself according to the Season in Cloth or in Stuff, and has no one necessary Attention to any thing but the Bell which calls to Prayers twice a Day. I say it would look like a Fable to report that this Gentleman gives away all which is the Overplus of a great Fortune, by secret Methods to other Men. If he has not the Pomp of a numerous Train, and of Professors of Service to him, he has every Day he lives the Conscience that the Widow, the Fatherless, the Mourner, and the Stranger bless his unseen Hand in their Prayers. This Humourist gives up all the Compliments which People of his own Condition could make to him, for the Pleasures of helping the Afflicted, supplying the Needy, and befriending the Neglected. This Humourist keeps to himself much more than he wants, and gives a vast Refuse of his Superfluities to purchase Heaven, and by freeing others from the Temptations of Worldly Want, to carry a Retinue with him thither. Of all Men who affect living in a particular Way, next to this admirable Character, I am the most enamoured of Irus, whose Condition will not admit of such Largesses, and perhaps would not be capable of making them, if it were. Irus, tho he is now turned of Fifty, has not appeared in the World, in his real Character, since five and twenty, at which Age he ran out a small Patrimony, and spent some Time after with Rakes who had lived upon him: A Course of ten Years time, passed in all the little Alleys, By-Paths, and sometimes open Taverns and Streets of this Town, gave Irus a perfect Skill in judging of the Inclinations of Mankind, and acting accordingly. He seriously considered he was poor, and the general Horror which most Men have of all who are in that Condition. Irus judg’d very rightly, that while he could keep his Poverty a Secret,
he should not feel the Weight of it; he improved this Thought into an Affectation of Closeness and Covetousness. Upon this one Principle he resolved to govern his future Life; and in the thirty sixth Year of his Age he repaired to Long-lane, and looked upon several Dresses which hung there deserted by their first Masters, and exposed to the Purchase of the best Bidder. At this Place he exchanged his gay Shabbiness of Cloaths fit for a much younger Man, to warm ones that would be decent for a much older one. Irus came out thoroughly equipped from Head to Foot, with a little oaken Cane in the Form of a substantial Man that did not mind his Dress, turned of fifty. He had at this time fifty Pounds in ready Money; and in this Habit, with this Fortune, he took his present Lodging in St. John Street, at the Mansion-House of a Taylor’s Widow, who washes and can clear-starch his Bands. From that Time to this, he has kept the main Stock, without Alteration under or over to the value of five Pounds. He left off all his old Acquaintance to a Man, and all his Arts of Life, except the Play of Backgammon, upon which he has more than bore his Charges. Irus has, ever since he came into this Neighbourhood, given all the Intimations, he skilfully could, of being a close Hunks worth Money: No body comes to visit him, he receives no Letters, and tells his Money Morning and Evening. He has, from the publick Papers, a Knowledge of what generally passes, shuns all Discourses of Money, but shrugs his Shoulder when you talk of Securities; he denies his being rich with the Air, which all do who are vain of being so: He is the Oracle of a Neighbouring Justice of Peace, who meets him at the Coffeehouse; the Hopes that what he has must come to Somebody, and that he has no Heirs, have that Effect where ever he is known, that he every Day has three or four Invitations to dine at different Places, which he generally takes care to choose in such a manner, as not to seem inclined to the richer Man. All the young Men respect him, and say he is just the same Man he was when they were Boys. He uses no Artifice in the World, but makes use of Mens Designs upon him to get a Maintenance out of them. This he carries on by a certain Peevishness, (which he acts very well) that no one would believe could possibly enter into the Head of a poor Fellow. His Mein, his Dress, his Carriage, and his Language are such, that you would be at a loss to guess whether in the Active Part of his Life he had been a sensible Citizen, or Scholar that knew the World. These are the great Circumstances in the Life of Irus, and thus does he pass away his Days a Stranger to Mankind; and at his Death, the worst that will be said of him will be, that he got by every Man who had Expectations from him, more than he had to leave him.
I have an Inclination to print the following Letters; for that I have heard the Author of them has some where or other seen me, and by an excellent Faculty in Mimickry my Correspondents tell me he can assume my Air, and give my Taciturnity a Slyness which diverts more than any Thing I could say if I were present. Thus I am glad my Silence is attoned for to the good Company in Town. He has carried his Skill in Imitation so far, as to have forged a Letter from my Friend Sir ROGER in such a manner, that any one but I who am thoroughly acquainted with him, would have taken it for genuine.
Having observed in Lilly’s Grammar how sweetly Bacchus and Apollo run in a Verse: I have (to preserve the Amity between them) call’d in Bacchus to the Aid of my Profession of the Theatre. So that while some People of Quality are bespeaking Plays of me to be acted upon such a Day, and others, Hogsheads for their Houses against such a Time; I am wholly employ’d in the agreeable Service of Wit and Wine: Sir, I have sent you Sir Roger de Coverley’s Letter to me, which pray comply with in Favour of the Bumper Tavern. Be kind, for you know a Players utmost Pride is the Approbation of the SPECTATOR.
I am your Admirer, tho unknown,
Richard Estcourt [1]
To Mr. Estcourt at his House in Covent-Garden.
Coverley, December the 18th, 1711.
Old Comical Ones,
The Hogsheads of Neat Port came safe, and have gotten thee good Reputation in these Parts; and I am glad to hear, that a Fellow who has been laying out his Money ever since he was born, for the meer Pleasure of Wine, has bethought himself of joining Profit and Pleasure together. Our Sexton (poor Man) having received Strength from thy Wine since his fit of the Gout, is hugely taken with it: He says it is given by Nature for the Use of Families, that no Stewards Table can be without it, that it strengthens Digestion, excludes Surfeits, Fevers and Physick; which green Wines of any kind cant do. Pray get a pure snug Room, and I hope next Term to help fill your Bumper with our People of the Club; but you must have no Bells stirring when the Spectator comes; I forbore ringing to Dinner while he was down with me in the Country. Thank you for the little Hams and Portugal Onions; pray keep some always by you. You know my Supper is only good Cheshire Cheese, best Mustard, a golden Pippin, attended with a Pipe of John Sly’s Best. Sir Harry has stoln all your Songs, and tells the Story of the 5th of November to Perfection.
Yours to serve you,
Roger de Coverley.
We’ve lost old John since you were here.
[Footnote 1: Richard Estcourt, born at Tewkesbury in 1688, and educated in the Latin school there, stole from home at the age of 15 to join a travelling company of comedians at Worcester, and, to avoid detection, made his first appearance in woman’s clothes as Roxana in Alexander the Great. He was discovered, however, pursued, brought home, carried to London, and bound prentice to an apothecary in Hatton Garden. He escaped again, wandered about England, went to Ireland, and there obtained credit as an actor; then returned to London, and appeared at Drury Lane, where his skill as a mimic enabled him to perform each part in the manner of the actor who had obtained chief credit by it. His power of mimicry made him very diverting in society, and as he had natural politeness with a sprightly wit, his company was sought and paid for at the entertainments of the great. Dick Estcourt was a great favourite with the Duke of Marlborough, and when men of wit and rank joined in establishing the Beefsteak Club they made Estcourt their Providore, with a small gold gridiron, for badge, hung round his neck by a green ribbon. Estcourt was a writer for the stage as well as actor, and had shown his agreement with the Spectators dramatic criticisms by ridiculing the Italian opera with an interlude called Prunella. In the Numbers of the Spectator for December 28 and 29 Estcourt had advertised that he would on the 1st of January open the Bumper Tavern in James’s Street, Westminster, and had laid in
neat natural wines, fresh and in perfection; being bought by Brooke and Hellier, by whom the said Tavern will from time to time be supplied with the best growths that shall be imported; to be sold by wholesale as well as retail, with the utmost fidelity by his old servant, trusty Anthony, who has so often adorned both the theatres in England and Ireland; and as he is a person altogether unknowing in the wine trade, it cannot be doubted but that he will deliver the wine in the same natural purity that he receives it from the said merchants; and on these assurances he hopes that all his friends and acquaintance will become his customers, desiring a continuance of their favours no longer than they shall find themselves well served.
This is the venture which Steele here backs for his friend with the influence of the Spectator.]
No. 265. Thursday, January 3, 1712. Addison.
Dixerit e multis aliquis, quid virus in angues
Adjicis? et rabidae tradis ovile lupae?
One of the Fathers, if I am rightly informed, has defined a Woman to be [Greek: xoon philokosmon], an Animal that delights in Finery. I have already treated of the Sex in two or three Papers, conformably to this Definition, and have in particular observed, that in all Ages they have been more careful then the Men to adorn that Part of the Head, which we generally call the Outside.
This Observation is so very notorious, that when in ordinary Discourse we say a Man has a fine Head, a long Head, or a good Head, we express ourselves metaphorically, and speak in relation to his Understanding; whereas when we say of a Woman, she has a fine, a long or a good Head, we speak only in relation to her Commode.
It is observed among Birds, that Nature has lavished all her Ornaments upon the Male, who very often appears in a most beautiful Head-dress: Whether it be a Crest, a Comb, a Tuft of Feathers, or a natural little Plume, erected like a kind of Pinacle on the very Top of the Head. [As Nature on the contrary [1] has poured out her Charms in the greatest Abundance upon the Female Part of our Species, so they are very assiduous in bestowing upon themselves the finest Garnitures of Art. The Peacock in all his Pride, does not display half the Colours that appear in the Garments of a British Lady, when she is dressed either for a Ball or a Birth-day.
But to return to our Female Heads. The Ladies have been for some time in a kind of moulting Season, with regard to that Part of their Dress, having cast great Quantities of Ribbon, Lace, and Cambrick, and in some measure reduced that Part of the human Figure to the beautiful globular Form, which is natural to it. We have for a great while expected what kind of Ornament would be substituted in the Place of those antiquated Commodes. But our Female Projectors were all the last Summer so taken up with the Improvement of their Petticoats, that they had not time to attend to any thing else; but having at length sufficiently adorned their lower Parts, they now begin to turn their Thoughts upon the other Extremity, as well remembring the old Kitchen Proverb, that if you light your Fire at both Ends, the middle will shift for it self.
I am engaged in this Speculation by a Sight which I lately met with at the Opera. As I was standing in the hinder Part of the Box, I took notice of a little Cluster of Women sitting together in the prettiest coloured Hoods that I ever saw. One of them was Blue, another Yellow, and another Philomot; [2] the fourth was of a Pink Colour, and the fifth of a pale Green. I looked with as much Pleasure upon this little party-coloured Assembly, as upon a Bed of Tulips, and did not know at first whether it might not be an Embassy of Indian Queens; but upon my going about into the Pit, and taking them in Front, I was immediately undeceived, and saw so much Beauty in every Face, that I found them all to be English. Such Eyes and Lips, Cheeks and Foreheads, could be the Growth of no other Country. The Complection of their Faces hindred me from observing any farther the Colour of their Hoods, though I could easily perceive by that unspeakable Satisfaction which appeared in their Looks, that their own Thoughts were wholly taken up on those pretty Ornaments they wore upon their Heads.
I am informed that this Fashion spreads daily, insomuch that the Whig and Tory Ladies begin already to hang out different Colours, and to shew their Principles in their Head-dress. Nay if I may believe my Friend WILL. HONEYCOMB, there is a certain old Coquet of his Acquaintance who intends to appear very suddenly in a Rainbow Hood, like the Iris in Dryden’s Virgil, not questioning but that among such a variety of Colours she shall have a Charm for every Heart.
My Friend WILL., who very much values himself upon his great Insights into Gallantry, tells me, that he can already guess at the Humour a Lady is in by her Hood, as the Courtiers of Morocco know the Disposition of their present Emperor by the Colour of the Dress which he puts on. When Melesinda wraps her Head in Flame Colour, her Heart is set upon Execution. When she covers it with Purple, I would not, says he, advise her Lover to approach her; but if she appears in White, it is Peace, and he may hand her out of her Box with Safety.
Will, informs me likewise, that these Hoods may be used as Signals. Why else, says he, does Cornelia always put on a Black Hood when her Husband is gone into the Country?
Such are my Friend HONEYCOMBS Dreams of Gallantry. For my own part, I impute this Diversity of Colours in the Hoods to the Diversity of Complexion in the Faces of my pretty Country Women. Ovid in his Art of Love has given some Precepts as to this Particular, though I find they are different from those which prevail among the Moderns. He recommends a Red striped Silk to the pale Complexion; White to the Brown, and Dark to the Fair. On the contrary my Friend WILL., who pretends to be a greater Master in this Art than Ovid, tells me, that the palest Features look the most agreeable in white Sarsenet; that a Face which is overflushed appears to advantage in the deepest Scarlet, and that the darkest Complexion is not a little alleviated by a Black Hood. In short, he is for losing the Colour of the Face in that of the Hood, as a Fire burns dimly, and a Candle goes half out, in the Light of the Sun. This, says he, your Ovid himself has hinted, where he treats of these Matters, when he tells us that the blue Water Nymphs are dressed in Sky coloured Garments; and that Aurora, who always appears in the Light of the Rising Sun, is robed in Saffron.
Whether these his Observations are justly grounded I cannot tell: but I have often known him, as we have stood together behind the Ladies, praise or dispraise the Complexion of a Face which he never saw, from observing the Colour of her Hood, and has been very seldom out in these his Guesses.
As I have Nothing more at Heart than the Honour and Improvement of the Fair Sex, [3] I cannot conclude this Paper without an Exhortation to the British Ladies, that they would excel the Women of all other Nations as much in Virtue and good Sense, as they do in Beauty; which they may certainly do, if they will be as industrious to cultivate their Minds, as they are to adorn their Bodies: In the mean while I shall recommend to their most serious Consideration the Saying of an old Greek Poet,
[Greek: Gynaiki kosmos ho tropos, k ou chrysia.]
C. [4]
[Footnote 1: [On the contrary as Nature]]
[Footnote 2: Feuille mort, the russet yellow of dead leaves.]
I will not meddle with the Spectator. Let him fair-sex it to the
worlds end.
Swifts Journal to Stella.]
[Footnote 4: [T.] corrected by an erratum in No. 268.]
No. 266. Friday, January 4, 1712. Steele.
Id vero est, quod ego mihi puto palmarium,
Me reperisse, quomodo adolescentulus
Meretricum ingenia et mores possit noscere:
Mature ut cum cognorit perpetuo oderit.
Ter. Eun. Act. 5, Sc. 4.
No Vice or Wickedness which People fall into from Indulgence to Desire[s] which are natural to all, ought to place them below the Compassion of the virtuous Part of the World; which indeed often makes me a little apt to suspect the Sincerity of their Virtue, who are too warmly provoked at other Peoples personal Sins. The unlawful Commerce of the Sexes is of all other the hardest to avoid; and yet there is no one which you shall hear the rigider Part of Womankind speak of with so little Mercy. It is very certain that a modest Woman cannot abhor the Breach of Chastity too much; but pray let her hate it for her self, and only pity it in others. WILL. HONEYCOMB calls these over-offended Ladies, the Outragiously Virtuous.
I do not design to fall upon Failures in general, with relation to the Gift of Chastity, but at present only enter upon that large Field, and begin with the Consideration of poor and publick Whores. The other Evening passing along near Covent-Garden, I was jogged on the Elbow as I turned into the Piazza, on the right Hand coming out of James-street, by a slim young Girl of about Seventeen, who with a pert Air asked me if I was for a Pint of Wine. I do not know but I should have indulged my Curiosity in having some Chat with her, but that I am informed the Man of the Bumper knows me; and it would have made a Story for him not very agreeable to some Part of my Writings, though I have in others so frequently said that I am wholly unconcerned in any Scene I am in, but meerly as a Spectator. This Impediment being in my Way, we stood [under [1]] one of the Arches by Twilight; and there I could observe as exact Features as I had ever seen, the most agreeable Shape, the finest Neck and Bosom, in a Word, the whole Person of a Woman exquisitely Beautiful. She affected to allure me with a forced Wantonness in her Look and Air; but I saw it checked with Hunger and Cold: Her Eyes were wan and eager, her Dress thin and tawdry, her Mein genteel and childish. This strange Figure gave me much Anguish of Heart, and to avoid being seen with her I went away, but could not forbear giving her a Crown. The poor thing sighed, curtisied, and with a Blessing, expressed with the utmost Vehemence, turned from me. This Creature is what they call newly come upon the Town, but who, I suppose, falling into cruel Hands was left in the first Month
from her Dishonour, and exposed to pass through the Hands and Discipline of one of those Hags of Hell whom we call Bawds. But lest I should grow too suddenly grave on this Subject, and be my self outragiously good, I shall turn to a Scene in one of Fletchers Plays, where this Character is drawn, and the Oeconomy of Whoredom most admirably described. The Passage I would point to is in the third Scene of the second Act of The Humorous Lieutenant. Leucippe who is Agent for the Kings Lust, and bawds at the same time for the whole Court, is very pleasantly introduced, reading her Minutes as a Person of Business, with two Maids, her Under-Secretaries, taking Instructions at a Table before her. Her Women, both those under her present Tutelage, and those which she is laying wait for, are alphabetically set down in her Book; and as she is looking over the Letter C, in a muttering Voice, as if between Soliloquy and speaking out, she says,
Her Maidenhead will yield me; let me see now; She is not Fifteen they say: For her Complexion—– Cloe, Cloe, Cloe, here I have her, Cloe,_ the Daughter of a Country Gentleman; Here Age upon Fifteen. Now her Complexion, A lovely brown; here tis; Eyes black and rolling, The Body neatly built; she strikes a Lute well, Sings most enticingly: These Helps consider’d, Her Maidenhead will amount to some three hundred, Or three hundred and fifty Crowns, twill bear it handsomly. Her Fathers poor, some little Share deducted, To buy him a Hunting Nag_—
These Creatures are very well instructed in the Circumstances and Manners of all who are any Way related to the Fair One whom they have a Design upon. As Cloe is to be purchased with [350] [2] Crowns, and the Father taken off with a Pad; the Merchants Wife next to her, who abounds in Plenty, is not to have downright Money, but the mercenary Part of her Mind is engaged with a Present of Plate and a little Ambition. She is made to understand that it is a Man of Quality who dies for her. The Examination of a young Girl for Business, and the crying down her Value for being a slight Thing, together with every other Circumstance in the Scene, are inimitably excellent, and have the true Spirit of Comedy; tho it were to be wished the Author had added a Circumstance which should make Leucippe’s Baseness more odious.
It must not be thought a Digression from my intended Speculation, to talk of Bawds in a Discourse upon Wenches; for a Woman of the Town is not thoroughly and properly such, without having gone through the Education of one of these Houses. But the compassionate Case of very many is, that they are taken into such Hands without any the least Suspicion, previous Temptation, or Admonition to what Place they are going. The last Week I went to an Inn in the City to enquire for some Provisions which were sent by a Waggon out of the Country; and as I waited in one of the Boxes till
the Chamberlain had looked over his Parcel, I heard an old and a young Voice repeating the Questions and Responses of the Church- Catechism. I thought it no Breach of good Manners to peep at a Crevice, and look in at People so well employed; but who should I see there but the most artful Procuress in the Town, examining a most beautiful Country-Girl, who had come up in the same Waggon with my Things, Whether she was well educated, could forbear playing the Wanton with Servants, and idle fellows, of which this Town, says she, is too full: At the same time, Whether she knew enough of Breeding, as that if a Squire or a Gentleman, or one that was her Betters, should give her a civil Salute, she should curtsy and be humble, nevertheless. Her innocent forsooths, yess, and’t please yous, and she would do her Endeavour, moved the good old Lady to take her out of the Hands of a Country Bumpkin her Brother, and hire her for her own Maid. I staid till I saw them all marched out to take Coach; the brother loaded with a great Cheese, he prevailed upon her to take for her Civilities to [his] Sister. This poor Creatures Fate is not far off that of hers whom I spoke of above, and it is not to be doubted, but after she has been long enough a Prey to Lust she will be delivered over to Famine; the Ironical Commendation of the Industry and Charity of these antiquated Ladies[, these] [3] Directors of Sin, after they can no longer commit it, makes up the Beauty of the inimitable Dedication to the Plain-Dealer, [4] and is a Masterpiece of Raillery on this Vice. But to understand all the Purleues of this Game the better, and to illustrate this Subject in future Discourses, I must venture my self, with my Friend WILL, into the Haunts of Beauty and Gallantry; from pampered Vice in the Habitations of the Wealthy, to distressed indigent Wickedness expelled the Harbours of the Brothel.
[Footnote 1: [under in]]
[Footnote 2: fifty]
[Footnote 3: [. These]]
[Footnote 4: Wycherley’s Plain-Dealer having given offence to many ladies, was inscribed in a satirical billet doux dedicatory To My Lady B .]
No. 267. Saturday, January 5, 1712. Addison.
Cedite Romani Scriptores, cedite Graii. [1]
Propert.
There is nothing in Nature [more irksome than] [2] general Discourses, especially when they turn chiefly upon Words. For this Reason I shall wave the Discussion of that Point which was started some Years since, whether Milton’s Paradise Lost may be called an Heroick Poem? Those who will not give it that Title, may call it (if they please) a Divine Poem. It will be sufficient to its Perfection, if it has in it all the Beauties of the highest kind of Poetry; and as for those who [alledge [3]] it is not an Heroick Poem, they advance no more to the Diminution of it, than if they should say Adam is not AEneas, nor Eve Helen.
I shall therefore examine it by the Rules of Epic Poetry, and see whether it falls short of the Iliad or AEneid, in the Beauties which are essential to that kind of Writing. The first thing to be considered in an Epic Poem, is the Fable, [4] which is perfect or imperfect, according as the Action which it relates is more or less so. This Action should have three Qualifications in it. First, It should be but One Action. Secondly, It should be an entire Action; and, Thirdly, It should be a great Action. [5] To consider the Action of the Iliad, AEneid, and Paradise Lost, in these three several Lights. Homer to preserve the Unity of his Action hastens into the Midst of Things, as Horace has observed: [6] Had he gone up to Leda’s Egg, or begun much later, even at the Rape of Helen, or the Investing of Troy, it is manifest that the Story of the Poem would have been a Series of several Actions. He therefore opens his Poem with the Discord of his Princes, and [artfully [7]] interweaves, in the several succeeding Parts of it, an Account of every Thing [material] which relates to [them [8]] and had passed before that fatal Dissension. After the same manner, AEneas makes his first Appearance in the Tyrrhene Seas, and within Sight of Italy, because the Action proposed to be celebrated was that of his settling himself in Latium. But because it was necessary for the Reader to know what had happened to him in the taking of Troy, and in the preceding Parts of his Voyage, Virgil makes his Hero relate it by way of Episode in the second and third Books of the AEneid. The Contents of both which Books come before those of the first Book in the Thread of the Story, tho for preserving of this Unity of Action they follow them in the Disposition of the Poem. Milton, in imitation of these two great Poets, opens his Paradise Lost with an Infernal Council plotting the Fall of Man, which is the Action he proposed to celebrate; and as for those great Actions, which preceded, in point of Time, the Battle of the Angels, and the Creation of the World, (which would have entirely destroyed the Unity of his principal Action, had he related them in the same Order that they happened) he cast them into the fifth, sixth, and seventh Books, by way of Episode to this noble Poem.
Aristotle himself allows, that Homer has nothing to boast of as to the Unity of his Fable, [9] tho at the same time that great Critick and Philosopher endeavours to palliate this Imperfection in the Greek Poet, by imputing it in some measure to the very Nature of an Epic Poem. Some have been of opinion, that the AEneid [also labours [10]] in this Particular, and has Episodes which may be looked upon as Excrescencies rather than as Parts of the Action. On the contrary, the Poem, which we have now under our Consideration, hath no other Episodes than such as naturally arise from the Subject, and yet is filled with such a Multitude of astonishing [Incidents,[11]] that it gives us at the same time a Pleasure of the greatest Variety, and of the greatest [Simplicity; uniform in its Nature, tho diversified in the Execution [12]].
I must observe also, that as Virgil, in the Poem which was designed to celebrate the Original of the Roman Empire, has described the Birth of its great Rival, the Carthaginian Commonwealth: Milton, with the like Art, in his Poem on the Fall of Man, has related the Fall of those Angels who are his professed Enemies. Besides the many other Beauties in such an Episode, its running parallel with the great Action of the Poem hinders it from breaking the Unity so much as another Episode would have done, that had not so great an Affinity with the principal Subject. In short, this is the same kind of Beauty which the Criticks admire in The Spanish Frier, or The Double Discovery [13] where the two different Plots look like Counter-parts and Copies of one another.
The second Qualification required in the Action of an Epic Poem, is, that it should be an entire Action: An Action is entire when it is complete in all its Parts; or, as Aristotle describes it, when it consists of a Beginning, a Middle, and an End. Nothing should go before it, be intermixed with it, or follow after it, that is not related to it. As on the contrary, no single Step should be omitted in that just and regular Progress which it must be supposed to take from its Original to its Consummation. Thus we see the Anger of Achilles in its Birth, its Continuance and Effects; and AEneas’s Settlement in Italy, carried on thro all the Oppositions in his Way to it both by Sea and Land. The Action in Milton excels (I think) both the former in this Particular; we see it contrived in Hell, executed upon Earth, and punished by Heaven. The Parts of it are told in the most distinct Manner, and grow out of one another in the most natural [Order [14]].
The third Qualification of an Epic Poem is its Greatness. The Anger of Achilles was of such Consequence, that it embroiled the Kings of Greece, destroyed the Heroes of Troy, and engaged all the Gods in Factions. AEneas’s Settlement in Italy produced the Caesars, and gave Birth to the Roman Empire. Milton’s Subject was still greater than either of the former; it does not determine the Fate of single Persons or Nations, but of a whole Species. The united Powers of Hell are joined together for the Destruction of Mankind, which they affected in part, and would have completed, had not Omnipotence it self interposed. The principal Actors are Man in his greatest Perfection, and Woman in her highest Beauty. Their Enemies are the fallen Angels: The Messiah their Friend, and the Almighty their Protector. In short, every thing that is great in the whole Circle of Being, whether within the Verge of Nature, or out of it, has a proper Part assigned it in this noble Poem.
In Poetry, as in Architecture, not only the Whole, but the principal Members, and every Part of them, should be Great. I will not presume to say, that the Book of Games in the AEneid, or that in the Iliad, are not of this Nature, nor to reprehend Virgil’s Simile of the Top [15], and many other of the same [kind [16]] in the Iliad, as liable to any Censure in this Particular; but I think we may say, without [derogating from [17]] those wonderful Performances, that there is an unquestionable Magnificence in every Part of Paradise Lost, and indeed a much greater than could have been formed upon any Pagan System.
But Aristotle, by the Greatness of the Action, does not only mean that it should be great in its Nature, but also in its Duration, or in other Words that it should have a due Length in it, as well as what we properly call Greatness. The just Measure of this kind of Magnitude, he explains by the following Similitude. [18] An Animal, no bigger than a Mite, cannot appear perfect to the Eye, because the Sight takes it in at once, and has only a confused Idea of the Whole, and not a distinct Idea of all its Parts; if on the contrary you should suppose an Animal of ten thousand Furlongs in length, the Eye would be so filled with a single Part of it, that it could not give the Mind an Idea of the Whole. What these Animals are to the Eye, a very short or a very long Action would be to the Memory. The first would be, as it were, lost and swallowed up by it, and the other difficult to be contained in it. Homer and Virgil have shewn their principal Art in this Particular; the Action of the Iliad, and that of the AEneid, were in themselves exceeding short, but are so beautifully extended and diversified by the [Invention [19]] of Episodes, and the Machinery of Gods, with the like poetical Ornaments, that they make up an agreeable Story, sufficient to employ the Memory without overcharging it. Milton’s Action is enriched with such a Variety of Circumstances, that I have taken as much Pleasure in reading the Contents of his Books, as in the best invented Story I ever met with. It is possible, that the Traditions, on which the Iliad and AEneid were built, had more Circumstances in them than the History of the Fall of Man, as it is related in Scripture. Besides, it was easier for Homer and Virgil to dash the Truth with Fiction, as they were in no danger of offending the Religion of their Country by it. But as for Milton, he had not only a very few Circumstances upon which to raise his Poem, but was also obliged to proceed with the greatest Caution in every thing that he added out of his own Invention. And, indeed, notwithstanding all the Restraints he was under, he has filled his Story with so many surprising Incidents, which bear so close an Analogy with what is delivered in Holy Writ, that it is capable of pleasing the most delicate Reader, without giving Offence to the most scrupulous.
The modern Criticks have collected from several Hints in the Iliad and AEneid the Space of Time, which is taken up by the Action of each of those Poems; but as a great Part of Milton’s Story was transacted in Regions that lie out of the Reach of the Sun and the Sphere of Day, it is impossible to gratify the Reader with such a Calculation, which indeed would be more curious than instructive; none of the Criticks, either Ancient or Modern, having laid down Rules to circumscribe the Action of an Epic Poem with any determin’d Number of Years, Days or Hours.
This Piece of Criticism on Milton’s Paradise Lost shall be carried on in [the] following [Saturdays] Papers.
[Footnote 1: Give place to him, Writers of Rome and Greece. This application to Milton of a line from the last elegy (25th) in the second book of Propertius is not only an example of Addison’s felicity in choice of motto for a paper, but was so bold and well-timed that it must have given a wholesome shock to the minds of many of the Spectators readers. Addison was not before Steele in appreciation of Milton and diffusion of a true sense of his genius. Milton was the subject of the first piece of poetical criticism in the Tatler; where, in his sixth number, Steele, having said that all Milton’s thoughts are wonderfully just and natural, dwelt on the passage in which Adam tells his thoughts upon first falling asleep, soon after his creation. This passage he contrasts with the same apprehension of Annihilation ascribed to Eve in a much lower sense by Dryden in his operatic version of Paradise Lost. In Tatlers and Spectators Steele and Addison had been equal contributors to the diffusion of a sense of Milton’s genius. In Addison it had been strong, even when, at Oxford, in April, 1694, a young man trained in the taste of the day, he omitted Shakespeare from a rhymed Account of the chief English Poets, but of Milton said:
Whate’er his pen describes I more than see, Whilst evry verse, array’d in majesty, Bold and sublime, my whole attention draws, And seems above the critics nicer laws.
Eighteen years older than he was when he wrote that, Addison now prepares by a series of Saturday Essays,—the Saturday Paper which reached many subscribers only in time for Sunday reading, being always set apart in the Spectator for moral or religious topics, to show that, judged also by Aristotle and the “critics nicer laws,” Milton was even technically a greater epic poet than either Homer or Virgil. This nobody had conceded. Dryden, the best critic of the outgoing generation, had said in the Dedication of the Translations of Juvenal and Persius, published in 1692,
“As for Mr. Milton, whom we all admire with so much Justice, his Subject, is not that of an Heroick Poem, properly so call’d: His Design is the Losing of our Happiness; his Event is not prosperous, like that of all other Epique Works” (Dryden’s French spelling of the word Epic is suggestive. For this new critical Mode was one of the fashions that had been imported from Paris); “His Heavenly Machines are many, and his Human Persons are but two. But I will not take Mr. Rymer’s work out of his Hands: He has promised the World a Critique on that Author; wherein, tho he will not allow his Poem for Heroick, I hope he will grant us, that his Thoughts are elevated, his Words sounding, and that no Man has so happily copy’d the manner of Homer; or so copiously translated his Grecisms and the Latin Elegancies of Virgil. Tis true he runs into a Flat of Thought, sometimes for a Hundred Lines together, but tis when he is got into a Track of Scripture ... Neither will I justify Milton for his Blank Verse, tho I may excuse him, by the Example of Hanabal Caro and other Italians who have used it: For whatever Causes he alledges for the abolishing of Rhime (which I have not now the leisure to examine), his own particular Reason is plainly this, that Rhime was not his Talent; he had neither the Ease of doing it, nor the Graces of it.”
So Dryden, who appreciated Milton better than most of his critical neighbours, wrote of him in 1692. The promise of Rymer to discuss Milton was made in 1678, when, on the last page of his little book, The Tragedies of the Last Age consider’d and examined by the Practice of the Ancients and by the Common Sense of all Ages, in a letter to Fleetwold Shepheard, Esq. (father of two ladies who contribute an occasional letter to the Spectator), he said: “With the remaining Tragedies I shall also send you some reflections on that Paradise Lost of Milton’s, which some are pleased to call a Poem, and assert Rhime against the slender Sophistry wherewith he attaques it.” But two years after the appearance of Dryden’s Juvenal and Persius Rymer prefixed to his translation of Rene Rapin’s Reflections on Aristotle’s Poesie some Reflections of his own on Epic Poets. Herein he speaks under the head Epic Poetry of Chaucer, in whose time language was not capable of heroic character; or Spenser, who “wanted a true Idea, and lost himself by following an unfaithful guide, besides using a stanza which is in no wise proper for our language;” of Sir William Davenant, who, in Gondibert, “has some strokes of an extraordinary judgment,” but “is for unbeaten tracks and new ways of thinking;” “his heroes are foreigners;” of Cowley, in whose Davideis “David is the least part of the Poem,” and there is want of the “one illustrious and perfect action which properly is the subject of an Epick Poem”: all failing through ignorance or negligence of the Fundamental Rules or Laws of Aristotle. But he contemptuously passes over Milton without mention. Rene Rapin, that great French oracle of whom Dryden said, in the Preface to his own conversion of Paradise Lost into an opera, that he was alone sufficient, were all other critics lost, to teach anew the Art of Writing, Rene Rapin in the work translated and introduced by Rymer, worshipped in Aristotle the one God of all orthodox critics. Of his Laws he said,
There is no arriving at Perfection but by these Rules, and they certainly go astray that take a different course.... And if a Poem made by these Rules fails of success, the fault lies not in the Art, but in the Artist; all who have writ of this Art, have followed no other Idea but that of Aristotle.
Again as to Style,
to say the truth, what is good on this subject is all taken from
Aristotle, who is the only source whence good sense is to be drawn,
when one goes about to write.
This was the critical temper Addison resolved to meet on its own ground and do battle with for the honour of that greatest of all Epic Poets to whom he fearlessly said that all the Greeks and Latins must give place. In so doing he might suggest here and there cautiously, and without bringing upon himself the discredit of much heresy,—indeed, without being much of a heretic,—that even the Divine Aristotle sometimes fell short of perfection. The conventional critics who believed they kept the gates of Fame would neither understand nor credit him. Nine years after these papers appeared, Charles Gildon, who passed for a critic of considerable mark, edited with copious annotation as the Laws of Poetry (1721), the Duke of Buckingham’s Essay on Poetry, Roscommon’s Essay on Translated Verse, and Lord Lansdowne on Unnatural Flights in Poetry, and in the course of comment Gildon said that
Mr. Addison in the Spectators, in his criticisms upon Milton, seems to have mistaken the matter, in endeavouring to bring that poem to the rules of the epopoeia, which cannot be done ... It is not an Heroic Poem, but a Divine one, and indeed of a new species. It is plain that the proposition of all the heroic poems of the ancients mentions some one person as the subject of their poem... But Milton begins his poem of things, and not of men.
The Gildon are all gone; and when, in the next generation after theirs, national life began, in many parts of Europe, strongly to assert itself in literature against the pedantry of the French critical lawgivers, in Germany Milton’s name was inscribed on the foremost standard of the men who represented the new spirit of the age. Gottsched, who dealt French critical law from Leipzig, by passing sentence against Milton in his Art of Poetry in 1737, raised in Bodmer an opponent who led the revolt of all that was most vigorous in German thought, and put an end to French supremacy. Bodmer, in a book published in 1740 Vom Wunderbaren in der Poesie, justified and exalted Milton, and brought Addison to his aid by appending to his own work a translation of these Milton papers out of the Spectator. Gottsched replied; Bodmer retorted. Bodmer translated Paradise Lost; and what was called the English or Milton party (but was, in that form, really a German national party) were at last left masters of the field. It was right that these
papers of Addison should be brought in as aids during the contest. Careful as he was to conciliate opposing prejudices, he was yet first in the field, and this motto to the first of his series of Milton papers, Yield place to him, Writers of Greece and Rome, is as the first trumpet note of the one herald on a field from which only a quick ear can yet distinguish among stir of all that is near, the distant tramp of an advancing host.
[Footnote 2: [so irksom as]]
[Footnote 3: say]
[Footnote 4: Aristotle, Poetics, III. Sec. I, after a full discussion of Tragedy, begins by saying,
with respect to that species of Poetry which imitates by Narration ... it is obvious, that the Fable ought to be dramatically constructed, like that of Tragedy, and that it should have for its Subject one entire and perfect action, having a beginning, a middle, and an end;
forming a complete whole, like an animal, and therein differing, Aristotle says, from History, which treats not of one Action, but of one Time, and of all the events, casually connected, which happened to one person or to many during that time.]
[Footnote 5: Poetics, I. Sec. 9.
Epic Poetry agrees so far with Tragic as it is an imitation of great
characters and actions.
Aristotle (from whose opinion, in this matter alone, his worshippers departed, right though he was) ranked a perfect tragedy above a perfect epic; for, he said,
all the parts of the Epic poem are to be found in Tragedy, not all
those of Tragedy in the Epic poem.]
Nec reditum Diomedis ab interitu Meleagri,
Nec gemino bellum Trojanum orditur ab ovo,
Semper ad eventum festinat, et in medias res,
Non secus ac notas, auditorem rapit—
De Arte Poet. II. 146-9.]
[Footnote 7: with great Art]
[Footnote 8: the Story]
[Footnote 9: Poetics, V. Sec. 3. In arguing the superiority of Tragic to Epic Poetry, Aristotle says,
there is less Unity in all Epic imitation; as appears from this—that any Epic Poem will furnish matter for several Tragedies ... The Iliad, for example, and the Odyssey, contain many such subordinate parts, each of which has a certain Magnitude and Unity of its own; yet is the construction of those Poems as perfect, and as nearly approaching to the imitation of a single action, as possible.]
[Footnote 10: labours also]
[Footnote 11: Circumstances]
[Footnote 12: Simplicity.]
[Footnote 13: Dryden’s Spanish Friar has been praised also by Johnson for the happy coincidence and coalition of the tragic and comic plots, and Sir Walter Scott said of it, in his edition of Dryden’s Works, that
the felicity does not consist in the ingenuity of his original conception, but in the minutely artificial strokes by which the reader is perpetually reminded of the dependence of the one part of the Play on the other. These are so frequent, and appear so very natural, that the comic plot, instead of diverting our attention from the tragic business, recalls it to our mind by constant and unaffected allusion. No great event happens in the higher region of the camp or court that has not some indirect influence upon the intrigues of Lorenzo and Elvira; and the part which the gallant is called upon to act in the revolution that winds up the tragic interest, while it is highly in character, serves to bring the catastrophe of both parts of the play under the eye of the spectator, at one and the same time.]
[Footnote 14: Method]
[Footnote 15: AEneid, Bk. VII. 11. 378-384, thus translated by Dryden:
And as young striplings whip the top for sport, On the smooth pavement of an empty court, The wooden engine files and whirls about, Admir’d, with clamours, of the beardless rout; They lash aloud, each other they provoke, And lend their little souls at every stroke: Thus fares the Queen, and thus her fury blows Amidst the crowds, and trundles as she goes.]
[Footnote 16: [nature]]
[Footnote 17: [offence to]]
[Footnote 18: Poetics, II. section 4, where it is said of the magnitude of Tragedy.]
[Footnote 19: Intervention]
No. 268. Monday, January 7, 1712. Steele.
—Minus aptus acutis
Naribus Horum Hominum.
It is not that I think I have been more witty than I ought of late, that at present I wholly forbear any Attempt towards it: I am of Opinion that I ought sometimes to lay before the World the plain Letters of my Correspondents in the artless Dress in which they hastily send them, that the Reader may see I am not Accuser and Judge my self, but that the Indictment is properly and fairly laid, before I proceed against the Criminal.
As you are Spectator-General, I apply myself to you in the following Case; viz. I do not wear a Sword, but I often divert my self at the Theatre, where I frequently see a Set of Fellows pull plain People, by way of Humour [and [2]] Frolick, by the Nose, upon frivolous or no Occasions. A Friend of mine the other Night applauding what a graceful Exit Mr. Wilks made, one of these Nose-wringers overhearing him, pinched him by the nose. I was in the Pit the other Night, (when it was very much crowded) a Gentleman leaning upon me, and very heavily, I very civilly requested him to remove his Hand; for which he pulled me by the Nose. I would not resent it in so publick a Place, because I was unwilling to create a Disturbance; but have since reflected upon it as a thing that is unmanly and disingenuous, renders the Nose-puller odious, and makes the Person pulled by the Nose look little and contemptible. This Grievance I humbly request you would endeavour to redress.
I am your Admirer, &c.
James Easy.
Your Discourse of the 29th of December on Love and Marriage is of so useful a Kind, that I cannot forbear adding my Thoughts to yours on that Subject. Methinks it is a Misfortune, that the Marriage State, which in its own Nature is adapted to give us the compleatest Happiness this Life is capable of, should be so uncomfortable a one to so many as it daily proves. But the Mischief generally proceeds from the unwise Choice People make for themselves, and Expectation of Happiness from Things not capable of giving it. Nothing but the good Qualities of the Person beloved can be a Foundation for a Love of Judgment and Discretion; and whoever expects Happiness from any Thing but Virtue, Wisdom, Good-humour, and a Similitude of Manners, will find themselves widely mistaken. But how few are there who seek after these things, and do not rather make Riches their chief if not their only Aim? How rare is it for a Man, when he engages himself in the Thoughts of Marriage, to place his Hopes of having in such a Woman a constant, agreeable Companion? One who will divide his Cares and double his Joys? Who will manage that Share of his Estate he intrusts to her Conduct with Prudence and Frugality, govern his House with Oeconomy and Discretion, and be an Ornament to himself and Family? Where shall we find the Man who looks out for one who places her chief Happiness in the Practice of Virtue, and makes her Duty her continual Pleasure? No: Men rather seek for Money as the Complement of all their Desires; and regardless of what kind of Wives they take, they think Riches will be a Minister to all kind of Pleasures, and enable them to keep Mistresses, Horses, Hounds, to drink, feast, and game with their Companions, pay their Debts contracted by former Extravagancies, or some such vile and unworthy End; and indulge themselves in Pleasures which are a Shame and Scandal to humane Nature. Now as for the Women; how few of them are there who place the Happiness of their Marriage in the having a wise and virtuous Friend? one who will be faithful and just to all, and constant and loving to them? who with Care and Diligence will look after and improve the Estate, and without grudging allow whatever is prudent and convenient? Rather, how few are there who do not place their Happiness in outshining others in Pomp and Show? and that do not think within themselves when they have married such a rich Person, that none of their Acquaintance shall appear so fine in their Equipage, so adorned in their Persons, or so magnificent in their Furniture as themselves? Thus their Heads are filled with vain Ideas; and I heartily wish I could say that Equipage and Show were not the Chief Good of so many Women as I fear it is.
After this Manner do both Sexes deceive themselves, and bring Reflections and Disgrace upon the most happy and most honourable State of Life; whereas if they would but correct their depraved Taste,
moderate their Ambition, and place their Happiness upon proper Objects, we should not find Felicity in the Marriage State such a Wonder in the World as it now is.
Sir, if you think these Thoughts worth inserting [among [3]] your own,
be pleased to give them a better Dress, and let them pass abroad; and
you will oblige Your Admirer,
As I was this Day walking in the Street, there happened to pass by on the other Side of the Way a Beauty, whose Charms were so attracting that it drew my Eyes wholly on that Side, insomuch that I neglected my own Way, and chanced to run my Nose directly against a Post; which the Lady no sooner perceived, but fell out into a Fit of Laughter, though at the same time she was sensible that her self was the Cause of my Misfortune, which in my Opinion was the greater Aggravation of her Crime. I being busy wiping off the Blood which trickled down my Face, had not Time to acquaint her with her Barbarity, as also with my Resolution, viz. never to look out of my Way for one of her Sex more: Therefore, that your humble Servant may be revenged, he desires you to insert this in one of your next Papers, which he hopes will be a Warning to all the rest of the Women Gazers, as well as to poor
Anthony Gape.
I desire to know in your next, if the merry Game of The Parson has lost his Cloak, is not mightily in Vogue amongst the fine Ladies this Christmas; because I see they wear Hoods of all Colours, which I suppose is for that Purpose: If it is, and you think it proper, I will carry some of those Hoods with me to our Ladies in Yorkshire; because they enjoyned me to bring them something from London that was very New. If you can tell any Thing in which I can obey their Commands more agreeably, be pleased to inform me, and you will extremely oblige
Your humble Servant
Oxford, Dec. 29.
Since you appear inclined to be a Friend to the Distressed, I beg you would assist me in an Affair under which I have suffered very much. The reigning Toast of this Place is Patetia; I have pursued her with the utmost Diligence this Twelve-month, and find nothing stands in my Way but one who flatters her more than I can. Pride is her Favourite Passion; therefore if you would be so far my Friend as to make a favourable Mention of her in one of your Papers, I believe I should not fail in my Addresses. The Scholars stand in Rows, as they did to be sure in your Time, at her Pew-door: and she has all the Devotion paid to her by a Crowd of Youth[s] who are unacquainted with the Sex, and have Inexperience added to their Passion: However, if it succeeds according to my Vows, you will make me the happiest Man in the World, and the most obliged amongst all
Your humble Servants.
I came [to [4]] my Mistresss Toilet this Morning, for I am admitted when her Face is stark naked: She frowned, and cryed Pish when I said a thing that I stole; and I will be judged by you whether it was not very pretty. Madam, said I, you [shall [5]] forbear that Part of your Dress; it may be well in others, but you cannot place a Patch where it does not hide a Beauty.
[Footnote 1: This Letter was written by Mr. James Heywood, many years wholesale linen-draper on Fish-street Hill, who died in 1776, at the age of 90. His Letters and Poems were (including this letter at p.100) in a second edition, in 12mo, in 1726.]
[Footnote 2: or]
[Footnote 3: amongst]
[Footnote 4: at]
[Footnote 5: should]
No. 269. Tuesday, January 8, 1712. Addison.
—AEvo rarissima nostro
Simplicitas—
I was this Morning surprised with a great knocking at the Door, when my Landlady’s Daughter came up to me, and told me, that there was a Man below desired to speak with me. Upon my asking her who it was, she told me it was a very grave elderly Person, but that she did not know his Name. I immediately went down to him, and found him to be the Coachman of my worthy Friend Sir ROGER DE COVERLEY. He told me that his Master came to Town last Night, and would be glad to take a Turn with me in Grays-Inn Walks. As I was wondring in my self what had brought Sir ROGER to Town, not having lately received any Letter from him, he told me that his Master was come up to get a Sight of Prince Eugene [1] and that he desired I would immediately meet him.
I was not a little pleased with the Curiosity of the old Knight, though I did not much wonder at it, having heard him say more than once in private Discourse, that he looked upon Prince Eugenio (for so the Knight always calls him) to be a greater Man than Scanderbeg.
I was no sooner come into Grays-Inn Walks, but I heard my Friend upon the Terrace hemming twice or thrice to himself with great Vigour, for he loves to clear his Pipes in good Air (to make use of his own Phrase) and is not a little pleased with any one who takes notice of the Strength which he still exerts in his Morning Hems.
I was touched with a secret Joy at the Sight of the good old Man, who before he saw me was engaged in Conversation with a Beggar-Man that had asked an Alms of him. I could hear my Friend chide him for not finding out some Work; but at the same time saw him put his Hand in his Pocket and give him Six-pence.
Our Salutations were very hearty on both Sides, consisting of many kind Shakes of the Hand, and several affectionate Looks which we cast upon one another. After which the Knight told me my good Friend his Chaplain was very well, and much at my Service, and that the Sunday before he had made a most incomparable Sermon out of Dr. Barrow. I have left, says he, all my Affairs in his Hands, and being willing to lay an Obligation upon him, have deposited with him thirty Marks, to be distributed among his poor Parishioners.
He then proceeded to acquaint me with the Welfare of Will Wimble. Upon which he put his Hand into his Fob and presented me in his Name with a Tobacco-Stopper, telling me that Will had been busy all the Beginning of the Winter in turning great Quantities of them; and that he [made [2]] a Present of one to every Gentleman in the Country who has good Principles, and smoaks. He added, that poor Will was at present under great Tribulation, for that Tom Touchy had taken the Law of him for cutting some Hazel Sticks out of one of his Hedges.
Among other Pieces of News which the Knight brought from his Country-Seat, he informed me that Moll White was dead; and that about a Month after her Death the Wind was so very high, that it blew down the End of one of his Barns. But for my own part, says Sir ROGER, I do not think that the old Woman had any hand in it.
He afterwards fell into an Account of the Diversions which had passed in his House during the Holidays; for Sir ROGER, after the laudable Custom of his Ancestors, always keeps open House at Christmas. I learned from him that he had killed eight fat Hogs for the Season, that he had dealt about his Chines very liberally amongst his Neighbours, and that in particular he had sent a string of Hogs-puddings with a pack of Cards to every poor Family in the Parish. I have often thought, says Sir ROGER, it happens very well that Christmas should fall out in the Middle of the Winter. It is the most dead uncomfortable Time of the Year, when the poor People would suffer very much from their [Poverty and Cold, [3]] if they had not good Cheer, warm Fires, and Christmas Gambols to support them. I love to rejoice their poor Hearts at this season, and to see the whole Village merry in my great Hall. I allow a double Quantity of Malt to my small Beer, and set it a running for twelve Days to every one that calls for it. I have always a Piece of cold Beef and a Mince-Pye upon the Table, and am wonderfully pleased to see my Tenants pass away a whole Evening in playing their innocent Tricks, and smutting one another. Our Friend Will Wimble is as merry as any of them, and shews a thousand roguish Tricks upon these Occasions.
I was very much delighted with the Reflection of my old Friend, which carried so much Goodness in it. He then launched out into the Praise of the late Act of Parliament [4] for securing the Church of England, and told me, with great Satisfaction, that he believed it already began to take Effect, for that a rigid Dissenter, who chanced to dine at his House on Christmas Day, had been observed to eat very plentifully of his Plumb-porridge.
After having dispatched all our Country Matters, Sir ROGER made several Inquiries concerning the Club, and particularly of his old Antagonist Sir ANDREW FREEPORT. He asked me with a kind of Smile, whether Sir ANDREW had not taken Advantage of his Absence, to vent among them some of his Republican Doctrines; but soon after gathering up his Countenance into a more than ordinary Seriousness, Tell me truly, says he, don’t you think Sir ANDREW had a Hand in the Popes Procession—–but without giving me time to answer him, Well, well, says he, I know you are a wary Man, and do not care to talk of publick Matters.
The Knight then asked me, if I had seen Prince Eugenio, and made me promise to get him a Stand in some convenient Place where he might have a full Sight of that extraordinary Man, whose Presence does so much Honour to the British Nation. He dwelt very long on the Praises of this Great General, and I found that, since I was with him in the Country, he had drawn many Observations together out of his reading in Bakers Chronicle, and other Authors, [who [5]] always lie in his Hall Window, which very much redound to the Honour of this Prince.
Having passed away the greatest Part of the Morning in hearing the Knights Reflections, which were partly private, and partly political, he asked me if I would smoak a Pipe with him over a Dish of Coffee at Squires. As I love the old Man, I take Delight in complying with every thing that is agreeable to him, and accordingly waited on him to the Coffee-house, where his venerable Figure drew upon us the Eyes of the whole Room. He had no sooner seated himself at the upper End of the high Table, but he called for a clean Pipe, a Paper of Tobacco, a Dish of Coffee, a Wax-Candle, and the Supplement with such an Air of Cheerfulness and Good-humour, that all the Boys in the Coffee-room (who seemed to take pleasure in serving him) were at once employed on his several Errands, insomuch that no Body else could come at a Dish of Tea, till the Knight had got all his Conveniences about him.
[Footnote 1: Prince Eugene was at this in London, and caressed by courtiers who had wished to prevent his coming, for he was careful to mark his friendship for the Duke of Marlborough, who was the subject of hostile party intrigues. During his visit he stood godfather to Steels second son, who was named, after, Eugene.]
[Footnote 2: had made]
[Footnote 3: Cold and Poverty]
[Footnote 4: The Act against Occasional Conformity, 10 Ann. cap. 2.]
Discit enim citius, meminitque libentius illud,
Quod quis deridet, quam quod probat.
I do not know that I have been in greater Delight for these many Years, than in beholding the Boxes at the Play the last Time The Scornful Lady [1] was acted. So great an Assembly of Ladies placed in gradual Rows in all the Ornaments of Jewels, Silk and Colours, gave so lively and gay an Impression to the Heart, that methought the Season of the Year was vanished; and I did not think it an ill Expression of a young Fellow who stood near me, that called the Boxes Those Beds of Tulips. It was a pretty Variation of the Prospect, when any one of these fine Ladies rose up and did Honour to herself and Friend at a Distance, by curtisying; and gave Opportunity to that Friend to shew her Charms to the same Advantage in returning the Salutation. Here that Action is as proper and graceful, as it is at Church unbecoming and impertinent. By the way, I must take the Liberty to observe that I did not see any one who is usually so full of Civilities at Church, offer at any such Indecorum during any Part of the Action of the Play.
Such beautiful Prospects gladden our Minds, and when considered in general, give innocent and pleasing Ideas. He that dwells upon any one Object of Beauty, may fix his Imagination to his Disquiet; but the Contemplation of a whole Assembly together, is a Defence against the Encroachment of Desire: At least to me, who have taken pains to look at Beauty abstracted from the Consideration of its being the Object of Desire; at Power, only as it sits upon another, without any Hopes of partaking any Share of it; at Wisdom and Capacity, without any Pretensions to rival or envy its Acquisitions: I say to me, who am really free from forming any Hopes by beholding the Persons of beautiful Women, or warming my self into Ambition from the Successes of other Men, this World is not only a meer Scene, but a very pleasant one. Did Mankind but know the Freedom which there is in keeping thus aloof from the World, I should have more Imitators, than the powerfullest Man in the Nation has Followers. To be no Man’s Rival in Love, or Competitor in Business, is a Character which if it does not recommend you as it ought to Benevolence among those whom you live with, yet has it certainly this Effect, that you do not stand so much in need of their Approbation, as you would if you aimed at it more, in setting your Heart on the same things which the Generality doat on. By this means, and with this easy Philosophy, I am never less at a Play than when I am at the Theatre; but indeed I am seldom so well pleased with the Action as in that Place, for most Men follow Nature no longer than while they are in their Night-Gowns, and all the busy Part of the Day are in Characters which they neither become or act in with Pleasure to themselves or their Beholders. But to return to my Ladies: I was very well pleased to see so great a Crowd of them assembled at a Play, wherein the Heroine, as the Phrase is, is so just a Picture of the Vanity of the Sex in tormenting their Admirers. The Lady who pines for the Man whom she treats with so much Impertinence and Inconstancy, is drawn with much Art and Humour. Her Resolutions to be extremely civil, but her Vanity arising just at the Instant that she resolved to express her self kindly, are described as by one who had studied the Sex. But when my Admiration is fixed upon this excellent Character, and two or three others in the Play, I must confess I was moved with the utmost Indignation at the trivial, senseless, and unnatural Representation of the Chaplain. It is possible there may be a Pedant in Holy Orders, and we have seen one or two of them in the World; but such a Driveler as Sir Roger, so bereft of all manner of Pride, which is the Characteristick of a Pedant, is what one would not believe could come into the Head of the same Man who drew the rest of the Play. The Meeting between Welford and him shews a Wretch without any Notion of the Dignity of his Function; and it is out of all common Sense that he should give an Account of himself as one
sent four or five Miles in a Morning on Foot for Eggs. It is not to be denied, but his Part and that of the Maid whom he makes Love to, are excellently well performed; but a Thing which is blameable in it self, grows still more so by the Success in the Execution of it. It is so mean a Thing to gratify a loose Age with a scandalous Representation of what is reputable among Men, not to say what is sacred, that no Beauty, no Excellence in an Author ought to attone for it; nay, such Excellence is an Aggravation of his Guilt, and an Argument that he errs against the Conviction of his own Understanding and Conscience. Wit should be tried by this Rule, and an Audience should rise against such a Scene, as throws down the Reputation of any thing which the Consideration of Religion or Decency should preserve from Contempt. But all this Evil arises from this one Corruption of Mind, that makes Men resent Offences against their Virtue, less than those against their Understanding. An Author shall write as if he thought there was not one Man of Honour or Woman of Chastity in the House, and come off with Applause: For an Insult upon all the Ten Commandments, with the little Criticks, is not so bad as the Breach of an Unity of Time or Place. Half Wits do not apprehend the Miseries that must necessarily flow from Degeneracy of Manners; nor do they know that Order is the Support of Society. Sir Roger and his Mistress are Monsters of the Poets own forming; the Sentiments in both of them are such as do not arise in Fools of their Education. We all know that a silly Scholar, instead of being below every one he meets with, is apt to be exalted above the Rank of such as are really his Superiors: His Arrogance is always founded upon particular Notions of Distinction in his own Head, accompanied with a pedantick Scorn of all Fortune and Preheminence, when compared with his Knowledge and Learning. This very one Character of Sir Roger, as silly as it really is, has done more towards the Disparagement of Holy Orders, and consequently of Virtue it self, than all the Wit that Author or any other could make up for in the Conduct of the longest Life after it. I do not pretend, in saying this, to give myself Airs of more Virtue than my Neighbours, but assert it from the Principles by which Mankind must always be governed. Sallies of Imagination are to be overlooked, when they are committed out of Warmth in the Recommendation of what is Praise worthy; but a deliberate advancing of Vice, with all the Wit in the World, is as ill an Action as any that comes before the Magistrate, and ought to be received as such by the People.
[Footnote 1: Beaumont and Fletchers. Vol. II.]
No. 271. Thursday, January 10, 1712. Addison.
Mille trahens varios adverso sole colores.
I receive a double Advantage from the Letters of my Correspondents, first as they shew me which of my Papers are most acceptable to them; and in the next place as they furnish me with Materials for new Speculations. Sometimes indeed I do not make use of the Letter it self, but form the Hints of it into Plans of my own Invention; sometimes I take the Liberty to change the Language or Thought into my own Way of Speaking and Thinking, and always (if it can be done without Prejudice to the Sense) omit the many Compliments and Applauses which are usually bestowed upon me.
Besides the two Advantages above-mentioned which I receive from the Letters that are sent me, they give me an Opportunity of lengthning out my Paper by the skilful Management of the subscribing Part at the End of them, which perhaps does not a little conduce to the Ease, both of my self and Reader.
Some will have it, that I often write to my self, and am the only punctual Correspondent I have. This Objection would indeed be material, were the Letters I communicate to the Publick stuffed with my own Commendations: and if, instead of endeavouring to divert or instruct my Readers, I admired in them the Beauty of my own Performances. But I shall leave these wise Conjecturers to their own Imaginations, and produce the three following Letters for the Entertainment of the Day.
I was last Thursday in an Assembly of Ladies, where there were Thirteen different coloured Hoods. Your Spectator of that Day lying upon the Table, they ordered me to read it to them, which I did with a very clear Voice, till I came to the Greek Verse at the End of it. I must confess I was a little startled at its popping upon me so unexpectedly. However, I covered my Confusion as well as I could, and after having mutter’d two or three hard Words to my self, laugh’d heartily, and cried, A very good Jest, Faith. The Ladies desired me to explain it to them; but I begged their pardon for that, and told them, that if it had been proper for them to hear, they may be sure the Author would not have wrapp’d it up in Greek. I then let drop several Expressions, as if there was something in it that was not fit to be spoken before a Company of Ladies. Upon which the Matron of the Assembly, who was dressed in a Cherry-coloured Hood, commended the Discretion of the Writer for having thrown his filthy Thoughts into Greek, which was likely to corrupt but few of his Readers. At the same time she declared herself very well pleased, that he had not given a decisive Opinion upon the new-fashioned Hoods; for to tell you truly, says she, I was afraid he would have made us ashamed to shew our Heads. Now, Sir, you must know, since this unlucky Accident happened to me in a Company of Ladies, among whom I passed for a most ingenious Man, I have consulted one who is well versed in the Greek Language, and he assures me upon his Word, that your late Quotation
means no more, than that Manners and not Dress are the Ornaments of a Woman. If this comes to the Knowledge of my Female Admirers, I shall be very hard put to it to bring my self off handsomely. In the mean while I give you this Account, that you may take care hereafter not to betray any of your Well-wishers into the like Inconveniencies. It is in the Number of these that I beg leave to subscribe my self,
Tom Trippit.
Your Readers are so well pleased with your Character of Sir ROGER DE
COVERLEY, that there appeared a sensible Joy in every Coffee-house,
upon hearing the old Knight was come to Town. I am now with a Knot of
his Admirers, who make it their joint Request to you, that you would
give us publick Notice of the Window or Balcony where the Knight
intends to make his Appearance. He has already given great
Satisfaction to several who have seen him at Squires Coffee-house.
If you think fit to place your short Face at Sir ROGERS Left Elbow,
we shall take the Hint, and gratefully acknowledge so great a Favour.
I am, Sir, Your most Devoted Humble Servant, C. D.
Knowing that you are very Inquisitive after every thing that is
Curious in Nature, I will wait on you if you please in the Dusk of the
Evening, with my Show upon my Back, which I carry about with me in a
Box, as only consisting of a Man, a Woman, and an Horse. The two first
are married, in which State the little Cavalier has so well acquitted
himself, that his Lady is with Child. The big-bellied Woman, and her
Husband, with their whimsical Palfry, are so very light, that when
they are put together into a Scale, an ordinary Man may weigh down the
whole Family. The little Man is a Bully in his Nature; but when he
grows cholerick I confine him to his Box till his Wrath is over, by
which Means I have hitherto prevented him from doing Mischief. His
Horse is likewise very vicious, for which Reason I am forced to tie
him close to his Manger with a Pack-thread. The Woman is a Coquet. She
struts as much as it is possible for a Lady of two Foot high, and
would ruin me in Silks, were not the Quantity that goes to a large
Pin-Cushion sufficient to make her a Gown and Petticoat. She told me
the other Day, that she heard the Ladies wore coloured Hoods, and
ordered me to get her one of the finest Blue. I am forced to comply
with her Demands while she is in her present Condition, being very
willing to have more of the same Breed. I do not know what she may
produce me, but provided it be a Show I shall be very well
satisfied. Such Novelties should not, I think, be concealed from the
British Spectator; for which Reason I hope you will excuse this
Presumption in
Your most Dutiful, most Obedient, and most Humble Servant, S. T.
No. 272. Friday, January 11, 1712. Steele.
[—Longa est injuria, longae Ambages
Virg.[1]]
The Occasion of this Letter is of so great Importance, and the Circumstances of it such, that I know you will but think it just to insert it, in Preference of all other Matters that can present themselves to your Consideration. I need not, after I have said this, tell you that I am in Love. The Circumstances of my Passion I shall let you understand as well as a disordered Mind will admit. That cursed Pickthank Mrs. Jane! Alas, I am railing at one to you by her Name as familiarly as if you were acquainted with her as well as my self: But I will tell you all, as fast as the alternate Interruptions of Love and Anger will give me Leave. There is a most agreeable young Woman in the World whom I am passionately in Love with, and from whom I have for some space of Time received as great Marks of Favour as were fit for her to give, or me to desire. The successful Progress of the Affair of all others the most essential towards a Man’s Happiness, gave a new Life and Spirit not only to my Behaviour and Discourse, but also a certain Grace to all my Actions in the Commerce of Life in all Things tho never so remote from Love. You know the predominant Passion spreads its self thro all a Man’s Transactions, and exalts or depresses [him [2]] according to the Nature of such Passion. But alas, I have not yet begun my Story, and what is making Sentences and Observations when a Man is pleading for his Life? To begin then: This Lady has corresponded with me under the Names of Love, she my Belinda, I her Cleanthes. Tho I am thus well got into the Account of my Affair, I cannot keep in the Thread of it so much as to give you the Character of Mrs. Jane, whom I will not hide under a borrowed Name; but let you know that this Creature has been since I knew her very handsome, (tho I will not allow her even she has been for the future) and during the Time of her Bloom and Beauty was so great a Tyrant to her Lovers, so over-valued her self and under-rated all her Pretenders, that they have deserted her to a Man; and she knows no Comfort but that common one to all in her Condition, the Pleasure of interrupting the Amours of others. It is impossible but you must have seen several of these Volunteers in Malice, who pass their whole Time in the most labourous Way of Life in getting Intelligence, running from Place to Place with new Whispers, without reaping any other Benefit but the Hopes of making others as unhappy as themselves. Mrs. Jane happened to be at a Place where I, with many others well acquainted with my Passion for Belinda,
passed a Christmas Evening. There was among the rest a young Lady so free in Mirth, so amiable in a just Reserve that accompanied it; I wrong her to call it a Reserve, but there appeared in her a Mirth or Chearfulness which was not a Forbearance of more immoderate Joy, but the natural Appearance of all which could flow from a Mind possessed of an Habit of Innocence and Purity. I must have utterly forgot Belinda to have taken no Notice of one who was growing up to the same womanly Virtues which shine to Perfection in her, had I not distinguished one who seemed to promise to the World the same Life and Conduct with my faithful and lovely Belinda. When the Company broke up, the fine young Thing permitted me to take Care of her Home. Mrs. Jane saw my particular Regard to her, and was informed of my attending her to her Fathers House. She came early to Belinda the next Morning, and asked her if Mrs. Such-a-one had been with her? No. If Mr. Such-a-ones Lady? No. Nor your Cousin Such-a-one? No. Lord, says Mrs. Jane, what is the Friendship of Woman?—Nay, they may laugh at it. And did no one tell you any thing of the Behaviour of your Lover Mr. What dye call last Night? But perhaps it is nothing to you that he is to be married to young Mrs.—on Tuesday next? Belinda was here ready to die with Rage and Jealousy. Then Mrs. Jane goes on: I have a young Kinsman who is Clerk to a Great Conveyancer, who shall shew you the rough Draught of the Marriage Settlement. The World says her Father gives him Two Thousand Pounds more than he could have with you. I went innocently to wait on Belinda as usual, but was not admitted; I writ to her, and my Letter was sent back unopened. Poor Betty her Maid, who is on my Side, has been here just now blubbering, and told me the whole Matter. She says she did not think I could be so base; and that she is now odious to her Mistress for having so often spoke well of me, that she dare not mention me more. All our Hopes are placed in having these Circumstances fairly represented in the SPECTATOR, which Betty says she dare not but bring up as soon as it is brought in; and has promised when you have broke the Ice to own this was laid between us: And when I can come to an Hearing, the young Lady will support what we say by her Testimony, that I never saw her but that once in my whole Life. Dear Sir, do not omit this true Relation, nor think it too particular; for there are Crowds of forlorn Coquets who intermingle themselves with other Ladies, and contract Familiarities out of Malice, and with no other Design but to blast the Hopes of Lovers, the Expectation of Parents, and the Benevolence of Kindred. I doubt not but I shall be, SIR, Your most obliged humble Servant, CLEANTHES.
Wills Coffee-house, Jan. 10.
SIR, The other Day entering a Room adorned with the Fair Sex, I offered, after the usual Manner, to each of them a Kiss; but one, more scornful than the rest, turned her Cheek. I did not think it proper to take any Notice of it till I had asked your Advice. Your humble Servant, E. S.
The Correspondent is desir’d to say which Cheek the Offender turned to him.
Ubi visus eris nostra medicabilis arte
Fac monitis fugias otia prima meis.
Ovid. Rem. Am.]
[Footnote 2: [it]]
From the Parish-Vestry, January 9.
All Ladies who come to Church in the New-fashioned Hoods,
are desired to be there before Divine Service begins,
lest they divert the Attention of the Congregation.
No. 273. Saturday, January 12, 1712. Addison.
Notandi sunt tibi Mores.
Having examined the Action of Paradise Lost, let us in the next place consider the Actors. [This is Aristotle’s Method of considering, first the Fable, and secondly [1]] the Manners; or, as we generally call them in English, the Fable and the Characters.
Homer has excelled all the Heroic Poets that ever wrote, in the Multitude and Variety of his Characters. Every God that is admitted into this Poem, acts a Part which would have been suitable to no other Deity. His Princes are as much distinguished by their Manners, as by their Dominions; and even those among them, whose Characters seem wholly made up of Courage, differ from one another as to the particular kinds of Courage in which they excel. In short, there is scarce a Speech or Action in the Iliad, which the Reader may not ascribe to the Person that speaks or acts, without seeing his Name at the Head of it.
Homer does not only outshine all other Poets in the Variety, but also in the Novelty of his Characters. He has introduced among his Grecian Princes a Person who had lived thrice the Age of Man, and conversed with Theseus, Hercules, Polyphemus, and the first Race of Heroes. His principal Actor is the [Son [2]] of a Goddess, not to mention the [Offspring of other Deities, who have [3]] likewise a Place in his Poem, and the venerable Trojan Prince, who was the Father of so many Kings and Heroes. There is in these several Characters of Homer, a certain Dignity as well as Novelty, which adapts them in a more peculiar manner to the Nature of an Heroic Poem. Tho at the same time, to give them the greater Variety, he has described a Vulcan, that is a Buffoon among his Gods, and a Thersites among his Mortals.
Virgil falls infinitely short of Homer in the Characters of his Poem, both as to their Variety and Novelty. AEneas is indeed a perfect Character, but as for Achates, tho he is stiled the Heros Friend, he does nothing in the whole Poem which may deserve that Title. Gyas, Mnesteus, Sergestus and Cloanthus, are all of them Men of the same Stamp and Character.
—Fortemque Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum.
There are indeed several very Natural Incidents on the Part of Ascanius; as that of Dido cannot be sufficiently admired. I do not see any thing new or particular in Turnus. Pallas and Evander are [remote] Copies of Hector and Priam, as Lausus and Mezentius are almost Parallels to Pallas and Evander. The Characters of Nisus and Eurialus are beautiful, but common. [We must not forget the Parts of Sinon, Camilla, and some few others, which are fine Improvements on the Greek Poet.] In short, there is neither that Variety nor Novelty in the Persons of the AEneid, which we meet with in those of the Iliad.
If we look into the Characters of Milton, we shall find that he has introduced all the Variety [his Fable [4]] was capable of receiving. The whole Species of Mankind was in two Persons at the Time to which the Subject of his Poem is confined. We have, however, four distinct Characters in these two Persons. We see Man and Woman in the highest Innocence and Perfection, and in the most abject State of Guilt and Infirmity. The two last Characters are, indeed, very common and obvious, but the two first are not only more magnificent, but more new [5] than any Characters either in Virgil or Homer, or indeed in the whole Circle of Nature.
Milton was so sensible of this Defect in the Subject of his Poem, and of the few Characters it would afford him, that he has brought into it two Actors of a Shadowy and Fictitious Nature, in the Persons of Sin and Death, [6] by which means he has [wrought into [7]] the Body of his Fable a very beautiful and well-invented Allegory. But notwithstanding the Fineness of this Allegory may attone for it in some measure; I cannot think that Persons of such a Chymerical Existence are proper Actors in an Epic Poem; because there is not that measure of Probability annexed to them, which is requisite in Writings of this kind, [as I shall shew more at large hereafter].
Virgil has, indeed, admitted Fame as an Actress in the AEneid, but the Part she acts is very short, and none of the most admired Circumstances in that Divine Work. We find in Mock-Heroic Poems, particularly in the Dispensary and the Lutrin [8] several Allegorical Persons of this Nature which are very beautiful in those Compositions, and may, perhaps, be used as an Argument, that the Authors of them were of Opinion, [such [9]] Characters might have a Place in an Epic Work. For my own part, I should be glad the Reader would think so, for the sake of the Poem I am now examining, and must further add, that if such empty unsubstantial Beings may be ever made use of on this Occasion, never were any more nicely imagined, and employed in more proper Actions, than those of which I am now speaking.
Another Principal Actor in this Poem is the great Enemy of Mankind. The Part of Ulysses in Homers Odyssey is very much admired by Aristotle, [10] as perplexing that Fable with very agreeable Plots and Intricacies, not only by the many Adventures in his Voyage, and the Subtility of his Behaviour, but by the various Concealments and Discoveries of his Person in several Parts of that Poem. But the Crafty Being I have now mentioned, makes a much longer Voyage than Ulysses, puts in practice many more Wiles and Stratagems, and hides himself under a greater Variety of Shapes and Appearances, all of which are severally detected, to the great Delight and Surprize of the Reader.
We may likewise observe with how much Art the Poet has varied several Characters of the Persons that speak to his infernal Assembly. On the contrary, how has he represented the whole Godhead exerting it self towards Man in its full Benevolence under the Three-fold Distinction of a Creator, a Redeemer and a Comforter!
Nor must we omit the Person of Raphael, who amidst his Tenderness and Friendship for Man, shews such a Dignity and Condescension in all his Speech and Behaviour, as are suitable to a Superior Nature. [The Angels are indeed as much diversified in Milton, and distinguished by their proper Parts, as the Gods are in Homer or Virgil. The Reader will find nothing ascribed to Uriel, Gabriel, Michael, or Raphael, which is not in a particular manner suitable to their respective Characters.]
There is another Circumstance in the principal Actors of the Iliad and AEneid, which gives a [peculiar [11]] Beauty to those two Poems, and was therefore contrived with very great Judgment. I mean the Authors having chosen for their Heroes, Persons who were so nearly related to the People for whom they wrote. Achilles was a Greek, and AEneas the remote Founder of Rome. By this means their Countrymen (whom they principally proposed to themselves for their Readers) were particularly attentive to all the Parts of their Story, and sympathized with their Heroes in all their Adventures. A Roman could not but rejoice in the Escapes, Successes and Victories of AEneas, and be grieved at any Defeats, Misfortunes or Disappointments that befel him; as a Greek_ must have had the same Regard for Achilles_. And it is plain, that each of those Poems have lost this great Advantage, among those Readers to whom their Heroes are as Strangers, or indifferent Persons.
Milton’s Poem is admirable in this respect, since it is impossible for any of its Readers, whatever Nation, Country or People he may belong to, not to be related to the Persons who are the principal Actors in it; but what is still infinitely more to its Advantage, the principal Actors in this Poem are not only our Progenitors, but our Representatives. We have an actual Interest in every thing they do, and no less than our utmost Happiness is concerned, and lies at Stake in all their Behaviour.
I shall subjoin as a Corollary to the foregoing Remark, an admirable Observation out of Aristotle, which hath been very much misrepresented in the Quotations of some Modern Criticks.
If a Man of perfect and consummate Virtue falls into a Misfortune, it raises our Pity, but not our Terror, because we do not fear that it may be our own Case, who do not resemble the Suffering Person. But as that great Philosopher adds, If we see a Man of Virtue mixt with Infirmities, fall into any Misfortune, it does not only raise our Pity but our Terror; because we are afraid that the like Misfortunes may happen to our selves, who resemble the Character of the Suffering Person.
I shall take another Opportunity to observe, that a Person of an absolute and consummate Virtue should never be introduced in Tragedy, and shall only remark in this Place, that the foregoing Observation of Aristotle [12] tho it may be true in other Occasions, does not hold in this; because in the present Case, though the Persons who fall into Misfortune are of the most perfect and consummate Virtue, it is not to be considered as what may possibly be, but what actually is our own Case; since we are embarked with them on the same Bottom, and must be Partakers of their Happiness or Misery.
In this, and some other very few Instances, Aristotle’s Rules for Epic Poetry (which he had drawn from his Reflections upon Homer) cannot be supposed to quadrate exactly with the Heroic Poems which have been made since his Time; since it is plain his Rules would [still have been [13]] more perfect, could he have perused the AEneid which was made some hundred Years after his Death.
In my next, I shall go through other Parts of Milton’s Poem; and hope that what I shall there advance, as well as what I have already written, will not only serve as a Comment upon Milton, but upon Aristotle.
[Footnote 1: [These are what Aristotle means by the Fable and &c.]]
[Footnote 2: [Offspring]]
[Footnote 3: [Son of Aurora who has]]
[Footnote 4: [that his Poem]]
[Footnote 5: It was especially for the novelty of Paradise Lost, that John Dennis had in 1704 exalted Milton above the ancients. In putting forward a prospectus of a large projected work upon the Grounds of Criticism in Poetry, he gave as a specimen of the character of his work, the substance of what would be said in the beginning of the Criticism upon Milton. Here he gave Milton supremacy on ground precisely opposite to that chosen by Addison. He described him as
one of the greatest and most daring Genius’s that has appear’d in the World, and who has made his country a glorious present of the most lofty, but most irregular Poem, that has been produc’d by the Mind of Man. That great Man had a desire to give the World something like an Epick Poem; but he resolv’d at the same time to break thro the Rules of Aristotle. Not that he was ignorant of them, or contemned them.... Milton was the first who in the space of almost 4000 years resolv’d for his Country’s Honour and his own, to present the World with an Original Poem; that is to say, a Poem that should have his own thoughts, his own images, and his own spirit. In order to this he was resolved to write a Poem, that, by virtue of its extraordinary Subject, cannot so properly be said to be against the Rules as it may be affirmed to be above them all ... We shall now shew for what Reasons the choice of Milton’s Subject, as it set him free from the obligation which he lay under to the Poetical Laws, so it necessarily threw him upon new Thoughts, new Images, and an Original Spirit. In the next place we shall shew that his Thoughts, his Images, and by consequence too, his Spirit are actually new, and different from those of Homer and Virgil. Thirdly, we shall shew, that besides their Newness, they have vastly the Advantage of Homer and Virgil.]
[Footnote 6: Paradise Lost, Book II.]
[Footnote 7: interwoven in]
[Footnote 8: Sir Samuel Garth in his Dispensary, a mock-heroic poem upon a dispute, in 1696, among doctors over the setting up of a Dispensary in a room of the College of Physicians for relief of the sick poor, houses the God of Sloth within the College, and outside, among other allegories, personifies Disease as a Fury to whom the enemies of the Dispensary offer libation. Boileau in his Lutrin a mock-heroic poem written in 1673 on a dispute between two chief personages of the chapter of a church in Paris, la Sainte Chapelle, as to the position of a pulpit, had with some minor allegory, chiefly personified Discord, and made her enter into the form of an old precentor, very much as in Garths poem the Fury Disease
Shrill Colons person took,
In morals loose, but most precise in look.]
[Footnote 9: [that such]]
[Footnote 10: Poetics II. Sec. 17; III. Sec.6.]
[Footnote 11: [particular]]
[Footnote 12: 1 Poetics II. Sec. ii. But Addison misquotes the first clause. Aristotle says that when a wholly virtuous man falls from prosperity into adversity, this is neither terrible nor piteous, but ([Greek: miaron]) shocking. Then he adds that our pity is excited by undeserved misfortune, and our terror by some resemblance between the sufferer and ourselves.]
[Footnote 13: [have been still]]
No. 274. Monday, January 14, 1712. Steele.
Audire est operae pretium, procedere recte
Qui moechis non vultis.
I have upon several Occasions (that have occurred since I first took into my Thoughts the present State of Fornication) weighed with my self, in behalf of guilty Females, the Impulses of Flesh and Blood, together with the Arts and Gallantries of crafty Men; and reflect with some Scorn that most Part of what we in our Youth think gay and polite, is nothing else but an Habit of indulging a Pruriency that Way. It will cost some Labour to bring People to so lively a Sense of this, as to recover the manly Modesty in the Behaviour of my Men Readers, and the bashful Grace in the Faces of my Women; but in all Cases which come into Debate, there are certain things previously to be done before we can have a true Light into the Subject Matter; therefore it will, in the first Place, be necessary to consider the impotent Wenchers and industrious Haggs, who are supplied with, and are constantly supplying new Sacrifices to the Devil of Lust. You are to know then, if you are so happy as not to know it already, that the great Havock which is made in the Habitations of Beauty and Innocence, is committed by such as can only lay waste and not enjoy the Soil. When you observe the present State of Vice and Virtue, the Offenders are such as one would think should have no Impulse to what they are pursuing; as in Business, you see sometimes Fools pretend to be Knaves, so in Pleasure, you will find old Men set up for Wenchers. This latter sort of Men are the great Basis and Fund of Iniquity in the Kind we are speaking of: You shall have an old rich Man often receive Scrawls from the several Quarters of the Town, with Descriptions of the new Wares in their Hands, if he will please to send Word when he will be waited on. This Interview is contrived, and the Innocent is brought to such Indecencies as from Time to Time banish Shame and raise Desire. With these Preparatives the Haggs break their Wards by little and little, till they are brought to lose all Apprehensions of what shall befall them in the Possession of younger Men. It is a common Postscript of an Hagg to a young Fellow whom she invites to a new Woman, She has, I assure you, seen none but old Mr. Such-a-one. It pleases the old Fellow that the Nymph is brought to him unadorned, and from his Bounty she is accommodated with enough to dress her for other Lovers. This is the most ordinary Method of bringing Beauty and Poverty into the Possession of the Town: But the particular Cases of kind Keepers, skilful Pimps, and all others who drive a separate Trade, and are not in the general Society or Commerce of Sin, will require distinct Consideration. At the same time that we are thus severe on the Abandoned, we are apt to represent the Case of others with that Mitigation as the Circumstances demand. Calling Names does no Good; to speak worse of any thing than it deserves, does only take off from the Credit of the Accuser,
and has implicitly the Force of an Apology in the Behalf of the Person accused. We shall therefore, according as the Circumstances differ, vary our Appellations of these Criminals: Those who offend only against themselves, and are not Scandals to Society, but out of Deference to the sober Part of the World, have so much Good left in them as to be ashamed, must not be huddled in the common Word due to the worst of Women; but Regard is to be had to their Circumstances when they fell, to the uneasy Perplexity under which they lived under senseless and severe Parents, to the Importunity of Poverty, to the Violence of a Passion in its Beginning well grounded, and all other Alleviations which make unhappy Women resign the Characteristick of their Sex, Modesty. To do otherwise than thus, would be to act like a Pedantick Stoick, who thinks all Crimes alike, and not like an impartial SPECTATOR, who looks upon them with all the Circumstances that diminish or enhance the Guilt. I am in Hopes, if this Subject be well pursued, Women will hereafter from their Infancy be treated with an Eye to their future State in the World; and not have their Tempers made too untractable from an improper Sourness or Pride, or too complying from Familiarity or Forwardness contracted at their own Houses. After these Hints on this Subject, I shall end this Paper with the following genuine Letter; and desire all who think they may be concerned in future Speculations on this Subject, to send in what they have to say for themselves for some Incidents in their Lives, in order to have proper Allowances made for their Conduct.
Mr. SPECTATOR, January 5, 1711.
The Subject of your Yesterdays Paper is of so great Importance, and the thorough handling of it may be so very useful to the Preservation of many an innocent young Creature, that I think every one is obliged to furnish you with what Lights he can, to expose the pernicious Arts and Practices of those unnatural Women called Bawds. In order to this the enclosed is sent you, which is verbatim the Copy of a Letter written by a Bawd of Figure in this Town to a noble Lord. I have concealed the Names of both, my Intention being not to expose the Persons but the Thing. I am, SIR, Your humble Servant.
My Lord, I having a great Esteem for your Honour, and a better Opinion of you than of any of the Quality, makes me acquaint you of an Affair that I hope will oblige you to know. I have a Niece that came to Town about a Fortnight ago. Her Parents being lately dead she came to me, expecting to a found me in so good a Condition as to a set her up in a Milliners Shop. Her Father gave Fourscore Pounds with her for five Years: Her Time is out, and she is not Sixteen; as pretty a black Gentlewoman as ever you saw, a little Woman, which I know your Lordship likes: well shaped, and as fine a Complection for Red and White as ever I saw; I doubt not but your Lordship
will be of the same Opinion. She designs to go down about a Month hence except I can provide for her, which I cannot at present. Her Father was one with whom all he had died with him, so there is four Children left destitute; so if your Lordship thinks fit to make an Appointment where I shall wait on you with my Niece, by a Line or two, I stay for your Answer; for I have no Place fitted up since I left my House, fit to entertain your Honour. I told her she should go with me to see a Gentleman a very good Friend of mine; so I desire you to take no Notice of my Letter by reason she is ignorant of the Ways of the Town. My Lord, I desire if you meet us to come alone; for upon my Word and Honour you are the first that ever I mentioned her to. So I remain,
Your Lordships
Most humble Servant to Command.
I beg of you to burn it when you’ve read it.
No. 275. Tuesday, January 15, 1712. Addison.
—tribus Anticyris caput insanabile—
I was Yesterday engaged in an Assembly of Virtuosos, where one of them produced many curious Observations which he had lately made in the Anatomy of an Human Body. Another of the Company communicated to us several wonderful Discoveries, which he had also made on the same Subject, by the Help of very fine Glasses. This gave Birth to a great Variety of uncommon Remarks, and furnished Discourse for the remaining Part of the Day.
The different Opinions which were started on this Occasion, presented to my Imagination so many new Ideas, that by mixing with those which were already there, they employed my Fancy all the last Night, and composed a very wild Extravagant Dream.
I was invited, methoughts, to the Dissection of a Beaus Head and of a Coquets Heart, which were both of them laid on a Table before us. An imaginary Operator opened the first with a great deal of Nicety, which, upon a cursory and superficial View, appeared like the Head of another Man; but upon applying our Glasses to it, we made a very odd Discovery, namely, that what we looked upon as Brains, were not such in reality, but an Heap of strange Materials wound up in that Shape and Texture, and packed together with wonderful Art in the several Cavities of the Skull. For, as Homer tells us, that the Blood of the Gods is not real Blood, but only something like it; so we found that the Brain of a Beau is not real Brain, but only something like it.
The Pineal Gland, which many of our Modern Philosophers suppose to be the Seat of the Soul, smelt very strong of Essence and Orange-flower Water, and was encompassed with a kind of Horny Substance, cut into a thousand little Faces or Mirrours, which were imperceptible to the naked Eye, insomuch that the Soul, if there had been any here, must have been always taken up in contemplating her own Beauties.
We observed a long Antrum or Cavity in the Sinciput, that was filled with Ribbons, Lace and Embroidery, wrought together in a most curious Piece of Network, the Parts of which were likewise imperceptible to the naked Eye. Another of these Antrums or Cavities was stuffed with invisible Billetdoux, Love-Letters, pricked Dances, and other Trumpery of the same Nature. In another we found a kind of Powder, which set the whole Company a Sneezing, and by the Scent discovered it self to be right Spanish. The several other Cells were stored with Commodities of the same kind, of which it would be tedious to give the Reader an exact Inventory.
There was a large Cavity on each side of the Head, which I must not omit. That on the right Side was filled with Fictions, Flatteries, and Falshoods, Vows, Promises, and Protestations; that on the left with Oaths and Imprecations. There issued out a Duct from each of these Cells, which ran into the Root of the Tongue, where both joined together, and passed forward in one common Duct to the Tip of it. We discovered several little Roads or Canals running from the Ear into the Brain, and took particular care to trace them out through their several Passages. One of them extended itself to a Bundle of Sonnets and little musical Instruments. Others ended in several Bladders which were filled either with Wind or Froth. But the latter Canal entered into a great Cavity of the Skull, from whence there went another Canal into the Tongue. This great Cavity was filled with a kind of Spongy Substance, which the French Anatomists call Galimatias, and the English, Nonsense.
The Skins of the Forehead were extremely tough and thick, and, what very much surprized us, had not in them any single Blood-Vessel that we were able to discover, either with or without our Glasses; from whence we concluded, that the Party when alive must have been entirely deprived of the Faculty of Blushing.
The Os Cribriforme was exceedingly stuffed, and in some Places damaged with Snuff. We could not but take notice in particular of that small Muscle which is not often discovered in Dissections, and draws the Nose upwards, when it expresses the Contempt which the Owner of it has, upon seeing any thing he does not like, or hearing any thing he does not understand. I need not tell my learned Reader, this is that Muscle which performs the Motion so often mentioned by the Latin Poets, when they talk of a Man’s cocking his Nose, or playing the Rhinoceros.
We did not find any thing very remarkable in the Eye, saving only, that the Musculi Amatorii, or, as we may translate it into English, the Ogling Muscles, were very much worn and decayed with use; whereas on the contrary, the Elevator, or the Muscle which turns the Eye towards Heaven, did not appear to have been used at all.
I have only mentioned in this Dissection such new Discoveries as we were able to make, and have not taken any notice of those Parts which are to be met with in common Heads. As for the Skull, the Face, and indeed the whole outward Shape and Figure of the Head, we could not discover any Difference from what we observe in the Heads of other Men. We were informed, that the Person to whom this Head belonged, had passed for a Man above five and thirty Years; during which time he Eat and Drank like other People, dressed well, talked loud, laught frequently, and on particular Occasions had acquitted himself tolerably at a Ball or an Assembly; to which one of the Company added, that a certain Knot of Ladies took him for a Wit. He was cut off in the Flower of his Age by the Blow of a Paring-Shovel, having been surprized by an eminent Citizen, as he was tendring some Civilities to his Wife.
When we had thoroughly examined this Head with all its Apartments, and its several kinds of Furniture, we put up the Brain, such as it was, into its proper Place, and laid it aside under a broad Piece of Scarlet Cloth, in order to be prepared, and kept in a great Repository of Dissections; our Operator telling us that the Preparation would not be so difficult as that of another Brain, for that he had observed several of the little Pipes and Tubes which ran through the Brain were already filled with a kind of Mercurial Substance, which he looked upon to be true Quick-Silver.
He applied himself in the next Place to the Coquets Heart, which he likewise laid open with great Dexterity. There occurred to us many Particularities in this Dissection; but being unwilling to burden my Readers Memory too much, I shall reserve this Subject for the Speculation of another Day.
No. 276. Wednesday, January 16, 1712. Steele.
Errori nomen virtus posuisset honestum.
I hope you have Philosophy enough to be capable of bearing the Mention of your Faults. Your Papers which regard the fallen Part of the Fair Sex, are, I think, written with an Indelicacy, which makes them unworthy to be inserted in the Writings of a Moralist who knows the World. I cannot allow that you are at Liberty to observe upon the Actions of Mankind with the Freedom which you seem to resolve upon; at least if you do, you should take along with you the Distinction of Manners of the World, according to the Quality and Way of Life of the Persons concerned. A Man of Breeding speaks of even Misfortune among Ladies without giving it the most terrible Aspect it can bear: And this Tenderness towards them, is much more to be preserved when you speak of Vices. All Mankind are so far related, that Care is to be taken, in things to which all are liable, you do not mention
what concerns one in Terms which shall disgust another. Thus to tell a rich Man of the Indigence of a Kinsman of his, or abruptly inform a virtuous Woman of the Lapse of one who till then was in the same degree of Esteem with her self, is in a kind involving each of them in some Participation of those Disadvantages. It is therefore expected from every Writer, to treat his Argument in such a Manner, as is most proper to entertain the sort of Readers to whom his Discourse is directed. It is not necessary when you write to the Tea-table, that you should draw Vices which carry all the Horror of Shame and Contempt: If you paint an impertinent Self-love, an artful Glance, an assumed Complection, you say all which you ought to suppose they can possibly be guilty of. When you talk with this Limitation, you behave your self so as that you may expect others in Conversation may second your Raillery; but when you do it in a Stile which every body else forbears in Respect to their Quality, they have an easy Remedy in forbearing to read you, and hearing no more of their Faults. A Man that is now and then guilty of an Intemperance is not to be called a Drunkard; but the Rule of polite Raillery, is to speak of a Man’s Faults as if you loved him. Of this Nature is what was said by Caesar: When one was railing with an uncourtly Vehemence, and broke out, What must we call him who was taken in an Intrigue with another Man’s Wife? Caesar answered very gravely, A careless Fellow. This was at once a Reprimand for speaking of a Crime which in those Days had not the Abhorrence attending it as it ought, as well as an Intimation that all intemperate Behaviour before Superiors loses its Aim, by accusing in a Method unfit for the Audience. A Word to the Wise. All I mean here to say to you is, That the most free Person of Quality can go no further than being [a kind [1]] Woman; and you should never say of a Man of Figure worse, than that he knows the World.
Francis Courtly.
Mr. SPECTATOR, I am a Woman of an unspotted Reputation, and know nothing I have ever done which should encourage such Insolence; but here was one the other Day, and he was dressed like a Gentleman too, who took the Liberty to name the Words Lusty Fellow in my Presence. I doubt not but you will resent it in Behalf of,
CELIA.
Mr. SPECTATOR, You lately put out a dreadful Paper, wherein you promise a full Account of the State of criminal Love; and call all the Fair who have transgressed in that Kind by one very rude Name which I do not care to repeat: But 1 desire to know of you whether I am or I am not of those? My Case is as follows. I am kept by an old Batchelour, who took me so young, that I knew not how he came by me: He is a Bencher of one of the Inns of Court, a very gay healthy old Man; which is a lucky thing for him, who has been, he tells me, a Scowrer,
a Scamperer, a Breaker of Windows, an Invader of Constables, in the Days of Yore when all Dominion ended with the Day, and Males and Females met helter skelter, and the Scowrers drove before them all who pretended to keep up Order or Rule to the Interruption of Love and Honour. This is his way of Talk, for he is very gay when he visits me; but as his former Knowledge of the Town has alarmed him into an invincible Jealousy, he keeps me in a pair of Slippers, neat Bodice, warm Petticoats, and my own Hair woven in Ringlets, after a Manner, he says, he remembers. I am not Mistress of one Farthing of Money, but have all Necessaries provided for me, under the Guard of one who procured for him while he had any Desires to gratify. I know nothing of a Wench’s Life, but the Reputation of it: I have a natural Voice, and a pretty untaught Step in Dancing. His Manner is to bring an old Fellow who has been his Servant from his Youth, and is gray-headed: This Man makes on the Violin a certain Jiggish Noise to which I dance, and when that is over I sing to him some loose Air, that has more Wantonness than Musick in it. You must have seen a strange window’d House near Hide-Park, which is so built that no one can look out of any of the Apartments; my Rooms are after that manner, and I never see Man, Woman, or Child, but in Company with the two Persons above-mentioned. He sends me in all the Books, Pamphlets, Plays, Operas and Songs that come out; and his utmost Delight in me as a Woman, is to talk over old Amours in my Presence, to play with my Neck, say the Time was, give me a Kiss, and bid me be sure to follow the Directions of my Guardian (the above-mentioned Lady) and I shall never want. The Truth of my Case is, I suppose, that I was educated for a Purpose he did not know he should be unfit for when I came to Years. Now, Sir, what I ask of you, as a Casuist, is to tell me how far in these Circumstances I am innocent, though submissive; he guilty, though impotent? I am, SIR, Your constant Reader, PUCELLA.
To the Man called the SPECTATOR.
Friend, Forasmuch as at the Birth of thy Labour, thou didst promise upon thy Word, that letting alone the Vanities that do abound, thou wouldst only endeavour to strengthen the crooked Morals of this our Babylon, I gave Credit to thy fair Speeches, and admitted one of thy Papers, every Day save Sunday, into my House; for the Edification of my Daughter Tabitha, and to the end that Susannah the Wife of my Bosom might profit thereby. But alas, my Friend, I find that thou art a Liar, and that the Truth is not in thee; else why didst thou in a Paper which thou didst lately put forth, make mention of those vain Coverings for the Heads of our Females, which thou lovest to liken unto Tulips, and which are lately sprung up amongst us? Nay why didst thou make mention of them in such a seeming, as if thou didst approve the Invention, insomuch that my Daughter Tabitha
beginneth to wax wanton, and to lust after these foolish Vanities? Surely thou dost see with the Eyes of the Flesh. Verily therefore, unless thou dost speedily amend and leave off following thine own Imaginations, I will leave off thee.
Thy Friend as hereafter thou dost demean thyself,
Hezekiah Broadbrim.
[Footnote 1: [an unkind]]
No. 277. Thursday, January 17, 1712. Budgell.
—fas est et ab hoste doceri.
I presume I need not inform the Polite Part of my Readers, that before our Correspondence with France was unhappily interrupted by the War, our Ladies had all their Fashions from thence; which the Milliners took care to furnish them with by means of a Jointed Baby, that came regularly over, once a Month, habited after the manner of the most Eminent Toasts in Paris.
I am credibly informed, that even in the hottest time of the War, the Sex made several Efforts, and raised large Contributions towards the Importation of this Wooden Madamoiselle.
Whether the Vessel they set out was lost or taken, or whether its Cargo was seized on by the Officers of the Custom-house, as a piece of Contraband Goods, I have not yet been able to learn; it is, however, certain their first Attempts were without Success, to the no small Disappointment of our whole Female World; but as their Constancy and Application, in a matter of so great Importance, can never be sufficiently commended, I am glad to find that in Spight of all Opposition, they have at length carried their Point, of which I received Advice by the two following Letters.
Mr. SPECTATOR, I am so great a Lover of whatever is French, that I lately discarded an humble Admirer, because he neither spoke that Tongue, nor drank Claret. I have long bewailed, in secret, the Calamities of my Sex during the War, in all which time we have laboured under the insupportable Inventions of English Tire-Women, who, tho they sometimes copy indifferently well, can never compose with that Gout they do in France.
I was almost in Despair of ever more seeing a Model from that dear Country, when last Sunday I over-heard a Lady, in the next Pew to me, whisper another, that at the Seven Stars in King-street Covent-garden, there was a Madamoiselle compleatly dressed just come from Paris.
I was in the utmost Impatience during the remaining part of the Service, and as soon as ever it was over, having learnt the Millener’s Addresse, I went directly to her House in King-street, but was told that the French Lady was at a Person of Quality’s in Pall-mall, and would not be back again till very late that Night.
I was therefore obliged to renew my Visit very early this Morning, and had then a full View of the dear Moppet from Head to Foot.
You cannot imagine, worthy Sir, how ridiculously I find we have all
been trussed up during the War, and how infinitely the French Dress
excels ours.
The Mantua has no Leads in the Sleeves, and I hope we are not lighter than the French Ladies, so as to want that kind of Ballast; the Petticoat has no Whale-bone; but fits with an Air altogether galant and degage: the Coiffeure is inexpressibly pretty, and in short, the whole Dress has a thousand Beauties in it, which I would not have as yet made too publick.
I thought fit, however, to give this Notice, that you may not be surprized at my appearing a la mode de Paris on the next Birth-Night. I am, SIR, Your humble Servant, Teraminta.
Within an Hour after I had read this Letter, I received another from the Owner of the Puppet.
SIR, On Saturday last, being the 12th Instant, there arrived at my House in King-street, Covent-Garden, a French Baby for the Year 1712. I have taken the utmost Care to have her dressed by the most celebrated Tyre-women and Mantua-makers in Paris, and do not find that I have any Reason to be sorry for the Expence I have been at in her Cloaths and Importation: However, as I know no Person who is so good a Judge of Dress as your self, if you please to call at my House in your Way to the City, and take a View of her, I promise to amend whatever you shall disapprove in your next Paper, before I exhibit her as a Pattern to the Publick. I am, SIR, Your most humble Admirer, and most obedient Servant, Betty Cross-stitch.
As I am willing to do any thing in reason for the Service of my Country-women, and had much rather prevent Faults than find them, I went last Night to the House of the above-mentioned Mrs. Cross-stitch. As soon as I enter’d, the Maid of the Shop, who, I suppose, was prepared for my coming, without asking me any Questions, introduced me to the little Damsel, and ran away to call her Mistress.
The Puppet was dressed in a Cherry-coloured Gown and Petticoat, with a short working Apron over it, which discovered her Shape to the most Advantage. Her Hair was cut and divided very prettily, with several Ribbons stuck up and down in it. The Millener assured me, that her Complexion was such as was worn by all the Ladies of the best Fashion in Paris. Her Head was extreamly high, on which Subject having long since declared my Sentiments, I shall say nothing more to it at present. I was also offended at a small Patch she wore on her Breast, which I cannot suppose is placed there with any good Design.
Her Necklace was of an immoderate Length, being tied before in such a manner that the two Ends hung down to her Girdle; but whether these supply the Place of Kissing-Strings in our Enemy’s Country, and whether our British Ladies have any occasion for them, I shall leave to their serious Consideration.
After having observed the Particulars of her Dress, as I was taking a view of it altogether, the Shop-maid, who is a pert Wench, told me that Mademoiselle had something very Curious in the tying of her Garters; but as I pay a due Respect even to a pair of Sticks when they are in Petticoats, I did not examine into that Particular.
Upon the whole I was well enough pleased with the Appearance of this gay Lady, and the more so because she was not Talkative, a Quality very rarely to be met with in the rest of her Countrywomen.
As I was taking my leave, the Millener farther informed me, that with the Assistance of a Watchmaker, who was her Neighbour, and the ingenious Mr. Powell, she had also contrived another Puppet, which by the help of several little Springs to be wound up within it, could move all its Limbs, and that she had sent it over to her Correspondent in Paris to be taught the various Leanings and Bendings of the Head, the Risings of the Bosom, the Curtesy and Recovery, the genteel Trip, and the agreeable Jet, as they are now practised in the Court of France.
She added that she hoped she might depend upon having my Encouragement as soon as it arrived; but as this was a Petition of too great Importance to be answered extempore, I left her without a Reply, and made the best of my way to WILL. HONEYCOMBS Lodgings, without whose Advice I never communicate any thing to the Publick of this Nature.
Sermones ego mallem
Repentes per humum.
Your having done considerable Service in this great City, by rectifying the Disorders of Families, and several Wives having preferred your Advice and Directions to those of their Husbands, emboldens me to apply to you at this Time. I am a Shop-keeper, and tho but a young Man, I find by Experience that nothing but the utmost Diligence both of Husband and Wife (among trading People) can keep Affairs in any tolerable Order. My Wife at the Beginning of our Establishment shewed her self very assisting to me in my Business as much as could lie in her Way, and I have Reason to believe twas with her Inclination; but of late she has got acquainted with a Schoolman, who values himself for his great Knowledge in the Greek Tongue. He entertains her frequently in the Shop with Discourses of the Beauties and Excellencies of that Language; and repeats to her several Passages out of the Greek Poets, wherein he tells her there is unspeakable Harmony and agreeable Sounds that all other Languages are wholly unacquainted with. He has so infatuated her with his Jargon, that instead of using her former Diligence in the Shop, she now neglects the Affairs
of the House, and is wholly taken up with her Tutor in learning by Heart Scraps of Greek, which she vents upon all Occasions. She told me some Days ago, that whereas I use some Latin Inscriptions in my Shop, she advised me with a great deal of Concern to have them changed into Greek; it being a Language less understood, would be more conformable to the Mystery of my Profession; that our good Friend would be assisting to us in this Work; and that a certain Faculty of Gentlemen would find themselves so much obliged to me, that they would infallibly make my Fortune: In short her frequent Importunities upon this and other Impertinences of the like Nature make me very uneasy; and if your Remonstrances have no more Effect upon her than mine, I am afraid I shall be obliged to ruin my self to procure her a Settlement at Oxford with her Tutor, for she’s already too mad for Bedlam. Now, Sir, you see the Danger my Family is exposed to, and the Likelihood of my Wife’s becoming both troublesome and useless, unless her reading her self in your Paper may make her reflect. She is so very learned that I cannot pretend by Word of Mouth to argue with her. She laughed out at your ending a Paper in Greek, and said twas a Hint to Women of Literature, and very civil not to translate it to expose them to the Vulgar. You see how it is with,
Your humble Servant.
Mr. SPECTATOR, If you have that Humanity and Compassion in your Nature that you take such Pains to make one think you have, you will not deny your Advice to a distressed Damsel, who intends to be determined by your Judgment in a Matter of great Importance to her. You must know then, There is an agreeable young Fellow, to whose Person, Wit, and Humour no body makes any Objection, that pretends to have been long in Love with me. To this I must add, (whether it proceeds from the Vanity of my Nature, or the seeming Sincerity of my Lover, I wont pretend to say) that I verily believe he has a real Value for me; which if true, you’ll allow may justly augment his Merit for his Mistress. In short, I am so sensible of his good Qualities, and what I owe to his Passion, that I think I could sooner resolve to give up my Liberty to him than any body else, were there not an Objection to be made to his Fortunes, in regard they don’t answer the utmost mine may expect, and are not sufficient to secure me from undergoing the reproachful Phrase so commonly used, That she has played the Fool. Now, tho I am one of those few who heartily despise Equipage, Diamonds, and a Coxcomb, yet since such opposite Notions from mine prevail in the World, even amongst the best, and such as are esteemed the most prudent People, I cant find in my Heart to resolve upon incurring the Censure of those wise Folks, which I am conscious I shall do, if when I enter into a married State, I discover a Thought beyond that of equalling, if not advancing
my Fortunes. Under this Difficulty I now labour, not being in the least determined whether I shall be governed by the vain World, and the frequent Examples I meet with, or hearken to the Voice of my Lover, and the Motions I find in my Heart in favour of him. Sir, Your Opinion and Advice in this Affair, is the only thing I know can turn the Ballance; and which I earnestly intreat I may receive soon; for till I have your Thoughts upon it, I am engaged not to give my Swain a final Discharge.
Besides the particular Obligation you will lay on me, by giving this Subject Room in one of your Papers, tis possible it may be of use to some others of my Sex, who will be as grateful for the Favour as, SIR, Your Humble Servant, Florinda.
P. S. To tell you the Truth I am Married to Him already, but pray say
something to justify me.
Mr. SPECTATOR, You will forgive Us Professors of Musick if We make a second Application to You, in order to promote our Design of exhibiting Entertainments of Musick in York-Buildings. It is industriously insinuated that Our Intention is to destroy Operas in General, but we beg of you to insert this plain Explanation of our selves in your Paper. Our Purpose is only to improve our Circumstances, by improving the Art which we profess. We see it utterly destroyed at present; and as we were the Persons who introduced Operas, we think it a groundless Imputation that we should set up against the Opera in it self. What we pretend to assert is, That the Songs of different Authors injudiciously put together, and a Foreign Tone and Manner which are expected in every thing now performed among us, has put Musick it self to a stand; insomuch that the Ears of the People cannot now be entertained with any thing but what has an impertinent Gayety, without any just Spirit, or a Languishment of Notes, without any Passion or common Sense. We hope those Persons of Sense and Quality who have done us the Honour to subscribe, will not be ashamed of their Patronage towards us, and not receive Impressions that patronising us is being for or against the Opera, but truly promoting their own Diversions in a more just and elegant Manner than has been hitherto performed. We are, SIR, Your most humble Servants, Thomas Clayton. Nicolino Haym. Charles Dieupart. [1]
There will be no Performances in York-buildings till after that of the Subscription.
Reddere personae scit convenientia cuique.
We have already taken a general Survey of the Fable and Characters in Milton’s Paradise Lost. The Parts which remain to be considered, according to Aristotle’s Method, are the Sentiments and the Language. [1]
Before I enter upon the first of these, I must advertise my Reader, that it is my Design as soon as I have finished my general Reflections on these four several Heads, to give particular Instances out of the Poem which is now before us of Beauties and Imperfections which may be observed under each of them, as also of such other Particulars as may not properly fall under any of them. This I thought fit to premise, that the Reader may not judge too hastily of this Piece of Criticism, or look upon it as Imperfect, before he has seen the whole Extent of it.
The Sentiments in an Epic Poem are the Thoughts and Behaviour which the Author ascribes to the Persons whom he introduces, and are just when they are conformable to the Characters of the several Persons. The Sentiments have likewise a relation to Things as well as Persons, and are then perfect when they are such as are adapted to the Subject. If in either of these Cases the Poet [endeavours to argue or explain, to magnify or diminish, to raise] [2] Love or Hatred, Pity or Terror, or any other Passion, we ought to consider whether the Sentiments he makes use of are proper for [those [3]] Ends. Homer is censured by the Criticks for his Defect as to this Particular in several parts of the Iliad and Odyssey, tho at the same time those, who have treated this great Poet with Candour, have attributed this Defect to the Times in which he lived. [4] It was the Fault of the Age, and not of Homer, if there wants that Delicacy in some of his Sentiments which now appears in the Works of Men of a much inferior Genius. Besides, if there are Blemishes in any particular Thoughts, there is an infinite Beauty in the greatest Part of them. In short, if there are many Poets who would not have fallen into the Meanness of some of his Sentiments, there are none who could have risen up to the Greatness of others. Virgil has excelled all others in the Propriety of his Sentiments. Milton shines likewise very much in this Particular: Nor must we omit one Consideration which adds to his Honour and Reputation. Homer and Virgil introduced Persons whose Characters are commonly known among Men, and such as are to be met with either in History, or in ordinary Conversation. Milton’s Characters, most of them, lie out of Nature, and were to be formed purely by his own Invention. It shews a greater Genius in Shakespear to have drawn his Calyban, than his Hotspur or Julius Caesar: The one was to be supplied out of his own Imagination, whereas the other might have been formed upon Tradition, History and Observation. It was much easier therefore for Homer to find proper Sentiments for an Assembly of Grecian Generals, than for Milton to diversify his infernal Council with proper Characters, and inspire them with a Variety of Sentiments. The Lovers of Dido and AEneas are only Copies of what has passed between other Persons. Adam and Eve, before the Fall, are a different Species from that of Mankind, who are descended from them; and none but a Poet of the most unbounded Invention, and the most exquisite Judgment, could have filled their Conversation and Behaviour with [so many apt [5]] Circumstances during their State of Innocence.
Nor is it sufficient for an Epic Poem to be filled with such Thoughts as are Natural, unless it abound also with such as are Sublime. Virgil in this Particular falls short of Homer. He has not indeed so many Thoughts that are Low and Vulgar; but at the same time has not so many Thoughts that are Sublime and Noble. The Truth of it is, Virgil seldom rises into very astonishing Sentiments, where he is not fired by the Iliad. He every where charms and pleases us by the Force of his own Genius; but seldom elevates and transports us where he does not fetch his Hints from Homer.
Milton’s chief Talent, and indeed his distinguishing Excellence, lies in the Sublimity of his Thoughts. There are others of the Moderns who rival him in every other part of Poetry; but in the Greatness of his Sentiments he triumphs over all the Poets both Modern and Ancient, Homer only excepted. It is impossible for the Imagination of Man to distend itself with greater Ideas, than those which he has laid together in his first, [second,] and sixth Book[s]. The seventh, which describes the Creation of the World, is likewise wonderfully Sublime, tho not so apt to stir up Emotion in the Mind of the Reader, nor consequently so perfect in the Epic Way of Writing, because it is filled with less Action. Let the judicious Reader compare what Longinus has observed [6] on several Passages in Homer, and he will find Parallels for most of them in the Paradise Lost.
From what has been said we may infer, that as there are two kinds of Sentiments, the Natural and the Sublime, which are always to be pursued in an Heroic Poem, there are also two kinds of Thoughts which are carefully to be avoided. The first are such as are affected and unnatural; the second such as are mean and vulgar. As for the first kind of Thoughts, we meet with little or nothing that is like them in Virgil: He has none of those [trifling [7]] Points and Puerilities that are so often to be met with in Ovid, none of the Epigrammatick Turns of Lucan, none of those swelling Sentiments which are so frequent in Statins and Claudian, none of those mixed Embellishments of Tasso. Every thing is just and natural. His Sentiments shew that he had a perfect Insight into human Nature, and that he knew every thing which was the most proper to [affect it [8]].
Mr. Dryden has in some Places, which I may hereafter take notice of, misrepresented Virgil’s way of thinking as to this Particular, in the Translation he has given us of the AEneid. I do not remember that Homer any where falls into the Faults above-mentioned, which were indeed the false Refinements of later Ages. Milton, it must be confest, has sometimes erred in this Respect, as I shall shew more at large in another Paper; tho considering how all the Poets of the Age in which he writ were infected with this wrong way of thinking, he is rather to be admired that he did not give more into it, than that he did sometimes comply with the vicious Taste which still prevails so much among Modern Writers.
But since several Thoughts may be natural which are low and groveling, an Epic Poet should not only avoid such Sentiments as are unnatural or affected, but also such as are [mean [9]] and vulgar. Homer has opened a great Field of Raillery to Men of more Delicacy than Greatness of Genius, by the Homeliness of some of his Sentiments. But, as I have before said, these are rather to be imputed to the Simplicity of the Age in which he lived, to which I may also add, of that which he described, than to any Imperfection in that Divine Poet. Zoilus [10] among the Ancients, and Monsieur Perrault, [11] among the Moderns, pushed their Ridicule very far upon him, on account of some such Sentiments. There is no Blemish to be observed in Virgil under this Head, and but [a] very few in Milton.
I shall give but one Instance of this Impropriety of [Thought [12]] in Homer, and at the same time compare it with an Instance of the same Nature, both in Virgil and Milton. Sentiments which raise Laughter, can very seldom be admitted with any Decency into an Heroic Poem, whose Business it is to excite Passions of a much nobler Nature. Homer, however, in his Characters of Vulcan [13] and Thersites [14], in his Story of Mars and Venus, [15] in his Behaviour of Irus [16] and in other Passages, has been observed to have lapsed into the Burlesque Character, and to have departed from that serious Air which seems essential to the Magnificence of an Epic Poem. I remember but one Laugh in the whole AEneid, which rises in the fifth Book, upon Monaetes, where he is represented as thrown overboard, and drying himself upon a Rock. But this Piece. of Mirth is so well timed, that the severest Critick can have nothing to say against it; for it is in the Book of Games and Diversions, where the Readers Mind may be supposed to be sufficiently relaxed for such an Entertainment. The only Piece of Pleasantry in Paradise Lost, is where the Evil Spirits are described as rallying the Angels upon the Success of their new invented Artillery. This Passage I look upon to be the most exceptionable in the whole Poem, as being nothing else but a String of Punns, and those too very indifferent ones.
—Satan beheld their Plight,
And to his Mates thus in Derision call’d.
O Friends, why come not on those Victors proud?
Ere-while they fierce were coming, and when we,
To entertain them fair with open Front,
And Breast, (what could we more?) propounded terms
Of Composition, straight they chang’d their Minds,
Flew off, and into strange Vagaries fell
As they would dance: yet for a Dance they seem’d
Somewhat extravagant, and wild; perhaps
For Joy of offer’d Peace; but I suppose
If our Proposals once again were heard,
We should compel them to a quick Result.
To whom thus Belial in like gamesome Mood: Leader, the Terms we sent were Terms of Weight, Of hard Contents, and full of force urg’d home; Such as we might perceive amus’d them all, And stumbled many: who receives them right, Had need, from Head to Foot, will understand; Not understood, this Gift they have besides, They shew us when our Foes walk not upright.
Thus they among themselves in pleasant vein
Stood scoffing [17]——
[Footnote 1: It is in Part II. of the Poetics, when treating of Tragedy, that Aristotle lays down his main principles. Here after treating of the Fable and the Manners, he proceeds to the Diction and the Sentiments. By Fable, he says (Sec. 2),
I mean the contexture of incidents, or the Plot. By Manners, I mean, whatever marks the Character of the Persons. By Sentiments, whatever they say, whether proving any thing, or delivering a general sentiment, &c.
In dividing Sentiments from Diction, he says (Sec.22): The Sentiments include whatever is the Object of speech, Diction (Sec. 23-25) the words themselves. Concerning Sentiment, he refers his reader to the rhetoricians.]
[Footnote 2: [argues or explains, magnifies or diminishes, raises]]
[Footnote 3: [these]]
[Footnote 4: Rene le Bossu says in his treatise on the Epic, published in 1675, Bk, vi. ch. 3:
What is base and ignoble at one time and in one country, is not always so in others. We are apt to smile at Homers comparing Ajax to an Ass in his Iliad. Such a comparison now-a-days would be indecent and ridiculous; because it would be indecent and ridiculous for a person of quality to ride upon such a steed. But heretofore this Animal was in better repute: Kings and princes did not disdain the best so much as mere tradesman do in our time. Tis just the same with many other smiles which in Homers time were allowable. We should now pity a Poet that should be so silly and ridiculous as to compare a Hero to a piece of Fat. Yet Homer does it in a comparison he makes of Ulysses... The reason is that in these Primitive Times, wherein the Sacrifices ... were living creatures, the Blood and the Fat were the most noble, the most august, and the most holy things.]
[Footnote 5: [such Beautiful]]
[Footnote 6: Longimus on the Sublime, I. Sec. 9. of Discord, Homer says (Popes tr.):
While scarce the skies her horrid head can bound,
She stalks on earth.
(Iliad iv.)
Of horses of the gods:
Far as a shepherd from some spot on high
O’er the wide main extends his boundless eye,
Through such a space of air, with thundring sound,
At one long leap th’ immortal coursers bound.
(Iliad v.)
Longinus quotes also from the Iliad xix., the combat of the Gods, the description of Neptune, Iliad xi., and the Prayer of Ajax, Iliad xvii.]
[Footnote 7: [little]]
[Footnote 8: [affect it. I remember but one line in him which has been objected against, by the Criticks, as a point of Wit. It is in his ninth Book, where Juno, speaking of the Trojans, how they survived the Ruins of their City, expresses her self in the following words;
Num copti potuere copi, num incense cremorunt Pergama?
Were the Trojans taken even after they were Captives, or did Troy burn even when it was in Flames?]
[Footnote 9: [low]]
[Footnote 10: Zoilus, who lived about 270 B. C., in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, made himself famous for attacks upon Homer and on Plato and Isocrates, taking pride in the title of Homeromastix. Circes men turned into swine Zoilus ridiculed as weeping porkers. When he asked sustenance of Ptolemy he was told that Homer sustained many thousands, and as he claimed to be a better man than Homer, he ought to be able to sustain himself. The tradition is that he was at last crucified, stoned, or burnt for his heresy.]
[Footnote 11: Charles Perrault, brother of Claude Perrault the architect and ex-physician, was himself Controller of Public Buildings under Colbert, and after his retirement from that office, published in 1690 his Parallel between the Ancients and Moderns, taking the side of the moderns in the controversy, and dealing sometimes disrespectfully with Homer. Boileau replied to him in Critical Reflections on Longinus.]
[Footnote 12: [Sentiments]]
[Footnote 13: Iliad, Bk. i., near the close.]
[Footnote 14: Iliad, Bk. ii.]
[Footnote 15: Bk. v., at close.]
[Footnote 16: Odyssey, Bk. xviii]
[Footnote 17: Paradise Lost, Bk. vi. 1. 609, &c. Milton meant that the devils should be shown as scoffers, and their scoffs as mean.]
Principibus Placuisse viris non ultima I laus est.
The Desire of Pleasing makes a Man agreeable or unwelcome to those with whom he converses, according to the Motive from which that Inclination appears to flow. If your Concern for pleasing others arises from innate Benevolence, it never fails of Success; if from a Vanity to excel, its Disappointment is no less certain. What we call an agreeable Man, is he who is endowed with [the [1]] natural Bent to do acceptable things from a Delight he takes in them meerly as such; and the Affectation of that Character is what constitutes a Fop. Under these Leaders one may draw up all those who make any Manner of Figure, except in dumb Show. A rational and select Conversation is composed of Persons, who have the Talent of Pleasing with Delicacy
of Sentiments flowing from habitual Chastity of Thought; but mixed Company is frequently made up of Pretenders to Mirth, and is usually pestered with constrained, obscene, and painful Witticisms. Now and then you meet with a Man so exactly formed for Pleasing, that it is no matter what he is doing or saying, that is to say, that there need no Manner of Importance in it, to make him gain upon every Body who hears or beholds him. This Felicity is not the Gift of Nature only, but must be attended with happy Circumstances, which add a Dignity to the familiar Behaviour which distinguishes him whom we call an agreeable Man. It is from this that every Body loves and esteems Polycarpus. He is in the Vigour of his Age and the Gayety of Life, but has passed through very conspicuous Scenes in it; though no Soldier, he has shared the Danger, and acted with great Gallantry and Generosity on a decisive Day of Battle. To have those Qualities which only make other Men conspicuous in the World as it were supernumerary to him, is a Circumstance which gives Weight to his most indifferent Actions; for as a known Credit is ready Cash to a Trader, so is acknowledged Merit immediate Distinction, and serves in the Place of Equipage to a Gentleman. This renders Polycarpus graceful in Mirth, important in Business, and regarded with Love in every ordinary Occurrence. But not to dwell upon Characters which have such particular Recommendations to our Hearts, let us turn our Thoughts rather to the Methods of Pleasing which must carry Men through the World who cannot pretend to such Advantages. Falling in with the particular Humour or Manner of one above you, abstracted from the general Rules of good Behaviour, is the Life of a Slave. A Parasite differs in nothing from the meanest Servant, but that the Footman hires himself for bodily Labour, subjected to go and come at the Will of his Master, but the other gives up his very Soul: He is prostituted to speak, and professes to think after the Mode of him whom he courts. This Servitude to a Patron, in an honest Nature, would be more grievous than that of wearing his Livery; therefore we will speak of those Methods only which are worthy and ingenuous.
The happy Talent of Pleasing either those above you or below you, seems to be wholly owing to the Opinion they have of your Sincerity. This Quality is to attend the agreeable Man in all the Actions of his Life; and I think there need no more be said in Honour of it, than that it is what forces the Approbation even of your Opponents. The guilty Man has an Honour for the Judge who with Justice pronounces against him the Sentence of Death it self. The Author of the Sentence at the Head of this Paper, was an excellent Judge of human Life, and passed his own in Company the most agreeable that ever was in the World. Augustus lived amongst his Friends as if he had his Fortune to make in his own Court: Candour and Affability, accompanied with as much Power as ever
Mortal was vested with, were what made him in the utmost Manner agreeable among a Set of admirable Men, who had Thoughts too high for Ambition, and Views too large to be gratified by what he could give them in the Disposal of an Empire, without the Pleasures of their mutual Conversation. A certain Unanimity of Taste and Judgment, which is natural to all of the same Order in the Species, was the Band of this Society; and the Emperor assumed no Figure in it but what he thought was his Due from his private Talents and Qualifications, as they contributed to advance the Pleasures and Sentiments of the Company.
Cunning People, Hypocrites, all who are but half virtuous, or half wise, are incapable of tasting the refined Pleasure of such an equal Company as could wholly exclude the Regard of Fortune in their Conversations. Horace, in the Discourse from whence I take the Hint of the present Speculation, lays down excellent Rules for Conduct in Conversation with Men of Power; but he speaks it with an Air of one who had no Need of such an Application for any thing which related to himself. It shews he understood what it was to be a skilful Courtier, by just Admonitions against Importunity, and shewing how forcible it was to speak Modestly of your own Wants. There is indeed something so shameless in taking all Opportunities to speak of your own Affairs, that he who is guilty of it towards him upon whom he depends, fares like the Beggar who exposes his Sores, which instead of moving Compassion makes the Man he begs of turn away from the Object.
I cannot tell what is become of him, but I remember about sixteen Years ago an honest Fellow, who so justly understood how disagreeable the Mention or Appearance of his Wants would make him, that I have often reflected upon him as a Counterpart of Irus, whom I have formerly mentioned. This Man, whom I have missed for some Years in my Walks, and have heard was someway employed about the Army, made it a Maxim, That good Wigs, delicate Linen, and a chearful Air, were to a poor Dependent the same that working Tools are to a poor Artificer. It was no small Entertainment to me, who knew his Circumstances, to see him, who had fasted two Days, attribute the Thinness they told him of to the Violence of some Gallantries he had lately been guilty of. The skilful Dissembler carried this on with the utmost Address; and if any suspected his Affairs were narrow, it was attributed to indulging himself in some fashionable Vice rather than an irreproachable Poverty, which saved his Credit with those on whom he depended.
The main Art is to be as little troublesome as you can, and make all you hope for come rather as a Favour from your Patron than Claim from you. But I am here prating of what is the Method of Pleasing so as to succeed in the World, when there are Crowds who have, in City, Town, Court, and Country, arrived at considerable Acquisitions, and yet seem incapable of acting in any constant Tenour of Life, but have gone on from one successful Error to another: Therefore I think I may shorten this Enquiry after the Method of Pleasing; and as the old Beau said to his Son, once for all, Pray, Jack, be a fine Gentleman, so may I, to my Reader, abridge my Instructions, and finish the Art of Pleasing in a Word, Be rich.
Pectoribus inhians spirantia consulit exta.
Having already given an Account of the Dissection of a Beaus Head, with the several Discoveries made on that Occasion; I shall here, according to my Promise, enter upon the Dissection of a Coquets Heart, and communicate to the Public such Particularities as we observed in that curious Piece of Anatomy.
I should perhaps have waved this Undertaking, had not I been put in mind of my Promise by several of my unknown Correspondents, who are very importunate with me to make an Example of the Coquet, as I have already done of the Beau. It is therefore in Compliance with the Request of Friends, that I have looked over the Minutes of my former Dream, in order to give the Publick an exact Relation to it, which I shall enter upon without further Preface.
Our Operator, before he engaged in this Visionary Dissection, told us, that there was nothing in his Art more difficult than to lay open the Heart of a Coquet, by reason of the many Labyrinths and Recesses which are to be found in it, and which do not appear in the Heart of any other Animal.
He desired us first of all to observe the Pericardium, or outward Case of the Heart, which we did very attentively; and by the help of our Glasses discern’d in it Millions of little Scars, which seem’d to have been occasioned by the Points of innumerable Darts and Arrows, that from time to time had glanced upon the outward Coat; though we could not discover the smallest Orifice, by which any of them had entered and pierced the inward Substance.
Every Smatterer in Anatomy knows that this Pericardium, or Case of the Heart, contains in it a thin reddish Liquor, supposed to be bred from the Vapours which exhale out of the Heart, and, being stopt here, are condensed into this watry Substance. Upon examining this Liquor, we found that it had in it all the Qualities of that Spirit which is made use of in the Thermometer, to shew the Change of Weather.
Nor must I here omit an Experiment one of the Company assured us he himself had made with this Liquor, which he found in great Quantity about the Heart of a Coquet whom he had formerly dissected. He affirmed to us, that he had actually inclosed it in a small Tube made after the manner of a Weather Glass; but that instead of acquainting him with the Variations of the Atmosphere, it shewed him the Qualities of those Persons who entered the Room where it stood. He affirmed also, that it rose at the Approach of a Plume of Feathers, an embroidered Coat, or a Pair of fringed Gloves; and that it fell as soon as an ill-shaped Perriwig, a clumsy Pair of Shoes, or an unfashionable Coat came into his House: Nay, he proceeded so far as to assure us, that upon his Laughing aloud when he stood by it, the Liquor mounted very sensibly, and immediately sunk again upon his looking serious. In short, he told us, that he knew very well by this Invention whenever he had a Man of Sense or a Coxcomb in his Room.
Having cleared away the Pericardium, or the Case and Liquor above-mentioned, we came to the Heart itself. The outward Surface of it was extremely slippery, and the Mufro, or Point, so very cold withal, that, upon endeavouring to take hold of it it glided through the Fingers like a smooth Piece of Ice.
The Fibres were turned and twisted in a more intricate and perplexed manner than they are usually found in other Hearts; insomuch that the whole Heart was wound up together in a Gordian Knot, and must have had very irregular and unequal Motions, whilst it was employed in its Vital Function.
One thing we thought very observable, namely, that, upon examining all the Vessels which came into it or issued out of it, we could not discover any Communication that it had with the Tongue.
We could not but take Notice likewise, that several of those little Nerves in the Heart which are affected by the Sentiments of Love, Hatred, and other Passions, did not descend to this before us from the Brain, but from the Muscles which lie about the Eye.
Upon weighing the Heart in my Hand, I found it to be extreamly light, and consequently very hollow, which I did not wonder at, when upon looking into the Inside of it, I saw Multitudes of Cells and Cavities running one within another, as our Historians describe the Apartments of Rosamond’s Bower. Several of these little Hollows were stuffed with innumerable sorts of Trifles, which I shall forbear giving any particular Account of, and shall therefore only take Notice of what lay first and uppermost, which, upon our unfolding it and applying our Microscopes to it, appeared to be a Flame-coloured Hood.
We were informed that the Lady of this Heart, when living, received the Addresses of several who made Love to her, and did not only give each of them Encouragement, but made every one she conversed with believe that she regarded him with an Eye of Kindness; for which Reason we expected to have seen the Impression of Multitudes of Faces among the several Plaits and Foldings of the Heart; but to our great Surprize not a single Print of this nature discovered it self till we came into the very Core and Center of it. We there observed a little Figure, which, upon applying our Glasses to it, appeared dressed in a very fantastick manner. The more I looked upon it, the more I thought I had seen the Face before, but could not possibly recollect either the Place or Time; when, at length, one of the Company, who had examined this Figure more nicely than the rest, shew’d us plainly by the Make of its Face, and the several Turns of its Features, that the little Idol which was thus lodged in the very Middle of the Heart was the deceased Beau, whose Head I gave some Account of in my last Tuesdays Paper.
As soon as we had finished our Dissection, we resolved to make an Experiment of the Heart, not being able to determine among our selves the Nature of its Substance, which differ’d in so many Particulars from that of the Heart in other Females. Accordingly we laid it into a Pan of burning Coals, when we observed in it a certain Salamandrine Quality, that made it capable of living in the midst of Fire and Flame, without being consumed, or so much as singed.
As we were admiring this strange Phoenomenon, and standing round the Heart in a Circle, it gave a most prodigious Sigh or rather Crack, and dispersed all at once in Smoke and Vapour. This imaginary Noise, which methought was louder than the burst of a Cannon, produced such a violent Shake in my Brain, that it dissipated the Fumes of Sleep, and left me in an Instant broad awake.
[—Spes incerta futuri.
Virg. [1]]
It is a lamentable thing that every Man is full of Complaints, and constantly uttering Sentences against the Fickleness of Fortune, when People generally bring upon themselves all the Calamities they fall into, and are constantly heaping up Matter for their own Sorrow and Disappointment. That which produces the greatest Part of the [Delusions [2]] of Mankind, is a false Hope which People indulge with so sanguine a Flattery to themselves, that their Hearts are bent upon fantastical Advantages which they had no Reason to believe should ever have arrived to them. By this unjust Measure of calculating their Happiness, they often mourn with real Affliction for imaginary Losses. When I am talking of this unhappy way of accounting for our selves, I cannot but reflect upon a particular Set of People, who, in their own Favour, resolve every thing that is possible into what is probable, and then reckon on that Probability as on what must certainly happen. WILL. HONEYCOMB, upon my observing his looking on a Lady with some particular Attention, gave me an Account of the great Distresses which had laid waste that her very fine Face, and had given an Air of Melancholy to a very agreeable Person, That Lady, and a couple of Sisters of hers, were, said WILL., fourteen Years ago, the greatest Fortunes about Town; but without having any Loss by bad Tenants, by bad Securities, or any Damage by Sea or Land, are reduced to very narrow Circumstances. They were at that time the most inaccessible haughty Beauties in Town; and their Pretensions to take upon them at that unmerciful rate, was rais’d upon the following Scheme, according to which all their Lovers were answered.
Our Father is a youngish Man, but then our Mother is somewhat older, and not likely to have any Children: His Estate, being L800 per Annum, at 20 Years Purchase, is worth L16,000. Our Uncle who is above 50, has L400 per Annum, which at the foresaid Rate, is L8000. There’s a Widow Aunt, who has L10,000 at her own Disposal left by her Husband, and an old Maiden Aunt who has L6000. Then our Fathers Mother has L900 per Annum, which is worth L18,000 and L1000 each of us has of her own, which cant be taken from us. These summ’d up together stand thus.
Fathers 800- 16,000 This equally divided between
Uncles 400- 8000 us three amounts to L20,000
Aunts 10,000 each; and Allowance being
6000- 16,000 given for Enlargement upon
Grandmother 900- 18,000 common Fame, we may lawfully
Own 1000 each- 3000 pass for L30,000 Fortunes.
Total- 61,000
In Prospect of this, and the Knowledge of her own personal Merit, every one was contemptible in their Eyes, and they refus’d those Offers which had been frequently made em. But mark the End: The Mother dies, the Father is married again, and has a Son, on him was entail’d the Fathers, Uncles, and Grand-mothers Estate. This cut off L43,000. The Maiden Aunt married a tall Irishman, and with her went the L6000. The Widow died, and left but enough to pay her Debts and bury her; so that there remained for these three Girls but their own L1000. They had [by] this time passed their Prime, and got on the wrong side of Thirty; and must pass the Remainder of their Days, upbraiding Mankind that they mind nothing but Money, and bewailing that Virtue, Sense and Modesty are had at present in no manner of Estimation.
I mention this Case of Ladies before any other, because it is the most irreparable: For tho Youth is the Time less capable of Reflection, it is in that Sex the only Season in which they can advance their Fortunes. But if we turn our Thoughts to the Men, we see such Crowds of Unhappy from no other Reason, but an ill-grounded Hope, that it is hard to say which they rather deserve, our Pity or Contempt. It is not unpleasant to see a Fellow after grown old in Attendance, and after having passed half a Life in Servitude, call himself the unhappiest of all Men, and pretend to be disappointed because a Courtier broke his Word. He that promises himself any thing but what may naturally arise from his own Property or Labour, and goes beyond the Desire of possessing above two Parts in three even of that, lays up for himself an encreasing Heap of Afflictions and Disappointments. There are but two Means in the World of gaining by other Men, and these are by being either agreeable or considerable. The Generality of Mankind do all things for their own sakes; and when you hope any thing from Persons above you, if you cannot say, I can be thus agreeable or thus serviceable, it is ridiculous to pretend to the Dignity of being unfortunate when they leave you; you were injudicious, in hoping for any other than to be neglected, for such as can come within these Descriptions of being capable to please or serve your Patron, when his Humour or Interests call for their Capacity either way.
It would not methinks be an useless Comparison between the Condition of a Man who shuns all the Pleasures of Life, and of one who makes it his Business to pursue them. Hope in the Recluse makes his Austerities comfortable, while the luxurious Man gains nothing but Uneasiness from his Enjoyments. What is the Difference in the Happiness of him who is macerated by Abstinence, and his who is surfeited with Excess? He who resigns the World, has no Temptation to Envy, Hatred, Malice, Anger, but is in constant Possession of a serene Mind; he who follows the Pleasures of it, which are in their very Nature disappointing, is in constant Search of Care, Solicitude, Remorse, and Confusion.
January the 14th, 1712.
I am a young Woman and have my Fortune to make; for which Reason I come constantly to Church to hear Divine Service, and make Conquests: But one great Hindrance in this my Design, is, that our Clerk, who was once a Gardener, has this Christmas so over-deckt the Church with Greens, that he has quite spoilt my Prospect, insomuch that I have scarce seen the young Baronet I dress at these three Weeks, though we have both been very constant at our Devotions, and don’t sit above three Pews off. The Church, as it is now equipt, looks more like a Green-house than a Place of Worship: The middle Isle is a very pretty shady Walk, and the Pews look like so many Arbours of each Side of it. The Pulpit itself has such Clusters of Ivy, Holly, and Rosemary about it, that a light Fellow in our Pew took occasion to say, that the Congregation heard the Word out of a Bush, like Moses. Sir Anthony Loves Pew in particular is so well hedged, that all my Batteries have no Effect. I am obliged to shoot at random among the Boughs, without taking any manner of Aim. Mr. SPECTATOR, unless you’ll give Orders for removing these Greens, I shall grow a very awkward Creature at Church, and soon have little else to do there but to say my Prayers. I am in haste,
Your most Obedient Servant,
Jenny Simper.
[Footnote 1: Et nulli rei nisi Poenitentiae natus. ]
[Footnote 2: Pollutions]
Magister artis et largitor ingeni
Lucian [1] rallies the Philosophers in his Time, who could not agree whether they should admit Riches into the number of real Goods; the Professors of the Severer Sects threw them quite out, while others as resolutely inserted them.
I am apt to believe, that as the World grew more Polite, the rigid Doctrines of the first were wholly discarded; and I do not find any one so hardy at present, as to deny that there are very great Advantages in the Enjoyment of a plentiful Fortune. Indeed the best and wisest of Men, tho they may possibly despise a good Part of those things which the World calls Pleasures, can, I think, hardly be insensible of that Weight and Dignity which a moderate Share of Wealth adds to their Characters, Councils, and Actions.
We find it is a General Complaint in Professions and Trades, that the richest Members of them are chiefly encouraged, and this is falsly imputed to the Ill-nature of Mankind, who are ever bestowing their Favours on such as least want them. Whereas if we fairly consider their Proceedings in this Case, we shall find them founded on undoubted Reason: Since supposing both equal in their natural Integrity, I ought, in common Prudence, to fear foul Play from an Indigent Person, rather than from one whose Circumstances seem to have placed him above the bare Temptation of Money.
This Reason also makes the Common-wealth regard her richest Subjects, as those who are most concerned for her Quiet and Interest, and consequently fittest to be intrusted with her highest Imployments. On the contrary, Cataline’s Saying to those Men of desperate Fortunes, who applied themselves to him, and of whom he afterwards composed his Army, that they had nothing to hope for but a Civil War, was too true not to make the Impressions he desired.
I believe I need not fear but that what I have said in Praise of Money, will be more than sufficient with most of my Readers to excuse the Subject of my present Paper, which I intend as an Essay on The Ways to raise a Man’s Fortune, or, The Art of growing Rich.
The first and most infallible Method towards the attaining of this End, is Thrift: All Men are not equally qualified for getting Money, but it is in the Power of every one alike to practise this Virtue, and I believe there are very few Persons, who, if they please to reflect on their past Lives, will not find that had they saved all those Little Sums which they have spent unnecessarily, they might at present have been Masters of a competent Fortune. Diligence justly claims the next Place to Thrift: I find both these excellently well recommended to common use in the three following Italian Proverbs,
Never do that by Proxy which you can do yourself.
Never defer that till To-morrow which you can do To-day.
Never neglect small Matters and Expences.
A third Instrument of growing Rich, is Method in Business, which, as well as the two former, is also attainable by Persons of the meanest Capacities.
The famous De Wit, one of the greatest Statesmen of the Age in which he lived, being asked by a Friend, How he was able to dispatch that Multitude of Affairs in which he was engaged? reply’d, That his whole Art consisted in doing one thing at once. If, says he, I have any necessary Dispatches to make, I think of nothing else till those are finished; If any Domestick Affairs require my Attention, I give myself up wholly to them till they are set in Order.
In short, we often see Men of dull and phlegmatick Tempers, arriving to great Estates, by making a regular and orderly Disposition of their Business, and that without it the greatest Parts and most lively Imaginations rather puzzle their Affairs, than bring them to an happy Issue.
From what has been said, I think I may lay it down as a Maxim, that every Man of good common Sense may, if he pleases, in his particular Station of Life, most certainly be Rich. The Reason why we sometimes see that Men of the greatest Capacities are not so, is either because they despise Wealth in Comparison of something else; or at least are not content to be getting an Estate, unless they may do it their own way, and at the same time enjoy all the Pleasures and Gratifications of Life.
But besides these ordinary Forms of growing Rich, it must be allowed that there is Room for Genius, as well in this as in all other Circumstances of Life.
Tho the Ways of getting Money were long since very numerous; and tho so many new ones have been found out of late Years, there is certainly still remaining so large a Field for Invention, that a Man of an indifferent Head might easily sit down and draw up such a Plan for the Conduct and support of his Life, as was never yet once thought of.
We daily see Methods put in practice by hungry and ingenious Men, which demonstrate the Power of Invention in this Particular.
It is reported of Scaramouch, the first famous Italian Comedian, that being at Paris and in great Want, he bethought himself of constantly plying near the Door of a noted Perfumer in that City, and when any one came out who had been buying Snuff, never failed to desire a Taste of them: when he had by this Means got together a Quantity made up of several different Sorts, he sold it again at a lower Rate to the same Perfumer, who finding out the Trick, called it Tabac de mille fleures, or Snuff of a thousand Flowers. The Story farther tells us, that by this means he got a very comfortable Subsistence, till making too much haste to grow Rich, he one Day took such an unreasonable Pinch out of the Box of a Swiss Officer, as engaged him in a Quarrel, and obliged him to quit this Ingenious Way of Life.
Nor can I in this Place omit doing Justice to a Youth of my own Country, who, tho he is scarce yet twelve Years old, has with great Industry and Application attained to the Art of beating the Grenadiers March on his Chin. I am credibly informed that by this means he does not only maintain himself and his Mother, but that he is laying up Money every Day, with a Design, if the War continues, to purchase a Drum at least, if not a Colours.
I shall conclude these Instances with the Device of the famous Rabelais, when he was at a great Distance from Paris, and without Money to bear his Expences thither. This ingenious Author being thus sharp set, got together a convenient Quantity of Brick-Dust, and having disposed of it into several Papers, writ upon one Poyson for Monsieur, upon a second, Poyson for the Dauphin, and on a third, Poyson for the King. Having made this Provision for the Royal Family of France, he laid his Papers so that his Landlord, who was an Inquisitive Man, and a good Subject, might get a Sight of them.
The Plot succeeded as he desired: The Host gave immediate Intelligence to the Secretary of State. The Secretary presently sent down a Special Messenger, who brought up the Traitor to Court, and provided him at the Kings Expence with proper Accommodations on the Road. As soon as he appeared he was known to be the Celebrated Rabelais, and his Powder upon Examination being found very Innocent, the Jest was only laught at; for which a less eminent Drole would have been sent to the Gallies.
Trade and Commerce might doubtless be still varied a thousand Ways, out of which would arise such Branches as have not yet been touched. The famous Doily is still fresh in every ones Memory, who raised a Fortune by finding out Materials for such Stuffs as might at once be cheap and genteel. I have heard it affirmed, that had not he discovered this frugal Method of gratifying our Pride, we should hardly have been [able[1]] to carry on the last War.
I regard Trade not only as highly advantageous to the Commonwealth in general; but as the most natural and likely Method of making a Man’s Fortune, having observed, since my being a Spectator in the World, greater Estates got about Change, than at Whitehall or at St. James’s. I believe I may also add, that the first Acquisitions are generally attended with more Satisfaction, and as good a Conscience.
I must not however close this Essay, without observing that what has been said is only intended for Persons in the common ways of Thriving, and is not designed for those Men who from low Beginnings push themselves up to the Top of States, and the most considerable Figures in Life. My Maxim of Saving is not designed for such as these, since nothing is more usual than for Thrift to disappoint the Ends of Ambition; it being almost impossible that the Mind should [be [2]] intent upon Trifles, while it is at the same time forming some great Design.
I may therefore compare these Men to a great Poet, who, as Longinus says, while he is full of the most magnificent Ideas, is not always at leisure to mind the little Beauties and Niceties of his Art.
I would however have all my Readers take great care how they mistake themselves for uncommon Genius’s, and Men above Rule, since it is very easy for them to be deceived in this Particular.
[Footnote 1: In his Auction of Philosophers.]
[Footnote 2: [able so well]]
[Footnote 3: [descend to and be]]
[Posthabui tamen illorum mea seria Ludo.
An unaffected Behaviour is without question a very great Charm; but under the Notion of being unconstrained and disengaged, People take upon them to be unconcerned in any Duty of Life. A general Negligence is what they assume upon all Occasions, and set up for an Aversion to all manner of Business and Attention. I am the carelessest Creature in the World, I have certainly the worst Memory of any Man living, are frequent Expressions in the Mouth of a Pretender of this sort. It is a professed Maxim with these People never to think; there is something so solemn in Reflexion, they, forsooth, can never give themselves Time for
such a way of employing themselves. It happens often that this sort of Man is heavy enough in his Nature to be a good Proficient in such Matters as are attainable by Industry; but alas! he has such an ardent Desire to be what he is not, to be too volatile, to have the Faults of a Person of Spirit, that he professes himself the most unfit Man living for any manner of Application. When this Humour enters into the Head of a Female, she gently professes Sickness upon all Occasions, and acts all things with an indisposed Air: She is offended, but her Mind is too lazy to raise her to Anger, therefore she lives only as actuated by a violent Spleen and gentle Scorn. She has hardly Curiosity to listen to Scandal of her Acquaintance, and has never Attention enough to hear them commended. This Affectation in both Sexes makes them vain of being useless, and take a certain Pride in their Insignificancy.
Opposite to this Folly is another no less unreasonable, and that is the Impertinence of being always in a Hurry. There are those who visit Ladies, and beg Pardon afore they are well seated in their Chairs, that they just called in, but are obliged to attend Business of Importance elsewhere the very next Moment: Thus they run from Place to Place, professing that they are obliged to be still in another Company than that which they are in. These Persons who are just a going somewhere else should never be detained; [let [2]] all the World allow that Business is to be minded, and their Affairs will be at an end. Their Vanity is to be importuned, and Compliance with their Multiplicity of Affairs would effectually dispatch em. The Travelling Ladies, who have half the Town to see in an Afternoon, may be pardoned for being in constant Hurry; but it is inexcusable in Men to come where they have no Business, to profess they absent themselves where they have. It has been remarked by some nice Observers and Criticks, that there is nothing discovers the true Temper of a Person so much as his Letters. I have by me two Epistles, which are written by two People of the different Humours above-mentioned. It is wonderful that a Man cannot observe upon himself when he sits down to write, but that he will gravely commit himself to Paper the same Man that he is in the Freedom of Conversation. I have hardly seen a Line from any of these Gentlemen, but spoke them as absent from what they were doing, as they profess they are when they come into Company. For the Folly is, that they have perswaded themselves they really are busy. Thus their whole Time is spent in suspense of the present Moment to the next, and then from the next to the succeeding, which to the End of Life is to pass away with Pretence to many things, and Execution of nothing.
The Post is just going out, and I have many other Letters of very great Importance to write this Evening, but I could not omit making my Compliments to you for your Civilities to me when I was last in Town. It is my Misfortune to be so full of Business, that I cannot tell you a Thousand Things which I have to say to you. I must desire you to communicate the Contents of this to no one living; but believe me to be, with the greatest Fidelity,
Your most Obedient,
Stephen Courier.
I hate Writing, of all Things in the World; however, though I have drunk the Waters, and am told I ought not to use my Eyes so much, I cannot forbear writing to you, to tell you I have been to the last Degree hipped since I saw you. How could you entertain such a Thought, as that I should hear of that silly Fellow with Patience? Take my Word for it, there is nothing in it; and you may believe it when so lazy a Creature as I am undergo the Pains to assure you of it by taking Pen, Ink, and Paper in my Hand. Forgive this, you know I shall not often offend in this Kind. I am very much Your Servant, Bridget Eitherdown.
The Fellow is of your Country, prythee send me Word how ever whether
he has so great an Estate.
Mr. SPECTATOR, Jan. 24, 1712.
I am Clerk of the Parish from whence Mrs. Simper sends her Complaint, in your Yesterdays Spectator. I must beg of you to publish this as a publick Admonition to the aforesaid Mrs. Simper, otherwise all my honest Care in the Disposition of the Greens in the Church will have no Effect: I shall therefore with your Leave lay before you the whole Matter. I was formerly, as she charges me, for several Years a Gardener in the County of Kent: But I must absolutely deny, that tis out of any Affection I retain for my old Employment that I have placed my Greens so liberally about the Church, but out of a particular Spleen I conceived against Mrs. Simper (and others of the same Sisterhood) some time ago. As to herself, I had one Day set the Hundredth Psalm, and was singing the first Line in order to put the Congregation into the Tune, she was all the while curtsying to Sir Anthony in so affected and indecent a manner, that the Indignation I conceived at it made me forget my self so far, as from the Tune of that Psalm to wander into Southwell Tune, and from thence into Windsor Tune, still unable to recover my self till I had with the utmost Confusion set a new one. Nay, I have often seen her rise up and smile and curtsy to one at the lower End of the Church in the midst of a Gloria Patri; and when I have spoke the Assent to a Prayer with a long Amen uttered with decent Gravity, she has been rolling her Eyes around about in such a Manner, as plainly shewed, however she was moved, it was not towards an Heavenly Object. In fine, she extended her Conquests so far over the Males, and raised such Envy in the Females, that what between Love of those and the Jealousy of these, I was almost the only Person that looked in the Prayer-Book all Church-time. I had several Projects in my Head to put a Stop to this growing Mischief; but as I have long lived in Kent, and there often heard how the Kentish Men evaded the Conqueror, by carrying green Boughs over their Heads, it put me in mind of practising this Device against Mrs. Simper. I find I have preserved many a young Man from her Eye-shot by this Means; therefore humbly pray the Boughs may be fixed, till she shall give Security for her peaceable Intentions.
Francis Sternhold.
[Footnote 1: [Strenua nos exercet inertia.—–HOR.]
[Footnote 2: [but]]
Ne, quicunque Deus, quicunque adhibebitur heros,
Regali conspectus in auro nuper et ostro,
Migret in Obscuras humili sermone tabernas:
Aut, dum vitat humum, nubes et inania captet.
Having already treated of the Fable, the Characters, and Sentiments in the Paradise Lost, we are in the last Place to consider the Language; and as the Learned World is very much divided upon Milton as to this Point, I hope they will excuse me if I appear particular in any of my Opinions, and encline to those who judge the most advantageously of the Author.
It is requisite that the Language of an Heroic Poem should be both Perspicuous and Sublime. [1] In proportion as either of these two Qualities are wanting, the Language is imperfect. Perspicuity is the first and most necessary Qualification; insomuch that a good-natur’d Reader sometimes overlooks a little Slip even in the Grammar or Syntax, where it is impossible for him to mistake the Poets Sense. Of this Kind is that Passage in Milton, wherein he speaks of Satan.
—God and his Son except,
Created thing nought valu’d he nor shunn’d.
And that in which he describes Adam and Eve.
Adam the goodliest Man of Men since born
His Sons, the fairest of her Daughters Eve.
It is plain, that in the former of these Passages according to the natural Syntax, the Divine Persons mentioned in the first Line are represented as created Beings; and that, in the other, Adam and Eve are confounded with their Sons and Daughters. Such little Blemishes as these, when the Thought is great and natural, we should, with Horace [2] impute to a pardonable Inadvertency, or to the Weakness of human Nature, which cannot attend to each minute Particular, and give the last Finishing to every Circumstance in so long a Work. The Ancient Criticks therefore, who were acted by a Spirit of Candour, rather than that of Cavilling, invented certain Figures of Speech, on purpose to palliate little Errors of this nature in the Writings of those Authors who had so many greater Beauties to attone for them.
If Clearness and Perspicuity were only to be consulted, the Poet would have nothing else to do but to cloath his Thoughts in the most plain and natural Expressions. But since it often happens that the most obvious Phrases, and those which are used in ordinary Conversation, become too familiar to the Ear, and contract a kind of Meanness by passing through the Mouths of the Vulgar, a Poet should take particular Care to guard himself against Idiomatick Ways of Speaking. Ovid and Lucan have many Poornesses of Expression upon this Account, as taking up with the first Phrases that offered, without putting themselves to the Trouble of looking after such as would not only have been natural, but also elevated and sublime. Milton has but few Failings in this Kind, of which, however, you may [meet with some Instances, as [3] in the following Passages.
Embrios and Idiots, Eremites and Fryars,
White, Black, and Grey,—with all their Trumpery,
Here Pilgrims roam—
—A while discourse they hold,
No fear lest Dinner cool;—when thus began
Our Author—
Who of all Ages to succeed, but feeling
The Evil on him brought by me, will curse
My Head, ill fare our Ancestor impure,
For this we may thank Adam—
The Great Masters in Composition, knew very well that many an elegant Phrase becomes improper for a Poet or an Orator, when it has been debased by common Use. For this Reason the Works of Ancient Authors, which are written in dead Languages, have a great Advantage over those which are written in Languages that are now spoken. Were there any mean Phrases or Idioms in Virgil and Homer, they would not shock the Ear of the most delicate Modern Reader, so much as they would have done that of an old Greek or Roman, because we never hear them pronounced in our Streets, or in ordinary Conversation.
It is not therefore sufficient, that the Language of an Epic Poem be Perspicuous, unless it be also Sublime. To this end it ought to deviate from the common Forms and ordinary Phrases of Speech. The Judgment of a Poet very much discovers it self in shunning the common Roads of Expression, without falling into such ways of Speech as may seem stiff and unnatural; he must not swell into a false Sublime, by endeavouring to avoid the other Extream. Among the Greeks, AEschylus, and sometimes Sophocles, were guilty of this Fault; among the Latins, Claudian and Statius; and among our own Countrymen, Shakespear and Lee. In these Authors the Affectation of Greatness often hurts the Perspicuity of the Stile, as in many others the Endeavour after Perspicuity prejudices its Greatness.
Aristotle has observed, that the Idiomatick Stile may be avoided, and the Sublime formed, by the following Methods. [4]
First, by the Use of Metaphors [: Such are those of Milton. [5]]
Imparadised in one anothers Arms.
—And in his Hand a Reed
Stood waving tipt with Fire.—
The grassie Clods now calvd,—
[Spangled with Eyes—]
In these and innumerable other Instances, the Metaphors are very bold but just; I must however observe that the Metaphors are not [so] thick sown in Milton which always savours too much of Wit; that they never clash with one another, which, as Aristotle observes, turns a Sentence into a kind of an Enigma or Riddle; [6] and that he seldom has recourse to them where the proper and natural Words will do as well.
Another way of raising the Language, and giving it a Poetical Turn, is to make use of the Idioms of other Tongues. Virgil is full of the Greek Forms of Speech, which the Criticks call Hellenisms, as Horace in his Odes abounds with them much more than Virgil. I need not mention the several Dialects which Homer has made use of for this end. Milton, in conformity with the Practice of the Ancient Poets, and with Aristotle’s Rule, has infused a great many Latinisms, as well as Graecisms, and sometimes Hebraisms, into the Language of his Poem; as towards the Beginning of it.
Nor did they not perceive the evil Plight
In which they were, or the fierce Pains not feel,
Yet to their Genrals Voice they soon obey’d.—
—Who shall tempt with wandring Feet
The dark unbottom’d Infinite Abyss,
And through the palpable Obscure find out
His uncouth way, or spread his airy Flight
Upborn with indefatigable Wings
Over the vast Abrupt!
[—So both ascend
In the Visions of God— Book 2.]
Under this Head may be reckon’d the placing the Adjective after the Substantive, the Transposition of Words, the turning the Adjective into a Substantive, with several other Foreign Modes of Speech which this Poet has naturalized to give his Verse the greater Sound, and throw it out of Prose.
The third Method mentioned by Aristotle is what agrees with the Genius of the Greek Language more than with that of any other Tongue, and is therefore more used by Homer than by any other Poet. I mean the lengthning of a Phrase by the Addition of Words, which may either be inserted or omitted, as also by the extending or contracting of particular Words by the Insertion or Omission of certain Syllables. Milton has put in practice this Method of raising his Language, as far as the Nature of our Tongue will permit, as in the Passage above-mentioned, Eremite, [for] what is Hermit, in common Discourse. If you observe the Measure of his Verse, he has with great Judgment suppressed a Syllable in several Words, and shortned those of two Syllables into one, by which Method, besides the above-mentioned Advantage, he has given a greater Variety to his Numbers. But this Practice is more particularly remarkable in the Names of Persons and of Countries, as Beelzebub, Hessebon, and in many other Particulars, wherein he has either changed the Name, or made use of that which is not the most commonly known, that he might the better depart from the Language of the Vulgar.
The same Reason recommended to him several old Words, which also makes his Poem appear the more venerable, and gives it a greater Air of Antiquity.
I must likewise take notice, that there are in Milton several Words of his own coining, as Cerberean, miscreated, Hell-doom’d, Embryon Atoms, and many others. If the Reader is offended at this Liberty in our English Poet, I would recommend him to a Discourse in Plutarch, [7] which shews us how frequently Homer has made use of the same Liberty.
Milton, by the above-mentioned Helps, and by the Choice of the noblest Words and Phrases which our Tongue would afford him, has carried our Language to a greater Height than any of the English Poets have ever done before or after him, and made the Sublimity of his Stile equal to that of his Sentiments.
I have been the more particular in these Observations on Milton’s Stile, because it is that Part of him in which he appears the most singular. The Remarks I have here made upon the Practice of other Poets, with my Observations out of Aristotle, will perhaps alleviate the Prejudice which some have taken to his Poem upon this Account; tho after all, I must confess that I think his Stile, tho admirable in general, is in some places too much stiffened and obscured by the frequent Use of those Methods, which Aristotle has prescribed for the raising of it.
This Redundancy of those several Ways of Speech, which Aristotle calls foreign Language, and with which Milton has so very much enriched, and in some Places darkned the Language of his Poem, was the more proper for his use, because his Poem is written in Blank Verse. Rhyme, without any other Assistance, throws the Language off from Prose, and very often makes an indifferent Phrase pass unregarded; but where the Verse is not built upon Rhymes, there Pomp of Sound, and Energy of Expression, are indispensably necessary to support the Stile, and keep it from falling into the Flatness of Prose.
Those who have not a Taste for this Elevation of Stile, and are apt to ridicule a Poet when he departs from the common Forms of Expression, would do well to see how Aristotle has treated an Ancient Author called Euclid, [8] for his insipid Mirth upon this Occasion. Mr. Dryden used to call [these [9]]sort of Men his Prose-Criticks.
I should, under this Head of the Language, consider Milton’s Numbers, in which he has made use of several Elisions, which are not customary among other English Poets, as may be particularly observed in his cutting off the Letter Y, when it precedes a Vowel. [10] This, and some other Innovation in the Measure of his Verse, has varied his Numbers in such a manner, as makes them incapable of satiating the Ear, and cloying the Reader, which the same uniform Measure would certainly have done, and which the perpetual Returns of Rhime never fail to do in long Narrative Poems. I shall close these Reflections upon the Language of Paradise Lost, with observing that Milton has copied after Homer rather than Virgil in the length of his Periods, the Copiousness of his Phrases, and the running of his Verses into one another.
[Footnote 1: Aristotle, Poetics, ii. Sec.26.
The excellence of Diction consists in being perspicuous without being
mean.]
Verum ubi plura nitent in carmine, non ego paucis
Offendar maculis, quas aut incuria fudit,
Aut humana parum cavit natura.
De Ar. Poet., II. 351-3.]
[Footnote 3: [see an Instance or two]]
[Footnote 4: Poetics, ii. Sec. 26]
[Footnote 5: [,like those in Milton]]
That language is elevated and remote from the vulgar idiom which employs unusual words: by unusual, I mean foreign, metaphorical, extended—all, in short, that are not common words. Yet, should a poet compose his Diction entirely of such words, the result would be either an enigma or a barbarous jargon: an enigma if composed of metaphors, a barbarous jargon if composed of foreign words. For the essence of an enigma consists in putting together things apparently inconsistent and impossible, and at the same time saying nothing but what is true. Now this cannot be effected by the mere arrangement of words; by the metaphorical use of them it may.]
[Footnote 7: On Life and Poetry of Homer, wrongly ascribed to Plutarch, Bk. I. Sec. 16.]
[Footnote 8: Poetics, II. Sec. 26.
A judicious intermixture is requisite ... It is without reason, therefore, that some critics have censured these modes of speech, and ridiculed the poet for the use of them; as old Euclid did, objecting that versification would be an easy business, if it were permitted to lengthen words at pleasure, and then giving a burlesque example of that sort of diction... In the employment of all the species of unusual words, moderation is necessary: for metaphors, foreign words, or any of the others improperly used, and with a design to be ridiculous, would produce the same effect. But how great a difference is made by a proper and temperate use of such words may be seen in heroic verse. Let any one put common words in the place of the metaphorical, the foreign, and others of the same kind, and he will be convinced of the truth of what I say.
He then gives two or three examples of the effect of changing poetical for common words. As, that (in plays now lost):
the same Iambic verse occurs in AEschylus and Euripides; but by means of a single alteration—the substitution of a foreign for a common and usual word—one of these verses appears beautiful, the other ordinary. For AEschylus in his Philoctetes says, “The poisonous wound that eats my flesh.” But Euripides for ([Greek: esthiei]) “eats” says ([Greek: thoinatai]) “banquets on.”]
[Footnote 9: [this]]
[Footnote 10: This is not particularly observed. On the very first page of P. L. we have a line with the final y twice sounded before a vowel,
Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song.
Again a few lines later,
That to the height of this great argument
I may assert Eternal Providence.
Ten lines farther we read of the Serpent
Stirr’d up with envy and revenge.
We have only an apparent elision of y a few lines later in his aspiring
To set himself in glory above his peers,
for the line would be ruined were the y to be omitted by a reader. The extreme shortness of the two unaccented syllables, y and a, gives them the quantity of one in the metre, and allows by the turn of voice a suggestion of exuberance, heightening the force of the word glory. Three lines lower Milton has no elision of the y before a vowel in the line,
Against the throne and monarchy of God.
Nor eight lines after that in the words day and night. There is elision of y in the line,
That were an ignominy and shame beneath
This downfall.
But none a few lines lower down in
Sole reigning holds the tyranny of heaven.
When the y stands by itself, unaccented, immediately after an accented syllable, and precedes a vowel that is part of another unaccented syllable standing immediately before an accented one, Milton accepts the consequence, and does not attempt to give it the force of a distinct syllable. But Addison’s vague notion that it was Milton’s custom to cut off the final y when it precedes a vowel, and that for the sake of being uncommon, came of inaccurate observation. For the reasons just given, the y of the word glory runs into the succeeding syllable, and most assuredly is not cut off, when we read of
the excess
Of Glory obscured: as when the sun, new ris’n,
Looks through the horizontal misty air,
but the y in misty stands as a full syllable because the word air is accented. So again in
Death as oft accused
Of tardy execution, since denounc’d
The day of his offence.
The y of tardy is a syllable because the vowel following it is accented; the y also of day remains, because, although an unaccented vowel follows, it is itself part of an accented syllable.]
Nomina Honesta praetenduntur vitiis.
Tacit.
York, Jan. 18, 1712.
I pretend not to inform a Gentleman of so just a Taste, whenever he pleases to use it; but it may not be amiss to inform your Readers, that there is a false Delicacy as well as a true one. True Delicacy, as I take it, consists in Exactness of Judgment and Dignity of Sentiment, or if you will, Purity of Affection, as this is opposed to Corruption and Grossness. There are Pedants in Breeding as well as in Learning. The Eye that cannot bear the Light is not delicate but sore. A good Constitution appears in the Soundness and Vigour of the Parts, not in the Squeamishness of the Stomach; And a false Delicacy is Affectation, not Politeness. What then can be the Standard of Delicacy but Truth and Virtue? Virtue, which, as the Satyrist long since observed, is real Honour; whereas the other Distinctions among Mankind are meerly titular. Judging by that Rule, in my Opinion, and in that of many of your virtuous Female Readers, you are so far from deserving Mr. Courtly’s Accusation, that you seem too gentle, and to allow too many Excuses for an enormous Crime, which is the Reproach of the Age, and is in all its Branches and Degrees expresly forbidden by that Religion we pretend to profess; and whose Laws, in a Nation that calls it self Christian, one would think should take Place of those Rules which Men of corrupt Minds, and those of weak Understandings follow. I know not any thing more pernicious to good Manners, than the giving fair Names to foul Actions; for this confounds Vice and Virtue, and takes off that natural Horrour we have to Evil. An innocent Creature, who would start at the Name of Strumpet, may think it pretty to be called a Mistress, especially if her Seducer has taken care to inform her, that a Union of Hearts is the principal Matter in the Sight of Heaven, and that the Business at Church is a meer idle Ceremony. Who knows not that the Difference between obscene and modest Words expressing the same Action, consists only in the accessary Idea, for there is nothing immodest in Letters and Syllables. Fornication and Adultery are modest Words: because they express an Evil Action as criminal, and so as to excite Horrour and Aversion: Whereas
Words representing the Pleasure rather than the Sin, are for this Reason indecent and dishonest. Your Papers would be chargeable with something worse than Indelicacy, they would be Immoral, did you treat the detestable Sins of Uncleanness in the same manner as you rally an impertinent Self-love and an artful Glance; as those Laws would be very unjust, that should chastise Murder and Petty Larceny with the same Punishment. Even Delicacy requires that the Pity shewn to distressed indigent Wickedness, first betrayed into, and then expelled the Harbours of the Brothel, should be changed to Detestation, when we consider pampered Vice in the Habitations of the Wealthy. The most free Person of Quality, in Mr. Courtly’s Phrase, that is, to speak properly, a Woman of Figure who has forgot her Birth and Breeding, dishonoured her Relations and her self, abandoned her Virtue and Reputation, together with the natural Modesty of her Sex, and risqued her very Soul, is so far from deserving to be treated with no worse Character than that of a kind Woman, (which is doubtless Mr. Courtly’s Meaning, if he has any,) that one can scarce be too severe on her, in as much as she sins against greater Restraints, is less exposed, and liable to fewer Temptations, than Beauty in Poverty and Distress. It is hoped therefore, Sir, that you will not lay aside your generous Design of exposing that monstrous Wickedness of the Town, whereby a Multitude of Innocents are sacrificed in a more barbarous Manner than those who were offered to Moloch. The Unchaste are provoked to see their Vice exposed, and the Chaste cannot rake into such Filth without Danger of Defilement; but a meer SPECTATOR may look into the Bottom, and come off without partaking in the Guilt. The doing so will convince us you pursue publick Good, and not meerly your own Advantage: But if your Zeal slackens, how can one help thinking that Mr. Courtly’s Letter is but a Feint to get off from a Subject, in which either your own, or the private and base Ends of others to whom you are partial, or those [of] whom you are afraid, would not endure a Reformation?
I am, Sir, your humble Servant and Admirer, so long as you tread in
the Paths of Truth, Virtue, and Honour.
Trin. Coll. Cantab. Jan. 12, 1711-12.
It is my Fortune to have a Chamber-Fellow, with whom, tho I agree very well in many Sentiments, yet there is one in which we are as contrary as Light and Darkness. We are both in Love: his Mistress is a lovely Fair, and mine a lovely Brown. Now as the Praise of our Mistresses Beauty employs much of our Time, we have frequent Quarrels in entering upon that Subject, while each says all he can to defend his Choice. For my own part, I have racked my Fancy to the utmost; and sometimes, with the greatest Warmth of Imagination, have told him, That Night was made before Day, and many more fine Things, tho without any effect: Nay, last
Night I could not forbear saying with more Heat than Judgment, that the Devil ought to be painted white. Now my Desire is, Sir, that you would be pleased to give us in Black and White your Opinion in the Matter of Dispute between us; which will either furnish me with fresh and prevailing Arguments to maintain my own Taste, or make me with less Repining allow that of my Chamber-Fellow. I know very well that I have Jack Cleveland[1] and Bonds Horace on my Side; but then he has such a Band of Rhymers and Romance-Writers, with which he opposes me, and is so continually chiming to the Tune of Golden Tresses, yellow Locks, Milk, Marble, Ivory, Silver, Swan, Snow, Daisies, Doves, and the Lord knows what; which he is always sounding with so much Vehemence in my Ears, that he often puts me into a brown Study how to answer him; and I find that I am in a fair Way to be quite confounded, without your timely Assistance afforded to,
Philobrune.
T. [2]
[Footnote 1: Cleveland celebrates brown beauties in his poem of the Senses Festival. John Bond, who published Commentaries on Horace and Persius, Antony a Wood calls a polite and rare critic whose labours have advanced the Commonwealth of Learning very much.]
[Footnote 2: [Z.]]
[Greek: O philtatae gae maeter, hos semnon sphodr ei
Tois noun echousi ktaema—
Menand.]
I look upon it as a peculiar Happiness, that were I to choose of what Religion I would be, and under what Government I would live, I should most certainly give the Preference to that Form of Religion and Government which is established in my own Country. In this Point I think I am determined by Reason and Conviction; but if I shall be told that I am acted by Prejudice, I am sure it is an honest Prejudice, it is a Prejudice that arises from the Love of my Country, and therefore such an one as I will always indulge. I have in several Papers endeavoured to express my Duty and Esteem for the Church of England, and design this as an Essay upon the Civil Part of our Constitution, having often entertained my self with Reflections on this Subject, which I have not met with in other Writers.
That Form of Government appears to me the most reasonable, which is most conformable to the Equality that we find in human Nature, provided it be consistent with publick Peace and Tranquillity. This is what may properly be called Liberty, which exempts one Man from Subjection to another so far as the Order and Oeconomy of Government will permit.
Liberty should reach every Individual of a People, as they all share one common Nature; if it only spreads among particular Branches, there had better be none at all, since such a Liberty only aggravates the Misfortune of those who are depriv’d of it, by setting before them a disagreeable Subject of Comparison. This Liberty is best preserved, where the Legislative Power is lodged in several Persons, especially if those Persons are of different Ranks and Interests; for where they are of the same Rank, and consequently have an Interest to manage peculiar to that Rank, it differs but little from a Despotical Government in a single Person. But the greatest Security a People can have for their Liberty, is when the Legislative Power is in the Hands of Persons so happily distinguished, that by providing for the particular Interests of their several Ranks, they are providing for the whole Body of the People; or in other Words, when there is no Part of the People that has not a common Interest with at least one Part of the Legislators.
If there be but one Body of Legislators, it is no better than a Tyranny; if there are only two, there will want a casting Voice, and one of them must at length be swallowed up by Disputes and Contentions that will necessarily arise between them. Four would have the same Inconvenience as two, and a greater Number would cause too much Confusion. I could never read a Passage in Polybius, and another in Cicero, to this Purpose, without a secret Pleasure in applying it to the English Constitution, which it suits much better than the Roman. Both these great Authors give the Pre-eminence to a mixt Government, consisting of three Branches, the Regal, the Noble, and the Popular. They had doubtless in their Thoughts the Constitution of the Roman Commonwealth, in which the Consul represented the King, the Senate the Nobles, and the Tribunes the People. This Division of the three Powers in the Roman Constitution was by no means so distinct and natural, as it is in the English Form of Government. Among several Objections that might be made to it, I think the Chief are those that affect the Consular Power, which had only the Ornaments without the Force of the Regal Authority. Their Number had not a casting Voice in it; for which Reason, if one did not chance to be employed Abroad, while the other sat at Home, the Publick Business was sometimes at a Stand, while the Consuls pulled two different Ways in it. Besides, I do not find that the Consuls had ever a Negative Voice in the passing of a Law, or Decree of Senate, so that indeed they were rather the chief Body of the Nobility, or the first Ministers of State, than a distinct Branch of the Sovereignty, in which none can be looked upon as a Part, who are not a Part of the Legislature. Had the Consuls been invested with the Regal Authority to as great a Degree as our Monarchs, there would never have been any Occasions for a Dictatorship, which had in it the Power of all the three Orders, and ended in the Subversion of the whole Constitution.
Such an History as that of Suelonius, which gives us a Succession of Absolute Princes, is to me an unanswerable Argument against Despotick Power. Where the Prince is a Man of Wisdom and Virtue, it is indeed happy for his People that he is absolute; but since in the common Run of Mankind, for one that is Wise and Good you find ten of a contrary Character, it is very dangerous for a Nation to stand to its Chance, or to have its publick Happiness or Misery depend on the Virtues or Vices of a single Person. Look into the [History [1]] I have mentioned, or into any Series of Absolute Princes, how many Tyrants must you read through, before you come to an Emperor that is supportable. But this is not all; an honest private Man often grows cruel and abandoned, when converted into an absolute Prince. Give a Man Power of doing what he pleases with Impunity, you extinguish his Fear, and consequently overturn in him one of the great Pillars of Morality. This too we find confirmed by Matter of Fact. How many hopeful Heirs apparent to grand Empires, when in the Possession of them, have become such Monsters of Lust and Cruelty as are a Reproach to Human Nature.
Some tell us we ought to make our Governments on Earth like that in Heaven, which, say they, is altogether Monarchical and Unlimited. Was Man like his Creator in Goodness and Justice, I should be for following this great Model; but where Goodness and Justice are not essential to the Ruler, I would by no means put myself into his Hands to be disposed of according to his particular Will and Pleasure.
It is odd to consider the Connection between Despotic Government and Barbarity, and how the making of one Person more than Man, makes the rest less. About nine Parts of the World in ten are in the lowest State of Slavery, and consequently sunk into the most gross and brutal Ignorance. European Slavery is indeed a State of Liberty, if compared with that which prevails in the other three Divisions of the World; and therefore it is no Wonder that those who grovel under it have many Tracks of Light among them, of which the others are wholly destitute.
Riches and Plenty are the natural Fruits of Liberty, and where these abound, Learning and all the Liberal Arts will immediately lift up their Heads and flourish. As a Man must have no slavish Fears and Apprehensions hanging upon his Mind, [who [2]] will indulge the Flights of Fancy or Speculation, and push his Researches into all the abstruse Corners of Truth, so it is necessary for him to have about him a Competency of all the Conveniencies of Life.
The first thing every one looks after, is to provide himself with Necessaries. This Point will engross our Thoughts till it be satisfied. If this is taken care of to our Hands, we look out for Pleasures and Amusements; and among a great Number of idle People, there will be many whose Pleasures will lie in Reading and Contemplation. These are the two great Sources of Knowledge, and as Men grow wise they naturally love to communicate their Discoveries; and others seeing the Happiness of such a Learned Life, and improving by their Conversation, emulate, imitate, and surpass one another, till a Nation is filled with Races of wise and understanding Persons. Ease and Plenty are therefore the great Cherishers of Knowledge: and as most of the Despotick Governments of the World have neither of them, they are naturally over-run with Ignorance and Barbarity. In Europe, indeed, notwithstanding several of its Princes are absolute, there are Men famous for Knowledge and Learning; but the Reason is because the Subjects are many of them rich and wealthy, the Prince not thinking fit to exert himself in his full Tyranny like the Princes of the Eastern Nations, lest his Subjects should be invited to new-mould their Constitution, having so many Prospects of Liberty within their View. But in all Despotic Governments, tho a particular Prince may favour Arts and Letters, there is a natural Degeneracy of Mankind, as you may observe from Augustus’s Reign, how the Romans lost themselves by Degrees till they fell to an Equality with the most barbarous Nations that surrounded them. Look upon Greece under its free States, and you would think its Inhabitants lived in different Climates, and under different Heavens, from those at present; so different are the Genius’s which are formed under Turkish Slavery and Grecian Liberty.
Besides Poverty and Want, there are other Reasons that debase the Minds of Men, who live under Slavery, though I look on this as the Principal. This natural Tendency of Despotic Power to Ignorance and Barbarity, tho not insisted upon by others, is, I think, an unanswerable Argument against that Form of Government, as it shews how repugnant it is to the Good of Mankind, and the Perfection of human Nature, which ought to be the great Ends of all Civil Institutions.
[Footnote 1: [Historian]]
No. 288. Wednesday, January 30, 1712. Steele
—Pavor est utrique molestus.
When you spoke of the Jilts and Coquets, you then promised to be very impartial, and not to spare even your own Sex, should any of their secret or open Faults come under your Cognizance; which has given me Encouragement to describe a certain Species of Mankind under the Denomination of Male Jilts. They are Gentlemen who do not design to marry, yet, that they may appear to have some Sense of Gallantry, think they must pay their Devoirs to one particular Fair; in order to which they single out from amongst the Herd of Females her to whom they design to make their fruitless Addresses. This done, they first take every Opportunity of being in her Company, and then never fail upon all Occasions to be particular to her, laying themselves at her Feet, protesting the Reality of their Passion with a thousand Oaths, solliciting a Return, and saying as many fine Things as their Stock of Wit will allow; and if they are not deficient that way, generally speak so as to admit of a double Interpretation; which the credulous Fair is apt to turn to her own Advantage, since it frequently happens to be a raw, innocent, young Creature, who thinks all the World as sincere as her self, and so her unwary Heart becomes an easy Prey to those deceitful Monsters, who no sooner perceive it, but immediately they grow cool, and shun her whom they before seemed so much to admire, and proceed to act the same common-place Villany towards another. A Coxcomb flushed with many of these infamous Victories shall say he is sorry for the poor Fools, protest and vow he never thought of Matrimony, and wonder talking civilly can be so strangely misinterpreted. Now, Mr. SPECTATOR, you that are a professed Friend to Love, will, I hope, observe upon those who abuse that noble Passion, and raise it in innocent Minds by a deceitful Affectation of it, after which they desert the Enamoured. Pray bestow a little of your Counsel to those fond believing Females who already have or are in Danger of broken Hearts; in which you will oblige a great Part of this Town, but in a particular Manner,
SIR Your (yet Heart-whole) Admirer,
and devoted humble Servant,
Melainia.
Melainie’s Complaint is occasioned by so general a Folly, that it is wonderful one could so long overlook it. But this false Gallantry proceeds from an Impotence of Mind, which makes those who are guilty of it incapable of pursuing what they themselves approve. Many a Man wishes a Woman his Wife whom he dares not take for such. Tho no one has Power over his Inclinations or Fortunes, he is a Slave to common Fame. For this Reason I think Melainia gives them too soft a Name in that of Male Coquets. I know not why Irresolution of Mind should not be more contemptible than Impotence of Body; and these frivolous Admirers would be but tenderly used, in being only included in the same Term with the Insufficient another Way. They whom my Correspondent calls Male Coquets, shall hereafter be called Fribblers. A Fribbler is one
who professes Rapture and Admiration for the Woman to whom he addresses, and dreads nothing so much as her Consent. His Heart can flutter by the Force of Imagination, but cannot fix from the Force of Judgment. It is not uncommon for the Parents of young Women of moderate Fortune to wink at the Addresses of Fribblers, and expose their Children to the ambiguous Behaviour which Melainia complains of, till by the Fondness to one they are to lose, they become incapable of Love towards others, and by Consequence in their future Marriage lead a joyless or a miserable Life. As therefore I shall in the Speculations which regard Love be as severe as I ought on Jilts and Libertine Women, so will I be as little merciful to insignificant and mischievous Men. In order to this, all Visitants who frequent Families wherein there are young Females, are forthwith required to declare themselves, or absent from Places where their Presence banishes such as would pass their Time more to the Advantage of those whom they visit. It is a Matter of too great Moment to be dallied with; and I shall expect from all my young People a satisfactory Account of Appearances. Strephon has from the Publication hereof seven Days to explain the Riddle he presented to Eudamia; and Chloris an Hour after this comes to her Hand, to declare whether she will have Philotas, whom a Woman of no less Merit than her self, and of superior Fortune, languishes to call her own.
SIR, [1] Since so many Dealers turn Authors, and write quaint Advertisements in praise of their Wares, one who from an Author turn’d Dealer may be allowed for the Advancement of Trade to turn Author again. I will not however set up like some of em, for selling cheaper than the most able honest Tradesman can; nor do I send this to be better known for Choice and Cheapness of China and Japan Wares, Tea, Fans, Muslins, Pictures, Arrack, and other Indian Goods. Placed as I am in Leadenhall-street, near the India-Company, and the Centre of that Trade, Thanks to my fair Customers, my Warehouse is graced as well as the Benefit Days of my Plays and Operas; and the foreign Goods I sell seem no less acceptable than the foreign Books I translated, Rabelais and Don Quixote: This the Criticks allow me, and while they like my Wares they may dispraise my Writing. But as tis not so well known yet that I frequently cross the Seas of late, and speaking Dutch and French, besides other Languages, I have the Conveniency of buying and importing rich Brocades, Dutch Atlasses, with Gold and Silver, or without, and other foreign Silks of the newest Modes and best Fabricks, fine Flanders Lace, Linnens, and Pictures, at the best Hand: This my new way of Trade I have fallen into I cannot better publish than by an Application to you. My Wares are fit only for such as your Readers; and I would beg of you to print this Address in your Paper, that those whose Minds you adorn may take the Ornaments for their Persons and Houses from
me. This, Sir, if I may presume to beg it, will be the greater Favour, as I have lately received rich Silks and fine Lace to a considerable Value, which will be sold cheap for a quick Return, and as I have also a large Stock of other Goods. Indian Silks were formerly a great Branch of our Trade; and since we must not sell em, we must seek Amends by dealing in others. This I hope will plead for one who would lessen the Number of Teazers of the Muses, and who, suiting his Spirit to his Circumstances, humbles the Poet to exalt the Citizen. Like a true Tradesman, I hardly ever look into any Books but those of Accompts. To say the Truth, I cannot, I think, give you a better Idea of my being a downright Man of Traffick, than by acknowledging I oftener read the Advertisements, than the Matter of even your Paper. I am under a great Temptation to take this Opportunity of admonishing other Writers to follow my Example, and trouble the Town no more; but as it is my present Business to increase the Number of Buyers rather than Sellers, I hasten to tell you that I am, SIR, Your most humble, and most obedient Servant, Peter Motteux.
[Footnote 1: Peter Anthony Motteux, the writer of this letter, was born in Normandy, and came as a refugee to England at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Here he wrote about 14 plays, translated Bayle’s Dictionary, Montaigne’s Essays, and Don Quixote, and established himself also as a trader in Leadenhall Street. He had a wife and a fine young family when (at the age of 56, and six years after the date of this letter) he was found dead in a house of ill fame near Temple Bar under circumstances that caused a reward of fifty pounds to be offered for the discovery of his murderer.]
Vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat inchoare longam.
Upon taking my Seat in a Coffee-house I often draw the Eyes of the whole Room upon me, when in the hottest Seasons of News, and at a time that perhaps the Dutch Mail is just come in, they hear me ask the Coffee-man for his last Weeks Bill of Mortality: I find that I have been sometimes taken on this occasion for a Parish Sexton, sometimes for an Undertaker, and sometimes for a Doctor of Physick. In this, however, I am guided by the Spirit of a Philosopher, as I take occasion from hence to reflect upon the regular Encrease and Diminution of Mankind, and consider the several various Ways through which we pass from Life to Eternity. I am very well pleased with these Weekly Admonitions, that bring into my Mind such Thoughts as ought to be the daily Entertainment of every reasonable Creature; and can consider, with Pleasure to my self, by which of those Deliverances, or, as we commonly call them, Distempers, I may possibly make my Escape out of this World of Sorrows, into that Condition of Existence, wherein I hope to be Happier than it is possible for me at present to conceive.
But this is not all the Use I make of the above-mentioned Weekly Paper. A Bill of Mortality [1] is in my Opinion an unanswerable Argument for a Providence. How can we, without supposing our selves under the constant Care of a Supreme Being, give any possible Account for that nice Proportion, which we find in every great City, between the Deaths and Births of its Inhabitants, and between the Number of Males and that of Females, who are brought into the World? What else could adjust in so exact a manner the Recruits of every Nation to its Losses, and divide these new Supplies of People into such equal Bodies of both Sexes? Chance could never hold the Balance with so steady a Hand. Were we not counted out by an intelligent Supervisor, we should sometimes be over-charged with Multitudes, and at others waste away into a Desart: We should be sometimes a populus virorum, as Florus elegantly expresses it, a Generation of Males, and at others a Species of Women. We may extend this Consideration to every Species of living Creatures, and consider the whole animal World as an huge Army made up of innumerable Corps, if I may use that Term, whose Quotas have been kept entire near five thousand Years, in so wonderful a manner, that there is not probably a single Species lost during this long Tract of Time. Could we have general Bills of Mortality of every kind of Animal, or particular ones of every Species in each Continent and Island, I could almost say in every Wood, Marsh or Mountain, what astonishing Instances would they be of that Providence which watches over all its Works?
I have heard of a great Man in the Romish Church, who upon reading those Words in the Vth Chapter of Genesis, And all the Days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty Years, and he died; and all the Days of Seth were nine hundred and twelve Years, and he died; and all the Days of Methuselah were nine hundred and sixty nine Years, and he died; immediately shut himself up in a Convent, and retired from the World, as not thinking any thing in this Life worth pursuing, which had not regard to another.
The Truth of it is, there is nothing in History which is so improving to the Reader, as those Accounts which we meet with of the Deaths of eminent Persons, and of their Behaviour in that dreadful Season. I may also add, that there are no Parts in History which affect and please the Reader in so sensible a manner. The Reason I take to be this, because there is no other single Circumstance in the Story of any Person, which can possibly be the Case of every one who reads it. A Battle or a Triumph are Conjunctures in which not one Man in a Million is likely to be engaged; but when we see a Person at the Point of Death, we cannot forbear being attentive to every thing he says or does, because we are sure that some time or other we shall our selves be in the same melancholy Circumstances. The General, the Statesman, or the Philosopher, are perhaps Characters which we may never act in; but the dying Man is one whom, sooner or later, we shall certainly resemble.
It is, perhaps, for the same kind of Reason that few Books, [written [2]] in English, have been so much perused as Dr. Sherlock’s Discourse upon Death; though at the same time I must own, that he who has not perused this Excellent Piece, has not perhaps read one of the strongest Persuasives to a Religious Life that ever was written in any Language.
The Consideration, with which I shall close this Essay upon Death, is one of the most ancient and most beaten Morals that has been recommended to Mankind. But its being so very common, and so universally received, though it takes away from it the Grace of Novelty, adds very much to the Weight of it, as it shews that it falls in with the general Sense of Mankind. In short, I would have every one consider, that he is in this Life nothing more than a Passenger, and that he is not to set up his Rest here, but to keep an attentive Eye upon that State of Being to which he approaches every Moment, and which will be for ever fixed and permanent. This single Consideration would be sufficient to extinguish the Bitterness of Hatred, the Thirst of Avarice, and the Cruelty of Ambition.
I am very much pleased with the Passage of Antiphanes a very ancient Poet, who lived near an hundred Years before Socrates, which represents the Life of Man under this View, as I have here translated it Word for Word. Be not grieved, says he, above measure for thy deceased Friends[. They [3]] are not dead, but have only finished that Journey which it is necessary for every one of us to take: We ourselves must go to that great Place of Reception in which they are all of them assembled, and in this general Rendezvous of Mankind, live together in another State of Being.
I think I have, in a former Paper, taken notice of those beautiful Metaphors in Scripture, where Life is termed a Pilgrimage, and those who pass through it are called Strangers and Sojourners upon Earth. I shall conclude this with a Story, which I have somewhere read in the Travels of Sir John Chardin; [4] that Gentleman after having told us, that the Inns which receive the Caravans in Persia, and the Eastern Countries, are called by the Name of Caravansaries, gives us a Relation to the following Purpose.
A Dervise, travelling through Tartary, being arrived at the Town of Balk, went into the King’s Palace by Mistake, as thinking it to be a publick Inn or Caravansary. Having looked about him for some time, he enter’d into a long Gallery, where he laid down his Wallet, and spread his Carpet, in order to repose himself upon it after the Manner of the Eastern Nations. He had not been long in this Posture before he was discovered by some of the Guards, who asked him what was his Business in that Place? The Dervise told them he intended to take up his Night’s Lodging in that Caravansary. The Guards let him know, in a very angry manner, that the House he was in was not a Caravansary, but the King’s Palace. It happened that the King
himself passed through the Gallery during this Debate, and smiling at the Mistake of the Dervise, asked him how he could possibly be so dull as not to distinguish a Palace from a Caravansary? Sir, says the Dervise, give me leave to ask your Majesty a Question or two. Who were the Persons that lodged in this House when it was first built? The King replied, His Ancestors. And who, says the Dervise, was the last Person that lodged here? The King replied, His Father. And who is it, says the Dervise, that lodges here at present? The King told him, that it was he himself. And who, says the Dervise, will be here after you? The King answered, The young Prince his Son. Ah Sir, said the Dervise, a House that changes its Inhabitants so often, and receives such a perpetual Succession of Guests, is not a Palace but a Caravansary.
[Footnote 1: Bills of Mortality, containing the weekly number of Christenings and Deaths, with the cause of Death, were first compiled by the London Company of Parish Clerks (for 109 parishes) after the Plague in 1592. They did not give the age at death till 1728.]
[Footnote 2: which have been written]
[Footnote 3: [; for they]]
[Footnote 4: Sir John Chardin was a jewellers son, born at Paris, who came to England and was knighted by Charles II. He travelled into Persia and the East Indies, and his account of his voyages was translated into English, German, and Flemish. He was living when this paper appeared, but died in the following year, at the age of 70.]
No. 290. Friday, February 1, 1712. Steele.
[Projicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba.
Hor. [1]]
The Players, who know I am very much their Friend, take all Opportunities to express a Gratitude to me for being so. They could not have a better Occasion of Obliging me, than one which they lately took hold of. They desired my Friend WILL. HONEYCOMB to bring me to the Reading of a new Tragedy; it is called The distressed Mother. [2] I must confess, tho some Days are passed since I enjoyed that Entertainment, the Passions of the several Characters dwell strongly upon my Imagination; and I congratulate to the Age, that they are at last to see Truth and humane Life represented in the Incidents which concern Heroes and Heroines. The Stile of the Play is such as becomes those of the first Education, and the Sentiments worthy those of the highest Figure. It was a most exquisite Pleasure to me, to observe real Tears drop from the Eyes of those who had long made it their Profession to dissemble Affliction; and the Player, who read, frequently throw down the Book, till he had given vent to the Humanity which rose in him at some irresistible Touches of the imagined Sorrow. We have seldom had any Female Distress on the Stage, which did not, upon cool Examination, appear to flow
from the Weakness rather than the Misfortune of the Person represented: But in this Tragedy you are not entertained with the ungoverned Passions of such as are enamoured of each other merely as they are Men and Women, but their Regards are founded upon high Conceptions of each others Virtue and Merit; and the Character which gives Name to the Play, is one who has behaved her self with heroic Virtue in the most important Circumstances of a Female Life, those of a Wife, a Widow, and a Mother. If there be those whose Minds have been too attentive upon the Affairs of Life, to have any Notion of the Passion of Love in such Extremes as are known only to particular Tempers, yet, in the above-mentioned Considerations, the Sorrow of the Heroine will move even the Generality of Mankind. Domestick Virtues concern all the World, and there is no one living who is not interested that Andromache should be an imitable Character. The generous Affection to the Memory of her deceased Husband, that tender Care for her Son, which is ever heightned with the Consideration of his Father, and these Regards preserved in spite of being tempted with the Possession of the highest Greatness, are what cannot but be venerable even to such an Audience as at present frequents the English Theatre. My Friend WILL HONEYCOMB commended several tender things that were said, and told me they were very genteel; but whisper’d me, that he feared the Piece was not busy enough for the present Taste. To supply this, he recommended to the Players to be very careful in their Scenes, and above all Things, that every Part should be perfectly new dressed. I was very glad to find that they did not neglect my Friends Admonition, because there are a great many in his Class of Criticism who may be gained by it; but indeed the Truth is, that as to the Work it self, it is every where Nature. The Persons are of the highest Quality in Life, even that of Princes; but their Quality is not represented by the Poet with Direction that Guards and Waiters should follow them in every Scene, but their Grandeur appears in Greatness of Sentiment[s], flowing from Minds worthy their Condition. To make a Character truly Great, this Author understands that it should have its Foundation in superior Thoughts and Maxims of Conduct. It is very certain, that many an honest Woman would make no Difficulty, tho she had been the Wife of Hector, for the sake of a Kingdom, to marry the Enemy of her Husbands Family and Country; and indeed who can deny but she might be still an honest Woman, but no Heroine? That may be defensible, nay laudable in one Character, which would be in the highest Degree exceptionable in another. When Cato Uticensis killed himself, Cottius a Roman of ordinary Quality and Character did the same thing; upon which one said, smiling, Cottius might have lived, tho Caesar has seized the Roman Liberty. Cottius’s Condition might have been the same, let things at the upper End of the World pass as they would. What is further very
extraordinary in this Work, is, that the Persons are all of them laudable, and their Misfortunes arise rather from unguarded Virtue than Propensity to Vice. The Town has an Opportunity of doing itself Justice in supporting the Representation of Passion, Sorrow, Indignation, even Despair itself, within the Rules of Decency, Honour and Good-breeding; and since there is no one can flatter himself his Life will be always fortunate, they may here see Sorrow as they would wish to bear it whenever it arrives.
I am appointed to act a Part in the new Tragedy called The Distressed Mother: It is the celebrated Grief of Orestes which I am to personate; but I shall not act it as I ought, for I shall feel it too intimately to be able to utter it. I was last Night repeating a Paragraph to my self, which I took to be an Expression of Rage, and in the middle of the Sentence there was a Stroke of Self-pity which quite unmanned me. Be pleased, Sir, to print this Letter, that when I am oppressed in this manner at such an Interval, a certain Part of the Audience may not think I am out; and I hope with this Allowance to do it to Satisfaction. I am, SIR, Your most humble Servant, George Powell.
As I was walking tother Day in the Park, I saw a Gentleman with a
very short Face; I desire to know whether it was you. Pray inform me
as soon as you can, lest I become the most heroick Hecatissa’s Rival.
Your humble Servant to command,
SOPHIA.
It is not me you are in love with, for I was very ill and kept my
Chamber all that Day.
[Spirat Tragicum satis, et foeliciter Audet.
Hor.]]
[Footnote 2: This is a third blast of the Trumpet on behalf of Ambrose Philips, who had now been adapting Racine’s Andromaque.]
No. 291. Saturday, February 2, 1712. Addison.
Ubi plura nitent in carmine, non ego paucis
Offendor maculis, quas aut Incuria fudit,
I have now considered Milton’s Paradise Lost under those four great Heads of the Fable, the Characters, the Sentiments, and the Language; and have shewn that he excels, in general, under each of these Heads. I hope that I have made several Discoveries which may appear new, even to those who are versed in Critical Learning. Were I indeed to chuse my Readers, by whose Judgment I would stand or fall, they should not be such as are acquainted only with the French and Italian Criticks, but also with the Ancient and Moderns who have written in either of the learned Languages. Above all, I would have them well versed in the Greek and Latin Poets, without which a Man very often fancies that he understands a Critick, when in Reality he does not comprehend his Meaning.
It is in Criticism, as in all other Sciences and Speculations; one who brings with him any implicit Notions and Observations which he has made in his reading of the Poets, will find his own Reflections methodized and explained, and perhaps several little Hints that had passed in his Mind, perfected and improved in the Works of a good Critick; whereas one who has not these previous Lights is very often an utter Stranger to what he reads, and apt to put a wrong Interpretation upon it.
Nor is it sufficient, that a Man who sets up for a Judge in Criticism, should have perused the Authors above mentioned, unless he has also a clear and Logical Head. Without this Talent he is perpetually puzzled and perplexed amidst his own Blunders, mistakes the Sense of those he would confute, or if he chances to think right, does not know how to convey his Thoughts to another with Clearness and Perspicuity. Aristotle, who was the best Critick, was also one of the best Logicians that ever appeared in the World.
Mr. Locks Essay on Human Understanding [1] would be thought a very odd Book for a Man to make himself Master of, who would get a Reputation by Critical Writings; though at the same time it is very certain, that an Author who has not learned the Art of distinguishing between Words and Things, and of ranging his Thoughts, and setting them in proper Lights, whatever Notions he may have, will lose himself in Confusion and Obscurity. I might further observe, that there is not a Greek or Latin Critick who has not shewn, even in the Style of his Criticisms, that he was a Master of all the Elegance and Delicacy of his Native Tongue.
The Truth of it is, there is nothing more absurd, than for a Man to set up for a Critick, without a good Insight into all the Parts of Learning; whereas many of those who have endeavoured to signalize themselves by Works of this Nature among our English Writers, are not only defective in the above-mentioned Particulars, but plainly discover, by the Phrases which they make use of, and by their confused way of thinking, that they are not acquainted with the most common and ordinary Systems of Arts and Sciences. A few general Rules extracted out of the French Authors, [2] with a certain Cant of Words, has sometimes set up an Illiterate heavy Writer for a most judicious and formidable Critick.
One great Mark, by which you may discover a Critick who has neither Taste nor Learning, is this, that he seldom ventures to praise any Passage in an Author which has not been before received and applauded by the Publick, and that his Criticism turns wholly upon little Faults and Errors. This part of a Critick is so very easie to succeed in, that we find every ordinary Reader, upon the publishing of a new Poem, has Wit and Ill-nature enough to turn several Passages of it into Ridicule, and very often in the right Place. This Mr. Dryden has very agreeably remarked in those two celebrated Lines,
Errors, like Straws, upon the Surface flow;
He who would search for Pearls must dive below. [3]
A true Critick ought to dwell rather upon Excellencies than Imperfections, to discover the concealed Beauties of a Writer, and communicate to the World such things as are worth their Observation. The most exquisite Words and finest Strokes of an Author are those which very often appear the most doubtful and exceptionable to a Man who wants a Relish for polite Learning; and they are these, which a sower undistinguishing Critick generally attacks with the greatest Violence. Tully observes, that it is very easie to brand or fix a Mark upon what he calls Verbum ardens, [4] or, as it may be rendered into English, a glowing bold Expression, and to turn it into Ridicule by a cold ill-natured Criticism. A little Wit is equally capable of exposing a Beauty, and of aggravating a Fault; and though such a Treatment of an Author naturally produces Indignation in the Mind of an understanding Reader, it has however its Effect among the Generality of those whose Hands it falls into, the Rabble of Mankind being very apt to think that every thing which is laughed at with any Mixture of Wit, is ridiculous in it self.
Such a Mirth as this is always unseasonable in a Critick, as it rather prejudices the Reader than convinces him, and is capable of making a Beauty, as well as a Blemish, the Subject of Derision. A Man, who cannot write with Wit on a proper Subject, is dull and stupid, but one who shews it in an improper Place, is as impertinent and absurd. Besides, a Man who has the Gift of Ridicule is apt to find Fault with any thing that gives him an Opportunity of exerting his beloved Talent, and very often censures a Passage, not because there is any Fault in it, but because he can be merry upon it. Such kinds of Pleasantry are very unfair and disingenuous in Works of Criticism, in which the greatest Masters, both Ancient and Modern, have always appeared with a serious and instructive Air.
As I intend in my next Paper to shew the Defects in Milton’s Paradise Lost, I thought fit to premise these few Particulars, to the End that the Reader may know I enter upon it, as on a very ungrateful Work, and that I shall just point at the Imperfections, without endeavouring to enflame them with Ridicule. I must also observe with Longinus, [5] that the Productions of a great Genius, with many Lapses and Inadvertencies, are infinitely preferable to the Works of an inferior kind of Author, which are scrupulously exact and conformable to all the Rules of correct Writing.
I shall conclude my Paper with a Story out of Boccalini [6] which sufficiently shews us the Opinion that judicious Author entertained of the sort of Criticks I have been here mentioning. A famous Critick, says he, having gathered together all the Faults of an eminent Poet, made a Present of them to Apollo, who received them very graciously, and resolved to make the Author a suitable Return for the Trouble he had been at in collecting them. In order to this, he set before him a Sack of Wheat, as it had been just threshed out of the Sheaf. He then bid him pick out the Chaff from among the Corn, and lay it aside by it self. The Critick applied himself to the Task with great Industry and Pleasure, and after having made the due Separation, was presented by Apollo with the Chaff for his Pains. [7]
[Footnote 1: First published in 1690.]
[Footnote 2: Dryden accounted among critics the greatest of his age to be Boilean and Rapin. Boileau was the great master of French criticism. Rene Rapin, born at Tours in 1621, taught Belles Lettres with extraordinary success among his own order of Jesuits, wrote famous critical works, was one of the best Latin poets of his time, and died at Paris in 1687. His Whole Critical Works were translated by Dr. Basil Kennett in two volumes, which appeared in 1705. The preface of their publisher said of Rapin that
he has long dictated in this part of letters. He is acknowledged as the great arbitrator between the merits of the best writers; and during the course of almost thirty years there have been few appeals from his sentence.
(See also a note on p. 168, vol. i. [Footnote 3 of No. 44.]) Rene le Bossu, the great French authority on Epic Poetry, born in 1631, was a regular canon of St. Genevieve, and taught the Humanities in several religious houses of his order. He died, subprior of the Abbey of St. Jean de Cartres, in 1680. He wrote, besides his Treatise upon Epic Poetry, a parallel between the philosophies of Aristotle and Descartes, which appeared a few months earlier (in 1674) with less success. Another authority was Father Bouhours, of whom see note on p. 236, vol. i. [Footnote 4 of No. 62.] Another was Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle. called by Voltaire the most universal genius of his age. He was born at Rouen in 1657, looking so delicate that he was baptized in a hurry, and at 16 was unequal to the exertion of a game at billiards, being caused by any unusual exercise to spit blood, though he lived to the age of a hundred, less one month and two days. He was taught by the Jesuits, went to the bar to please his father, pleaded a cause, lost it, and gave up the profession to devote his time wholly to literature and philosophy. He went to Paris, wrote plays and the Dialogues of the Dead, living then with his uncle, Thomas Corneille. A discourse on the Eclogue prefixed to his pastoral
poems made him an authority in this manner of composition. It was translated by Motteux for addition to the English translation of Bossu on the Epic, which had also appended to it an Essay on Satire by another of these French critics, Andre Dacier. Dacier, born at Castres in 1651, was educated at Saumur under Taneguy le Fevre, who was at the same time making a scholar of his own daughter Anne. Dacier and the young lady became warmly attached to one another, married, united in abjuring Protestantism, and were for forty years, in the happiest concord, man and wife and fellow-scholars. Dacier and his wife, as well as Fontenelle, were alive when the Spectator was appearing; his wife dying, aged 69, in 1720, the husband, aged 71, in 1722. Andre Dacier translated and annotated the Poetics of Aristotle in 1692, and that critical work was regarded as his best performance.]
[Footnote 3: Annus Mirabilis, st. 39.]
[Footnote 4: Ad Brutum. Orator. Towards the beginning:
Facile est enim verbum aliquod ardens (ut ita dicam) notare, idque
restinctis jam animorum incendiis, irridere.]
[Footnote 5: On the Sublime, Sec. 36.]
[Footnote 6: Trajan Boccalini, born at Rome in 1554, was a satirical writer famous in Italy for his fine criticism and bold satire. Cardinals Borghese and Cajetan were his patrons. His Ragguagli di Parnasso and la Secretaria di Parnasso, in which Apollo heard the complaints of the world, and dispensed justice in his court on Parnassus, were received with delight. Afterwards, in his Pietra di Parangone, he satirized the Court of Spain, and, fearing consequences, retired to Venice, where in 1613 he was attacked in his bed by four ruffians, who beat him to death with sand-bags. Boccalini’s Ragguagli di Parnasso has been translated into English, in 1622, as News from Parnassus. Also, in 1656, as Advertisements from Parnassus, by H. Carey, Earl of Monmouth. This translation was reprinted in 1669 and 1674, and again in 1706 by John Hughes, one of the contributors to the Spectator.]
[Footnote 7: To this number of the Spectator, and to several numbers since that for January 8, in which it first appeared, is added an advertisement that, The First and Second Volumes of the SPECTATOR in 8vo are now ready to be delivered to the subscribers by J. Tonson, at Shakespeare’s Head, over-against Catherine Street in the Strand.]
No. 292. Monday, February 4, 1712.
Illam, quicquid agit, quoquo Vestigia flectit,
Componit furlim, subsequiturque decor.
Tibull. L. 4.
As no one can be said to enjoy Health, who is only not sick, without he feel within himself a lightsome and invigorating Principle, which will not suffer him to remain idle, but still spurs him on to Action: so in the Practice of every Virtue, there is some additional Grace required, to give a Claim of excelling in this or that particular Action. A Diamond may want polishing, though the Value be still intrinsically the same; and the same Good may be done with different Degrees of Lustre. No man should be contented with himself that he barely does well, but he should perform every thing in the best and most becoming Manner that he is able.
Tully tells us he wrote his Book of Offices, because there was no Time of Life in which some correspondent Duty might not be practised; nor is there a Duty without a certain Decency accompanying it, by which every Virtue tis join’d to will seem to be doubled. Another may do the same thing, and yet the Action want that Air and Beauty which distinguish it from others; like that inimitable Sun-shine Titian is said to have diffused over his Landschapes; which denotes them his, and has been always unequalled by any other Person.
There is no one Action in which this Quality I am speaking of will be more sensibly perceived, than in granting a Request or doing an Office of Kindness. Mummius, by his Way of consenting to a Benefaction, shall make it lose its Name; while Carus doubles the Kindness and the Obligation: From the first the desired Request drops indeed at last, but from so doubtful a Brow, that the Obliged has almost as much Reason to resent the Manner of bestowing it, as to be thankful for the Favour it self. Carus invites with a pleasing Air, to give him an Opportunity of doing an Act of Humanity, meets the Petition half Way, and consents to a Request with a Countenance which proclaims the Satisfaction of his Mind in assisting the Distressed.
The Decency then that is to be observed in Liberality, seems to consist in its being performed with such Cheerfulness, as may express the God-like Pleasure is to be met with in obliging ones Fellow-Creatures; that may shew Good-nature and Benevolence overflowed, and do not, as in some Men, run upon the Tilt, and taste of the Sediments of a grutching uncommunicative Disposition.
Since I have intimated that the greatest Decorum is to be preserved in the bestowing our good Offices, I will illustrate it a little by an Example drawn from private Life, which carries with it such a Profusion of Liberality, that it can be exceeded by nothing but the Humanity and Good-nature which accompanies it. It is a Letter of Pliny’s[1] which I shall here translate, because the Action will best appear in its first Dress of Thought, without any foreign or ambitious Ornaments.
PLINY to QUINTILIAN.
Tho I am fully acquainted with the Contentment and just Moderation of your Mind, and the Conformity the Education you have given your Daughter bears to your own Character; yet since she is suddenly to be married to a Person of Distinction, whose Figure in the World makes it necessary for her to be at a more than ordinary Expence in Cloaths and Equipage suitable to her Husbands Quality; by which, tho her intrinsick Worth be not augmented, yet will it receive both Ornament and Lustre: And knowing your Estate to be as moderate as the Riches of your Mind are abundant, I must challenge to my self some part of the Burthen; and as a Parent of your Child. I present her with Twelve hundred and fifty Crowns towards these Expences; which Sum had been much larger, had I not feared the Smallness of it would
be the greatest Inducement with you to accept of it. Farewell.
Thus should a Benefaction be done with a good Grace, and shine in the strongest Point of Light; it should not only answer all the Hopes and Exigencies of the Receiver, but even out-run his Wishes: Tis this happy manner of Behaviour which adds new Charms to it, and softens those Gifts of Art and Nature, which otherwise would be rather distasteful than agreeable. Without it, Valour would degenerate into Brutality, Learning into Pedantry, and the genteelest Demeanour into Affectation. Even Religion its self, unless Decency be the Handmaid which waits upon her, is apt to make People appear guilty of Sourness and ill Humour: But this shews Virtue in her first original Form, adds a Comeliness to Religion, and gives its Professors the justest Title to the Beauty of Holiness. A Man fully instructed in this Art, may assume a thousand Shapes, and please in all: He may do a thousand Actions shall become none other but himself; not that the Things themselves are different, but the Manner of doing them.
If you examine each Feature by its self, Aglaura and Callidea are equally handsome; but take them in the Whole, and you cannot suffer the Comparison: Tho one is full of numberless nameless Graces, the other of as many nameless Faults.
The Comeliness of Person, and Decency of Behaviour, add infinite Weight to what is pronounced by any one. Tis the want of this that often makes the Rebukes and Advice of old rigid Persons of no Effect, and leave a Displeasure in the Minds of those they are directed to: But Youth and Beauty, if accompanied with a graceful and becoming Severity, is of mighty Force to raise, even in the most Profligate, a Sense of Shame. In Milton, the Devil is never described ashamed but once, and that at the Rebuke of a beauteous Angel.
So spake the Cherub, and his grave Rebuke,
Severe in youthful Beauty, added Grace
Invincible: Abash’d the Devil stood,
And felt how awful Goodness is, and saw
Virtue in her own Shape how lovely I saw, and pin’d
His Loss. [2]
The Care of doing nothing unbecoming has accompanied the greatest Minds to their last Moments. They avoided even an indecent Posture in the very Article of Death. Thus Caesar gathered his Robe about him, that he might not fall in a manner unbecoming of himself: and the greatest Concern that appeared in the Behaviour of Lucretia, when she stabbed her self, was, that her Body should lie in an Attitude worthy the Mind which had inhabited it.
Ne non procumbat honeste
Extrema haec etiam cura, cadentis erat. [3]
Twas her last Thought, How decently to fall.
Mr. SPECTATOR, I am a young Woman without a Fortune; but of a very high Mind: That is, Good Sir, I am to the last degree Proud and Vain. I am ever railing at the Rich, for doing Things, which, upon Search into my Heart, I find I am only angry because I cannot do the same my self. I wear the hooped Petticoat, and am all in Callicoes when the finest are in Silks. It is a dreadful thing to be poor and proud; therefore if you please, a Lecture on that Subject for the Satisfaction of Your Uneasy Humble Servant, JEZEBEL.
[Footnote 1: Bk. vi. ep. 32.]
[Footnote 2: Par. L., Bk. iv. 11. 844-9.]
[Footnote 3: Ovid. Fast., iii. 833.]
No. 293.] Tuesday, February 5, 1712. [Addison.
[Greek: Pasin gar euphronousi summachei tuchae.]
The famous Gratian [1] in his little Book wherein he lays down Maxims for a Man’s advancing himself at Court, advises his Reader to associate himself with the Fortunate, and to shun the Company of the Unfortunate; which, notwithstanding the Baseness of the Precept to an honest Mind, may have something useful in it for those who push their Interest in the World. It is certain a great Part of what we call good or ill Fortune, rises out of right or wrong Measures, and Schemes of Life. When I hear a Man complain of his being unfortunate in all his Undertakings, I shrewdly suspect him for a very weak Man in his Affairs. In Conformity with this way of thinking, Cardinal Richelieu used to say, that Unfortunate and Imprudent were but two Words for the same Thing. As the Cardinal himself had a great Share both of Prudence and Good-Fortune, his famous Antagonist, the Count d’Olivarez, was disgraced at the Court of Madrid, because it was alledged against him that he had never any Success in his Undertakings. This, says an Eminent Author, was indirectly accusing him of Imprudence.
Cicero recommended Pompey to the Romans for their General upon three Accounts, as he was a Man of Courage, Conduct, and Good-Fortune. It was perhaps, for the Reason above-mentioned, namely, that a Series of Good-Fortune supposes a prudent Management in the Person whom it befalls, that not only Sylla the Dictator, but several of the Roman Emperors, as is still to be seen upon their Medals, among their other Titles, gave themselves that of Felix or Fortunate. The Heathens, indeed, seem to have valued a Man more for his Good-Fortune than for any other Quality, which I think is very natural for those who have not a strong Belief of another World. For how can I conceive a Man crowned with many distinguishing Blessings, that has not some extraordinary Fund of Merit and Perfection in him, which lies open to the Supreme Eye, tho perhaps it is not discovered by my Observation? What is the Reason Homers and Virgil’s Heroes do not form a Resolution, or strike a Blow, without the Conduct and Direction of some Deity? Doubtless, because the Poets esteemed it the greatest Honour to be favoured by the Gods, and thought the best Way of praising a Man was to recount those Favours which naturally implied an extraordinary Merit in the Person on whom they descended.
Those who believe a future State of Rewards and Punishments act very absurdly, if they form their Opinions of a Man’s Merit from his Successes. But certainly, if I thought the whole Circle of our Being was concluded between our Births and Deaths, I should think a Man’s Good-Fortune the Measure and Standard of his real Merit, since Providence would have no Opportunity of rewarding his Virtue and Perfections, but in the present Life. A Virtuous Unbeliever, who lies under the Pressure of Misfortunes, has reason to cry out, as they say Brutus did a little before his Death, O Virtue, I have worshipped thee as a Substantial Good, but I find thou art an empty Name.
But to return to our first Point. Tho Prudence does undoubtedly in a great measure produce our good or ill Fortune in the World, it is certain there are many unforeseen Accidents and Occurrences, which very often pervert the finest Schemes that can be laid by Human Wisdom. The Race is not always to the Swift, nor the Battle to the Strong. Nothing less than infinite Wisdom can have an absolute Command over Fortune; the highest Degree of it which Man can possess, is by no means equal to fortuitous Events, and to such Contingencies as may rise in the Prosecution of our Affairs. Nay, it very often happens, that Prudence, which has always in it a great Mixture of Caution, hinders a Man from being so fortunate as he might possibly have been without it. A Person who only aims at what is likely to succeed, and follows closely the Dictates of Human Prudence, never meets with those great and unforeseen Successes, which are often the effect of a Sanguine Temper, or a more happy Rashness; and this perhaps may be the Reason, that according to the common Observation, Fortune, like other Females, delights rather in favouring the young than the old.
Upon the whole, since Man is so short-sighted a Creature, and the Accidents which may happen to him so various, I cannot but be of Dr. Tillotson’s Opinion in another Case, that were there any Doubt of a Providence, yet it certainly would be very desirable there should be such a Being of infinite Wisdom and Goodness, on whose Direction we might rely in the Conduct of Human Life.
It is a great Presumption to ascribe our Successes to our own Management, and not to esteem our selves upon any Blessing, rather as it is the Bounty of Heaven, than the Acquisition of our own Prudence. I am very well pleased with a Medal which was struck by Queen Elizabeth, a little after the Defeat of the Invincible Armada, to perpetuate the Memory of that extraordinary Event. It is well known how the King of Spain, and others, who were the Enemies of that great Princess, to derogate from her Glory, ascribed the Ruin of their Fleet rather to the Violence of Storms and Tempests, than to the Bravery of the English. Queen Elizabeth, instead of looking upon this as a Diminution of her Honour, valued herself upon such a signal Favour of Providence, and accordingly in [2] the Reverse of the Medal above mentioned, [has represented] a Fleet beaten by a Tempest, and falling foul upon one another, with that Religious Inscription, Afflavit Deus et dissipantur. He blew with his Wind, and they were scattered.
It is remarked of a famous Grecian General, whose Name I cannot at present recollect [3], and who had been a particular Favourite of Fortune, that upon recounting his Victories among his Friends, he added at the End of several great Actions, And in this Fortune had no Share. After which it is observed in History, that he never prospered in any thing he undertook.
As Arrogance, and a Conceitedness of our own Abilities, are very shocking and offensive to Men of Sense and Virtue, we may be sure they are highly displeasing to that Being who delights in an humble Mind, and by several of his Dispensations seems purposely to shew us, that our own Schemes or Prudence have no Share in our Advancement[s].
Since on this Subject I have already admitted several Quotations which have occurred to my Memory upon writing this Paper, I will conclude it with a little Persian Fable. A Drop of Water fell out of a Cloud into the Sea, and finding it self lost in such an Immensity of fluid Matter, broke out into the following Reflection: Alas! What an [insignificant [4]] Creature am I in this prodigious Ocean of Waters; my Existence is of no [Concern [5]] to the Universe, I am reduced to a Kind of Nothing, and am less then the least of the Works of God. It so happened, that an Oyster, which lay in the Neighbourhood of this Drop, chanced to gape and swallow it up in the midst of this [its [6]] humble Soliloquy. The Drop, says the Fable, lay a great while hardning in the Shell, till by Degrees it was ripen’d into a Pearl, which falling into the Hands of a Diver, after a long Series of Adventures, is at present that famous Pearl which is fixed on the Top of the Persian Diadem.
[Footnote 1: Balthasar Gracian, a Spanish Jesuit, who died in 1658, rector of the Jesuits College of Tarragona, wrote many books in Spanish on Politics and Society, among others the one here referred to on the Courtier; which was known to Addison, doubtless, through the French translation by Amelot de la Houssaye.]
[Footnote 2: Corrected by an erratum to [you see in], but in reprint altered by the addition of [has represented].
[Footnote 3: Timotheus the Athenian.]
[Footnote 4: Altered by an erratum to [inconsiderable] to avoid the repetition insignificant, and insignificancy; but in the reprint the second word was changed.]
[Footnote 5: [significancy]]
[Footnote 6: [his]]
No. 294. Wednesday, February 6, 1712. Steele.
Difficile est plurimum virtutem revereri qui semper secunda fortuna
sit usus.
Tull. ad Herennium.
Insolence is the Crime of all others which every Man is most apt to rail at; and yet is there one Respect in which almost all Men living are guilty of it, and that is in the Case of laying a greater Value upon the Gifts of Fortune than we ought. It is here in England come into our very Language, as a Propriety of Distinction, to say, when we would speak of Persons to their Advantage, they are People of Condition. There is no doubt but the proper Use of Riches implies that a Man should exert all the good Qualities imaginable; and if we mean by a Man of Condition or Quality, one who, according to the Wealth he is Master of, shews himself just, beneficent, and charitable, that Term ought very deservedly to be had in the highest Veneration; but when Wealth is used only as it is the Support of Pomp and Luxury, to be rich is very far from being a Recommendation to Honour and Respect. It is indeed the greatest Insolence imaginable, in a Creature
who would feel the Extreams of Thirst and Hunger, if he did not prevent his Appetites before they call upon him, to be so forgetful of the common Necessity of Human Nature, as never to cast an Eye upon the Poor and Needy. The Fellow who escaped from a Ship which struck upon a Rock in the West, and join’d with the Country People to destroy his Brother Sailors and make her a Wreck, was thought a most execrable Creature; but does not every Man who enjoys the Possession of what he naturally wants, and is unmindful of the unsupplied Distress of other Men, betray the same Temper of Mind? When a Man looks about him, and with regard to Riches and Poverty beholds some drawn in Pomp and Equipage, and they and their very Servants with an Air of Scorn and Triumph overlooking the Multitude that pass by them; and, in the same Street, a Creature of the same Make crying out in the Name of all that is Good and Sacred to behold his Misery, and give him some Supply against Hunger and Nakedness, who would believe these two Beings were of the same Species? But so it is, that the Consideration of Fortune has taken up all our Minds, and, as I have often complained, Poverty and Riches stand in our Imaginations in the Places of Guilt and Innocence. But in all Seasons there will be some Instances of Persons who have Souls too large to be taken with popular Prejudices, and while the rest of Mankind are contending for Superiority in Power and Wealth, have their Thoughts bent upon the Necessities of those below them. The Charity-Schools which have been erected of late Years, are the greatest Instances of publick Spirit the Age has produced: But indeed when we consider how long this Sort of Beneficence has been on Foot, it is rather from the good Management of those Institutions, than from the Number or Value of the Benefactions to them, that they make so great a Figure. One would think it impossible, that in the Space of fourteen Years there should not have been five thousand Pounds bestowed in Gifts this Way, nor sixteen hundred Children, including Males and Females, put out to Methods of Industry. It is not allowed me to speak of Luxury and Folly with the severe Spirit they deserve; I shall only therefore say, I shall very readily compound with any Lady in a Hoop-Petticoat, if she gives the Price of one half Yard of the Silk towards Cloathing, Feeding and Instructing an Innocent helpless Creature of her own Sex in one of these Schools. The Consciousness of such an Action will give her Features a nobler Life on this illustrious Day, [1] than all the Jewels that can hang in her Hair, or can be clustered at her Bosom. It would be uncourtly to speak in harsher Words to the Fair, but to Men one may take a little more Freedom. It is monstrous how a Man can live with so little Reflection, as to fancy he is not in a Condition very unjust and disproportioned to the rest of Mankind, while he enjoys Wealth, and exerts no Benevolence or Bounty to others. As for this particular Occasion
of these Schools, there cannot any offer more worthy a generous Mind. Would you do an handsome thing without Return? do it for an Infant that is not sensible of the Obligation: Would you do it for publick Good? do it for one who will be an honest Artificer: Would you do it for the Sake of Heaven? give it to one who shall be instructed in the Worship of him for whose Sake you gave it. It is methinks a most laudable Institution this, if it were of no other Expectation than that of producing a Race of good and useful Servants, who will have more than a liberal, a religious Education. What would not a Man do, in common Prudence, to lay out in Purchase of one about him, who would add to all his Orders he gave the Weight of the Commandments to inforce an Obedience to them? for one who would consider his Master as his Father, his Friend, and Benefactor, upon the easy Terms, and in Expectation of no other Return but moderate Wages and gentle Usage? It is the common Vice of Children to run too much among the Servants; from such as are educated in these Places they would see nothing but Lowliness in the Servant, which would not be disingenuous in the Child. All the ill Offices and defamatory Whispers which take their Birth from Domesticks, would be prevented, if this Charity could be made universal; and a good Man might have a Knowledge of the whole Life of the Persons he designs to take into his House for his own Service, or that of his Family or Children, long before they were admitted. This would create endearing Dependencies: and the Obligation would have a paternal Air in the Master, who would be relieved from much Care and Anxiety from the Gratitude and Diligence of an humble Friend attending him as his Servant. I fall into this Discourse from a Letter sent to me, to give me Notice that Fifty Boys would be Cloathed, and take their Seats (at the Charge of some generous Benefactors) in St. Brides Church on Sunday next. I wish I could promise to my self any thing which my Correspondent seems to expect from a Publication of it in this Paper; for there can be nothing added to what so many excellent and learned Men have said on this Occasion: But that there may be something here which would move a generous Mind, like that of him who writ to me, I shall transcribe an handsome Paragraph of Dr. Snape’s Sermon on these Charities, which my Correspondent enclosed with this Letter.
The wise Providence has amply compensated the Disadvantages of the Poor and Indigent, in wanting many of the Conveniencies of this Life, by a more abundant Provision for their Happiness in the next. Had they been higher born, or more richly endowed, they would have wanted this Manner of Education, of which those only enjoy the Benefit, who are low enough to submit to it; where they have such Advantages without Money, and without Price, as the Rich cannot purchase with it. The Learning which is given, is generally more edifying to them, than that which is sold to others: Thus do they become more exalted in Goodness, by being depressed in Fortune, and their Poverty is, in Reality, their Preferment. [2]
[Footnote 1: Queen Anne’s birthday. She was born Feb. 6, 1665, and died Aug. 1, 1714, aged 49.]
[Footnote 2: From January 24 there occasionally appears the advertisement.
Just Published.
A very neat Pocket Edition of the SPECTATOR, in two volumes 12mo.
Printed for S. Buckley, at the Dolphin, in Little Britain, and J.
Tonson, at Shakespear’s Head, over-against Catherine-Street in the
Strand.]
No. 295. Thursday, February 7, 1712. Addison.
Prodiga non sentit pereuntem faemina censum:
At velut exhausta redivivus pullulet arca
Nummus, et e pleno semper tollatur acervo,
Non unquam reputat quanti sibi gandia constent.
I am turned of my great Climacteric, and am naturally a Man of a meek Temper. About a dozen Years ago I was married, for my Sins, to a young Woman of a good Family, and of an high Spirit; but could not bring her to close with me, before I had entered into a Treaty with her longer than that of the Grand Alliance. Among other Articles, it was therein stipulated, that she should have L400 a Year for Pin-money, which I obliged my self to pay Quarterly into the hands of one who had acted as her Plenipotentiary in that Affair. I have ever since religiously observed my part in this solemn Agreement. Now, Sir, so it is, that the Lady has had several Children since I married her; to which, if I should credit our malicious Neighbours, her Pin-money has not a little contributed. The Education of these my Children, who, contrary to my Expectation, are born to me every Year, streightens me so much, that I have begged their Mother to free me from the Obligation of the above-mentioned Pin-money, that it may go towards making a Provision for her Family. This Proposal makes her noble Blood swell in her Veins, insomuch that finding me a little tardy in her last Quarters Payment, she threatens me every Day to arrest me; and proceeds so far as to tell me, that if I do not do her Justice, I shall die in a Jayl. To this she adds, when her Passion will let her argue calmly, that she has several Play-Debts on her Hand, which must be discharged very suddenly, and that she cannot lose her Money as becomes a Woman of her Fashion, if she makes me any Abatements in this Article. I hope, Sir, you will take an Occasion from hence to give your Opinion upon a Subject which you have not yet touched, and inform us if there are any Precedents for this Usage among our Ancestors; or whether you find any mention of Pin-money in Grotius, Puffendorf, or any other of the Civilians.
I am ever
the humblest of your Admirers,
Josiah Fribble, Esq.
As there is no Man living who is a more professed Advocate for the Fair Sex than my self, so there is none that would be more unwilling to invade any of their ancient Rights and Privileges; but as the Doctrine of Pin-money is of a very late Date, unknown to our Great Grandmothers, and not yet received by many of our Modern Ladies, I think it is for the Interest of both Sexes to keep it from spreading.
Mr. Fribble may not, perhaps, be much mistaken where he intimates, that the supplying a Man’s Wife with Pin-money, is furnishing her with Arms against himself, and in a manner becoming accessary to his own Dishonour. We may indeed, generally observe, that in proportion as a Woman is more or less Beautiful, and her Husband advanced in Years, she stands in need of a greater or less number of Pins, and upon a Treaty of Marriage, rises or falls in her Demands accordingly. It must likewise be owned, that high Quality in a Mistress does very much inflame this Article in the Marriage Reckoning.
But where the Age and Circumstances of both Parties are pretty much upon a level, I cannot but think the insisting upon Pin-money is very extraordinary; and yet we find several Matches broken off upon this very Head. What would a Foreigner, or one who is a Stranger to this Practice, think of a Lover that forsakes his Mistress, because he is not willing to keep her in Pins; but what would he think of the Mistress, should he be informed that she asks five or six hundred Pounds a Year for this use? Should a Man unacquainted with our Customs be told the Sums which are allowed in Great Britain, under the Title of Pin-money, what a prodigious Consumption of Pins would he think there was in this Island? A Pin a Day, says our frugal Proverb, is a Groat a Year, so that according to this Calculation, my Friend Fribbles Wife must every Year make use of Eight Millions six hundred and forty thousand new Pins.
I am not ignorant that our British Ladies allege they comprehend under this general Term several other Conveniencies of Life; I could therefore wish, for the Honour of my Countrywomen, that they had rather called it Needle-Money, which might have implied something of Good-housewifry, and not have given the malicious World occasion to think, that Dress and Trifles have always the uppermost Place in a Woman’s Thoughts.
I know several of my fair Reasoners urge, in defence of this Practice, that it is but a necessary Provision they make for themselves, in case their Husband proves a Churl or a Miser; so that they consider this Allowance as a kind of Alimony, which they may lay their Claim to, without actually separating from their Husbands. But with Submission, I think a Woman who will give up her self to a Man in Marriage, where there is the least Room for such an Apprehension, and trust her Person to one whom she will not rely on for the common Necessaries of Life, may very properly be accused (in the Phrase of an homely Proverb) of being Penny wise and Pound foolish.
It is observed of over-cautious Generals, that they never engage in a Battel without securing a Retreat, in case the Event should not answer their Expectations; on the other hand, the greatest Conquerors have burnt their Ships, or broke down the Bridges behind them, as being determined either to succeed or die in the Engagement. In the same manner I should very much suspect a Woman who takes such Precautions for her Retreat, and contrives Methods how she may live happily, without the Affection of one to whom she joins herself for Life. Separate Purses between Man and Wife are, in my Opinion, as unnatural as separate Beds. A Marriage cannot be happy, where the Pleasures, Inclinations, and Interests of both Parties are not the same. There is no greater Incitement to Love in the Mind of Man, than the Sense of a Persons depending upon him for her Ease and Happiness; as a Woman uses all her Endeavours to please the Person whom she looks upon as her Honour, her Comfort, and her Support.
For this Reason I am not very much surprized at the Behaviour of a rough Country Squire, who, being not a little shocked at the Proceeding of a young Widow that would not recede from her Demands of Pin-money, was so enraged at her mercenary Temper, that he told her in great Wrath, As much as she thought him her Slave, he would shew all the World he did not care a Pin for her. Upon which he flew out of the Room, and never saw her more.
Socrates, in Plato’s Altibiades, says, he was informed by one, who had travelled through Persia, that as he passed over a great Tract of Lands, and enquired what the Name of the Place was, they told him it was the Queens Girdle; to which he adds, that another wide Field which lay by it, was called the Queens Veil; and that in the same Manner there was a large Portion of Ground set aside for every part of Her Majesty’s Dress. These Lands might not be improperly called the Queen of Persia’s Pin-money.
I remember my Friend Sir ROGER, who I dare say never read this Passage in Plato, told me some time since, that upon his courting the Perverse Widow (of whom I have given an Account in former Papers) he had disposed of an hundred Acres in a Diamond-Ring, which he would have presented her with, had she thought fit to accept it; and that upon her Wedding-Day she should have carried on her Head fifty of the tallest Oaks upon his Estate. He further informed me that he would have given her a Cole-pit to keep her in clean Linnen, that he would have allowed her the Profits of a Windmill for her Fans, and have presented her once in three Years with the Sheering of his Sheep [for her [1]] Under-Petticoats. To which the Knight always adds, that though he did not care for fine Cloaths himself, there should not have been a Woman in the Country better dressed than my Lady Coverley. Sir ROGER perhaps, may in this, as well as in many other of his Devices, appear something odd and singular, but if the Humour of Pin-money prevails, I think it would be very proper for every Gentleman of an Estate to mark out so many Acres of it under the Title of The Pins.
[Footnote 1: [to keep her in]]
Nugis addere pondus.
Dear SPEC.
Having lately conversed much with the Fair Sex on the Subject of your Speculations, (which since their Appearance in Publick, have been the chief Exercise of the Female loquacious Faculty) I found the fair Ones possess’d with a Dissatisfaction at your prefixing Greek Mottos to the Frontispiece of your late Papers; and, as a Man of Gallantry, I thought it a Duty incumbent on me to impart it to you, in Hopes of a Reformation, which is only to be effected by a Restoration of the Latin to the usual Dignity in your Papers, which of late, the Greek, to the great Displeasure of your Female Readers, has usurp’d; for tho the Latin has the Recommendation of being as unintelligible to them as the Greek, yet being written of the same Character with their Mother-Tongue, by the Assistance of a Spelling-Book its legible; which Quality the Greek wants: And since the Introduction of Operas into this Nation, the Ladies are so charmed with Sounds abstracted from their Ideas, that they adore and honour the Sound of Latin as it is old Italian. I am a Sollicitor for the Fair Sex, and therefore think my self in that Character more likely to be prevalent in this Request, than if I should subscribe myself by my proper Name. J.M.
I desire you may insert this in one of your Speculations, to shew my
Zeal for removing the Dissatisfaction of the Fair Sex, and restoring
you to their Favour.
I was some time since in Company with a young Officer, who entertained us with the Conquest he had made over a Female Neighbour of his; when a Gentleman who stood by, as I suppose, envying the Captains good Fortune, asked him what Reason he had to believe the Lady admired him? Why, says he, my Lodgings are opposite to hers, and she is continually at her Window either at Work, Reading, taking Snuff, or putting her self in some toying Posture on purpose to draw my Eyes that Way. The Confession of this vain Soldier made me reflect on some of my own Actions; for you must know, Sir, I am often at a Window which fronts the Apartments of several Gentlemen, who I doubt not have the same Opinion of me. I must own I love to look at them all, one for being well dressed, a second for his fine Eye, and one particular one, because he is the least Man I ever saw; but there is something so easie and pleasant in the Manner of my little Man, that I observe he is a Favourite of all his Acquaintance. I could go on to tell you of many others that I believe think I have encouraged them from my Window: But pray let me have your Opinion of the Use of the Window in a beautiful Lady: and how often she may look out at the same Man, without being supposed to have a Mind to jump out to him. Yours, Aurelia Careless.
I have for some Time made Love to a Lady, who received it with all the kind Returns I ought to expect. But without any Provocation, that I know of, she has of late shunned me with the utmost Abhorrence, insomuch that she went out of Church last Sunday in the midst of Divine Service, upon my coming into the same Pew. Pray, Sir, what must I do in this Business? Your Servant, Euphues.
Let her alone Ten Days.
York, Jan. 20, 1711-12.
We have in this Town a sort of People who pretend to Wit and write Lampoons: I have lately been the Subject of one of them. The Scribler had not Genius enough in Verse to turn my Age, as indeed I am an old Maid, into Raillery, for affecting a youthier Turn than is consistent with my Time of Day; and therefore he makes the Title to his Madrigal, The Character of Mrs. Judith Lovebane, born in the Year [1680. [1]] What I desire of you is, That you disallow that a Coxcomb who pretends to write Verse, should put the most malicious Thing he can say in Prose. This I humbly conceive will disable our Country Wits, who indeed take a great deal of Pains to say any thing in Rhyme, tho they say it very ill. I am, SIR, Your Humble Servant, Susanna Lovebane.
Mr. SPECTATOR, We are several of us, Gentlemen and Ladies, who Board in the same House, and after Dinner one of our Company (an agreeable Man enough otherwise) stands up and reads your Paper to us all. We are the civillest People in the World to one another, and therefore I am forced to this way of desiring our Reader, when he is doing this Office, not to stand afore the Fire. This will be a general Good to our Family this cold Weather. He will, I know, take it to be our common Request when he comes to these Words, Pray, Sir, sit down; which I desire you to insert, and you will particularly oblige Your Daily Reader, Charity Frost.
I am a great Lover of Dancing, but cannot perform so well as some others; however, by my Out-of-the-Way Capers, and some original Grimaces, I don’t fail to divert the Company, particularly the Ladies, who laugh immoderately all the Time. Some, who pretend to be my Friends, tell me they do it in Derision, and would advise me to leave it off, withal that I make my self ridiculous. I don’t know what to do in this Affair, but I am resolved not to give over upon any Account, till I have the Opinion of the SPECTATOR. Your humble Servant, John Trott.
If Mr. Trott is not awkward out of Time, he has a Right to Dance let who will Laugh: But if he has no Ear he will interrupt others; and I am of Opinion he should sit still.
Given under my Hand this Fifth of February, 1711-12.
[Footnote 1: 1750]
No. 297. Saturday, February 9, 1712. Addison
—velut si
Egregio inspersos reprendas corpore naevos.
After what I have said in my last Saturdays Paper, I shall enter on the Subject of this without further Preface, and remark the several Defects which appear in the Fable, the Characters, the Sentiments, and the Language of Milton’s Paradise Lost; not doubting but the Reader will pardon me, if I alledge at the same time whatever may be said for the Extenuation of such Defects. The first Imperfection which I shall observe in the Fable is that the Event of it is unhappy.
The Fable of every Poem is, according to Aristotle’s Division, either Simple or Implex [1]. It is called Simple when there is no change of Fortune in it: Implex, when the Fortune of the chief Actor changes from Bad to Good, or from Good to Bad. The Implex Fable is thought the most perfect; I suppose, because it is more proper to stir up the Passions of the Reader, and to surprize him with a greater Variety of Accidents.
The Implex Fable is therefore of two kinds: In the first the chief Actor makes his Way through a long Series of Dangers and Difficulties, till he arrives at Honour and Prosperity, as we see in the [Story of Ulysses. [2]] In the second, the chief Actor in the Poem falls from some eminent Pitch of Honour and Prosperity, into Misery and Disgrace. Thus we see Adam and Eve sinking from a State of Innocence and Happiness, into the most abject Condition of Sin and Sorrow.
The most taking Tragedies among the Ancients were built on this last sort of Implex Fable, particularly the Tragedy of Oedipus, which proceeds upon a Story, if we may believe Aristotle, the most proper for Tragedy that could be invented by the Wit of Man. [3] I have taken some Pains in a former Paper to shew, that this kind of Implex Fable, wherein the Event is unhappy, is more apt to affect an Audience than that of the first kind; notwithstanding many excellent Pieces among the Ancients, as well as most of those which have been written of late Years in our own Country, are raised upon contrary Plans. I must however own, that I think this kind of Fable, which is the most perfect in Tragedy, is not so proper for an Heroic Poem.
Milton seems to have been sensible of this Imperfection in his Fable, and has therefore endeavoured to cure it by several Expedients; particularly by the Mortification which the great Adversary of Mankind meets with upon his Return to the Assembly of Infernal Spirits, as it is described in [a, [4]] beautiful Passage of the Tenth Book; and likewise by the Vision wherein Adam at the close of the Poem sees his Off-spring triumphing over his great Enemy, and himself restored to a happier Paradise than that from which he fell.
There is another Objection against Milton’s Fable, which is indeed almost the same with the former, tho placed in a different Light, namely, That the Hero in the Paradise Lost is unsuccessful, and by no means a Match for his Enemies. This gave Occasion to Mr. Dryden’s Reflection, that the Devil was in reality Milton’s Hero. [5]
I think I have obviated this Objection in my first Paper. The Paradise Lost is an Epic [or a] Narrative Poem, [and] he that looks for an Hero in it, searches for that which Milton never intended; [but [6]] if he will needs fix the Name of an Hero upon any Person in it, tis certainly the Messiah who is the Hero, both in the Principal Action, and in the [chief Episodes.] [7] Paganism could not furnish out a real Action for a Fable greater than that of the Iliad or AEneid, and therefore an Heathen could not form a higher Notion of a Poem than one of that kind, which they call an Heroic. Whether Milton’s is not of a [sublimer [8]] Nature I will not presume to determine: It is sufficient that I shew there is in the Paradise Lost all the Greatness of Plan, Regularity of Design, and masterly Beauties which we discover in Homer and Virgil.
I must in the next Place observe, that Milton has interwoven in the Texture of his Fable some Particulars which do not seem to have Probability enough for an Epic Poem, particularly in the Actions which he ascribes to Sin and Death, and the Picture which he draws of the Limbo of Vanity, with other Passages in the second Book. Such Allegories rather savour of the Spirit of Spenser and Ariosto, than of Homer and Virgil.
In the Structure of his Poem he has likewise admitted of too many Digressions. It is finely observed by Aristotle, that the Author of an Heroic Poem should seldom speak himself, but throw as much of his Work as he can into the Mouths of those who are his Principal Actors. [9]
Aristotle has given no reason for this Precept; but I presume it is because the Mind of the Reader is more awed and elevated when he hears AEneas or Achilles speak, than when Virgil or Homer talk in their own Persons. Besides that assuming the Character of an eminent Man is apt to fire the Imagination, and raise the Ideas of the Author. Tully tells us [10], mentioning his Dialogue of Old Age, in which Cato is the chief Speaker, that upon a Review of it he was agreeably imposed upon, and fancied that it was Cato, and not he himself, who uttered his Thoughts on that Subject.
If the Reader would be at the Pains to see how the Story of the Iliad and the AEneid is delivered by those Persons who act in it, he will be surprized to find how little in either of these Poems proceeds from the Authors. Milton has, in the general disposition of his Fable, very finely observed this great Rule; insomuch that there is scarce a third Part of it which comes from the Poet; the rest is spoken either by Adam and Eve, or by some Good or Evil Spirit who is engaged either in their Destruction or Defence.
From what has been here observed it appears, that Digressions are by no means to be allowed of in an Epic Poem. If the Poet, even in the ordinary course of his Narration, should speak as little as possible, he should certainly never let his Narration sleep for the sake of any Reflections of his own. I have often observed, with a secret Admiration, that the longest Reflection in the AEneid is in that Passage of the Tenth Book, where Turnus is represented as dressing himself in the Spoils of Pallas, whom he had slain. Virgil here lets his Fable stand still for the-sake of the following Remark. How is the Mind of Man ignorant of Futurity, and unable to bear prosperous Fortune with Moderation? The Time will come when Turnus shall wish that he had left the Body of Pallas untouched, and curse the Day on which he dressed himself in these Spoils. As the great Event of the AEneid, and the Death of Turnus, whom AEneas slew because he saw him adorned with the Spoils of Pallas, turns upon this Incident, Virgil went out of his way to make this Reflection upon it, without which so small a Circumstance might possibly have slipped out of his Readers Memory. Lucan, who was an Injudicious Poet, lets drop his Story very frequently for the sake of his unnecessary Digressions, or his Diverticula, as Scaliger calls them. [11] If he gives us an Account of the Prodigies which preceded the Civil War, he declaims upon the Occasion, and shews how much happier it would be for Man, if he did not feel his Evil Fortune before it comes to pass; and suffer not only by its real Weight, but by the Apprehension of it. Milton’s Complaint [for [12]] his Blindness, his Panegyrick on Marriage, his Reflections on Adam and Eves going naked, of the Angels eating, and several other Passages in his Poem, are liable to the same Exception, tho I must confess there is so great a Beauty in these very Digressions, that I would not wish them out of his Poem.
I have, in a former Paper, spoken of the Characters of Milton’s Paradise Lost, and declared my Opinion, as to the Allegorical Persons who are introduced in it.
If we look into the Sentiments, I think they are sometimes defective under the following Heads: First, as there are several of them too much pointed, and some that degenerate even into Punns. Of this last kind I am afraid is that in the First Book, where speaking of the Pigmies, he calls them,
—The small Infantry
Warrdon by Cranes—
Another Blemish [that [13]] appears in some of his Thoughts, is his frequent Allusion to Heathen Fables, which are not certainly of a Piece with the Divine Subject, of which he treats. I do not find fault with these Allusions, where the Poet himself represents them as fabulous, as he does in some Places, but where he mentions them as Truths and Matters of Fact. The Limits of my Paper will not give me leave to be particular in Instances of this kind; the Reader will easily remark them in his Perusal of the Poem.
A third fault in his Sentiments, is an unnecessary Ostentation of Learning, which likewise occurs very frequently. It is certain that both Homer and Virgil were Masters of all the Learning of their Times, but it shews it self in their Works after an indirect and concealed manner. Milton seems ambitious of letting us know, by his Excursions on Free-Will and Predestination, and his many Glances upon History, Astronomy, Geography, and the like, as well as by the Terms and Phrases he sometimes makes use of, that he was acquainted with the whole Circle of Arts and Sciences.
If, in the last place, we consider the Language of this great Poet, we must allow what I have hinted in a former Paper, that it is often too much laboured, and sometimes obscured by old Words, Transpositions, and Foreign Idioms. Senecas Objection to the Style of a great Author, Riget ejus oratio, nihil in ea placidum nihil lene, is what many Criticks make to Milton: As I cannot wholly refuse it, so I have already apologized for it in another Paper; to which I may further add, that Milton’s Sentiments and Ideas were so wonderfully Sublime, that it would have been impossible for him to have represented them in their full Strength and Beauty, without having recourse to these Foreign Assistances. Our Language sunk under him, and was unequal to that Greatness of Soul, which furnished him with such glorious Conceptions.
A second Fault in his Language is, that he often affects a kind of Jingle in his Words, as in the following Passages, and many others:
And brought into the World a World of Woe.
—Begirt th’ Almighty throne
Beseeching or besieging—
This tempted our attempt—
At one slight bound high overleapt all bound.
I know there are Figures for this kind of Speech, that some of the greatest Ancients have been guilty of it, and that Aristotle himself has given it a place in his Rhetorick among the Beauties of that Art. [14] But as it is in its self poor and trifling, it is I think at present universally exploded by all the Masters of Polite Writing.
The last Fault which I shall take notice of in Milton’s Style, is the frequent use of what the Learned call Technical Words, or Terms of Art. It is one of the great Beauties of Poetry, to make hard things intelligible, and to deliver what is abstruse [of [15]] it self in such easy Language as may be understood by ordinary Readers: Besides, that the Knowledge of a Poet should rather seem born with him, or inspired, than drawn from Books and Systems. I have often wondered how Mr. Dryden could translate a Passage out of Virgil after the following manner.
Tack to the Larboard, and stand off to Sea.
Veer Star-board Sea and Land.
Milton makes use of Larboard in the same manner. When he is upon Building he mentions Doric Pillars, Pilasters, Cornice, Freeze, Architrave. When he talks of Heavenly Bodies, you meet with Eccliptic and Eccentric, the trepidation, Stars dropping from the Zenith, Rays culminating from the Equator. To which might be added many Instances of the like kind in several other Arts and Sciences.
I shall in my next [Papers [16]] give an Account of the many particular Beauties in Milton, which would have been too long to insert under those general Heads I have already treated of, and with which I intend to conclude this Piece of Criticism.
[Footnote 1: Poetics, cap. x. Addison got his affected word implex by reading Aristotle through the translation and notes of Andre Dacier. Implex was the word used by the French, but the natural English translation of Aristotle’s [Greek: haploi] and [Greek: peplegmenoi] is into simple and complicated.]
[Footnote 2: [Stories of Achilles, Ulysses, and AEneas.]]
[Footnote 3: Poetics, cap. xi.]
[Footnote 5: Dediction of the AEneid; where, after speaking of small claimants of the honours of the Epic, he says,
Spencer has a better for his “Fairy Queen” had his action been finished, or been one; and Milton if the Devil had not been his hero, instead of Adam; if the giant had not foiled the knight, and driven him out of his stronghold, to wander through the world with his lady-errant; and if there had not been more machining persons that human in his poem.]
[Footnote 6: [or]]
[Footnote 7: [Episode]]
[Footnote 8: [greater]]
[Footnote 9: Poetics, cap. xxv. The reason he gives is that when the Poet speaks in his own person he is not then the Imitator. Other Poets than Homer, Aristotle adds,
ambitious to figure throughout themselves, imitate but little and
seldom. Homer, after a few preparatory lines, immediately introduces a
man or woman or some other character, for all have their character.
Of Lucan, as an example of the contrary practice, Hobbes said in his Discourse concerning the Virtues of an Heroic Poem:
No Heroic Poem raises such admiration of the Poet, as his hath done,
though not so great admiration of the persons he introduceth.]
[Footnote 10: Letters to Atticus, Bk. xiii., Ep. 44.]
[Footnote 11: Poetices, Lib. iii. cap. 25.]
[Footnote 12: [of]]
[Footnote 13: [which]]
[Footnote 14: Rhetoric, iii. ch. II, where he cites such verbal jokes as, You wish him [Greek: persai] (i.e. to side with Persia—to ruin him), and the saying of Isocrates concerning Athens, that its sovereignty [Greek: archae] was to the city a beginning [Greek: archae] of evils. As this closes Addison’s comparison of Milton’s practice with Aristotle’s doctrine (the following papers being expressions of his personal appreciation of the several books of Paradise Lost), we may note here that Milton would have been quite ready to have his work tried by the test Addison has been applying. In his letter to Samuel Hartlib, sketching his ideal of a good Education, he assigns to advanced pupils logic and then
rhetoric taught out of the rules of Plato, Aristotle, Phalereus, Cicero, Hermogenes, Longinus. To which poetry would be made subsequent, or, indeed, rather precedent, as being less subtile and fine, but more simple, sensuous, and passionate. I mean not here the prosody of a verse, which they could not but have hit on before among the rudiments of grammar; but that sublime art which in Aristotle’s Poetics, in Horace, and the Italian commentaries of Castelvetro, Tasso, Mazzoni, and others, teaches what the laws are of a true epic poem, what of a dramatic, what of a lyric, what decorum is, which is the grand masterpiece to observe. This would make them soon perceive what despicable creatures our common rhymers and play-writers be; and show them what religious, what glorious and magnificent use might be made of poetry, both in divine and human things.]
[Footnote 15: [in]]
[Footnote 16: [Saturdays Paper]]
No. 298. Monday, February 11, 1712. Steele.
Nusquam Tuta fides.
London, Feb. 9, 1711-12.
I am a Virgin, and in no Case despicable; but yet such as I am I must remain, or else become, tis to be feared, less happy: for I find not the least good Effect from the just Correction you some time since gave, that too free, that looser Part of our Sex which spoils the Men; the same Connivance at the Vices, the same easie Admittance of Addresses, the same vitiated Relish of the Conversation of the greatest of Rakes (or in a more fashionable Way of expressing ones self, of such as have seen the World most) still abounds, increases, multiplies.
The humble Petition therefore of many of the most strictly virtuous, and of my self, is, That you’ll once more exert your Authority, and that according to your late Promise, your full, your impartial Authority, on this sillier Branch of our Kind: For why should they be the uncontroulable Mistresses of our Fate? Why should they with Impunity indulge the Males in Licentiousness whilst single, and we have the dismal Hazard and Plague of reforming them when married? Strike home, Sir, then, and spare not, or all our maiden Hopes, our gilded Hopes of nuptial Felicity are frustrated, are vanished, and you your self, as well as Mr. Courtly, will, by smoothing over immodest Practices with the Gloss of soft and harmless Names, for ever forfeit our Esteem. Nor think that I’m herein more severe than need be: If I have not reason more than enough, do you and the World judge from this ensuing Account, which, I think, will prove the Evil to be universal.
You must know then, that since your Reprehension of this Female Degeneracy came out, I’ve had a Tender of Respects from no less than five Persons, of tolerable Figure too as Times go: But the Misfortune
is, that four of the five are professed Followers of the Mode. They would face me down, that all Women of good Sense ever were, and ever will be, Latitudinarians in Wedlock; and always did, and will, give and take what they profanely term Conjugal Liberty of Conscience.
The two first of them, a Captain and a Merchant, to strengthen their Argument, pretend to repeat after a Couple, a Brace of Ladies of Quality and Wit, That Venus was always kind to Mars; and what Soul that has the least spark of Generosity, can deny a Man of Bravery any thing? And how pitiful a Trader that, whom no Woman but his own Wife will have Correspondence and Dealings with? Thus these; whilst the third, the Country Squire, confessed, That indeed he was surprized into good Breeding, and entered into the Knowledge of the World unawares. That dining tother Day at a Gentleman’s House, the Person who entertained was obliged to leave him with his Wife and Nieces; where they spoke with so much Contempt of an absent Gentleman for being slow at a Hint, that he had resolved never to be drowsy, unmannerly, or stupid for the future at a Friends House; and on a hunting Morning, not to pursue the Game either with the Husband abroad, or with the Wife at home.
The next that came was a Tradesman, [no [1]] less full of the Age than the former; for he had the Gallantry to tell me, that at a late Junket which he was invited to, the Motion being made, and the Question being put, twas by Maid, Wife and Widow resolved nemine contradicente, That a young sprightly Journeyman is absolutely necessary in their Way of Business: To which they had the Assent and Concurrence of the Husbands present. I dropped him a Curtsy, and gave him to understand that was his Audience of Leave.
I am reckoned pretty, and have had very many Advances besides these; but have been very averse to hear any of them, from my Observation on these above-mentioned, till I hoped some Good from the Character of my present Admirer, a Clergyman. But I find even amongst them there are indirect Practices in relation to Love, and our Treaty is at present a little in Suspence, till some Circumstances are cleared. There is a Charge against him among the Women, and the Case is this: It is alledged, That a certain endowed Female would have appropriated her self to and consolidated her self with a Church, which my Divine now enjoys; (or, which is the same thing, did prostitute her self to her Friends doing this for her): That my Ecclesiastick, to obtain the one, did engage himself to take off the other that lay on Hand; but that on his Success in the Spiritual, he again renounced the Carnal.
I put this closely to him, and taxed him with Disingenuity. He to clear himself made the subsequent Defence, and that in the most solemn Manner possible: That he was applied to and instigated to accept of a Benefice: That a conditional Offer thereof was indeed made him at first,
but with Disdain by him rejected: That when nothing (as they easily perceived) of this Nature could bring him to their Purpose, Assurance of his being entirely unengaged before-hand, and safe from all their After-Expectations (the only Stratagem left to draw him in) was given him: That pursuant to this the Donation it self was without Delay, before several reputable Witnesses, tendered to him gratis, with the open Profession of not the least Reserve, or most minute Condition; but that yet immediately after Induction, his insidious Introducer (or her crafty Procurer, which you will) industriously spread the Report, which had reached my Ears, not only in the Neighbourhood of that said Church, but in London, in the University, in mine and his own County, and where-ever else it might probably obviate his Application to any other Woman, and so confine him to this alone: And, in a Word, That as he never did make any previous Offer of his Service, or the least Step to her Affection; so on his Discovery of these Designs thus laid to trick him, he could not but afterwards, in Justice to himself, vindicate both his Innocence and Freedom by keeping his proper Distance.
This is his Apology, and I think I shall be satisfied with it. But I cannot conclude my tedious Epistle, without recommending to you not only to resume your former Chastisement, but to add to your Criminals the Simoniacal Ladies, who seduce the sacred Order into the Difficulty of either breaking a mercenary Troth made to them whom they ought not to deceive, or by breaking or keeping it offending against him whom they cannot deceive. Your Assistance and Labours of this sort would be of great Benefit, and your speedy Thoughts on this Subject would be very seasonable to,
SIR, Your most obedient Servant,
Chastity Loveworth.
[Footnote 1: [nor]]
No. 299. Tuesday, February 12, 1712. Addison.
Malo Venusinam, quam te, Cornelia, Mater
Gracchorum, si cum magnis virtutibus affers
Grande supercilium, et numeras in dote triumphos.
Tolle tuum precor Annibalem victumque Syphacem
In castris, et cum tota Carthagine migra.
It is observed, that a Man improves more by reading the Story of a Person eminent for Prudence and Virtue, than by the finest Rules and Precepts of Morality. In the same manner a Representation of those Calamities and Misfortunes which a weak Man suffers from wrong Measures, and ill-concerted Schemes of Life, is apt to make a deeper Impression upon our Minds, than the wisest Maxims and Instructions that can be given us, for avoiding the like Follies and Indiscretions on our own private Conduct. It is for this Reason that I lay before my Reader the following Letter, and leave it with him to make his own use of it, without adding any Reflections of my own upon the Subject Matter.
Having carefully perused a Letter sent you by Josiah Fribble, Esq., with your subsequent Discourse upon Pin-Money, I do presume to trouble you with an Account of my own Case, which I look upon to be no less deplorable than that of Squire Fribble. I am a Person of no Extraction, having begun the World with a small parcel of Rusty Iron, and was for some Years commonly known by the Name of Jack Anvil. [1] I have naturally a very happy Genius for getting Money, insomuch that by the Age of Five and twenty I had scraped together Four thousand two hundred Pounds Five Shillings, and a few odd Pence. I then launched out into considerable Business, and became a bold Trader both by Sea and Land, which in a few Years raised me a very [great [2]] Fortune. For these my Good Services I was Knighted in the thirty fifth Year of my Age, and lived with great Dignity among my City-Neighbours by the Name of Sir John Anvil. Being in my Temper very Ambitious, I was now bent upon making a Family, and accordingly resolved that my Descendants should have a Dash of Good Blood in their Veins. In order to this, I made Love to the Lady Mary Oddly, an Indigent young Woman of Quality. To cut short the Marriage Treaty, I threw her a Charte Blanche, as our News Papers call it, desiring her to write upon it her own Terms. She was very concise in her Demands, insisting only that the Disposal of my Fortune, and the Regulation of my Family, should be entirely in her Hands. Her Father and Brothers appeared exceedingly averse to this Match, and would not see me for some time; but at present are so well reconciled, that they Dine with me almost every Day, and have borrowed considerable Sums of me; which my Lady Mary very often twits me with, when she would shew me how kind her Relations are to me. She had no Portion, as I told you before, but what she wanted in Fortune, she makes up in Spirit. She at first changed my Name to Sir John Envil, and at present writes her self Mary Enville. I have had some Children by her, whom she has Christened with the Sirnames of her Family, in order, as she tells me, to wear out the Homeliness of their Parentage by the Fathers Side. Our eldest Son is the Honourable Oddly Enville, Esq., and our eldest Daughter Harriot Enville. Upon her first coming into my Family, she turned off a parcel of very careful Servants, who had been long with me, and introduced in their stead a couple of Black-a-moors, and three or four very genteel Fellows in Laced Liveries, besides her French woman, who is perpetually making a Noise in the House in a Language which no body understands, except my Lady Mary. She next set her self to reform every Room of my House, having glazed all my Chimney-pieces with Looking-glass, and planted every Corner with such heaps of China, that I am obliged to move about my own House with the greatest Caution and Circumspection, for fear of hurting some of our Brittle Furniture. She makes an Illumination once a Week with Wax-Candles in one of
the largest Rooms, in order, as she phrases it, to see Company. At which time she always desires me to be Abroad, or to confine my self to the Cock-loft, that I may not disgrace her among her Visitants of Quality. Her Footmen, as I told you before, are such Beaus that I do not much care for asking them Questions; when I do, they answer me with a sawcy Frown, and say that every thing, which I find Fault with, was done by my Lady Marys Order. She tells me that she intends they shall wear Swords with their next Liveries, having lately observed the Footmen of two or three Persons of Quality hanging behind the Coach with Swords by their Sides. As soon as the first Honey-Moon was over, I represented to her the Unreasonableness of those daily Innovations which she made in my Family, but she told me I was no longer to consider my self as Sir John Anvil, but as her Husband; and added, with a Frown, that I did not seem to know who she was. I was surprized to be treated thus, after such Familiarities as had passed between us. But she has since given me to know, that whatever Freedoms she may sometimes indulge me in, she expects in general to be treated with the Respect that is due to her Birth and Quality. Our Children have been trained up from their Infancy with so many Accounts of their Mothers Family, that they know the Stories of all the great Men and Women it has produced. Their Mother tells them, that such an one commanded in such a Sea Engagement, that their Great Grandfather had a Horse shot under him at Edge-hill, that their Uncle was at the Siege of Buda, and that her Mother danced in a Ball at Court with the Duke of Monmouth; with abundance of Fiddle-faddle of the same Nature. I was, the other Day, a little out of Countenance at a Question of my little Daughter Harriot, who asked me, with a great deal of Innocence, why I never told them of the Generals and Admirals that had been in my Family. As for my Eldest Son Oddly, he has been so spirited up by his Mother, that if he does not mend his Manners I shall go near to disinherit him. He drew his Sword upon me before he was nine years old, and told me, that he expected to be used like a Gentleman; upon my offering to correct him for his Insolence, my Lady Mary stept in between us, and told me, that I ought to consider there was some Difference between his Mother and mine. She is perpetually finding out the Features of her own Relations in every one of my Children, tho, by the way, I have a little Chubfaced Boy as like me as he can stare, if I durst say so; but what most angers me, when she sees me playing with any of them upon my Knee, she has begged me more than once to converse with the Children as little as possibly, that they may not learn any of my awkward Tricks.
You must farther know, since I am opening my Heart to you, that she thinks her self my Superior in Sense, as much as she is in Quality, and therefore treats me like a plain well-meaning Man, who does not
know the World. She dictates to me in my own Business, sets me right in Point of Trade, and if I disagree with her about any of my Ships at Sea, wonders that I will dispute with her, when I know very well that her Great Grandfather was a Flag Officer.
To compleat my Sufferings, she has teazed me for this Quarter of [a [3]] Year last past, to remove into one of the Squares at the other End of the Town, promising for my Encouragement, that I shall have as good a Cock-loft as any Gentleman in the Square; to which the Honourable Oddly Enville, Esq., always adds, like a Jack-a-napes as he is, that he hopes twill be as near the Court as possible.
In short, Mr. SPECTATOR, I am so much out of my natural Element, that to recover my old Way of Life I would be content to begin the World again, and be plain Jack Anvil; but alas! I am in for Life, and am bound to subscribe my self, with great Sorrow of Heart,
John Enville, Knt.
[Footnote 1: This has been said to refer to a Sir Ambrose Crowley, who changed his name to Crawley.]
[Footnote 2: [considerable] corrected by an erratum in No. 301.]
No. 300. Wednesday, February 13, 1712. Steele.
Diversum vitio vitium prope majus.
When you talk of the Subject of Love, and the Relations arising from it, methinks you should take Care to leave no Fault unobserved which concerns the State of Marriage. The great Vexation that I have observed in it, is, that the wedded Couple seem to want Opportunities of being often enough alone together, and are forced to quarrel and be fond before Company. Mr. Hotspur and his Lady, in a Room full of their Friends, are ever saying something so smart to each other, and that but just within Rules, that the whole Company stand in the utmost Anxiety and Suspence for fear of their falling into Extremities which they could not be present at. On the other Side, Tom Faddle and his pretty Spouse where-ever they come are billing at such a Rate, as they think must do our Hearts good who behold em. Cannot you possibly propose a Mean between being Wasps and Doves in Publick? I should think if you advised to hate or love sincerely it would be better: For if they would be so discreet as to hate from the very Bottom of their Hearts, their Aversion would be too strong for little Gibes every Moment; and if they loved with that calm and noble Value which dwells in the Heart, with a Warmth like that of Life-Blood, they would not be so impatient of their Passion as to fall into observable Fondness. This Method, in each Case, would save Appearances; but as those who offend on the fond Side are by much the fewer, I would have
you begin with them, and go on to take Notice of a most impertinent Licence married Women take, not only to be very loving to their Spouses in Publick, but also make nauseous Allusions to private Familiarities, and the like. Lucina is a Lady of the greatest Discretion, you must know, in the World; and withal very much a Physician: Upon the Strength of these two Qualities there is nothing she will not speak of before us Virgins; and she every Day talks with a very grave Air in such a Manner, as is very improper so much as to be hinted at but to obviate the greatest Extremity. Those whom they call good Bodies, notable People, hearty Neighbours, and the purest goodest Company in the World, are the great Offenders in this Kind. Here I think I have laid before you an open Field for Pleasantry; and hope you will shew these People that at least they are not witty: In which you will save from many a Blush a daily Sufferer, who is very much
Susanna Loveworth.
In yours of Wednesday the 30th past, you and your Correspondent are very severe on a sort of Men, whom you call Male Coquets; but without any other Reason, in my Apprehension, than that of paying a shallow Compliment to the fair Sex, by accusing some Men of imaginary Faults, that the Women may not seem to be the more faulty Sex; though at the same time you suppose there are some so weak as to be imposed upon by fine Things and false Addresses. I cant persuade my self that your Design is to debar the Sexes the Benefit of each others Conversation within the Rules of Honour; nor will you, I dare say, recommend to em, or encourage the common Tea-Table Talk, much less that of Politicks and Matters of State: And if these are forbidden Subjects of Discourse, then, as long as there are any Women in the World who take a Pleasure in hearing themselves praised, and can bear the Sight of a Man prostrate at their Feet, so long I shall make no Wonder that there are those of the other Sex who will pay them those impertinent Humiliations. We should have few People such Fools as to practise Flattery, if all were so wise as to despise it. I don’t deny but you would do a meritorious Act, if you could prevent all Impositions on the Simplicity of young Women; but I must confess I don’t apprehend you have laid the Fault on the proper Person, and if I trouble you with my Thoughts upon it I promise my self your Pardon. Such of the Sex as are raw and innocent, and most exposed to these Attacks, have, or their Parents are much to blame if they have not, one to advise and guard em, and are obliged themselves to take Care of em: but if these, who ought to hinder Men from all Opportunities of this sort of Conversation, instead of that encourage and promote it, the Suspicion is very just that there are some private Reasons for it; and Ill leave it to you to determine on which Side a Part is then acted. Some Women there are who are arrived
at Years of Discretion, I mean are got out of the Hands of their Parents and Governours, and are set up for themselves, who yet are liable to these Attempts; but if these are prevailed upon, you must excuse me if I lay the Fault upon them, that their Wisdom is not grown with their Years. My Client, Mr. Strephon, whom you summoned to declare himself, gives you Thanks however for your Warning, and begs the Favour only to inlarge his Time for a Week, or to the last Day of the Term, and then hell appear gratis, and pray no Day over. Yours, Philanthropes.
I was last Night to visit a Lady who I much esteem, and always took for my Friend; but met with so very different a Reception from what I expected, that I cannot help applying my self to you on this Occasion. In the room of that Civility and Familiarity I used to be treated with by her, an affected Strangeness in her Looks, and Coldness in her Behaviour, plainly told me I was not the welcome Guest which the Regard and Tenderness she has often expressed for me gave me Reason to flatter my self to think I was. Sir, this is certainly a great Fault, and I assure you a very common one; therefore I hope you will think it a fit Subject for some Part of a Spectator. Be pleased to acquaint us how we must behave our selves towards this valetudinary Friendship, subject to so many Heats and Colds, and you will oblige, SIR, Your humble Servant, Miranda.
I cannot forbear acknowledging the Delight your late Spectators on Saturdays have given me; for it is writ in the honest Spirit of Criticism, and called to my Mind the following four Lines I had read long since in a Prologue to a Play called Julius Caesar [1] which has deserved a better Fate. The Verses are addressed to the little Criticks.
Shew your small Talent, and let that suffice ye;
But grow not vain upon it, I advise ye.
For every Fop can find out Faults in Plays:
You’ll ne’er arrive at Knowing when to praise.
Yours, D. G.
[Footnote 1: By William Alexander, Earl of Stirling (who died in 1640); one of his four Monarchicke Tragedies. He received a grant of Nova Scotia to colonize, and was secretary of state for Scotland.]
No. 301. Thursday, February 14, 1712. Budgell.
Possint ut Juvenes visere fervidi
Multo non sine risu,
Dilapsam in cineres facem.
We are generally so much pleased with any little Accomplishments, either of Body or Mind, which have once made us remarkable in the World, that we endeavour to perswade our selves it is not in the Power of Time to rob us of them. We are eternally pursuing the same Methods which first procured us the Applauses of Mankind. It is from this Notion that an Author writes on, tho he is come to Dotage; without ever considering that his Memory is impaired, and that he has lost that Life, and those Spirits, which formerly raised his Fancy, and fired his Imagination. The same Folly hinders a Man from submitting his Behaviour to his Age, and makes Clodius, who was a celebrated Dancer at five and twenty, still love to hobble in a Minuet, tho he is past Threescore. It is this, in a Word, which fills the Town with elderly Fops, and superannuated Coquets.
Canidia, a Lady of this latter Species, passed by me Yesterday in her Coach. Canidia was an haughty Beauty of the last Age, and was followed by Crowds of Adorers, whose Passions only pleased her, as they gave her Opportunities of playing the Tyrant. She then contracted that awful Cast of the Eye and forbidding Frown, which she has not yet laid aside, and has still all the Insolence of Beauty without its Charms. If she now attracts the Eyes of any Beholders, it is only by being remarkably ridiculous; even her own Sex laugh at her Affectation; and the Men, who always enjoy an ill-natured Pleasure in seeing an imperious Beauty humbled and neglected, regard her with the same Satisfaction that a free Nation sees a Tyrant in Disgrace.
WILL. HONEYCOMB, who is a great Admirer of the Gallantries in King Charles the Seconds Reign, lately communicated to me a Letter written by a Wit of that Age to his Mistress, who it seems was a Lady of Canidia’s Humour; and tho I do not always approve of my Friend WILLS Taste, I liked this Letter so well, that I took a Copy of it, with which I shall here present my Reader.
To CLOE.
Since my waking Thoughts have never been able to influence you in my Favour, I am resolved to try whether my Dreams can make any Impression on you. To this end I shall give you an Account of a very odd one which my Fancy presented to me last Night, within a few Hours after I left you.
Methought I was unaccountably conveyed into the most delicious Place mine Eyes ever beheld, it was a large Valley divided by a River of the purest Water I had ever seen. The Ground on each Side of it rose by an easie Ascent, and was covered with Flowers of an infinite Variety, which as they were reflected in the Water doubled the Beauties of the Place, or rather formed an Imaginary Scene more beautiful than the real. On each Side of the River was a Range of lofty Trees, whose Boughs were loaden with almost as many Birds as Leaves. Every Tree was full of Harmony.
I had not gone far in this pleasant Valley,
when I perceived that it was terminated by a most magnificent Temple. The Structure was ancient, and regular. On the Top of it was figured the God Saturn, in the same Shape and Dress that the Poets usually represent Time.
As I was advancing to satisfie my Curiosity by a nearer View, I was stopped by an Object far more beautiful than any I had before discovered in the whole Place. I fancy, Madam, you will easily guess that this could hardly be any thing but your self; in reality it was so; you lay extended on the Flowers by the side of the River, so that your Hands which were thrown in a negligent Posture, almost touched the Water. Your Eyes were closed; but if your Sleep deprived me of the Satisfaction of seeing them, it left me at leisure to contemplate several other Charms, which disappear when your Eyes are open. I could not but admire the Tranquility you slept in, especially when I considered the Uneasiness you produce in so many others.
While I was wholly taken up in these Reflections, the Doors of the Temple flew open, with a very great Noise; and lifting up my Eyes, I saw two Figures, in human Shape, coming into the Valley. Upon a nearer Survey, I found them to be YOUTH and LOVE. The first was encircled with a kind of Purple Light, that spread a Glory over all the Place; the other held a flaming Torch in his Hand. I could observe, that all the way as they came towards us, the Colours of the Flowers appeared more lively, the Trees shot out in Blossoms, the Birds threw themselves into Pairs, and Serenaded them as they passed: The whole Face of Nature glowed with new Beauties. They were no sooner arrived at the Place where you lay, when they seated themselves on each Side of you. On their Approach, methought I saw a new Bloom arise in your Face, and new Charms diffuse themselves over your whole Person. You appeared more than Mortal; but, to my great Surprise, continued fast asleep, tho the two Deities made several gentle Efforts to awaken you.
After a short Time, YOUTH (displaying a Pair of Wings, which I had not before taken notice of) flew off. LOVE still remained, and holding the Torch which he had in his Hand before your Face, you still appeared as beautiful as ever. The glaring of the Light in your Eyes at length awakened you; when, to my great Surprise, instead of acknowledging the Favour of the Deity, you frowned upon him, and struck the Torch out of his Hand into the River. The God after having regarded you with a Look that spoke at [once [1]] his Pity and Displeasure, flew away. Immediately a kind of Gloom overspread the whole Place. At the same time I saw an hideous Spectre enter at one end of the Valley. His Eyes were sunk into his Head, his Face was pale and withered, and his Skin puckered up in Wrinkles. As he walked on the sides of the Bank the River froze, the Flowers faded, the Trees shed their Blossoms, the Birds dropped from off the Boughs, and fell dead
at his Feet. By these Marks I knew him to be OLD-AGE. You were seized with the utmost Horror and Amazement at his Approach. You endeavoured to have fled, but the Phantome caught you in his Arms. You may easily guess at the Change you suffered in this Embrace. For my own Part, though I am still too full of the [frightful [2]] Idea, I will not shock you with a Description of it. I was so startled at the Sight that my Sleep immediately left me, and I found my self awake, at leisure to consider of a Dream which seems too extraordinary to be without a Meaning. I am, Madam, with the greatest Passion, Your most Obedient, most Humble Servant, &c.
[Footnote 1: [the same time]]
[Footnote 2: [dreadful]]
No. 302. Friday, February 15, 1712. Steele.
Lachrymaeque decorae,
Gratior et pulchro veniens in corpore Virtus.
Vir. AEn. 5.
I read what I give for the Entertainment of this Day with a great deal of Pleasure, and publish it just as it came to my Hands. I shall be very glad to find there are many guessed at for Emilia.
If this Paper has the good Fortune to be honoured with a Place in your Writings, I shall be the more pleased, because the Character of Emilia is not an imaginary but a real one. I have industriously obscured the whole by the Addition of one or two Circumstances of no Consequence, that the Person it is drawn from might still be concealed; and that the Writer of it might not be in the least suspected, and for [other [2]] Reasons, I chuse not to give it the Form of a Letter: But if, besides the Faults of the Composition, there be any thing in it more proper for a Correspondent than the SPECTATOR himself to write, I submit it to your better Judgment, to receive any other Model you think fit. I am, SIR, Your very humble Servant.
There is nothing which gives one so pleasing a Prospect of human Nature, as the Contemplation of Wisdom and Beauty: The latter is the peculiar Portion of that Sex which is therefore called Fair; but the happy Concurrence of both these Excellencies in the same Person, is a Character too celestial to be frequently met with. Beauty is an over-weaning self-sufficient thing, careless of providing it self any more substantial Ornaments; nay so little does it consult its own Interests, that it too often defeats it self by betraying that Innocence which renders it lovely and desirable. As therefore Virtue makes a beautiful Woman appear more beautiful, so Beauty makes a virtuous Woman really more virtuous. Whilst I am considering these two Perfections gloriously united in one Person, I cannot help representing to my Mind the Image of Emilia.
Who ever beheld the charming Emilia, without feeling in his Breast at once the Glow
of Love and the Tenderness of virtuous Friendship? The unstudied Graces of her Behaviour, and the pleasing Accents of her Tongue, insensibly draw you on to wish for a nearer Enjoyment of them; but even her Smiles carry in them a silent Reproof to the Impulses of licentious Love. Thus, tho the Attractives of her Beauty play almost irresistibly upon you and create Desire, you immediately stand corrected not by the Severity but the Decency of her Virtue. That Sweetness and Good-humour which is so visible in her Face, naturally diffuses it self into every Word and Action: A Man must be a Savage, who at the Sight of Emilia, is not more inclined to do her Good than gratifie himself. Her Person, as it is thus studiously embellished by Nature, thus adorned with unpremeditated Graces, is a fit Lodging for a Mind so fair and lovely; there dwell rational Piety, modest Hope, and chearful Resignation.
Many of the prevailing Passions of Mankind do undeservedly pass under the Name of Religion; which is thus made to express itself in Action, according to the Nature of the Constitution in which it resides: So that were we to make a Judgment from Appearances, one would imagine Religion in some is little better than Sullenness and Reserve, in many Fear, in others the Despondings of a melancholly Complexion, in others the Formality of insignificant unaffecting Observances, in others Severity, in others Ostentation. In Emilia it is a Principle founded in Reason and enlivened with Hope; it does not break forth into irregular Fits and Sallies of Devotion, but is an uniform and consistent Tenour of Action; It is strict without Severity, compassionate without Weakness; it is the Perfection of that good Humour which proceeds from the Understanding, not the Effect of an easy Constitution.
By a generous Sympathy in Nature, we feel our selves disposed to mourn when any of our Fellow-Creatures are afflicted; but injured Innocence and Beauty in Distresses an Object that carries in it something inexpressibly moving: It softens the most manly Heart with the tenderest Sensations of Love and Compassion, till at length it confesses its Humanity, and flows out into Tears.
Were I to relate that part of Emilia’s Life which has given her an Opportunity of exerting the Heroism of Christianity, it would make too sad, too tender a Story: But when I consider her alone in the midst of her Distresses, looking beyond this gloomy Vale of Affliction and Sorrow into the Joys of Heaven and Immortality, and when I see her in Conversation thoughtless and easie as if she were the most happy Creature in the World, I am transported with Admiration. Surely never did such a Philosophic Soul inhabit such a beauteous Form! For Beauty is often made a Privilege against Thought and Reflection; it laughs at Wisdom, and will not abide the Gravity of its Instructions.
Were I able to represent Emilia’s
Virtues in their proper Colours and their due Proportions, Love or Flattery might perhaps be thought to have drawn the Picture larger than Life; but as this is but an imperfect Draught of so excellent a Character, and as I cannot, will not hope to have any Interest in her Person, all that I can say of her is but impartial Praise extorted from me by the prevailing Brightness of her Virtues. So rare a Pattern of Female Excellence ought not to be concealed, but should be set out to the View and Imitation of the World; for how amiable does Virtue appear thus as it were made visible to us in so fair an Example!
Honoria’s Disposition is of a very different Turn: Her Thoughts are wholly bent upon Conquest and arbitrary Power. That she has some Wit and Beauty no Body denies, and therefore has the Esteem of all her Acquaintance as a Woman of an agreeable Person and Conversation; but (whatever her Husband may think of it) that is not sufficient for Honoria: She waves that Title to Respect as a mean Acquisition, and demands Veneration in the Right of an Idol; for this Reason her natural Desire of Life is continually checked with an inconsistent Fear of Wrinkles and old Age.
Emilia cannot be supposed ignorant of her personal Charms, tho she seems to be so; but she will not hold her Happiness upon so precarious a Tenure, whilst her Mind is adorned with Beauties of a more exalted and lasting Nature. When in the full Bloom of Youth and Beauty we saw her surrounded with a Crowd of Adorers, she took no Pleasure in Slaughter and Destruction, gave no false deluding Hopes which might encrease the Torments of her disappointed Lovers; but having for some Time given to the Decency of a Virgin Coyness, and examined the Merit of their several Pretensions, she at length gratified her own, by resigning herself to the ardent Passion of Bromius. Bromius was then Master of many good Qualities and a moderate Fortune, which was soon after unexpectedly encreased to a plentiful Estate. This for a good while proved his Misfortune, as it furnished his unexperienced Age with the Opportunities of Evil Company and a sensual Life. He might have longer wandered in the Labyrinths of Vice and Folly, had not Emilia’s prudent Conduct won him over to the Government of his Reason. Her Ingenuity has been constantly employed in humanizing his Passions and refining his Pleasures. She shewed him by her own Example, that Virtue is consistent with decent Freedoms and good Humour, or rather, that it cannot subsist without em. Her good Sense readily instructed her, that a silent Example and an easie unrepining Behaviour, will always be more perswasive than the Severity of Lectures and Admonitions; and that there is so much Pride interwoven into the Make of human Nature, that an obstinate Man must only take the Hint from another, and then be left to advise and correct himself. Thus by an artful Train of Management and unseen Perswasions, having at first brought him
not to dislike, and at length to be pleased with that which otherwise he would not have bore to hear of, she then knew how to press and secure this Advantage, by approving it as his Thoughts, and seconding it as his Proposal. By this Means she has gained an Interest in some of his leading Passions, and made them accessary to his Reformation.
There is another Particular of Emilia’s Conduct which I cant forbear mentioning: To some perhaps it may at first Sight appear but a trifling inconsiderable Circumstance but for my Part, I think it highly worthy of Observation, and to be recommended to the Consideration of the fair Sex. I have often thought wrapping Gowns and dirty Linnen, with all that huddled Oeconomy of Dress which passes under the general Name of a Mob, the Bane of conjugal Love, and one of the readiest Means imaginable to alienate the Affection of an Husband, especially a fond one. I have heard some Ladies, who have been surprized by Company in such a Deshabille, apologize for it after this Manner; Truly I am ashamed to be caught in this Pickle; but my Husband and I were sitting all alone by our selves, and I did not expect to see such good Company—This by the way is a fine Compliment to the good Man, which tis ten to one but he returns in dogged Answers and a churlish Behaviour, without knowing what it is that puts him out of Humour.
Emilia’s Observation teaches her, that as little Inadvertencies and Neglects cast a Blemish upon a great Character; so the Neglect of Apparel, even among the most intimate Friends, does insensibly lessen their Regards to each other, by creating a Familiarity too low and contemptible. She understands the Importance of those Things which the Generality account Trifles; and considers every thing as a Matter of Consequence, that has the least Tendency towards keeping up or abating the Affection of her Husband; him she esteems as a fit Object to employ her Ingenuity in pleasing, because he is to be pleased for Life.
By the Help of these, and a thousand other nameless Arts, which tis easier for her to practise than for another to express, by the Obstinacy of her Goodness and unprovoked Submission, in spight of all her Afflictions and ill Usage, Bromius is become a Man of Sense and a kind Husband, and Emilia a happy Wife.
Ye guardian Angels to whose Care Heaven has entrusted its dear Emilia, guide her still forward in the Paths of Virtue, defend her from the Insolence and Wrongs of this undiscerning World; at length when we must no more converse with such Purity on Earth, lead her gently hence innocent and unreprovable to a better Place, where by an easie Transition from what she now is, she may shine forth an Angel of Light.
[Footnote 1: The character of Emilia in this paper was by Dr. Bromer, a clergyman. The lady is said to have been the mother of Mr. Ascham, of Conington, in Cambridgeshire, and grandmother of Lady Hatton. The letter has been claimed also for John Hughes (Letters of John Hughes, &c., vol. iii. p. 8), and Emilia identified with Anne, Countess of Coventry.]
[Footnote 2: [some other]]
No. 303. Saturday, February 16, 1712. Addison.
—volet haec sub luce videri,
Judicis argulum quae non formidat acumen.
I have seen in the Works of a Modern Philosopher, a Map of the Spots in the Sun. My last Paper of the Faults and Blemishes in Milton’s Paradise Lost, may be considered as a Piece of the same Nature. To pursue the Allusion: As it is observed, that among the bright Parts of the Luminous Body above mentioned, there are some which glow more intensely, and dart a stronger Light than others; so, notwithstanding I have already shewn Milton’s Poem to be very beautiful in general, I shall now proceed to take Notice of such Beauties as appear to me more exquisite than the rest. Milton has proposed the Subject of his Poem in the following Verses.
Of Man’s first disobedience, and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought Death into the World and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blisful Seat,
Sing Heavenly Muse—
These Lines are perhaps as plain, simple and unadorned as any of the whole Poem, in which Particular the Author has conformed himself to the Example of Homer and the Precept of Horace.
His Invocation to a Work which turns in a great measure upon the Creation of the World, is very properly made to the Muse who inspired Moses in those Books from whence our Author drew his Subject, and to the Holy Spirit who is therein represented as operating after a particular manner in the first Production of Nature. This whole Exordium rises very happily into noble Language and Sentiment, as I think the Transition to the Fable is exquisitely beautiful and natural.
The Nine Days Astonishment, in which the Angels lay entranced after their dreadful Overthrow and Fall from Heaven, before they could recover either the use of Thought or Speech, is a noble Circumstance, and very finely imagined. The Division of Hell into Seas of Fire, and into firm Ground impregnated with the same furious Element, with that particular Circumstance of the Exclusion of Hope from those Infernal Regions, are Instances of the same great and fruitful Invention.
The Thoughts in the first Speech and Description of Satan, who is one of the Principal Actors in this Poem, are wonderfully proper to give us a full Idea of him. His Pride, Envy and Revenge, Obstinacy, Despair and Impenitence, are all of them very artfully interwoven. In short, his first Speech is a Complication of all those Passions which discover themselves separately in several other of his Speeches in the Poem. The whole part of this great Enemy of Mankind is filled with such Incidents as are very apt to raise and terrifie the Readers Imagination. Of this nature, in the Book now before us, is his being the first that awakens out of the general Trance, with his Posture on the burning Lake, his rising from it, and the Description of his Shield and Spear.
Thus Satan talking to his nearest Mate,
With head up-lift above the wave, and eyes
That sparkling blazed, his other parts beside
Prone on the Flood, extended long and large,
Lay floating many a rood—
Forthwith upright he rears from off the pool
His mighty Stature; on each hand the flames
Drivn backward slope their pointing Spires, and roared
In Billows, leave i’th midst a horrid vale.
Then with expanded wings he steers his flight
Aloft, incumbent on the dusky Air
That felt unusual weight—
—His pondrous Shield
Ethereal temper, massie, large and round,
Behind him cast; the broad circumference
Hung on his Shoulders like the Moon, whose orb
Thro Optick Glass the Tuscan Artist views
At Evning, from the top of Fesole,
Or in Valdarno, to descry new Lands,
Rivers, or Mountains, on her spotted Globe.
His Spear (to equal which the tallest pine
Hewn on Norwegian Hills to be the Mast
Of some great Admiral, were but a wand)
He walk’d with, to support uneasie Steps
Over the burning Marl—
To which we may add his Call to the fallen Angels that lay plunged and stupified in the Sea of Fire.
He call’d so loud, that all the hollow deep
Of Hell resounded—
But there is no single Passage in the whole Poem worked up to a greater Sublimity, than that wherein his Person is described in those celebrated Lines:
—He, above the rest
In shape and gesture proudly eminent
Stood like a Tower, &c.
His Sentiments are every way answerable to his Character, and suitable to a created Being of the most exalted and most depraved Nature. Such is that in which he takes Possession of his Place of Torments.
—Hail Horrors! hail
Infernal World! and thou profoundest Hell
Receive thy new Possessor, one who brings
A mind not to be changed by place or time.
—Here at least
We shall be free; th’Almighty hath not built
Here for his envy, will not drive us hence:
Here we may reign secure; and in my choice
To reign is worth Ambition, tho in Hell:
Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heavn.
Amidst those Impieties which this Enraged Spirit utters in other places of the Poem, the Author has taken care to introduce none that is not big with absurdity, and incapable of shocking a Religious Reader; his Words, as the Poet himself describes them, bearing only a Semblance of Worth, not Substance. He is likewise with great Art described as owning his Adversary to be Almighty. Whatever perverse Interpretation he puts on the Justice, Mercy, and other Attributes of the Supreme Being, he frequently confesses his Omnipotence, that being the Perfection he was forced to allow him, and the only Consideration which could support his Pride under the Shame of his Defeat.
Nor must I here omit that beautiful Circumstance of his bursting out in Tears, upon his Survey of those innumerable Spirits whom he had involved in the same Guilt and Ruin with himself.
—He now prepared
To speak; whereat their doubled ranks they bend
From wing to wing, and half enclose him round
With all his Peers: Attention held them mute.
Thrice he assayed, and thrice in spite of Scorn
Tears such as Angels weep, burst forth—
The Catalogue of Evil Spirits has abundance of Learning in it, and a very agreeable turn of Poetry, which rises in a great measure from [its [1]] describing the Places where they were worshipped, by those beautiful Marks of Rivers so frequent among the Ancient Poets. The Author had doubtless in this place Homers Catalogue of Ships, and Virgil’s List of Warriors, in his View. The Characters of Moloch and Belial prepare the Readers Mind for their respective Speeches and Behaviour in the second and sixth Book. The Account of Thammuz is finely Romantick, and suitable to what we read among the Ancients of the Worship which was paid to that Idol.
—Thammuz came next behind.
Whose annual Wound in Lebanon allured
The Syrian Damsels to lament his fate,
In amorous Ditties all a Summers day,
While smooth Adonis from his native Rock
Ran purple to the Sea, supposed with Blood
Of Thammuz yearly wounded: the Love tale
Infected Zion’s Daughters with like Heat,
Whose wanton Passions in the sacred Porch
Ezekiel saw, when by the Vision led
His Eye survey’d the dark Idolatries
Of alienated Judah.—
The Reader will pardon me if I insert as a Note on this beautiful Passage, the Account given us by the late ingenious Mr. Maundrell [2] of this Ancient Piece of Worship, and probably the first Occasion of such a Superstition.
We came to a fair large River—doubtless the Ancient River Adonis, so famous for the Idolatrous Rites performed here in Lamentation of Adonis. We had the Fortune to see what may be supposed to be the Occasion of that Opinion which Lucian relates, concerning this River, viz. That this Stream, at certain Seasons of the Year, especially about the Feast of Adonis, is of a bloody Colour; which the Heathens looked upon as proceeding from a kind of Sympathy in the River for the Death of Adonis, who was killed by a wild Boar in the Mountains, out of which this Stream rises. Something like this we saw actually come to pass; for the Water was stain’d to a surprizing Redness; and, as we observ’d in Travelling, had discolour’d the Sea a great way into a reddish Hue, occasion’d doubtless by a sort of Minium, or red Earth, washed into the River by the Violence of the Rain, and not by any Stain from Adonis’s Blood.
The Passage in the Catalogue, explaining the manner how Spirits transform themselves by Contractions or Enlargement of their Dimensions, is introduced with
great Judgment, to make way for several surprizing Accidents in the Sequel of the Poem. There follows one, at the very End of the first Book, which is what the French Criticks call Marvellous, but at the same time probable by reason of the Passage last mentioned. As soon as the Infernal Palace is finished, we are told the Multitude and Rabble of Spirits immediately shrunk themselves into a small Compass, that there might be Room for such a numberless Assembly in this capacious Hall. But it is the Poets Refinement upon this Thought which I most admire, and which is indeed very noble in its self. For he tells us, that notwithstanding the vulgar, among the fallen Spirits, contracted their Forms, those of the first Rank and Dignity still preserved their natural Dimensions.
Thus incorporeal Spirits to smallest Forms
Reduced their Shapes immense, and were at large,
Though without Number, still amidst the Hall
Of that Infernal Court. But far within,
And in their own Dimensions like themselves,
The great Seraphick Lords and Cherubim,
In close recess and secret conclave sate,
A thousand Demy-Gods on Golden Seats,
Frequent and full—
The Character of Mammon and the Description of the Pandaemonium, are full of Beauties.
There are several other Strokes in the first Book wonderfully poetical, and Instances of that Sublime Genius so peculiar to the Author. Such is the Description of Azazel’s Stature, and of the Infernal Standard, which he unfurls; as also of that ghastly Light, by which the Fiends appear to one another in their Place of Torments.
The Seat of Desolation, void of Light,
Save what the glimmring of those livid Flames
Casts pale and dreadful—
The Shout of the whole Host of fallen Angels when drawn up in Battel Array:
—The universal Host up sent
A Shout that tore Hells Concave, and beyond
Frighted the reign of Chaos and old Night.
The Review, which the Leader makes of his Infernal Army:
—He thro the armed files
Darts his experienc’d eye, and soon traverse
The whole Battalion mews, their Order due,
Their Visages and Stature as of Gods.
Their Number last he sums; and now his Heart
Distends with Pride, and hardning in his strength
Glories—
The Flash of Light which appear’d upon the drawing of their Swords:
He spake: and to confirm his words outflew
Millions of flaming Swords, drawn from the thighs
Of mighty Cherubim; the sudden Blaze
Far round illumin’d Hell—
The sudden Production of the Pandaemonium;
Anon out of the Earth a Fabrick huge
Rose like an Exhalation, with the Sound
Of dulcet Symphonies and Voices sweet.
The Artificial Illuminations made in it:
—From the arched Roof
Pendent by subtle Magick, many a Row
Of Starry Lamps and blazing Crescets, fed
With Naphtha and Asphaltus, yielded Light
As from a Sky—
There are also several noble Similes and Allusions in the First Book of Paradise Lost. And here I must observe, that when Milton alludes either to Things or Persons, he never quits his Simile till it rises to some very great Idea, which is often foreign to the Occasion that gave Birth to it. The Resemblance does not, perhaps, last above a Line or two, but the Poet runs on with the Hint till he has raised out of it some glorious Image or Sentiment, proper to inflame the Mind of the Reader, and to give it that sublime kind of Entertainment, which is suitable to the Nature of an Heroick Poem. Those who are acquainted with Homers and Virgil’s way of Writing, cannot but be pleased with this kind of Structure in Milton’s Similitudes. I am the more particular on this Head, because ignorant Readers, who have formed their Taste upon the quaint Similes, and little Turns of Wit, which are so much in Vogue among Modern Poets, cannot relish these Beauties which are of a much higher Nature, and are therefore apt to censure Milton’s Comparisons in which they do not see any surprizing Points of Likeness. Monsieur Perrault was a Man of this viciated Relish, and for that very Reason has endeavoured to turn into Ridicule several of Homers Similitudes, which he calls Comparisons a longue queue, Long-tail’s Comparisons. [3] I shall conclude this Paper on the First Book of Milton with the Answer which Monsieur Boileau makes to Perrault on this Occasion;
Comparisons, says he, in Odes and Epic Poems, are not introduced only to illustrate and embellish the Discourse, but to amuse and relax the Mind of the Reader, by frequently disengaging him from too painful an Attention to the Principal Subject, and by leading him into other agreeable Images. Homer, says he, excelled in this Particular, whose Comparisons abound with such Images of Nature as are proper to relieve and diversifie his Subjects. He continually instructs the Reader, and makes him take notice, even in Objects which are every Day before our Eyes, of such Circumstances as we should not otherwise have observed.
To this he adds, as a Maxim universally acknowledged,
That it is not necessary in Poetry for the Points of the Comparison to correspond with one another exactly, but that a general Resemblance is sufficient, and that too much Nicety in this Particular favours of the Rhetorician and Epigrammatist.
In short, if we look into the Conduct of Homer, Virgil and Milton, as the great Fable is the Soul of each Poem, so to give their Works an agreeable Variety, their Episodes are so many short Fables, and their Similes so many short Episodes; to which you may add, if you please, that their Metaphors are so many short Similes. If the Reader considers the Comparisons in the first Book of Milton, of the Sun in an Eclipse, of the Sleeping Leviathan, of the Bees swarming about their Hive, of the Fairy Dance, in the view wherein I have here placed them, he will easily discover the great Beauties that are in each of those Passages.
[Footnote 2: A journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter, A.D. 1697. By Henry Maundrell, M.A. It was published at Oxford in 1703, and was in a new edition in 1707. It reached a seventh edition in 1749. Maundrell was a Fellow of Exter College, which he left to take the appointment of chaplain to the English factory at Aleppo. The brief account of his journey is in the form of a diary, and the passage quoted is under the date, March 15, when they were two days journey from Tripoli. The stream he identifies with the Adonis was called, he says, by Turks Ibrahim Pasha. It is near Gibyle, called by the Greeks Byblus, a place once famous for the birth and temple of Adonis. The extract from Paradise Lost and the passage from Maundrell were interpolated in the first reprint of the Spectator.]
[Footnote 3: See note to No. 279. Charles Perrault made himself a lasting name by his Fairy Tales, a charming embodiment of French nursery traditions. The four volumes of his Paraliele des Anciens et des Modernes 1692-6, included the good general idea of human progress, but worked it out badly, dealing irreverently with Plato as well as Homer and Pindar, and exalting among the moderns not only Moliere and Corneille, but also Chapelain, Scuderi, and Quinault, whom he called the greatest lyrical and dramatic poet that France ever had. The battle had begun with a debate in the Academy: Racine having ironically complimented Perrault on the ingenuity with which he had elevated little men above the ancients in his poem (published 1687), le Siecle de Louis le Grand. Fontenelle touched the matter lightly, as Perraults ally, in his Digression sur les Anciens et les Modernes but afterwards drew back, saying, I do not belong to the party which claims me for its chief. The leaders on the respective sides, unequally matched, were Perrault and Boileau.]
Vulnus alit venis et caeco carpitur igni.
The Circumstances of my Correspondent, whose Letter I now insert, are so frequent, that I cannot want Compassion so much as to forbear laying it before the Town. There is something so mean and inhuman in a direct Smithfield Bargain for Children, that if this Lover carries his Point, and observes the Rules he pretends to follow, I do not only wish him Success, but also that it may animate others to follow his Example. I know not one Motive relating to this Life which would produce so many honourable and worthy Actions, as the Hopes of obtaining a Woman of Merit: There would ten thousand Ways of Industry and honest Ambition be pursued by young Men, who believed that the Persons admired had Value enough for their Passion to attend the Event of their good Fortune in all their Applications, in order to make their Circumstances fall in with the Duties they owe to themselves, their Families, and their Country; All these Relations a Man should think of who intends to go into the State of Marriage, and expects to make it a State of Pleasure and Satisfaction.
I have for some Years indulged a Passion for a young Lady of Age and Quality suitable to my own, but very much superior in Fortune. It is the Fashion with Parents (how justly I leave you to judge) to make all Regards give way to the Article of Wealth. From this one Consideration it is that I have concealed the ardent Love I have for her; but I am beholden to the Force of my Love for many Advantages which I reaped from it towards the better Conduct of my Life. A certain Complacency to all the World, a strong Desire to oblige where-ever it lay in my Power, and a circumspect Behaviour in all my Words and Actions, have rendered me more particularly acceptable to all my Friends and Acquaintance. Love has had the same good Effect upon my Fortune; and I have encreased in Riches in proportion to my Advancement in those Arts which make a man agreeable and amiable. There is a certain Sympathy which will tell my Mistress from these Circumstances, that it is I who writ this for her Reading, if you will please to insert it. There is not a downright Enmity, but a great Coldness between our Parents; so that if either of us declared any kind Sentiment for each other, her Friends would be very backward to lay an Obligation upon our Family, and mine to receive it from hers. Under these delicate Circumstances it is no easie Matter to act with Safety. I have no Reason to fancy my Mistress has any Regard for me, but from a very disinterested Value which I have for her. If from any Hint in any future Paper of yours she gives me the least Encouragement, I doubt not but I shall surmount all other Difficulties; and inspired by so noble a Motive for the Care of my Fortune, as the Belief she is to be concerned in it, I will not despair of receiving her one Day from her Fathers own Hand.
Clytander.
To his Worship the SPECTATOR,
The humble Petition of Anthony Title-Page, Stationer, in the Centre of
Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields,
Sheweth, That your Petitioner and his Fore-Fathers have been Sellers of Books for Time immemorial; That your Petitioners Ancestor, Crouchback Title-Page, was the first of that Vocation in Britain; who keeping his Station (in fair Weather) at the Corner of Lothbury, was by way of Eminency called the Stationer, a Name which from him all succeeding Booksellers have affected to bear: That the Station of your Petitioner and his Father has been in the Place of his present Settlement ever since that Square has been built: That your Petitioner has formerly had the Honour of your Worships Custom, and hopes you never had Reason to complain of your Penny-worths; that particularly he sold you your first Lilly’s Grammar, and at the same Time a Wits Commonwealth almost as good as new: Moreover, that your first rudimental Essays in Spectatorship were made in your Petitioners Shop, where you often
practised for Hours together, sometimes on his Books upon the Rails, sometimes on the little Hieroglyphicks either gilt, silvered, or plain, which the Egyptian Woman on the other Side of the Shop had wrought in Gingerbread, and sometimes on the English Youth, who in sundry Places there were exercising themselves in the traditional Sports of the Field.
From these Considerations it is, that your Petitioner is encouraged to apply himself to you, and to proceed humbly to acquaint your Worship, That he has certain Intelligence that you receive great Numbers of defamatory Letters designed by their Authors to be published, which you throw aside and totally neglect: Your Petitioner therefore prays, that you will please to bestow on him those Refuse Letters, and he hopes by printing them to get a more plentiful Provision for his Family; or at the worst, he may be allowed to sell them by the Pound Weight to his good Customers the Pastry-Cooks of London and Westminster. And your Petitioner shall ever pray, &c.
To the SPECTATOR,
The humble Petition of Bartholomew Ladylove, of Round-Court in the
Parish of St. Martins in the Fields, in Behalf of himself and
Neighbours,
Sheweth,
That your Petitioners have with great Industry and Application arrived at the most exact Art of Invitation or Entreaty: That by a beseeching Air and perswasive Address, they have for many Years last past peaceably drawn in every tenth Passenger, whether they intended or not to call at their Shops, to come in and buy; and from that Softness of Behaviour, have arrived among Tradesmen at the gentle Appellation of the Fawners.
That there have of late set up amongst us certain Persons of Monmouth-street and Long-lane, who by the Strength of their Arms, and Loudness of their Throats, draw off the Regard of all Passengers from your said Petitioners; from which Violence they are distinguished by the Name of the Worriers.
That while your Petitioners stand ready to receive Passengers with a submissive Bow, and repeat with a gentle Voice, Ladies, what do you want? pray look in here; the Worriers reach out their Hands at Pistol-shot, and seize the Customers at Arms Length.
That while the Fawners strain and relax the Muscles of their Faces in making Distinction between a Spinster in a coloured Scarf and an Handmaid in a Straw-Hat, the Worriers use the same Roughness to both, and prevail upon the Easiness of the Passengers, to the Impoverishment of your Petitioners.
Your Petitioners therefore most humbly pray, that the Worriers may not be permitted to inhabit the politer Parts of the Town; and that Round-Court may remain a Receptacle for Buyers of a more soft Education.
And your Petitioners, &c.
The Petition of the New-Exchange, concerning the Arts of Buying and Selling, and particularly valuing Goods by the Complexion of the Seller, will be considered on another Occasion.
Non tali auxilio, nec defensoribus istis
Tempus eget.
Our late News-Papers being full of the Project now on foot in the Court of France, for Establishing a Political Academy, and I my self having received Letters from several Virtuosos among my Foreign Correspondents, which give some Light into that Affair, I intend to make it the Subject of this Days Speculation. A general Account of this Project may be met with in the Daily Courant of last Friday in the following Words, translated from the Gazette of Amsterdam.
Paris, February 12. Tis confirmed that the King has resolved to establish a new Academy for Politicks, of which the Marquis de Torcy, Minister and Secretary of State, is to be Protector. Six Academicians are to be chosen, endowed with proper Talents, for beginning to form this Academy, into which no Person is to be admitted under Twenty-five Years of Age: They must likewise each have an Estate of Two thousand Livres a Year, either in Possession, or to come to em by Inheritance. The King will allow to each a Pension of a Thousand Livres. They are likewise to have able Masters to teach em the necessary Sciences, and to instruct them in all the Treaties of Peace, Alliance, and others, which have been made in several Ages past. These Members are to meet twice a Week at the Louvre. From this Seminary are to be chosen Secretaries to Ambassies, who by degrees may advance to higher Employments.
Cardinal Richelieus Politicks made France the Terror of Europe. The Statesmen who have appeared in the Nation of late Years, have on the contrary rendered it either the Pity or Contempt of its Neighbours. The Cardinal erected that famous Academy which has carried all the Parts of Polite Learning to the greatest Height. His chief Design in that Institution was to divert the Men of Genius from meddling with Politicks, a Province in which he did not care to have any one else interfere with him. On the contrary, the Marquis de Torcy seems resolved to make several young Men in France as Wise as himself, and is therefore taken up at present in establishing a Nursery of Statesmen.
Some private Letters add, that there will also be erected a Seminary of Petticoat Politicians, who are to be brought up at the Feet of Madam de Maintenon, and to be dispatched into Foreign Courts upon any Emergencies of State; but as the News of this last Project has not been yet confirmed, I shall take no farther Notice of it.
Several of my Readers may doubtless remember that upon the Conclusion of the last War, which had been carried on so successfully by the Enemy, their Generals were many of them transformed into Ambassadors; but the Conduct of those who have commanded in the present War, has, it seems, brought so little Honour and Advantage to their great Monarch, that he is resolved to trust his Affairs no longer in the Hands of those Military Gentlemen.
The Regulations of this new Academy very much deserve our Attention. The Students are to have in Possession, or Reversion, an Estate of two thousand French Livres per Annum, which, as the present Exchange runs, will amount to at least one hundred and twenty six Pounds English. This, with the Royal Allowance of a Thousand Livres, will enable them to find themselves in Coffee and Snuff; not to mention News-Papers, Pen and Ink, Wax and Wafers, with the like Necessaries for Politicians.
A Man must be at least Five and Twenty before he can be initiated into the Mysteries of this Academy, tho there is no Question but many grave Persons of a much more advanced Age, who have been constant Readers of the Paris Gazette, will be glad to begin the World a-new, and enter themselves upon this List of Politicians.
The Society of these hopeful young Gentlemen is to be under the Direction of six Professors, who, it seems, are to be Speculative Statesmen, and drawn out of the Body of the Royal Academy. These six wise Masters, according to my private Letters, are to have the following Parts allotted them.
The first is to instruct the Students in State Legerdemain, as how to take off the Impression of a Seal, to split a Wafer, to open a Letter, to fold it up again, with other the like ingenious Feats of Dexterity and Art. When the Students have accomplished themselves in this Part of their Profession, they are to be delivered into the Hands of their second Instructor, who is a kind of Posture-Master.
This Artist is to teach them how to nod judiciously, to shrug up their Shoulders in a dubious Case, to connive with either Eye, and in a Word, the whole Practice of Political Grimace.
The Third is a sort of Language-Master, who is to instruct them in the Style proper for a Foreign Minister in his ordinary Discourse. And to the End that this College of Statesmen may be thoroughly practised in the Political Style, they are to make use of it in their common Conversations, before they are employed either in Foreign or Domestick Affairs. If one of them asks another, what a-clock it is, the other is to answer him indirectly, and, if possible, to turn off the Question. If he is desired to change a Louis d’or, he must beg Time to consider of it. If it be enquired of him, whether the King is at Versailles or Marly, he must answer in a Whisper. If he be asked the News of the late Gazette, or the Subject of a Proclamation, he is to reply, that he has not yet read it: Or if he does not care for explaining himself so far, he needs only draw his Brow up in Wrinkles, or elevate the Left Shoulder.
The Fourth Professor is to teach the whole Art of Political Characters and Hieroglyphics; and to the End that they may be perfect also in this Practice, they are not to send a Note to one another (tho it be but to borrow a Tacitus or a Machiavil) which is not written in Cypher.
Their Fifth Professor, it is thought, will be chosen out of the Society of Jesuits, and is to be well read in the Controversies of probable Doctrines, mental Reservation, and the Rights of Princes. This Learned Man is to instruct them in the Grammar, Syntax, and construing Part of Treaty-Latin; how to distinguish between the Spirit and the Letter, and likewise demonstrate how the same Form of Words may lay an Obligation upon any Prince in Europe, different from that which it lays upon his Most Christian Majesty. He is likewise to teach them the Art of finding Flaws, Loop-holes, and Evasions, in the most solemn Compacts, and particularly a great Rabbinical Secret, revived of late Years by the Fraternity of Jesuits, namely, that contradictory Interpretations, of the same Article may both of them be true and valid.
When our Statesmen are sufficiently improved by these several Instructors, they are to receive their last Polishing from one who is to act among them as Master of the Ceremonies. This Gentleman is to give them Lectures upon those important Points of the Elbow Chair, and the Stair Head, to instruct them in the different Situations of the Right-Hand, and to furnish them with Bows and Inclinations of all Sizes, Measures and Proportions. In short, this Professor is to give the Society their Stiffening, and infuse into their Manners that beautiful Political Starch, which may qualifie them for Levees, Conferences, Visits, and make them shine in what vulgar Minds are apt to look upon as Trifles. I have not yet heard any further Particulars, which are to be observed in this Society of unfledged Statesmen; but I must confess, had I a Son of five and twenty, that should take it into his Head at that Age to set up for a Politician, I think I should go near to disinherit him for a Block-head. Besides, I should be apprehensive lest the same Arts which are to enable him to negotiate between Potentates might a little infect his ordinary behaviour between Man and Man. There is no Question but these young Machiavil’s will, in a little time, turn their College upside-down with Plots and Stratagems, and lay as many Schemes to Circumvent one another in a Frog or a Sallad, as they may hereafter put in Practice to over-reach a Neighbouring Prince or State.
We are told, that the Spartans, tho they punished Theft in their young Men when it was discovered, looked upon it as Honourable if it succeeded. Provided the Conveyance was clean and unsuspected, a Youth might afterwards boast of it. This, say the Historians, was to keep them sharp, and to hinder them from being imposed upon, either in their publick or private Negotiations. Whether any such Relaxations of Morality, such little jeux desprit, ought not to be allowed in this intended Seminary of Politicians, I shall leave to the Wisdom of their Founder.
In the mean time we have fair Warning given us by this doughty Body of Statesmen: and as Sylla saw many Marius’s in Caesar, so I think we may discover many Torcys in this College of Academicians. Whatever we think of our selves, I am afraid neither our Smyrna or St. James’s will be a Match for it. Our Coffee-houses are, indeed, very good Institutions, but whether or no these our British Schools of Politicks may furnish out as able Envoys and Secretaries as an Academy that is set apart for that Purpose, will deserve our serious Consideration, especially if we remember that our Country is more famous for producing Men of Integrity than Statesmen; and that on the contrary, French Truth and British Policy make a Conspicuous Figure in NOTHING, as the Earl of Rochester has very well observed in his admirable Poem upon that Barren Subject.
Quae forma, ut se tibi semper
Imputet?
I write this to communicate to you a Misfortune which frequently happens, and therefore deserves a consolatory Discourse on the Subject. I was within this Half-Year in the Possession of as much Beauty and as many Lovers as any young Lady in England. But my Admirers have left me, and I cannot complain of their Behaviour. I have within that Time had the Small-Pox; and this Face, which (according to many amorous Epistles which I have by me) was the Seat of all that is beautiful in Woman, is now disfigured with Scars. It goes to the very Soul of me to speak what I really think of my Face; and tho I think I did not over-rate my Beauty while I had it, it has extremely advanc’d in its value with me now it is lost. There is one Circumstance which makes my Case very particular; the ugliest Fellow that ever pretended to me, was and is most in my Favour, and he treats me at present the most unreasonably. If you could make him return an Obligation which he owes me, in liking a Person that is not amiable;—But there is, I fear, no Possibility of making Passion move by the Rules of Reason and Gratitude. But say what you can to one who has survived her self, and knows not how to act in a new Being. My Lovers are at the Feet of my Rivals, my Rivals are every Day bewailing me, and I cannot enjoy what I am, by reason of the distracting Reflection upon what I was. Consider the Woman I was did not die of old Age, but I was taken off in the Prime of my Youth, and according to the Course of Nature may have Forty Years After-Life to come. I have nothing of my self left which I like, but that I am, SIR, Your most humble Servant, Parthenissa.
When Lewis of France had lost the Battle of Ramelies, the Addresses to him at that time were full of his Fortitude, and they turned his Misfortune to his Glory;
in that, during his Prosperity, he could never have manifested his heroick Constancy under Distresses, and so the World had lost the most eminent Part of his Character. Parthenissa’s Condition gives her the same Opportunity; and to resign Conquests is a Task as difficult in a Beauty as an Hero. In the very Entrance upon this Work she must burn all her Love-Letters; or since she is so candid as not to call her Lovers who follow her no longer Unfaithful, it would be a very good beginning of a new Life from that of a Beauty, to send them back to those who writ them, with this honest Inscription, Articles of a Marriage Treaty broken off by the Small-Pox. I have known but one Instance, where a Matter of this Kind went on after a like Misfortune, where the Lady, who was a Woman of Spirit, writ this Billet to her Lover.
SIR, If you flattered me before I had this terrible Malady, pray come and see me now: But if you sincerely liked me, stay away; for I am not the same Corinna.
The Lover thought there was something so sprightly in her Behaviour, that he answered,
Madam, I am not obliged, since you are not the same Woman, to let you know whether I flattered you or not; but I assure you, I do not, when I tell you I now like you above all your Sex, and hope you will bear what may befall me when we are both one, as well as you do what happens to your self now you are single; therefore I am ready to take such a Spirit for my Companion as soon as you please. Amilcar.
If Parthenissa can now possess her own Mind, and think as little of her Beauty as she ought to have done when she had it, there will be no great Diminution of her Charms; and if she was formerly affected too much with them, an easie Behaviour will more than make up for the Loss of them. Take the whole Sex together, and you find those who have the strongest Possession of Mens Hearts are not eminent for their Beauty: You see it often happen that those who engage Men to the greatest Violence, are such as those who are Strangers to them would take to be remarkably defective for that End. The fondest Lover I know, said to me one Day in a Crowd of Women at an Entertainment of Musick, You have often heard me talk of my Beloved: That Woman there, continued he, smiling when he had fixed my Eye, is her very Picture. The Lady he shewed me was by much the least remarkable for Beauty of any in the whole Assembly; but having my Curiosity extremely raised, I could not keep my Eyes off of her. Her Eyes at last met mine, and with a sudden Surprize she looked round her to see who near her was remarkably handsome that I was gazing at. This little Act explain’d the Secret: She did not understand herself for the Object of Love, and therefore she was so. The Lover is a very honest plain Man; and what charmed him was a Person that goes along with him in the Cares and Joys of Life, not taken up with her self, but sincerely attentive with a ready and chearful Mind, to accompany him in either.
I can tell Parthenissa for her Comfort, That the Beauties, generally speaking, are the most impertinent and disagreeable of Women. An apparent Desire of Admiration, a Reflection upon their own Merit, and a precious Behaviour in their general Conduct, are almost inseparable Accidents in Beauties. All you obtain of them is granted to Importunity and Sollicitation for what did not deserve so much of your Time, and you recover from the Possession of it, as out of a Dream.
You are ashamed of the Vagaries of Fancy which so strangely mis-led you, and your Admiration of a Beauty, merely as such, is inconsistent with a tolerable Reflection upon your self: The chearful good-humoured Creatures, into whose Heads it never entred that they could make any Man unhappy, are the Persons formed for making Men happy. There’s Miss Liddy can dance a Jigg, raise Paste, write a good Hand, keep an Account, give a reasonable Answer, and do as she is bid; while her elder Sister Madam Martha is out of Humour, has the Spleen, learns by Reports of People of higher Quality new Ways of being uneasie and displeased. And this happens for no Reason in the World, but that poor Liddy knows she has no such thing as a certain Negligence that is so becoming, that there is not I know not what in her Air: And that if she talks like a Fool, there is no one will say, Well! I know not what it is, but every Thing pleases when she speaks it.
Ask any of the Husbands of your great Beauties, and they’ll tell you that they hate their Wives Nine Hours of every Day they pass together. There is such a Particularity for ever affected by them, that they are incumbered with their Charms in all they say or do. They pray at publick Devotions as they are Beauties. They converse on ordinary Occasions as they are Beauties. Ask Belinda what it is a Clock, and she is at a stand whether so great a Beauty should answer you. In a Word, I think, instead of offering to administer Consolation to Parthenissa, I should congratulate her Metamorphosis; and however she thinks she was not in the least insolent in the Prosperity of her Charms, she was enough so to find she may make her self a much more agreeable Creature in her present Adversity. The Endeavour to please is highly promoted by a Consciousness that the Approbation of the Person you would be agreeable to, is a Favour you do not deserve; for in this Case Assurance of Success is the most certain way to Disappointment. Good-Nature will always supply the Absence of Beauty, but Beauty cannot long supply the Absence of Good-Nature.
Madam, February 18.
I have yours of this Day, wherein you twice bid me not to disoblige
you, but you must explain yourself further before I know what to do.
[Footnote 1: Mr. John Duncombe ascribed this letter to his relative, John Hughes, and said that by Parthenissa was meant a Miss Rotherham, afterwards married to the Rev. Mr. Wyatt, master of Felsted School, in Essex. The name of Parthenissa is from the heroine of a romance by Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery.]
—Versate diu quid ferre recusent
Quid valeant humeri—
I am so well pleased with the following Letter, that I am in hopes it will not be a disagreeable Present to the Publick.
Sir, Though I believe none of your Readers more admire your agreeable manner of working up Trifles than my self, yet as your Speculations are now swelling into Volumes, and will in all Probability pass down to future Ages, methinks I would have no single Subject in them, wherein the general Good of Mankind is concern’d, left unfinished.
I have a long time expected with great Impatience that you would enlarge upon the ordinary Mistakes which are committed in the Education of our Children. I the more easily flattered my self that you would one time or other resume this Consideration, because you tell us that your 168th Paper was only composed of a few broken Hints; but finding myself hitherto disappointed, I have ventur’d to send you my own Thoughts on this Subject.
I remember Pericles in his famous Oration at the Funeral of those Athenian young Men who perished in the Samian Expedition, has a Thought very much celebrated by several Ancient Criticks, namely, That the Loss which the Commonwealth suffered by the Destruction of its Youth, was like the Loss which the Year would suffer by the Destruction of the Spring. The Prejudice which the Publick sustains from a wrong Education of Children, is an Evil of the same Nature, as it in a manner starves Posterity, and defrauds our Country of those Persons who, with due Care, might make an eminent Figure in their respective Posts of Life.
I have seen a Book written by Juan Huartes,[1] a Spanish Physician, entitled Examen de Ingenios, wherein he lays it down as one of his first Positions, that Nothing but Nature can qualifie a Man for Learning; and that without a proper Temperament for the particular Art or Science which he studies, his utmost Pains and Application, assisted by the ablest Masters, will be to no purpose.
He illustrates this by the Example of Tully’s Son Marcus.
Cicero, in order to accomplish his Son in that sort of Learning which he designed him for, sent him to Athens, the most celebrated Academy at that time in the World, and where a vast Concourse, out of the most Polite Nations, could not but furnish a young Gentleman with a Multitude of great Examples, and Accidents that might insensibly have instructed him in his designed Studies: He placed him under the Care of Cratippus, who was one of the greatest Philosophers of the Age, and, as if all the Books which were at that time written had not been sufficient for his Use, he composed others on purpose for him: Notwithstanding all this, History informs us, that
Marcus proved a meer Blockhead, and that Nature, (who it seems was even with the Son for her Prodigality to the Father) rendered him incapable of improving by all the Rules of Eloquence, the Precepts of Philosophy, his own Endeavours, and the most refined Conversation in Athens. This Author therefore proposes, that there should be certain Tryers or Examiners appointed by the State to inspect the Genius of every particular Boy, and to allot him the Part that is most suitable to his natural Talents.
Plato in one of his Dialogues tells us, that Socrates, who was the Son of a Midwife, used to say, that as his Mother, tho she was very skilful in her Profession, could not deliver a Woman, unless she was first with Child; so neither could he himself raise Knowledge out of a Mind, where Nature had not planted it.
Accordingly the Method this Philosopher took, of instructing his
Scholars by several Interrogatories or Questions, was only helping the
Birth, and bringing their own Thoughts to Light.
The Spanish Doctor above mentioned, as his Speculations grow more refined, asserts that every kind of Wit has a particular Science corresponding to it, and in which alone it can be truly Excellent. As to those Genius’s, which may seem to have an equal Aptitude for several things, he regards them as so many unfinished Pieces of Nature wrought off in haste.
There are, indeed, but very few to whom Nature has been so unkind, that they are not capable of shining in some Science or other. There is a certain Byass towards Knowledge in every Mind, which may be strengthened and improved by proper Applications.
The Story of Clavius [2] is very well known; he was entered in a College of Jesuits, and after having been tryed at several Parts of Learning, was upon the Point of being dismissed as an hopeless Blockhead, till one of the Fathers took it into his Head to make an assay of his Parts in Geometry, which it seems hit his Genius so luckily that he afterwards became one of the greatest Mathematicians of the Age. It is commonly thought that the Sagacity of these Fathers, in discovering the Talent of a young Student, has not a little contributed to the Figure which their Order has made in the World.
How different from this manner of Education is that which prevails in our own Country? Where nothing is more usual than to see forty or fifty Boys of several Ages, Tempers and Inclinations, ranged together in the same Class, employed upon the same Authors, and enjoyned the same Tasks? Whatever their natural Genius may be, they are all to be made Poets, Historians, and Orators alike. They are all obliged to have the same Capacity, to bring in the same Tale of Verse, and to furnish out the same Portion of Prose. Every Boy is bound to have as good a Memory as the Captain of the Form. To be brief, instead of adapting Studies to the
particular Genius of a Youth, we expect from the young Man, that he should adapt his Genius to his Studies. This, I must confess, is not so much to be imputed to the Instructor, as to the Parent, who will never be brought to believe, that his Son is not capable of performing as much as his Neighbours, and that he may not make him whatever he has a Mind to.
If the present Age is more laudable than those which have gone before it in any single Particular, it is in that generous Care which several well-disposed Persons have taken in the Education of poor Children; and as in these Charity-Schools there is no Place left for the over-weening Fondness of a Parent, the Directors of them would make them beneficial to the Publick, if they considered the Precept which I have been thus long inculcating. They might easily, by well examining the Parts of those under their Inspection, make a just Distribution of them into proper Classes and Divisions, and allot to them this or that particular Study, as their Genius qualifies them for Professions, Trades, Handicrafts, or Service by Sea or Land.
How is this kind of Regulation wanting in the three great
Professions!
Dr. South complaining of Persons who took upon them Holy Orders, tho altogether unqualified for the Sacred Function, says somewhere, that many a Man runs his Head against a Pulpit, who might have done his Country excellent Service at a Plough-tail.
In like manner many a Lawyer, who makes but an indifferent Figure at
the Bar, might have made a very elegant Waterman, and have shined at
the Temple Stairs, tho he can get no Business in the House.
I have known a Corn-cutter, who with a right Education would have
been an excellent Physician.
To descend lower, are not our Streets filled with sagacious Draymen, and Politicians in Liveries? We have several Taylors of six Foot high, and meet with many a broad pair of Shoulders that are thrown away upon a Barber, when perhaps at the same time we see a pigmy Porter reeling under a Burthen, who might have managed a Needle with much Dexterity, or have snapped his Fingers with great Ease to himself, and Advantage to the Publick.
The Spartans, tho they acted with the Spirit which I am here speaking of, carried it much farther than what I propose: Among them it was not lawful for the Father himself to bring up his Children after his own Fancy. As soon as they were seven Years old they were all listed in several Companies, and disciplined by the Publick. The old Men were Spectators of their Performances, who often raised Quarrels among them, and set them at Strife with one another, that by those early Discoveries they might see how their several Talents lay, and without any regard to their Quality, dispose of them accordingly for the Service of the Commonwealth. By this Means Sparta soon became the Mistress of Greece, and famous through the whole World for her Civil and Military Discipline.
If you think this Letter deserves a place among your Speculations, I
may perhaps trouble you with some other Thoughts on the same Subject.
[Footnote 1: Juan Huarte was born in French Navarre, and obtained much credit in the sixteenth century for the book here cited. It was translated into Latin and French. The best edition is of Cologne, 1610.]
[Footnote 2: Christopher Clavius, a native of Bamberg, died in 1612, aged 75, at Rome, whither he had been sent by the Jesuits, and where he was regarded as the Euclid of his age. It was Clavius whom Pope Gregory XIII. employed in 1581 to effect the reform in the Roman Calendar promulgated in 1582, when the 5th of October became throughout Catholic countries the 15th of the New Style, an improvement that was not admitted into Protestant England until 1752. Clavius wrote an Arithmetic and Commentaries on Euclid, and justified his reform of the Calendar against the criticism of Scaliger.]
Jam proterva
Fronte petet Lalage maritum.
I give you this Trouble in order to propose my self to you as an Assistant in the weighty Cares which you have thought fit to undergo for the publick Good. I am a very great Lover of Women, that is to say honestly, and as it is natural to study what one likes, I have industriously applied my self to understand them. The present Circumstance relating to them, is, that I think there wants under you, as SPECTATOR, a Person to be distinguished and vested in the Power and Quality of a Censor on Marriages. I lodge at the Temple, and know, by seeing Women come hither, and afterwards observing them conducted by their Council to Judges Chambers, that there is a Custom in Case of making Conveyance of a Wife’s Estate, that she is carried to a Judges Apartment and left alone with him, to be examined in private whether she has not been frightened or sweetned by her Spouse into the Act she is going to do, or whether it is of her own free Will. Now if this be a Method founded upon Reason and Equity, why should there not be also a proper Officer for examining such as are entring into the State of Matrimony, whether they are forced by Parents on one Side, or moved by Interest only on the other, to come together, and bring forth such awkward Heirs as are the Product of half Love and constrained Compliances? There is no Body, though I say it my self, would be fitter for this Office than I am: For I am an ugly Fellow of great Wit and Sagacity. My Father was an hail Country-Squire, my Mother a witty Beauty of no Fortune: The Match was made by Consent of my Mothers Parents against her own: and I am the Child of a Rape on the Wedding-Night; so that I am as healthy and as homely as my Father, but as sprightly and agreeable as my Mother. It would be of great Ease to you if you would use me under you, that Matches might be better regulated for the future, and we might have no more Children of Squabbles. I shall not reveal all my Pretensions till I receive your Answer; and am, Sir, Your most humble Servant, Mules Palfrey.
I am one of those unfortunate Men within the City-Walls, who am married to a Woman of Quality, but her Temper is something different from that of Lady Anvil. My Lady’s whole Time and Thoughts are spent in keeping up to the Mode both in Apparel and Furniture. All the Goods in my House have been changed three times in seven Years. I have had seven Children by her; and by our Marriage Articles she was to have her Apartment new furnished as often as she lay in. Nothing in our House is useful but that which is fashionable; my Pewter holds out generally half a Year, my Plate a full Twelvemonth; Chairs are not fit to sit in that were made two Years since, nor Beds fit for any thing but to sleep in that have stood up above that Time. My Dear is of Opinion that an old-fashioned Grate consumes Coals, but gives no Heat: If she drinks out of Glasses of last Year, she cannot distinguish Wine from Small-Beer. Oh dear Sir you may guess all the rest. Yours.
P. S. I could bear even all this, if I were not obliged also to eat fashionably. I have a plain Stomach, and have a constant Loathing of whatever comes to my own Table; for which Reason I dine at the Chop-House three Days a Week: Where the good Company wonders they never see you of late. I am sure by your unprejudiced Discourses you love Broth better than Soup.
Wills, Feb. 19.
Mr. Spectator, You may believe you are a Person as much talked of as any Man in Town. I am one of your best Friends in this House, and have laid a Wager you are so candid a Man and so honest a Fellow, that you will print this Letter, tho it is in Recommendation of a new Paper called The Historian. [1] I have read it carefully, and find it written with Skill, good Sense, Modesty, and Fire. You must allow the Town is kinder to you than you deserve; and I doubt not but you have so much Sense of the World, Change of Humour, and instability of all humane Things, as to understand, that the only Way to preserve Favour, is to communicate it to others with Good-Nature and Judgment. You are so generally read, that what you speak of will be read. This with Men of Sense and Taste is all that is wanting to recommend The Historian. I am, Sir, Your daily Advocate, Reader Gentle.
I was very much surprised this Morning, that any one should find out my Lodging, and know it so well, as to come directly to my Closet-Door, and knock at it, to give me the following Letter. When I came out I opened it, and saw by a very strong Pair of Shoes and a warm Coat the Bearer had on, that he walked all the Way to bring it me, tho dated from York. My Misfortune is that I cannot talk, and I found the Messenger had so much of me, that he could think better than speak. He had, I observed, a polite Discerning hid under a shrewd Rusticity: He delivered the Paper with a Yorkshire Tone and a Town Leer.
Mr. Spectator, The Privilege you have indulged John Trot has proved of very bad Consequence to our illustrious Assembly, which, besides the many excellent Maxims it is founded upon, is remarkable for the extraordinary Decorum always observed in it. One Instance of which is that the Carders, (who are always of the first Quality) never begin to play till the French-Dances are finished, and the Country-Dances begin: But John Trot having now got your Commission in his Pocket, (which every one here has a profound Respect for) has the Assurance to set up for a Minuit-Dancer. Not only so, but he has brought down upon us the whole Body of the Trots, which are very numerous, with their Auxiliaries the Hobblers and the Skippers, by which Means the Time is so much wasted, that unless we break all Rules of Government, it must redound to the utter Subversion of the Brag-Table, the discreet Members of which value Time as Fribble’s Wife does her Pin-Money. We are pretty well assured that your Indulgence to Trot was only in relation to Country-Dances; however we have deferred the issuing an Order of Council upon the Premisses, hoping to get you to join with us, that Trot, nor any of his Clan, presume for the future to dance any but Country-Dances, unless a Horn-Pipe upon a Festival-Day. If you will do this you will oblige a great many Ladies, and particularly Your most humble Servant, Eliz. Sweepstakes. York, Feb. 16.
I never meant any other than that Mr. Trott should confine himself to Country-Dances. And I further direct, that he shall take out none but his own Relations according to their Nearness of Blood, but any Gentlewoman may take out him.
London, Feb. 21.
[Footnote 1: Steele’s papers had many imitations, as the Historian, here named; the Rhapsody, Observator, Moderator, Growler, Censor, Hermit, Surprize, Silent Monitor, Inquisitor, Pilgrim, Restorer, Instructor, Grumbler, &c. There was also in 1712 a Rambler, anticipating the name of Dr. Johnsons Rambler of 1750-2.]
Di, quibus imperium est animarum, umbraeque silentes,
Et Chaos, et Phlegethon, loca nocte silentia late;
Sit mihi fas audita loqui! sit numine vestro
Pandere res alta terra et caligine mersas.
I have before observed in general, that the Persons whom Milton introduces into his Poem always discover such Sentiments and Behaviour, as are in a peculiar manner conformable to their respective Characters. Every Circumstance in their Speeches and Actions is with great Justness and Delicacy adapted to the Persons who speak and act. As the Poet very much excels in this Consistency of his Characters, I shall beg Leave to consider several Passages of the Second Book in this Light. That superior Greatness and Mock-Majesty,
which is ascribed to the Prince of the fallen Angels, is admirably preserved in the Beginning of this Book. His opening and closing the Debate; his taking on himself that great Enterprize at the Thought of which the whole Infernal Assembly trembled; his encountering the hideous Phantom who guarded the Gates of Hell, and appeared to him in all his Terrors, are Instances of that proud and daring Mind which could not brook Submission even to Omnipotence.
Satan was now at hand, and from his Seat
The Monster moving onward came as fast
With horrid strides, Hell trembled as he strode,
Th’ undaunted Fiend what this might be admir’d,
Admired, not fear’d—
The same Boldness and Intrepidity of Behaviour discovers it self in the several Adventures which he meets with during his Passage through the Regions of unformed Matter, and particularly in his Address to those tremendous Powers who are described as presiding over it.
The Part of Moloch is likewise in all its Circumstances full of that Fire and Fury which distinguish this Spirit from the rest of the fallen Angels. He is described in the first Book as besmeared with the Blood of Human Sacrifices, and delighted with the Tears of Parents and the Cries of Children. In the Second Book he is marked out as the fiercest Spirit that fought in Heaven: and if we consider the Figure which he makes in the Sixth Book, where the Battle of the Angels is described, we find it every way answerable to the same furious enraged Character.
—Where the might of Gabriel fought,
And with fierce Ensigns pierc’d the deep array
Of Moloc, furious King, who him defy’d,
And at his chariot wheels to drag him bound
Threatened, nor from the Holy one of Heavn
Refrain’d his tongue blasphemous; but anon
Down cloven to the waste, with shatter’d arms
And uncouth pain fled bellowing.—
It may be worth while to observe, that Milton has represented this violent impetuous Spirit, who is hurried only by such precipitate Passions, as the first that rises in that Assembly, to give his Opinion upon their present Posture of Affairs. Accordingly he declares himself abruptly for War, and appears incensed at his Companions, for losing so much Time as even to deliberate upon it. All his Sentiments are Rash, Audacious and Desperate. Such is that of arming themselves with their Tortures, and turning their Punishments upon him who inflicted them.
—No, let us rather chuse,
Arm’d with Hell flames and fury, all at once
O’er Heavens high tow’rs to force resistless way,
Turning our tortures into horrid arms
Against the Torturer; when to meet the Noise
Of his almighty Engine he shall hear
Infernal Thunder, and for Lightning see
Black fire and horror shot with equal rage
Among his Angels; and his throne it self
Mixt with Tartarean Sulphur, and strange Fire,
His own invented Torments—
His preferring Annihilation to Shame or Misery, is also highly suitable to his Character; as the Comfort he draws from their disturbing the Peace of Heaven, that if it be not Victory it is Revenge, is a Sentiment truly Diabolical, and becoming the Bitterness of this implacable Spirit.
Belial is described in the first Book, as the Idol of the Lewd and Luxurious. He is in the Second Book, pursuant to that Description, characterised as timorous and slothful; and if we look in the Sixth Book, we find him celebrated in the Battel of Angels for nothing but that scoffing Speech which he makes to Satan, on their supposed Advantage over the Enemy. As his Appearance is uniform, and of a Piece, in these three several Views, we find his Sentiments in the Infernal Assembly every way conformable to his Character. Such are his Apprehensions of a second Battel, his Horrors of Annihilation, his preferring to be miserable rather than not to be. I need not observe, that the Contrast of Thought in this Speech, and that which precedes it, gives an agreeable Variety to the Debate.
Mammon’s Character is so fully drawn in the First Book, that the Poet adds nothing to it in the Second. We were before told, that he was the first who taught Mankind to ransack the Earth for Gold and Silver, and that he was the Architect of Pandaemonium, or the Infernal Place, where the Evil Spirits were to meet in Council. His Speech in this Book is every way suitable to so depraved a Character. How proper is that Reflection, of their being unable to taste the Happiness of Heaven were they actually there, in the Mouth of one, who while he was in Heaven, is said to have had his Mind dazled with the outward Pomps and Glories of the Place, and to have been more intent on the Riches of the Pavement, than on the Beatifick Vision. I shall also leave the Reader to judge how agreeable the following Sentiments are to the same Character.
—This deep World
Of Darkness do we dread? How oft amidst
Thick cloud and dark doth Heavns all-ruling Sire
Chuse to reside, his Glory umobscured,
And with the Majesty of Darkness round
Covers his Throne; from whence deep Thunders roar
Mustering their Rage, and Heavn resembles Hell?
As he our Darkness, cannot we his Light
Imitate when we please? This desart Soil
Wants not her hidden Lustre, Gems and Gold;
Nor want we Skill or Art, from whence to raise
Magnificence; and what can Heavn shew more?
Beelzebub, who is reckoned the second in Dignity that fell, and is, in the First Book, the second that awakens out of the Trance, and confers with Satan upon the Situation of their Affairs, maintains his Rank in the Book now before us. There is a wonderful Majesty described in his rising up to speak. He acts as a kind of Moderator between the two opposite Parties, and proposes a third Undertaking, which the whole Assembly gives into. The Motion he makes of detaching one of their Body in search of a new World is grounded upon a Project devised by Satan, and cursorily proposed by him in the following Lines of the first Book.
Space may produce new Worlds, whereof so rife
There went a Fame in Heavn, that he erelong
Intended to create, and therein plant
A Generation, whom his choice Regard
Should favour equal to the Sons of Heaven:
Thither, if but to pry, shall be perhaps
Our first Eruption, thither or elsewhere:
For this Infernal Pit shall never hold
Celestial Spirits in Bondage, nor th’ Abyss
Long under Darkness cover. But these Thoughts
Full Counsel must mature:—
It is on this Project that Beelzebub grounds his Proposal.
—What if we find
Some easier Enterprise? There is a Place
(If ancient and prophetick Fame in Heavn
Err not) another World, the happy Seat
Of some new Race call’d MAN, about this Time
To be created like to us, though less
In Power and Excellence, but favoured more
Of him who rules above; so was his Will
Pronounc’d among the Gods, and by an Oath,
That shook Heavns whole Circumference, confirm’d.
The Reader may observe how just it was not to omit in the First Book the Project upon which the whole Poem turns: As also that the Prince of the fallen Angels was the only proper Person to give it Birth, and that the next to him in Dignity was the fittest to second and support it.
There is besides, I think, something wonderfully Beautiful, and very apt to affect the Readers Imagination in this ancient Prophecy or Report in Heaven, concerning the Creation of Man. Nothing could shew more the Dignity of the Species, than this Tradition which ran of them before their Existence. They are represented to have been the Talk of Heaven, before they were created. Virgil, in compliment to the Roman Commonwealth, makes the Heroes of it appear in their State of Pre-existence; but Milton does a far greater Honour to Man-kind in general, as he gives us a Glimpse of them even before they are in Being.
The rising of this great Assembly is described in a very Sublime and Poetical Manner.
Their rising all at once was as the Sound
Of Thunder heard remote—
The Diversions of the fallen Angels, with the particular Account of their Place of Habitation, are described with great Pregnancy of Thought, and Copiousness of Invention. The Diversions are every way suitable to Beings who had nothing left them but Strength and Knowledge misapplied. Such are their Contentions at the Race, and in Feats of Arms, with their Entertainment in the following Lines.
Others with vast Typhaean rage more fell
Rend up both Rocks and Hills, and ride the Air
In Whirlwind; Hell scarce holds the wild Uproar.
Their Musick is employed in celebrating their own criminal Exp
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MUSIC INTERVIEW: Life On The Road With…Stoneghost
This week sees metallers Stoneghost hit the road with Raging Speedhorn, so we thought it would be the perfect opportunity to catch up with drummer Cris Finnis to hear the band’s top tips and stories from the road.
Favourite thing about touring:
I think my favourite thing about touring is having the opportunity to reach out to new audiences. We spent a lot of time at the beginning playing in a lot of the same places and to the same people, it’s always nice to see how you translate to different people from different cultures.
Least favourite thing about touring:
I think it’s generally just missing out on the usual home comforts. Sleeping is never easy and trying to maintain your energy night after night can be a challenge. But you learn very early on, that those challenges are worth overcoming for the rewards you get at the end of the day having played a killer show.
Five essentials for the road:
Beer, headphones, painkillers, food, and personal space.
Your favourite way to pass the time:
I enjoy listening to music and writing, but I think the important thing is to keep each other entertained. When you are travelling a long way in between gigs, it can become very monotonous and draining if you can’t make each other laugh. A balance of that and some well timed sleep will fill the time nicely.
Memorable moment:
I think my most memorable moment was playing Wacken Festival in Germany. They can’t get enough metal over there. I think the one thing that always sticks in my mind, was during sound checking the bass drum before we went on, the crowd were already roaring everytime I stomped my foot. It was amazing and really pumped us up for show to see everyone so ready to throw down even before a single note had been played.
Hilarious moment:
I remember playing Hammerfest in 2011 I think, and we were having a great show, the crowd were getting really into it and we were thriving off that energy. We got to the last song and I remember looking up at Andrew and giving each other a nod of approval before the last breakdown. We kicked into it and as I looked back up Andrew had disappeared in a cloud of smoke. Needless to say I was baffled. On further inspection, I realised he had got so into it that he had stacked it on stage and was lying on the floor, flat on his back, trying to finish the song! To be fair he styled it out pretty well, mainly because no one could see him anyway!
Embarrassing moment:
We’ve had a few… I recall our backdrop on the main stage at bloodstock 2010, being embarrassingly small in comparison to the other bands… So seeing this minuscule banner rise up on this huge stage was not our finest moment! We have since invested in a larger one… Only ourselves to blame for that moment!
Outrageous moment:
Again, it has to be a memory from Bloodstock… Jason, our singer had acquired a water pistol that was in the form of, for lack of a better word, a penis. He had decided to stroll around the festival, drunk, with it sticking out of his trousers. After doing this for a little while, we ran into Simon Hall (Beholder, Bloodstock organiser) who said he had been informed of a drunk man harassing festival goers with a plastic penis. I think his exact words were ” I knew it would be you fuckers!”.
Drunken moment:
My most drunken moment would probably be a gig we did a few years back in New Cross. I got off the drums mid way through a song, gave my sticks to the sound-man and asked him to play drums while I proceeded to shake our guitarists hand. Not my finest moment. As a band, there has been so many drunken moments it’s hard to single one out! Falling in bushes on the way back from Brighton, a ridiculous night in a Manchester, Andrew jumping in a bin at the request of thrash band Municipal Waste…. It’s all good character building stuff!
Rewarding moment:
I remember playing Russ Russell’s festival, Wrongstock at the Underworld in Camden this year, and there was quite a touching moment when a guy approached us and asked if we’d be willing to have a picture taken with her daughter who was to shy to ask. We’ve had pictures with people before, but I think it was all the more rewarding to see a father and daughter at a show together. That’s the spirit. Everytime we step on stage, we feel privileged and lucky to be up there. We try and make every show count and enjoy it as much as possible. Rewarding is absolutely the right word to describe the experience. And even more so when you know that the torch is being passed on to the younger generation, embodied in that one moment with that father and daughter.
Catch Stoneghost on tour with Raging Speedhorn at one of the following dates:
Fri 15th – COLCHESTER – Arts Centre
Sat 16th – CARDIFF – Clwb Ifor Bach
Sun 17th – LIVERPOOL – Arts Club Loft
Mon 18th – GLASGOW – O2 ABC 2
Tue 19th – LEEDS – Key Club
Wed 20th – BIRMINGHAM – O2 Academy 3
Thu 21st – PORTSMOUTH – Wedgewood Rooms
Fri 22nd – OXFORD – The Wheatsheaf
Sat 23rd – LONDON – Underworld
FESTIVAL REVIEW: 2000trees Festival 2018
MUSIC NEWS: Employed To Serve Announce New Album Details & UK Tour Dates
FESTIVAL NEWS: Download Festival Announces 12 More Bands
FESTIVAL NEWS: Bloodstock Confirms More Bands For 2019
MUSIC NEWS: Skindred Announce UK Tour Dates
FESTIVAL NEWS: 2000trees Completes 2018 Line-Up
Tags: Raging Speedhorn, Stoneghost
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MUSIC INTERVIEW: Life On The Road With…Normandie »
LIVE REVIEW: The Chats, O2 Academy, Bristol, 13/12/2019
View All Live
FILM REVIEW: Slayer – The Repentless Killogy
Tweets by @bringthenoiseuk
© Bring The Noise UK (2011).
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PLANETARY SOCIETY, INDIA
Organisation for Promotion of Space Sciences
NASA/SPACEX – Unmanned Test 19 Jan 2020 – 8.30 p.m. - Watch Live
Today SpaceX 19th Jan 2020 8.30pm SPACEX plans to do an “in-flight test of Crew Dragon’s launch escape capabilities” from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.. This Launch was planned to be conducted on 17 Jan but was postponed due to weather conditions at launch center. This Year in March 2020 a manned mission with astronauts is scheduled.
Hence today 19 Jan 2020 today “in-flight test” SPACEX wants to demonstrate how in a unlikely event of an emergency during a real launch the crew system will be protected and carry astronauts to safety detached from the launch vehicle.
What will happen today? ANIMATION: Interestingly a real Falcon 9 Launch Vehicle with “Crew Dragon” spacecraft will be purposefully failed and the crew dragon will separate from the launch vehicle called “Falcon 9”. Here is the ANIMATION of what exactly will happen today https://youtu.be/OtcnBSsjHmk . “Crew Dragon” is name of the spacecraft with ability to carry upto Seven People and planned to be used by NASA as part of Commercial Contract with SPACEX.
HOW TO WATCH LIVE: If launch is not postponed you can watch this live CLICK here 8.30 pm 19 Jan 2020 onwards https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhrkdHshb3E
Why it’s important? This test LIVE ON YOUTUBE AT 19 Jan 2020 8.30pm is a unmanned mission i.e. does not have NASA astronauts onboard the spacecraft but will demonstrate the spacecraft “Crew Dragon” escape capabilities. That is today test will prove that in a unlikely event of an emergency during a real launch the crew system can protect and carry astronauts to safety detached from the launch vehicle. Here is official NASA Release on the test https://go.nasa.gov/2uYT9jr.
Gaganyaan – Is it important for us – India Pad Abort Test 2018 July 5th : as you are already aware of Gaganyaan Mission of ISRO .. in July 2018 ISRO also conducted a “Pad Abort Test” see the video here https://youtu.be/zNpGv0lcLJI . So today launch though not directly imp for us but any experiment in space that to when related to Human Space Flight is important to observe. This yearend 2020 ISRO also plans to conduct a Unamanned launch of GSLV MKIII with its own “Crew Module” as a preparation for Gaganyaaan. SPACEX conducted there Pad Abort Test in 6th May 2015.
ISRO GSAT 30 Launch 2.35 a.m. 17 Jan 2020 - Ariane-5/Arianespace
Today (17 Jan) Early morning hours at 2.35 a.m. ISRO's "GSAT-30 satellite" a 3357 kg communication satellite is scheduled for launch through a European launch vehicle called "Ariane-5" (VA 251) from French Guiana on January 17, 2020 at 0235 hrs IST.
Details of launch and Satellite can be understood through this 5 mins video released by ISRO https://youtu.be/NmCC_1s4a28
Here is the link to watch this launch live broadcast from 2 a.m. 17 Jan 2020 on Launch agency "Arianespace Youtube Channel" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0oRWrINDHo
Along with GSAT 30 in the same launch vehicle another Satellite called EUTELSAT KONNECT belonging to Eutelsat Company will also be launched. This Satellite belongs to Eutelsat Company which is the worlds third-largest Satellite Operator. Eutelsat's satellites across the world are used for broadcasting by nearly 7,000 television stations, of which 1,400 are in HD, and 1,100 radio stations to over 274 million cable and satellite homes.
First Eclipse of Year and Decade - Penumbral Lunar Eclipse 10/11 Jan 2020
The First Eclipse of the year a Lunar eclipse termed scientifically as “Penumblar Lunar Eclipse” will occur on 10th January 2020 from 10.36 p.m. to 2.44 a .m. on 11 Jan 2020 but unnoticeable to bare eyes. Even watching with binoculars, telescopes will not make much difference. Why is it unnoticeable and other details watch this interview. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NwwQpRt54Y
This is first of Six Eclipses which will occur this year i.e. Two Solar Eclipses (on 21 June, on 14 Dec) and Four Lunar Eclipses (on 10Jan, 5June, 5July, 30Nov) will occur.
However, the Solar Eclipse on 21 June is the only one visible in India that too in its partial phases while the rest of five Eclipses of 2020 are unnoticeable or not visible. 10th Jan –Eclipse for Rituals: Though PSI can’t comment or suggest about Eclipse Rituals we have observed historically or generally, only the Umbra phase is considered as actual eclipse by the general public to follow various rituals and traditions since ages. Whereas unnoticeable Penumbra passage of moon from earth’s lighter shadow without any darkening of Moon was never considered.
Lunar Eclipse Occurs on 10 Jan – Why Not Noticeable? : Scientifically speaking the phenomena of “Lunar Eclipse” will occur on 10th Jan 2020. However, it’s not noticeable to the naked eye because the moon passes through lighter outer shadow (penumbra) of Earth and no notable darkening can be witnessed.
Whereas if Moon was to pass through darker shadow (umbra) people would have witnessed darkening of Moon with bare eyes. (Please see explanation/notes below about eclipse, umbra, and penumbra).
Earth at Closest Point To Sun 5 Jan 2020 - Perihelion
Today at 1.07pm Noon 5th Jan 2020 Planet Earth reached closest point it can get to Sun in its annual elliptical orbit around Sun at 0.9832436 AU i.e 14,70,91,149 km from Sun for 2020. Astronomically this is phenomena is known as “Perihelion”.
Whereas on 4th July 2020 Earth will be at Aphelion at 1.0166943 AU (15,20,95,302 km) from Sun i.e. it will be at farthest point from Sun. In other words Earth tomorrow will be 50,04,153 km closer to earth compared to 4th July 2020. Though people cannot observe this event.
This event is of greatest importance with educational potential for students and public to understand to remove general misconception relating to weather.
Distance not Reason for Season: Commonly it is believed that Distance of Earth to Sun decides the season or temperature on earth. However it is not true. Actually axial tilt (approx. 23.5 Degree) of Earth on its axis while revolving around Sun regulates seasons on planet Earth with one of the Hemisphere facing away or towards Sun.
Evidence/Example: It may be noted when Earth is closest to Sun at beginning of year
2020 its cold with winter in India & most of countries in Northern Hemisphere. Whereas it’s summer in Southern Hemisphere countries.
Also in July when Earth is at farthest point from Sun it’s mostly hot in India compared to what it is January. This clearly shows Distance of Earth to Sun doesn’t decide the Season but its tilt.
Annular Solar Eclipse 26 Dec 2019 India
One of the rare celestial event of the decade an astronomical phenomenon of Annular Solar Eclipse will occur in India on 26 December 2019. This Eclipse is named as “Annular Solar Eclipse”. Though annularity phase of Eclipse is visible only in few parts of Southern India it visible in Partial Phase all over India. Across the world this Eclipse is visible in the region covering Middle East, North Eastern Africa, Asia except North& Eastern Russia, North and Western Australia, Solomon Island.
Timings across world and Approximate time across India: across the world the Eclipse in Various Phases occurs between 8.00 a.m. IST (2.30 a.m. UTC) to 13.35 p.m. IST (8.05 a.m. UTC). Whereas in India depending on the location of a Person from Central path of the Eclipse its between 8.03 a.m. to 11.43 a.m. Whereas Greatest Eclipse ie. When eclipse at maximum with moon obscuring sun will occur between 9.17 a.m. to 10.13 a.m depending on location of observer India.
North to South – West to East – Approximate Percentage – Eclipse visible time: On 26 Dec when eclipse it at maximum depending on their location from Central path of Eclipse people from Leh to Major parts of Southern India or from Western most part of India Dwaraka to Dibrugarth in the East will notice 33% to 92% of Sun obscured by Moon between 8.03 a.m. to 11.43 a.m.
Appearance Of Sun- Greatest/Maximum Time on 26 Dec – Depending on Location: Between 9.17 am to 10.12 am across India when the eclipse is at maximum for an observer in his location. The Sun will appear like ranging from Crescent to Quarter or half obscured by Moon than its normal shape. Whereas Sun will appear as ring in few places in southern India.
Importance of 26 Dec 2019 – Maximum Obscuration in 10 Years past/future: In the next 10 years (2019-2029) though there are many solar eclipses occur across the world only 4-5 Solar Eclipses (2019,2020,2022,2027, 2028) are visible from India. And 26 Dec comes with maximum Obscuration of Sun for many places in India. The last major eclipse with a similar feel was in 2009 Jul & 2010 Jan. Though next opportunity to observe Solar Eclipse is in June 2020 it is incomparable to 26 Dec 2019 with just 50% obscuration. All in all what one feels on 26 Dec is unforgettable for the next 10 years or to be precise till Year 2031 (61% obscuration).
Timings across world – Hyderabad & Vijayawada Capital Cities & Nellore .: across the world the Eclipse in Various Phases occurs between 8.00 a.m. IST (2.30 a.m. UTC) to 13.35 p.m. IST (8.05 a.m. UTC). Whereas in Hyderabad eclipse begins at 8.10 a.m. and Ends at 11.10 a.m. Wherein Greatest Eclipse ie. When eclipse at maximum with moon obscuring sun will occur between 9.30 a.m. with 74% of Sun obscured by Moon . In Vijayawada Eclipse begins at 8.10 a.m. and Ends at 11.17 a.m. with 73.5% Sun obscured. Whereas in Nellore the Eclipse starts a minute before compared to Vijayawada at 8.09 a.m. and Ends at 11.17 a.m. but with better 81% of Sun covered by Moon compared to any other place in the both Telugu States.
Appearance Of Sun- Greatest/Maximum Time on 26 Dec: At Greatest Eclipse when the eclipse is maximum people in Hyderabad or major part of both Telugu states will witness Sun in crescent form at 9.31 a.m. Greatest Eclipse is time when eclipse is at maximum for an observer in his location.
11th Moon Landing Anniversary - MIP (Chandrayaan1) - No Outreach
On Suggestion of Dr. API Kalam for MIP(Chandrayaan1) on 14 Nov 2008 Indian Flag landed on Surface of Moon&Discovered water vapour in Lunar Atmosphere while descending.
Is this any particularly reason 14 Nov (Children's Day) has been choosen to be day of MIP Moon Landing ?
14Nov Children's day was chosen to inspire students to be future scientists as what the Late President did.
But how many remember this historical achievement and celebrate with talk, seminars in its true spirit.Hence our reminder since 11years now. Do we need Dr.Kalam to born again to inspire the future scientists.
Click Here to know more details of the Mission
http://www.ournewplanets.info/2013/11/indian-flag-on-moon-on-14-nov-new-truth.html
Planet Jupiter and Venus - Celestial Meeting on 24 Nov 2019
Watch today or tmrw or till 24Nov Planet Venus and Jupiter West in direction after Sunset for approx 30mins. Wherein Venus sets after that but Jupiter can be obsevered for another 30mins more.
Above are the pics taken at 6pm .. you can see two star like objects. The one close to Horizon is Venus and the One above it is Jupiter... even Saturn is also there but too faint phone camera couldn't catch. Anyways You can still try Tomorrow evening .
24 November 2019 Rare Celestial Encounter?
So if you watch these two objects every day evening till 24Nov looking West after Sunset..
You can notice they are getting closer 👉👈 compared to prev day in our sky ...Finally on 24Nov they will be closest they can get in our sky for a event called "Venus in Conjunction with Jupiter".
What happens after 24Nov? If you continue watching every evening after 24 Nov you will notice Jupiter and Venus are moving away from each other..
6th Launch Anniversary of Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) - Mangalyaan
5 November - 6th Launch Anniversary of Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) - Mangalyaan - Year Long Prog as Part of Vikram Sarabhai Centenary Programme - Celebrations - Host Kalam Mars Observation Center - Invite us for Talk/Lecture: On 5th November 2013 at 2.38 p.m. IST PSLV C25 launched Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) into Earth's Orbit. Here are special posters (Zoom to see/read details).
In the First poster imaged by MOM the largest Volcano in the Solar System OLYMPUS MONS can be seen which is present on planet Mars. To Host Kalam Mars Observation Center or Talk/Lecture contact us www.facebook.com/planetarysocietyindia or Whatsapp 7993482012
In the Second poster PSLV C25 the launch Vehicle, Overview of MOM journey to Mars, Ships Nalanda & Yamuna Can be seen Which all were responsible for putting MOM into earth's orbit on the way to MARS.
SHIPS NALANDA & YAMUNA of Shipping Corporation of India Limited – chartered by ISRO played a significant role in the collection of data and the successful launch of the orbiter. The two Offshore vessels had sailed from Visakhapatnam on the 15th of September 2013 after installation of satellite tracking and communication equipment by ISRO, DRDO and Indian Navy. These two ships also carried scientists from ISRO, DRDO and Indian Navy personnel on board.
1Nov 2019 - Opportunity to Spot Jupiter and Saturn
Dear Freinds/Wellwishers today (hoping skies are clear) you have an easy opportunity to spot Planet Jupiter and Saturn ..like above.. Jupiter Below Moon and Saturn above Moon. After Sunset (for 30mins to 2hrs depending on your location across India or around World)look West Direction.
So perfect opportunity to spot take selfies/pics with Jupiter, Saturn&Moon. Please do not forget to share with me (pic, with time, location) .. Also, observe Sky tomorrow Evening ...and every day after... You will see the positions of Moon, Jupiter and Saturn in our sky are changing.
And Yes remember you don't require Telescopes to SPOT, but they are needed when you want to finest features of Planets.
With Monsoon done&continued Surprise Showers...we could hardly see anything in the sky for the past few months... So enjoy the Night Sky which is also an Ancient Heritage of Earthlings.
Diwali-Universal Prayer for Economic Freedom@Harmony with Nature
WE WISH YOU ALL A HAPPY DIWALI.
On this day let's wish for People (irrespective of Caste/Creed/Religion/Nation)across the world "Economic Freedom" which gives every Human unrestricted access to things (Food, Shelter, Work, Education, Health etc.)necessary for all round development/Survival in Harmony with Nature.
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NetApp From the Ground Up – A Beginner’s Guide Part 4
November 16, 2014 February 4, 2017 / Will Robinson
WAFL
Reference: Bitpushr: How Data ONTAP caches, assembles and writes data
WAFL is our Write Anywhere File Layout. If NVRAM’s role is the most-commonly misunderstood, WAFL comes in 2nd. Yet WAFL has a simple goal, which is to write data in full stripes across the storage media. WAFL acts as an intermediary of sorts — there is a top half where files and volumes sit, and a bottom half (reference) that interacts with RAID, manages SnapShots and some other things. WAFL isn’t a filesystem, but it does some things a filesystem does; it can also contain filesystems. WAFL contains mechanisms for dealing with files & directories, for interacting with volumes & aggregates, and for interacting with RAID. If Data ONTAP is the heart of a NetApp controller, WAFL is the blood that it pumps.
Although WAFL can write anywhere we want, in reality we write where it makes the most sense: in the closest place (relative to the disk head) where we can write a complete stripe in order to minimize seek time on subsequent I/O requests. WAFL is optimized for writes, and we’ll see why below. Rather unusually for storage arrays, we can write client data and metadata anywhere.
A colleague has this to say about WAFL, and I couldn’t put it better:
There is a relatively simple “cheating at Tetris” analogy that can be used to articulate WAFL’s advantages. It is not hard to imagine how good you could be at Tetris if you were able to review the next thousand shapes that were falling into the pattern, rather than just the next shape.
Now imagine how much better you could be at Tetris if you could take any of the shapes from within the next thousand to place into your pattern, rather than being forced to use just the next shape that is falling.
Finally, imagine having plenty of time to review the next thousand shapes and plan your layout of all 1,000, rather than just a second or two to figure out what to do with the next piece that is falling. In summary, you could become the best Tetris player on Earth, and that is essentially what WAFL is in the arena of data allocation techniques onto underlying disk arrays.
The Tetris analogy incredibly important, as it directly relates to the way that NetApp uses WAFL to optimize for writes. Essentially, we collect random I/O that is destined to be written to disk, reorganize it so that it resembles sequential I/O as much as possible, and then write it to disk sequentially. Another way of explaining this behavior is that of write coalescing: we reduce the number of operations that ultimately land on the disk, because we re-organize them in memory before we commit them to disk and we wait until we have a bunch of them before committing them to disk via a Consistency Point. Put another way, write coalescing allows to avoid the common (and expensive) RAID workflow of “read-modify-write”.
Note: We write the client’s data from RAM (not from NVRAM) to disk. (Reference).
Reference: NetApp University – Introduction to NetApp Products
The Data ONTAP operating system supports production environments with robust and distinctive data protection technologies that are not found in other storage systems. How can a storage system that uses disk drives just like everyone else provide such unique functionality? The secret to the success of the Data ONTAP operating system is found in its core technologies: Write Anywhere File Layout (WAFL), NVRAM, and Raid-DP. These components power the exclusive data management capabilities of the Data ONTAP operating system.
The WAFL file system was developed with three architectural principles: optimize for writes, integrate nonvolatile storage, and support RAID. The WAFL layer optimizes write activity by organizing blocks of incoming data so that they can be written simultaneously, across multiple disks, to enable maximum parallelism. Internal file system metadata, known as inodes or pointers, is written alongside production data, minimizing the need for the performance-impacting seek operations common to other file systems.
In NAS environments, users access the WAFL file system directly through shares and exports. In SAN environments, WAFL technology functions as a virtualization layer, which enables the Data ONTAP process of optimizing block layout to remain independent from the host’s proprietary layout inside the LUN.
The WAFL virtualization layer does a lot more than just put blocks on a disk. This additional processing could introduce latency, but it does not. NVRAM is the key component for delivering fast, low-latency data access while WAFL technology virtualizes the storage subsystem. Each write or update request that the storage system receives is logged to NVRAM and mirrored to the partner system’s NVRAM. Because the data is now protected by battery backup and the partner mirror, the system can send the write acknowledgement without waiting for the storage layer, which is much slower than NVRAM. In this way, data center production proceeds over a purely electronic data path, resulting in high-speed, low-latency write and update activity. The WAFL layer commits the writes to the storage medium, disk or flash, independently. Each block of data must be successfully written before it is cleared from NVRAM. NVRAM secures data and increases performance while the WAFL layer intelligently organizes the destination storage structure.
Reference: Bit Pushr: How Data ONTAP caches, assembles and writes data
Physically, NVRAM is little more than RAM with a battery backup. Our NVRAM contains a transaction log of client I/O that has not yet been written to disk from RAM by a consistency point. Its primary mission is to preserve that not-yet-written data in the event of a power outage or similar, severe problem. Our controllers vary from 768MB of NVRAM (FAS2220) to 4GB of NVRAM (FAS6290). In my opinion, NVRAM’s function is perhaps the most-commonly misunderstood part of our architecture. NVRAM is simply a double-buffered journal of pending write operations. NVRAM, therefore, is simply a redo log — it is not the write cache! After data is written to NVRAM, it is not looked at again unless you experience a dirty shutdown. This is because NVRAM’s importance to performance comes from software.
In an HA pair environment where two controllers are connected to each other, NVRAM is mirrored between the two nodes. Its primary mission is to preserve data that not-yet-written data in the event a partner controller suffers a power outage or similar severe problem. NVRAM mirroring happens for HA pairs in Data ONTAP 7-mode, HA pairs in clustered Data ONTAP and HA pairs in MetroCluster environments.
See the NetApp From the Ground Up – A Beginner’s Guide – Index post for links to all of the posts in this series.
NetApp From the Ground Up – A Beginner’s Guide Part 12
NetApp, Netapp Newbies
← NetApp From the Ground Up – A Beginner’s Guide Part 3
NetApp From the Ground Up – A Beginner’s Guide Part 5 →
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Books About Being a Loser
Thread: Books About Being a Loser
Shotbybothsides
I need a book to read that focuses on a big loser; I want a classic. Confederacy of Dunces is out of the question because that's already on my backlog. Thanks.
Ekimhtims
I am an alien on a training mission.
Knut Hamsun's "Hunger" (1890) might fit the bill.
Sounds like it's right up my alley.
Fantastic...I guess, if losers are your thing eh. Oh well, we all have our reasons. Another really really great read, and certainly a classic, is Ivan Goncharov's "Oblomov." A little more modern title might be Michel Houellebecq's "The Possibility of an Island." As no man is an island, but that the title character is looking for it in a weird futuristic clone filled world, might make him a loser, but no Oblomov that's for sure.
And seriously folks, contribute your titles, there's got to be more.
Last edited by Ekimhtims; 03-24-2019 at 01:16 PM.
Ecurb
"The Art of the Deal" by Donald Trump.
ennison
Do either of those last two titles even qualify as literature? Well, maybe in general. Was expecting more learned reading in response to the original request.
I had to edit my post.
Last edited by Der Prozess; 03-27-2019 at 09:37 PM.
Do they? Well that'd be a matter of my opinion. The word literature did not appear in the question. "Learned" reading indeed! You read yours, I'll read mine; you can be sadly-truly-deeply-
serious (Is that even a word!) I'll just enjoy reading.
"Journalism is unreadable; literature is unread." -- Oscar Wilde
Hey Hey Ennison, shotbybothsides wanted a "classic," which by most definitions is somewhat particular, but sadly you missed out on the humor of my post...about your title and the trump book being literature in "general" in the...."general literature" section. I haven't read "The Diary of a Wimpy Kid," but even so I hadn't suspected that the protagonist was a "big loser," but I stand corrected if that is the case. I have no judgement either of your opinion or reading material, it's all good. Hadn't meant to offend.
Thanks. The Wimpy Kid series is children's "literature". It features an archetypical loser in graphic form and is very funny. Most of the humour will fly over the heads of the readership consuming it but they get great pleasure out of the bits that they do "get". I did reply with my tongue a bit in my cheek. Fact is that apart from "Diary of a Nobody" and "The History of Mr Polly", I can't think of many writers who dealt with this subject. Both Wells and Grossmith found humour in the idea. Is Lucky Jim about a loser? Probably. It too is comic. The novels of Tom Sharpe are full of the unsuccessful as are the novels of J P Donleavy. Again they both both treat being a loser as funny. But as I don't know what age Shotbybothsides is, I wouldn't want to recommend Sharpe and Donleavy. I guess I've just done so though.
Edward St Aubyn's Patrick Melrose novels might qualify. The central character is a heroin addict who is cheated out of his inheritance and then wrecks his marriage. Personally, I think they are masterpieces.
AuntShecky
Inexplicably Undiscovered
next door to the lady in the vinegar bottle
Why on God's good earth would I ever want to read anything about a loser? But I sure as hell could write one.
PeterL
Voice of Chaos & Anarchy
In one of the branches of the multiverse, but I don't know which one.
The Quincunx is about a real loser who even drops the ball when everything should go his way. I was expecting a different ending, but I lost on that.
https://www.amazon.com/Quincunx-Char.../dp/0345371135
Last edited by PeterL; 04-02-2019 at 07:29 PM.
By Hawkman in forum Personal Poetry
The Voice Of The Loser
By Koa in forum Personal Poetry
By krisgil_aguila in forum General Chat
By Libra Swords in forum Personal Poetry
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Klondike What the Fudge? Brownie Review
Labels: discontinued, klondike, review, treats
[New for 2011, discontinued by 2013] What the fudge is up with this review? That's what I wanted to know. I had written a couple paragraphs and a fluke made them all go bu bye. I tried a second sandwich and wrote again but still didn't finish the review. I had my third and final treat today and the point of this treat finally came to me, so let's get this mess started.
Here it the awfully named "What The Fudge? Brownie" in yet another terrible Klondike marketing decision, much like mancave and pervert pants pete or whatever it was called. At least the flavor department has their act together on trying to create what should be a decent treat. These ice cream brownie sandwiches are artificially flavored vanilla light ice cream with a chocolate fudge core, sandwiched between a chocolate brownie.
Here they are and like I said, I had the worst time trying to put some words together on how I felt about this treat, and then it hit me like a ton of brownies! It doesn't matter what I think about this treat because this silly thing doesn't have any competition! Think about it, what other brownie treat are you going to pick up? Yes, Snickers Ice Cream brownies exist and they are quite tasty, but you almost never see them while this new Klondike treat is everywhere. If you like brownies and ice cream, there is no way you'll pass these up.
Now that I've gotten that off my chest, I can admit that these treats aren't bad at all. The brownies aren't dry and are fairly solid. They've got some resistance to them, but the terms chewy or hard didn't come to mind (well, at least not in a bad way). It's definitely a respectable brownie considering it needs to be frozen. The ice cream is the typical bland, so-so texture Klondike stuff they put in most of their treats.
The supposed WOW factor here is the inclusion of a fudge core, but unfortunately it fails to truly impress. If you put forth the effort by practicing on a box or two, you will learn to work it out so that many of your bites get a bit of fudge which does spice things up a bit. Thing is, if it's to be a "treat", I really shouldn't have to put forth any effort. My wife says they just should have skipped the fudge, but I say they should have either found a way to spread it out more.
If we wanted to go really crazy, we could skip the core and maybe go with some plentiful fudge chips. I'd really love the taste of these brownies mixed with the crunchy over-abundance of chocolate chips you find on the Blue Bunny Chips Galore (not that Klondike can't come out with a second variety once these pick up a fan base).
Unless the profit margin is really tight on these, I can't imagine them disappearing any time soon. They are a decent treat with minimal competition, so how could it fail? ...oh man, just had another crazy idea, what about one covered in Klondike chocolate shell? wait, a chocolate covered brownie? hmmmmm
Verdict? Decent
Buy again? yup (at least once in a while)
Update: Doh, I basically said these needed work, but that they should be ok because they have minimal competition... well, that wasn't enough to fight off the massive trimming Klondike has been doing to their offerings recently. Not sure what they are up to over there.
Serving Size 1 sandwich (72g)
Calories 230 from Fat 70
- Sat Fat 4g 20%
- Trans Fat 0g
- Dietary Fiber 2g 8%
- Sugars 23g
Posted by Dubba Scoops
I just had an idea! They could make it like a peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwich, and, by that, I mean, put ice cream on one brownie and put a layer of fudge on the other. Of course, they would then put it together, and it would be fudge in every (logical) bite. Of course, I know the fudge would be thinner than the ice cream, but the sandwich would keep the same shape and size, overall, but the distribution of components might be better. Are you with me?
Dubba Scoops said...
a plain and simple solution, I love it. As long as they keep that fudge gooey, this would be way better.
Hmm I guess when I recommended these to you mine had a way better distribution of the fudge since it was easy to get some in every bite. Ill have to buy another box to see if I just got one with extra fudge or something. Great review though.
hey, don't feel bad. I definitely set my expectations a bit too high at first but then I used your recommendation as an excuse to attack it again (and then again). It's not a bad treat, I just think it could be a bit better.
zombieman said...
i'm totally lost as to the size of these things. could you maybe put a penny next to one to get some idea of comparative size?
otherwise, they do look tasty enough to give a try.
hahahaha, picky picky picky... but seriously, I forget sometimes. They're only 3 bucks, give em a try!
Bought a box for $1.68 with a coin at Big Y. Still $1.18 too much. Very disappointing.
Julien said...
I finally ended up throwing these into the mix tonight, and I agree that the fudge distribution could use some work. It's probably just simpler to manufacture this way though.
the fudge in these is sooooo good. maybe a few smaller blobs of it spread out in the ice cream but, i sort of like eating around it and saving it for the last bite. mmmmm ..
The ice cream reminded me of eating Cool Whip, bland with a forgettable texture. In all 4 sandwiches in the box the fudge core was roughly the diameter of a quarter. Basically you would have no idea these had fudge in them if you ate the melting perimeter like I chose to do with these kinds of desserts. On the plus side, I liked the texture and flavor of the brownie.
I tried these for the first time tonight and found mayself asking "what the hell?" which I think is the reason they named these. I loved the brownie but the crispy piece of chocolate in the sandwich freaked me out. The fudgey center was ok but waaay too sweet (I have never said those words before). I thought it was decent enough for a novelty but I wasn't wowwed!
Sorry my son and I loved the fudge brownie.😂
@Jill: never be sorry for enjoying something :)
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Psychedelic/Space Rock
Warthur
Prog Reviewer
The Ozrics clearly went the extra mile for their first album on their new label, set up by the band themselves after their departure from Snapper. As well as being somewhat more diverse in sound than many preceding albums, the disc boasts the best production they'd enjoyed for some time and had some really compelling compositions. The opening Coily has an unusually heavy, intense and dark atmosphere for the Ozrics, whilst the pulsing, electronic dance music influences that have always hovered around in the background really come to the fore on other tracks such as Xingu.
On the whole, this is a decent-quality Ozrics album and stands as proof positive that despite their reputation for simply making the same album over and over again, the Ozrics could still occasionally make that album sound fresh and new. Still, at the same time it doesn't quite stand out as a top-flight album like the run of classics from Pungent Effulgent to Jurassic Shift.
Warthur | 3/5 | 2012-2-20
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Japan to Intercept any North Korea Missile Deemed a Threat
Nobuhiro Kubo
Credit: think0, deviantart.com
Japan will strike any North Korean ballistic missile that threatens to hit Japan in the coming weeks after Pyongyang recently fired medium-range missiles, a government source said on Saturday.
Defense Minister Itsunori Onodera issued the order, which took effect on Thursday and runs through April 25, the day that marks the founding of North Korea’s army, the source told Reuters on condition of anonymity.
Following the order, meant “to prepare for any additional missile launches,” a destroyer was dispatched to the Sea of Japan and will fire if North Korea launches a missile that Tokyo deems in danger of striking or falling on Japanese territory, the source said.
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Johnny depp young wallpaper iphone
Johnny depp young wallpaper iphone. Johnny Depp Wallpapers, Pictures, Images 2019-05-24
Johnny depp young wallpaper iphone Rating: 9,9/10 713 reviews
Johnny Depp Wallpapers (70+ pictures)
Future movie star mother worked as a waitress, and in the family except he had three more children. Feel free to download, share, comment and discuss every wallpaper you like. Games This is our favorite we have to say. Johnny Depp wallpapers for your unique and colorful browsing experience. This extension provides more than 200 Wallpapers because we change them all the time. I don't think the movie world has ever known such a great mix of classic beauty and charism. They hit it off, and Depp Cage sent to his agent.
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In the address bar, type a keyword which is related to the installed search. We have 80+ amazing background pictures carefully picked by our community. He is an American actor, producer, and musician. If you want to use this wallpaper, please click the download link below to go to the download page. This great extension is free and suitable for all ages. A mobile wallpaper is a computer wallpaper sized to fit a mobile device such as a mobile phone, personal digital assistant or digital audio player. We do not intend to infringe any legitimate intellectual right, artistic rights or copyright.
Johnny Depp Wallpapers Background ~ Festival Wallpaper
Click on the image, then look to the upper right corner and click on the menu button three vertical dots. The second one is a Music Finder Tool — Find your favorite music fast and easy! He would record demos of his singing, and with the help of Bruce Witkin, he perfected his singing without a professional voice coach! Those posters are available here. And continued collaboration with Tim Burton — Depp still appears in almost every picture of him. Besides The Pirates of the Carribean, he is very famous for his roles in Charlie in the Chocolate Factory, Blow, Edward Scissorhands, Crybaby, Dark Shadows and Murder on the Orient Express. Today Johnny Depp rightfully takes its place on the Olympus of Hollywood and is considered the highest-paid actor, although off once the shooting in the movie to capitalize on the music album.
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Related tags Pirates Johnny Depp Wallpaper Johnny Depp Wallpapers Johnny Depp Odd Wallpaper Johnny Depp Quotes Wallpaper Johnny Depp Pirates of the Caribbean Wallpaper Johnny Depp Alice in Wonderland Wallpapers Johnny Depp Dark Shadows Wallpaper Young Johnny Depp Wallpaper Johnny Depp Education Background 90s Johnny Depp Wallpapers Pirates Johnny Depp Wallpaper Johnny Bravo Wallpaper Mortal Kombat Johnny Cage Wallpaper Johnny Depp Wallpapers Johnny Depp Odd Wallpaper Johnny Depp Quotes Wallpaper Johnny Depp Pirates of the Caribbean Wallpaper Johnny Depp Alice in Wonderland Wallpapers Johnny Test Wallpaper Johnny Tremain Wallpaper About HipWallpaper is considered to be one of the most powerful curated wallpaper community online. View a wide Variety of artworks by Mark Seliger, now available for sale on artnet Auctions. On your computer, find the downloaded image and click on the photo. Published graphical content is believed to be authorized for sharing and personal use as desktop wallpaper. The series, which also appeared very young Brad Pitt, the actor brought wide popularity.
On a computer it is usually for the desktop, while on a mobile phone it is usually the background for the 'home' or 'idle' screen. Johnny Depp Wallpapers If you're in search of the best Johnny Depp Wallpapers, you've come to the right place. Johnny Depp Wallpaper Download Desktop Photos 24869 High Resolution has been viewed by 14 users. Warning: the photos are gonna make you weak at you knees. Been obsessed with him since I could love. Disclaimer Notice This app is unofficial. Start customizing your browser according to your needs and enjoy the free widgets with all your favorite wallpapers and backgrounds.
Every image can be downloaded in nearly every resolution to achieve flawless performance. Those posters are available here. Also listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the highest paid actor. Modern smartphones allow users to use photos from the web; or photographs captured with a phone's camera can be set as a wallpaper. Enjoy and share with your friends! Newsfeed and facts These two separate options are popular among our users.
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Many people say that even tho he is handsome now, he peaked in his beauty in his mid-twenties. There are many, many games, which you can play while you are browsing, for free of course! Perhaps this strange hobby and became his main secret of the role played by the charming pirate Captain Jack Sparrow, Depp after which became the most popular actor in the world. You can do it in your Omnibox or in a separate browser which appears when you click the icon in your toolbar. Love these guys and they are just so perfect to film movies together! Please use these images for personal and educational purposes only, since we do not have any record of the original authors. Taught himself to play the guitar donated by his mother, Johnny became a member of the group The Kids, a part of which began performing in nightclubs in Florida, and then completely left the house, went with his band in Los Angeles. Bookmark Bookmark your favorite website and quickly access recently seen and saved websites Pick your favs Click the heart button and choose which wallpapers and backgrounds you will see while browsing. But alllllllllll day erryday with Johnny Depp.
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Actually Tim Burton not at all. Love these guys and they are just so perfect to film movies together! All copyright and trademarks belong to their respective owners. Wallpaper images are usually copyrighted as many other digital images found on the Internet. Thanks to his charisma Johnny quickly gets to the set. Actually Tim Burton not at all. Now go back to your desktop and admire your new wallpaper! High-quality themes of the Young Johnny Depp.
In twenty years, Johnny married Lori Allison, the sister of one of the musicians from his band. Extension Features Local time and weather option Travel Adventure Wallpapers extension shows you the exact time and location wherever you are. See more ideas about Celebrities, Captain jack and Female actresses. As Sweeney Todd, Depp demonstrated his singing abilities for which he received high praise from the entire film-going community. Johnny Depp was one significant name as you mention the Emo gothic fashion had come to life! He is best known for his role as Captain Jack Sparrow in the Pirates of the Caribbean movies.
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The Lost Prince (Iron Fey #5) by Julie Kagawa
Young Adult, Fantasy, Fairies, Romance
Paperback $9.99 (400 pages, HARLEQUIN TEEN)
Audibook $24.95
Don't look at Them. Never let Them know you can see Them.
That is Ethan Chase's unbreakable rule. Until the fey he avoids at all costs—including his reputation—begin to disappear, and Ethan is attacked. Now he must change the rules to protect his family. To save a girl he never thought he'd dare to fall for.
Ethan thought he had protected himself from his older sister's world—the land of Faery. His previous time in the Iron Realm left him with nothing but fear and disgust for the world Meghan Chase has made her home, a land of myth and talking cats, of magic and seductive enemies. But when destiny comes for Ethan, there is no escape from a danger long, long forgotten.
Author Site: juliekagawa.com
Insert fangirling title here... (5 stars)
Ethan Chase feels deserted after his older sister said her final goodbyes to the Chase family. She is the Iron Queen now and her responsibilities no longer lie within the human world. But Ethan can never be a normal teenager, not after his childhood entanglement within the world of the fey. Avoiding them at all costs consumes him and they know he can see them so they've made a habit of tormenting him. Forced to change schools yet again, thanks to a fire he is believed to have set in his previous school's library, he hopes to make a new start. Keep his head low, avoid the fey, and get to graduation without any more problems. But it's never that simple once you can see them...
When Ethan saves a half-breed from getting pummeled by a pair of jocks he lands himself in the middle of a dangerous new development amongst the fey. A new group of fey, claiming that they have been forgotten, are threatening those exiled to the human world. Ethan knows he should just stay out of it but when the half-breed he saved goes missing he gets pulled back into the realm of talking cats, magical realms, and creatures beyond the imagination.
It's no secret how much I love Kagawa's writing and I am thrilled to say that THE LOST PRINCE is just as engrossing and exciting as every book before it. I remember reading THE IRON KING and thinking how cool it would be to see a later story focusing on Ethan after all he went through so it was very much wish-fulfillment to read it. The same humor and suspense, creativity and adventure that you loved with Meghan is threaded into this story. Ethan is not his sister and in a way it's tough to see her through his eyes and not feel conflicted because we readers got to see her motivations, know why she has done what she has. It really makes him a character you can relate to and want to see begin to understand why Meghan has made her choices.
Many favorite characters are back for cameos and more but I don't want to spoil much so just read it! Ethan's new friends are a great part of his journey and greatly contribute to preparing for sequel. I can hardly stand the wait for the next one.
A must-read if you're an Iron Fey series fan and if not... it could be read as the first in a new series but you will probably want to go back and read the others afterwards so you'll have more understanding of who some of the characters are and why they're important to the plot. I abolutely loved it.
Notes: Review copy received via Amazon Vine.
Check this book out if you liked:
Labels: 5 stars, book review, fairies, fantasy, iron fey series, julie kagawa, romance, young adult
Patricia Eimer said...
such a good series. I love all of Julie Kagawa's books
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ASH -Archaic Sealed Heat- OST
[back cover] Catalog Number: SVWC-7503/4
Released On: October 24, 2007
Composed By: Hitoshi Sakimoto, Masaharu Iwata, Isao Kasai (1-28)
Arranged By: Hitoshi Sakimoto, Masaharu Iwata
Published By: Aniplex
Recorded At: Unknown
01 - Main Theme
02 - Millinear Kingdom
03 - Everyday Scenery
04 - Coronation
05 - Aisya's Tear
06 - Flame Serpent
07 - Sortie
08 - Bullnequ's Battle
09 - End of the Battle
10 - Flame Goblin
11 - Ash Warrior
12 - Please Take Care
13 - Rebirth
14 - Attack the Enemy
15 - Everyone's Help
16 - Aisya's Theme
17 - ASH
18 - Team Tactics
19 - Samnelshia Army
20 - Green Woods
21 - People of the Forest
22 - Iron Device
23 - Kutloran's Theme
24 - Machinist Soldiers
25 - Light of Fate
26 - Underground Maze
27 - Ancient Hatred
28 - Orgel Recollection
29 - Blaze and Rebirth
30 - Maritie's Theme
31 - Sea Patrol Airship, Barusa
32 - Machinist Soldiers' Factory
33 - Mercenaries of the Wind
01 - Climax
02 - The King's Ambition
03 - To You
04 - Giant Machinist Soldier
05 - Despair
06 - Unescapable Sadness
07 - Solitude
08 - I Will Fight Too
09 - Level Up
10 - The Stars' Intentions
11 - Battle with History
12 - Transmigration of the Soul
13 - To the Future
~Internal Sound Source ver.~
14 - Millinear Kigdom
36 - Machnist Soldiers' Factory
Hitoshi Sakimoto and Masaharu Iwata have worked together on many projects, from 1993's Ogre Battle to last year's Final Fantasy XII, and their particular orchestral idiom has remained near-constant throughout, although their music has become more technically complex. when Hironobu Sakaguchi, creator of the Final Fantasy series, wanted music for his strategy RPG for the Nintendo DS, ASH Archaic Sealed Heat, he turned to these two veterans, each of whom composed roughly half of the game's music.
The soundtrack itself is two discs. The first disc and a portion of the second comprise the version created before the transfer into DS synthesizers. These tracks are looped, and all of the tracks from the game appear to be included. The remainder of the second disc contains the music after the conversion to DS synthesizers. Fanfares and shorter tracks are excluded, and none of the tracks are looped. The sound quality on the DS version tracks is lower, of course, and many of these tracks are shorter than a minute, so they sound unfinished at times. The orchestration seems slightly different, as well, so some tracks on the DS side may be preferable.
Hitoshi Sakimoto's music, as usual, is thematic. Many of the game's main themes are presented within the soundtrack's first track, and these show up throughout many of Sakimoto's tracks. For those who disliked Final Fantasy XII's marked diversion from Sakimoto's previous work, note that some of the chaotic style of that game's writing seems to have become part of Sakimoto's style. The furious timpani line in "Battle With History," the dissonant brass line in "Iron Device," and the very odd counterpoints and turns in "Aisya's Theme" feel very much like the "new" Sakimoto that Final Fantasy XII introduced. However, ASH's themes are easier to digest, and the phrases simpler, partially because this score was not in gestation for as many years as FFXII's, partially because the tracks themselves are shorter.
However, because of this, the score lacks the depth of some of Sakimoto's better work. The main theme is good, but it feels more strained than FFXII's memorable 11 note sequence, and nowhere near as versatile. Additionally, because Sakimoto has been writing music for no less than 5 projects in the past year, one might wonder if he could become the new Sakuraba. Luckily, his music hasn't shown strain yet, and his orchestrations remain as fresh and surprising as ever. The entire orchestra gets a workout, along with a rich and diverse percussion selection.
Masaharu Iwata's tracks do not have the thematic consistancy of Sakimoto's contributions, but they complement the rest of the score well. Iwata creates very tense atmospheres with his music, and he exercises that skill again here with work such as "Flame Serpent." He also wrote a celtic flavored rhythm for "Team Tactics," and the synth choir and gong of "Maritie's Theme" have surprising depth, and sound something like Koji Kondo's "Spirit Temple" for Zelda: Ocarina of Time. Compared with Sakimoto's tracks, Iwata's are generally more straightforward (except possibly in "Sea Patrol Airship, Barusa"), but also often more dissonant, eschewing his sudden turns and bizarre melody lines for more consistent rhythms.
ASH: Archaic Sealed Heart's soundtrack is rich and diverse, but not as strong as many Sakimoto/Iwata collaborations. It doesn't have as striking an ending as Stella Deus did, and it lacks the longer tracks of Final Fantasy Tactics. However, there are few faults with this soundtrack, and it remains a very good soundtrack in its own right. It is a worthy purchase for both the Basiscape fanatic or the general fan of orchestral-style video game music.
Reviewed by: Ben Schweitzer
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Envoy: India Eyes Investment in Iran Energy Projects
Iran's Ambassador in New Delhi Gholamreza Ansari said India is keen to make investment in Iranian oil, gas and petrochemical projects.
Speaking on the sidelines of the P4 Expo India 2016 in New Delhi on Tuesday, Ansari said Indian corporations should take the existing opportunities that have been created after removal of sanctions for greater cooperation with Tehran.
“Iran and India have long-lasting relations in upstream and downstream sectors,” he noted, adding that there is still room for improvement of ties.
Our economies are complementary, said the ambassador while referring to Iran as one of the biggest oil producers in the world, and India as one of the world's biggest energy consumers.
This comes as Indian Oil Minister Dharmendra Pradhan is scheduled to visit Tehran next week to discuss the development of Farzad B gas field in the Persian Gulf.
Indian media reports said New Delhi is likely to discuss the possibility of Iran keeping crude at caverns in South India during Oil Minister Pradhan's visit.
Pradhan's visit is the first by an Indian minister since the West lifted sanctions. The minister said last month India had stood by Iran during the sanctions.
New Delhi is also looking at multiple trade and investment opportunities with Tehran as it is keen to invest in ports and petrochemical plants.
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A Discussion of Faith, Family, and Culture
Podles.org
Men in church
The Missing Men
June 20, 2019 in Men in church No Comments
I am aware of the dangers of confirmation bias, but I have never come across any anecdotes or statistics that purport to show that men, not women, are the predominant members of church congregations.
In John Gunstone’s Lift High the Cross: Anglo-Catholics and the Congress Movement I came across this in the section on the 1930 Congress:
“Rosenthal pointed out that twice as many women went to church as men…. He referred to the practice (in cheches where men and women sat on opposite sides of the central aisle) of men going to the communion rail first, and he quoted what a woman had said about it: ‘No doubt it is on the same principle as that on which men give precedence to women in the world; in church, poor dears, men are the weaker sex.’ There was much truth, he said, in the satirical verse:
In the conflict for Religion,
In the turmoil and the strife,
You will find the Christian soldier
Represented by his wife.”
Not Just a Catholic Problem
July 28, 2018 in clergy sex abuse scandal, homosexuality, Masculinity, Men in church, Protestantism No Comments
From my book:
Although Protestantism did not have the issues of auricular confession or clerical celibacy, its ministers sometimes were suspected of effeminacy, perversity, and over-familiarity with women.
The Whig Sydney Smith had observed there were three sexes, “men, women, and clergymen,”[1] and this witticism about a “third sex”[2] became a standing joke. All clerics had to face the “popular stereotype that men of the cloth were neither male nor female.”[3] The clergy were seen as exempt from masculine trials and agonies; they were part of the safe world of women. As one layman put it, “life is a football game, with the men fighting it out on the gridiron, while the minister is up in the grandstand, explaining it to the ladies.”[4] By the end of the nineteenth century, the weakness and effeminacy of the mainline Protestant clergy had become a commonplace of satire. Thomas Higginson commented on such men:
One of the most potent causes of the ill-concealed alienation between the clergy and the people, in our community, has been the supposed deficiency, on the part of the former, of a vigorous, manly life. There is a certain moral and physical anhæmia, a bloodlessness, which separates most of our saints, more effectually than a cloister, from the strong life of the age. What satirists upon religion are those parents who say of their pallid, puny, sedentary, lifeless, joyless little offspring, “He is born for a minister”…Never did an ill-starred young saint waste his Saturday afternoons in preaching sermons in the garret to his deluded little sisters and their dolls, without living to repent it in maturity.[5]
Lack of masculinity was a sign of a religious personality.
In nineteenth-century New England, ministers of the most important churches were “hesitant promulgators of female virtues in an era of militant masculinity.”[6] But the dominant churches of nineteenth-century New England had long been feminized. Not only was the proportion of women in the churches extremely high, both the milieu and the ministers of the church were far more feminine than masculine. Businessmen disdained the clergy as “people halfway between men and women.”[7] Ministers found the most congenial environment, not in businesses, political clubs, or saloons, but “in the Sunday school, the parlor, the library, among women and those who flattered and resembled them.”[8] Moreover, they were typically recruited from the ranks of weak, sickly boys with indoor tastes who stayed at home with their mothers and came to identify with the feminine world of religion. The popular mind often joined “the idea of ill health with the clerical image.”[9] In the vision of Unitarian minister Charles Fenton (1796-1842), playing Sunday school children have replaced stern Pilgrim Fathers and “adult politics have succumbed to infantile piety, Ecclesia to a nursery. Masculinity is vanquished in the congregation and, even more significantly, in the pulpit.”[10]
The supposed effeminacy of ministers also led to a suspicion that those who were unmarried were probably homosexuals or otherwise sexually perverse. In the Church of England the masculinity of Anglo-Catholics was frequently questioned[11] because they were celibate and fussy about ritual.[12] “Effeminate fanatics” and “womanish men” were some of the milder criticisms of these “not conspicuously virile men.”[13] Punch observed in “Parsons in Petticoats” that “reverend gentlemen ‘of extreme High Church proclivities’ are very fond of dressing like ladies” and gave them advice on how to protect “the muslin, or alpaca, or tarlatane, or poult de soie, or satin, or whatever it is their robes are made of.”[14]
If a minister was heterosexual, he was still immersed in a world of women. Orestes Brownson complained about the “female religion” that Protestantism had become.[15] Ann Douglas described the situation: “The nineteenth-century minister moved in a world of women. He preached mainly to women; he administered what sacraments he performed largely for women; he worked not only for them but with them, in mission and charity work of all kinds.”[16] When the founder of Wellesley College, Henry Fowler Durant, left the bar to become a minister and “forswore the conflict of the court to work for the Lord, he increasingly entered the realm of women.”[17] This realm contained many temptations. A church journal warned of the dangers of giving the clergy, who moved largely in a world of women, unrestricted access to women: “No man in the world has so few conditions imposed upon him at the threshold of society as the clergyman. His passport to social life is almost a carte blanche. Women of both states [married and single] and all ages are his companions, socially and professionally. The rules of social intercommunication between the sexes are, in his case, virtually suspended.”[18] Because of this intimacy, as The Pulpit observed in 1871, “there is no profession, class or avocation, so exposed to or tormented by the devil of sensuality as the ministry. The very sanctity of their office is an occasion of their stumbling. The office is confounded with its occupant, the sanctity of the former is made the possession of the latter. Now, the office is an invulnerable myth; its occupant is a man of like passions with other men.”[19] A Methodist Discipline warned ministers: “Converse sparingly, and conduct yourself prudently with women”; and a minister warned other ministers: “You are men, with the passions of men, exposed to the temptations of men, and in the name of God we charge you to remember this matter.”[20] Some forgot.
A worldly newspaperman, Nathaniel Willis, noted “the caressing character of the intercourse between the clergy and the women in their parishes whose affections are otherwise unemployed.”[21] Another newspaperman, George Thomson, thought that ministers had perfected the art of religious seduction: “So far from a sin, it seems to be an act of duty and of piety to submit to his desires, and when the object is once accomplished, the reward is a devout blessing and thanksgiving, that removes every scruple of conscience and the pleasing duty of comforting a beloved pastor is performed as an act of religious merit.”[22] Between 1810 and 1860, at least twenty clergymen were tried for immorality, and half were convicted. The Police Gazette had a regular column on clerical scandals.[23]
The response of the church authorities was to deny or minimize the accusations. Church authorities simply let the offender transfer to another church or another denomination. The Chicago Times criticized “the extreme laxity which has commenced to govern certain denominations in accepting candidates for holy orders, and the mildness with which lesser offenses that infallibly lead to greater ones are excused.”[24] The Chicago Times also editorialized: “The clergyman, like the physician, has extraordinary facilities for the commission of a certain class of crimes, and those facilities are such as to heap double damnation upon him if he is sufficiently diabolical to make use of them.”[25] William F. Jamieson, a nineteenth-century secularist, recounted scandals involving Protestant ministers, and echoed the criticism that had been made about Catholic clerical celibacy: “The pernicious notion that the imaginary influence called ‘divine grace’ could make the nature of men and women anything else but human nature, has been a prolific cause of crime in ‘holy circles’ because the barriers of self-restraint have been removed.”[26]
[1] Davies, “Curates,” 110.
[2] Lehman, Gender and Work, 20.
[3] Bendroth, Fundamentalism and Gender, 65.
[4] Carter, Another Part of the Twenties, 53-54.
[5] Higginson, “Saints and Their Bodies,” 7.
[6] Barbara Welter, “The Feminization of American Religion,” 22.
[7] Ibid., 42.
[10] Ibid., 19.
[11] See McLeod, “Anticlericalism in Later Victorian England,” 208-214.
[12] McLeod, Religion and Society, 154-155.
[13] Quoted in Reed, Glorious Battle, 211.
[14] “Parsons in Petticoats,” Punch, June 10, 1865, 239.
[15] Quoted in Welter, “The Feminization of American Religion,” 139.
[16] Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture, 97.
[17] Horowitz, Alma Mater, 43.
[18] Jamieson, The Clergy as a Source of Danger, 292.
[19] Ibid., 291.
[20] Quoted by Mathews, Religion in the Old South, 106.
[21] Cohen, “Ministerial Misdeeds,” 99.
[23] Holfield, God’s Ambassadors, 123.
[24] “Clerical Scandals,” Chicago Times, reprinted in The Latter-Day Saints Millennial Star 34 (1872): 557.
[25] Jamieson, Clergy as a Source of Danger, 289.
Males in the Protestant Episcopal Church
January 16, 2018 in Anglicans, Men in church No Comments
From time to time the clergy notice the lack of men in the church; the clergy even propose that “something must be done.” It never is.
In their triennial Pastoral Letter, issued in 1856, the bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States point with alarm:
“We proceed to notice a third defect, which it rests upon the Laity to rectify, and this lies in the all-important work of male education. It is a mournful and alarming fact, that, as a general rule, boys are found so much fewer in number than girls, in all our Sunday schools; and that, for the most part, females exceed the males at the sacred rite of Confirmation, in the proportion of three to one. There can be no other reason for this, than the want of due attention to their training. If the fathers of our families were careful to set their sons a religious example, and if [16/17] our schools for boys were conducted, as they ought to be, on true Christian principles, it would be impossible that such a reproachful disinclination to the plain duties of youth could exist in the Church of God. The limits of this address do not allow us to discuss the subject as it deserves; but we could not pass it by without recommending it to your most earnest and prayerful reflection, in the full belief that the lack of religious reverence, amongst the males of the rising generation, is the most dangerous, increasing, and prolific evil of our day. Indeed, we do not hesitate to say, that if it be not effectually checked by the adoption of a higher rule of duty in families and schools, it is enough, of itself, to insure the final decay of the Church, and the certain ruin of the Nation.”
The bishops were correct; the alienation of men from the churches explains, I think, much of the dynamic of secularization. And perhaps this letter helped encourage the foundation of the preparatory schools for boys which helped transmit the faith to at least some boys.
Dads and Church
September 11, 2017 in Men in church No Comments
On Rod Deher’s blog, a youth leader, Craig, writes: (My emphasis)
I am a youth group leader in an evangelical church in a Southern state and I can absolutely attest to this.
In my youth group, there are roughly three different types of teens: those who have both parents active and involved in the church; those who have one parent (always the mom) involved with one parent indifferent/apathetic (always the dad); and those who come on their own and have no parents involved.
The first and third groups are some of the finest young people I have ever met. They are committed to living out Christian principles, they love the Lord with all of their heart and they engage in outreach — several of those students have started bible study clubs in their public schools. They give me a sliver of hope for revival in this generation. The first group sees their parents living out an authentic faith and emulates it. The third group has grown up in broken homes with broken lives (their stories will absolutely crush you) and they cling to the life raft that authentic faith provides.
The second group — where one parent is going through the motions — are the most indifferent teens I have ever seen. There is nothing I can do to engage them on a spiritual level. They’ll play games with our group and eat our food, but they mentally check out as soon as any teaching begins.
Dad is telling them to “live as I say, not as I do” and it is working about as well as you would expect.
Eulalie Soeurs vs Church
July 4, 2016 in Men in church, Music 2 Comments Tags: hymn singing, Men in Church, Sir Roderick Spode
British men, like Western men in general, find church an alien environment. Clive Fields summarizes the results of recent surveys:
Although most men have visited a church within the past two years, principally for a rite of passage, it is apparently not a place in which they feel entirely at ease, in comparison with other environments which were enquired about. The latter even included ladies underwear shops, where many men said they would feel more relaxed than in a place of worship.
Only 20% of men said they would feel very comfortable in church, with 41% uncomfortable. There were significant variations by age, with 58% of the 18-24 year-olds feeling uncomfortable in church but 22% of the over-65s. Even among professing Christians, 41% of 18-24 year-olds feel uncomfortable in church.
Hymn-singing partly explains male discomfort about attending a church service. 48% have an aversion to singing hymns, with still bigger numbers of the young and those with no religious affiliation.
However, there is also discomfort about singing in public more generally, such as in public houses (60%) and at parties (52%). Only in the privacy of the shower (83%) and alone in the car (86%) do men feel totally relaxed about exercising their vocal chords.
I happen to like singing hymns (depending on the hymn – no On Eagle’s Wings, thank you). But perhaps British churches should concentrate on choirs.
March 19, 2016 in Men in church No Comments Tags: Calvin, Murillo, Penitentes, Saints, St. Joseph
Today is the feast of St. Joseph. In the Middle Ages he was depicted only in the Nativity scene, and shown as an old man in the corner, puzzled and shut out from the goings-on.
St. Maria in Trastevere
Because marriage and family life was a mess in the Middle Ages, first the Reformers and then the Catholics of the Counter-Reformation began stressing the importance of the family and the role of the father in the family. In the Middle Ages children were often baptized by the midwife. Calvin forbade this. In the Middle Ages, If a child was baptized in the church, the mother would bring him and the father would stay at home preparing the festivities. Calvin also forbade this, and ordered that the father bring the child to church and present him for baptism.
In Catholic countries, especially in Spain, Joseph began his ascendancy. He was no longer shown as a decrepit old man but as a young vigorous man, a protector of Mary and Joseph. He, not Mary, was shown holding the infant Jesus.
The Penitentes preserved the faith among men in the Southwest. When a prospective member sought entry, he knocked at the door of the morada, asked a question and received the reply from the members within.
Quién en esta casa da la luz? Jesús
Quién la llena alegría? María
Quién la conserva en la fé? José
(Who gives light in this house? Jesus. Who fills it with joy? Mary. Who preserves it in the faith? Joseph.)
And indeed, the father, not the mother, is the key person in passing the Faith on to the children. As recent studies in the United States and Switzerland showed, the believing father is a necessary, although not sufficient, condition for passing the Faith on to the children
Will the Last Woman Leaving Please Extinguish the Sanctuary Lamp?
June 2, 2015 in Men in church No Comments Tags: women's departure from church
A 2009 survey showed the usual difference between men and women in matters of religion.
But the gap seems to be lessening- not that men are becoming more religious, but that women, especially young women, are becoming less.
According to the Washington Post
Over the last four decades, the number of 12th-grade girls who reported never attending church has surged 125 percent. The increase among their male peers was 83 percent. In the late 1970s, 12th-grade boys were 50 percent more likely than girls to say they never go to church, Twenge said. By 2010, that difference had dwindled to 22 percent.
Boys graduating high school in the late 1970s were twice as likely than their female classmates to assert religion was not an important aspect of their lives, according to Twenge’s calculations. By 2010, they were only 39 percent more likely than girls to express disinterest.
Similar trends are visible in Germany and other countries.
From my new book:
Christof Wolf has analyzed the difference between German men and women in terms of religious observance, age, cohort, and population of place of residence. In older cohorts, the differences between men and women are substantial as the members of that cohort age. But in the youngest cohort, the difference between male and female observance disappears in the cities. As a result “the pews, which the women leave behind empty in the Church, are not filled by men. The defeminization of the church is not a ‘re-masculinization.’ It is much more a general detachment from the Church.” In Italy too the historical gap between the sexes is closing. Sandro Magister notes the decline in church attendance among young Italians: “The collapse is so clear that it also wipes out the differences in religious practice between men and women – the latter of whom tend much more to be practicing – typical of previous generations. Among the youngest, very few of the women go to church, on a par with the men.” As attendance at mass approaches zero, the male and female rates are converging.
I suspect the same dynamics are driving the departure of women as drove the departure of men.
Jean Twenge theorizes:
if religion is perceived as a dominating force that restricts freedom and enforces social rules, this will be linked with a decline in religious involvement.
Men left because churches told them to behave and be more like women. This meant giving up male hobbies like homicide and gang rape, but also, in many cases, dancing, sports, fireworks, whistling, etc.
Women, as they move into formerly male-dominated milieus, pick up masculine attitudes, and do not want to be “like women,” that is, stereotypically feminine, any more than men do.
Men Adrift
May 29, 2015 in Men in church No Comments Tags: education, men, men and religion, Unemployment
The Economist has a feature article on the state of blue collar men in developed countries: Men Adrift. It is good in its statement of facts.
Blue collar men are sinking in the economic scale and are becoming unemployable and unmarriageable. Their future in the new economy does not look good.
Although men dominate at the top of society, they also dominate at the bottom, which is far larger. There are a far more male prisoners than there are male CEO’s.
Men still dominate risky occupations such as roofer and taxi-driver, and jobs that require long stints away from home, such as trucker and oil-rig worker. And, other things being equal, dirty, dangerous and inconvenient jobs pay better than safe, clean ones. But the real money is in brain work, and here many men are lagging behind. Women outnumber them on university campuses in every region bar South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In the OECD men earn only 42% of degrees. Teenage boys in rich countries are 50% more likely than girls to flunk all three basic subjects in school: maths, reading and science.
Men are either unemployed or are simply not there.
For every 100 African-American women aged 25-54 who are not behind bars, there are only 83 men of the same age at liberty. In some American inner cities there are only 50 black men with jobs for every 100 black women.
This situation is similar among other groups, if not as extreme.
The Economist admits that
Single motherhood is much better than living with an abusive partner. But the chronic instability of low-income families hurts women, children and men. The poverty rate for single-mother families in America is 31%, nearly three times the national norm. Children who grow up in broken families do worse in school, earn less as adults and find it harder to form stable families of their own. Boys are worse affected than girls, perhaps because they typically grow up without a father as a role model. Thus the problems of marginalised men tumble on down the generations.
The Economist holds Sweden up as an egalitarian model, but admits that Swedish men are not very happy with this situation and that Swedish boys have the hardest time in school of all the countries surveyed.
Disaffected men are attracted to parties of the far right and far left.
The Economist’s solution: men should become more like women.
The Economist, resolutely secular, completely ignores the role of religion.
One of the main motives for men to become a father involved with his family (instead of a stud service) is religious. The Jews alone in the ancient Near East revered the father, and fatherhood remained central to Orthodox Judaism throughout the ages. Christianity and Islam both inherited that centrality. Paul’s epistles tell men they should be loving, affectionate, sacrificial husbands and fathers.
The Reformation and the Counter Reformation both emphasized the role of the father in the family. Today Evangelical Protestantism does the best job of convincing men to be affectionate, involved fathers, what Wilcox calls soft patriarchy: spiritual headship.
The Pew poll on religion showed that the gender situation is the same in the US as other surveys showed in England. The type of person most likely to be involved in church is a middle class, older woman; the type of person least involved was a young, uneducated man.
No doubt economic factors play a role; but they too are affected by religion. Men were given a privileged position in the economy so that they could head and support a family.
Mainline Protestant churches and the Catholic Church show little interest in attracting men, especially young men, especially poor young men. The constituency of these churches is women, and these churches try to keep this constituency happy. Men are an afterthought at best, or even actively discouraged.
When I was in Montreal once about a conference on fatherhood, a sociologist (a woman) presented the data on the increase in suicides among young men in both Canada and other developed countries. Gregory Baum, the liberal theologian, rose from the audience audience to respond; he asked why we wear wasting our time on such a topic, when the real, urgent, overwhelmingly important problem was that there was a glass ceiling in universities that prevented women assistant professors from rising to full professorships, especially in theology – that is what we should be discussing. That seems to be indicative of the attitude of liberal Christians to discussions of male problems.
The Annals of Newberry XI
May 26, 2015 in dance, Men in church, Newberry No Comments Tags: Newberry
One of the battlefields on which young men and the clergy fought was the matter of the dance.
John Vianney, when he arrived at Ars, announced his aim: above all, to stop the dancing.
His vicar, Raymond, explained that in Ars
These young people were crazy about a certain pleasure called dance which they had every Sunday and feast day with a type of drunkenness and fury. The good pastor saw in the dance a block to the growing piety in their hearts. He saw in it the ruin of good morals, a path to debauchery by the adulteration of morals, through the too great liberty that parents too often gave to the young persons who were in the presence of boys
The parents said that they had danced when they were young, that how else were future spouses supposed to meet? John Vianney
deplored such blindness; he wept about it before the Lord; he prayed; he exhorted; he threatened; he menaced with the judgments of God.
He refused absolution to those who refused to give up dancing. He told them “if you do not stop going to dances, you are damned” and that “dancing …is the chain by which the devil pulls most souls into hell.” He had a motto painted on the chapel of St. John the Baptist: “His head was the price of a dance.”
This was the almost universal attitude of the clergy toward dancing. Martin Luther was an exception: he saw no harm in village dancing.
But by the time the Lutherans had made it to up-country South Carolina, they had joined in the general condemnation. They saw their mission as twofold: to preach the Gospel, and to obliterate dancing. A choreophobic Lutheran Synod in 1814 decided:
Resolved: That negro slaves be instructed in our holy religion, and be received into our Church as members; and that the congregations should make proper arrangements in their houses of worship to give the slaves also the opportunity to hear the Gospel. It was also Resolved, That all our ministers unite themselves to labor against the pernicious influence and consequences of dancing and seek to prevent it in every possible way
Pew Survey and the Decline of U. S. Christianity
May 14, 2015 in Catholic Church, Masculinity, Men in church, sex differences, Women in Church No Comments Tags: declien of Chrstianity, gender composition of churches, Pew Survey
The Pew Survey has released its analysis of the 35,000 interviews that it conducted around the United States. It conducted the same survey several years ago. The result show that identification with Christianity is declining rapidly.
Even 35,000 interviews in a nation of over 300,000,000 is not a lot, but Pew is confident of the statistical validity of its findings, within a margin of error.
The big news is the rise of the unaffiliated and the consequent decline of those who self-identify as Christians.
The evangelical group increased in raw numbers, but declined slightly as a portion of the population. The Southern Baptists have experienced a decline in the past ten years, so the evangelicals are found mostly in non-denominational churches (which in my limited experience tend to have Reformed theology and to be generally socially conservative).
The big surprise is the decline of self-identified Catholics, both in numbers and proportion of the population. According to the Pew Survey’s extrapolation, there are three million fewer Catholics today than in 2007. Other surveys have showed Catholic numbers increasing and the proportion of the population (about 25%) staying the same – mostly because of immigration of Hispanics. It is possible that the Pew Survey did not reach Hispanics proportionately; because of their undocumented status and language barriers, many might be hesitant to answer any questions, however innocuous.
As the America article cited in the previous blog pointed out, the connection of many self-identified Catholics is very weak, so the difference between the Pew survey and other surveys may represent the way or context in which the question was asked. In one context, a person who was baptized as a Catholic but hasn’t been to church since then might self-identify as a Catholic, but in another context might not.
The mainline churches have continued their decline. Some sociologists attribute this to the decline of the target population: married couples with children. Despite the claim of liberal churches to be “inclusive,” marginalized people such as single mothers, tend to seek the clear message and help that evangelical churches give.
Catholics have the worst proportion of loses and gains: for everyone who converts to Catholicism, six Catholics leave.
Evangelical groups do far better: for every evangelical who leaves, 1,2 join.
The birthrates differ among the groups:
The gender composition of the churches has no surprises:
Catholic: 46% male; 54% female
Mainline Protestant; 45% male; 55% female
Evangelical Protestant: 45% male; 55% female
Historic Black denominations: 41% male; 59% female
The Pew survey represents self-identification. Other surveys show that in matters of belief and practice, women are far more committed to their churches than men are.
Orthodox Christian: 56% male; 44 % female.
Hindu: 62% male; 38 % female
Among some smaller groups, composed heavily of recent immigrants the greater proportion of males may simply represent the tendency to men to precede women in immigration.
Moslem : 65% male; 35% female
But the high proportion of men in Islam may also represent its special attraction to men.
Unaffiliated: 57% male; 43 % female
More than a quarter of men (27%) now describe themselves as religiously unaffiliated, up from 20% in 2007. Fewer women are religious “nones,” but the religiously unaffiliated are growing among women at about the same rate as among men. Nearly one-in-five women (19%) now describe themselves as religiously unaffiliated, up from 13% in 2007.
Younger cohorts are less affiliated.
Other surveys have shown that atheists and agnostics are overwhelmingly male.
Thus means the typical churchgoer is an older female; the typical unaffiliated a young male. Whatever is causing the decline in identification with Christianity operates most strongly in the cohort of poor young men, and if they could be reached and converted, other groups also could also be reached and converted.
The Pew survey does try to establish the cause for the increasing tendency not to identify as Christian. Probably merely nominal Christians are putting aside even the name. Their attachment to Christianity has slowly evaporated, and they notice that Christianity is increasingly at odds with modern culture, which has rejected the vision of creation and procreation in Genesis and insists on the right to self-definition, and therefore refuses to conform to any demands outside the autonomous self: non serviam.
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Mount Calvary Music: January 19, 2020: Epiphany II
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Getaway Healing Retreat for Body & Mind
Gurdjieff the international Phenomenon.
More than 100 years ago, G.I. Gurdjieff initiated an audacious plan to begin the transition from an old world order to a new epoch based on universal cooperation, and active human participation in the universal reciprocal maintenance. While...
The Power of Awakened Human Consciousness
JG Bennett stated that Continuous Education is founded on the principle that human beings are capable of unlimited self-perfecting from birth to death and beyond. Self-perfecting was seen as threefold: BODILY, MENTAL and SPIRITUAL, giving meaning...
Initiatives of Change International For the last five years Mark Ubsdell has been working with the international organisation; Initiatives of Change (IofC) http://www.iofc.org/ in London (formerly Moral Re-Armament and The Oxford Group). IofC are...
Eat Like You’re on Retreat Everyday
On retreat, food is fresh, simple, and surprisingly sumptuous. Why not try it at home? People go on a retreat to open to something new in both body and mind,” says Hugo Roberto Gutiérrez Marrón, the chef at Haramara, a yoga retreat center...
Each morning at the Bear we enjoy surprising guests with a unique smoothie starter to our gourmet breakfasts. Guests who stay with us for several days inevitably inquire first thing each morning, “What’s the smoothie of the day?” This Basil-Lime...
Long Term Vision
The long-term aim of the centre is to explore the principles of continuous education embodied in the Sherborne and Claymont courses as well as the spirit of the ‘Fourth Way’ work explored by Gurdjieff. The intention is to work with students to...
Always remember that you came here having already understood the necessity of contending with yourself and therefore thank everyone who affords such opportunities.
Exploring the Principles of Continuous Education
The Project The long-term aim of the centre is to explore the principles of continuous education embodied in the Sherborne and Claymont courses as well as the spirit of the ‘Fourth Way’ work explored by Gurdjieff. The intention is to work with...
New Centre for Learning
New Centre for Learning in Mallorca In 2018 a new centre is being established which will follow not only Bennett’s aims in creating a centre of learning and cultural thought but also refer to the work of Bennett’s successor with whom Mark...
JG Bennett’s Original Courses
JG Bennett’s Original Courses The teacher, writer and ‘polymath’, John Bennett, continued Gurdjieff’s work, and experimented from the late 50’s to the mid 70’s with the training of groups of men and women who were willing to accept the challenge...
Tantric Coaching
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He would never touch a gun, but enlisted in the WWII. Desmond Doss (Andrew Garfield) would become the first conscientious objector to win the Congressional Medal of Honor. In other words, he believed killing was wrong, though the American cause was not. He enlisted from his home in the drawling South, leaving behind sweetheart nurse Dorothy Schutte (Teresa Palmer). Entering a brood of soldiers who deemed him a coward, Doss had to hold on to his beliefs in the barracks and in court before advancing to the front lines. At the battle of Okinawa, he served as an army medic, and when an advancement of troops failed to overcome the seemingly undefeatable Japanese, Doss remained, hiding on the ground when others retreated, working against enemy, sniper, and elemental fire to save just “one more” human life. In the end, with two hands, he saved seventy-five.
There aren’t many spoilers, since everything has gone down in history. Doss’s little-known story defies belief, as few of us have heard of the man who served his country without firing a bullet. And it might sound too good to be true, but director Mel Gibson, famous for Braveheart, gives blood, heart, and truth to a story of a man long overdue. Sweet, skinny Garfield (in fact British) reanimates Doss with the straight-laced Southern charm of a man who would be dubbed Private Corn Stalk. The first half of the film is the same: sweet and cinematic, almost running the routine man-against-world “WWII story.”
But there’s something very genuine about this young man. His love affair with Palmer’s Schutte could have been a well-worn cinematic trope, a Nicholas Sparks organza with 40s and 50s war paint. Instead, the deep connection Doss and Schutte find in each other is reflected sweetly by Garfield and Palmer. And while Doss could have become a caricature for Christian righteousness, Gibson takes care in presenting his one-man cause: founded on his beliefs, which Doss struggles to protect. There’s something deeply American about that.
And not only is all of it real, it’s incredible. On the field, Doss is clear-minded, calm, working as a medic for soldiers on the front: the scraggly, ugly mini-mountain called Hacksaw Ridge, whose tunnels conceal hidden Japanese. It’s why continuous Allied air bombings do them no good, while American reinforcements pile in to be butchered. And to put on paper Doss saved seventy-five men is no small feat: in the film, we watch Doss wriggle, crawl, and rope down countless wounded men, some even wounded Japanese, over the course of a neverending night and day.
Again, and again, and again, he works the ropes to lower bloody patriots to where they can receive medical help. It’s visually arresting to watch the only thing that keeps Doss clinging to consciousness, his faith. “Lord, help me get one more,” are Private Doss’s own words, as seen on camera at the end of the film, before his death in 2006. Simple, yet powerful: like his acts at Hacksaw Ridge.
What does "THHRe" stand for? It's THE HOLY HITCHHIKE’S REVIEW...A shorter version of the Hitchhike, reviews principally concerning books, movies, and music. Enjoy, and let loose your commentary and suggestions below. A new column of THH every Friday!
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SO MANY RECORDS, SO LITTLE TIME
THIS BLOG IS ABOUT 7" RECORDS ONLY. YOU CAN NEVER HAVE TOO MANY. EVERY SONG IS CONVERTED TO MP3 FROM MY PERSONAL 45 COLLECTION, AND THERE'S NOT ONE THAT I WOULDN'T RECOMMEND YOU SEEKING OUT. ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDERS WHO DON'T WANT THEIR MUSIC HEARD HERE JUST LET ME KNOW, AND DOWN IT WILL COME. CLICK ON ANY IMAGE TO ENLARGE.
Archive for the ‘Howard Thompson’ Category
Listen: Shoppin’ For Clothes / The Coasters
8-21 Shopping For Clothes.mp3
There’s just not a lot I can tell you about ‘Shopping For Clothes’ that the record itself can’t.
But my little story about it is a follows: In ’87 Dan Baird was at the Altantic Studios in New York recording and mixing the second Georgia Satellites album. Howard and I headed over from Elektra, a few blocks away, one late afternoon to hear some of the tracks in progress and we were kind of accosted the second we walked in. Dan was all smiles excited and said you have got to hear something. He sat us down at the the board and hit play. I don’t know if I loved ‘Shopping for Clothes’ or Dan’s face lighting up the room more. It’s certainly the sort of record you just know is going to floor any living soul who hasn’t heard it.
These how the fuck did I get here moments from my record company days, now long gone, seemed to come like miracles, except more often, which as we know miracles don’t. This particular one was a chilling rush, being right there where it was recorded decades before. Imagine that high. I definitely twitched.
We must have played ‘Shopping for Clothes’ half a dozen times in a row, maybe more.
Tags: Atco, Atlantic, Dan Baird, Elektra, Howard Thompson, The Coasters, The Georgia Satellites
Posted in Atco, Atlantic, Dan Baird, Elektra, Howard Thompson, The Coasters, The Georgia Satellites | No Comments »
SMASH / FONTANA CATALOG 1968
I know exactly where where I got this from, being the record collector I was at eight years old. Still have a few Fontana 7″ mailers from that time period as well. I would write to my hero, Claranelle Morris, at Fontana’s main office in Chicago back then, pestering her about The Herd and Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich. She was a sweetheart and would send photos, bios, sometimes even a single. I guess she figured you probably couldn’t hear or buy them in the sticks of the Syracuse suburbs, so give the kid the record already. We’re going to toss them anyways. Thank you Claranelle for all that and for sending this catalog. I think of you fondly until this day. Ahh, to go back and police the Fontana dumpsters nightly. If only.
Dumpsters explanation: It was years later, when I finally got a break and Howard Thompson gave me my first A&R job at Elektra, that I discovered as soon as a record isn’t current, being worked at radio or believed in, off to the dumpster went the unused product, and many times off to the scrapheap went the act’s career. I learned to police the Elektra, then Island, WB and Columbia dumpsters with full commitment and precision, deeming myself the savior of such vinyl which till this day, fills my storage units.
But let’s not lose focus. So I found this catalog in one of the many memorabilia trunks I’ve filled to the brim over the years. It’s just like new.
Man, I wouldn’t mind a box lot of just about every title here, a box of mono and of stereo versions that is.
Of course, I loved the English groups back then, but also had a jones for Gloria Lynne. It wasn’t only because she was on Fontana. Gloria Lynne had a bunch of records on Everest prior. I had a copy of ‘Indian Love Call’ from that period, given to me in one of the Saturday morning piles of singles my uncle, a jukebox operator, would drop off instead of trashing. I loved that single. I paid attention to Gloria Lynne singles. I often heard them on the radio playing in the local barber shop where I’d get my haircut as a little boy. Must have been an AC station of the day, way before it’s then output turned into bachelor pad, lounge, hipster stuff decades later. I certainly recall hearing them play her version of ‘Watermelon Man’ at the time. All this, when I was very young, about five or six. It’s probably the reason the record collecting gene was dangerously awakened in my DNA.
Oh, and check out some of the soundtracks here too.
Tags: Claranelle Morris, Columbia, Dave Dee Dozy Beaky Mick & Tich, Elektra, Fontana, Gloria Lynne, Howard Thompson, Smash, The Herd, The Pretty Things, The Troggs
Posted in Claranelle Morris, Columbia, Dave Dee Dozy Beaky Mick & Tich, Elektra, Fontana, Gloria Lynne, Howard Thompson, The Herd, The Mindbenders, The Pretty Things, The Troggs | No Comments »
Listen: Strong In The Sun / Tir Na Nog
Strong In The Sun / Tir Na Nog
I was desperate to see Tir Na Nog when they toured the US in ’72. It never happened.
Although being the college concert chairman at the time, having pushed through Rory Gallagher, Chicken Shack, Savoy Brown, Colosseum, Atomic Rooster, The Electric Light Orchestra, The Pretty Things and The Incredible String Band against everyone’s “who the fuck are these people” stances in one school year mind you, it didn’t really allow me any more puts. By then, the budget was spent anyways. Otherwise, they’d have been there.
Tir Na Nog’s second and third albums were released in the States, and I particularly loved that third one, STRONG IN THE SUN. It was, well still is, a seminal recording, right up there with the best from Tyrannosaurus Rex, John Martyn and Nick Drake. Indeed the album includes a cover of his ‘Free Ride’, itself worthy of 7″ status. Tracks like ‘Cinema’ rivaled some of Pink Floyd’s tracks from MEDDLE for being…cinematic, funny enough. If you’d told me Norman Smith, Denny Cordell or Peter Asher had produced some of this stuff, I’d have believed you. The album is that good.
Indeed, Matthew Fisher from Procol Harum was in charge of production, and as with similar duties on Robin Trower’s BRIDGE OF SIGHS, did an A+ job.
When I up and headed for London during summer ’73, I took a night off from The Marquee to see them play a small, sit-down-cross-legged room, God knows the name of it now. But the show remains a vivid memory.
There was a time, around ’85, and Howard Thompson was looking at cover songs for 10000 Maniacs. I guess as a potential single, possibly a one-off film submission or something. I recommended ‘Strong In The Sun’. I thought Natalie Merchant would have done it some beautiful justice and Tir Na Nog could have gotten some well deserved recognition. Didn’t happen. ‘Peace Train’ was chosen instead, against the band’s wishes. Years later, turns out Natalie insisted it be removed from that album. Elektra complied..
There has to be someone out there in need of a great song to revive their sagging career: Nelly Furtado, Jewel, Anna Nalick, Five For Fighting, Vanessa Carlton, Paula Cole or wait, Natalie Merchant.
Tags: 10000 Maniacs, Anna Nalick, Atomic Rooster, Chicken Shack, Chrysalis, Colosseum, Denny Cordell, Five For Fighting, Howard Thompson, Jewel, John Martyn, Natalie Merchant, Nelly Furtado, Nick Drake, Paula Cole, Peter Asher, Procol Harum, Robin Trower, Rory Gallagher, Savoy Brown, The Electric Light Orchestra, The Incredible String Band, The Pretty Things, Tyrannosaurus Rex, Vanessa Carlton
Posted in 10000 Maniacs, Anna Nalick, Atomic Rooster, Chicken Shack, Chrysalis, Colosseum, Denny Cordell, Five For Fighting, Howard Thompson, Jewel, John Martyn, Matthew Fisher, Natalie Merchant, Nelly Furtado, Nick Drake, Paula Cole, Peter Asher, Procol Harum, Robin Trower, Rory Gallagher, Savoy Brown, Steve Lillywhite, The Electric Light Orchestra, The Incredible String Band, The Pretty Things, Tyrannosaurus Rex, Vanessa Carlton | No Comments »
Listen: Lion / Burning Spear
Most consider MARCUS GARVEY and the accompanying dub version, GARVEY’S GHOST, both from ’76, to be the ultimate introduction to Burning Spear. Not me. The ’77 followup, MAN IN THE HILLS, takes the prize hands down.
Blame it on the compilation THIS IS REGGAE MUSIC (Volume 3). Howard Thompson sent a copy with a bunch of Island punk and reggae releases in his very first mailing that began our friendship. It was known as a care package in those days, the kind you’d load a new pal up with when you worked at a record company. Just go over to the cupboard and pull one of anything remotely good, then ship it off. And the cupboards at Island were bursting with good stuff back then.
I dare call it life changing. Sure, that sounds way over dramatic. But no, it’s actually not. The records in that big box did just that, not only to me, but to my closest friends and Corinne as well. She for one, dove head first into a reggae addiction from the get go. Took her years to shake, to find a normal balance between it and everyday life, but not before up and going to London to see Burning Spear and Aswad at the Rainbow, with Karen. I think they had some unfinished Eddie & The Hot Rods business on that particular journey as well.
The box. Yes. I can still recall every record in it:
LP’s:
Various Artists THIS IS REGGAE MUSIC (Volume 3)
Eddie & The Hot Rods TEENAGE DEPRESSION
John Cale HELEN OF TROY
The Upsetters SUPER APE
Rico MAN FROM WAREIKA
Jah Lion COLUMBIA COLLY
Aswad ASWAD
Toots & The Maytals REGGAE GOT SOUL
The Heptones NIGHT FOOD
Derek & Clive LIVE
Max Romeo & The Upsetters WAR INA BABYLON
Bunny Wailer BLACKHEART MAN
45′s:
Eddie & The Hot Rods ‘Writing On The Wall’
Eddie & The Hot Rods ‘Wooly Bully’
Eddie & The Hot Rods ‘Teenage Depression’
Lee Perry ‘Roast Fish & Cornbread’
Dillinger ‘Cokane In My Brain’
Aswad ‘Back To Africa’
Aswad ‘Three Babylon’
Junior Murvin ‘Police & Thieves’
The Heptones & The Upsetters ‘ Sufferer’s Time’
The Heptones ‘Book Of Rules’
Justin Hines & The Dominoes ‘Fire’
Justin Hines & The Dominoes ‘Carry Go Bring Come’
Kevin Ayers ‘Falling In Love Again’
Sparks ‘Big Boy’
Sparks ‘I Like Girls’
Ultravox ‘Dangerous Rhythm’
Max Romeo & The Upsetters ‘One Step Forward’
Max Romeo & The Upsetters ‘Chase The Devil’
Trevor White ‘Crazy Kids’
The Dwight Twilley Band ‘I’m On Fire’
Fay Bennett ‘Big Cockey Wally’
Leroy Smart ‘Ballistic Affair’
J.J. Cale ‘Travelin’ Light’
The Jess Roden Band ‘Stay In Bed’
Rico ‘Dial Africa’
Agusutus Pablo ‘King Tubby Meets The Rockers Uptown’
Burning Spear ‘Lion’
Might as well get this over with now: the 7′s were all promo copies. Sorry.
Yeah, go ahead. Take a breather. I tell you what. There was no preparing for that package in real life either. I wasn’t expecting a box, maybe a few records, but not a box. Howard had rung me from his office shortly after receiving a letter I’d sent off to Island, written on WITR stationary. We talked for a bit, he filled me in on Eddie & The Hot Rods, who were my original reason for writing, suggested we trade some records and that we should stay in touch. Little did I know both his package and that phone call would change my life forever.
A week or so later, I just found this large box from Island Records UK in my apartment building’s lobby. Cost something like £40 to ship, a fortune in ’76. Hoisted it upstairs and into our place, could not open it fast enough. Fuck me, a shock to the system indeed, like my heart froze. Yet somehow I’ve lived to tell.
We poured over these records, the bunch of us, for weeks. You couldn’t wait for whatever was playing to end, so you could begin another. Corinne worked nights back then, and I vividly recall staying up until dawn, those first two days in a row, eating white crosses and just playing them, waiting for her to come home. Wow, what a fantastic flashback.
Every track on THIS IS REGGAE MUSIC became anthems to us, every one a badge of honor, knowing we’d found some of the best music of our lives, suddenly a whole new world opened up, and that album did it.
Burning Spear was little known to me at that point. Saw the US copies of those first two albums occasionally, but hadn’t heard either, or even tried to. Reggae had not entered my life. Once this compilation arrived, I became insatiable for it though.
‘Man In The Hills’, the title track, opened Side 2 of the comp. It was instant. Immediately tore through that pile of 7′s, sure I’d seen a Burning Spear single amongst them. The whole day was a blur, it was hard to process this all at once. Yes, there it was. ‘Lion’ / ‘Door Peep’ by Burning Spear
‘Lion’ defines my very favorite style of reggae, where the chorus keeps getting sung over and over and over. Just a lazy, hypnotic swirl that’s hard to fight. The genre has many a unique voice, but Winston Rodney’s, well it’s one of the greatest.
Tags: Aswad, Augustus Pablo, Bunny Wailer, Burning Spear, Derek & Clive, Eddie And The Hot Rods, Fay Bennett, Howard Thompson, Island, J. J. Cale, Jah Lion, John Cale, Lee Perry, Leroy Smart, Max Romeo & The Upsetters, Rico, Sparks, The Dwight Twilley Band, The Jess Roden Band, The Upsetters, This Is Reggae Music, Toots & The Maytals, Trevor White, Ultravox, WITR
Posted in Aswad, Augustus Pablo, Bunny Wailer, Burning Spear, Derek & Clive, Dillinger, Eddie & The Hot Rods, Fay Bennett, Howard Thompson, Island, J. J. Cale, Jah Lion, John Cale, Junior Murvin, Lee Perry, Leroy Smart, Max Romeo & The Upsetters, Rico, Sparks, The Dwight Twilley Band, The Heptones, The Jess Roden Band, The Upsetters, This Is Reggae Music, Toots & The Maytals, Trevor White, Ultravox, WITR | Comments Off
Doc Alimantado & The Rebels
Saturday, November 22nd, 2014
Listen: Reason For Living / Doc Alimantado & The Rebels
Reason For Living / Doc Alimantado & The Rebels
One of the first records Howard Thompson played Corinne and I on our initial visit to his place in Agate Road was by Doc Alimantado & The Rebels. The memory is vivid, and the record probably larger than life because of the moment. This was March ’77, I had waited four years to get back to London. It seemed like an eternity. Corinne had never been.
‘Born For A Purpose’ and it’s flip, ‘Reason For Living’, instantly became her songs. We had a small cassette machine with us, so she recorded the dub B side, ‘Reason For Living’, repeatedly over both sides of a tape at Howard’s that next evening, bringing it back to the hotel room which was literally one foot wider than the mattress on each side. The place was a crammed, uncomfortable but typical bed and breakfast in King’s Cross, very down at heel, as they’d all say. Perfect. A better setting you couldn’t have invented. We loved it.
As I’ve written prior, this ’77 visit was non-stop. London was in orbit, punk was everywhere, but still underground and shocking the mainstream. Howard took us all around, to the Island offices where he worked at the time, to buy clothes in Shepherd’s Bush Market, records in Ladbroke Grove, well everywhere actually; to the Marquee, Red Cow, Dingwalls, Hope & Anchor and Roxy. It was at The Roxy that Don Letts played mostly reggae to the punk crowd. It’s been well chronicled and he was indeed there on those nights, doing then what he does now on 6Music, presenting some of the best records in the solar system to anyone who’s bright enough to listen. Check out a recent show.
I remember hearing the Dr. Alimantado 12″ there several times. Me, I wanted the 7″, and sure enough, it was available. The A side ‘Born For A Purpose’ is pretty trippy, but the flip is total psychedelic dub, a sonic LSD trip one could say. I woke up and fell asleep to that cassette over the next two weeks. There was no escaping her playing it after a night out, where you’d hear it constantly as well. Lots of memories, but all good, so this record’s indeed a true time traveler back to then.
Tags: BBC 6 Music, Dingwalls, Doc Alimantado & The Rebels, Don Letts, Greensleeves, Howard Thompson, Marquee, Roxy
Posted in BBC 6 Music, Dingwalls, Doc Alimantado & The Rebels, Don Letts, Greensleeves, Howard Thompson, Marquee, Roxy | No Comments »
The Heptones / The Upsetters
Listen: Book Of Rules / The Heptones
Been digging out a lot of reggae stuff lately, combing through the shelves separated out specifically for the genre, well ska and blue beat are on them too.
A Burning Spear post from few years back details my initial introduction to reggae proper, basically via an unexpected crash course box full of seminal records from Howard Thompson when he worked at Island UK in ’76. Fast forward twelve years, I’m employed at Island New York and was given the task of assembling a promotional cd for the label’s reissue series encompassing most of their classic 70′s reggae titles. Both cd and campaign were called 96º IN THE SHADE. It was good fun, and honestly a piece of cake. So this is called a job?
I just started off with Jimmy Cliff’s ‘The Harder They Come’ and using the Island master printout which chronologically lists every single and album by catalog number, I picked out the gems. It was easy.
And I’m proud to say, the compilation got such good response from the shops that we renamed it GROOVE YARD, changed the cover, squeezed on a few more good ones, and released it commercially. The cd sold well.
Like the rest of the solar system, I don’t use cd’s much anymore. The Airbooks in the house don’t even have disc drives, so most of those compact discs are boxed and in storage, although some I do keep shelved for the car. I grabbed GROOVE YARD on my way out recently and found myself reliving the greatness of quite a few tracks from the era, as well as some sentimental memories of those times.
‘Book Of Rules’ is certainly one of my ten-ish favorite reggae 7′s. Fantastic song, nice clean vocal and lovely production by Chris Blackwell.
Listen: Book Of Rules (Version) / The Heptones
Released as the single’s B side in ’73, ‘Book Of Rules (Version)’ seems to have preceded full on dub by a year or two, when instrumentals with decorative sound effects thrown in were still called ‘version’ and always used as B sides. I’ve always wanted ‘Book Of Rules (Version)’ to be a bit more exciting or something more moving but it basically isn’t. Regardless, it’s interesting to hear how dub was getting started.
Listen: Sufferer’s Time / Heptones with The Upsetters
HeptonesSufferersTime.mp3
By ’76, Lee Perry is at the controls, The Black Arc in full swing and with The Upsetters doing the tracking, The Heptones were in tune with the times. Another classic, ‘Sufferer’s Time’, is basically perfect in every way. I never spin it just once. Can’t. I’ll even be late for something important to hear the song that one extra time.
The real fun bit here being that Island US, like the UK company, issued it as a 7″. I’m guessing there were pockets of Jamaican communities in some of the major US cities that would warrant say a 1000 or 2000 piece run. Those sales figures are again guesses, and as the manufacturing details were very sloppy at Island. I never could figure out a real number on this nor a few others that had been shockingly issued here on 7″, to my disbelief.
This I can tell you. There weren’t many pressed as I’ve never seen another US copy of ‘Sufferer’s Time’. Just happened to stumble on this while going through some deeply buried boxes in the Island New York mailroom, a process of completion that took a month or two, but I managed them them all and it was well, well, well worth the sleuthing, trust me.
Listen: Sufferer’s Dub / The Upsetters
UpsettersSufferDub.mp3
Not only is the A side a heart threatener, but by ’76, proper dub was in serious swing hence this monster example of it on the flip, aptly titled ‘Sufferer’s Dub’. Oddly credited only to The Upsetters despite many Heptones vocal drops, it makes for even more excitement. An American single by The Upsetters. Never been another.
I get very excited by records.
Listen: Party Time / The Heptones
When ‘Party Time’ first arrived in the mail, dependably hot off the presses from Howard, I was mildly disappointed and that was very stupid of me. It’s a gem.
I had the original UK LP pressing too, but now find only the US Mango copy in my wall shelf. Somewhere in the black hole of unfiled records it does lurk.
Tags: Burning Spear, Chris Blackwell, Howard Thompson, Island, Jimmy Cliff, Lee Perry, Mango, The Heptones, The Upsetters
Posted in Burning Spear, Chris Blackwell, Howard Thompson, Island, Jimmy Cliff, Lee Perry, Mango, The Heptones, The Upsetters | Comments Off
Monday, October 22nd, 2012
Listen: Peace In The End / Fotheringay
Turning October Island pink in support of curing breast cancer, I’m reposting Fotheringay from April 6, 2009:
Remember in the very early 70′s Warner Brothers did those $1 and $2 samplers you could send off for from the back pages of ROLLING STONE? Well A&M did one too, and only one if memory serves me well. Titled FRIENDS, it was nicely full of UK bands like Blodwyn Pig, Free, The Move and Spooky Tooth to name a few. Fotheringay were on there, this song in fact. ‘Peace In The End’ was my first taste of the band, which I was well anxious to hear.
I’d loved Fairport Convention, and when Sandy Denny left to join up with Trevor Lucas in Fotheringay, well there was more of them all to love basically. Unlike most fans, my most memorable Fairport Convention period followed her departure. FULL HOUSE, ANGEL DELIGHT and BABBACOMBE LEE were and are hands down favorites. The lineups with Dave Swarbrick and Simon Nicol are just perfect for me.
I didn’t fall in love with the Fotheringay album, but I sure did fall in love with it’s only single, ‘Peace In The End’. I must have played this hundreds of times.
Years later, during that first London trip Corinne and I made together in ’77, Howard Thompson brought us round to the Island offices, where he did A&R at the time. In the back, there was an up and running company canteen which did hot food all day for staff and whoever was in the studio at the time. It was still operational ten years later when I joined the label.
What an experience that was. Just envision, growing up and living in upstate New York, and to then be suddenly transported to London for a two week vacation, meeting someone in Howard who would unknowingly change our lives forever, well we literally died and went to heaven.
Rico and his band were there rehearsing downstairs, Simon Kirke from Free eating with Jess Roden, various members of Eddie & The Hot Rods and Ultravox. Over in a corner were Trevor Lucas and Sandy Denny. She was very quiet, but extremely sweet when I approached her for a hopeful talk. Her voice as angelic when speaking as in song. ‘Peace In The End’ will forever remind me of her aura on that day.
Tags: A&M, Blodwyn Pig, Eddie & The Hot Rods, Fairpoert Convention, Fotheringay, Free, Howard Thompson, Island, Jess Roden, Rico, Rolling Stone, Sandy Denny, Simon Kirke, Spooky Tooth, The Move, Trevor Lucas, Ultravox, Warner Brothers
Posted in A&M, Blodwyn Pig, Eddie & The Hot Rods, Fairport Convention, Fotheringay, Free, Howard Thompson, Island, Jess Roden, Rico, Rolling Stone, Sandy Denny, Simon Kirke, Spooky Tooth, The Move, Trevor Lucas, Ultravox, Warner Brothers | No Comments »
Jah Lion
Listen: Soldier & Police War / Jah Lion
Next time you scan a list or read an article spotlighting reggae’s masterpiece recordings, guaranteed you’ll find COLOMBIA COLLY by Jah Lion omitted. Despite being amongst Lee Perry’s most revered Black Ark productions during ’76 – ’77, along with albums such as The Congos HEART OF THE CONGOS or The Upsetters SUPER APE, it really is surprising this one is consistently overlooked.
My recollections of 4am listens, waiting for Corinne to get home from her night shift all those years ago, are as plain as day, or night, I suppose I should say. COLOMBIA COLLY was probably the most haunting record in my possession. At times, even in an only slightly paranoia state of pot and speed combination, my regular cocktail as a college kid, I’d seriously need to suddenly take it off the turntable. Combined with the eerie stillness coming through our un-air conditioned windows during those summer nights, the album occasionally gave me the creeps. It was, and still is, that powerful.
I was both shocked and thrilled when Howard Thompson included a newly released Jah Lion single in one of those early Island packages he’d regularly send from his London office. I mean, who exactly thought Jah Lion would sell singles? Chris Blackwell is my guess. God, those were the days, weren’t they?
So hot off the heels of the Lee Perry produced ‘Police & Thieves’ by Junior Murvin came this, his dub variation of that original track, retitled ‘Soldier & Police War’ and released as a British A side by Jah Lion.
But wait, there’s more. Island’s US reggae subsidiary, Mango, also issued this non-LP track as a single. Now this was surely not destined for big things on American radio, but instead released to serve the small but active Jamaican music buyers pocketed in various US cities.
In fact, I’ve never seen another domestic copy, bar the one pictured above, accidentally discovered in the New York Island mailroom amongst a long buried and very dusty 25 box of assorted US Island and Mango reggae 7′s during my years in A&R at the label, late 80′s. Yes, I froze in that discovery position for a good minute or two. And it wasn’t only this record that nearly had me leaving on a stretcher.
Apparently, for US consumers, the somewhat easier to remember title of ‘Police And Soldier’ was afforded it’s very own pressing.
In some ways though, this only further confused the situation, one whereby despite Lee Perry being pictured as the artist on the aforementioned COLOMBIA COLLY album, was indeed not. Jah Lion was actually Jah Lloyd, as Duane taught me. Apparently, as with artist identities, Lee Perry often shuffled songs titles as well.
Tags: Chris Blackwell, Duane Sherwood, Howard Thompson, Island, Jah Lion, Junior Murvin, Lee Perry, Mango
Posted in Chris Blackwell, Duane Sherwood, Howard Thompson, Island, Jah Lion, Junior Murvin, Lee Perry, Mango | Comments Off
Listen: See How We Are / X
Let me tell you one thing. We are very, very lucky, because X still exist and tour regularly. In fact, they may be more powerful live than ever. The original lineup of Exene Cervenka, DJ Bonebrake, John Doe and Billy Zoom has been reunited for several years now and are doing deservedly great business. There’s a lot of sense in sticking out that long stretch that usually ends in legend.
Now X certainly are legends. So many reasons: right up there with Johnny and Ivy resides Billy for greatest guitarist, flawless and razor sharp at every given moment. DJ still the powerhouse metronome, Exene the most magnetic and perfect female front person of her generation, and John, one of the greatest voices ever with those ‘desert at night’ tones only Jim Morrison rivaled. When singing or harmonizing together, John and Exene would actually create a 3rd voice, their timbres meshing so perfectly. Two singers, three voices. Pretty unique. And as writers, forget it. Yes living legends. More honest, hard working, and appreciative people you will not find.
Back in the Elektra days, I was very lucky to be their A&R guy, making several albums with them, and over both lineups. After Billy left in ’86, Tony Gilkyson joined, fitting the bill effortlessly. An incredible player as well and guitarist on this track. When Tony left around ’97, Billy rejoined to present. A&Ring them was a two fold experience: always rewarding, always frustrating.
Rewarding because at the studio, you knew this was the best place in the solar system to be, watching John and Exene through the control room window mastering a vocal take on one mic live. Wow. It still gives me tingles.
But frustrating knowing how the promotion department would have a difficult time with programers, and most likely be forced to accept defeat while sharing a $100 bottle of wine with some pampered PD.
Like all the greats, X couldn’t get their fair shake from radio. Bob Krasnow loved this track when he heard it. He walked into my office late one evening around 9 pm. We were all still there, everyone stayed late. It was a company full of people who loved their jobs and glowed in the success of the label that all had contributed to in some way. No one ever got fired. We never worried about that. So Bob says “I hear you brought back some new X ruffs from LA. I want to hear them”. I handed him an unfinished version of ‘See How We Are’ on cassette and he left.
This track was actually started at Capitol Studios on Hollywood Blvd and it was haunting wandering around those halls with Exene, talking about the legends in framed pictures, that had recorded there prior. It was that work-in-progress version I had given him, and I knew the song was ace. Sure enough, ten minutes later he’s back at my door. “This is fucking incredible, they are the voices of rebellion. This, Kevin, is important stuff”.
I can hear his words as plainly now as when he spoke them, God love him. Words from the guy who had produced Ike & Tina Turner and Captain Beefheart & The Magic Band, and now in praise of X. For whatever reason, we released ’4th Of July’ as the first single from the SEE HOW WE ARE album against Bob’s instincts. He thought that was too commercial, too formula when played up against ‘See How We Are’, but the radio department felt it was more palatable, singable, like Springsteen. Actually, it was all those things and yes, it too should have been a hit. He said, “You always have to put your best foot forward, you only get one chance”.
He was right. Even though as Chairman, I don’t know why he didn’t force the team to go for this single but he didn’t. Although released as a 12″ to radio, the commercial 7″ was cancelled. Only a handful of finished sleeves (pictured) and three test pressings were made. I think Howard or Alago got the third. I have the other two. You always need a safety copy.
A dealer recently asked how much one was worth to me, he wanted desperately to buy it. I said “It doesn’t have a price tag but for everything else, there’s Mastercard”. He got nasty, called me an arrogant cunt. Seriously, he did. Not exactly the way to get that second copy off me despite his admittedly accurate description of my response.
Listen: Highway 61 Revisited (Again) / X
Thanks to reader Mark Deming, his suggestion to also post ‘Highway 61 Revisted (Again)’ was a superb one. All this time, I thought it had come out as a bonus reissue track or part of a cd comp. Wrong. So here it it for all X fans to worship, as I do.
Tags: Billy Zoom, Bob Krasnow, Captain Beefheart & The Magic Band, DJ Bonebrake, Exene Cervenka, Ike & Tina Turner, John Doe, X
Posted in Billy Zoom, Bob Krasnow, Bruce Springsteen, Captain Beefheart & The Magic Band, DJ Bonebrake, Elektra, Exene Cervenka, Howard Thompson, Ike & Tina Turner, Jim Morrison, John Doe, Mark Deming, Michael Alago, The Doors, Tony Gilkyson, X | No Comments »
Friday, March 2nd, 2012
Listen: Wild Side / Motley Crue
In the mid 80′s, Bob Krasnow got handed the keys to a candy shop known as Elektra Records, and proceeded to turn an almost closed label into the industry’s most credible leader, as it once was in the 60′s. He basically cleaned house employee and roster-wise. There was no warm and fuzzy sentimental attachment in his heart when it came to the then withered Los Angeles soft rock of Jackson Browne and The Eagles. The stuff had pretty much seen it’s day in his eyes, so Bob started slashing, moved the entire operation to New York and began hiring. Bringing Howard Thompson in as head of A&R gave me my lucky moment in life. It was not what, but instead who I knew that was the magic key. Suddenly I was working for a best friend and for Bob.
God, Bob hated corporate rock, and it was no secret Motley Crue made that roster cut due exclusively to serious sales power. It was at an A&R meet in New Orleans that Bob premiered the two new tracks he’d just gotten to his assembled team. ‘Wild Side’ was one. It sounded fantastic. I still fantasize about the “East LA at midnight” lyric, and the minor key gives it that dark edge not uncommon to The Doors.
This of course being in the midst of a four day stay at The Royal Orleans in the city’s French Quarter, Bob holding court and sparing no expense to insure we all had the time of our lives, old school record business style. He’d arranged for the best restaurants, took us bar hoping through the funkiest juke joints in nooks and crannies only he knew, treating us to a late night Irma Thomas set in an Old New Orleans saloon, Kras even introducing me to her majesty and grinning ear to ear the entire time, keeping everyone satisfied late into the night in literally whatever way we desired, it was just a time and executive leadership style never to be again. You wanted to deliver for this guy. Yes, Bob really knew how to take care of his people.
So back at the meeting, ‘Wild Side’ was playing, and I couldn’t help but smirk and chuckle a touch, as you do when something is so over the top, but not at all in a dismissive or condescending way. This caught Bob’s eye. And he couldn’t conceal the exact same reaction, nor did he try. We both knew it was all ridiculously ridiculous but we loved it. I’ve never stopped including this one as an all time favorite.
I do declare, you just don’t get record guys like Kras anymore. We all loved Bob then and we still do now and we always will.
Above: Jukebox Tab signed by Tommy Lee
Tags: Bob Krasnow, Elerktra, Howard Thompson, Irma Thomas, Jackson Browne, Jukebox Tab, Motley Crue, The Doors, The Eagles, Tommy Lee
Posted in Bob Krasnow, Elektra, Howard Thompson, Irma Thomas, Jackson Browne, Jukebox Tab, Motley Crue, The Doors, The Eagles, Tommy Lee | No Comments »
Lux Interior / The Cramps
Listen: How Come You Do Me / The Cramps
Above: Lux being Lux (The Academy, NYC, 11/25/94) (Photo: Dan Blackstone)
Above: The Cramps, Toad’s Place, New Haven, CN. 1998 (Photo: Duane Sherwood)
Below: A postcard from John Peel in response to receiving The Cramps FLAMEJOB package.
It took a bit of coaxing to get me to my first Cramps show. They played a club in my college town of Rochester, N.Y., and I wasn’t particularly into their first album, which they were touring at the time. The argument putting me over the edge was based on logic. There wasn’t really anything else to do that night, a typical problem. Coincidentally, we had mutual friends in Eric and Mel Mache from New York City. Eric recommended we go along, see them and say hello. So why not? Thank you Eric. It changed my life. I’ve never been the same.
Why did any band other than The Ramones even bother to get out of bed in the morning to compete? The truly informed didn’t. The Cramps created a sound and a theater that scared off all the competition. It would indeed be silly to imply any part was bigger than the sum, but these parts were bigger than anyone else’s and hence the sum was historical, seminal, other worldly, untouchable. Like Ivy, Lux was a one off. Many have and are professing him to be the greatest front man ever. I agree. His perfect combination of spontaneity, teetering on the edge but never losing control has gone unmatched.
Did you ever see Lux do or say the same thing twice? No.
Did you struggle to watch his every move yet still need to watch Ivy, Kid, Bryan, Candy or Slim? Yes.
Did you relive every show in your mind for days and even years after? Yes. And we all still will.
If you never saw The Cramps, you will forever live in B.C. I am deeply sorry for you.
I was lucky enough to begin a long personal journey with them after that first show. It floored us all, and we were only too happy to say hello and invite them back to our apartments (another friend lived on the same floor) for some food and record playing.
The first of endless and unique Cramps experiences happened that very night. There was a strange noise in our bedroom where Corinne was trying to sleep, having an early wake up call the next day. She came out to the living room where the band and a few friends were gathered, saying something was making a flapping noise, it was giving her the creeps and could we investigate.
Lux and I went in to check it out. It was a bat. How did a bat get into the bedroom? To this day, we have no idea. At the time, The Cramps image was very graveyard/skull & crossbones/old Hollywood’s dark side. The bat seemed strangely relevant as that aura was rumored to follow them around.
Lux segued into an involuntary mode, capturing it in a glass casserole dish. We all had a look, then he set it free out the kitchen window. This actually tells you everything about him. He was instinctive, logical, fearless, strategic, courteous, kind and gentle all at once, truly a person beyond the beyond. We had ordered two pizzas, they never came, it was a quiet city in the late 70′s. Nothing was open, so The Cramps retreated to their hotel hungry, but content and pleasant.
They came back through town again a year or so later, summer ’81, this time to promote PSYCHEDELIC JUNGLE. Kid Congo was now in the band, it was one of their classic lineups. Duane Sherwood, a friend like myself from their first time through, and I met up with them prior to the show. We were beyond ecstatic at the mere thought of seeing The Cramps that night, not to mention spending some time together. We went to the venue in the late afternoon. It was a gorgeous June day. The equipment was there but the band had wandered off looking for food, so we waited. Soon, edging their way over the hill leading down to the club were, initially, three spiked/halos of hair, two black and one orange, immediately materializing into the full bodies of Lux, Kid and Ivy. Nick followed, sans the big hair. Even when not trying to make an entrance, The Cramps always would.
They seemed pleased to see us, and did some catching up, even though we didn’t really know them that well. Welcomed into the dressing room as they got ready, Lux and Kid were using industrial strength spray from a case they’d brought along to put their hair in order for the show.
This time, the set was even more jaw dropping than the year before. Nothing was compromised, didn’t matter that they were in a small town, the power was unstoppable. Lux was now on stage and his uncontainable gift was unleashed. The ceiling tiles were dismantled, he sliced himself with glass, removed pretty much every stitch of clothing, this was just how it was, nothing fake, pure raw uncensored Lux.
The Cramps were still at their beginning stages then, not playing big venues, often not working with responsible and respectful professional promoters every night. This show was no exception. A local amateur had brought them in this time, offering transportation from New York, then on to Cleveland to begin the originally scheduled tour itinerary. This was a last minute fill in date. Despite selling out the club, and honoring exactly what they been contracted to do, he chose not to be upstanding and return his professional responsibility, therefore unreachable the next day.
The Cramps were stranded with no credit cards or vehicle to get them on to Cleveland. My phone rang around 11 AM. It was Ivy. She said “Kevin, we’re in trouble. Will you help us?” After a quick update from her, I put the phone down, rang Duane and we high tailed it over to their hotel, each in our separate cars to pick them up and figure out the next move. We all came back to my house. I had an American Express card and literally $110 in the bank. I offered them the use of my credit card to rent a vehicle, the look of relief on Ivy’s face will never ever be forgotten. She promised they would pay for the car in cash once they got to Cleveland and hooked up with their crew. I trusted them. And they didn’t go back on their word, I never for a second thought they would. Our friendship was sealed. Little did that promoter know, he did the band and I the biggest favor ever via his unprofessionalism. He did not have the last laugh.
The whole day was not terrible though. Duane took Lux, Ivy and Nick junk shopping. Kid and I stayed back taping the new Siouxsie & The Banshees album. Kid was thrilled that I owned it, as it had just been released. When they returned, Lux spent some time going through my records, trading obscure anecdotes about many of the singles, seeing the sparkle in each other’s eyes as we drooled over the vinyl. His knowledge was frighteningly deep. He was not a fake. The band treated us to a late lunch before heading out of town. We saw them off, and still relive it to this day.
I would travel to New York and Toronto religiously to catch shows over the next few years. Never did this most important band, the true kings and queens of rock and roll, make me or any of their fans feel uncomfortable, or like second class citizens. By ’84 I had relocated to New York, working A&R at Elektra, then Island. I always wanted to sign them, but could never get the green light.
Then in ’92 I started my own imprint, The Medicine Label, through Warner Brothers. Timing is everything and things happen for a reason, it’s true. This was no exception. Had I been able to do a deal with them prior to Medicine, I would have always been struggling to get them the deserved attention within the label. Now I was in charge of the budgets, and could call some shots. The timing was right. Lux and Ivy agreed and we got into business together. It was one of the greatest periods of my professional and personal life. I knew they were all things good and honorable, but to experience their integrity, self respect, flawless instincts, dedication to their art, confidence in their self image, protection of their musical accomplishments, all done with great dignity, taught me much about business and life. Lux and Ivy included myself and Duane, who came to New York to work with me at Medicine, on the making of the eventual FLAMEJOB album. They had never shared this process with anyone before. I am forever honored.
Lux would spill brilliance at every turn, the littlest things had his mark all over them. He once sent along some works in progress on cassette, labeling it ‘The Cramps On Drugs’, crossing out ‘Drugs’ and writing in ‘Medicine’ above it. One of hundreds and hundreds of brilliant ideas constantly flowing from him. Lyrically, his mind was of a higher form of life.
From DRUG TRAIN: “You put one foot up, you put another foot up, you put another foot up, and you’re on board the drug train.”
From INSIDE OUT AND UPSIDE DOWN WITH YOU: “From your bottom to your top, you’re sure some lollipop.”
When the album was finally finished, Lux and Ivy had me over to their house in Los Angeles to hear it. The three of us sat in their meticulously clean and fantastically furnished home, and listened to FLAMEJOB together. They glowed with pride and they deserved to, having made their best album yet, full of all the fire it’s title accurately describes.
The Cramps were never afforded national TV or any radio play of substance. We released ‘Ultra Twist’ as a first single, and when it entered the alternative charts, the band would actually hear themselves on the radio in some cities. Either Lux or Ivy would be sure we knew. And when our publicist Lisa Barbaris, got them on Conan O’Brien, Lux was over the moon. His band was finally going to be on television, a medium he’d been so influenced by as a teenager. Warmed our hearts to deliver this for them, and they always were thankful. He asked if he should tone it down for the broadcast, “God no, go over the top”. Which he did. But to ask first, again proved his respect for others and his responsibility to those he worked with.
It’s impossible to forget the many, many pulverizing moments of Lux on stage, and also realistically impossible to chronicle them all, but here are three:
1 – Playing The Ritz in New York during the LOOK MOM NO HEAD tour, Lux was hit dead center by a hurled high top sneaker. Seamlessly strutting over to it in very high black heels and what was left of a tattered and stage weary matching pair of synthetic pants, he picked it up, filled it with red wine, drank every drop and returned it deep into the shocked audience without flinching or missing a beat.
2 – At Trenton’s City Gardens, where the stage was accessed via a walk from the dressing room through the crowd, usually along the right wall, Lux began the show in a two piece jungle red, thin rubber ensemble, with matching spikes and a string of pearls. As the mayhem progresses, he eventually breaks a bottle of wine, using the glass to slice up his outfit. First of all, the tight rubber pants, although red, had a skin-like implication, so that as he sliced, the unsettling illusion of tearing his own flesh aghast the crowd. As the pants retreated from the damage, Lux was suddenly wearing a few fringes of rubber, much like popped balloons, shamelessly revealing all. Once the sonic annihilation of encore, ‘Surfin’ Bird’, was complete, the band needed to get back to the dressing room. A bit tricky when you’ve now decimated your clothing. Not a problem for The Cramps though. A spotlight suddenly flashes onto that side wall. Lux leads the band through the now parting sea of a crowd, wearing what’s left: the heels and the pearls, and flawlessly returns to the dressing room, Ivy, Slim and Harry, equally beautiful, following behind.
3 – A real feat was accomplished by Lux over a two night engagement in ’97 at London’s Astoria. The second night being the greatest theater I have ever seen by a band in my entire life. And the first night started the process. Lux then slyly began a slow but steady loosening of the stage floor boards near the drum kit via his legendary mic stand iron works. That second night, he continued the process. Even the sight of a shirtless and joyous John Peel being body surfed atop the mosh pit could not top Lux. By the time of the final encore, ‘Surfin Bird’, Lux had chewed up one of Ivy’s boots, teething it puppy style. He picked Ivy’s strings with his teeth, as she lay on her back, arching herself in a yoga stance with Lux between her legs separated only by the guitar, simulating the most erotic oral sex imaginable, all set to a soundtrack of screeching feedback. He had now abandoned all but his g string and heels along the way. Once that sonic crescendo of white noise feedback had been reached, whereby Ivy, Slim and Harry have left the stage, Lux scales the top of the right PA, partial mic stand and 2 bottles of half drank wine in tow. He proceeds to guzzle one, then the other, pitching both onto the stage’s center, where he began the evening. Of course they smash into shards. He then dives from the PA onto the broken glass, microphone in mouth, howling as you would know him to have coined, lands front torso onto the glass, slithers himself snake-like towards the loosened floor, and with mic stand now doubling as a crow bar, proceeds to undo enough of the remaining bits to make his exit into the darkness of his self made floor cave. No one was ready for this. The roar of those 3000 people still makes me tingle. It has to be the ultimate rock and roll moment of civilization, past, present and future. Backstage after the show, Lux is sitting quietly picking bits of glass from himself, and asks humbly, “How was it tonight?”
Lux knew he was an untouchable performer, but he never used his knowledge of this talent arrogantly. He was just the most amazing spirit and always will be.
Tags: Bryan Gregory, Candy Del Mar, City Gardens, Conan O'Brien, Dan Blackstone, Duane Sherwood, Elektra, Eric Mache, Howard Thompson, Island, Ivy Rorschach, John Peel, Kid Congo Powers, Lisa Barbaris, London Astoria Theater, Lux Interior, Medicine Label, Mel Mache, Siouxsie & The Banshees, Slim Chance, The Cramps, The Ramones, The Ritz
Posted in Bryan Gregory, Candy Del Mar, City Gardens, Conan O'Brien, Dan Blackstone, Duane Sherwood, Elektra, Eric Mache, Howard Thompson, Island, Ivy Rorschach, John Peel, Kid Congo Powers, Lisa Barbaris, London Astoria Theater, Lux Interior, Medicine Label, Mel Mache, Siouxsie & The Banshees, Slim Chance, The Cramps, The Ramones, The Ritz | No Comments »
Listen: Losing / Marianne Faithfull
Only in France and Germany did they have the sense to release ‘Losing’ as a single, and on 7″. Well oddly enough, in Spain and Austria too.
If the world were a fair place, and work wasn’t so dirty, ‘Losing’ would have broken all previous watermarks for weeks at #1.
Duane and Howard introduced me to the orchestration and arrangements of producer Angelo Badalamenti via TWIN PEAKS, a television program I hadn’t followed. Immediately taken, I suggested to Marianne they should meet, with the possibility of writing together. She was instinctively in. Angelo had the same response.
Off they went for a few weeks, and in no time, returned with one of her milestone works, A SECRET LIFE.
I’ll never forget that phone call, saying she and Angelo were ready to play me the album. Next day, the three of us sat together in his studio, listening in it’s entirety. The two of them, confidant but humble. Me, near speechless.
If you think this is one powerful track, you’d best fucking duck when she performs it live. The entire room sat frozen, silent and in religious awe a few weeks back here in New York during it.
I was ready, but had an identical reaction. I will never forget it.
Tags: Angelo Badalamenti, Duane Sherwood, Howard Thompson, Island, Marianne Faithfull
Posted in Angelo Badalamenti, Duane Sherwood, Howard Thompson, Island, Marianne Faithfull | Comments Off
Justin Hines & The Dominoes
Listen: Carry Go, Bring Come / Justin Hines & The Dominoes
Back in ’76, when Howard Thompson was still a junior A&R scout at Island UK, we struck up a quick friendship. Well it happened quick but it’s still going today and as strong a friendship as one can have. The first package he sent over, and a big one at that, included the compilation THIS IS REGGAE MUSIC (Volume 3). His accompanying note implored me to listen, citing the ‘almost psychedelic’ nature of the songs and their production. More accurate words have never been written. That sampler changed my life.
I couldn’t get down the phone fast enough to him. The call was quickly followed by a box, a fucking box, jammed with full length LP’s from just about every act on that comp: Aswad, Jah Lion, Burning Spear, Junior Murvin, Max Romeo & The Upsetters and Justin Hines & The Dominoes’ JEZEBEL – plus a slew of 7 and 12″ singles from all the above and more (Lee Perry, Fay Bennett, The Skatalites, Leroy Smart, Rico, Lord Creator, Millie, Dillinger, Augustus Pablo) each with that vital dub B side. A treasure trove if ever, ever, ever there was one. I’ll never forget ripping that one open. Can you imagine how it blew my mind and my friend’s minds too? Well it did.
There were a couple of singles in there from Justin Hines & The Dominoes. A then current reggae remake of his very own decade old Jamaican ska hit (then listed as Justin Hinds & The Dominoes) ‘Carry Go, Bring Come’. This newer version being my preferred choice.
Listen: Jezebel / Justin Hines & The Dominoes
It’s flip, ‘Jezebel,’ a confusingly titled non-LP track from the JEZEBEL album, stay with me here, is actually a very nice dub of the A side ‘Carry Go, Bring Come’. Give it a listen and see for yourself.
To my knowledge, it’s never appeared on a reissue of any sort.
Listen: Fire / Justin Hines & The Dominoes
‘Fire’ still reminds me vividly of that summer ’76 when Corinne worked the night shift and I had the place to myself, with not a responsibility in the world between semesters but doing a bunch of play whatever you want radio shows. So I’d spend all night spinning records and drinking tea, then sleeping the morning away once she got back home. Ah the joys of being young.
‘Fire’ in particular was the well worn 7″, a perfect song to overlay onto the backdrop of an alarmingly silent city, all asleep, not even a mouse was creeping on the deserted streets – quite eerie. Jack Ruby, the record’s producer, was indeed known for just such a haunting production quality. I still prefer to think of him as Reggae’s Joe Meek. We’d listen to it at least a few times, religiously, every morning before passing out.
Listen: Natty Take Over / Justin Hines & The Dominoes
There’s not a bad track on that JEZEBEL album, yet there is a favorite: ‘Natty Take Over’. A most obvious A side to me, yet relegated as a B, I was just happy it was on a 7″ at all.
It fit in perfectly with the Island promo shirts announcing these reggae releases. The shirts came in many colors. I preferred the purple one with sky blue lettering that said quite simply, REGGAE on the front, with that palm tree Island logo on it’s sleeve. What better thing to wear almost daily during a nice hot summer. I still have that shirt.
Tags: Aswad, Augustus Pablo, Burning Spear, Dillinger, Dub, Fay Bennett, Howard Thompson, Island, Jack Ruby, Jah Lion, Joe Meek, Junior Murvin, Justin Hines & The Dominoes, Lee Perry, Leroy Smart, Lord Creator, Max Romeo & The Upsetters, Millie, Reggae, Rico, The Skatalites, This Is Reggae Music
Posted in Aswad, Augustus Pablo, Burning Spear, Dillinger, Dub, Fay Bennett, Howard Thompson, Island, Jack Ruby, Jah Lion, Joe Meek, Junior Murvin, Justin Hines & The Dominoes, Lee Perry, Leroy Smart, Lord Creator, Max Romeo & The Upsetters, Millie, Reggae, Rico, The Skatalites, This Is Reggae Music | No Comments »
Monday, November 21st, 2011
Listen: Travelin’ Light / J. J. Cale
JJCaleTravelin.mp3
March ’77, Corinne and I made our first trip to England together for a fortnight of fun. We ended up staying at the then seedy Royal Scott Hotel, way before the area became chic. But seriously, it was heaven to us, a real taste of old London, now long gone.
Most importantly, the visit marked our first meeting with Howard. Who knew then that we’d become life long friends. HT showed us around for two weeks solid, and must’ve been glad to see the back of us.
This was a time almost like no other, with the energy of punk united against the stale old guard, and HT had every night sorted: The Damned, The Jam, Eddie & The Hot Rods, Ultravox, Eater, Johnny Moped, The Sex Pistols, The Heartbreakers, Sham 69, Siouxsie & The Banshees, Rockpile, The Downliners Sect, Generation X, The Clash, The Vibrators. Pretty sick, right?
We would start every morning in one of the many rickety cafes along Argyle Square or Crestfield Street, covering traditional English breakfast fry ups of eggs, chips and mushy peas with plenty of HP Sauce, gagging back several sugary teas, then scouring either the record shops or dumpy street markets, Corinne looking for deco jewelry and vintage clothes, me for used 45′s. By early evening, flying on Cadbury Flakes or Fry’s Chocolate Creams, we’d meet Howard, always in a swinging pub with a happening jukebox.
He introduced me to Andrew Lauder on one of those nights, and we all found quite a lot to talk about simply by scouring through the records in The Hope & Anchor’s jukebox. ‘Travelin’ Light’ was visually playing at the time, meaning the machine was a vintage model, one whereby you can watch the vinyl spinning round. Easily, it made for a lasting memory.
Released by Denny Cordell’s Shelter Records, quite possibly ‘Travelin’ Light’ was a single simply to allow the B side, ‘Cocaine’, availability to jukeboxes and club dj’s. For obvious reasons, that track doubled as bragging rights amongst us all, and along with Dillinger’s ‘Cokane In My Brain’, became our cheap theme.
Still it’s this A side, ‘Travelin’ Light’, that I can play endlessly and never tire of, all the while doubling as a journey back in time, to that jukebox and those incredible two weeks.
Tags: Andrew Lauder, Denny Cordell, Dillinger, Eater, Eddie And The Hot Rods, Generation X, Hope & Anchor, Howard Thompson, J. J. Cale, Johnny Moped, Jukebox, Rockpile, Sham 69, Shelter, Siouxsie & The Banshees, The Clash, The Damned, The Downliners Sect, The Heartbreakers, The Jam, The Sex Pistols, The Vibrators, Ultravox
Posted in Andrew Lauder, Denny Cordell, Dillinger, Eater, Eddie & The Hot Rods, Generation X, Hope & Anchor, Howard Thompson, J. J. Cale, Johnny Moped, Jukebox, Rockpile, Sham 69, Shelter, Siouxsie & The Banshees, The Clash, The Damned, The Downliners Sect, The Heartbreakers, The Jam, The Sex Pistols, The Vibrators, Ultravox | No Comments »
Listen: Zarah / Nina Hagen
She never sat in my office at Columbia. Nina Hagen was before my time, but during Howard’s. I don’t recall his memories being flattering. Not unlike her records, she was apparently rather primal.
Her vocal styled in that walking dead voice always took the prize for best dynamic moment on any track, although I’d have to say Mike Thorne was best at dragging that out of her on NUNSEXMONKROCK from ’82, one album and one year prior to ‘Zarah’. In fact, my all time favorite Nina Hagen track from said album, ‘Born In Xixax’, never graced a 7″. Luckily, ‘Zarah’ came in a close second.
Good call on someone’s part paring her with Giorgio Moroder, and, the 80′s version of today’s Mark Ronson fifteen minutes of fame producer, Keith Forsey. The track is superb, soldiering along proudly in the shadow of Sparks ‘Beat The Clock’, another Giorgio Moroder production from three years earlier.
Man, remember when records began to sound really expensive? Looking back, ‘Zarah’ was totally in that fast lane.
Tags: CBS, Giorgio Moroder, Howard Thompson, Keith Forsey, Mark Ronson, Mike Thorne, Nina Hagen, Sparks
Posted in CBS, Giorgio Moroder, Howard Thompson, Keith Forsey, Mark Ronson, Mike Thorne, Nina Hagen, Sparks | Comments Off
A Handful Of Cheek
Listen: I’ll Slap Your Face / A Handful Of Cheek
HandfulCheekSlapFace.mp3
King Of The Hooks, as Jonathan King was known, kept a non-stop flow of pop novelty singles coming from his UK Records imprint during the early 70′s. Initially distributed by Decca and later Polydor, some deservedly became the occasional hit.
Clearly, all these one-off releases were from his own musical pen, when not picking up the occasional left field Reggae (Carl Malcolm), Northern (The Devonnes) or American Soul (Hoagy Lands) master that is.
JK always came up with hysterical synonyms for himself and his hired musicians. In this case, A Handful Of Cheek.
When visiting London in March ’77 with Corinne, we made the rounds of all the labels, blagging records. Howard set us up with Andrew Lauder at United Artists, and folks at Chrysalis, Charisma, etc. No one was about to bother with UK, deemed quite unhip despite 10CC and The Kursaal Flyers. Maybe others looked down their nose at UK, but certainly not me.
Maintaing a small office just near the entrance to Warren Street tube, the very nice receptionist gladly opened the cupboards and pulled out a good fifty singles for me to take back home for my US college station. Bless her. A Handful Of Cheek was among them.
Starting with a glam drum sound, ‘I’ll Slap Your Face’ soon turns into one of my favorite Jonathan King novelties. Dropping in the orchestral backing at the key change is an unexpected and undeniable example of why King Of The Hooks, even if self appointed, is undeniably justified.
Tags: 10CC, A Handful Of Cheek, Andrew Lauder, Carl Malcolm, Charisma, Chrysalis, Decca, Hoagy Lands, Jonathan King, Polydor, The Devonnes, The Kursaal Flyers, UK Records, United Artists
Posted in 10CC, A Handful Of Cheek, Andrew Lauder, Carl Malcolm, Charisma, Chrysalis, Decca, Hoagy Lands, Howard Thompson, Jonathan King, Polydor, The Devonnes, The Kursaal Flyers, UK Records, United Artists | Comments Off
Kilburn & The High Roads
Listen: Crippled With Nerves / Kilburn & The High Roads
Crippled
Having read about this single and the band in the Melody Maker, I somehow special ordered a copy of Kilburn & The High Roads ‘Crippled With Nerves’. I was curious and just knew I needed it, if for no other reason than having spent my first few weeks of ever visiting London in Kilburn with my Aunt Tess and Uncle Mick. Sure am glad I followed through though. In fact, I’m not even really certain who/what/where my source for UK singles was in this particular period, given it being just post my time with Discount Records, where we could order imports through JEM and during my very early RIT days, prior to meeting Howard Thompson, who sent me everything. Probably Greg Prevost at House Of Guitars got it for me.
Anyways, I was really hoping to see more of the band represented, albeit briefly, in the Ian Dury film. Despite that, it’s a wonderful movie, and a not to be missed look into this fascinating genius.
Having only seen him in the States, when he made it over to tour Ian Dury & The Blockheads, I can stand up amongst all others who got to witness their super human live show. One of the best ever.
‘Crippled With Nerves’, an unlikely A side for sure, certainly takes on multiple meanings once you know Ian Dury’s weaving and jarring history, which musically began with Kilburn & The High Roads. This will provide an excellent read for the curious or uninformed.
Tags: Dawn Records, Greg Prevost, House Of Guitars, Howard Thompson, Ian Dury, Ian Dury & The Blockheads, JEM, Kilburn & The High Roads, Melody Maker
Posted in Dawn Records, House Of Guitars, Howard Thompson, Ian Dury, Ian Dury & The Blockheads, JEM, Kilburn & The High Roads, Melody Maker | Comments Off
Listen: Sheila / The Georgia Satellites
Warning: ignore the questionable 80′s drum sound and over all narrow time period production. Jeff Glixman had a vision as producer, fair enough. But despite Howard Thompson and myself angling to tone the drum sound down, improve it a bit or simply get rid of it’s processed tunnel effect, we did not succeed. It may be why such a potentially seminal band, untouchable as a live act in their day, didn’t stand the test of time as powerfully as they deserved to on record. That’s one opinion.
I tell you what. Dan Baird could write a song or two, or fifty. ‘Sheila’ being proof.
Just pay attention to the lyrics on ‘Sheila’ one time through. They’re the epitome of white trash America, going to the drug store to buy a diamond ring. Come on, it doesn’t get more visual or literal than that. This guy should have been grandfathered into Walgreen stock options, or dare I say, a Wal-Mart profit share.
Not to take away for the greatness of Dan Baird in any way. Good hearted soul, flawless musician, and that rare DNA gift of never ever aging. It’s a little unbelievable.
None of the above can overshadow the other guys by the way. Classic combination of great players, the sum being greater than the very great parts, like The Ramones.
Rick Richard may be one of the best guitarists in the solar system. In fact, he is.
Tags: Dan Baird, Elektra, Jeff Glixman, Rick Richards, The Georgia Satellites, The Ramones
Posted in Dan Baird, Elektra, Howard Thompson, Jeff Glixman, Rick Richards, The Georgia Satellites, The Ramones | Comments Off
Malcolm McLaren & The World’s Famous Supreme Team
Listen: Buffalo Gals (Single Edit) / Malcolm McLaren & The World’s Famous Supreme Team
Buffalo Gals (Single Edit) / Malcolm McLaren & The World's Famous Supreme Team
Howard Thompson sent me this one the week of release in Britain, or more likely, even before street date. Getting those packages from him provided yours truly the honor of being the first disc jockey in America to play so many great records, ‘Buffalo Gals’ being one.
Back then, I co-hosted a midnight – 2am Specialty show, as they’re referred to nowadays, on the town’s local AOR outlet, WCMF. Those stations were basically the enemy, force feeding the public on mainstream corporate rock only, although in the case of this particular one, with the occasional great record or two thrown into evening rotation.
Their overnight jock, Roger McCall, would always have considerable leeway given his shift, and spun more than a safe number of playlist no-no’s in those early hours. We ended up co-hosting that show together, specializing in all the groovy stuff of the moment, on Tuesday nights.
Every once in a while, there’d be some mind blowing record, often from England and courtesy of Howard, that I’d take in to debut.
Like Howard, Roger and I had musical tastes that were profoundly in synch and we’d play those singles over and over really loudly in the studio while simultaneously doing the show, and of course giving them some needle time as well.
Yes, this was one of those records. Seriously, our jaws dropped on first listen. How could anything possibly be so good?
Years later while working at Island, Chris rang and asked me to take a meeting with Malcolm McLaren, he having originally signed him to the US label and issuing ‘Buffalo Gals’. Malcolm’s reputation certainly preceded him, so I was excited.
Honestly don’t recall what he was shopping at the time, maybe his French voguing record that ended up on Epic. But he was a riot to sit with for half an hour. An absolute storyteller/salesman.
Once we concluded the meeting, I pulled out my jukebox tab with the usual autograph request as part of the ask. Malcolm happily obliged, paying me quite the compliment: “Well, this truly is a new idea”.
Above: Jukebox Tab signed by Malcolm McLaren
Tags: Chris Blackwell, Howard Thompson, Island, Jukebox Tab, Malcolm McLaren & The World's Famous Supreme Team, Roger McCall, WCMF
Posted in Chris Blackwell, Howard Thompson, Island, Jukebox Tab, Malcolm McLaren & The World's Famous Supreme Team, Roger McCall, WCMF | Comments Off
Sunday, April 3rd, 2011
Listen: Overkill / Motorhead
Overkill / Motorhead
Seminal single. Seminal song actually. Not that I need to tell anyone this. But funny enough, many of the most common records I post get the greatest number of plays. Go figure.
As with lots of singles considered hard core metal, like rap, electronic and dance, a 7″ is fairly uncommon. I don’t see many ‘Overkill’ copies on 45 about, and therefore love this one even that much more.
Listen: Too Late, Too Late / Motorhead
Too Late, Too Late / Motorhead
The A side is certainly well known, but I’m pretty sure ‘Too Late, Too Late’ never made it to an album. Guessing it’s been scraped off the barrel bottom to resell the fans on a ‘Best of’ cd with pretty much material they already own, but as a traditional vinyl B side….here you go.
Above: Jukebox Tab signed by Lemmy
Now the real point of this Motorhead post is to give you a look at the jukebox tab Lemmy filled out a few weeks back.
Here’s the thing, Lemmy will do anything for Howard Thompson. HT pretty much has carte blanche with him. In short, when no one was interested in signing Motorhead, and I do mean no one, Howard saw the obvious while running A&R at Bronze, gave them a singles deal and the rest is indeed, history.
So tagging along with him to a Motorhead show is a no brainer. Into Lemmy’s inner dressing room we go, complete with all the trimmings. Meaning lots of Jack and coke, and potato chips. And Lemmy of course, gracious as can be.
Hanging out with the man from Motorhead is a major thrill, period. For me, the added value of sitting talking with one of The Rockin’ Vickers is basically priceless.
Tags: Bronze, Howard Thompson, Jukebox Tab, Motorhead, The Rockin' Vickers
Posted in Bronze, Howard Thompson, Jukebox Tab, Motorhead, The Rockin' Vickers | Comments Off
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Kirstie Albone
Kirstie Albone - Process Engineer, 2018 CIMIC Group graduate cohort
Kirstie is a chemical engineering graduate who moved from Western Australia to Victoria to join the 2018 cohort of the CIMIC Group graduate program.
What made you choose the CIMIC Group graduate program?
“I really wanted to be a process engineer – I knew UGL was quite a large company and knew they would offer loads of opportunities.”
Completing her first rotation in UGL’s Southbank office in design engineering, Kirstie then joined the team on an oil refinery site where the days vary greatly with time spent between both the office and the site. “There are a lot of people around to help guide your journey. A colleague working in the office had worked there previously and he suggested it would be a good opportunity if I wanted to get some site experience."
“On site my direct manager at UGL and the shutdown manager and all the other coordinators for the turnaround they all mentor me and help me through. It’s a very supportive environment.”
What advice would you give to people looking to join the program?
“Look at what UGL has going on – there are so many opportunities. I had it in my head that I wanted to be a process engineer, and only a process engineer. But, as I’ve been doing different work I’ve moved naturally and not limited myself to one certain role. I think that’s important and I’ve taken every opportunity that comes my way as each one of them has given me a new experience to learn from.”
At UGL we value our people and provide a range of benefits to help you look after yourself and your family as you build a rewarding career with us. We continually develop our benefits program to ensure it stays relevant to our people.
Unite with the very best
At any stage in your career, UGL provides scope to work with, and learn from, the best. We create pathways for you to succeed, and we create the space for you to carve your own journey. Come work with the very best.
Search for a career today
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Frank Lampard could be set for A-League move
December 01, 2016 by Staff Writer
Frank Lampard has been linked with a move to the A-League where he could be set to join Melbourne City, the club owned by City Football Group.
Lampard has previously played for Manchester City and more recently New York City, two clubs who share the same owners at Melbourne City so a transfer to the Australian side would not be a difficult transition to make.
At the age of 38, Lampard has yet to commit on his future, however, the former England international is unlikely to be able to sign for a major club in Europe given he is at the back end of his career.
Lampard played in the MLS for two seasons. He joined the New York club in 2015 where he made 10 appearances, scoring three goals. This year he has an even better campaign with 12 goals in his 20 starts in the campaign. New York City were eliminated in the Conference semi-finals by Toronto FC as they went down to the Canadian side 7-0 over two legs.
It was with Chelsea that Lampard really established himself as one of the greatest midfielders in Premier League history. He made 648 appearances for the club. He was voted Chelsea Player of the Year in 2004, 2005 and 2009, while he ended his spell with the Blues as their all-time leading goalscorer, beating the previous record set by Bobby Tambling.
Melbourne City have made a strong start to their A-League campaign. They currently lie second in the standings after eight games, four points behind leaders Sydney FC. City can be backed at odds of 4/1 to win the A-League, they just have Sydney ahead of them in the outright market at 3/1. The signing of one of the biggest names in world football would come as a huge boost for the club.
The opposition for Lampard’s signature could come from the MLS as other clubs in the league are also thought to be interested in signing the Englishman on a short-term deal. LA Galaxy, who recently released Lampard’s former England central midfield partner Steven Gerrard, are one of those clubs in the running, while DC United are another franchise who have been linked with the player.
Another option for Lampard could be for him to join Gerrard and retire from playing the sport. He could then look at coaching opportunities which may include his former club Chelsea, working under manager Antonio Conte who has made an excellent start to his career at Stamford Bridge where his side sit top of the Premier League table.
Lampard may also fancy the chance to become a manager himself. Gerrard turned down the opportunity to manage MK Dons in League One and there is likely to be a number of offers on the table for the former Chelsea star down the lower leagues too.
Given Lampard has been in no rush to announce his future, it does looks like the Englishman is considering all his options, including the chance to end his career in Australia and add another league to his CV before he decides to hang up his boots.
Photo credit: Ben Sutherland, NazionaleCalcio
This post was written by a Staff Writer for Ultimate A-League
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Springfields Event Centre
Spalding Events Hire
Marquee Suite
Patio Room
Motor Bike Show
The Marriage Ceremony
Whether you are looking for a wedding venue for 20, 200 or 600 guests, Springfields Events & Conference Centre has the versatility to accommodate all your family and friends so they can share your special day with you. We have two rooms licensed for Civil Marriage or Partnership Ceremonies.
Weddings Brochure
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Now one of the most popular wedding venues in the region, the Marquee Suite, with its delightful pale cream lining, can be used for your Ceremony, Wedding Breakfast and Evening Celebration. This room provides you and your guests with maximum flexibility, with its own bar, dance floor, stage and access to the private Patio Garden – a perfect spot for reception drinks to be served. Accommodating between 50 and 200 people, the Marquee Suite is licensed for Civil Marriage and Partnership Ceremonies.
Our Patio Room can accommodate smaller Ceremonies and can also be used for Wedding Breakfasts and Evening Celebrations for up to 80 guests. The Patio Room also has its own private bar, and a small dance floor can be provided if required.
Our Main Hall can accommodate up to 600 guests for a Wedding Breakfast and Evening Celebration. The Main Hall has its own bar and dance area, and we can include a stage for a band or other entertainment.
Click on here for an example of a typical layout in our Marquee Suite for around 120 guests
Come and Find Us
© 2018 Springfields Event Centre. All Rights Reserved - Powered By Drive By Websites Ltd
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Auto Parts Maker Visteon Files Bankruptcy Protection
at 12:16 AM . Thursday, May 28, 2009
Labels: Auto Mobile, Auto Parts, Bankruptcy, Chapter 11, Ford, Visteon Corp.
By stockOzone team
U.S. auto parts maker Visteon Corp (VSTN.PK) said on Thursday it had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for its U.S. operations.
In a filing with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware, Visteon listed total assets of $4.58 billion and total debts of $5.32 billion. The Michigan-based company's unsecured creditors include a unit of Bank of New York Mellon Corp (BK.N) holding bond debts, the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp and IBM (IBM.N), which is a trade creditor. Visteon said it filed certain customary "first day motions" with the court to ensure a smooth transition into Chapter 11.
"During the reorganization period, we will seek to address our capital structure and legacy costs that are not sustainable given the current economic environment," Visteon Chief Executive Donald Stebbins said in a statement.
No Visteon subsidiaries or joint ventures outside the United States are part of the filing, the company said, adding that it would continue its operations throughout the reorganization process.
FORD COMMITS TO DIP FINANCING
Visteon, which Ford Motor Co (F.N) spun off in 2000, said the car maker had made a commitment to support debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing for the restructuring efforts and to ensure long-term continuity of supply.
Ford is still Visteon's biggest customer and accounted for about 31 percent of its $1.35 billion of sales last quarter.
Earlier this month, Ford assumed a $163 million secured revolving credit facility from Visteon's lenders.
The health of the U.S. auto parts supply base has been a priority for Ford with Chrysler in bankruptcy and General Motors Corp (GM.N) close to a government-imposed deadline to restructure or follow Chrysler down that road.
Visteon shares closed at 31 cents on Wednesday.
The case is In re: Visteon Corp., U.S. Bankruptcy Court, District of Delaware, No. 09-11786.
Disclosure: Author does not own any of the stocks discussed here.
stockOzone © 2010, All rights reserved.
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what pun about model style hasn't already been taken?
I am mostly still recovering from all that hoopla about MODEL STYLE of the last couple years (skinny jeans! scarf! do you have a leather jacket? YOU NEED A LEATHER JACKET) but I think I needed to eventually compile photos of and pay respect to the way the following ladies are so -- what's the word? -- KICK ASS about putting stuff together. I know collages make it easy to not look at each photo individually but your life might be better if you look at the details so I recommend that. With models especially there's no way to comment on their personal style without feeling like you're writing for a really cheesy magazine, so excuse the brief descriptions. This is mostly about the photos. And so, in no particular order:
Sasha Pivovarova's proportions are always just right. She is also the best gray-wearer ever, and the way she rewears stuff and every time in such a different context is awesome. She is also a fairy. Have you ever watched any interviews of her? Because do that, and then tell me she is not a fairy. You will feel very silly upon doing so, because you will just know you're wrong, and then to show you how wrong you are, she will use her fairy powers to smite you. And then you'll be like, damn! And she'll be like, haha, sorry! Let me go style a perfectly layered Daisy Buchanan look now!
Abbey Lee Kershaw is a master of layering. There is always just enough of everything. Sort of hippie vibes, but if she was a Tenenbaum and Woodstock took place in the Fall. Her style smells like incense. That makes sense in my head.
Hanne Gaby Odiele does a slightly off-kilter, mishmash kind of thing perfectly. Her way of making designer stuff like that Miu Miu collar look way too cool to be something so popular amazes me and is very much a point of aspiration. Like, she makes the Celine bag look like it's from a thrift store. That sounds like an insult, but I mean that she makes it look like a special find, not something from a luxury brand that's been praised by the most commercial of fashion magazines.
UGH UGH UGH. Iekeliene Stange's print-mixing is so good. She balances out all the crazy colors and makes them all work together with juuuuust the right brooch or buttons or hat or purse. Pack rat inspiration.
PHOTOS: S a s h a P, A bb e y L e e, H a n n e G O, Ie ke li e n e
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Home > South America > Ecuador > Quito > Northern Quito > Northern Quito Activities
Northern Quito Activities
Northern Quito Hotels
Northern Quito Restaurants
Northern Quito Tours
Northern Quito Schools
Northern Quito Services
Top Ecuador
Northern Quito Things to See and Do
The Northern part of the city provides the grounds for some posh, Western-priced shopping as well as a number of more extravagant touristy sites. With 3 major shopping malls, Northern Quito delivers a wide array of designer brands and commercial goods to the public:
Quicentro: Av. Naciones Unidas entre 6 de Diciembre and Shyris
El Jardín: Av. Amazonas N36-152 and Naciones Unidas
C.C.I: Avenida República No. 6-114 and Amazonas
In addition to this, there's still a lot to explore in terms of scenery, culture and history in the Northern area despite it's modernity. So don't think that Northern Quito is completely dominated by consumer culture! It isn't! And you'll find beautiful parks and sites to visit here as well.
By Christopher Klassen
Top Things to Do in Northern Quito
Movie & Theater
The best place to see one of the traditional, and controversial, bullfights in Quito is the Plaza de Toros Monumental, in the northern...
Types: Entertainment
Location: Northern Quito, Quito, Ecuador
Casa De La Música
Quito's premier destination for classical music and opera, the Casa de la Música is a lovely venue for soaking up some high culture. Built in...
Types: Museum
CineMark - Movie Theater
CineMark is Quito’s nicest and most modern movie theater. Some movies are in English, while others have English subtitles. Check the...
Types: Movie & Theater, Shopping
Multicines CCI - Movie Theater
Multicines CCI is an older movie theater in CCI, the shopping mall off of Amazonas and Naciones Unidas. CineMark, just up the street, is much nicer,...
TelefériQo
Quito’s best-known tourist attraction offers some of the most spectacular and most easily accessible views of the city. There are 18 gondolas...
Types: Hiking, City Park
Quito Tour Bus
The Quito Tour Bus is a convenient and comfortable way to see all of the city's main attractions. Each day, the modern two-story tour buses leave...
Types: Other Activity
Museo Guayasamín and La Capilla del Hombre
As of November 29, 2012, marking the 10-year anniversary of the opening of the Capilla del Hombre, the Museo Guayasamín has been moved and...
The Vivarium, which opened in 1989, is considered one of the premiere reptile houses in Latin America. There are 87 reptiles and amphibians, but...
Parque La Carolina
Almost two kilometers (1.2 miles) in length, Parque Carolina is situated between residential and commercial districts in the northern part of...
Types: City Park
This is Quito’s biggest park and one of the largest city parks in Latin America. Set up on a hill overlooking Quito on one side and the valleys...
With the opening of the new airport came the closing of the old one, but what was once an airstrip has now been converted into a rather eccentric...
Casa Humboldt
La Asociación Humboldt/Centro Goethe is an Ecuadorian-German nonprofit organization whose focus is on intercultural exchange between the two...
Rumipamba Archeological Park
An archeological site that holds artifacts and ancient shelters dating from 1500 B.C. all the way to 1500 A.D. You'll find some incredible...
Types: Ruin
Yoga Studio Sadhana
One of Quito’s better-known yoga studios, Yoga Studio Sadhana integrates methods from the Iyengar, Kundalini, Ashtanga Acroyoga and Vinyasa schools...
View Northern Quito Map
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Author: j DEX GOOR (VERY HAPPY MINUS JOANNA CAMERON'S ON DVD)
Author Host/IP: pool-96-224-100-140.nycmny.east.verizon.net / 96.224.100.140
Subject: ISIS: THE TV SERIES TO LAST A LIFE TIME ESSAY POSTED ON AMAZON.COM REVIEW
THE SECRETS OF ISIS: THE COMPLETE SERIES ON DVD by J. Dex Goor
Writing a review for this childhood series of mine is more a labor of love than anything else.
The Shazam/Isis hour and later �The Secrets of Isis� series were two shows that have stuck with me since childhood, and one I shall take with me through the sands of time and throughout my lifetime.
Why did these two shows resonate so much with me growing up? What did these shows convey that made them so memorable for me are things I want to express here in my review. I also want to convince fans to buy this wonderful series that still holds up today over 30 years later. Finally available on DVD, The secrets of Isis, is a long time in coming, and it is a series that I want to express my sincere feelings about. These are the topics about this wonderful DVD and Saturday Morning television show that I want to write about are: The interviews and the commentary; JoAnna Cameron�s speaking voice (so calming and soothing), the famous (thought provoking 30 second morals) at the end of each episode and the background music, which became an extra in the DVD as �the isolated background music,� tracks.
Growing up in the 1970s I watched Saturday morning TV. I don�t remember the first time I watched Shazam, but I do remember really liking it and making a connection that would forever stick. I am a very emotional person and really noticed and connected to the background music in a profound way. It would never leave my soul and at the age of 41 still lives with me. Then Shazam introduced Isis, and she would have her own show following his and the two shows merged and became, �The Shazam/Isis hour.� I would look forward to seeing Isis in her own series each and every week in a new exciting adventure. Like all good things, these shows 28 episodes for Shazam, and 22 episodes of Isis came to an end including airing repeats the shows would not be seen or heard from again. Shazam reruns came back for a short time in the early eighties plus 3 episodes with guest star Isis, and that was that. The shows may have left the air but they never left my soul especially the background music, JoAnna Cameron wonderful speaking voice and those morals. Everything in its proper place, but when something has a profound effect on you you don�t want to lose it, and when it was gone there was an empty space left inside me.
Finally after thinking I would never see this Saturday morning show ever again, I did get a chance to obtain them on Video in the early 1990s, with most deleted of the wonderful morals, however I was lucky to obtain 5 of those 30 second morals on some of the videos. Now finally on DVD I like so many fans not only have a chance to see the episodes clear and crisp and not a copy of a copy of a copy, but also filled with wonderful extras. Interviews with
the main cast (despite the biggest disappointment not having JoAnna Cameron the star, not wanting to be included in this one-time-only event) Interviews, with the creator and writers, designer and directors, were wonderful except that the interviews were in small box, why not a full screen. (I hope they do the Shazam interviews on a full screen not a box in a box. Otherwise they were wonderful to see and learn about the making of such a wonderful series. I was very happy to see commentary on at least one episode called, �Dreams of Flight.�
For years since I obtained the shows on video I would put the episodes on audio to listen to on the road on my headphones. I would also tape all the scenes with the same background music from the show and put them on audio as well. Yvette Blais and Jeff Michael wrote some of the most beautiful background music I have ever heard and will cherish them until the day I leave this world. I saw the background music as important and a part of each scene and episode as the actors and the storylines were. Both the theme songs for both Captain Marvel and Isis were incredibly awesome. There was action music to fit the scene, or when the scene needed to be tender and emotional, I felt it and connected with it. If you really listened you could hear the different instruments being played for each piece of music, a harp, flute, and a sweet violin. I can get overly sentimental and mushy over the music, but that is how it has made me feel all my life to this day. I just wished something or anything was said about it, which made this show even more memorable in the interviews and commentary segments. Thank you Yvette Blais and Jeff Michael for the music you both so beautifully created. I truly wish I knew where to write and thank you and obtain a photograph of what you both look like.
JoAnna Cameron was the perfect person to portray both Andrea Thomas and Isis. She was beautiful to look at and sexy in the Isis mini skirt and shoe boots. She didn�t have to say a word, and would say a million things with her eyes, facial expressions, and body movements. But the one thing that grabbed me about JoAnna portraying both characters was her speaking voice. Her voice had an innately calming, soothing effect when she spoke. Her speaking voice, a gift from G-d exuded caring, compassion, kindness and a calming effect that could put anyone at ease. I always say, if I or someone were suffering a traumatic experience or going thru a trauma in their life that JoAnna Cameron�s calming voice could get them thru it. I have always been attracted to wonderful speaking voices whether they are male or female and always compare those to JoAnna Cameron�s. When I die and hopefully go to heaven it is the speaking voice of JoAnna Cameron�s that I hope welcomes me into the gates of heaven. So thank you JoAnna Cameron, I hope your life is a healthy and happy one
and sorry you couldn�t join the interviews. When the Shazam series becomes available there is still hope that JoAnna Cameron is available to be interviewed for the interview segments.
I enjoyed the rest of the cast as well including Brian Cutler, JoAnna Pang, Ronalda Douglas, and Albert Reed. From Andrea Thomas/Isis, to the rest of the cast each had wonderful qualities and if we have friends in our life like them we should consider ourselves very lucky. Andrea Thomas portrayed a teacher that made her students feel they could do and achieve anything no matter what the odds. As we grew we may also have been lucky if
we had teachers like that in our own lives, because we will always remember them as I have Andrea Thomas and Isis.
It was great to have commentary on the �Dreams of Flight� episode, and would have been just as wonderful to have another episode with the cast members doing a commentary.
Watching the show for years on Video and as each episode would end minus the morals I knew something important was missing and there was. Those thirty-second thought provoking morals. Each story gave a message and a moral and it made each story complete. Each moral was never ever preachy; it just gave you a piece of wise sage to think about and hopefully follow. I thought I would never see them again, and when my friend Max told me that they were cut out of the original masters it made me so sad to think I would never get to see them again, they had meant so much to me. As the theme music played in the background Isis� soft soothing voice gave the moral to the story that had just ended. When I heard that in one of the �special features� on the DVD, they would have rare scenes such as the morals, I became happy, but thought they would only include the ones that myself and collectors already had and nothing more. But as I bought �The Secrets of Isis� on my birthday I went straight to the morals and I was surprised beyond belief. Not only did they have the morals that I already had but many, many more I did not. I was so overwhelmed and emotional that my dream had come true, for the first time in almost thirty years those cherished thirty- second morals that I missed so much and thought would never see again was here to watch, enjoy and remember. The series and the morals still holds up today for me as it did when I first watched them on Saturday Morning in the seventies. I felt so blessed to see them again.
Excitedly, I looked forward to the �isolated background music� since I am a major fan of the shows background music. But I do wish they would have included episodes such as �Lucky� and �Dreams of Flight� since the background music was incredible in both, and wondered if the episodes that were chosen for the �isolated background music� were the only ones available or just chosen at random?
I hope when the Shazam series becomes available that they use more �isolated background music� since the background music in Isis was the same as Shazam. I hope they include such episodes as �The Odd Couple�, �Riptide� and a couple from season one that had the same music as in �Dreams of Flight� from the Isis series. Andy Mangels if you read this please use your contacts and tell the powers that be when doing the Shazam series please tell them what the fans want, including the Shazam morals. As fans we would be so thankful. Thanks for your help and thanks so much for the wonderful work on �The secrets of Isis DVD.� Many times through the years, I thought I would never, ever see this series again and now not only do I have them, but they are wonderfully restored with the morals and so many extras.
So this is my homage, testimony, sincere love and sincerity that my favorite series of all time due to JoAnna Cameron, her soft soothing speaking voice, the compassion and kindness she exuded, the background music and thirty-second morals that were so powerful, that it in part helped me to become the man that writes this today. I hope I am a more caring, compassionate and honorable individual because of this show. So yes go out and buy this DVD and show it to the next generation so it will never be forgotten. This is a show with substance and meaning that should travel through time never losing what it set out to do, to entertain and include a message and a moral to young viewers as I too was once.
Re: ISIS: THE TV SERIES TO LAST A LIFE TIME ESSAY POSTED ON AMAZON.COM REVIEW -- Lisa, 01:10:17 09/06/07 Thu
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LEGO: How It All Clicks Together - The Rise of Skywalker
Posted by Jeremy on November 1, 2019 at 04:58 AM CST
With the release of the final The Rise of Skywalker trailer and the movie poster revealed, all we have left to help us fill in the time until December 20th is wait for their obligatory - but highly entertaining - LEGO-ised versions to pop up, right?
Wrong! A whole raft of new LEGO Star Wars sets from the Original Trilogy, The Mandalorian and The Rise of Skywalker hit shelves at the start of October and - OT/TV sets aside - it's time to have a look at where they fit in to the upcoming Star Wars movie.
The initial release of The Rise of Skywalker sets came ahead of schedule when some US retailers jumped the gun and put out some sets early, but the official party started on October 4th when five - yes, just five - sets and a Brickheadz two-pack from the next installment of the Star Wars franchise were made available to purchase. That doesn't include the SDCC exclusive Sith Trooper bust of course.
75257 Millennium Falcon
We're nearly half way through the trailer before we get a glimpse of the first LEGO Star Wars-made available-on-Triple-Force-Friday set, with a quick look at the cockpit of everyone's favourite flying cheeseburger, complete with Resistance heroes. The ship's second appearance shows the cockpit again, but this time has a couple of familiar faces from the Original Trilogy, which are reflected in the minifigure inventory. This 1351-piece set, with its $160 price tag, is available at LEGO.com, Walmart and Amazon.com now.
75250 Pasaana Speeder Chase
Skimming across the desert landscape of Pasaana is a makepiece skiff, presumably being chased by the accompanying treadspeeder, carrying the core of the Resistance's action-driven characters. The fast-paced glimpse of this vehicle doesn't give us much to go on. The product description on LEGO.com doesn't give much away either, but given that it comes with a First Order Jet Trooper minifigure you can bet it's part of some pivotal action! Grab this set now on LEGO.com, Walmart or Amazon.com for $39.99.
75249 Resistance Y-Wing Starfighter
The third of the Triple Force Friday sets to make its final trailer appearance arrives in a barrel-rolling attack on the underbelly of an Imperial-class Star Destroyer. Piloted by the Zorii Bliss, this persona of mystery is able to squeeze a level of agility out of this venerable bomber that none of us have witnessed before. Hopefully this "wishbone" will bring luck to the Resistance in their last face-off against the New Order. This set is available now at all good purveyors of LEGO - such as LEGO.com, Walmart and Amazon.com - for $99.99.
And that's it for the trailer - a mere three sets are shown. To see more of these new sets we have to jump back to the teaser trailer, which treated us to a single A-wing fighter.
75248 Resistance A-Wing Starfighter
Descending towards an expansive settlement shrouded by cloud a lone Resistance A-Wing, presumably on a vital errand to find out why LEGO chose to include a Lieutenant Connix minifigure in this set instead of General Organa, swoops between mountainous peaks. Some seconds - and a handful of mouth-watering visuals later - we see the same type starfighter streaking past a Star Destroyer with its engines aflame. Is this the end of Snap Wexley? This 269-piece set will cost $29.99 to add it to your collection, and can be purchased at LEGO.com, Walmart and Amazon.com right now.
The mathematically astute reader will notice that this article is one set and a BrickHeadz two-pack short of being complete. That's because neither are seen in any of the footage that Lucasfilm has revealed, and with this latest trailer release dubbed as the "final" one we aren't likely to find out more until the movie hits cinema screens.
75256 Kylo Ren's Shuttle
One might assume that the personal spaceship of the new Supreme Leader would be something special, or that said Supreme Leader wouldn't be riding around in the same company car that the last boss man of the First Order issued. On the otherhand, this could be a clever way of LEGO to produce a corrected 75104 Kylo Ren's Command Shuttle, which was lumbered with the wrong wings after changes to the ship's design in post-production. Seeing as Kylo's own craft has appeared in both the previous Prequel Trilogy movies it is fair to say that we'll get treated to it in the next one. Available now at LEGO.com, Walmart and Amazon.com, this set has a $129.99 price tag.
75232 Kylo Ren & Sith Trooper
With its initial concept reveal during the run up to the summer convention season's inaugural event - San Diego Comic Con - this much-vaunted vermilion trooper of the First Order numerous has been afforded a lot of attention. Along with Kylo Ren, who is sporting his newly repaired face mask, it's easy to connect the dots between the two and come to the conclusion that the Sith Trooper is part of the Supreme Leader's personal guard. With a price that will set you back a triffling $19.99, this two-pack can be purchased at LEGO.com and Target.com, where it is a shared exclusive.
Previous initial product launches have had considerably more variety and scope. With six sets and three buildable figures as part of the initial offering of LEGO The Last Jedi sets, the current assortment is the weakest yet.
Even the latest addition to the Star Wars cinematic line-up - Solo: A Star Wars Story - had better fare on its merchandise launch day, with eight sets, four promotional polybags and two buildable figures. Despite doing miserably at the box office it still had enough favour with license holders that it earned a slot at San Diego Comic Con and has been unoffically dubbed the best convention exclusive that LEGO has ever brought to the table.
Not surprisingly after the fall-out that surrounded the heavily merchandised, over-hyped and under-whelming The Last Jedi, the marketing campaign for The Rise of Skywalker has been delayed and subdued. The product launch came a month later than normal, was co-mingled in with the release of merchandise from the new Disney live action The Mandalorian TV series, some "retro" Star Wars toys and collectible tie-ins for the new Jedi: Fallen Order video game. And as our recent poll showed, the enthusiasm that fans and collectors have shown over previous toy launches has waned significantly.
Are you on the fence about the new LEGO Star Wars sets or are you as excited (but keeping your emotive fingers away from your keyboard) as ever? Head to our dedicated LEGO forums and share your opinions about them.
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Alcohol Awareness Month: What Every College Student Should Know
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Entry Level System Services Rep - Computer Repair - Jackson, MS
**Introduction** At IBM, work is more than a job - it's a calling: To build. To design. To code. To consult. To think along with clients and sell. To make markets. To invent. To collaborate. Not just to do something better, but to attempt things you've never thought possible. Are you ready to lead in this new era of technology and solve some of the world's most challenging problems? If so, lets talk. **Your Role and Responsibilities** IBM seeks to hire an entry level **System Services Representative (SSR) in Jackson, MS** position for an individual contributor and can work in both consumer homes or enterprise environments. This position will be a mobility role, where the SSR will travel to customer locations within a defined radius. A valid driver's license and reliable vehicle are required. In this System Services Representative role, you will be responsible for the following functions: On-site installation, maintenance and repair of IBM and multi-vendor systems and components, including hardware, networking products, software and operating systems. Will be the primary technical interface to clients for the coordination of hardware and/or software support and delivery of operational services as required by the client. Advise clients of preventive maintenance, configuration, operation and environmental factors which may impact product performance or impair client's IT operation. May also perform services activities such as systems assurance, systems-level problem determination, discontinuance and relocation of IBM and non-IBM systems and products. Accountable to ensure a high level of client satisfaction with service delivery, technical support and operational services for the client account(s). When critical situations occur, will be the IBM technical interface to clients and manage the situation until the problem is fixed. Ability to work nights and weekends as project needs require \#GTSLTS19 **Required Technical and Professional Expertise** High School Diploma or GED Must live within 50 miles of Jackson, MS location Solid technical aptitude Good communication and customer service skills Valid driver's license with a reliable vehicle **Preferred Technical and Professional Expertise** 1 Year Experience - Hardware repair Technical School degree - Computer technician **About Business Unit** At Global Technology Services (GTS), we help our clients envision the future by offering end-to-end IT and technology support services, supported by an unmatched global delivery network. It's a unique blend of bold new ideas and client-first thinking. If you can restlessly reinvent yourself and solve problems in new ways, work on both technology and business projects, and ask, "What else is possible?" GTS is the place for you! **Your Life @ IBM** What matters to you when you're looking for your next career challenge? Maybe you want to get involved in work that really changes the world? What about somewhere with incredible and diverse career and development opportunities - where you can truly discover your passion? Are you looking for a culture of openness, collaboration and trust - where everyone has a voice? What about all of these? If so, then IBM could be your next career challenge. Join us, not to do something better, but to attempt things you never thought possible. Impact. Inclusion. Infinite Experiences. Do your best work ever. **About IBM** IBM's greatest invention is the IBMer. We believe that progress is made through progressive thinking, progressive leadership, progressive policy and progressive action. IBMers believe that the application of intelligence, reason and science can improve business, society and the human condition. Restlessly reinventing since 1911, we are the largest technology and consulting employer in the world, with more than 380,000 IBMers serving clients in 170 countries. **Location Statement** For additional information about location requirements, please discuss with the recruiter following submission of your application. **Being You @ IBM** IBM is committed to creating a diverse environment and is proud to be an equal opportunity employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, gender, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, national origin, genetics, disability, age, or veteran status. IBM is also committed to compliance with all fair employment practices regarding citizenship and immigration status.
Associated topics: call center, client service, customer care representative, customer service, customer service specialist, intern, phone, product support, telephone, tsr
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SPECIAL GROUPON DEAL: Salem Witch Museum Admission
Specialty Museums Washington Square North, Salem, MA 01970 MoreLess Info
Salem Witch Museum houses numerous life-sized replicas of stage sets, lighting and prominent figures providing visitors the opportunity to learn more about the infamous Salem Witch trials of 1692.
Historic Sites 193 Derby Street, Salem, MA 01970 MoreLess Info
Featuring a 171-foot, three masted ship reconstruction, Salem Maritime National Historic Site offers visitors a variety of ship related tours. Visitors can also explore a walk through museum detailing the history of sailing in the 18th century.
Schooner FAME of Salem
Boat Cruise 80 Wharf Street, Salem, MA 01970 MoreLess Info
Schooner FAME of Salem is a full scale replica of a privateer schooner of the War of 1812. The schooner is host to historical narration involving the shaping of the United States northern shore, and can be reserved for private charters, parties and special events.
SUP East Coast Style
Paddleboarding Riverhead Beach, Marblehead, MA 1945 MoreLess Info
SUP East Coast Style provides for all paddleboarding needs including lessons, guided and group tours, equipment rentals, apparel and instruction in paddleboard yoga and fitness. They also provide surfing gear and instruction.
Salem Night Tour
Haunted Tours 127 Essex St, Salem, MA MoreLess Info
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Salem Witch Memorial
Parks Salem, MA MoreLess Info
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Specialty Museums 25 Water St, Newburyport, MA 01950 MoreLess Info
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Theaters One Market Square, Newburyport, MA 01950 MoreLess Info
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Rock Climbing 40 Parker Street, Newburyport, MA 01950 MoreLess Info
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National Park Service Visitor Center
Visitor Centers 2 New Liberty Street, Salem, MA MoreLess Info
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Pats Fall To Jags, 31-20
In a game that was pretty much just awful, the Patriots dropped their first contest to the Jaguars, 31-20. The loss puts them at 1-1, tied for second place in the AFC East, behind the Dolphins. Next up is a Sunday night tilt in Detroit next week, facing old friend Matt Patricia's pathetic Lions team.
Going off last week's "September is the preseason" theme, if it was, the Patriots would cut about half the team based on yesterday. 33% third-down conversions (4-of-12) doesn't even tell the story; they had play after play there to be made on third-down and failed time and again. The pass rush fell asleep after Trey Flowers went out with a concussion. And two special teams gaffes literally cost them a chance to get back into the game late.
Pleasant Surprise: It was probably second tight end Jacob Hollister, who caught 3 passes for 35 yards, nearly matching his 4 catches for 42 yards from all of 2017. He also had some decent blocks, but honestly, if I'm scraping this far into the barrel, it obviously wasn't a great offensive day for the Pats.
Steady Eddie: James White, who caught 7 passes for 73 yards. He had one really nice run after catch, but unfortunately came up short on a third-and-five near the end of the game, forcing a Patriots punt.
Disappointment: QB Tom Brady was off-target on several throws, overthrew a 40-yard bomb on a third-and-five when the game was still winnable, and chose to throw to White on that fateful third down when wideout Phillip Dorsett was wide open for the first down. Just a really bad day for Brady.
Overall: They averaged 3.4 yards a rush, and 6.3 yards per pass attempt, both really mediocre numbers. They undertargeted Rob Gronkowski, overtargeted Coradarrelle Patterson, and just blew it time after time on third downs. A very poor performance indeed.
Pleasant Surprise: Could it be that Kyle Van Noy is rounding into shape after all this time? It wasn't just that he led the team with six tackles or that he got his first INT since 2016. He also had a pass defended, and made some decent plays against the run. (Probably a one-game thing, but we can always hope...)
Steady Eddie: Sure Stephon Gilmore gave up a touchdown, but he also made five solo tackles, forced a fumble, and knocked away two other passes. In year two, he is what wanted him to be in year one - an excellent corner who covers one-on-one without help.
Disappointment: So many to choose from, but defensive end Adrian Clayborn gets the nod from me. He continually overshot the QB pocket, at least twice letting Blake Bortles run for easy first downs through a spot Clayborn vacated. Sure he got two hits on Bortles, but what good did that do when he gave up first downs instead of getting the team off the field.
Overall: Also bad yesterday were Eric Rowe, Devin McCourty, Jason McCourty, and new linebacker Ja'Whaun Bentley. Bentley's performance can be explained as growing pains; what excuse do the rest of these guys have?
Pleasant Surprise: None.
Steady Eddie: Punter Ryan Allen averaged 45.3 net yards per kick, had one downed inside the 20, and only had one returned (once the team was gassed late in the game).
Disappointment: Kicker Stephen Gostkowski missed a field goal early and then blew it with a kickoff that landed one yard inside the end zone when he was told to have it land just short of the end zone.
Overall: The Pats also messed up when Jacksonville jumped offside on a fourth-and-inches late, and the entire punt team forgot to move to draw the penalty. Coach Belichick was livid on the sidelines after, and rightfully so.
So where does this leave us? 1-1 is right where I thought they'd be at this point. Didn't expect this bad of a beating, but the opening schedule was probably the toughest part of their 2018 slate. If Flowers doesn't come back next week... hell, it won't make a difference against the Lions. Will it?
Biggest on-going issue: This week it was the complete lack of pressure once Flowers went down. The reason Bortles looked great is he was under no pressure. And the Patriots don't have the defensive backfield to hold up without a pass rush. Is Chandler Jones available in a trade?
Non-Brady MVP: The clock operator in Jacksonville, who kept things moving so the game would end quickly
Statistical Oddity of the Week: In just two weeks, receiver Phillip Dorsett has as many receptions (12) in 2018 as he had all of 2017, despite playing in almost every game last year. He also has more touchdowns (1) in 2018 than he had in 2017 (0).
Weekly Water-cooler Wisdom: "Pats win in January in Foxboro, Jags win in September in Florida. What does that say about how a playoff rematch would go?"
Keep the faith,
PS. 1-1!
Posted by Scott at 7:00 AM
Labels: 2018 season, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, Miami Dolphins, New England Patriots, NFL
Patriots Flattened by Lions, 26-10
Patriots Top Texans, 27-20
Under-informed Patriots 2018 Primer!
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Search The Campanil
Keeping in time with the Mills Community since 1917
Oakland-based Roots of Change champions policy to instigate food system reform
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In less than 10 days, I’ll be graduating from Mills and departing the Campanil’s chief news editor role. It has meant a lot to me to...
BART plans a future that includes affordable options for Bay Area residents
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Tampon taxes need to end, period
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“Young Americans” opens at Mills Art Museum
By Kiala Givehand on May 4, 2009
The graduating class of 2009 will have the unique ability to say they earned their degrees during one of the most pivotal years in our nation’s history. With the election of a new president as the most indelible moment of 2009, this year’s recipients of the Master of Fine Arts degree in studio art named their final exhibition, Young Americans, in an effort to demonstrate their vision as artists in this political climate.
“My work is about the potential for growth,” said Esther Traugot, whose exhibit features agricultural products in their initial stage of development.
Seedlings from cotton, long grain wild rice, buckwheat, soybeans, Haas avocados, peaches, Bing cherries and hickory were all collected naturally or saved from foods she ate during her Fall semester of classes. Traugot purchased white yarn and thread, dyed it yellow and crocheted a wrapping for each item by hand.
“This exhibit represents three semesters of work,” Traugot said as she gently adjusted the glass coverings for the row of yarn-covered spices.
“It took me an hour to crochet one inch of this tree trunk.” She pointed to the tallest of several trees in her project, easily eight feet tall.
Traugot, who grew up in Tennessee on an intentional community called “The Farm,” feels her work represents her relationship with nature. According to her, the tree trunks and the real honeybee represent the cycle of life and the crocheted wrappings surrounding them symbolize our need as a society to protect and nurture them.
“The wrapping is about holding nature and propping [it] up,” Traugot said.
Across the hallway Kate Pszotka had recreated her family by presenting a collage-like mural of the things she remembers about them. Her exhibit, black butcher paper cutouts of items that represent her parents and grandparents, tell the story of her childhood while showing the connections between the things we carry around and the containers we use to store them.
“The green wall represents me. It’s the color of my bedroom when I was a kid,” said Pszotka pointing to the olive green wall where her art hangs.
More than one thousand cutouts of bottles, boxes, and pails complement Pszotka’s main art titled “Family Portrait.” A native of Illinois, Pszotka hopes some of her work in the exhibit will sell so that she won’t have to cart it all back home after graduation.
“All of our artwork is for sale. Buyers just need to contact the artist directly,” Pszotka said.
Modesto Covarrubias agrees with Pszotka about selling the artwork. His twenty-foot tall exhibit, “Futility Tower 1,” can be dismantled and reassembled to fit any space.
“It’s designed to address the architecture,” said Covarrubias, standing inside the exhibit made of more than a mile and a half of white tracing paper.
“Futility Tower 1” is both a play on the word utility and a real look at the purpose of towers designed to keep us safe and protected. By building a tower made of tissue paper, Covarrubias hopes to address the issue of barrier building and the futility of building cocoon-like structures that do not protect or provide access, but instead limit global awareness and understanding.
Junior Amanda Bailey, a gallery assistant in the museum, said, “Modesto’s tower is one of my favorite pieces. You walk inside of it and it’s like being in the clouds.”
Bailey, an art history major, visited the museum on her day off in order to enjoy the exhibit she watched take shape over a period of about nine days.
“[Art] students are so lucky to have this space. The whole exhibit really flows. It’s very clean,” Bailey said.
Seven other artists have similar themes to Traugot, Pszotka, and Covarrubias. The works of Andrew Witrak, Annie Vought, Brian Caraway, Gina Tuzzi, Joseph Berryhill, Leigh Merrill, and Steuart Pittman can be viewed during the museums open hours on Tuesday – Sunday from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. and on Wednesdays from 11 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. Admission is free to all.
Mills students and members of the community can enjoy the final exhibit until the end of May when the ten artists will remove their artwork and head into society to share their artistic vision as Young Americans.
Published in Features
Kiala Givehand
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Meet photography student, Anise Aiello
Women In Music Fest panelists celebrate women working in the industry
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Browse: Home / 2013 / Review Of The Year / Motelvision 2012: The knockout rounds
Motelvision 2012: The knockout rounds
Kate Goodacre / January 6, 2013 / Leave a comment / Featured Articles, Motelvision 2012, Review Of The Year
A prolonged lack of internet at Motel Towers, malfunctioning computer hardware, the 'Festive Season' and a variety of other flimsy dog-ate-my-homework-esque excuses may have pushed the final results of our song of the year competition into 2013, - oppan Motel style, to borrow from notorious chart-botherer Psy - but here, we finally present the results of the last four weeks' email exchanges, consensus decision-making (of a sort) and anguish from those whose songs didn't get through to the final. Friends, readers, country bumpkins, The Fugitive Motel hereby presents Motelvision 2012: The Knockout Rounds!
Japandroids © Kate Goodacre, 2012
So... where were we?
As you may recall before we were so rudely interrupted by the mishaps of a certain telecommunications firm that sells itself on providing 'infinite' broadband, 16 songs had made the cut in our Eurovision round from an initial longlist of 29, thus taking us without further ado to what is referred to as "the third round proper" in FA Cup parlance. After an almost-complicated draw to determine who would face who in the last 16, the fixtures were determined as follows:
The Maccabees - 'Ayla' v Django Django - 'Default'
Frank Ocean - 'Thinkin' 'Bout You' v Japandroids - 'The House That Heaven Built'
Rudimental/John Newman - 'Feel the Love' v A Place To Bury Strangers - 'Leaving Tomorrow'
Public Service Broadcasting - 'Spitfire' v Jesca Hoop - 'Born To'
Niki & the Dove - 'Tomorrow' v Bat for Lashes - 'Laura'
Tigercats - 'Harper Lee' v Shearwater - 'Breaking the Yearlings'
Jessie Ware - '110%' v Grizzly Bear - 'Yet Again'
Dirty Projectors - 'Gun Has No Trigger' v Benjamin Schoos & Laetitia Sadier - 'Je ne vois que vous'
You may also recall, sweet Motel readers and passers-by, that Jessie Ware made it through by the skin of her teeth on the basis of our arbitrary and at times controversial countback procedure, employed by the editor when she doesn't want to use a casting vote.
The Maccabees - 'Ayla' 3 v 7 Django Django - 'Default
We may have waved farewell to The Maccabees, but here, Catherine decides to embrace the spirit of The X Factor, proclaiming: "I love the Django Django track, but in a Tulisa/Gary Barlow style I'm going to stick with my act, even though it doesn't stand a chance." Steve W, however, feels differently, writing: "Nondescript versus anything but - more thought and invention in the first five seconds of 'Default'."
Frank Ocean - 'Thinkin' 'Bout You' 0 v 10 Japandroids - 'The House That Heaven Built'
A drubbing for poor Frank here. "I like to think about this tie in the terms of what would happen if a Scott Pilgrim stye same time battle of the bands took place, Japandroids would smash the opposite end of the room to pieces," mused Steve W. "I love Japandroids!" proclaims Andy P. "All the songs are pretty similar, so it's fortunate that all their songs are teeth grindingly brilliant!" "I like to think about this tie in the terms of what would happen if a Scott Pilgrim stye same time battle of the bands took place," Steve observes. "Japandroids would smash the opposite end of the room to pieces."
Rudimental/John Newman - 'Feel the Love' 4 v 6 A Place to Bury Strangers - 'Leaving Tomorrow'
A surprisingly close tie, with the LOUUUUD NOISES of A Place to Bury Strangers just edging Rudimental's poppier effort. Going against the grain, Harry says: "Favourable draw for Rudimental, but it's still a great slice of euphoria cake. Sorry APTBS, but you were spanked in this one."
Public Service Broadcasting - 'Spitfire' 4 v 6 Jesca Hoop - 'Born To'
Another close one, as promising newcomers PSB sadly depart the competition in the early stages. "I'm not a fan of this tie, in the sense that we have to lose either PSB's super cool slow-burner, or the song I'm going for, Hoop's bit of lovely, euphoric, uplifting folk-pop," says Steve. Quite right, too. "Jesca grinds out a result here, but can she do it on a rainy midweek night at the Brittania? I think Round 4 is as far as she's going," proclaims Harry.
Niki & the Dove - 'Tomorrow' 4 v 6 Bat for Lashes - 'Laura'
The Manchester United vs Liverpool of Motelvision, this fixture had editor Kate weeping little pathetic indie tears the moment it was drawn. "A classic 'vision tie this one," writes Harry, "but Natasha's teary, heart-betraying ode to Laura Ashley squeaks through." (I should point out at this stage that when Harry sends his votes in, he gives them a score - this was 3-4 to Natasha.) Faced with having to choose between tipping this fixture into a tie and then having to employ the casting vote - or worse, a coin toss, Kate bails on one of her original nominees and goes with the song she wished she'd picked (but Steve got there first). Plus, while 'Tomorrow' is a delicious slice of poppy fun, 'Laura' is truly timeless and oh-so mesmerising. However, Malin, Gustaf, Magnus... I still feel guilty.
Tigercats - 'Harper Lee' 4 v 6 Shearwater - 'Breaking the Yearlings'
The last in a spate of 4-6 away wins goes to Shearwater, and Harry notes: "The winner here, to be honest, is me. Two bands who I wouldn't otherwise have been listening to this afternoon, so thanks everyone. Shearwater just shade it."
Jessie Ware - '110%' 0 v 9 Grizzly Bear - 'Yet Again'
An abstention from Ste O in this fixture only affected the result on paper, as Ms Ware slipped to an almost-embarrassing home defeat. One of those where the vidiprinter would have a (Nine) after the number '9' in brackets. Ipswich Town circa 1995 will know how this feels. (Keane 15', Cole 19', 37', 53', 65', 87', Hughes 55', 59', Ince 72'... those were the days. I'll shut up now, for fear of upsetting a large proportion of East Anglia). Anyway, here's what Andy P had to say: "Both were amazing in November at Pitchfork, and I hate to vote against a Londoner, but 'Yet Again is an amazing track, and there are better songs on Jessie Ware's record than this for me."
Dirty Projectors - 'Gun Has No Trigger' 3 v 7 Benjamin Schoos & Laetitia Sadier - 'Je ne vois que vous'
Dirty Projectors provoked a range of emotions among voters, including a lot of what-the-hell-is-this. Ultimately, the Schoos/Sadier combo of perky pop beats and lyrics en francais wooed the majority of the electorate. Incroyable, Joffre! "The inevitable tie between two songs I can't really be arsed about," sighs Steve. "Let's go with the French[-language] pop. At least it envokes images of better weather than we have right now."
The quarter-finals
A Place To Bury Strangers - 'Leaving Tomorrow' v Grizzly Bear - 'Yet Again'
Django Django - 'Default' v Benjamin Schoos & Laetitia Sadier - 'Je ne vois que vous'
Japandroids - 'The House That Heaven Built' v Bat for Lashes - 'Laura'
Jesca Hoop - 'Born To' v Shearwater - 'Breaking the Yearlings'
"Frank Ocean was robbed, you are all philistines!" howls Simon. "Noooo, two of my remaining top three songs are out! But hurrah for common sense prevailing and seeing Dirty Projectors removed from the contest," says Ste O, seeing the silver lining in every metaphorical musical cloud. It's all silver linings for Harry, though, who writes: "Is now a good time to mention that I received an aggregate score of 19-0 for my two remaining tracks last week? 19-0! 19! With no reply! Brilliant. Here's hoping I have a track left next round..."
A Place To Bury Strangers - 'Leaving Tomorrow' 2 v 4 Grizzly Bear - 'Yet Again'
"A landslide for Grizzly Bear with their bittersweet ode to repetition comfortably seeing off the weakest song left in the competition. That semi-final prediction is looking safe," writes Harry. Steve W, however, backs A Place to Bury Strangers, although admits that he found the decision tough: "I'm sticking with my own [nominee] in this all-Brooklyn affair. A vote for the 'noisy neighbours' over their bigger rivals." Ste O is pretty clear cut on where he stands, writing: "I vote for Grizzly Bear, only because their opponents are even worse."
Django Django - 'Default' 6 v 0 Benjamin Schoos & Laetitia Sadier - 'Je ne vois que vous'
A surge of enthusiasm for Django Django - so good they named themselves twice? - puts pay to Benjamin Schoos and Latitia Sadier's run for Motelvision glory. "The Djangos could be forgiven for looking at the remaining songs in the competition and thinking that they have a great chance of going all the way here," notes Harry. "'Default' remains a fantastic pop song with one of the best riffs of the year, so it gets my thumbs up."
Japandroids - 'The House That Heaven Built' 4 v 2 Bat for Lashes - 'Laura'
A heartbroken Harry opines: "What a ridiculous choice to have to make. In any other year this would be a final, not a Round 4 [tie], and all bets are off when it comes to where the Motel consensus will fall. I've backed Japandroids all the way, and I'm not going to jump ship now. But if we were ever to meet, Natasha, I will deny all knowledge of this ever happening. Sob." Andy P adds: "Only one difficult decision here for me and that's Japandroids v Bat for Lashes. Gotta go with my boys though, I think."
Jesca Hoop - 'Born To' 3 v 2 Shearwater - 'Breaking the Yearlings'
An abstention from the editor, who still had a cob on about Bat for Lashes going out (a 'cob' where I come from means a 'sulk/strop' by the way - this caused some confusion as Simon informs me that it means something quite different in Nuneaton parlance). Meanwhile, Steve backs his act, writing: "Meiburg and co produce that bit more quality work to eke out a majority decision after 12 tough rounds." "What a beautiful singer, great discovery!" says Gemma of the ultimately victorious Hoop. Ah, the Motelvision Song Contest - introducing Fugitive Motel contributors past and present to heavenly voices since 2008.
[Motelvision Song Contest 2012 YouTube playlist featuring all 29 nominees]
The semi-finals
Django Django 'Default' v Grizzly Bear 'Yet Again'
Jesca Hoop 'Born To' v Japandroids 'The House That Heaven Built'
Lo and behold, it's Ste G, waking from an early knockout round Motelvision hibernation! "I didn't even vote but three out of my four favourites went through," he says, before going on to remark that he hopes that Django Django doesn't win outright. Kate reckons that the Jesca Hoop/Japandroids fixture "could be tight", but confidently predicts a Django-Japandroids final during off-list conversation with Arj - pledging semi-final allegiance to both acts.
Meanwhile, in the Motel's spiritual home of Manchester, Harry is still pleased with himself. "Goodness me. Two semi-final spots!! I bloody love being good at this. It's better than Christmas. So to the semi (pronounced 'sem-eye') finals, where no one remembers the losers, where heroes are born and where writers forget there should always be three examples..."
Django Django 'Default' 5 v 4 Grizzly Bear 'Yet Again'
Lo and behold once again, it's Motel founding deputy editor Hannah! "Ah, I've been terrible at Motelvision this year. It turns out that dashing between 3 cities, going to ATP and having a weekend with the parents is not conducive to a) remembering to vote or indeed b) thinking of anything to say. Sorry about this... so, when it comes down to it, toe-tapping beats swooning and noise beats, well sort of beats swooning as well. Albeit a different type of swooning. I am now going to pin my colours the wall... and holler VOTE DJANGO DJANGO! Aside from anything else, listening to 'Default' brings joy to my heart, and that's rather festive, is it not?
[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRVCtbfuDqw&w=580]
Jesca Hoop 'Born To' 6 v 3 Japandroids 'The House That Heaven Built'
"This tie is a bit hard to get the head around given that it's like making a direct comparison between JRR Tolkien and F Scott Fitzgerald," writes Steve W. "I'm going for Japandroids simply because even thinking about this song leaves the chorus line going through my head for hours." Harry bigs up his act, saying that 'The House That Heaven Built' is "a song to help us forget the world outside". He adds "Japandroids should be given the keys to the kingdom for gifting us this perfect antidote to bad news: for 5 minutes you can pogo your head off whilst pretending there are no such things as bills, work or expanding midriffs. Perfect perfect perfect."
The grand final...
Two tribes go to war as Django Django and Japandroids face off in the final. Ste O is on Team Django, writing: "Has to be Django 2x. Japandroids isn't even memorable." "Django Django allllllll theeeeeeee waaaaaaay!" hollers Simon, while Gemma joins them, hailing the track's "upbeat" qualities and gushing: "It has to be Django Django... they're so cool!"
"This is a right tough one, but I'm going to go with Japandroids," says Arj. Ste G agrees, later adding: "Don't let Django win!" in a rather jolly text. Steve W adds: "Much as I like the quirkiness and craft of 'Default', I've... got to go with the raw, anthemic quality of ['The House That Heaven Built']. It's just a fantastically positive, rip-roaring singalong."
What genuinely started out as a very very close contest on Christmas Day ultimately turned into a rout by the time we were ringing in the New Year here at the Motel. Even if one contributor's rather open (and tongue-in-cheek) attempt to try and vote twice by text and email to see if I noticed fell flat, it wouldn't have made much difference...
So, congratulations to Django Django! Altogether now! "# We just lit the fire and now you want to put it out... #"
[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDjpOrlfh0Y&w=580]
The roll of honour...
2007: Sky Larkin - 'One of Two' (chosen by a panel of special guests via repeated knockout round in a roundtable feature)
2008: Laura Marling - 'Ghosts' (First Motelvision winner under the current format)
2009: Animal Collective - 'My Girls' (Review of the Year 2009)
2010: The National - 'Bloodbuzz Ohio' (Review of the Year 2010)
2011: The Horrors - 'Still Life' (Review of the Year 2011)
Readers' Choice 2011 shared between British Sea Power - 'Who's In Control?' and Warpaint - 'Undertow'
2012: Django Django - 'Default'
The Motelvision Song Contest, like James Bond, will return in 'Motelvision 2013'.
Tags: a place to bury strangers, bat for lashes, benjamin schoos, dirty projectors, django django, frank ocean, grizzly bear, japandroids, jesca hoop, jessie ware, john newman, laetitia sadier, motelvision 2012, motelvision song contest, niki & the dove, public service broadcasting, rudimental, shearwater, the maccabees, tigercats
← Alt-J to Young British Artists – Motelvision 2012’s songs that got away…
Arc de Triomphe →
The Fugitive Motel > Review Of The Year > Motelvision 2012 > Motelvision 2012: The knockout rounds
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Ellen Mary Burnell1
F, #529931, b. 1885, d. 20 August 1941
Last Edited=7 Apr 2012
Ellen Mary Burnell was born in 1885 at Winchester, Hampshire, England.2 She was the daughter of Thomas Coke Burnell.1 She married Brig.-Gen. Frank Henry Burnell-Nugent, son of Albert Llewellyn Nugent, 3rd Baron Nugent and Elizabeth Baltazzi, on 25 September 1905.1 She died on 20 August 1941 at Kingsclere, Hampshire, England.1
From 25 September 1905, her married name became Burnell-Nugent.1
Child of Ellen Mary Burnell and Brig.-Gen. Frank Henry Burnell-Nugent
Commander Anthony Frank Burnell-Nugent+1 b. 9 Jul 1906, d. 21 Aug 1976
Thomas Coke Burnell1
Thomas Coke Burnell was educated at St. Cross Grange, Winchester, Hampshire, England.1
Child of Thomas Coke Burnell
Ellen Mary Burnell+1 b. 1885, d. 20 Aug 1941
Charles Anthony Burnell-Nugent1
M, #529933, b. 26 June 1942
Charles Anthony Burnell-Nugent was born on 26 June 1942.1 He is the son of Commander Anthony Frank Burnell-Nugent and Gian Mary Alexander.1
He was educated at Brickwall School, Northiam, Rye, Sussex, EnglandG.1 He resigned as in 2003 at 10 Radley Lodge, 25 Inner Park Road, London, England.1
Admiral Sir James Michael Burnell-Nugent1
M, #529934, b. 20 November 1949
Admiral Sir James Michael Burnell-Nugent was born on 20 November 1949.1 He is the son of Commander Anthony Frank Burnell-Nugent and Gian Mary Alexander.1 He married Henrietta Mary Woods, daughter of Rt. Rev. Robert Wilmer Woods and Henrietta Marion Wilson, on 18 August 1973.1
He was educated at Stowe School, Buckingham, Buckinghamshire, EnglandG.1 He was educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, EnglandG.1 He was appointed Commander, Order of the British Empire (C.B.E.)2 He gained the rank of Lieutenant in the Royal Navy.1 He was appointed Knight Commander, Order of the Bath (K.C.B.)2 He was Commander-in-Chief of the Fleet between 2005 and 2007.2
Children of Admiral Sir James Michael Burnell-Nugent and Henrietta Mary Woods
Henrietta Marie Burnell-Nugent+1 b. 10 Mar 1978
Anthony James Burnell-Nugent+1 b. 1980
Rupert Michael Burnell-Nugent+1 b. 30 Apr 1982
Thomas Alexander Burnell-Nugent1 b. 1986
Henrietta Mary Woods1
Henrietta Mary Woods is the daughter of Rt. Rev. Robert Wilmer Woods and Henrietta Marion Wilson.1,2 She married Admiral Sir James Michael Burnell-Nugent, son of Commander Anthony Frank Burnell-Nugent and Gian Mary Alexander, on 18 August 1973.1
From 18 August 1973, her married name became Burnell-Nugent.1
Children of Henrietta Mary Woods and Admiral Sir James Michael Burnell-Nugent
[S1122] Peerage News, online http://peeragenews.blogspot.co.nz/. Hereinafter cited as Peerage News.
Rt. Rev. Robert Wilmer Woods1
M, #529936, b. 1914, d. 1997
Rt. Rev. Robert Wilmer Woods was born in 1914.2 He was the son of Rt. Rev. Edward Sydney Woods and Clemence Rachel Barclay.3 He married Henrietta Marion Wilson, daughter of Kenneth Henry Wilson and Mary Isabel Cadbury.2 He died in 1997.2
He was appointed Knight Commander, Order of St. Michael and St. George (K.C.M.G.)1 He was appointed Knight Commander, Royal Victorian Order (K.C.V.O.)1 Rt. Rev. Robert Wilmer Woods also went by the nick-name of Robin.2 He held the office of Bishop of Worcester.2
Child of Rt. Rev. Robert Wilmer Woods and Henrietta Marion Wilson
Henrietta Mary Woods+1
[S212] Obituaries, The Independent, London, U.K.. Hereinafter cited as The Independent.
Anthony James Burnell-Nugent1
Anthony James Burnell-Nugent was born in 1980.1 He is the son of Admiral Sir James Michael Burnell-Nugent and Henrietta Mary Woods.1 He married Georgie M. Bell, daughter of Colonel Peter Bell.2
Children of Anthony James Burnell-Nugent and Georgie M. Bell
Harry Peter Burnell-Nugent2 b. 30 Mar 2009
Annie Mary Burnell-Nugent2 b. 12 Apr 2011
Martha Janie Burnell-Nugent2 b. 25 Feb 2013
Rupert Michael Burnell-Nugent1
M, #529938, b. 30 April 1982
Rupert Michael Burnell-Nugent was born on 30 April 1982.1 He is the son of Admiral Sir James Michael Burnell-Nugent and Henrietta Mary Woods.1 He married Emily C. Thompson, daughter of Piers Thompson.2
Children of Rupert Michael Burnell-Nugent and Emily C. Thompson
Jemima Mary Burnell-Nugent2 b. 16 Mar 2012
Harriet Emily Burnell-Nugent2 b. 24 Feb 2014
Cecilia Annabel Burnell-Nugent2 b. 18 Sep 2017
Thomas Alexander Burnell-Nugent1
Thomas Alexander Burnell-Nugent was born in 1986.1 He is the son of Admiral Sir James Michael Burnell-Nugent and Henrietta Mary Woods.1
Henrietta Marie Burnell-Nugent1
F, #529940, b. 10 March 1978
Henrietta Marie Burnell-Nugent was born on 10 March 1978.1 She is the daughter of Admiral Sir James Michael Burnell-Nugent and Henrietta Mary Woods.1 She married Nicholas Owen Campbell Ferrier, son of Andrew Graham Campbell Ferrier.2
Her married name became Ferrier.2
Children of Henrietta Marie Burnell-Nugent and Nicholas Owen Campbell Ferrier
William James Campbell Ferrier2 b. 7 Apr 2008
Hugh Michael Campbell Ferrier2 b. 29 Oct 2009
Frederick Henry Campbell Ferrier2 b. 19 Oct 2012
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You are at:Home»Corporate Mental Health»A psychologist says this is what you should do if you work with a narcissist
A psychologist says this is what you should do if you work with a narcissist
By TherapyOnline on 09/17/2017 Corporate Mental Health
About 5% of the population are narcissists
According to experts, about 5% of people are narcissists. This means there’s a fairly good chance you could work with one, or you have in the past.
Narcissism is a trait seen in sociopaths. Not all narcissists are sociopaths, but most, if not all sociopaths are narcissists.
If someone at work has an inflated ego, is very charming, knows how to manipulate people to get what they want, or is making you feel used, they’re probably a sociopath, or at least narcissistic.
Business Insider spoke to psychologist and therapist Dr. Perpetua Neo about how you can tell if you’re dealing with a sociopath or narcissist at work, and what to do about it.
Of course you can’t make them disappear, but Neo has some tips on how to better handle a situation with a difficult coworker, and offers advice on how to deter them.
1. Trust your instincts
Narcissists are very charming.
Generally, there are two types of narcissists — overt and covert. The overt ones are very outwardly charismatic and suck people in with their compliments and wit. The covert ones are less obvious, but they charm you in their own way, according to Neo.
In the workplace, you might feel like someone is wrapping you around their little finger. In these cases, she says you should listen to your gut. With a lot of her clients, she says that when they first met the narcissist in their lives, they didn’t like them at all. This gut feeling shouldn’t be ignored.
READ: Mental Health: A New Priority in Corporate America
“We think in our gut, there’s all these red flags, or alarm bells ringing, but we rationalise it away with our brains,” Neo told Business Insider. “So in a workplace if you’re finding your gut is firing away, but your brain is saying ‘This person is my boss,’ or ‘This person has a sad story,’ then it’s time to pause and honour your heart and your gut and let it talk to your brain.”
2. Have firm boundaries
If you feel you’re being used by someone at work — they’re stealing your ideas, they pull rank, and end up calling you crazy and sensitive — chances are they’re a narcissist. The most important thing you can do, Neo says, is have firm boundaries and learn to say “no.”
“Often it’s not that we can’t say no, it’s a case of we don’t know how to say no,” she said. “For instance, if this narcissist is always asking you to do their work for them, you [should]say ‘No, this is not part of my job — it’s yours.'”
When you keep saying no, Neo says the narcissist will leave you alone and focus on someone else. Of course you can warn other people of their intentions, but she says it’s important to remember to look after yourself first.
You might find this is enough, but if not, you might have to take things further, depending on the situation. However, you should be vigilant about who you go to when dealing with a workplace bully because there’s no way of knowing how many people the narcissist has manipulated.
READ: 3 Ways to Build Mental Health into Your Corporate Culture
3. Don’t hold them accountable
Just like if you’re dating a narcissist, you shouldn’t try and hold them accountable for their actions. Trying to get them to own up to what they’ve done or apologise just keeps you hooked and sucks you back into their games.
Neo says if you keep going back it’s because you’re addicted to trying to hold them accountable, and you settle for the piecemeal changes they make — changes they ultimately revert back from.
“One of the things that keeps us there is the feeling this person has a natural sense of good,” Neo said. “And when we think that, we hold them accountable all the time, and that’s what keeps us stuck there.”
4. Accept they will never change
When you get it in your head that a narcissist will never change, you stop wanting to try and help them. They’re wired that way, so it’s literally in their biology. Research has even shown their brains are structured differently.
“Once we know a person cannot change, once that switch flips, we learn how to distance ourselves,” Neo said. “And if we find it very difficult to believe that some people cannot change, we have to ask ourselves where that belief comes from.”
5. Learn from the experience
If you’ve met a narcissist in your life, you’ll probably meet another. One thing you’ll find if you find yourself in this situation again is how narcissists seem to follow the same patterns. Neo said it’s like they have been programmed the same way.
READ: Here's why your attitude is more important than your intelligence
Once you’re aware of their behaviours, you’ll be able to recognise them earlier. This also means you’ll be better equipped to stay strong on your boundaries and not get sucked into their manipulations.
“The thing about narcissists is they seem to have been programmed in the same manual,” Neo said. “When we notice a commonality, because they all seem to follow this manual, we finally have the words to explain it, and walk away.”
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Wright Eats
Dawn and Eric's culinary notes
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A weekend in Portland
May 7th, 2008 by Dawn
It had been almost two years since we’d been down to Portland, Oregon. Portland has become quite a dining destination in recent years, with skilled chefs opening innovative restaurants constantly. We spent two nights there this weekend, hoping to whittle down the list of restaurants we’ve been compiling. While it was one of our more memorable foodie weekends in recent memory, we’re left with a list that has only grown longer.
The first reservation we made was for Le Pigeon, since we weren’t able to dine there on our last trip. Then, a month ago, my coworker foodie friend Kurt came back from Portland with a glowing review of his meal at Sel Gris, a fine dining restaurant that opened there last fall. We were torn. We’d be there only Saturday through Monday, and neither restaurant is open on Sundays. Should we wait yet another trip to try Le Pigeon, or should we miss out on Sel Gris? In the end, we canceled our reservation at Le Pigeon and made a new reservation for Sel Gris at 5:30 pm. A little earlier than we desired, but it was the only time still available for the 6-seat chef’s counter (where Kurt said we had to sit).
We arrived in Portland during lunchtime. Since we didn’t want to eat much before dinner, we opted for lunch at Escape from New York Pizza. Eric misses the NY pizza from his childhood and is always on a quest to find good NY pizza. He likes Seattle’s A New York Pizza Place, but the crust and sauce there are a little blander than I like. Escape from NY Pizza pleased us both, with tasty sauce, plain cheese pizza for Eric (which he says is the way it’s meant to be eaten), and a New York vibe inside the place.
We did some shopping, checked into our hotel, and then caught a cab to Sel Gris. We were the first to arrive when it opened and sat in the center two seats at the glowing amber counter. It was really tough to order, because so many items sounded good. My eyes kept landing on the pasta dish. I knew it was the token vegetarian dish, and I felt that I should order a meat dish to really see what the chef could do. But I love pasta when it’s done well, and I just couldn’t pass up the artichokes, peas, ramps, mushrooms, and goat cheese, which may as well be a list of all of my favorite things. So I ordered it anyway. Eric chose the lamb. We heard a number of other lamb orders fired after his, and I don’t think we had been sitting there for more than 15 minutes when we heard the chef tell the wait staff that there was only one lamb dish left for the night – apparently they’d had an early run on lamb. I guess our early reservation was fortuitous!
We started with the foie gras done two ways. This was the first dish out of the kitchen that evening, and so our first opportunity to see what beautiful plates Chef Daniel Mondock constructs. The chef’s counter directly overlooks Chef Mondock’s station, where he effortlessly drew a pattern onto our plate with molasses. The plate was warm, so the molasses melted and then thickened as it cooled, sealing in the blood orange sauce alongside. We know this because we were so intrigued by its consistency as we ate it that we had to ask our waitress Mary why it wasn’t fluid as we’d expected. Both foie preparations, one cold and one seared hot, were flawlessly seasoned and we instantly knew what Kurt, and the subsequent reviews we’d read, had been fussing about. This was only the first in a series of spot-on dishes, brilliantly presented and incredibly flavored.
Our salads were next. Mine was fun to eat: a salade composée, where the components of the salad were artfully arranged on a plate. Rabbit paté with a tiny cornichon and mustard on the left, grilled onions cradling olives, figs, crispy pork, and almonds in the middle, and then diced strawberries with cheese on the right. Eric enjoyed the Lyonnaise salad with warmed frisee, lardon, bacon vinaigrette, and a poached duck egg. His only complaint of the night was that while the salad was nicely seasoned, the egg was not, so he had to add some of the sel gris they had provided on the side. Perhaps this was intentional, in homage to the restaurant moniker? It did seem out of place in the salad.
I could tell that our main courses were coming when I saw vivid green English pea puree being spread in a rectangle across a dark plate. The pasta with peas was piled into a cylinder on one side and the vegetables were arranged on the other. One bite and I was happy. Creamy and sweet with the goat cheese sauce and perfectly al dente hand-cut noodles, it was exactly what I was hoping for. But I couldn’t help eyeing Eric’s lamb. He shared a few bites and I now understood why everyone was ordering it. Neither of us had eaten such a tender, flavorful lamb loin before. And then there was the spherical round of spiced lamb balanced on top. What was this? Yellow egg yolk burst from the center when Eric cut into it – an egg had been wrapped in lamb! The pepper crust went perfectly and we agreed this was the best part of the dish, even with that amazing loin.
Over dessert, we chatted a bit with our waitress and one of the waiters. They wanted to know where we’d recommend they eat when they visit Seattle this summer. In exchange, they gave us a few tips on places to try in Portland. We hadn’t even eaten at two restaurants yet and already our list was growing again: Nicholas (Lebanese), Good Taste Restaurant (Chinese), and Restaurant Murata (Japanese).
Mary also told us how she’d lived in Barcelona recently, which piqued our interest, since we love that city. She told us not to miss Cinq Sentits next time we visit, which is an up-and-coming restaurant that she thinks is outstanding. She said that it’s only a matter of time before it becomes more widely known.
While we were talking about Portland, she mentioned that Le Pigeon is great, too. We heard this at least twice more during our visit, but even so we didn’t regret missing it. Sel Gris far exceeded our expectations, and we’re glad that we had the chance to dine at this creative Portland restaurant.
We headed back to our hotel, but it was still early – daylight, in fact. Michelle Magidow, from Licorous/Lark, had mentioned that there is an innovative new cocktail bar in the Pearl called Teardrop Lounge. We weren’t really in the mood for cocktails after that meal, but we wanted to go somewhere and this was another place not open on Sundays so it was our only chance to try it. So we walked over from our hotel. These people are passionate about drinks! My cocktail was interesting, with forbidden black rice horchata and chipotle-chocolate bitters. They make their bitters in house. Eric ordered from their extensive sake menu. It was a “small” sake but I was lucky that it was really quite large, because I stole more than a couple sips – it was amazing.
We stopped at Powell’s and stayed until close, lost in the photography section. The only reason I mention Powell’s is for one food-related find that we purchased with our books: an Envirosax. Everyone seems to be catching on to using reusable bags as part of their regular routine at the grocery store, including us, but sometimes we forget to bring our bag. There’s no excuse with Envirosax, because it’s a lightweight eco-friendly polyester bag that rolls up to a tiny size that fits in your palm. Stash one in your glove box or your purse and you’ll never be without a bag again.
Onto day two… we are not yet done eating. We had chatted with John Sundstrom before we left for Portland, and he recommended brunch at Beast, so this is where we headed on a sunny Sunday morning. We’d enjoyed clarklewis last time we were in town, and Beast is Naomi Pomeroy’s newest venture.
The restaurant is small. There is one small communal table, seating eight, and another about twice as big. We were seated facing the open kitchen, which occupies about a third of the room. We enjoyed Stumptown coffee and fresh squeezed juice while watching them prepare the first of four courses. The menu called it “brioche and baguette french toast” but it was really a bread pudding (thinking about it, are they really much different?). Topped with a strip of candied bacon, maple bourbon sauce, and whipped cream, it was like starting brunch with dessert. Just my kind of brunch!
Between courses, we had fun reading the wall-sized chalkboard covered with cooking tips, quotes, and random info. There was a small list on the side listing their favorite restaurants. In case you are looking for more recommendations:
Second course was a poached egg perched on a hash of morels, crispy potatoes, spring peas, ramps, and a medallion of venison. Hollandaise paired perfectly. It reminded us of the lovely seasonal dishes we enjoy at our favorite Seattle brunch spot. This was followed by a selection of Steve’s cheese and a wild gathered salad. This wasn’t the only time we noticed Steve’s cheeses while we were in Portland.
Finally, there was dessert (or was it second dessert?). A tiny scoop of buttermilk ice cream with poached rhubarb and a dollop of caramel ended the meal sweetly.
That afternoon, we headed to the Portland Indie Wine Festival. It was a juried event featuring small independent wineries from the state. It was fun meeting the winemakers and learning about wines we had never heard of before. We particularly enjoyed the 2006 Pinot Noir wines from Johan Vineyards and Capitello Wines. We also tried an interesting cranberry wine from Hawks View Winery. We’ve tasted cranberry wines before in Door County, Wisconsin, and haven’t been big fans, but this one was nicely refined and not too sweet or tart. It would be a fun wine to serve at Thanksgiving or Christmas dinner.
Dinner on Sunday was at Toro Bravo, another sibling of a restaurant we’d enjoyed on a previous trip, Simpatica Dining Hall. We sat at the bar, continuing the weekend theme of observing the kitchen while we ate. The kitchen was surrounded by the bar seats, but unless you’re along the back corner as we were, you can’t really see the cooking. It was controlled chaos as the kitchen was slammed that night. Everything was delicious. We particularly liked the oxtail croquettes, which were hot and creamy inside.
We had noticed that the cook on the far end of the line looked familiar. During a break near the end of our meal, she came over and wanted to know if we were from Seattle because she recognized us, too. Turns out, we knew her from Lark where she previously worked. Rachel has just moved down to Portland and is loving it.
Ok, just Monday left (are you still with us?). For lunch, we were headed to Pok Pok, which I’ve been dying to go to since Matthew Amster-Burton wrote about it in 2006. He’s mentioned it regularly since and each time I wonder why I haven’t tried it yet. This was really the entire motivation for our trip.
But wait, I forgot breakfast. We knew we had to eat light, so we headed over to Stumptown Coffee for cappuccini (orrr, cappuccinos – they went out of their way to point out that they prepare them traditionally, but then go and call them cappuccinos 🙂 We also grabbed a doughnut (just one) from Voodoo Doughnuts up the street. Only one because it was the most massive doughnut I’ve ever seen: their Memphis Mafia doughnut. The two of us could only eat about a third of it.
We hung out until lunchtime and then headed over to Pok Pok. This place was incredible. The dishes we tried were definitely distinct from any other Thai restaurant we’ve been to. Andy Ricker, the owner, is on a constant quest to recreate the best food in Thailand, along with Vietnam and China. He regularly travels there and brings back new ideas, and is constantly evolving the menu. We loved the Vietnamese Fish Sauce Wings, which were sweetly caramelized, garlicky, and left our mouths tingling. Our favorite dish was the Khao Man Som Tam, which was shredded green papaya salad served with coconut rice and sweet shredded pork, along with fried shallots and cilantro. The waitress suggested that we mix everything together to get the best combination of flavors and textures. What an amazing dish. The coconut rice alone was enough to make me happy. We finished with the Pok Pok Affogato – condensed milk ice cream drowned in Vietnamese coffee, served with fried donuts for dunking. If we had a place like this in Seattle, I would eat there regularly.
Initially, we thought that two days wouldn’t be enough, but with that much food packed into one weekend, we were ready to go home and detox. However, we’ve vowed to return to Portland again before the end of the year. Two years was too long.
Escape from New York Pizza
622 NW 23rd Ave, Portland
Sel Gris
1852 SE Hawthorne, Portland
Teardrop Cocktail Lounge
1015 NW Everett St, Portland
5425 NE 30th St, Portland
Toro Bravo
120 NE Russell St, Portland
3226 SE Division, Portland
Stumptown Coffee
128 SW 3rd Ave, Portland
Voodoo Doughnuts
22 SW 3rd Ave, Portland
This entry was posted on Wednesday, May 7th, 2008 at 11:18 pm and is filed under Brunch, Restaurants, Shopping, Travel.
4 Responses to “A weekend in Portland”
matt wright says:
another “wright” food blogger from Seattle – yay!
My wife and I went to Portland a few months ago now for a weekend away. I wanted to book Pigeon, but got the most rediculously snooty woman on the phone when I called to make a reservation – it was pretty much a “my dear.. you have to book at least two weeks in advance to eat at Pigeon, didn’t you know that?” kinda thing.. So I thought screw it. Shame, because as we all know, the food is meant to be awesome.
I was really impressed with the city though I have to say – the food scene is great too.
Ha! Actually, we were originally going to call our blog Wrightfood to go with our Wrightangle theme, but then came across your blog and saw that we were too late. 🙂 Your photos and recipes are always so inspiring. I love the pristine look of the dishes you make.
I hate it when that sort of thing happens – I can see why you didn’t want to go after that! Luckily there are so many other great restaurants in Portland.
Yep – I was so impressed with the food scene in Portland. It seemed like on ever corner was a great little neighborhood place that served locally grown, often organic food.. And it all tasted bloody good.
Yay for Portland 😀
Speaking of pizza in Seattle (I’m a New Yorker too), we love Piecoras on Madison. Check it out – it’s really fantastic!
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Pic Of The Day #672 →
Rach’s Hope: Weathering The Storm Of Critical Illness
When friends and relatives face crisis, tragedy and heartbreak, many of us offer help.
“If you need anything, just call,” we say. “We’re here for you.”
We mean it. But it’s not enough.
Alan and Lisa Doran lived through a nightmare last summer. Their daughter Rachel — a rising senior at Cornell University, National Merit Commended Scholar at Staples High School, talented Players costume designer, and founder of her own pajama company — developed a rare reaction to common medications.
She suffered severe burns to 95% of her body. She then developed another life-threatening syndrome. On August 17 — after 35 harrowing days — Rachel died.
Rachel Doran, after her Staples High School graduation.
Her parents made it through that awful time thanks to wonderful doctors, caring hospital staffs, and many supportive friends.
And those friends helped by not simply saying, “just call.” On their own, they figured out what Alan, Lisa and their younger daughter Ellie needed. Then — without burdening the family — they acted swiftly, decisively and efficiently to make it happen.
When Rachel was in Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, for example, a woman found a boutique hotel 2 blocks away.
She booked it. Lisa never wanted to leave Rachel’s bedside. But with a place to sleep — and shower — she was able to take care of herself, as well as her daughter.
Another friend showed up every morning with healthy muffins and a protein shake.
“People caring for loved ones eat junk — if they eat at all,” Lisa says. “Having that food, every day, was so important. I could never have done that on my own.”
Countless gestures like that sustained the Dorans during the most horrific time of their lives.
Rachel Doran (right) and her sister Ellie.
But how many people have friends with the resources to book a hotel room, or bring fresh food to the hospital every day?
Alan says his family’s experience at Bridgeport Hospital and Columbia Presbyterian opened their eyes to the reality that during a critical illness, most people are on their own.
The New York facility, for example, draws patients from all over the world. Families — if they can get there — have no support network nearby. Countless other obstacles — finances, language, you name it — conspire to make a medical emergency even more daunting than it already is.
Alan and Lisa know how fortunate they are. They could take time off work to devote all their time and energy to Rachel. They had “incredible care” at 2 hospitals. And they had the communication skills to talk clearly and often with those superb doctors and nurses.
They realize — despite the tragic ending — how lucky they were, in those respects.
Rachel and her boyfriend Rob traveled to Cuba during spring break. This is his favorite photo of her.
After Rachel died, the Dorans were devastated. But they wanted to find some sense in a senseless situation.
So — keeping their daughter’s spirit, beauty, kindness, style and wit alive — they’ve created Rach’s Hope.
The mission is to help others weather the storm of critical illness. “We want people to have a team like we and Rachel had,” Lisa says.
The foundation’s name has special meaning. “Hope” was Rachel’s middle name. The Dorans always had hope that she would recover. Her boyfriend said hope got him through every day. Today, the word “Hope” is tattooed — in her handwriting — across his chest.
And, Alan says, “we know Rachel would hope that no family goes through what we did. But if they do, she’d hope they’d have the resources that we did.”
Rachel’s Hope will make a concrete difference. For example, it will partner with hotels, and negotiate VRBO home rental rates.
It will also provide for items like housing, transportation to and from the hospital and outpatient appointments, access to mental health professionals, therapies not covered by insurance, meals (including gift cards to Uber Eats and Seamless), childcare and respite care during and after ICU stays, advocates to assist with hospital bills and health insurance communication, therapy dog visits, and funding for wellness expenses.
The Dorans are taking all that they’ve learned, and paying it forward — figuratively and literally — to other families.
A kickoff fundraiser is set for Saturday, March 2 (7:30 p.m., Penfield Pavilion, Fairfield). The date has special meaning: It’s the day after what would have been Rachel’s 22nd birthday.
“Rachel always told me that instead of a wedding, she’d have a big party at the beach,” Lisa says. “She wanted Bodega Bites catering, and Tito’s vodka bar. They’ll be there, and it’s on the water. We’re having the wedding she hoped to have.”
Her family and friends will share stories. But you don’t have to know and love Rachel to attend. Everyone is welcome. There’s live music, and huge live and silent auctions.
As for the dress code: When Rachel was 11, she started Rachel’s Rags. The company made intricate cotton and fleece pajamas. She sold them at stores and craft fairs, and on Etsy.
Rachel loved “pajama chic.” So attendees should wear pajama bottoms, and a chic top.
There’s one more thing: The day before the fundraiser — on March 1, Rachel’s birthday — Rach’s Hope is starting a “Cozy Across Campus” social media campaign. The idea is for students everywhere to go to class in pajama bottoms.
The attire will draw attention to the importance of comforting people in need — and offering hope.
Rach’s hope.
(Click here for more information and tickets to Rach’s Hope March 2 fundraiser. Can’t go? No problem — click here to sign in or register to bid online for the silent auction. And click here to donate any amount.)
7 responses to “Rach’s Hope: Weathering The Storm Of Critical Illness”
Roberta Tager | February 18, 2019 at 6:38 am |
Dear Dan, This one is an “omg”! Is there any way to follow up on the Drug combos that contributed to her allergic reaction? Lots of us have brilliant relatives of that age with many food allergies. I would love to be able to follow up on this horrific situation. Would appreciate any info you may be able to share. Kudos to all that so ably assist this family. Sincerely, Roberta Tager
Dan Woog | February 18, 2019 at 7:09 am |
I’m not sure about the drug combinations. But here’s a bit more information, from a story last summer: https://06880danwoog.com/2018/08/04/rachel-dorans-journey/ — thanks for asking.
Tim Foisie | February 18, 2019 at 8:17 am |
Thank you for this article. I never knew Rachel, but from what I can tell, she touched so many people at Staples (and I’m sure other walks of life) in a positive manner. What a wonderful way to honor Rachel’s memory.
Marc Bailin | February 18, 2019 at 3:01 pm |
What a sad yet uplifting story. The Rach’s Hope folks should know about an organization I have been involved in for many years. http://www.sharethecare.org.
No one should have to go through what Rachel;s parents went through alone.
Amy Kaplan | February 18, 2019 at 5:50 pm |
The Doran’s have always been one of our favorite families in Westport. Lisa and Alan are both wonderful people, honest, earnest, and real. We’ve watched their daughter Ellie grow up from the side of softball fields all over the state for years, since she and our daughter have played together for a decade. They raised both their kids with love, strength and compassion, and took such pride in watching the girls grow into themselves, reaching for the stars, yet completely grounded. Rachel’s loss has been devastating, a totally cruel and senseless tragedy. And yet, they want to focus on celebrating her life and the time they had with her, and their thoughts go to helping others, because that’s who they are, and so true to who Rachel was. Please consider coming on March 2 at the launch part for Rach’s Hope, or donating online if you prefer. Let’s help them keep Rachel’s beautiful spirit alive.
Carol Devine | February 19, 2019 at 12:17 am |
What a wonderful way to honor Rachel! Unfortunately, I cannot attend the fundraiser in person, but I will wear my pajama bottoms (and whatever chic top I can find in my closet) on March 2nd in her memory. Thinking of The Dorans. xoxo Carol
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The 48th PA/150th: Raising The Regiment: Company A
One hundred and fifty years ago this month, volunteers from throughout Schuylkill County, both young and old, signed up to serve in what would become the 48th Pennsylvania Infantry, a regiment organized under the direction of Colonel James Nagle. Nagle received authorization from Pennsylvania's governor, Andrew Curtin, to recruit a regiment of "three-year" volunteers, and Nagle immediately went to work, enlisting the services of a number of acquaintances who established recruiting offices in the towns and townships of Schuylkill County. It was Nagle's desire to have the regiment recruited entirely from the anthracite-rich county in east-central Pennsylvania.
Port Clinton, Pennsylvania
Daniel B. Kauffman, a twenty-nine-year-old dispatcher of the Schuylkill Canal from the village of Port Clinton, set to work, organizing what became Company A. Like Kauffman, many of his volunteers hailed from Port Clinton--indeed, a good number had already served in the uniform of the Port Clinton Artillerists, a three-month organization that had served in the Shenandoah Valley from May-July, 1861, but saw no combat. Other recruits hailed from Tamaqua and the areas between in southern Schuylkill County. Also like Kauffman, many of his volunteers earned their living laboring on the Schuylkill Canal, which cut directly through Port Clinton.
Tamaqua, Pennsylvania
After enlisting their services, Kauffman's volunteers were directed to rendezvous at Harrisburg's Camp Curtin where, on September 17, 1861, they were formally mustered into federal service as Company A, 48th Pennsylvania Volunteers.
The 1861 roster of Company A, 48th PA was as follows:
Captain: Daniel B. Kauffman
1st Lieutenant: Abiel H. Jackson
2nd Lieutenant: Henry Boyer
Orderly Sergeant: Benjamin G. Otto
1st Sergeant: Lewis B. Eveland
2nd Sergeant: Albert C. Huckey
3rd Sergeant: William Taylor
4th Sergeant: Milton B. Nice
1st Corporal: John J. Huntzinger
2nd Corporal: Francis M. Stidham
3rd Corporal: Peter Zimmerman
4th Corporal: John Little
5th Corporal: John S. Bell
6th Corporal: John Taylor
7th Corporal: Joseph B. Carter
George Airgood
George Albright
George Betz
William Betz
Elias Britton
Israel Britton
George Briegel
Thomas B. Boyer
Charles Brandenburg
William A. Berger
John Cochran
John Cochley
Benjamin F. Cummings
Patrick Dailey
Henry Davis
Jacob Dietrich
William Dreibelbeis
Benjamin Dreibelbeis
James S. Eveland
William Eddinger
Samuel Eckroth
Franklin Frederici
Charles Goodman
Abram Greenawald
Charles Krueger
John Hummel
William F. Heiser
Henry C. Honsberger
Jacob S. Honsberger
William Jacob Hein
John Heck
Jordan C. Haas
Lewis Hessinger
William K. Jones
Newry Kuret
Willis L. Kerst
William H. Koch
Coleman Jacob Kramer
Franklin Koenig
George Liviston
Daniel Leiser
John H. Leiser
William Meck
Bernhard McGuire
Levi Morganroth
John McLain
James Meck
Samuel B. Moyer
Joel Marshall
William Neeley
Andrew Neeley
Simon Nelson
Isaac Otto
John Pugh
Henry H. Price
Richard B. Perry
George Ramer
Lewis M. Reese
John Ruff
Frank W. Simon
Augustus Shickram
John Springer
Morgan Simon
Henry Schreyer
John V. Spreese
Nelson Simon
David Steel
Jesse Springer
Abraham F. Seltzer
John Shenk
Henry Simpson
John Stahlnecker
Obediah Stahlnecker
Bernard West
Franklin Wentzell
John Weibels
Samuel Weiser
Oliver Williams
John F. Youser
Sam Schwalm's Letters: A New Book on the 50th Pennsylvania Infantry
The 50th Pennsylvania Monument at Antietam at Daybreak
Just a brief interruption of my look at the 150th anniversary of the formation of the 48th Pennsylvania to announce the publication of a new book, The Civil War Letters and Experiences of Samuel Schwalm of the 50th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which includes an introduction written by Yours Truly. Published by the Pennsylvania-based Johannes Schwalm Historical Association, the book contains dozens of letters written by Samuel Schwalm, who enlisted in the summer of 1861 into what would become Company A, 50th Pennsylvania Infantry, a company recruited largely from northern and northwestern Schuylkill County. I was familiar with some of Schwalm's letters; copies of several are held at the Antietam Battlefield Library, which I used in my 2009 book Our Boys Did Nobly: Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, Soldiers at the Battles of South Mountain and Antietam.
It was a great thrill and a great honor for me to have been asked to write the introduction for this new book. Several months back, Dr. Michael Gabriel of Kutztown University asked if I would be interested in penning the introduction. Because of my familiarity with the 50th, and because I was familiar with some of the Schwalm letters--and, of course, because the 50th fought in the Ninth Army Corps--I gladly accepted. My contribution to this book is a concise overview of the war service of the 50th Pennsylvania, which I titled "With Stripes Unmarred and Stars Undimmed," the words Colonel Benjamin Christ used to describe the promised condition of the regiment's flags upon their return from war.
More information on this book, including ordering information, can be found here.
The 48th PA/150th: Raising the Regiment
Record Banner of the 48th Pennsylvania Infantry
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
This month marks the 150th Anniversary of the recruitment of the 48th Pennsylvania Infantry, and to help commemorate this, I will be devoting the next several weeks worth of posts to the origins of the regiment as well as its recruitment from the anthracite-laden coal fields and lush agricultural countryside of Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania.
In late July 1861, with the three-months' terms of service of the war's first volunteers about to expire and with no end to the Southern rebellion in sight, President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for 300,000 men to serve for "three years or the course of the war," whichever should come first. Governor Andrew Curtin of Pennsylvania immediately went to work, seeking to fill the quota established for his state. On August 14, he commissioned Colonel James Nagle, of Pottsville, to raise a regiment. Nagle was an experienced officer, whom Curtin could rely upon to raise and then lead a regiment of three-year men. In 1840, and at just eighteen years of age, Nagle organized the Washington Artillerists, a company of militiamen he would lead in Mexico, when it was mustered into Federal service as Company B, 1st Pennsylvania Volunteers. Nagle, who served a term as sheriff of Schuylkill County, had just recently been mustered out of service as colonel of the Sixth Pennsylvania Infantry, a three-month organization that served under General Robert Patterson in the lower Shenandoah Valley of Virginia from April-July 1861. Receiving his authorization to raise a regiment of three-year volunteer soldiers, Nagle determined to raise it almost entirely from his own Schuylkill County.
James Nagle raised the 48th Pennsylvania Infantry in the late summer of 1861
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
To assist in his efforts, Nagle recruited the services of several friends and associates who proceeded to set up enlistment offices throughout the county. Nagle was well aware of the military capabilities of these men, they for the most part having served either under him in the 6th PA, or in other three-month organizations. Daniel B. Kauffman raised what would become Company A in and around the towns of Port Clinton and Tamaqua. James Wren, Joseph Gilmour, Henry Pleasants, and two of James Nagle's brothers--Daniel and Philip--set up recruiting stations in Pottsville, the county seat, drawing men from there and nearby St. Clair. Most of the men in Wren's company had served with the Washington Artillerists during the war's first three months and were among the very first Northern volunteer soldiers to reach Washington, D.C. following the outbreak of hostilities. William Winlack found volunteers from the coal fields surrounding Port Carbon, New Philadelphia, and Silver Creek, while Joseph Hoskings raised his company from Minersville and its surrounding areas. John R. Porter sought out recruits from Middleport and Schuylkill Valley, while Henry A.M. Filbert, a native of neighboring Berks County, drew his volunteers from Schuylkill Haven and Cressona in southern Schuylkill County.
An 1850 Map of Schuylkill County; the 48th Pennsylvania was raised almost entirely from Schuylkill County during the months of August-September 1861
Oliver Bosbyshell, who served with the Washington Artillerists and who was mustered into what would soon become Company G, 48th Pennsylvania, in the summer of 1861, remembered the enlistment process. "As rapidly as men were secured the were forwarded to Camp Curtin, in Harrisburg, where the regiment rendezvoused. The medical examinations having been successfully passed, the recruits were equipped and assigned to their respective companies. Drills were instituted by the squad and company, and twice during its stay at Camp Curtin regimental drills were had. For the majority this was their first taste of military duty; however, there were many who had served in the Three Months' Service, in the Sixth, Fourteenth, Sixteenth, Twenty-Fifth, and other organizations. A number of those who first entered Washington City, and who are now known as the "First Defenders," re-entered the service in the Forty-Eighth Regiment, nearly all attaining the rank of commissioned officers."
Within just two months, 1,010 men volunteered to serve in what became the 48th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry.
In the weeks ahead--as we continue to commemorate the Sesquicentennial of the American Civil War--I will be posting biographical information on each of the above-mentioned men who recruited companies for the 48th, as well as the original field and staff officers. I will also be describing further their enlistment into Federal service and their first few weeks in uniform. Full rosters of each of the companies, with descriptions of each soldier, will also be provided.
The 48th PA/150th: Raising The Regiment: Company A...
Sam Schwalm's Letters: A New Book on the 50th Penn...
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Daily Drivers : Car Reviews And News
2014 Hyundai Walking Dead Edition Tucson
Any fan of AMC’s The Walking Dead television series knows that a Hyundai SUV has a remarkable ability to survive when all around is decay. The Hyundai Walking Dead Special Edition Tucson arrives in 2014 to coincide with the 10th anniversary of Robert Kirkman’s The Walking Dead graphic novel series and contains everything you need to survive the upcoming zombie apocalypse.
2014 Hyundai Veloster Turbo R-Spec
The 2014 Hyundai Veloster Turbo R-Spec is a car clearly aimed at driving enthusiasts and includes a number of special features towards that end. The R-Spec will come with the red exterior details shown and is only available with a 6-speed manual gearbox, which includes a short-throw B&M Racing Sport Shifter for improved shifting feel.
Subura’s all-new 2015 WRX looks to be very promising from what we’ve seen. First unveiled at the 2013 L.A. Auto Show, this high-performance version of the Subaru Impreza is a bit quicker and has more aggressive styling than past models.
Subaru Cross Sport Concept
Imagine what would happen if you took a Subaru BRZ and turned it into a shooting brake-style wagon? You’d get this. The Subaru Cross Sport Concept is basically a BRZ that’s been stretched into wagon format.
Nissan IDx NISMO and IDx Freeflow Concepts
With a serious nod to classic Datsun styling, Nissan’s IDx NISMO and IDx Freeflow concepts were designed to reach younger markets who are less interested in cars these days. But we have to say no matter how old you are, the IDx NISMO is truly appealing from the exterior, decked out in racecar white, red and black, and accented with bold 19-inch wheels.
2014 Acura RLX Sport Hybrid SH-AWD
With a hybrid drivetrain capable of pushing out a total of 377 horsepower, this version of Acura’s otherwise average RLX sedan could give it the kick in the pants it needs. It’ll be powered by a 3.5-liter
2014 Dodge Charger & Challenger 100th Anniv. Ed.
The Dodge Brothers began manufacturing America’s first mass-produced, all-steel-bodied cars in 1914. 100 years later, Dodge is celebrating a century of production with special editions of two of its most iconic contemporary vehicles: the 2014 Dodge Charger and Challenger 100th Anniversary Editions.
BMW’s compact pure-electric i3 is finally available for purchase – at least in Europe. It’s the German automaker’s first production electric vehicle, and early reviews have been very positive. Offering the electric equivalent of 170 horsepower, the i3 should offer plenty of power for its size.
2015 MINI Cooper and MINI Cooper S
The new generation MINIs have always been very capable cars and great fun to drive. MINI’s 2015 MINI Cooper line doesn’t change that, but does sport an all-new engine. MINI has made a few modifications to the cars in addition to the new engine and a few more improvements.
Volkswagen’s e-Golf is its first fully-electric production vehicle. The unique vehicle is immediately distinguished from standard, internal combustion Golfs by its unique aluminum-alloy wheels and by its LED headlights. The interior is also updated with a new instrument cluster layout with a touchscreen display that shows a range monitor, energy flow indicator and an e-manager that allows the driver to set future departure times to ensure proper charge.
2013 Audi S3 vs. 1983 Ur-Quattro
Audi puts a 1983 Ur-Quattro up against a 2013 S3 on a gravel rally circuit. With the 1983 Audi driven by the former rally driver, Stig Blomqvist, who drove the same model in the 1980s and the S3 piloted by Hermann Müller, the race was very close.
Fiat 500 1957 Limited Edition
Fiat has created a special edition of the Fiat 500, limited to 500 units and marking 57 years since it first introduced the iconic 1957 Cinquecento. The 1957 Edition comes with some unique features, like 16″ throwback wheels, vintage style badges, and a brown leather interior with ivory trim and grey door panels.
In recent years, Kia has really stepped up its game, and now has a serious contender in the luxury car market in the form of the 2014 Cadenza. Not only does the Cadenza feature upscale exterior styling, but it’s well outfitted both under the hood and inside the passenger compartment.
2014 BMW M5/M6 Competition Package
The BMW M Series are extremely capable performance cars and now you can add a little more boost to each with the 2014 Competition Packages. The M6 Gran Coupe models can be optioned with the Competition package for $6,000(USD).
2015 Audi A3 Cabriolet
The Audi A3 Cabriolet is Audi’s new 2-door, four-seat convertible. The vehicle was revealed at the Frankfurt Motor Show and is based on the A3 platform with styling notes carried over from its A5 Cabriolet sister, including the aluminum-finished windshield frame and the speedy convertible top.
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Carlos Carrasco Gets Win In Leukemia Comeback
Julio Aguilar / Stringer
ANAHEIM, Calif. (AP) — Cleveland Indians manager Terry Francona had the perfect description for Wednesday night's 4-3 victory over the Los Angeles Angels when he said "we pieced it together."
Carlos Santana and Francisco Lindor homered while Carlos Carrasco won in relief as six Cleveland relievers allowed only one run over the final 4 2/3 innings.
"There was a lot going on but we did a real good job," Francona said.
The Indians went 5-1 on their road trip against Minnesota and Los Angeles and are half-game behind Oakland for the second AL wild-card spot. They trail wild-card leader Tampa Bay by one game.
Cleveland is within four games of Minnesota in the AL Central heading into a three-game series at home against the Twins this weekend.
"We have to play hard in that series like we did in this road trip and go from there," Carrasco said.
Carrasco (5-7), making his fifth appearance since being treated for leukemia, pitched 1 2/3 scoreless innings with two walks and two strikeouts. The right-hander threw 30 pitches, the most during his comeback.
Carrasco said coming in during the fifth with a three-run lead was a good situation for him and that a scoreless outing is a step in the right direction.
"That was a big step for him. He's going to play a big role in what we are doing," Francona said. "To have him do it here. It started with a walk but then he was terrific"
With All-Star closer Brad Hand back in Cleveland for an MRI on his left arm, Francona used three pitchers to get through the ninth inning. Nick Wittgren, Oliver Perez and Adam Cimber each got one out. Cimber struck out Albert Pujols with a runner on first for his first major league save.
The Indians wanted Hand checked because his velocity had been decreasing the past couple outings. Francona said the MRI was clean.
"When you start having an MRI on someone who has thrown as much as he has and it comes back that clean it makes you feel good," Francona said.
Los Angeles again played without star outfielder Mike Trout.
Santana opened the scoring when he homered in the first off Dillon Peters (3-3) for his 34th of the season, which ties his career high from 2016. Lindor homered for the second straight night and for the fifth time this month.
"It looked like he was kind of off from the get go. Not only the pitching, but the balks. Just looked like something was off," Angels manager Brad Ausmus said of Peters, who allowed four runs on five hits in three innings.
Down 4-0, the Angels rallied. Shohei Ohtani snapped a 0-for-11 skid in the fifth when he lined Adam Plutko's slider over the wall in right center for his 18th homer of the season. Kole Calhoun hit a solo homer in the eighth off Tyler Clippard.
Plutko — who helped lead UCLA to the College World Series title in 2013 — started for Cleveland and yielded two runs on six hits over 4 1/3 innings. The right-hander struck out three and walked two.
TROUT UPDATE
Manager Brad Ausmus said he held Trout out for the fourth straight game to give the outfielder's right foot even more time to heal. The Angels are off on Thursday and could have their superstar back Friday for the start of a three-game series against Tampa Bay.
Trout had a cryoablation procedure last weekend to deaden the tissue around the irritated nerve in the foot.
The Indians went unbeaten against the Angels for the second time in three years and have won 24 of the past 28 in the series.
Indians: 3B Jose Ramirez (right wrist) is still trying to grip the bat properly before resuming baseball activities.
Angels: OF Justin Upton had an MRI after complaining of right knee discomfort and was held out of the lineup. He is 2 of 14 over the past four games. ... P Cam Bedrosian is being shut down for the rest of the season due to a right forearm strain.
Indians: Are off Thursday before RHP Aaron Civale (3-3, 1.93 ERA) takes the mound in Friday's opener against the Twins.
Angels: LHP Andrew Heaney (4-4, 4.30 ERA) gets the call Friday for the first of three games against the Rays.
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For COMMISSIONING, performance material AND LICENSING inquiries,
please EMAIL Adam at adamglaser70@optonline.net.
Passacaglia for String Orchestra 8:46
Launch (orchestra version) 8:19
March of the Little Goblins (abbreviated opening) 3:53
Hatikvah (arr. Glaser for string orchestra and children's choir) 3:34
Over the Open Fields, for mixed choir (piano reduction) 2:19
click on work titles to read more, peruse scores, listen to audio and watch videos.
Passacaglia (2018)
String orchestra.
Commissioned and premiered by the Tenafly (NJ) High School Philharmonic.
Launch (2008)
Full orchestra + optional chorus (SATB).
Commissioned and premiered in 2008 by the Lake Forest (IL) High School Orchestra and Chorus.
Hatikvah (2008, 2013)
Arrangement for String Orchestra + Children's Choir. Commissioned and premiered in 2008 at the Usdan Center for the Arts to commemorate Israel’s 60th anniversary.
Arrangement for String Orchestra (2013). Premiered in 2013 at the Usdan Center for the Arts.
March of the Little Goblins (1997)
Full orchestra.
Premiered by the University of Michigan Symphony and Philharmonia Orchestras.
Over the Open Fields (1998)
Mixed choir (SSATB).
Text by Gwen Frostic.
Naomi's Binomial Nomenclature 3:51
The Art of Science 4:14
The El 0:33
It Snowed Last Night 2:26
Con Artist 4:34
Naomi's Binomial Nomenclature
The Art of Science
The El
It Snowed Last Night
Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas (bluegrass arrangement for the DePue Brothers Band)
"Scaffolding" :30 TV spot, featuring Adam's "The Journey Begins"
Matrix Biolage TV spot (Europe) featuring Adam's "Spa Girl"
"Dog" :30 TV spot, featuring Adam's "You Can Have Faith"
aspenhome video, featuring the 2009 Fall Season Arrangement of Adam's signature theme for
the Aspenhome brand.
City of Hope / aspenhome video
featuring Adam's "Imagine What Could Be"
Sample 30-second Demos
Sample :30 Demos
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Botswana encourages communities to take the lead in HIV response
Posted by Rituu B. Nanda on May 3, 2018 at 10:19pm
(I had the privilege to talk to Gloria, Acting chief information, Education and Communication and Chanana, information, Education and Communication both from National AIDS Coordinating Agency (NACA), Botswana Government. Here is a note from our conversation. It was held in Entebbe October 2017. Kudos to NACA and Botswana Government have recognised the critical role of communities for an effective response to HIV and have taken a bottoms up, strength-based approach.)
In a stakeholder meeting at Francistown in 2012, it was decided to introduce bottom-up approach to HIV response in Botswana. National AIDS coordinating Agency (NACA) engaged a consultant to develop a model, which was later called Communities Acting Together to Control HIV (CATCH). NACA and UNAIDS in partnership with the Constellation organised Community life competence (CLCP) training in 2015 but later NACA took on its management. We decided to do a pilot in South East district through community and traditional leaders. NGO called Humana People to People was engaged to operationalize the approach on behalf of the government.
We have faced challenges in executing of the approach but we have learned from our experience and made changes accordingly. After the first training we realized that our selection of people to be trained was not comprehensive enough, it did not include district extension teams ( district service providers), and village structures after the first training. The second training was now inclusive of all the above. Most of the community facilitators were selected with help of chiefs. After the second training the challenge we faced was retention of facilitators. The work was 8 hours but their payment was low as volunteers. As soon as they got better paying jobs the facilitators left. Therefore, we came to the conclusion that we should not focus on getting just youth as facilitators but also consider retired, older people.
How can CLCP help a country?What can we learn from you?
It does the reverse from the traditional approach. Usually we are quick to identify community problems and solutions rather than identifying strengths that will be ultimately be solutions to their problems. CLCP focuses on identifying and enriching community strengths to enable communities to be agents of their own change. Then change becomes a constant behavior which they adopt which leads to sustainability.
We tend to concentrate on numbers and often overlook qualitative and behavioural indicators. We believe change only happens when there is a biomedical aspect to it, which can be measured. More fundamental aspect is the behavior change for example how many people thought of taking alcohol. We must not forget that if we influence behavior then we will get lower rate of new infections. With HIV the first decision you make every day is very important. The key is if we can influence the decisions of people.
We talk about community mobilization and engagement but do not think of community agency. We tend to give the community the impression that their capacity is determined by how far we can walk with them. However, CLCP acts as catalyst for the community to act on its own with it’s focus on strengths. We should aim to enable the people to be enablers and not recipients. We need to step back and let the community to do things at its own pace. You let the community ask for services. Make services available and make the community centre of the work and they will start accessing them. When you ask the community to come, they do not come with their own assessment. When they come through their own assessment, they change own behavior.
In Botswana, while our intention was HIV, the communities’ priority in most cases was not HIV- they wanted community garden, litter picking etc. Indirectly it ends being linked to HIV like talk about drug abuse and alcohol, unemployment. Referring to the fishbone model, Chanana says that unless we address the underlying issues nothing will change. Inspite of free ARVs, the rate of HIV is going up. There is something which needs to be fixed we need to go down to root cause of issues.
We have begun to observe small changes since the inception of SALT. ARV dropouts are saying that we realize that we should back to medication. Recognizing the strength of the approach we now have CATCH Malaria. We are training traditional leaders who can train facilitators and from South East we have moved to three other districts. But we do not want to hurry up.
To conclude, its not about money or time frame but how we want to upscale. Upscaling can go too quickly and hamper the spirit of what we are doing. If we are to change lives we have to go at the pace of the communities.
We are rooting for SALT at international levesl. 5 SDGs were fixed for CATCH – how we contributed to execution of SDGS. Botswana_AIDS.pdf is the document on how we are reporting about CATCH and its contribution to SDG
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Discover Australian Music
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Rex Dallas - Kitchen Table Country 16/10/2018
Rex Dallas is an award-winning Australian country musician, singer, songwriter, yodeller and bush balladeer. His albums also include selections of horse songs, war songs, mother songs and even on coalmining.
'Kitchen Table' is a true story written by Rex Dallas and Stan Coster's Granddaughter Aileen Manicaros. The big table, with legs as big as kegs, was lugged out from Scotland by Aileen's Great Granny. The big table became part of the Coster family heritage. Many happy hours, with family and friends, were spent at the old kitchen table.
Reg Poole - You Ain't Dolly Country 16/10/2015
Reg Poole is one of the leading bush Balladeers in the country. To see him in concert is to be taken on a journey of Australian discovery.
Like handing the baton across the generations of Australian country music, this duet of Ashley Monroe's and Vince Gill's You Ain't Dolly shows us the rich tradition of the road we've travelled, and the great places we're going - proving beyond doubt that the future is in good hands.
Reg Poole - Silent Night, Christmas 1915 Country 27/10/2014
The three time Golden Guitar winner is one of Australia’s most well known and loved bush balladeers. He is a talented award winning songwriter who has toured many times over.
Christmas is a time for joy, hardly something that you would celebrate on the front line in WW1, but this song tells of the remarkable story of Christmas Eve 1915 when the heat of the battle cooled while the troops from both sides toasted each other and sang Silent Night.
Reg Poole - Silence On The Line Country 16/05/2017
Reg Poole has been elevated to the Roll of Renown, and received an order of Australia medal. He has been in the art of entertainment for over three decades.
We find ourselves in the presence of a performer who's displaying all the passion and intensity of a vocalist at the peak of his powers. With a bit of lyrical Aussiefication of place names the story itself slips all to easily into the Australian bush experience.
Other tracks by Reg Poole: Music's Been Good To Me
Reg Poole - Grandpa's Little Girl Country 17/04/2013
Reg Poole – one of the great storytellers of Australian country music. A big man with a big voice to match.
This Isla Grant written song is track one on Reg Poole’s new album ‘Life’ and celebrates 40 years in the world of Australian country music for Reg. His version of the song also features the ‘debut’ of his two year old grand daughter, Macey, singing with her Poppy! Sort of!
Reg Lindsay - Country All the Way Country 22/05/2012
Reg’s career has spanned more than forty five years and every possible medium. His voice is his trademark: rich and mellow, certainly the best voice in country music
Written by Reg. on the front veranda of his Hunter Valley property in the mid 90’s. A fitting track for a true country musician. this is the original Reg. Lindsay version of Country All the Way
Other tracks by Reg Lindsay: Before The Dawn - No Slowin Down
Ree Nay - Seen You Before Folk, Alternative Country, Pop 13/11/2013
Reenay is a folk singer/songwriter who captivates her audience with her unique tone, powerful messages and magnetic presence.
A song about a deep fear of experiencing heartbreak a second time, and a battle between the head and the heart. It's about instinct, the gut feeling warning against taking another chance on love. This is a song that must be heard.
Redneck Gentlemen - Four Shots Down Country, Rock 04/05/2018
The Redneck Gentlemen are Australia’s newest country rock sensation, formed as a cover band in 2010 by John Lee (bass/vocals), Rob Bennic (drums) and Jared Scott (guitar/vocals),
Formed as a cover band in 2010 by John Lee (bass/vocals), Rob Bennic (drums) and Jared Scott (guitar/vocals), they quickly became a highlight for country music festival goers featuring prominently in the late-night pub scene. 'Four Shots Down' is the second single from the Redneck Gentlemen’s forthcoming debut EP.
Rebecca Lee Nye - I'll Be Gone (You'll Be Lonely) Country 23/06/2016
Rebecca is a multi-award winning singer songwriter with a unmistakable depth and tone that will leave you breathless, her warmth and emotion takes you on a journey through her songs.
Taken for granted she takes a stand using her inner strength to make a choice for a better life. Conquering her fear of being on her own she knows that this is the only way.
Other tracks by Rebecca Lee Nye: You, Me, Love (on a Saturday Night)
Radford Jaymes Band - Queen St. Coyboy Country, Rock 23/03/2018
Steven Jaymes and Brendan Radford have done hundreds of gigs together, Pubs, clubs, songwriters nights, campfires, festivals, you name it, chances are they have done it,
The new single 'Queen St. Cowboy' is a celebration of the urban city cowboy that loves, lives and breathes the bush, is its biggest supporter, and dreams of “going bush and one day” ... The Dolby races, burning sun on dirt, yeah I’m going back there one day.
Peter Stefanson - The Bestest Ever Christmas Time Pop, Easy Listening 16/11/2017
With Peter’s captivating energy and vast range of songs Peter provides entertainment for all tastes and ages alike.
With Peter’s captivating energy and vast range of songs Peter provides entertainment for all tastes and ages alike. 'The Bestest Ever Christmas Time' is said to be "The new standard for Christmas songs!"
Peter Simpson - Josie Lee Country, Instrumental 16/09/2017
Writing and recording with his wife, Dianne Lindsay, Peter himself is now a multi-award winning artist including several nominations for Golden Guitar Bush Ballad Of The Year.
'Josie Lee' is a happy tune written to celebrate the birth of Peter’s youngest grandchild, Josie Lee. This track features Peter’s acoustic guitar playing coloured by the lovely sound of steel guitar and fiddle while still maintaining a strong ballad feel.
Pete Denahy - Looking At My Phone Country, Comedy 27/06/2014
Pete is a comedian and bluegrass musician hailing from Yackandandah in Victoria. He is a songwriter and singer whose show includes everything from serious ballads to ridiculous stories and songs.
Looking At My Phone is the first single from Pete Denahy's forthcoming album called "Me". It deals with today's most popular past time - looking at a mobile phone - an endless source of happiness. As with Pete's last few offerings, all instruments either sourced or played by himself.
Pecos Red - Knoxville Country, Rockabilly 23/08/2019
In Pecos Red, Australian audiences can party like never before to incredible home-grown music, steeped in the heritage of American greats including Marty Robbins and Johnny Cash.
Aussie band, Pecos Red debuts with Knoxville, a song already charting high across Europe and the continental U.S. thanks to its lively beat, outstanding guitar work and fine storytelling. Knoxville is the first exciting release from Pecos Red's album Plains, regarded in the U.S. music industry as a shining example of the best of Americana.
Peasant Moon - Leaving Tonight Country, Folk, Alternative Country 01/09/2016
Blending late-night folk and intimate, acoustic alt-country, Peasant Moon have established themselves on the vibrant Sydney Americana scene.
Leaving Tonight, the leading single from the brand new EP - Songs from Austin: Live at Congress House is a head in the hands and heart on the sleeve unrequited love song, where the endless South Australian roads are the only antidote.
Paul Crowder - Little Steps Country 01/09/2016
Paul appeared on "The Voice" in 2015 in the blind auditions. Time spent on the show and the encouragement from the coaches and producers has reignited my passion for singing.
Little Steps is the 1st single released from Paul's EP From The Heart. It's a ballad describing the Little Steps taken by Paul and his wife Joanne as their lives and family grew. There is also a message in the song for couples starting out, who sometimes want everything yesterday.
Paul Cowderoy - Your Name Country, Rock 31/03/2015
Teaming up with Grammy award winning producer and engineer Philip Allen (Adele - Someone Like You), Paul is embracing the alt country and roots scene.
Teaming up with Grammy Award winning producer and engineer Philip Allen (Adele - Someone Like You), Paul is releasing his first single in two years. 'Your Name' written by Paul, is the first single from his new album Wet Hessian Bag due for release in June.
Paul Cowderoy - Wet Hessian Bag Country, Blues 14/10/2015
Smooth, enticing, and deep, Paul's voice will get in your head and stay there. The rich, warm tones of his voice and lyrics speak to his fans directly.
An odd name for a song, but one that evokes a powerful emotional response for Cowderoy. Wet hessian bags were used during sugar cane fires to smother spot fires in neighboring paddocks. The song focuses on Paul's first fire and his sense of transitioning from a boy to a man.
Paul Cowderoy - Now Country, Alternative Country 02/10/2012
Only new to the country music industry, Paul has already released multiple top two charting singles along with winning numerous new talent awards in 2011. Paul’s future is looking bright.
"Now" is an upbeat track that will leave you smiling and wanting more. The song is about how we meet those we love and all the good stuff in between.
Other tracks by Paul Cowderoy: Need To Need You
Paul Cowderoy - Nothin' You Want Country, Roots, Rock 06/01/2017
Smooth, enticing, and deep, Paul Cowderoy’s voice will get in your head and stay there. The rich, warm tones of his voice and lyrics speak to his fans directly.
This song is certainly something different for Paul. It's raw and under produced, a mix of country, funk, rock, and roots. The song centres around the battle we create when we refuse to open our hearts to real love.
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FedEx and JA Worldwide Tee-Up Inaugural “FedEx Junior Business Challenge”
Young Entrepreneurs Set to Pitch Business Concepts at PGA TOUR Tournaments for a Chance to Receive $75,000 Donation
MEMPHIS, Tenn., March 27, 2017 —FedEx Corp. (NYSE: FDX) and JA (Junior Achievement) Worldwide are set to launch the FedEx Junior Business Challenge, a program in conjunction with the PGA TOUR to help empower the next generation of entrepreneurs across the country.
The FedEx Junior Business Challenge, an extension of the JA Company Program, will serve as a platform to provide select JA students the opportunity to showcase their business company concepts at designated PGA TOUR tournaments this season for a chance to generate a $75,000 donation from FedEx to further support youth entrepreneurship.
At each FedEx Junior Business Challenge event, JA students ranging from 15-18 years old will pitch their team’s business concept to a panel of judges consisting of a PGA TOUR player and a variety of successful business leaders. The panel will evaluate each team’s business pitch and select one JA Company from each tournament to move onto the FedEx Junior Business Challenge Finals in September at the TOUR Championship in Atlanta. The qualified companies will then compete for the chance to earn the $75,000 donation for their local JA chapter on behalf of FedEx.
FedEx Junior Business Challenge Events Schedule:
Shell Houston Open (Humble, Texas) – Wednesday, March 29
THE PLAYERS Championship (Ponte Vedra Beach, Fla.) – Wednesday, May 10
Travelers Championship (Hartford, Conn.) – Wednesday, June 21
World Golf Championships-Bridgestone Invitational (Akron, Ohio) – Wednesday, August 2
Since 1996, FedEx has donated more than $13 million to JA Worldwide in support of small business and the entrepreneurs of tomorrow. The FedEx Junior Business Challenge is part of the FedEx Cares global giving initiative, in which FedEx is committing $200 million to 200 communities around the world by 2020.
“Small businesses and entrepreneurship are paramount to FedEx. Our relationship with the PGA TOUR and JA Worldwide provides a unique opportunity to use golf as a platform to support and showcase the next generation of business leaders through the FedEx Junior Business Challenge,” said Patrick Fitzgerald, senior vice president of Integrated Marketing Communications for FedEx. “It will be exciting to witness the creativity and forward thinking that the students present at each event during the PGA TOUR season.”
With more than 100 member countries, the JA Worldwide network reaches more than 10 million young people around the world every year.
“The amount of thought, planning and collaboration that JA students put into developing their business concepts is impressive,” said Asheesh Advani, CEO, JA Worldwide. “The FedEx Junior Business Challenge will serve as an opportunity for students to display their entrepreneurial thinking and innovation at PGA TOUR tournaments across the country.”
FedEx has been an official sponsor of the PGA TOUR since 2002. In 2007 the FedExCup—a season-long competitive and promotional platform—was introduced, transforming the competitive landscape of the PGA TOUR. The performance-based point structure culminates with the FedExCup Playoffs, a four-tournament playoff at the end of the season to determine the FedExCup Champion.
“As a preeminent supporter of the PGA TOUR, FedEx has made a significant commitment to support the local communities that host tournaments throughout the year,” said Brian Oliver, senior vice president of Sponsorships and Partnerships for the PGA TOUR. “The FedEx Junior Business Challenge is a great example of this, and is a unique program that we are looking forward to hosting at our tournaments during the 2016-17 PGA TOUR season.”
To learn more about the FedExCup, visit PGATOUR.com/FedExCup or follow FedEx on Facebook, YouTube and Twitter via @FedEx.
Giant Panda Bei Bei Departs Smithsonian’s National Zoo for China
FedEx Takes to the Road to Fight #1 Killer of Youth Worldwide
Orbis Plane Brings Gift of Sight to 4-Year-Old Boy in Mongolia
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Home > Latest News > Philippines: He discovers his cathedral ransacked
Philippines: He discovers his cathedral ransacked
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Philippines, Island of Mindanao, Islamic city of Marawi. Last year, the 400.000 people Muslim capital of the country was overtaken by djihadists claiming to be the local branch of ISIS. They attacked the cathedral on May 23rd and kidnapped the parish priest who finally escaped 4 months later. The city was then under siege for nearly 5 months and was literally destroyed. 3 months after the end of the battle, the access to the city center is still forbidden.
On this Friday January 11th, 2018, a small delegation including 2 national ACN directors (Philippines and France) was able to enter the perimeter originally named Ground zero and now called MAA: most affected area. The delegation was composed of civilians, the first to enter the area since the war with a heavy military escort. Among the delegation was the bishop of Marawi, Edwin de la Peña, for whom it was the first visit to his cathedral since May 22, 2017.
As he approached the church, he later confessed that he felt his heart break. The first thing he did was to kneel in silence in front of the devastated altar. Everything has been damaged including the statues of our Lord and of the Virgin Mary. Bullet impacts, burnt liturgical furniture, destruction everywhere. The bishop’s residence, just in front of the cathedral and where he had been living for the past 16 years, is also totally destroyed.
We could obviously feel his total annihilation but later, he would tell us that his priority, rather to rebuild the cathedral, was to have the Christian population of the city come back. No need of cathedral if that wasn’t achieved but after the trauma of the war, that goal seemed an incredible challenge.
One of his major reasons for not losing hope and something that really touched us was to see that among the volunteers working with the Catholic Church to help the people and rebuild trust, there were many young Muslim people. Actually, most of the volunteers were Muslims and they were really engaging with the different programs proposed by the Church.
If this whole nightmare was at least able to allow a new generation of peace building volunteers to appear, maybe the possibility of a future remained.
The bishop, the faithful (Catholics being a tiny minority, more or less 3%) and even the volunteers were so grateful to ACN for its support and for having simply come to visit them. We told them that they could count on our support but we also confessed that they had a great responsibility: if they were able to reconciliate, they would appear as models for other regions of the world with the same tensions.
It was a deeply moving journey, passing through some sort of desperate view of hell to the promise of a resurrection, at least a prayer intention that we will keep.[/vc_column_text][bs_modal_gallery groupname=”Marawi Cathedral” images=”26403,26404,26405,26406,26407,26408,26409,26410,26411,26412,26413,26414,26415,26416,26417,26418,26419″][/vc_column][/vc_row]
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As a Pontifical Foundation, Aid to the Church in Need has the mandate to act on behalf of the Church.
© ACN Aid to the Church in Need
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← KO remains elusive for Pacquiao
Better to have Ebola virus than to be caught stealing →
Big injustice for boxing if Floyd vs Pacman is off
“Boxing is the ultimate challenge. There’s nothing that can compare to testing yourself the way you do every time you step in the ring.” Sugar Ray Leonard
THERE should be no more excuses.
Fight fans will never forgive those behind the careers of Manny Pacquiao and Floyd Mayweather Jr. if the two won’t face each other next.
Or if the dream fight, postponed multiple times, will never happen, at all.
But, lo and behold, Uncle Bob Arum is now singing a different tune.
The 82-year-old Harvard lawyer has joined the chorus of those calling for the Pacquiao-Mayweather match to happen soon.
“Speaking for Manny and myself, we’re tired! Every place we go they ask us when is that fight gonna happen? When is it going to be made? You cannot believe the number of times I’m questioned about this by just people, waiters, anybody, who wants to know one question ‘when is the fight gonna happen?’ I say enough is enough! Let’s just make the fight happen. Let’s get it done,”
Arum declared hours after the Filipino lefty retained his WBO 147-lb crown with a commanding 119-103, 119-103, 120-102 unanimous decision against Chris Algieri in Macao on November 23.
“And let’s make it the next fight for each fighter sometime in the next six months of next year. That’s our position and we’re going to do what we can to make it happen.”
We are tired of the now-you-hear-it-now-you-don’t tug of war; of the blaming game and finger-pointing on who’s to blame why until now the megabucks deal has not been inked.
The Pacquiao vs Mayweather fight should happen soon or next year.
No more 2016. No more 2017.
By that time, Pacquiao, 37 years old before the May 2016 elections in the Philippines, will be very busy campaigning for senator.
By that time, 39-year-old Mayweather (47-0, 26 KOs), the richest-ever prizefighter in history, may no longer want to allow somebody to inflict more damage on his face in preparation for a grand retirement.
By 2016, the commodities may no longer be ripe.
It’s enough that Mayweather has collected five straight decision victories against Miguel Angel Cotto (12 rounds), Robert Guerrero (12 rounds), Saul Alvarez (12 rounds) and Marcos Rene Maidana (12 rounds twice) while waiting for Pacquiao to get old.
It’s enough that Pacquiao amassed seven decision wins in his last nine bouts with defeats only to Timothy Bradley (first fight) and Juan Manuel Marquez (KO6, fourth fight) while waiting for Mayweather to say “yes, I’ll fight you, Manny.”
There are other upcoming ring superstars waiting for their date with fame and destiny who deserve to be given large paychecks and mammoth publicity like the one being enjoyed by Pacquiao and Mayweather.
They are only waiting for Mayweather’s and Pacquiao’s exit and they, too, must be itching to hit a paydirt in the main events.
Giving Pacquiao and Mayweather “honorable” or farewell cash prizes as a token of appreciation for their magnificent contribution in fight business won’t hurt the industry that benefited a lot from their talent.
Uncle Bob should expect Mayweather to continue demanding for a 60-40 purse. HBO, Top Rank and probably Showtime (a rival network) should be ready to fork out some $50 to $60 million for Mayweather’s pcoket.
After the Macao conquest of Aligieri, Pacquiao was again hounded by calls for a Mayweather duel, which is actually beyond his call.
Pacquiao (57-5, 38 KOs) is very much willing to retire immediately after facing Mayweather for an exclamation point of his fistic career that started on January 25, 1995 with a four-round unanimous decision against Edmund Enting Ignacio in Sablayan, Mindoro Oriental.
Fighting again after a Mayweather showdown would be a total folly unless he wants to retire with a brain injury, physical deformities and speech defects (he can’t afford to speak like “Barok” in the Philippine Senate).
He does not need more fame and money. Pacquiao has secured a place in history.
As an elected senator in 2016, he can forget boxing and focus as a lawmaker.
Retirement should be a non-negotiable option for Pacquiao win or lose against the charismatic black American.
Mayweather will never be happy for the rest of his life once he retires without swapping leathers with the only man in the planet to win eight world titles in eight different weight classes.
He will be booed and jeered at as “coward” everywhere he goes.
It’s a big injustice for boxing and a mockery of sports if the Pacquiao vs Mayweather duel will not materialize.
No matchup can be compared to the Pacquiao vs Mayweather rumble in terms of global excitement and promotional wizardry.
Fans can tolerate the delay, but not the postponement.
Fans can forgive and accept if Mayweather lost to Maidana and Pacquiao lost to Algieri, but not the cancelation of the
Pacquiao versus Mayweather match, much ballyhooed as the ultimate showdown.
It’s better late than never.
Posted by Alex P. Vidal on November 24, 2014 in SPORTS
Tags: Bob Arum, boxing, Chris Algieri, HBO, Manny Pacquiao, Showtime, WBO
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China: Imperialist or Catalyst?
News Featured Latest News
Is China the new imperial power in Africa, or a partner with which Africa can advance its developmental interests? This is a question that 2014 Tutu Fellow Isaac Fokuo examines in an essay for African Business. The dominant narrative in Sino-African relations is that China's interest in Africa is confined to natural resources. Fokuo goes further. He says that African governments need to leverage China's engagement by implementing economic development policies as a catalyst for industrialisation.
Fokuo looks at Ethiopia as an example that could be replicated elsewhere. Ethiopia changed its policies to allow for more Chinese investment in 2008 in the manufacturing sector. With the increase in capacity, unemployment has decreased and the economy has become one of the fastest growing in the Horn of Africa. It also added value to its cattle population in the form of growing its leather goods processing and exporting the finished goods all over the world. Investment in local manufacturing in other sectors, for example, cellphones, saw 60 million handsets sold in Africa in 2016.
Fokuo argues that African nations should consider adopting simlar models for their own circumstances to initiate a chain reaction creating millions of productive jobs. He points out that Ethiopia, like most African countries, had a relatively small or negligible manufacturing sector before engaging with China.
The full piece can be read at African Business. Isaac Fokuo is a 2014 Fellow and a co-founder of the Sino Africa Centre of Excellence. He is a columnist for African Business Magazine.
China Sino-African Relations Economic Development Catalysing Industrialisation Investment
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Norman Smit is CEO of Integrated Media Strategies, which provides communications services to the African Leadership Institute.
Friday, 03 January 2020 South Sudan peace activist Peter Biar Ajak freed from prison
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Chinese immigrants in Africa - a mirror for bilateral trade relations?
2012 Fellow wins 2018 Young CEO of the Year
Two Fellows on Ugandan government technology Task Force
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The Plastered Skulls from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Site of Yiftahel (Israel) – A Computed Tomography-Based Analysis
Viviane Slon, Rachel Sarig, Israel Hershkovitz, Hamoudi Khalaily, et al
http://www.mendeley.com/research/plastered-skulls-prepottery-neolithic-b-site-yiftahel-israel-computed-tomographybased-analysis
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http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.07.024
Europe PMC Citations 110 May 03:38 UTC
Scopus 508 Jan 11:06 UTC
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{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1391554"], "description"=>"<p>The plastered skulls are facing west (L4187, open area 402).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Musculoskeletal system", "bone", "radiology", "Diagnostic radiology", "Computed tomography", "anthropology", "Biological anthropology", "Paleoanthropology", "Physical anthropology", "archaeology", "Virtual archaeology", "Sociology", "plastered", "skulls"], "article_id"=>938954, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Viviane Slon", "Rachel Sarig", "Israel Hershkovitz", "Hamoudi Khalaily", "Ianir Milevski"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089242.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>6, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_three_plastered_skulls_in_situ_/938954", "title"=>"The three plastered skulls <i>in situ</i>.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-02-19 03:22:36"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1391555"], "description"=>"<p>Archaeological sites where artificial remodeled skulls have been found are marked with black dots.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Musculoskeletal system", "bone", "radiology", "Diagnostic radiology", "Computed tomography", "anthropology", "Biological anthropology", "Paleoanthropology", "Physical anthropology", "archaeology", "Virtual archaeology", "Sociology"], "article_id"=>938955, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Viviane Slon", "Rachel Sarig", "Israel Hershkovitz", "Hamoudi Khalaily", "Ianir Milevski"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089242.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>6, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Map_of_the_southern_Levant_/938955", "title"=>"Map of the southern Levant.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-02-19 03:22:36"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1391560"], "description"=>"<p>Details of each plastered mask are shown in the enlargements at the bottom of the figure. Homo 1 – left; Homo 2 – center; Homo 3 – right.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Musculoskeletal system", "bone", "radiology", "Diagnostic radiology", "Computed tomography", "anthropology", "Biological anthropology", "Paleoanthropology", "Physical anthropology", "archaeology", "Virtual archaeology", "Sociology", "plastered", "reconstruction", "preservation"], "article_id"=>938960, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Viviane Slon", "Rachel Sarig", "Israel Hershkovitz", "Hamoudi Khalaily", "Ianir Milevski"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089242.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>4, "page_views"=>9, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_three_plastered_skulls_following_reconstruction_and_preservation_processes_/938960", "title"=>"The three plastered skulls, following reconstruction and preservation processes.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-02-19 03:22:36"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1391562"], "description"=>"<p>Scans of Homo 1 (lower half of figure) and Homo 2 (upper half of figure) showing results of the ROI analysis, indicating the density of the plastered masks. Densities below 1200HU are marked in white; between 1200–1400HU in yellow; and above 1400HU in green.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Musculoskeletal system", "bone", "radiology", "Diagnostic radiology", "Computed tomography", "anthropology", "Biological anthropology", "Paleoanthropology", "Physical anthropology", "archaeology", "Virtual archaeology", "Sociology", "homo"], "article_id"=>938962, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Viviane Slon", "Rachel Sarig", "Israel Hershkovitz", "Hamoudi Khalaily", "Ianir Milevski"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089242.g005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>10, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_CT_scan_of_Homo_1_and_Homo_2_/938962", "title"=>"CT scan of Homo 1 and Homo 2.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-02-19 03:22:36"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1391563"], "description"=>"<p>In the sagittal section (A), note the orbital filling, in its correct anatomical position (thick arrow). The root of the upper right canine is missing (thin arrow). The apical part of the dental socket is empty, while the cervical part is filled with plaster. There is no mandible. The petrous bone is intact (dashed arrow). In the axial section at the level of the maxilla (B), note that the cervical part of the dental sockets for the incisors and the canines (C – right canine) are filled with plaster. The dental sockets of the right first premolar (PM1) and the left first and second premolars are filled with material of bone-like density. Most roots of the left first molar and the right first and second molars (M2) are present.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Musculoskeletal system", "bone", "radiology", "Diagnostic radiology", "Computed tomography", "anthropology", "Biological anthropology", "Paleoanthropology", "Physical anthropology", "archaeology", "Virtual archaeology", "Sociology", "homo"], "article_id"=>938963, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Viviane Slon", "Rachel Sarig", "Israel Hershkovitz", "Hamoudi Khalaily", "Ianir Milevski"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089242.g006", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>12, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_CT_scan_of_Homo_1_/938963", "title"=>"CT scan of Homo 1.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-02-19 03:22:36"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1391565"], "description"=>"<p>In the sagittal section (A), note that the superior part of the plastered nose (thin arrow) ends at the level of the supraorbital ridge (thick arrow). There is therefore a discrepancy between the mask's features and the correct anatomical position. Note also the thick layer of plaster (dashed arrows) at the base of the skull, instead of the missing mandible. In axial section at the level of the maxilla (B), note that the cervical part of the dental sockets for most teeth are filled with plaster. The roots of the left first molar (M1) and the right first premolar (PM2) are present.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Musculoskeletal system", "bone", "radiology", "Diagnostic radiology", "Computed tomography", "anthropology", "Biological anthropology", "Paleoanthropology", "Physical anthropology", "archaeology", "Virtual archaeology", "Sociology", "homo"], "article_id"=>938965, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Viviane Slon", "Rachel Sarig", "Israel Hershkovitz", "Hamoudi Khalaily", "Ianir Milevski"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089242.g007", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>3, "page_views"=>13, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_CT_scan_of_Homo_2_/938965", "title"=>"CT scan of Homo 2.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-02-19 03:22:36"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1391567"], "description"=>"<p>The cross-sections shows the plastered eye (thick arrow) in its correct anatomical position, within the right orbital cavity.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Musculoskeletal system", "bone", "radiology", "Diagnostic radiology", "Computed tomography", "anthropology", "Biological anthropology", "Paleoanthropology", "Physical anthropology", "archaeology", "Virtual archaeology", "Sociology", "cross-section", "homo"], "article_id"=>938967, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Viviane Slon", "Rachel Sarig", "Israel Hershkovitz", "Hamoudi Khalaily", "Ianir Milevski"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089242.g008", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>12, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Sagittal_cross_section_of_Homo_3_/938967", "title"=>"Sagittal cross-section of Homo 3.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-02-19 03:22:36"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1391568"], "description"=>"<p>The trauma is noted by a black arrow. Enlargement of the trauma is shown at the bottom right part of the figure.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Musculoskeletal system", "bone", "radiology", "Diagnostic radiology", "Computed tomography", "anthropology", "Biological anthropology", "Paleoanthropology", "Physical anthropology", "archaeology", "Virtual archaeology", "Sociology", "ante-mortem", "homo"], "article_id"=>938968, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Viviane Slon", "Rachel Sarig", "Israel Hershkovitz", "Hamoudi Khalaily", "Ianir Milevski"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089242.g009", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>13, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Oval_depressed_ante_mortem_skull_trauma_in_Homo_3_/938968", "title"=>"Oval depressed ante-mortem skull trauma in Homo 3.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-02-19 03:22:36"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1391570"], "description"=>"<p>Phase 1: Removal of the mandible and upper teeth. Phase 2: Preparation of the base of the mask. Phase 3: Filling of the temporal foramina with plaster. Phase 4: Filling of orbital and nasal cavities. Phase 5: Positioning of the plaster mask on the facial area, while anchoring it on the plaster base created in phase 3. The upper part of the mask is at the level of the supra-cilliary eminence, thus the superior part of the calvarium is not covered. Phase 6: Modeling of the mask by adding shells to create the eyes (at the level of the frontal bone), adding a plaster nose (its base at the level of the inferior part of the orbitae), and tracing the mouth (at the level of the maxilla). Phase 7: Decoration of the mask by adding color and/or natural materials to mimic a headdress.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Musculoskeletal system", "bone", "radiology", "Diagnostic radiology", "Computed tomography", "anthropology", "Biological anthropology", "Paleoanthropology", "Physical anthropology", "archaeology", "Virtual archaeology", "Sociology", "artists", "reconstruction", "modeling", "homo", "2s"], "article_id"=>938970, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Viviane Slon", "Rachel Sarig", "Israel Hershkovitz", "Hamoudi Khalaily", "Ianir Milevski"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089242.g010", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>9, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_An_artists_reconstruction_of_the_process_of_modeling_Homo_2s_mask_/938970", "title"=>"An artists reconstruction of the process of modeling Homo 2s mask.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-02-19 03:22:36"}
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Flights from New York to Saransk starting at $
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Airports in New York: Flushing (FLU), John F Kennedy Intl (JFK), West 30th St Heliport (JRA), East 60th Street H/P (JRE), La Guardia (LGA), East 34th St Heliport (TSS), World Trade Center (WTC).
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What Skeptics and Conservatives Can Learn from Each Other
The following article by Linn and Ari Armstrong originally was published May 11 by Grand Junction Free Press.
What do skeptics from Denver and conservatives from the Heritage Foundation have in common? More than you might initially guess.
We suppose Ari is one of the few people to have attended both a Heritage event and a Skepticamp (a day filled with talks critical of mysticism and the paranormal). He may be the only one to have done so on back-to-back weekends.
During the last weekend of April, Heritage sponsored a two-day event in Colorado Springs for free-market activists. On May 5, Denver-area skeptics organized a Skepticamp in Parker. Ari attended both events, and the juxtaposition of ideas merits some discussion.
Of course the huge disagreement between the conservatives and the skeptics concerns the reasonableness of believing in a supernatural entity. Most of those who attended the Heritage event believe in the Christian God. Probably everyone at Skepticamp, on the other hand, believes that no god exists, and that neither the evidence nor any rational argument supports a belief in God’s existence.
That is a huge debate, and one’s beliefs on the matter impact one’s entire worldview. By the time people reach adulthood, they usually settle their beliefs on the matter; we doubt that anyone who attended either event will seriously consider changing positions.
While we cannot understate the importance of the debate over God’s existence, nevertheless beyond that issue many conservatives share much in common with many skeptics. And we think the similarities are just as interesting.
We hope the skeptics would have been impressed by much of what Heritage historian Matthew Spalding had to say. Spalding sees America’s founding as rooted in the Enlightenment, a movement that recognized the power of human reason to advance science and governments. Spalding described the core principles of America—equality under the law, a recognition of the facts of human nature, and government rooted in the consent of the governed—and argued that everyone, whether pagan or Christian, can discover these truths through reason.
True, skeptics would disagree with Spalding’s view that “reason and revelation agree” about such things. Nevertheless, Spalding resisted the views of some that American principles flow only from the Christian tradition. Spalding pointed out that the Constitution is not a sectarian document, and that Jefferson and other Founders drew on the ideas of Aristotle, Cicero, and other pre-Christian thinkers.
Spalding also spoke about the profound importance of religious liberty and freedom of conscience, ideals many skeptics also support. For example, Spalding praised George Washington’s “Letter to the Jews of Newport,” written early in the great man’s term as president.
Washington wrote, “The citizens of the United States of America have a right to applaud themselves for having given to mankind examples of an enlarged and liberal policy—a policy worthy of imitation. All possess alike liberty of conscience and immunities of citizenship.”
We are proud to call ourselves liberals in this Washingtonian tradition. And both conservatives and skeptics who follow Washington in supporting freedom of conscience are to that degree liberals in the truest sense.
Many skeptics could learn a thing or two from Spalding about the profound importance of economic liberty. While skeptics claim to be critical thinkers, some unthinkingly embrace leftist political goals emanating from the disturbed mind of Karl Marx and the so-called “Progressive” movement that he inspired. To take but one example, some skeptics seemed to support censorship of political speech by individuals interacting voluntarily in groups (“corporations”).
Spalding spoke eloquently of the Founders’ respect for property rights, economic liberty, and the rule of law that protects equality under the law, not “equality” of resources that others produce. As Spalding argued, such liberties flow from natural facts about people and the use of reason to recognize those facts and their proper political implementation.
Unfortunately, sometimes skeptics and American Christians make a comparable error. Some skeptics see the cause of economic liberty as bound up with the religious right and reject both. Some Christians think that the problem with Communism was its atheism, rather than its reliance on a secularized version of religion that treats the collective as a mystical superentity. Capitalism—the system of individual rights (including economic liberty)—finds its defense in reason based on the evidence of the natural world.
But many skeptics do indeed endorse economic liberty. Last year Barry Fagin, a free-market writer for the Independence Institute, spoke at Skepticamp. This year, Robert Zubrin spoke about his new book, “Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists, and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism.” Strikingly, while some of the conservatives made disparaging remarks about Charles Darwin, the greatest biologist of human history, Zubrin explained how leftists misapplied Darwin’s ideas to promote programs involving eugenics and population control.
If every conservative would attend a Skepticamp, and every skeptic would attend a lecture by the likes of Spalding, the world would be a much more interesting place—and we think a much better one.
Linn Armstrong is a local political activist and firearms instructor with the Grand Valley Training Club. His son, Ari blogs at AriArmstrong.com in the Denver area.
Note: Heritage paid most of Ari’s expenses for the event in question (not that that made any difference to the contents of this article); see Ari Armtrong’s Disclosures Unjustly Compelled by the FTC.
Image of Matthew Spalding from the Heritage Institute
Author Ari ArmstrongPosted on May 11, 2012 May 26, 2017 Categories PoliticsTags Conservatism, Free Press
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International Arbitration Act 1974Deborah Tomkinson2019-10-19T09:22:39+11:00
The IAA implements a favourable system in which to practice international arbitration and provides parties with the flexibility to agree on the best process for dealing with their particular dispute.
A link to the IAA is provided here: International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cth)
Key elements of the legislation include:
Model Law as the Procedural Law
The IAA designates the Model Law as the exclusive, mandatory procedural law for all international arbitrations seated in Australia.
Statutory duty of confidentiality
Arbitral proceedings are, by their nature, private but not necessarily confidential. In 1995, the Australian High Court ruled in Esso Australia Resources Ltd v Plowman (1995) 183 CLR 10 that a general obligation of confidence in arbitration proceedings did not arise by way of implication in Australia. The express agreement of the parties, including by incorporating reference to procedural rules containing confidentiality provisions, was required. Following amendments to the legislation in 2015 and pursuant to sections 22 and 23C of the IAA, unless the parties otherwise agree, a statutory duty of confidence applies. As such, the IAA requires parties to refrain from disclosing confidential information except in the limited circumstances set out in the IAA.
Limitation of grounds to refuse enforcement
The enforcement of arbitral awards made in Australia (‘non-foreign awards’) is now governed by Article 35 and 36 of the Model Law which limit the grounds on which a party may seek to resist enforcement. Further, section 8(3A) of the IAA clarified that the court has no residual discretion to refuse enforcement of a foreign arbitral award on any grounds other than those provided in ss 8(5) and 8(7) of the IAA, which in effect reproduce the grounds established in Article 5 of the New York Convention.
Optional provisions – flexibility
The IAA framework places a strong emphasis on party autonomy by providing a suite of optional provisions. These include provisions on, for example, tribunal powers to award costs and security for costs, to continue proceedings notwithstanding party default and to order interest on an award.
These simple ‘opt in’ and ‘opt out’ provisions offer parties the flexibility to adapt their procedure to suit relevant circumstances.
Limits to and guidance on judicial intervention
The IAA provides guidance and limits to the exercise of judicial power in relation to arbitration. When performing functions or exercising powers under the IAA or the Model Law, courts are required by section 39 of the IAA, to have regard to its objects and the fact that arbitration is an efficient, impartial, enforceable and timely method by which to resolve commercial disputes and that awards are intended to provide certainty and finality.
The IAA also sets out the specific circumstances when, and the bases on which, courts may act. Similarly, the Model Law provides that in matters governed by it, no court shall intervene except where provided in that law.
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View of Narikala Fortress
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Dr Ian Colvin
Ian Colvin is a historian specialising in the late Roman and Byzantine history of the Caucasus regions. He studied classical and modern Georgian after receiving his MST in Byzantine studies, and has devoted himself to excavations at the site of Nokalakevi.
Beginning his foray into both academia and archaeology with an undergraduate thesis that developed into a doctoral dissertation, Dr Ian Colvin now specialises in the late Roman and Byzantine history of the Caucasus regions. He studied modern and classical Georgian as part of his doctoral studies at Oxford and worked as Director of the archaeological expedition to Nokalakevi in 2001, a project with which he has continued. During this role, he has introduced around 200 archaeological volunteers to Georgia and its heritage, and his main research interests are the South Caucasus in Late Antiquity as well as the Late Roman classicising historians.
You can read all about Ian’s excavations at Nokalakevi here: Nokalakevi Project Website or Excavations at Nokalakevi
What first sparked your passion for archaeology?
Archaeology is a key source for historians of my period (Late Antiquity & Byzantium), adding enormously to our ability to understand and reconstruct the world of the past. When I began my doctorate on Roman-Persian rivalry on the Eastern Frontier it was clear that I would need a strong grasp of the archaeology of the South Caucasus, the Eastern Frontier and the wider world of Antiquity. It was nevertheless a surprise to me, when in 1999 I found myself invited to establish an Anglo-Georgian collaboration on one of the most important archaeological sites in Georgia—the Byzantine-Laz fortress of Archaeopolis in the modern village of Nokalakevi. My experience setting up and helping run the dig over the following two decades has confirmed my belief in the immense value of archaeologists and historians working closely together.
What does archaeology mean for you?
For anyone who seeks to understand the past, the process of investigating its physical remains is an invaluable activity. It brings one directly into contact with the material residue of the cultures we study, and sometimes into contact with the direct effects of the political history that historians more usually concentrate on. It is one thing to read about the dispatch of a Roman officer to the eastern Black Sea coast to improve the fortresses there when war with the Sasanians threatened—it is quite another experience to excavate in the shadow of, and on one occasion through, those fortifications erected under the direction of Thomas Guzes. The experience provokes all sorts of helpful reflections on the society and thought-world in which our literary sources were produced and on which so much of our understanding of history depend. Our discovery and excavation of the ‘lost’ fortress of Onoguris at the nearby site of Khuntsistsikhe is a direct and exciting contribution to ‘new’ historical knowledge.
Thus, although I’m a historian by training, I consider my involvement at Nokalakevi to be one of the most important of my varied jobs and roles. As a collaborative activity, requiring a daily team effort, it provides a welcome contrast to the more solitary day-to-day work of the historian. The physical exertion is also a pleasant contrast to the excesses of book and screen time that occupies much of the rest of the working year. And one must not underemphasise the importance of working alongside others of a different culture and language: the opportunity to immerse oneself in a Georgian and Orthodox Christian context, and in the life of an agricultural village, provides a salutary reminder of how different our present lives are to those of the people and cultures we study.
What is your favourite archaeological site?
Nokalakevi-Archaeopolis in western Georgia. It is a multi-period site with layers going back to the Bronze Age and impressive standing remains of my own period, Late Antiquity (4th-7th centuries AD). The fortified administrative site has been the focus of intensive excavations every summer since 2001 by a joint-team of British and Georgian archaeologists and is the longest-running foreign excavation in Georgia.
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Expert Lecturer Dr Ian Colvin, Laura-Marie Taylor-Stoakes
Expert Lecturer Dr Ian Colvin, Simone Aquilina
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Peter Griffin in bar
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This is an original production drawing used in making "Family Guy" episode "Screams of Silence" 2011. Family Guy follows the adventures of an endearingly ignorant dad, PETER GRIFFIN (Seth MacFarlane), and his hilariously odd family of middle-class New Englanders in Quahog, RI. LOIS (Alex Borstein) is Peter's wife, a stay at home mom with no patience for her family's antics. Then there are their kids: 17-year-old MEG (Mila Kunis) is a social outcast and the Griffin family punching bag; 13-year-old CHRIS (Seth Green) is a socially awkward teen who doesn't have a clue about the opposite sex; and 1-year-old STEWIE (MacFarlane) is a diabolically clever baby whose burgeoning sexuality is very much a work in progress. Rounding out the Griffin household is BRIAN (MacFarlane), the family dog, a member of Mensa with a penchant for dry martinis and dumb blondes. SOLD
Image Size: 10.5" x 12.5"
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peter griffin
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Original production drawings are one-of-a-kind pieces of animation art. Prior to the creation of cels, each character pose and action must be drawn in pencil. These drawings are the artistic backbone of the film or television show, and are much in demand by collectors.
While they lack the vivid colour of cels, drawings are very desirable for two main reasons. Many collectors prefer drawings because it is at this stage that the animators have really exercised their talents and brought the characters to life. Another appealing aspect of drawings is that they generally cost significantly less than a comparable production cel.
Original production drawings are a wonderful addition to any animation collection, and a great way to enjoy the artistry behind your favourite characters. See What To Look For In A Good Cel Or Drawing.
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Shriner Stewie
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The right guy won the IndyCar championship, but he almost didn't
Josef Newgarden was just a couple of positions away from losing the title he controlled all year
Josef Newgarden only spent one race outside of the IndyCar Series championship lead this season.
The best team won the IndyCar championship on Sunday at Laguna Seca, but it came really close to giving it away.
Josef Newgarden captured the honors, his second in three years, but it was much closer than anyone really anticipated. Alexander Rossi and Simon Pagenaud were presented the exact scenario they needed as the race unfolded, but neither capitalized.
At a minimum, both challengers needed to win and have Newgarden finish sixth or worse.
He finished eighth.
For the sake of reference, that had only happened three other times in a season in which he finished with a 5.6 average.
Newgarden’s team, spearheaded by strategist and Team Penske president Tim Cindric, made the decision to simply stay within eyesight of Rossi, its closest pursuer, and it nearly suckered the team into a black hole in which it never would have recovered.
IndyCar leadership touts growth in 'state of the sport' press conference
Rossi, who had struggled with various issues throughout the week, just didn’t have the speed he needed to race in the top five.
As he fell outside of the top five and nearly outside of the top 10, it continually backed both of them further and further away from Simon Pagenaud, who was threatening to win the race -- and thus, the championship.
"During the race I was like, 'I don't like this. I don't like the way I'm running this race,'" Newgarden said.
"I felt like we were going down a rabbit hole, and it was just the wrong place to be going because I could see the writing on the wall where it was headed."
Where it was headed was a Simon Pagenaud championship.
"My goal was to shadow Rossi, and that's either going to be in my favor or it's not," Newgarden said. "And it looked like it was coming out of that favor, that sort of strategy. But I had to stick to the plan. Our goose was kind of cooked after the first stint. It was like, look, you've made your bed, this is what it is."
Josef Newgarden takes second IndyCar title as Colton Herta wins race at Laguna Seca
The decisive moment of the race was when Pagenaud came out ahead of third-place Scott Dixon on colder tires. Pagenaud just couldn’t get heat into his new tires in time to fend off the five-time champion.
If he had, based on the pace he showed racing Dixon, he likely would have set sail toward second-place Will Power -- teammate to both himself and Newgarden.
Power would not have surrendered the position, but he wouldn’t have objected to the degree Dixon had.
If Pagenaud gets second place with 20 laps to go or so, maybe he makes a race out of it.
"I could see it right there on the scoring pylon," Pagenaud said. “I saw that he fell to sixth, and then seventh and eighth. I asked, 'Do we have to win? But I knew.' It doesn’t make it sting extra hard because we were in a bit of a long shot, but I gave it all we had."
That’s how perilously close Newgarden, stuck in the fringes of the top 10, was to losing a championship he had pretty much controlled from Day 1.
Rossi, for his part, was diplomatic about how it all played out.
"You can't take away from the fact that Josef led all but one race this season," Rossi said. "And from a sporting perspective, probably the right guy won. He came into this thing with a pretty big lead, and if it had gone away on double points, I would have loved it, but ultimately it probably wouldn't have been the outcome that should have happened.
"Josef did a great job, Simon did a good job there at the end and we just were a couple points short."
But it was much closer than what the champion, so dominant all year, probably needed to make it.
Chip Ganassi Racing to be honored in Los Angeles car museum
IndyCar ace Scott Dixon to enter Bathurst 12 Hour race in 2020
Virgin Australia Supercars champ Scott McLaughlin to test Team Penske Indy car
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Baa training
First airbus a320 door and slide trainer in the ba
First Airbus A320 Door and Slide Trainer in the Baltic States
As the first and only of its kind in the Baltic States, BAA Training has added a brand new Airbus A320 Door and Slide Trainer to its repertoire of training equipment. BAA Training continues to invest in its training equipment so it will be the first choice training provider. Having announced the 4 full flight simulator acquisition just last year, one of the leading aviation centres in Northern Europe accelerates into the new year with one more, state-of-the-art equipment addition to its headquarters in Vilnius. This addition opens the possibility for timely and cost-effective cabin crew and pilot training or training equipment leasing for airlines, as it can be easily reached via main European aviation hubs on a daily basis.
Manufactured by ASP the Air-Space Airbus A318/A319/320/321 Door Trainer and the original Over Wing Exit – simulate door system operations in both normal and emergency conditions as well as opening escape hatches. The main front left Door 1L of the trainer is an original A320 Door assembled with all of the mechanisms and drives, which allows a real hands-on experience. The trainer includes an attendant seat (double) with a handset and a FAP, near the main door, and triple seats for passengers (two rows) with call the flight attendant buttons. Exercises for the crew in the cockpit are activated in an instructor station where a touch screen is implemented. The slide is applicable for Airbus A318/A319/320/321 as its height is 3480 mm, width is 1600 mm, and length is 6700 mm.
“The growing aviation market raises a need for aviation personnel. At the moment, there are 331 airlines operating 7527 A320 Family aircraft worldwide, 7258 of which are operable A320 planes. In 2016, Airbus had the highest A320 Family aircraft production rate ever with 545 deliveries. To operate one aircraft an airline needs approximately 20 flight crew members who must all go through an Operator Conversion Course with a Door and Slide Training course included. In addition, Door and Slide Training is an integrated part of the training that is required every 3 years for each crew member. Obviously, there is no doubt in the need for training, the only question is – what level of training quality to choose”, comments Martynas Mazeika, COO at BAA Training.
BAA Training already has a Flight Navigation Procedure Trainer (FNTP II) used for pilot Ab Initio training simulating a Tecnam P2006T/Cessna 172, Touch Screen Trainer (TST) for Airbus A320, Boeing 737 CL, as well as Airbus A320 full flight simulators at its headquarters in Vilnius. Furthermore, BAA Training has recently announced the acquisition of 4 additional full flight simulators. By the end of 2018, BAA Training will be operating 5 full-flight simulators in Vilnius: three Airbus A320, one Boeing 737 CL, and one Boeing 737 NG. With the acquisition of the Airbus A320 Door and Slide Trainer, BAA Training proves to be a provider of complex aviation personnel training for pilot, cabin crew, or even ground handling training.
Gediminas Ziemelis: 2020 – revolutionary year for the $700 billion worth global aviation industry
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BAA Training becomes ENAC partner for pilot training
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CBN seeks out-of-court-settlement over $3.2bn judgment against FG
The Central Bank of Nigeria told a Federal High Court in
Abuja on Tuesday that it had initiated settlement talks with
the beneficiaries of a $3.2bn judgment obtained against the
Federal Government on December 3, 2013.
The plaintiffs, who won the case against the Federal
Government, comprised 234 local governments of various
states of the federation, the Association of Local
Governments of Nigeria and their consultant, Linas
International Limited.
Key government officials who were sued as defendants,
comprising the Federal Government, the Attorney-General of
the Federation (then Mr. Mohammed Adoke), the Minister of
Finance (who was then Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala) and the
Accountant-General of the Federation, failed to defend the
suit.
They also refused to appeal the judgment up till when the
judgment creditors commenced garnishee proceedings for
the enforcement of the judgment. The CBN, being the bank
holding custody of the Federal Government’s account, is
the only respondent in the garnishee proceedings.
The case is now at the last stage of garnishee proceedings
(garnishee absolute), the court having earlier granted
‘garnishee nisi’ order summoning the CBN to show cause
why it should not be ordered to pay the sum of $3.2bn to
the judgment creditors.
At the resumed hearing of the garnishee proceedings on
Tuesday, CBN’s lawyer, Ms. Ozeigbe Omo-Egharevba, told
the presiding judge, Justice Adeniyi Ademola, that
representatives of the CBN, the Accountant-General of the
Federation and the judgment creditors met on Monday.
“Representatives of the CBN and the Accountant-General of
the Federation met with the representatives of the plaintiff
yesterday (Monday) to see how we can explore an out of
court settlement of the case,†the lawyer said.
She did not give details of the meeting.
Counsel for the plaintiffs, Chief A. Akunebu, however said
he could not confirm if the development was true.
According to him, the plaintiffs’ lead counsel, Joe Agi
(SAN), who would have been in the position to confirm it
was just on his way to court in anticipation that the
proceedings would take place later.
The court then asked the parties to meet at 2pm, the time
which the matter was originally fixed, so that they could
agree on when they would return to court to report the true
position of the settlement talks.
The case was subsequently adjourned till July 6.
The judgment creditor had filed their suit through an
amended originating summons on June 11, 2013 asking the
court to interpret section 162(1), (3) and (5) of the
Constitution of Nigeria (as amended) regarding the use of
money in the Federation Account by the Federal
Government for servicing debt without first obtaining the
authorisation of the various tiers of government including
the local governments.
Specifically, the plaintiffs were dissatisfied with the Federal
Government’s use of money in the Federation Account for
servicing debt by way of first line charges between June
1995 and March 2002 without first obtaining the
authorisation of the other tiers of government including the
local governments.
They were also dissatisfied with the use of the money for
buy- back of London Club debt in 1992 and 2002 as well for
the exit payment of London Club debt in 2006.
» CBN seeks out-of-court-settlement over $3.2bn judgment against FG
» Tribunal overrules Wike over A’Court judgment
» Ban on Hijab in Lagos: Court fixes September 26 for judgment
» Imo Tribunal Judgment: Okorocha's Son In-law, Uche Nwosu Goes To Court Of Appeal
» Sowore Seeks Bail In FRESH Court Application
» Wife’s Serial Adultery: Man Seeks Divorce In Court
» Kung Fu: Chinese, Victim Refuse To Meet FG Agents, Gets N3m Settlement
Posted By bobricky On 04:40 Tue, 30 Jun 2015
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Tag: Mohammed Bin Salman
Trump in Prison—Fake News
The latest edition of the Daily Beast shares a picture that Trump passed on to his base. The picture shows Hilary Clinton, Barak Obama, Robert Mueller, and many other “enemies” huddling behind prison bars. This infuriated me and released me to publish a brief flight of imagination that I’ve long wanted write: Imagining Donald Trump in prison. I hope you like it.
Breaking News: Trump in Prison. Donald Trump, who was found hiding on his Florida golf course, munching on some French fried potatoes and sipping a giant frozen milk shake, has been arrested today.
At last, justice has been served and he is now behind bars—likely for the remainder of his tawdry life. Only vegetables will be served in prison. No television will be permitted. He will remain in isolation for most of each day, with no one to scream at. There will be an enforced hour of exercise outdoors with his co-residents. He is wearing striped prison garb and his head has been shaved.
The crimes are too many to name but let me name a few:
Collusion with Russia to win the 2016 election. Of course, collusion is a mild word, and some would argue that the real crime is Treason: conspiring against the American democratic system for personal and political gain. Finally, prosecutors and Congress agree that he has gone over the edge in committing “high crimes and misdemeanors.”
Obstruction of justice. The instances are innumerable and have become increasingly blatant, beginning by firing James Comey and now offering his former campaign chief, Paul Manefort, a pardon in exchange for withholding the truth about Russian interference.
Using the Office of the President to prosecute his political “enemies,” a primary tactic used by all dictators, especially those Trump admires, such as Putin, Saudi Prince, Mohammed Bin Salman, Erdogan of Turkey, and Philippine strongman, Duterte, to name a few.
Emoluments Using his office to make millions, if not billions of dollars. This has never been in question.
Lying publicly, chronically, despicably about issues that are vital to the American public’s ability to assess policy and vote intelligently.
Tax evasion and money laundering. This goes back decades.
Assaulting and then paying off women, with whom he had affairs, to make sure they didn’t hurt his presidential campaign.
I’ll stop at these, though it is obvious that we could go on and on.
News sources also indicate that Donald Jr, Ivanka, Jared Kushner, and other members of the Trump clan are soon to join their loving father in the clink.
One fun and galling little addendum: The IRS has discovered that Trump is actually bankrupt. He has been moving his money around, borrowing to cover debts at an increasing rate, and depending on Deutsche Bank and Russian Oligarchs to keep his organization afloat. As a result of this discovery, Malania and her young son, Barron, and her parents have fled to the Balkans. Their current location is unknown.
We regret to add that during Trump’s one hour free from isolation, he has been bullied by inmates who, in a former life, were wrestlers and coal miners. They have left him bruised and begging for help. For unstated and maybe unknown reasons, guards failed to break up the fights. Though, Trump’s use of the N and the K word may have something to do with their reluctance. Even before we asked, he called that Fake News.
Well folks, that’s it for today’s news from Gotham City.
Author barrydymPosted on November 28, 2018 November 28, 2018 Categories Leadership, Politics and PsychologyTags Barak Obama, Deutsche Bank, Donald Jr., Donald Trump, Duterte, Erdogan, Hillary Clinton, Ivanka, James Comey, Jared Kushner, Melania, Mohammed Bin Salman, Paul Manefort, Putin, Robert Muller, Russian Oligarchs, trump12 Comments on Trump in Prison—Fake News
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Posts Tagged ‘indian students in australia’
Attacks By Hooligans Against Foreign Students In Australia
In relation to attacks against foreign students in Australia, there are some tough questions. A number of reasons exist why the majority of these attacks have occurred on Indian students, and the issue is complex. The situations are not as portrayed, with a dangerous, irresponsible oversimplification, either by certain sections of the Indian media that are clearly committed to jingoism, hysteria, sensationalism and burgeoning of sales, who gravely misrepresent the view of a great many Indians who live in Australia (See e.g., statement by Federation of Indian Associations of Victoria president Vasan Srinivasan) or by an isolated but powerful and disgraceful class of radio talk-back hosts who are biggots and their poorly-educated audiences we alarmingly still have in Australia, known as ‘shock jocks’.
No amount of misrepresentation can alter the facts that most Australians do not engage in or approve of racism. Many from some 200 countries who have migrated to this country attest to this fact. The situation is not assisted by those who, whether out of sensationalism or simple-mindedness or agendas of hatred resort to the fallacy of confusing part with whole, branding the behaviour of a few a whole group, who do not think, or feel or act out that for which they are being assailed.
However, the question of whether we in Australia are in danger of being selfish, cocooned, complacent and far too unquestioning of our ‘authorities’ and ourselves is quite another question. It was communities in the suburbs, far more than forces within governments, which won Australia’s great achievements in forging a multicultural society. Sometimes the word ‘multiculturalism’ has been used but it can be a confusing and systematically misleading term. The Australian experience – or experiment – needs to be carefully distinguished from the performances of other countries, and discussed with proper regard for the facts. One starting-point for those who wish to survey the area is the Federation of Ethnic Communities’ Council, which has many resources both practical and academic. The Council’s website is HERE.
But there is a work undone: those communities especially in the outer suburbs to which many foreign students are driven by their economic constraints will have to do some of it. They will need to rise to an occasion. Or will they expect the police and other authorities to do it for them? To stand by when bones are being broken and lives destroyed does not add up to self-respect and a sense of justice within those in whose midsts violence is happening.
I offer some questions – very preliminary – that I think my fellow Australians will need to consider:
Why have not messages got through to increasingly bold urban hooligans that attacks on anyone are not to be tolerated?
Why are these uneducated hooligans being permitted to sway Australia’s standing in the fellowship of nations?
What is there about our education, justice and parental support systems that allow for the existence of hooliganism?
What, if any, community-based, imaginative, proactive steps are being taken to make foreign students, migrants and refugees to feel welcome, valued and safe in Australia?
If the police are engaged in a losing battle, as in other areas such as drugs, are the Federal, State and Local governments failing in being upfront and in ensuring the widest public awareness and debate?
Why have attacks escalated to such a point where it has taken organized protests by Indian students studying in this country – and giving up their valuable time in which to raise their voices – before there is strong action directed to remediation?
Are outer and working class suburbs embraced by the powerful ethos in this country which has generated so many distinguished achievements in bringing about Australia’s in many ways successful multicultural society?
What, if anything, has been the responsiveness by police, the three tiers of government, welfare, civic, religious, cultural, sporting organizations, especially in the outer suburbs to the conditions in which many overseas students are economically forced to study, travel back and forth, and reside?
What, if any steps, have been taken to raise public awareness about the enormity of contribution foreign students make to Australia, both in immediate economic terms but in many, and often intangible ways, in regard to the quality of lasting ties of friendship and cooperation internationally?
What, if any steps, have been taken to raise public awareness of the difficulties many overseas students face in regard to finance, language, culture, cuisine, arduous travel times back and forth between residence and place of study, the perils of landlordism, their being forced to take part-time jobs and somehow coping with demanding courses of study, and so on?
Have the police forces examined their own assumptions? For example, how could police possibly know whether many UNreported attacks were racist or not? The notion is absurd.
Are some police authorities refusing to see that a crime can be BOTH opportunistic AND racial?
Many Indian students, supported by their government and by leaders in the Australian Indian community, attest that the police have not been – qualitatively – listening. Why are the police listening now, and why, in certain ways, too late? Young students at this very moment lie bloodied and broken.
What is the accountability of those policemen police who manhandled parts of the crowd, in attendance at what the responsible media has reported as, except for rare exceptions, a peaceful protest by thousands?
Why are the State and Federal Governments and the education institutions at which foreign students study suddenly galvanized? Why not before this?
A question for those who cry racism at every turning: Has it been noticed that extremely few along the path of the march have been reported, on any side, as having been racist or insulting in any way?
A Helpline for Indian students who are victims of crime is available: 1800342800. From 10am to 5pm, and 7pm to 11pm, Monday to Friday. Hellplines for ALL foreign students need to be provided and made extensively-known through the student fraternity.
Indian Students Attacked In Melbourne Australia: Cricket Star Brett Lee Voices Concerns
Attacks Against Indian Students in Melbourne, Australia
From ‘Hindustan Times’ – which shows a sanity lacking in the sensationalists sections of the Indian media
See article details at this Blog:
Posted in News and Politics, Opinion, Politics, Protest, Sikhism, Social and Politics, Uncategorized, World Issues, World Religions | Tagged: Australia, australia racial attack, australia racial attacks, Crime, Culture, Education, Federation of Ethnic Communities' Council (FECCA), Federation of Indian Associations of Victoria, foreign students, hooligans, Indian students, indian students attacked abroad, indian students attacked in australia latest information, indian students in australia, justice, multiculturalism, Opportunistic Crime, Parenting, Police, Racism, reverse racism, Security | 2 Comments »
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Poppoff, July 14, 2006 Mary Jane Popp May 28, 2017
Pets_Tell_The_Truth, March 27, 2006 Dr Agnes Thomas May 28, 2017
Pets_Tell_The_Truth, July 17, 2006 Dr Agnes Thomas May 28, 2017
Pets_Tell_The_Truth, August 7, 2006 Dr Agnes Thomas May 28, 2017
Pets_Tell_The_Truth, August 14, 2006 Dr Agnes Thomas May 28, 2017
Pets_Tell_The_Truth, September 11, 2006 Dr Agnes Thomas May 28, 2017
Poppoff, June 12, 2006 Mary Jane Popp May 28, 2017
Pets_Tell_The_Truth, April 11, 2006 Dr Agnes Thomas May 28, 2017
Pets_Tell_The_Truth, May 1, 2006 Dr Agnes Thomas May 28, 2017
Pets_Tell_The_Truth, May 15, 2006 Dr Agnes Thomas May 28, 2017
Pets_Tell_The_Truth, June 12, 2006 Dr Agnes Thomas May 28, 2017
Pets_Tell_The_Truth, July 3, 2006 Dr Agnes Thomas May 28, 2017
Peaceful_Planet, June 11, 2006 Marcia McMahon May 28, 2017
Peaceful_Planet, July 2, 2006 Marcia McMahon May 28, 2017
Peaceful_Planet, July 16, 2006 Marcia McMahon May 28, 2017
Peaceful_Planet, September 10, 2006 Marcia McMahon May 28, 2017
Paradigm_Shifters, November 20, 2007 Veronica Entwistle May 28, 2017
Paradigm_Shifters, October 16, 2007 Veronica Entwistle May 28, 2017
Peaceful_Planet, April 28, 2007 Marcia McMahon May 28, 2017
Paradigm_Shifters, December 25, 2007 Veronica Entwistle May 28, 2017
Peaceful_Planet, March 31, 2007 Marcia McMahon May 28, 2017
Thanks for bringing a real alternative and a lot of inspiration to the world! Best wishes to all of you! ~ Barbara
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NEPCO says Noble Energy was last option as debts hit JD5.5b
AMMAN — The National Electric Power Company (NEPCO) on Sunday said that it had no choice but to sign the gas deal with Noble Energy given its accumulated debts that hit JD5.5 billion. NEPCO Director General Amjad Rawashdeh said that the disruption of the Egyptian gas supply to Jordan had forced the company to look for
"only choice available due to regional circumstances"
Jordanian energy company says importing gas via Noble Energy last option
AMMAN, Jan. 5 (Xinhua) -- The state-run National Electric Power Company (NEPCO) said Sunday importing gas via Noble Energy was the last available option for the company,...
Xinhua 2020-01-05
NEPCO begins gas pumping trial run from Noble Energy
AMMAN — The National Electric Power Company (NEPCO) on Wednesday announced the start of experimental pumping of gas from Noble Energy, under an agreement signed between the...
The Jordan Times 2020-01-03
Jordan- Electricity company scored JD5.5 billion in losses, Noble was last option: NEPCO
(MENAFN - Jordan News Agency) Amman, Jan. 5 (Petra)-- National Electricity Power Company (NEPCO) said it still bears previously accumulated debts by a... ......
MENA FN 2020-01-06
Jordan's Lower House to discuss Jordan-Israel gas deal
AMMAN, Jan. 12 (Xinhua) -- Jordan's Lower House Speaker Atef Tarawneh on Sunday called for speeding up the drafting of a law to annul the gas deal between Jordan and...
Jordan gets first natural gas supplies from Israel
AMMAN — Texas-based Noble Energy has begun pumping the first supplies of Israeli gas to Jordan, Jordan’s National Electricity Company (NEPCO) said on Wednesday, amid opposition in the Middle Eastern kingdom. The supplies, from Israel’s largest offshore natural gas field Leviathan have begun for an experimental three-month period, according to the terms of a $10 billion deal...
Egypt begins importing Israeli gas
CAIRO - Israel began pumping natural gas to Egypt for the first time on Wednesday under a $15 billion, 15-year deal to liquefy it and re-export it to Europe. It is the first time that Egypt, which in 1979 became the first Arab country to sign a peace treaty with Israel, has imported gas from its neighbour. In a joint statement, Egypt's petroleum ministry and the Israeli energy...
Middle East Online
Jordanians protest gas deal with Israel
AMMAN, Jordan (AP) — Hundreds of Jordanians demonstrated in downtown Amman on Friday, calling on the government to cancel an agreement in which Israel began pumping natural gas to the kingdom this year. Jordanian security forces prevented the protesters from reaching symbolic Al-Nakheel Square in the capital, where the turnout had been expected to grow larger. Earlier this...
Experimental supply of Israeli natural gas reaches Jordan
An experimental supply of natural gas from the Leviathan gas field was pumped to Jordan from Israel by the Noble Energy Company on Wednesday, according to Jordan's Petra national news agency. The experimental pumping will continue for three months and will test the infrastructure prior to the flow of the actual commercial supply, according to Jordan's National Electric Power...
Netanyahu takes off for Athens natural gas summit
The gas pipeline deal between Israel, Greece and Cyprus is a step towards turning Israel into an energy superpower, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said on the tarmac en route to Athens on Thursday. “The gas pipeline that we are now going to promote, which [Energy, Water and Infrastructure] Minister Yuval Steinitz has worked on for many years, will revolutionize Israel’s...
Israel enters pipeline agreement with Greek, Cyprus leaders
Israel is becoming an energy superpower, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said upon signing an agreement to build a gas pipeline with Greece and Cyprus in Athens on Thursday. Netanyahu, Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis, Cypriot President Nicos Anastasiades and their countries’ energy ministers signed an agreement to build an undersea natural-gas pipeline from Israel to...
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A R T L▼R K
Home » Art » Thomas Gainsborough’s ‘Showbox’ Paintings
ann bermingham
Huntington Library Quarterly
romantic english painting
Thomas Gainsborough’s ‘Showbox’ Paintings
Posted by ArtLark on August 2, 2019 in Art, Art History, Painting | 12 Comments
On the 2nd of August 1788, English painter Thomas Gainsborough died in London at the age of 61. One of the most unusual artworks created by the artist, now on display at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, is his experimental showbox with his back-lit landscapes painted in oils on glass, which allowed them to be changed and viewed like slides. Made in the 1780s, the minuscule works can be seen in this specially constructed ‘showbox’, a machine consisting of a number of moveable transparent planes, lit at the back, and through an adjustable magnifying lens. Originally, the painted glass transparency was set before a silk diffusing screen illuminated by three candles. The box opens at the top and back and even has special slots for storing the transparencies.
“Visitors to the Victoria and Albert Museum today can experience something of the magic of Gainsborough’s show box, which is on view there, and of the private, self-enclosed world of imagination and fantasy that the box induces. (…) As an occasion for reverie Gainsborough’s show box is cousin to the camera obscura, the dark room into which images from outside are projected through a pinhole onto the opposite wall. For John Locke the camera obscura was a metaphor for the human mind and its powers to see and reflect on external visual stimuli entering the mind through the eyes. Images coming into the mind, like those projected into the camera obscura, are sorted and shaped by the mind into knowledge. However, unlike a camera obscura, where the images projected are of real things, the show box presents imagined scenes painted by Gainsborough, and its images tend in the direction of dream, unreality, and the unconscious.” (Ann Bermingham, ‘Introduction: Gainsborough’s Show Box: Illusion and Special Effects in Eighteenth-Century Britain’, Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 2, June 2007).
In a special issue of the Huntington Library Quarterly, University of California academic Ann Bermingham used Thomas Gainsborough’s showbox to apply contemporary commentary on issues such as “imagination, the privatization of the aesthetic, the technologies of illusion, and the uncanny” to this unusual piece by Thomas Gainsborough. Bermingham showed that the showbox opens onto the realm of visual magic and imagination, anticipating many of the popular visual spectacles that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in the form of panoramas, phantasmagoria, and other spectacles. In this period in which sympathy and sensibility were highly valued in art, the viewer was encouraged to take active part in the art appreciation process, far from it being a passive experience. The box was a symbol of art’s capability to cater for the needs of imaginatio n, and the viewer was invited to explore the illusion provided by these transparencies. By doing this, he was also invited to supply what was missing in the paint handling. Although the technique Gainsborough used has been seen by some as prefiguring early experiments in photography and even cinematography, Gainsborough most likely used the showbox as another way to exhibit the creations of his painterly imagination.
“It was against this technology of illusion, and the mode of spectatorship it engendered, that art of the Romantic period would come to define itself. Gainsborough’s show box straddles the line between art and the machine. Its appeal to imag- ination, its privatization of the aesthetic, and its dependence on technology link it to the mechanical illusions of the nineteenth century, while its rejection of “deception” for a mode of painting that calls attention to itself as painting distinguishes it from these spectacles. Its use of technology to anti-illusionistic ends can be seen to resist the technological drive manifest in so much eighteenth-century visual spectacle to destabilize the boundaries between psychic and material realities. In the end, it provides us with a tool for thinking about the differences between art and technology and their powers to realize imagination.” (Ann Bermingham, ‘Introduction: Gainsborough’s Show Box: Illusion and Special Effects in Eighteenth-Century Britain’, Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 2, June 2007).
Some of the slides contained within Gainsborough’s showbox can be viewed HERE.
Feature image: Wooded Moonlight Landscape with Pool and Figure at the Door of a Cottage by Thomas Gainsborough, Courtesy of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, taken from the website of the VAM
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madamsabi August 2, 2014
This is divine..lovely..talented landscape artist….
Maureen August 2, 2015
I didn’t know about this – would love to see these
Chas Spain August 2, 2015
would be wonderful to see
myeagermind August 5, 2015
jlfatgcs August 2, 2016
A great artist far ahead of his time to combine art and technology. Excellent post! -Jennie-
First Night Design August 2, 2016
Reblogged this on First Night Design.
Barb Drummond August 2, 2016
The Story Reading Ape August 2, 2016
Click the link provided in the last line of the Original Post to view some of the slides contained within Gainsborough’s shoebox 😀
Blackheath Dawn Writers August 2, 2016
I have reblogged this on Blackheath Dawn page – entertaining and instructional posting – thank you.
Terry JGF.
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Chairomai August 2, 2017
Wow, those paintings are so clever, original, and beautiful! I will definitely try to see this at the V&A now! Thank you for posting about them 🙂
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Posted on March 24, 2015 May 20, 2016 by Dr. Ashraf Ezzat
“The Zionist paradigm is founded on the distorted story of the Israelites’ Exodus from Egypt and their persecution by the Assyrians and Captivity by Babylonians, but the truth is that the Israelites never set foot in Egypt or Palestine. Actually they never left Ancient Arabia and North Yemen, their origin land, before the Babylonian Captivity”
… By Dr. Ashraf Ezzat
The so called Islamic state in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has started losing ground. While the ISIL retreat is somehow slow on the Syrian front, the pace of the operations on the Iraqi side is considerably faster and so is the liberation of once held Sunni-Territories (though the broiling Sunni-Shia strife in Iraq remains unmitigated)
With Iranian military strategists conducting ground attacks and US aerial forces supplying valuable intelligence and conducting air raids, the situation is getting somehow tougher for so called Mujahideen/Takfiris
Judging by the latest Advances of Iraqi forces, it seems that the days of ISIL are numbered (even if they held on to their captured territories for another year or two)
Actually nobody doubted that ISIL wouldn’t last for long. A terrorist organization soaked in such hatred and violence was doomed to failure from the first day of its inception.
So the question here is not how long ISIL will last but what it will have achieved before its final demise.
Of course it will take many decades before the people (especially in the Middle East) forget about the havoc ISIL wreaked. While cold-blooded killing and beheading is going to be the core of their legacy, looting and destruction of the ancient Iraqi artifacts and museums is definitely will be one of their key achievements.
Everything will slowly get back to normal long after ISIL has been completely crushed. The land will be liberated, the people will return to their homes and native land. One thing will remain irrevocably destroyed and lost; Iraqi and Syrian ancient heritage and history.
The question here; why a purportedly Islamist organization want to destroy ancient Assyrian and Babylonia artifacts. Islamic laws don’t ban sculpture per se (most Islamic countries have museums packed with statues) but only prohibits worshiping idols as used to be during pagan cultures. Everybody knew that neither Assyrian nor Babylonian ancient idols/statues were honored or worshipped by modern day Iraqis or Syrians. Still that did not deter ISIL from destroying the ancient statues, cuneiform tablets and artifacts.
Asymmetric warfare
ISIL militants destroy ancient artifacts of Mosul Museum
So what is the deal here with ISIL ruining the Mosul museum and the ancient city of Nimrud (not to mention hundreds of cuneiform tablets ruined and smuggled out of Iraq)
By default damaging and looting the ancient Assyrian and Babylonian cuneiform tablets is not on any Jihadist’s agenda, but it seems like a top priority for the hidden collaborators responsible for the very establishment of this terrorist group called ISIL/ISIS.
I’m not going to elaborate on how ISIL’s circle of command had been infiltrated from the very beginning by Mossad and how their top leaders were trained (in Jordan and Saudi Arabia) by CIA forces.
This has been common knowledge for quite some time now, a premise that is gaining evermore authority by the fact that all of Israel’s Arab neighbors are targeted by ISIL, while the Zionist state remains out of Mujahideen’s range and rage.
Israel is waging asymmetric warfare on her Arab neighbors under the false flag operations carried out by their agents in ISIL.
The Israeli gains after almost a decade of ISIL propagation and activity are remarkably evident. The Iraqi and Syrian armies (long regarded as a threat to Israel) have been destroyed after the two big Arab countries turned into failed states. The likelihood of those two armies regaining their organization and power is very slim. That’s an obvious achievement for ISIL. But how on earth destroying ancient Assyrian and Babylonian artifacts and cuneiform tablets would benefit Israel?
To answer this question we have to go back in time more than 2500 years and exactly to the six century BC. We won’t have to change the location where ISIL is currently established, but we’ll only revisit the place (ancient Arabia and Iraq) in ancient times.
The Arabian tribe of Israelites
As reveled in my book ‘Egypt knew no Pharaohs nor Israelites’ the origin land of Judaism and the Israelite tribe was – contrary to what most believed – in ancient Arabia and North Yemen and not in Palestine.
The tradition of linking Judaism to Christianity as the as (Judeo-Christian faith) and (Old/New Testament) has led many, mostly westerners, to believe Judaism was a western or west-influenced faith. Thus Judaism is perceived (actually misperceived) as a monotheistic faith whose early Patriarchs lived in ancient Palestine (part of western Greek/Roman empire)
The distorted translation of the Hebrew book to Greek in what came later to be known as the Septuagint Bible, had helped disseminate the (Arabic) Israelite faith and stories in the West. From that moment on, the Israelite book and stories have been seeping into the Western cultural fabric
Moses, Michelangelo, Church of San Pietro in Vincola
As many Arabic names in the Israelite book got westernized (Aaron, Joseph, Abela, Abraham, Sarah, Adam and Noah) so did the stories and the faith. In his phenomenal sculpture of Moses, Michelangelo wouldn’t have surpassed the tradition boundaries and ventured into ingenuity had he not believed Moses and his book was one of the building blocks of western culture.
Unfortunately with this misperception (overshadowed and diluted by ingenious works of classical art and literature inspired by the Israelite book) the state of Israel has been established on Palestine (a land completely alien from the Israelite Patriarchs and their stories) with the blessings and support of the deluded western world.
The truth of the matter is that Judaism originated in ancient Southern Arabia and Northern Yemen (why do you think Jews wear the Arabic skull cap).
Actually, one of the most amusing scenes is when a western diplomat is photographed wearing Kippah while sucking up to a congregation of Zionist masters. He looks weird because the Jewish Kippah doesn’t fit into the western style and culture and neither should the Israelite stories.
The point of origin should not make any difference had the theology been universal in nature (like Buddhism) but the fact is that Judaism is nothing but one of ancient Arabia’s tribal cults. So Judaism was not meant, by the wildest stretch of tribal imagination, to spread one inch beyond the tribal boundaries of ancient Arabia.
Not to mention that the violent Israelite theology (based on the prejudiced and tribal concept of God’s chosen people) couldn’t by any means aspire to be a universal faith (hadn’t it been for the Greeks and the Romans who deviously politicized the Israelite faith and stories)
The Hebrew book was a local book of tribal tales aimed at an audience of the same tribes. The dissemination of its stories came after the Greek Septuagint forgery that falsely established the king of Egypt as Pharaoh of Moses (the very first steps of globalizing the local Arabian tale based on mass deception)
In the book documents from renowned classical Arabic geographers depicting a whole Arabic landscape in South Arabia and North Yemen founded on the place names the Bible generously offer as a Biblical road map.
A body of high profile anthropologists and historians trace the Israelite tribe back to their Arabian origin in Northen Yemen. One of their amazing evidence-based findings is that Jerusalem is originally called Dar Salam/ safe house that is located near mountain Zion in Northern Yemen.
There is no Mountain Zion in the whole of Palestine, is there? (the one in Palestine/Israel referred to as Zion is hardly a hill, for crying out loud. Obviously the Rabbis from the temple mount Institute are gravely myopic.
Have you ever wondered why Sheba -Solomon’s mistress- was a Yemenite queen? Haven’t you ever been perplexed by designating the Biblical Paradise as the gardens of Eden? If you haven’t then maybe you have been so indoctrinated with the Israelite stories to the point of hypnotization and drunkenness (not too late to wake out of it)
Anyway, and to pick up on the reason for ISIL’s destruction of ancient Assyrian and Babylonian cuneiform tablets, we need to know more about the geopolitics and the economics of ancient Arabia (bear with me as we try to turn complicated history into a story; as simple as possible)
Ancient Caravan trade route
Like today with its riches of oil and natural Gas, ancient Arabia controlled the ancient Caravan Trade (transferring spices, frankincense, myrrh, gum, gold, textile and Ivory) from India, Yemen and East African Horn to Iraq, Egypt, the Mediterranean coast and Greece. The Caravan Road and the ancient Silk Road were the main trade routes for the ancient world (Both roads neither terminated at nor crossed Palestine/Jerusalem)
The ancient Caravan Road cut across ancient Arabia, from North Yemen in the south to Petra and Egypt in the North. And it flourished from 9th century BC to the 2nd century AD, that’s when it began to lose its strategic value. Poor Arabian economic conditions and a growing direct naval route between India and the Mediterranean heralded the end of Caravan route.
That ancient and valuable Caravan Road needed protection. Besides, the endless camel caravans that travelled for weeks and months across the Arabian Peninsula had to be supplied with necessary provisions.
This is where role of the Arabian tribes came into play. The tribes located along the southern and western coast of ancient Arabia often did that catering and protection. In return they benefited from the trade exchange besides charging the caravan merchants for food, water and other supplies.
But not all Arabian tribes benefitted from the Caravan trade. Some tribes were located deeper into the mountainous area of North Yemen and away from the western coast. Their distant location and economic hardships had prompted them to frequently attack the lucrative caravan trade and loot the valuable cargo. Among those tribes were the Israelites (thieves and thugs from the very beginning)
Since the ancient Caravan Trade had been of strategic value to both the Egyptian Kingdom in the west and the Assyrian and the Babylonian kingdoms in the East they had to control ancient Arabia. Most of the Egyptian and Assyrian military campaigns were targeted at western and southern Arabia. The goal of those campaigns was to secure the Caravan route.
It was customary for the Egyptians after they have completed their military campaign in ancient Arabia to assign one of the tribe leaders as their vassal/representative. Many tribe heads acted as vassals for ancient Egypt along the ancient caravan route. The mission of the vassal chiefdom, which kept a minor Egyptian garrison, was to secure the Caravan route and keep Egypt posted on any Arabian rebellion.
But the Assyrians and Babylonians had different ways. They usually resorted to blunt force to crush any rebellion amongst the Arabian tribes. Whenever their caravans were threatened or looted it meant one thing, another Assyrian raid is underway.
Many ancient Cuneiform tablets excavated in the first half of the twentieth century recorded frequent Assyrian and Babylonian military campaigns in ancient Arabia
Nine raids, not one of them mentioned Palestine as their destination. Whereas the records clearly mentioned locations in Southern Arabia and North Yemen.
We have for example; a raid led by Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III 729 – 727 BC, and later on another military campaign conducted by the Assyrian king Sharrukin II (Sargon II) 710 – 705 BC.
But after the frequent military campaigns proved ineffective at securing the caravan trade for long period of time, it was time for a different deterring mechanism.
As the Babylonians came to power, they decided not to follow the footsteps of the Egyptians and Assyrians. They knew already that limited military campaigns wouldn’t prevent the rebellious Arabian tribes from attacking the Caravan trade.
Babylonian Captivity: the true story
A lion from the Ishtar Gate into the city of Babylon. Constructed around 575 BC by King Nebuchadnezzar II
To safeguard the Babylonian interests, Nebuchadnezzar 605 – 562 BC, the Chaldean king in the Neo-Babylonian Empire decided to change course. Instead of just crushing the Arabian tribes for their frequent rebellion, which proved inefficient, he saw the answer to recurrent Arabian headache was mass transfer.
Nebuchadnezzar shortly after his ascension to power, unleashed one of the biggest military raids in the history of ancient Arabia. The raid’s target was crushing the Arabian rebellion and transferring/deporting all the tribes involved in attacking the caravan route to Babylonian-controlled territories. But the obscurantist Israelites saw Nebuchadnezzar’s devastating campaign as a divine punishment; for they had forsaken Yahweh and killed many of his prophets.
Once again this point needs to be clarified; king Nebuchadnezzar did not target the Israelites in specific like the distorted history books and Hebrew Bible will tell you, but he besieged and captured many Arabian tribal strongholds. The Israelite tribe and their DarSalam (Yemeni Jerusalem) just happened to be one of them (as documented by Classical Arabic historians, e.g. Al Tabari, Al-Masudi and Al- Hamadani)
After the siege and the capture all the Arabian tribes (including the Istraelites) were deported en masse to Babylon where they were kept there till 539 BC.
After the fall of Babylon to the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE, all exiled Arabian tribes (and not only the Israelites) were granted a pardon and were free to return to their homeland in west and south ancient Arabia.
Once again we need to pause here for a while for this point needs to be reiterated. The Nebuchadnezzar military raids were targeted against all Arabian tribes who needed to be punished for their frequent attacking and plundering the Caravan trade.
In other words, Nebuchadnezzar did not set out to exclusively attack the Israelites, besiege their DarSalam (Jerusalem), kill their chieftain/king (Jehoiakim) and destroy their temple; rather he waged an outright war against all Arabs in southern and western regions of the Peninsula.
Nebuchadnezzar attacked all Arab’s strongholds in the southern and western Arabia and also in North Yemen and after years of battles and blockades he returned to Babylon with hordes of captivated Arabian tribes (The Israelites just happened to be one of them)
The Israelites were captivated (as lawbreakers) for their continuous piracy and plundering not because of their faith, their city and temple destroyed (as collateral damage) in a Babylonian raid aimed at crushing Arabs’ rebellion.
What the Zionist machine of twisting facts will tell the kids in their history books is quite different. The Zionist version depicts Nebuchadnezzar as planning his whole campaign with one enemy and target on his mind; the Israelites and their new faith in Palestine (not ancient Arabia)
But the truth is Nebuchadnezzar might have never heard of the Israelites or their cult before he embarked on his military raids. The Israelite tribe was indeed not the biggest nor the most connected tribe in ancient Arabia. As a matter of fact the Adnan tribe of western Arabia was the key adversary to reckon with in Nebuchadnezzar’s raid.
The point we are trying to clarify is that the Israelites were dragged, from North Yemen not Palestine, along many other tribes to Babylon in captivity for their rebellion and plundering. And guess what, Nebuchadnezzar’s plan worked.
After the Great Cyrus’s pardon most of the Arabian tribes preferred to continue in Babylon. The only tribes that couldn’t assimilate into the new urban culture of Babylon are the Israelites. Obviously the Jewish creed has turned the Israelites into hard-to-assimilate antagonistic sect/group (that same attitude has lingered with the hardcore Jews till this day)
But on the other hand the captivity in Babylon has given the Israelites the golden opportunity to discover a wealth of Sumerian and Babylonian culture and mythology. Feeling the inferiority of their cult, the Israelite scribes embarked on writing down a new book for their tribe.
In the book, later known as the Hebrew Bible, loads of copycatted Sumerian and Babylonian profound myths were intertwined with the tribal and shallow stories of the Israelite tribes. (Adam and Eve, the tree of knowledge, and the Noah flood are but ancient Assyrian/Sumerian myths)
So what we’re looking at here is the Israelite/Jewish distorted version of the ancient Near Eastern history. In the phony version; the Israelites were prosecuted by Egyptian king (so called Pharaoh- another fraud) and attacked by Babylonian king and held in captivity for their faith. But the truth is that the Israelites never set foot in Egypt and that their Captivity in Babylon was part of a bigger exile of Arabian tribes.
Because we’ve been envisioning the ancient world through the fake Israelite prism, we were deceived into believing that Moses was born as a prince in Egypt where he grow up and fought its king (Pharaoh) and lead the thousands of Israelite slaves out of the Nile valley (a completely false story)
Also, the Israelite book, kept on distorting the ancient history of Babylon and Assyria where they monopolized the Nebuchadnezzar’s raids and deportation of Arabs.
The Captivity of most of Arabian tribes had been twisted into the Exclusive Captivity of the Israelites.
All that persecution and forced migration took place not due to their plundering and piracy but because of their beliefs. They were held in captivity to preserve their faith (what deception)
The same deception was carried out again when the modern Zionists distorted the history of the World War II. They turned/distorted the war that swept across the whole of Europe, Russia, North Africa and the Far East into an exclusive war against the Jews.
The heavy toll of that devastating war (over 60 million were killed) was twisted and somehow monopolized by the Zionist Propaganda machine as the Jewish exclusive calamity.
This is how history (ancient and modern) is being distorted by the Israelites and the Zionists. We are living a big lie that was invented by the ancient Israelites, and passed down to us, generation after generation, in their distorted book and stories.
Back to ISIL and their destruction of the Assyrian and Babylonian Cuneiform tablets. The Zionists know damn well that the truth about their Yemenite origin could be revealed if more Babylonian Cuneiform tablets are unearthed.
Once the true story of the Captivity and the Arabian origin of the Israelite tribe are exposed, the whole Zionist project could crumble under the power of the historical truth.
Already there is a new archeological and anthropological trend that doubts the mainstream narrative about the origin of the Israelites and questions the Biblical/Zionist interpretation of the Babylonian/Assyrian Cuneiform tablets. The Zionist (Khazarian) Mafia is keen not to let more incriminating evidence fall in the hands of those obviously audacious and impartial scholars.
ISIL has done so well so far. Facilitated by Mossad, hundreds of Babylonian and Assyrian Artifacts have been smuggled out of Iraq and Syria. Months later many of them resurfaced again in Tel Aviv and put on display at the Bible Lands Museum under the title ‘By the Rivers of Babylon’.
Of course the new smuggled items were exhibited after they had been professionally distorted and forged to keep in line with the Israelite/Zionist story. Israelis are the masters of faking ancient artifacts (remember the fake ivory Pomegranate of Solomon)
The Zionist paradigm is founded on the distorted story of the Israelites’ Exodus from Egypt and their persecution by the Assyrians and Captivity by Babylonians. That’s why their God had promised them the land stretching from Egypt to Iraq. And the Zionist narrative is that the descendants of those Israelites are returning en masse to modern day Israel (what nonsense)
This is the twisted narrative of the Israelites/Zionists. Anybody who would dare mess with that premise/narrative is crossing the Zionist red line. But red lines should sometimes be crossed in order for the truth to be revealed. For the truth will set us all free.
Discover the grand scale Israelite deception. Uncover the Israelites’ true story/histoy in ancient Egypt, Babylon, Arabia and Yemen. Find out who was the true Pharaoh of Moses, and where the real Exodus took place.
Find out why neither Egypt was the land of the Israelites’ Exodus nor Palestine their promised land.
Click the photo to go to Amazon where you could buy a Kindle copy of Dr. Ashraf Ezzat’s new book (Egypt knew no Pharaohs nor Israelites)
Download a free Kindle reading app at this link.
Tags: Arabic origin of Judaism, Ashraf Ezzat, Babylonian captivity, Dr. Ashraf Ezzat, Egypt knew no Pharaohs nor Israelites, ISIL, Israelites, Nebuchadnezzar, Septuagint BibleCategories: History
78 thoughts on “ISIL helps Israel conceal historical origin”
ISISRAELY_LOWLIFE_WEAKLINGS says:
JEW´s ARE CANCER TO THE HUMAN RACE !!!!
JEW´S AINT HUMAN BUT PURE LOWLIFE SCUM !!!
the Term NAZI came from ASHKENAZI which is a JEW !!!!
HITLER was ROTHSHILDS CHOICE !!!
like the rest churchill, stalin ect ect
beside USSR was create by genocide on russian volks by the bolsheviki jews !!!
SIMPLE FACT EVERY KID TODAY KNEW THAT !!!
AND THERE ARE EVEN MORE JEWISH CRIMES WORLD WIDE.
EVEN BEFORE WW2 !!!
TRY HARD JIZZRAELY SCUM HERE LMFAO.
MADE MY DAY YOU INBREED KIKES !!!
jews are comedy GOLD even without saying a single word.
Brit Mila = Jewish PEDOPHILE RITUAL were a RABBI suck BLOOD OF A FRESH SLICED PENIS OF A BABY !!! FACT !!!
12 million shoes muh muh lmfao
this clown story noone fell sorry for such scum !!!
Pingback: FYI: The Jewish roots of ‘Takfiri’ culture – Phi Quyền Chính – Anarchism
Why write a book to confuse and misguide people. Believe you me there are numerous other ways to earn money.
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Danny Anson says:
Semites created Babylon and the earlier fish god on the Anunnaki ideologies, they came from the east .
https://books.google.com/books?id=dakTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q=pole%20star&f=false
Reblogged this on World Peace Forum.
apocalypse29 says:
Reblogged this on News For The Blind.
beyondvisualgeopolitic says:
Reblogged this on beyondvisualgeopolitic.
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Dr. Ashraf Ezzat you said, “There is no Mountain Zion in the whole of Palestine, is there? (the one in Palestine/Israel referred to as Zion is hardly a hill, for crying out loud. Obviously the Rabbis from the temple mount Institute are gravely myopic.”
Mount Zion is hardly a hill now because it was razed to the ground in the Maccabean period.
Also you said that the Dead Sea Scrolls were placed in Qumran from another location, that it didn’t originate there. Well isn’t that convenient for your theory! Where’s your proof?
You don’t expect me to disclose all the bits and pieces in my essay. If I did there would no reason for reading my book. Even independent researchers have to make a living you know. However, those who read the book will be getting far more than what they pay for. Truth is priceless.
syrianfreepress says:
Dear Dr. Ashraf Ezzat,
thank you so much for your brilliant article.
We allowed ourselves to share it in our web space, to better disseminate the text and also spread more the knowledge of your book, for which we are now releasing a feedback on Amazon.
Congratulations and good luck for your work.
SFP-WP chief editor
https://syrianfreepress.wordpress.com/2016/01/08/daesh-helps-israel/
(all your links are at the beginning and at the bottom of the page)
Mr. SFP-WP chief editor of the Syrian free press,
Thank you for sharing the post on your website. The truth will only pick up momentum and reach more people by sharing this new revelation and spreading the word about this ancient (Jewish) deception. Greetings and I’m looking forward for your review on Amazon after you’ll have read my book (Egypt knew no Pharaohs nor Israelites
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rastameaning says:
Lesley make it ok and jade no one hit face and neck and lips and say older and when Lesley still young arab and prince uk Lesley a royal her self as top miltary doctor. Printed on usa websight the royal queen met women Lesley age face neck lips firm there hair there own and grown it jade make body mind health and to all race peace love all ages
I would like to know if you have read any of Robert Feathers work. He says that the copper dead sea scroll that he worked on is about Akhenaten / Tut Moses and the temple was not in Israel but Egypt.
Anyway I look forward to reading your book.
I’m aware with some of Robert Feathers writings, especially about the copper scrolls. But actually I don’t find myself in agreement with his thesis and interpretation of the Dead Sea scrolls. I have been lately investigating the historicity of those renowned scrolls, and I can assure you the scrolls have nothing to do with modern day Palestine/Israel nor Egypt. According to my investigation( combined with other high-profile scholars’). Those scrolls had cleverly been planted in Palestine where in fact they came from a destination thousands of miles away to the south. Anyway, I hope you’d consider reading my book. Your feedback would be very interesting to me.
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Ayelet H. Zimmerman says:
Greetings Dr. Ashraf Ezzat,
I read your article with great interest.
And I would like to point out a few things if you don’t mind.
1) The connection between the “Mosad” and the CIA to the creation of the Islamic State (ISIL/ISIS)
is not yet proven. But if it is true that there is such connection – it is most likely that it was done in order to help the state of Israel to secure its borders against Islamic extremest, and NOT in order to justify the so-called world’s view on the history of the Jews.
IF such connection is true – than no doubt this is bad news for all who cares about the ethical and moral status of the state of Israel, in trying to protect its land.
2) In my personal research I have found countless facts – which support the period in which the Jews were salves in Egypt, and later on escaped their captivity and settled in Judea.
Therefore I think that the theory about destroying all these valuable and precious archeological artifacts in order to conceal he truth about the origin of the Jewish nation is quite frankly nonsense.
No one is trying to hide the fact that Abraham was originally from the ancient land of Iraq.
It is a well known fact. And no one is trying to hide the fact that he lived a lifestyle of a nomad with herds of goats and sheep.
3) It is common practice among many Arab researchers to try and dispute the right of the Jewish people to the land of ancient Judea. And it seems to me that you are not an exception to the rule.
Still, my personal view is that the Islamic State is a creation of a Reptilian type mentality, not Jewish and not christian and not even from true Islamic motives.
The Order of the Jesuits, which the Pope is their leader was infiltrated by The Reptilians race from Draco and the Orion Belt about 200 years ago is it is still very much at their mercy.
They can duplicate genetically any human being, and get rid of the original person after downloading their memory. They do have this technology unfortunately. And they are at the forefront of Genetic Manipulation on this sector of the Milky Way Galaxy. I know that this sounds like Sci-Fi – but it is NOT.
And so, Dr. Ashraf Ezzat, one must use a bit of discernment before jumping to any conclusions here.
The truth is sometimes complicated more then we think.
please – do check about the history of the Reptillian Race on Planet Earth, and about the way they managed to replace so many head of states, politicians, bankers, military officers, and other key people of different nations and religions – and thereby (without anybody suspecting) taking over
of foolish humanity for a long long time.
Hopefully this horrible saga is now coming to an end. And the victims which are from almost every nation on earth will soon wake up.
Ayelet H. Zimmerman
A jewish lady from Israel
who has nothing against the Islam or the Arabs, but who
believe that the land of ancient Judea is by right the land of the Jews.
RoHa says:
Believing that there is a race of reptiles taking over is nearly as silly as believing that the land of ancient Judea is by right the land of the Jews.
JEWSUS_SUCKS says:
lmfao there are tons of FACTS ISISRAEL is pure scum !!!
try harder inbred jewish cum sipping clown.
EVERY DEAD JEW IS A GOOD JEW !!!
PERIODE !!!!
Adam Rahn says:
Well, I feel silly. I had missed reading this page, really; and so, now that I read it I see that much of what I was saying in the comments of ‘Response to VT’ was just rehashing what you already said.
Pingback: Hebrew Bible: Plagiarized Mythology and Defaced Monotheism | Ashraf Ezzat
Reblogged this on davidalexandermeyers289756 and commented:
The most important thing about this Zionist myth, is that the Ancient Israelites were not blonde haired, blue eyed, Europeans! 90% of today’s Jews descended from European converts of Judaism. The real descendants of the ancient Israelites are the Palestinians who have converted to Islam and Christianity. There was never a Roman exile, the Jews were simply removed from Jerusalem, not the whole of Palestine which the whole entire dubious bloodline claim is built on. Zionism is merely the smoldering ashes of a once politically acceptable belief of white superiority.
Paul Kemp says:
Reblogged this on DavidCampus Peace on Earth and commented:
The Truth Never Suffers From Honest Examination
Pamela Hills says:
A riveting story , and very informative. There was a documentary done on NAT GEO about the Bible and how it first came from that side of world. It was deciphered by one man who died before completed. Then some one else try write it as well. As we know there are words that can not be Deciphered in many languages. Well then you had it in control of Catholic Church for long time and most people were uneducated and believed what the church told them. Then along comes Guttenberg and he takes back to Germany and deciphers it in Gutenberg Bible ! Over the course of hundreds and even decades of years it has been written in many versions. When I began to talk to many Muslim friends I was amazed to learn many stories I learned they did as well. But ours has been distorted there is no doubt about it. We learn from History and this article helped to put it in perspective and explain many questions I have. I have wondered why Saudi and Israel have joined forces and why Saudi is attacking Yemen and now I have one more piece of the very big and confusing puzzle. Time for Islam to wake up . Time for many ask questions and not follow Zionist Israel to slaughter as sheep.
Very informative article! I first read it on VeteransToday.com — then I came over here, and I just downloaded your book: Egypt Knew No Pharaos nor Any Israelites, which I am looking forward to reading.
ONE QUESTION: Perhaps this is covered in the book — but I’m very curious to know — What is the REAL story about what happened AFTER Cyrus released the deported South Arabian tribe. Is that when they all (or some of them) first went to Palestine?
It is in the the book. Nevertheless, I’m going to elaborate on the why, when and how the Hebrews first migrated to Palestine in my upcoming article (you will be notified by email)
NB, don’t forget to write me a good review on the book’s Amazon page. Thank you.
I’m sorry but I’m not following your history. Are there any ancient text or sources you can name that supports your claims? Or is the only way to find out this information is to buy your book? Something else that strikes me as odd is your view on the origins of Judaism and the israelites being the same. Judaism was not even around when the 12 tribes came on the scene. In fact the word Judah as A faction of the israelites was not around until the split of the tibes under the rule of Saul. And im pretty sure the family line of Sheba is from Ethiopa. The sons of Shem and Ham have mingled since the beginning and are even said to look similiar. ALSO noah, moses, jacob/israel did not follow the religion Judaism or Islam they followed the word of God! Which is not tied down to any religion or group of people but is here for us all to have salvation! From reading your post you have a lot of views that are not proven, but yet you claim the views you argue against are false lies, where is your proof? It’s 2015 aren’t we to old as a race for these tall tales and race baiting? Love and Peace
Mahdi Alosh says:
Great post, Dr. Ezzat. I am sure you are familiar with Professor Ahmad Dawood’s work on this issue. He has published six volumes so far on Ancient Syrian Civilization, including one on the origin of Semitics, Israelites, Jews, and Hebrews. I know you have knowledge of Kamal Salibi’s theory which is very similar to what your book discusses.
Thank you Mr. Mahdi Alosh,
Of course I’m aware of the work by Dr. Ahmed Dawood. As a matter of fact I truly believe that a body of ARABIC scholars is currently emerging and revealing the true story of the Israelites and their Yemenite origin. My dear friend, this could be the salvation for our Palestinian brotheres.
Anna Salmon says:
Dear Dr Ashraf,
Little of what is said in the above article surprises me. I studied Divinity over 50 yrs ago in Liverpool . My tutor was an enlightened Notre Dame Roman Catholic Sister who was Professor of Divinity. One of the academic textbooks she used in the Divinity Course showed how the 10 commandments were based on the Code of Hammurabi, the Babylonian king. The Code was learned by the Jews when they were in Babylon and then “tweaked” to come out of the mouth of God and put into the “Jewish” myth of Moses receiving the 10 commandments at Mt Sinai. This was the first lesson I received in how myths are built up and come to be believed as historical truth.
Second, in the 1990’s I attended a lecture at Liverpool Arabic Arts Festival by Professor Piotr Bienovsky (I think that’s the correct spelling of his name) who had been living with Bedouin tribes in Yemen and Jordan and studying Bedouin culture. He said there wasn’t a shred of archaelogical evidence that the Jews were ever in Egypt or that they had ever entered Palestine.
Third, in Palestine about 8 yrs ago, I met a Palestinian writer/poet who had been researching the history of Jews and he said that the wailing wall could not be the wall of the Jewish Temple because he was convinced, from his research, that the Temple had been in Yemen.
In the last 5 years I have been reading alternative accounts of WW2 and discovered a whole raft of distortions, omissions and lies told about the Germans, about the Third Reich, about Hitler, about the Allies. There is no evidence of Gas Chambers, for example – the one at Auschwitz was a fake built after the war by the Russians and many scholars have shown that it couldn’t possibly have been used to gas Jews or anyone else. The people who were actually burned alive were the Japanese victims of radiation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and by saturation bombing in Tokyo,and the Germans in Dresden who were burned alive by the fireballs created from Allied saturation bombing. The criminals who committed these unspeakable atrocities of course were not the Nazis, but the Americans and English war-leaders, who managed to distract world attention from their own war crimes by getting Hollywood to make hundreds of movies which demonised the Germans.The falsehood that has been presented to us all as “History” is monumental and sickening. It has disfigured western culture. It has inflicted a terrible burden of undeserved guilt on the German people who suffered horribly at the hands of Zionists and their supporters in the UK and USA.
One of the most urgent projects of humanity is to uncover the lies and concealments fed to us through schools, universities and media. We all need to know the truth of our shared Human History and we must all do our bit to uncover and share the truth. Thankyou for what you are doing.
Dear Anna Salmon,
I was deeply moved by ‘the truth-seeking-spirit’ in your comment. I’d appreciate it if you read my book and gave me your feedback. Thank you.
alfatah69 says:
Reblogged this on LIBYA AGAINST SUPER POWER MEDIA.
William Gill says:
Now I’m confused. So when did the “Jews” first occupy Israel? Was Jesus In Israel or Arabia? The New Testament mentions many locations that correspond to today’s Israel. Where was the second temple built, the one Jesus said would be totally destroyed? I may be swayed into believing the Hebrews never went to Egypt but the New Testament mentions so many landmarks in Israel that tie it in with today’s Israel location, how could this not be true.
Get rid of your confusion and buy the book “Egypt knew no Pharaohs nor Israelites“
grypa666 says:
Dear Dr Ezzat
I’m no expert on ancient history, but just a question on view of the critique on Amazon, by Jan on March 14, 2015…
Would it be possible that Jews went to Egypt to corrupt, rob and hijack it, as they do today with other empires? When the pharaoh got his act together and threw them out, the Jews presented it in the Bible and history books for goyim as an epic, heroic Exodus martyrology?
Piotr Bein
https://piotrbein.wordpress.com/2009/12/30/judeocentrics-and-mass-crimes/
Definitely not. The Israelites never set foot in Egypt. So we should not hypothesize alternative narratives for their expulsion/Exodus. The historical truth is that Egypt never knew any Pharaohs nor any Israelites.
Reblogged this on Piotr Bein's blog = blog Piotra Beina.
M.K. Styllinski says:
Thank you M.K. Styllinski. Try and read my book “Egypt knew no Pharaohs nor Israelites”
Pingback: ISIL helps Israel conceal historical origin | FTSN Autodesk
YAHWEH'S Truth says:
The Jews are NOT Israel. Any attempt at analizing the Jews while beginning with this false assumption must therefore be flawed.
True Israel are the Pure White, Western European Peoples(the “lost tribes”. Jews are Esau/Edom.
It literally is the universe’s greatest case of ID theft
Watchman_on_the_Wall says:
Well said! It is obvious what the motivates this alleged scholar to create his false narrative: to try discredit the Bible’s trustworthiness and authenticity once again. Many have tried; all have failed.
In truth, greater than 95% of those claiming to be Jews today are Turko-Mongolian Khazar impostors who stole the names Judahite, Israel, Hebrew and Semite from their rightful owners: the white or Caucasian people whose ancestors migrated through the Caucasus mountain range from the Assyrian and Babylonian exiles and into northwestern Europe in three massive waves of human migration around 500 A.D. This history of the Hebrews/Caucasians is well-documented for those with any interest in the objective truth of demographic history. Sadly, few care to know the truth.
While the descendants of Esau (Edom) were part of the distortion of the teachings of the Old Testament, today the vast majority of impostors posing as Jews (the “jews”) are Ashkenazi or Khazar Jews, as chronicled in Arthur Koestler’s 1976 book, “The Thirteenth Tribe.” The Jews of today ( fanatical religions and satanic cult) base their worldview on the hides and vile anti-Christ teachings of the Babylonian Talmud and the Zohar Kaballah of the occult, which make up the core teachings of the very secretive orthodox Judaism. It is satanic and demonic to its core, and these impostors are the antichrist of theses final days of the end times, in which Yahushua (Christ) is returning in His second coming in late 2016.
YHWH has spoken.
Watchman .. Were those the words of YHWH? I thought that was your comment. Seriously, do you think that the name of the Jews ‘God is YHWH. Watchman, you haven’t been watching closely enough. You see, the translated version of your Bible is a FAKE. The Israelite Exodus never took place in Egypt, and Palestine is not your Promised Land. Even YHWH is not the name of your GOD. The Hebrew is one of the ancient Arabian tongues/dialects And YHWH is originally Hwah which simply means HE.
Oh how sad for you! Insane people, totally disconnected from and in denial of objective reality, as you clearly are come up with the most ludicrous and preposterous claims to try to delude themselves into believing anything other than that which is already proven to be objectively true.
Sure thing, dimwit, thousands of Hebrew, Greek and Bible scholars have had countless opportunities to examine, challenge and correct the KJV English translation of the 5,366 Greek manuscripts of the New Testament and only 400 words are in any doubt, none of them impacting any matter of doctrine. Academia with any intellectual integrity has long since accepted the accuracy of the Bible. That’s a proven fact.
As for the Exodus, you cannot suppress and silence the photo evidence of hundreds of human and horse bones and coral encrusted chariot wheels on the land bridge 60 feet beneath the surface of the Gulf of Aqaba or of Mt Sinai in western Saudi Arabia.
Thus, as a proven liar, you should have no credibility with anyone. You have an agenda to deceive, on behalf of your master, the father of lies, the devil. That much is quite obvious to all. You’re busted.
Re: “Oh how sad for you! Insane people(…) Sure thing, dimwit (…) That’s a proven fact.(…)Thus, as a proven liar, you should have no credibility with anyone. You have an agenda to deceive, on behalf of your master, the father of lies, the devil. That much is quite obvious to all. You’re busted.”
You write such railing accusations like bully and then do you wonder why people find you offensive? Where did you learn to address another man like this?
Here’s a plausible alternative explanation to what you propose.
“When dealing with Ron Wyatt, you have to remember you are dealing with
a proponent of alternative history and one who is prone to flights of
the imagination. He also claimed to “see the Blood of Christ” on the
“Judgement Seat” beneath the Temple site in Jerusalem. Ron Wyatt has
no little or no standing within the archaeological community. He
ranks right along with J. Anthony West and VonDanikan (sp?) for
speculative fictions passed off as history and archaeology.
In fact, Ron Wyatt was not an archaeologist at all. He was a nurse
anesthetist from Tennessee who had a special interest in Bible
archeology. He had a Biblical agenda to prove and was able to dodge
realities and provide an excellent scientific doggeral to back his
positions. For far too many people, if it “sounds” like science it
probably “is” science. Ron Wyatt, like creationists and others with
an agenda based on religious dogmatic absolutes, was a master at such
misuse of language.
The so-called discoveries of Ron Wyatt are nothing more than a great
hoax perpetrated upon the Christian community for money and fame.
As to the so-called discoveries on Ron Wyatt’s video entitled
“Presentation of Discoveries,” those interviewed whom Ron Wyatt
presented with his “facts” put little or no archaeological value on
any of the material. “Fraud” was the word most often used when
discussing these discoveries.
That part of the Red Sea had trading centers and seaports from the
time of ancient Egypt through the Byzantine Empire and later.
The discovery of chariot wheels, bone and other items on the sea
bottom came as no surprise to legit archaeologists. It was expected.
So much so, in fact, that the sea bottom in the region is not that
high a priority for research. Things found there are safer and better
off left where they are and reserved for future study.
If an Egyptian king and his army had been lost, the Egyptians would
have been very vocal about it. There is nothing in the record
pointing to any such loss and there is no “missing” Pharoah.
There is also no archaeological record in the Sinai of the passage of
large groups of people as there would be if such a thing had taken
place, especially if they were wandering around for forty years. The
archaeological evidence from very small groups still remains, so we
know that the remains from a large group would have an even easier
time surviving. They simply don’t exist.
Rahn… Khazar impostor posing as a Jew aren’t you? You pathological liars and demon-possessed psychos deserve and will get no mercy from any of us of the truth.
Your endless crimes against humanity follow you “jew” boy! Find that offensive do you? YHWH (God) finds you and all “jews” deeply offensive. Your fraud, lies, immorality, injustice and evil behaviors condemn every last one of you as guilty and heading to the burning fires of hell. Nothing could be more richly deserved. Justice is coming. there is no place to run and nowhere to hide from the coming wrath and fury of Almighty YHWH upon the wicked synagogue of Satan!
Watchman; Again, you are making railing accusations. You assume to know my history? Yes, my last name is Hebrew (OK first and last) but I don’t even know when my forefathers quit practicing Judaism. I find your level of hostility, well, normal. I’ve grown up in the “Bible Belt” and I have practiced and learned most variations of Christianity. As such, I’ve learned over and over that the Christians (at least the ones I’ve encountered) are very dangerous people. I do not hold this against the Christ because you have been led astray. In fact, I believe you are so defensive of ‘your faith’ because you have uncertainties yourself. That, like the knights of the crusades, somehow waging war against other men will earn you favor with God. I believe you are mistaken. I know the Scriptures. I know the history of the KJV and I know of errors. I know men like you who are always ready to fight about the KJV. I do not care to fight about the KJV. I also know that men put some books in and left some books out of the Biblical (means Books) canon.
I have not declared Dr. Ezzat’s work to be known fact to me but I have considered it worth further examination. I did wonder why in the Scriptures, Yeshua (I believe you had an alternate spelling) when defaming the religious authorities he included the scribes…why the scribes? Anyway, I’m not interested in resuming any ‘fights’ and I only said something to you because you were using very offensive language in your address to Dr. Ezzat — you can debate without the vitriol — and this goes against common decency and it does actually go against the teachings of the Christ. If you would examine the books that were included in the New Testament you’ll find instructions telling you not to address another man this way.
Don’t talk to me about decency when you lie like hell and experience no remorse over it. These are the tell-tale signs of a dangerous and evil psychopath who serves the devil. How those demons working out for you, now that the truth has been revealed? Not well, is the honest answer.
“And have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather reprove them.” Ephesians 5:11
Watchman: I have tried to reason with you and that has failed. It is inadvisable to continue to communicate with someone who is unreasonable. I already suspect your reply will be vitriolic and accusing as that has been you consistent styling; however, I just want you to think about what you will do if your prediction of “Yahushua (Christ) is returning in His second coming in late 2016” doesn’t happen. Do you know how many times this has been predicted already?
Watchman (aka. David Curtis): You challenge your readers to examine everything they’ve been told and taught and yet you attack people for doing just that.
You go on the say how you’ve suffered scorn, dismissal, ridicule and yet you are the most scornful, ridiculing and dismissive on the message board.
You then given a rather exhaustive study on identifying a psychopath; but, per your own description, you’re the one behaving like a psychopath.
Your theology resembles that of the Brethren Assemblies (neo-Puritans). From my mothers side I descend from Isaac Ewer (a Puritan in Cromwell’s New Model Army). I suppose you’ll hurl a lot of abusive scorn at me for that or maybe not — never sure what will evoke your wrath and scorn.
Well, based upon the evidence here you do not show the “love of God” and you are but a clanging cymbal to me — no love, just irritating noise of your bellicose accusing. You seem to portray yourself as a ‘prophet’ but it’ll be a year and a half before that is proved and I’m planning to make this my last communication with you as I’ve dealt with enough people like you — the people who claim to be victims and yet are the bullies. You have no idea how I’ve suffered because of men like you!
Say hello to Dave Hunt for me, it’s been a while.
Issam Sharif Abu-Bakr says:
@Watchman_on_the_Wall … Only 4 months to go for YHWH’s return!! Got your camera ready?! 😉
Odin's Raven says:
Are you supporting Kamal Salibi’s theory, set out in his book ‘The Bible Came from Arabia’, that the original land of Israel was the region known as Asir, between the Red Sea and northern Yemen?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Salibi
Yes Odin’s Raven, Dr. Salibi’s finding is one of my references. Other 12 findings/theses are cited and thoroughly investigated.
Dr LLoyd S. Gordon says:
Thank you for your most enlightening commentaries Dr Asrad Essat. Your account would appear to be consistent with the now known works of a number of noted researchers including Zechariah Sitchin, or at least on the point concerning the plagiarising and modification of the deluge phenomenon from a Sumerian source. The Epic of Gilgamesh obviously rings quite true and the question of the link with the Noachim deluge store will always suggest itself. May I invite you to post to my Quantum Organiculture Institute (Q.O.I.) WEBSITE FOR THE FURTHERANCE OF TRUTH, BEAUTY and HEALTH and those matters that are of collateral significance. As Founder/Director of the Institute I encourage positive and edifying accounts relating to Cosmic Studies linked to The History and Development of Terran Earth Human Civilization, The Kundalini as a key to Evolving our Humanity/Experimental Natural Medicine and Natural Medicine per se, Quantum Organiculture and Organic Hydroponics linked to Functional Foods production, and Research Entrepreneurship/Affiliate Marketing and Sales. I cannot afford payment but would welcome your posts, to the site at http://www.facebook.com/lloyd.gordon.520, for the furtherance of the upgrading of our Terran Earth Human Conscience and hence Consciousness in our evolution to Higher Ground in Galactic, and ultimately Cosmic Emergence in Oneness before the Supreme Personality of the Eternal GODHEAD, CREATOR OF ALL THAT THERE IS. As you have correctly pointed out, one route towards a better Earth is through Demythification, and (our epithet) Delieification. I, we, of Q.O.I. do not venture into Almighty God’s Mystification WHERE WE UNDERSTAND IT TO BE SO per se!
Dr. Gordon,
I am interested in reading more of your information but, unfortunately, the only link is a Facebook link and I don’t/won’t use Facebook. Do you have another site for you information?
Another point to consider is the illegal trade in antiquities to the benefit of billionaire ruling class collectors. Israel is the mafia family that specializes in this crime.
Pingback: The Blood Moon Explained And Deconstructed And The Astro Energies Of The Eclipse | Robert Phoenix
rpm1122 says:
Do you do radio?
Hi man on the street, I’m looking forward to hearing you thoughts after you will have read my book “Egypt knew no Pharaohs nor Israelites” http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00U8VK8JE
Man on the street says:
Actually before the American invasion of Iraq, a team of history professionals visited the White House and gave the Bush cabal specific list and areas to protect the priceless historical treasures. That was reported in our media a few days before the invasion, which gave me and others the impression that the U.S. is a responsible power that respects the historical treasures of other civilizations? Boy was I wrong!
If you are unaware of who owns and controls the MSM let it be a wake up call for you. America is under occupation, and if you were unaware of the “dual citizens” in YOUR govt. not mine who are the most aggressive advocates of removing your rights, freedom and liberties and supporting a rogue leader who defies only a ceremonial congress and WE THE PEOPLE and they have busied themselves with a full scale attack on the constitution while posing as citizens and are imposters as well as enemies of OUR COUNTRY!
osamakoriech says:
Hello Ashraf
You could be right.
My recollection of the events in 2003 when the Americans invaded Iraq, that the Library and the Museums pieces related to the Assyrian culture disappeared practically overnight.
I was genuinely in tears as, like yourself, I love history especially that related to religion.
I asked 3 questions: who? where are these things now? and why?
The answer for the first two question of who and where; slowly surfaced where most of these things appeared in USA and Israel. I believe you are now answering the third question of WHY.
Thank you Osama. I still can’t get over the scene of US soldiers storming into Baghdad Museum. The Americans did a lot of plundering. The same scheme is continued now by ISIL. Great to meet you on my website. Come back again.
The Zionists keep talking about a war between Mohammad and his goons, and the Jews? They reportedly saying that he deceived them? Is that in anyway relating to the Yemeni Jews?
Dr. Ezzat, your take on this is very unique, and obviously if more people know about the garden of Edin was in Yemen, and that the Noah story was lifted from Babylonia, perhaps a vigorous discussions can begin. Best regards.
Great post and very informative. I wonder that if the original cunieform texts survive and are made widely available to scholars that the true narrative may be corrected. Incidentally, Sheldon Adelson, American-Israeli puppet master and Godfather of Israel is the world’s 10th richest man, with a net worth of 38 Billion USD. He owns Netanyahu and is a zealous Zionist. His wife is a chemical-biological weapons specialist, he and a handful of other global Jews control the American military and Congress .
Thank you Jtremaine. Actually there are already unearthed cuneiform tablets that if interpreted in the right way could expose the Israelite distortion. The problem is that orthodox Egyptology and Mesopotamian archeology are dominated by Biblically biased scholars (funded by Zionist- controlled institutions)
I would like to see you around the blog again. Greetings
kilt klub says:
one of the best things on the web.
destroying Iraq’s ancient heritage precludes all possibility of disproving Zionists’ lies with factual, physical evidence. they can forever rewrite history in their self-seeking, self-serving fashion- as victims, ‘Chosen’, supieror etc there will always be a majority of Useful and Useless Idiots who believe the lies. Cui BonO? ISRAEL and their history fraud
Nemesis says:
@Dr Ezzat A great document and disclosure of one of the or maybe the biggest LIE in history!!
Inspite of the looting and falsification of the history of the exodus of these tribe there is hope. Not alle commen sense of people and mankind can be destroyed with historic fraude.
I read the exodus of the Old Testament(Thora) and i think every reasonable man who can think logical sees the whole story is bull shit, only you have to see the whole puzzle/image the link with cabal, superstition the evil and arrogance of this tribe is unbelieveble, how they plague the Egyptians with unrealistic, untrue hocus pocus and at leaving stealing the silver and gold of the egyptians.
On this very day the do the same, stealing and cheating the world!!!
Only if people (critical mass ca 10%?) learn about the 3 BIGGEST LIES in history, than the world will be a better place hopely more free etc.
1. Bible esp The Exodus (the chosen people of god etc.)
2. World war II (Holofraud Diaryfraud of Anne Frank, Bolsjewism etc.)
3. 9/11 (zionism/nazism conspiracy)
All Zionist/tribe committed conspiracies meant to rob and murder not jews/tribe goyim, read talmud and The Protocols of the Elders of Zion f.e.
Reblogged this on Puppet Master's Slave Market and commented:
This is the purpose of all the lootng and destruction of ancient cuneiform texts.ISIS is Israel backed. The profiteering in the stolen antiquities is a matter of course and notoriously attributed to Israeil counterfitters.
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Asia’s changing legal market and the strategies to adapt: An interview with Eric Chin of Alpha Creates
Asia Law Portal on May 7, 2019
Asia’s legal market is changing and who better to know what strategies firms might deploy to adapt to these changes than Melbourne-based Eric Chin, who helped co-found Alpha Creates in January of 2019. A long-time strategic advisor to the legal services sector, Eric also coined the term NewLaw in 2013. In this interview with Asia Law Portal, Eric explains why Alpha Creates was founded, its’ role in helping legal services sector organizations adapt, his thoughts about the current competitive landscape for legal services in the Asia-Pacific region, the background behind his coining the term NewLaw, and what law school students can do to forge a career in a changing legal services sector.
What was your inspiration in founding Alpha Creates and what are its goals for the future?
Alpha Creates came about as a reflection of the changing legal market. About a decade ago when I first entered the market as a consultant, most of my work with law firms was around growth strategies; whether it was practice specialisation, geographic expansion or mergers and acquisitions.
This shifted really quickly into globalisation as we helped firms grapple with their globalisation strategies. It was also during this time that NewLaw segment of the market started to move from the periphery into the mainstream consciousness of the legal market.
In the last 24 months, we have also seen that shift for the LegalTech market as it has now found a place in law firm boardrooms. All of these trends combined with an expanded competitor set in the market has put innovation at the top of the list for law firm leaders.
Alpha Creates brings together our founders’ years of experience of working with the stakeholders of the legal industry on innovation gigs, strategy engagements and technology projects. Our goal is to help shape the legal service providers of the future.
How does Alpha Creates help law firms and legal services organizations?
There are really three legs to the Alpha Creates stool. We work with law firms on their innovation projects, regardless of where they are on their innovation journey. We have seen the law firms responding to the innovation call, as innovation functions became du jour, in three ways:
Foundation of innovation committee: Made up of a diverse group of lawyers and professionals at the firm. This is where most firms’ innovation journey start.
Appointing an Innovation Partner: Majority of firms appoint a practicing lawyer, whether a partner or senior associate into this role. They also get some fee relief to work on this part time while keeping their practice.
Appointing an Innovation Director/Head of Innovation: An innovation specialist or someone from the technology team is christened the Head of Innovation with dedicated resource to help the function role out their innovation program across the firm.
We can resource accordingly based on how the innovation function is established above.
We also work with legal service providers on strategy project, whether they are market analysis, competitive analysis, growth strategy and mergers & acquisitions. This is drawn from our years of working as external and internal consultants to the legal market.
Finally we also work with legal service providers on their technology journey. We caution firms not to chase headlines when looking at technology. The biggest mistake firms make is the look at the most recent technology fad like ‘artificial intelligence’, ‘blockchain’, etc. The reality with technology projects is that you need to start that journey with defining the problem you’re trying to solve, then assess how people are currently working together to solve that problem, take a picture of the status quo process and then assess the technology solutions in the market.
You coined the term NewLaw – what do you see ahead for NewLaw firms in the Asia-Pacific region?
The origin of NewLaw that I introduced in 2013 was in response to an interview that Mark Harris had with Bloomberg Law when he was asked if Axiom was an LPO (legal process outsourcing) provider. Mark’s response was that “part of the challenge of innovating and creating a new category is that there is no vocabulary yet to identify that category”. And it was also in response to The Lawyer’s series of articles about predictions for 2018 where there was no mention of any of the alternative legal service providers.
Since its introduction, many industry experts and analysts have put forward their own definition for NewLaw. My definition for NewLaw, before it took a life of its own, was really to differentiate the business model. NewLaw firms are businesses that use labour arbitrage at the centre of their business model in the delivery of legal services. And the main examples that fall into this definition are legal process outsourcing companies, lawyer secondment firms (or flexible lawyer services) and fixed fee legal service providers leveraging on-demand lawyers.
You can actually trace the history of the NewLaw market when you take a step back to look at the evolution of the legal industry. For the longest time, when an organisation had a legal need, it essentially had two choices. First, to turn to their legal departments then when expertise were required, they turn to law firms. And law firms have built a very successful business model around expertise arbitrage for corporate legal departments.
When you think about it the law firm business model is about recruiting, training and then charging based on expertise provided. It is not until the turn of the millennium when the industry was engulfed by outsourcing trends that the first NewLaw wave of legal process outsourcing entered the market. It is in the 2010s when the gig economy entered the mainstream consciousness of the legal industry that flexible lawyer services became the second NewLaw wave.
There are a lot of big opportunities for NewLaw firms in the Asia-Pacific region. Some of the NewLaw firms are already diversifying and evolving their businesses in tune with the changing market. They are offering legal operations consulting and LegalTech consulting to legal departments. Law firms have also created their own NewLaw services, whether they are LPO services or managed legal services.
Adoption of NewLaw services will continue to be highest in internationalised markets like Hong Kong, Singapore and Australia where borderless ideas tend to travel with business flows. Of course there is the rest of the Asia Pacific region where legal entrepreneurs are starting to establish their own NewLaw service and the market is being educated by what’s happening in more competitively mature jurisdictions.
How has the competitive landscape in the Asia-Pacific region changed for law firms and legal services sector companies in recent years?
For Asia-Pacific based law firms, we have seen a few competitive waves shaping the landscape. Globalisation has played a big part in reconfiguration the strategic groupings of firms in their local market. As international law firms localise their practice where they could, the competition heightens for mid-market local firms that were otherwise not competing in the same pool as their top tier local counterparts.
The rise of alternative service providers in the market has also shaped consumption behaviour of general counsels. The NewLaw market, made up of legal process outsourcing companies (LPO), managed legal service providers and fixed fees lawyer network firms are dominant in different jurisdictions across the Asia-Pacific region. You can find LPO providers in India and the Philippines due to their supply of talented lawyers and exchange rate arbitrage available to more mature markets.
Managed legal service (lawyer secondment) providers have entered the more internationalised legal markets in the region like Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong and to a lesser degree, Malaysia and Japan. They are focused on helping legal departments with building more efficient business units by using flexible resourcing and increasingly helping with legal operations efficiencies.
In recent times of course, LegalTech startups are thriving in jurisdictions like Australia and Singapore. Singapore is a great example of the government, through the Ministry of Law and the Law Society of Singapore have introduced rebate program to encourage the adoption of LegalTech by law firms. At the same time, legal departments are also looking with enthusiasm the potential of adopting new solutions entering the market.
Then of course, we have the Big Four accounting firms that are building their legal arm by trading up their legal talent gene pool through hires from top tier law firms. They are also building their legal operations consulting capabilities, working with LegalTech providers to build new solutions and launching their own NewLaw services.
This makes the competitive landscape in the Asia Pacific market diverse, similar to a Cambrian explosion, as the competitive landscape expanded from law firms to NewLaw, LegalTech and the Big Four.
What’s your advice for law students interested in an alternative legal career? And how will lawyers work change in the future – and how can law students prepare for those changes?
When I first started my career in the legal industry, it was still a time when the law firm career path was the go to path and a move in-house was seen as a step down or for lawyers who have not made the partnership track. All of that has changed now. Top-tier lawyers move in-house because the challenge of running a legal business unit is completely different to practicing in a law firm.
As the market saw the introduction of alternative legal service providers, the career pathways for law students has grown, you can now seek a career in:
NewLaw firms
LegalTech firms
The Big Four accounting firms
Legal management consulting firms
The career path for lawyers has grown.
Most of the incumbent lawyers are also looking at the more tech savvy law students entering the workforce for help to transition the practice of law into LegalTech enabled practices.
Law schools are also exploring and introducing curriculums that expose students to coding, while it is not the job of lawyers to code, having the base knowledge helps law graduates navigate an evolving legal market.
Posted in: Law Practice Management, Legal Entrepreneurs, Legal Technology, NewLaw in Asia
Tagged in: Asia Law Portal, Asia's changing legal market, Asia-Pacific legal news and analysis, featured, Law Practice Management, opportunities for law students in a changing legal environment, strategic advisory services for law firms in Asia, technological innovation in legal services
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By Stefan Palios Canadian Startup News December 19, 2019
Intuit QuickBooks tackles the problems that keep small business owners up at night
Small business owners are constantly faced with challenges and barriers in their journey to success. Some of the most common issues small businesses face can be traced back to one thing: money. Lack of it, inability to find it, or not having it at the right moment can all cause a business to fail.
As a solo business owner, if you fail, you fail alone. If you’ve got employees, though, you have responsibilities. That sense of responsibility is so strong that 53 percent of small business owners have paid themselves late in order to make payroll for their employees, according to a study commissioned by Intuit Canada. Further, 25 percent have moved money from other areas of the business to fuel payroll, potentially hindering business growth down the line. It’s no wonder, then, that 45 percent of small business owners say payroll is what keeps them up at night. In particular, the cash flow side of payroll, with 58 percent admitting they struggle with cash flow problems.
At QuickBooks Connect, Intuit’s conference for small business owners and accountants, the solutions to small business owners’ problems came in two forms: new tech and human connections.
This small business is powered by people
Business growth, especially for brick-and-mortar small businesses like cafés or boutiques, is built on human relationships. Jayson Gaignard, founder of invite-only conference Mastermind, spoke to this in his talk How to Grow, Nurture, and Amplify Business Relationships. His message to the audience was that true growth comes from the people you know, not just the technological efficiencies your business gains.
“Banks could take my car and my other assets, but not my relationships.”
Sharing his own story of how his first business toppled, leaving him in debt, he explained to the audience that the only reason he could get back on his feet to scale his current business was due to the people he knew.
“Banks could take my car and my other assets, but not my relationships,” said Gaignard.
He then shared his three “Cs” of relationship building: always be collecting new ways to meet people, curate your relationships for impact and authenticity, and capture new details about people so you can deepen your relationship.
The theme of relationships continued throughout the conference, with multiple speakers discussing how important connections are to business growth. It’s all part of Intuit’s push to increase the survival rate gof small businesses, which currently sits at an unencouraging 50 percent failure rate by five years.
Melika Hope, Intuit QuickBooks’ Canadian Head of Product, told BetaKit that Intuit’s biggest opportunity to help small businesses survive comes from listening to customers. The company has several methods of garnering customer feedback, all focused on building employee empathy towards customers.
“It’s really putting yourself in the customer’s shoes and understanding exactly what it is that they’re experiencing and what impact there is on their business,” said Hope.
Put some AI in your cash flow
Understanding the customer problem is imperative to ensuring the growth and success of small businesses, but if it’s not prepared for that growth, business owners can’t take advantage of the opportunities. According to QuickBooks’ research, 43 percent of small business owners who plan to hire feel unprepared for their business. The culprit? Cash flow.
One small break in cash flow can drown a small business. If a client is late with a payment, that could mean not meeting payroll or other expense obligations. In the case of not meeting payroll, employees could leave or take legal action. For other expenses, there are likely late fees and compounding costs. Either situation puts the business owner in an even worse position than before.
Even companies that plan for cash flow gaps still face challenges. You may have a handle on cash flow for the business as-is but hiring an additional employee (and every other expense that comes with it) might tip you over the edge.
At Connect, Intuit announced a QuickBooks feature to help make those concerns disappear: Cash Flow Planner. Coming soon, the planning tool uses AI and predictive analytics to show small business owners what their cash flow should look like, up to 90 days out. The feature predicts recurring expenses and income while allowing owners to customize for any known additional expenses or income. Cash Flow Planner then alerts business owners of any upcoming cash crunches or lets them see if upcoming cash flow will sustain the growth they are chasing.
The company also announced several other AI-powered product updates, including the Business Performance Overview feature, which also uses AI to automatically pull out key metrics for a business and display them in a visually-driven dashboard.
Stefan Palios
Stefan is a Toronto-based entrepreneur and writer passionate about the people behind tech. He's interviewed over 100 entrepreneurs on topics like management, scaling, diversity and inclusion, and sharing their personal stories. Follow him on Twitter @stefanpalios or send an email to stefan.palios@gmail.com.
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Information about transport costs, methods and things to avoid!
South America Post 14 Perfect Peru Part 2 – Cusco and a special train!
On Apr 4, 2019 Apr 4, 2019 By anneandchrisbIn Bird watching and Nature, Food and Drink, History and Architecture, Money saving ideas, Peru, Planning and Resources, South America, Things to do!, TransportLeave a comment
Sad to leave the Sacred Valley, we headed for Cusco, located at 11,510ft, staying 1 night at the lovely old Andean Wings hotel, formerly a Spanish villa. Breathing was noticeably harder here, and most hotels have oxygen available. Cusco means navel, because it was the centre and capital of the Inca kingdom, which at it’s height stretched to Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia and Argentina. We had just 1 day, so chose to do an excellent walking tour with Inka Milky Way! Our guide was excellent, it is a beautiful city and we learned so much. There were once 15 Inca palaces in Cusco, but when the Spanish came, they demolished them, and used the stones to build Spanish colonial style buildings and churches. One Inca wall remains, plus recently discovered Inca Palace foundations, showing a symmetrical pattern of rooms, and a water system. Outside town is Sacsayhuaman, an Inca citadel with amazing walls all with the mortar less construction. Later, I visited the Cathedral, which is really 3 churches in one. The Gold and silver decoration is dazzling, as were the intricately carved wooden choir stalls and screen. We have been learning how, when the Spanish invaded, they imposed Catholicism on the local people. Many adopted it, but retained their allegiance to their original deities, gods of Sun, Moon and Patcha Mamma, or mother earth. So it is not unusual to see Inca imagery and local customs entwined with Catholic symbolism in churches. In Peru, Guinea pig, or Cuy, is a very popular food. (We have eaten Llama , Alpaca but resisted the temptation of Cuy..partly because it is very expensive!) To return to the cathedral, inside is a huge painting in Rennaissance style, done in about 1750 by local artist Marcos Zapata. However the food in the painting is not fishes and bread, but Guinea pig and potatoes!! No photos were allowed, but I sneaked these!Following our tour, we embarked on a cookery course. Jesus took us on a very informative tour of the market, which was built by Gustav Eiffel! Outside, he explained that street food is a main way to eat in Peru, and many people will take meals this way, especially breakfast. Inside the market, masks were popular. These were designs from the past when the locals mimicked their Spanish rulers, depicting them with big noses and moustaches! These were some of the highlights:The jelly stall… including a creamy cow bone marrow one! Many different potatoes… including ones which are freeze dried by being left outside, high on the altiplano, where it is hot in the day and below freezing at night. They keep forever. Just rehydrate and use. Drying is a very popular method of preservation. This rather unappetizing stall sold very dried fish! Every part of the pig is eaten. And not for the squeamish, aborted Llama fetuses are dried, and sold to be used as offerings to the Gods. Many varieties of Quinoa…. (now we know it is officially pronounced ‘keenwah’), which we saw growing everywhere…it is very pretty crop. 55 varieties of corn, and popcorn is hugely popular (excuse the pun!) We bought many exotic fruits and vegetables, and returned to his studio for our cooking class. First, and most important how to make the perfect Pisco Sour. Then we made: 3 types of Ceviche.. raw fish cooked simply by placing it in citrus based marinade. All were gorgeous. Then, a potato souffle, Quinoa Risotto and a 3 fruit dessert. It was good fun and yummy!Next day and another adventure. I had booked tickets on the recently revived 10.5 hour train trip up through the Andes from Cusco up to Puno, on Lake Titicaca (12,650 feet). We splashed out at £150 each, but we had no idea what to expect, and as you know, Chris loves trains, so it was an early Anniversary present. It was fantastic. The time literally flew by! A beautiful train with a partly open observation car made viewing the stunning scenery a real pleasure. As we travelled there was frequent tooting, as there are no level crossings, and people, animals and vehicles freely cross the tracks. Not everyone was happy… dogs howled and many children covered their ears!! Plantain and corn nibbles, plus tea coffee and water were freely available. Then, welcome Pisco sours (at 10.30 am!!), really superb local musicians and dancers who did 2 different shows, and a fashion show of baby alpaca clothing! Audience participation was actively encouraged. The guitarist was a secret rocker, and we had the slightly surreal experience of him launching into Jimi Hendrix and Chuck Berry numbers between the Panpipes!!A great 3 course lunch, with wine, and afternoon tea were all included in the price.And, the loveliest toilets, kept spotlessly clean throughout. Take note British railways! We also stopped at the highest point on the route, at 4,139 metres or 13,698 feet where we were able to buy some handicrafts made by local people. We passed through Peru’ Guinea pig breeding heartland, and learned that 65 million are consumed here each year! We literally drove though the market in Juliaca, and as we passed, stalls were re-erected on the track. Many things were left between the rails for us to pass over. As soon as the train had gone, the track was filling up again. But Peru, like most South American countries, has a massive poverty problem. A close look showed large sections of the market selling things we would throw away as rubbish. Decrepit housing – 22% of peruvians have no direct water supply! And these shacks are the toilets for the nearby housing. We also saw people washing clothes in the rather murky river. Throughout our trip we have seen terrible poverty, and social divisions, but again in Peru we were told that by using local firms and small businesses, we were helping the economy, and reaching the lower paid in the society.Still, we felt guilty, returning to our lovely journey! We arrived in the city of Puno, on the shores of Lake Titicaca, in the dark, and were taken by taxi to Mirador de Titicaca… our hotel. We knew it was a little out of town, but not that it was up an almost vertical dirt road!!We knew we were high, as we were out of breath just walking to the loo!! It turned out we were just over 4,000 metres! Luckily, apart from a slight headache, tiredness and breathlessness, we escaped the worst side effects of being at such a high altitude. It is a very real problem, and most hotels, and the train, have oxygen cylinders at the ready. Apparently, at this height, oxygen saturation drops to 65-75%. Normally, doctors get worried below 94%! The hotel was lovely, but we would have to wait until morning for a view of the highest navigable lake in the world!
South America Post 11 To the End of the Word
On Mar 26, 2019 Mar 26, 2019 By anneandchrisbIn Argentina, Bird watching and Nature, Chile, Food and Drink, History and Architecture, Museums, Patagonia, Things to do!, Tierra del Fuego, Transport, Travel2 Comments
A flurry of posts because of 5 days without wifi, and no chance to upload pictures!From Buenos Aires we flew via Santiago, to Punta Arenas, at the southernmost part of mainland Chile. On the flight we got great views of the Chilean Volcanoes.
Out came the thermals, hats and gloves we had lugged with us!
We had an overnight stay here in a charming air bnb, prior to boarding the Stella Australis ship for our 4 day expedition through the Patagonian and Tierra del Fuego fjords, known locally as the End of the World. It certainly felt like it!
We thought of Punta Arenas as ‘just a stopover’, but we were very wrong! It is a really remote frontier town, with many low, functional buildings designed to withstand ferocious winter winds and cold. However it has some real hidden gems! Two museums display the history of the region, from the original tribes through it’s many roles in the fishing industry, security, oil and gas exploration and even a gold rush.
Today, tourism is a vital component of the economy, and the population is growing! Just outside town is an amazing museum, the Nao Victoria. In a hidden shipyard, dedicated carpenters work on ship reconstructions, all carefully reproduced in 1:1 scale, and related to this part of the world. Their star is the Victoria, Magellans ship on which he discovered the Straits of Magellan in 1520 and on whose shoreline we were standing. At 350 miles long, this was a sheltered shortcut avoiding notorious Cape Horn.
Beware of Spanish soldiers…
Then they have reconstructed the Beagle, captained by Fitzroy, who discovered the Beagle channel in 1830, and who later brought Charles Darwin here, a nice link with our Galapagos visit.
Finally the little lifeboat, the James Caird, which, against impossible odds, carried Shackleton safely from Elephant Island across the worst seas in the world to South Georgia. There he arranged rescue for the men he had to leave behind, 24 months after they set sail for Antarctica.
Their rescue ship, the Ancud, is also reproduced here.
Walking in town, a real highlight is the beautiful wall art.
And did we mention the food? We ate at La Yegua Loca, a newish restaurant highlighting local produce. It was wonderful, and we were grateful for the log burning stoves!!
Then, on Sunday lunchtime everything was closed, until we stumbled upon the Parilla los Ganaderos, or Grill of the Gauchos, full of local families. It was fabulous, and we sat next to the traditional bbq where whole lambs are cooked vertically around the flames.
Next, to our ship, a 100 cabin expedition ship.
We were excited and apprehensive at the same time. Weather forecast was poor, and we were stuck in a sardine tin with lots of other people for 4 days!
We needn’t have worried. Our cabin, and all the public rooms were lovely, and then we were greeted with cocktails and canapes for our briefing!
We would sail through the southern most routes of the continent; the Straits of Magellen and the Beagle channel, into fjords and out into the Pacific.
This was an expedition, not a cruise, so no long dresses were required.. much to Chris’ relief!! However the food seemed worthy of a much grander trip, with three delicious meals a day, and a constantly available buffet of cakes, biscuits, tea coffee.
Oh.. and the fully inclusive bar where I discovered the Pisco Sours and Calafate Sours! We were lucky to share our table with Meghan and Scott from New York. A young couple on their belated honeymoon! They were married last year, and it turned out we had the same Wedding Anniversary. They were delightful, and much fun was had.
Most staff were Chilean, and so friendly, knowledgeable and helpful. Each day was a combination of interesting talks, and trips in the Zodiac ribs.
Our route is shown on this map.
After leaving port, we saw just one other ship, and 2 buildings in 4 days! This is a wild and remote place. A hostile environment in which to survive, due to extreme cold, bitter, strong, unpredictable winds, and precipitation. Vegetation struggles too, and wildlife is limited to sea birds, seals, some fish and a few mammals. However there is evidence that early tribes settled here up to 10,000 years ago. Needless to say the Spanish, British and others tried to ‘civilise’ the tribes, but diseases like smallpox, and persecution almost wiped them out. The Yamaga tribe were most remarkable. Each family lived in an open canoe, with a fire in it which the children kept alight. They were no clothes at all, even in winter with temperatures of -25, using seal fat on their skin to keep warm!
Our first excursion was to Ainsworth Bay which provided a stunning backdrop to a very informative nature walk, learning about the sub Antarctic forest.
Amazing mosses and lichens grow here.
Many parasitic plants too, like this false mistletoe,
and this innocent looking plant which can destroy a shrub in a season.
It is rough but absorbent, and the local tribes used it as toilet paper!
This plant is known as the everlasting plant, because during storms it’s habitat can be flooded with seawater, but it just regrows!
This is the Devil’s Trouble, and is apparently a powerful laxative!
We saw fur seals swimming, and birds.
Introduced species are problematic, especially the beaver which is destroying the environment.
In the afternoon we anchored at Tuckers Islets and bounced across the waves on the zodiacs to see Magellanic penguins. So adorable.
We also saw Caracara and an Imperial cormorant colony.
Next day was cloudy, but we visited the incredible Pia Glacier, one of the few which is advancing rather than retreating.
We hiked uphill for a panoramic view. The glacier was constantly creaking and groaning, and we witnessed several calvings as ice broke off and thundered into the water below.
The zodiac ride was like Dodgems with ice cubes!!
Our ship then sailed down Glacier Alley, past 5 huge glaciers named after European countries.
The waiters appeared with drinks and nibbles for each country as we passed! Then great excitement as some Orcas swam past, and then dolphins.
Our foray out into the Pacific was decidedly bouncy, but during our penultimate night we sailed right out to Cape Horn. We knew the weather forecast was bad, and just before dawn we were told that it was too dangerous to get close or attempt a landing, as winds were Force 10, gusting Force 11! Chris and I went on deck while in the lee of the island. The wind was howling, and the rain lashing down, but we saw Cape Horn in the dim light. Somehow it seemed more fitting to experience it like this, rather than on a calm sunny day.
We were just 595 miles from the Antarctic islands, and have now visited the southern most points in Americas, Africa and Australasia.
Later that day, we went ashore and hiked at Wulaia bay, where Darwin landed and first met natives.
It was also home to the barrel post office. Mariners would leave letters for family at home, and when another ship came by it would take letters addressed to places it was heading to. We popped in a postcard, and took one to deliver!
When Magellan first came, he found huge footprints in the sand. They believed the natives must be giants and named the land Patagonia from the old Portuguese words Pata Guan meaning big foot! Finally we sailed to remote Ushuaia in Argentina.
The whole trip was amazing. My travel pills were exceptional, and after rolling around at Cape Horn in Force 11 gusts, I polished off a hearty breakfast!!
The sense of wilderness and isolation here was immense, and we felt a huge respect for early sailors navigating these unforgiving waters.
South America Post 8 Rio de Janeiro
On Mar 17, 2019 Mar 17, 2019 By anneandchrisbIn Brazil, Food and Drink, History and Architecture, South America, Things to do!, Transport2 Comments
From lush greenery and peaceful bird filled mountains, we took connecting flights via Bogota to Rio de Janeiŕo. We flew in over the huge bay, at 5.30am on a cloudy rainy morning. We had just 1 night in Rio so had to make the most of our time here, despite a serious lack of sleep. We got to our hotel, the lovely Ipanema Inn, at 8.20 am. Our guide Marcio, who I had found on TripAdvisor, arrived at 8.50! The rain stopped. “Come on”, he cried, “I have booked the train up the mountain to see Christ the Redeemer!”. We sped off in his car, driving past sandy Ipanema beach and then the more touristy Copacacbana beach, which still had some sand sculptures from Carneval. As we drove, Marcio shared his wealth of knowledge about the history and culture of Rio.
The girl from Ipanema, who inspired the song, is apparently still alive and in her eighties! Each neighbourhood has it’s own pattern of mosaic pavements
The cloud was slightly higher, but then a sudden rain shower would explode from the sky. We caught the funicular train up the 2,400 foot Mount Corcovado expecting to see very little. As we reached the top, the clouds parted, and there it was. The 100 foot high statue that has looked benevolently down at Rio from on high since 1931.
Its arms span 92 feet and had to be built without scaffolding! It is impressive, and a close look shows it is covered with a mosaic of soapstone tiles. The view is amazing, although Rio’s other famous high point, the Sugarloaf mountain, remained shrouded in cloud.
Also through cloud we saw the famous Maracana football stadium which holds the record for the largest attendance at a football match… 200,000 who watched the Unthinkable. Uruguay beat Brazil in the World Cup Final in 1950. Apparently the end of the match was characterised by stunned silence!!
Rio the city has a population of 6.4 million, and it threads it’s way between many high, forest clad mountains, a fact we had not appreciated. Many parts are white, highrise blocks, or houses, which contrast with the distinct, large, lower rise clusters of reddish buildings, which are the Favelas, there are over 100 of these districts in Rio.
Favelas are historically where the poorer people live, and their key feature is that the people ‘squatted’ on the land, built a shack there, and then, after a certain number of years, gained the right to the land. Many of them built upwards, one room at a time. The favelas are mostly in less desirable parts of town, often climbing up mountainside, with just paths, not roads, although one ended up surrounded by grand buildings, and the land is worth a lot! Favelas were dangerous places, where cartels and gangs ruled, but a recent police initiative has apparently improved things in some of them. Favelas were also home to the Samba, and most dance schools are still located there. Marcio drove us through a favela as we went to Barra, a beautiful beach, which hardly anyone goes to because there aren’t enough bars and restaurants, and for the Brazilians, beach going is a big social event!
We visited Parque Lage , now a national park, a garden designed for a French family in 1840 by English landscape designer John Tyndale. He used local rainforest plants, but incorporated the very Victorian features of follies and grotto, complete with fake stalactites!!
The house was lovely, with Christ the Redeemer towering behind it, and is used as an arts centre. On to Leblon, a lovely beach area, for lunch at a Kilo restaurant.
A huge serve yourself buffet, where your plate is weighed at the end, and you pay per gram! Desserts too!
Fun and delicious! Then, as we walked and drove, Marcio pointed out beautiful churches, art deco buildings, museums, schools and military buildings, and the stunning theatre colon, many in grand architectural styles with heavy Spanish influence.
He explained how different groups had colonised the city over time, each bringing their culture and food. Tapas from the Spanish, different grains and breads from the native people . After Marcio left us, we walked on Ipanema beach under dramatic skies, and paddled in the south western Atlantic Ocean!
Then a fabulous supper at Zaza’s Bistro, and we collapsed into bed at 10.00!
Next day, Marcio was back at 8.00am! We headed straight to Sugarloaf Mountain. So lucky. Today this was in clear sky, but Christ the Redeemer was completely hidden.
Two cable cars take you up 2000 feet to a great viewpoint over the bay, city and beaches.
We then witnessed a miraculous apparition!!
Then, we were taken to the centro, business district where modern skyscrapers mix with old streets and churches. The modern cathedral is, well, weird! Meant to represent a modern take on Mayan architecture, to us it was ghastly from outside, but strangely peaceful within, and holds 20,000 people!
In contrast, we went to the Sao Bento church, built around 1600 as part of a monastery. It was stunning.
Then we visited the famous tiled steps, created gradually by artist Escadaria Selaron, who lived in a house on the steps.
He became obsessed with his task, tiling the side walls as well, often with tiles from all around the world, sent by visitors. Sadly, a few years ago, he committed suicide on the steps, but they are hugely popular, (especially apparently since Snoop Dog visited!), and serve as his rather bizarre memorial.
A quick dash back to collect our cases, then off the the airport by 1.30!! We loved Rio, and, thanks to Marcio, saw an amazing amount in our short visit here!!
South America Post 6 The Amazon Rainforest.
On Mar 8, 2019 Mar 24, 2019 By anneandchrisbIn Amazon, Bird watching and Nature, Ecuador, Food and Drink, Planning and Resources, South America, Things to do!, Transport, Travel, Walks4 Comments
(Please allow time for photos to load!!)
‘Amazon Rainforest’ evokes wonderful images of a huge, fast flowing, muddy river surrounded by towering, dense rainforest teeming with life. We knew we had to visit. Although the fact that the teeming life includes a vast array of insects, spiders and snakes was slightly disconcerting.
The Amazon basin is vast, covering an area nearly equal to the whole USA. It extends into 8 countries. The Amazon river is formed from several main rivers and many small tributaries, all originating in the Andes.
There is some dispute as to which is the longest river in the world between the Amazon, Nile and Mississipi. The Amazon is over 4000 miles long. What is not disputed is that in terms of volume of water, the Amazon wins hands down. It’s estuary is 205 miles wide, and it discharges over 200,000 cubic metres of freshwater into the Atlantic Ocean PER SECOND!!
Our easiest access point was in Ecuador. Easy being a relative term.
We took a local flight over the Andes to Coca. There we were met by the wonderful staff from La Selva eco lodge. It was Carnaval fiesta day. The locals were enjoying themselves, spraying foam and water everywhere!
For us, the next 4 days were to be some of the most amazing travelling we have done.
Firstly, 50 miles down the huge, brown, fast running Napo river in an open sided motorised canoe dodging sandbanks and floating trees!
Then a walk through jungle to a still and silent chocolate brown creek, where paddle canoes waited to take us on a mystical 20 minute ride into a huge lagoon.
Our lodge was at the far end. This is the only way here. No roads. Everything, supplies, water, fuel, laundry is transported by boat, 3.5 hours to Coca.
I will confess that after reading horror stories of people waking up with tarantulas on their pillows in the budget rainforest accommodation, I did go for something a bit more comfortable, but didn’t realise how super La Selva would be.
All staff were Ecuadorian, and many were from the local community. Our room (and loo!) had no windows… just mesh to let air in and keep bugs out. Temperature is between 75 and 95 degrees F all year round. Humidity is 80% plus.
The food was amazing, and locally sourced. Everything was quietly organised like a well oiled machine. We were issued rubber boots which hardly left our feet for the next 3 days.
The high humidity meant we got used to a permanent damp feel to both us and all our clothes!
The solitude and silence were immense. Especially at night. It was almost overwhelming. Then it would be broken by bird song or the eerie sound of the Howler monkeys, or warring Caymans in the lake.
Every day, and night, we were taken out in our small group of just 7. Us, and 5 lovely people from Massachusetts, USA. Hello ladies!!
We had Edwin, a Naturalist, plus Medardo, an unbelievably eagle eyed native guide, with us all the time.
They pointed out things we would never have seen, and constantly explained fascinating details about the wildlife, and also the plants and trees, and their uses, especially in natural medicine. This fungus is peeled apart to reveal a cool gel used to treat burns.
This black sap heals wounds.
This seed case is a comb, and the leaf below can be folded and twisted without it breaking. One use is to wrap food before cooking.
This is a place for people who can be ‘Wowed’ by tiny things and details. There are relatively few mammals, many of which are highly reclusive, so sightings are unlikely.But the tiny things are incredible. Tiny frogs and toads with amazing leaf coloured camouflage….
Then turn them over and WOW!!
We loved the fact that nothing was stage managed. There was no point where we felt that we saw something because it was enticed by food. Medardo would swiftly pounce and suddenly be holding a frog, but never harmed them at all. Everything was wild and natural. The guides were as excited as we were when something was spotted.
I had to curb my natural desire to jump up and down and squeal with excitement!!
We started in at the deep end with a night walk. Head torches and bug spray on, we set off.
Our photos often don’t convey size, but believe me, some of the insects were HUGE… just as many frogs were tiny.
These bugs were 4 inches long!
This was the weirdest Caterpillar ever!!!
We saw capuchin monkeys, too fast to photograph!
The highlight was 2 Tarantulas. The bigger one scuttled into it’s hole, but this one was more obliging!
At about 5 inches across, I mentally thanked myself for booking the better accommodation. Phew!
The next few days were spent doing various jungle walks and canoe rides. Here are pictures of some of the creatures we saw.
This is a Howatzin, a large and very unique bird. No links to any other species, they eat semi toxic leaves, and therefore exude a terrible smell! They can dive underwater to escape predators, and young birds have hooks on their wings so they can climb around in trees!
The great Tinamou is very elusive. This one was asleep…with eyes open.
These were Howler monkeys, hanging on with long prehensile tails. Their eerie calls could be heard echoing around the forest.
The Great Potoo…
A spectacled owl!
The jungle is a place of survival. Camouflage is one defence. This is a toad!
Large numbers and team work are another. These ants worked as a team to carry this insect leg.
Some ants were huge. The bullet ant is feared. It is an inch long.
This Is a huge Owls eye butterfly…. confusing to predators
Or Maybe have viciously sharp spines….
Or enough poison to put a human in hospital, although you are less than 1cm long….
Or Just be horribly sneaky… this fungus seeps in through the insects pores, grows inside it, reaches it’s brain and turns it into a sort of zombie. The insect then walks to the sort of location which is ideal for the fungus to grow, and dies. 😱
Or just walk away! This is the walking tree. It apparently searches for light by casting fast growing roots in the direction of the light. It then loses the roots on the darker side and literally ‘walks’, possibly up to 8 metres in a year.
The lodge has a tree top tower which was so much higher than I expected, and every step and landing was metal that allowed you to see down.
My vertigo screamed NO!However I used NLP and somehow got up all 120 feet of it. We still weren’t at the top of the canopy but it was sensational.
There was a beautiful double toothed kite building a nest in the Kapok tree we had climbed, and we saw lots of birds around us! Magical. Getting down was accomplished by following Chris and singing ‘Walking on Sunshine’ to myself! My mantra song!
When rain or land slips occur, they sometimes expose mineral rich seams in the clay riverbank. These ‘Clay licks’ are then frequented by hundreds of parrots, who use the minerals to counter digestive disturbances brought on by consuming certain seeds and fruits.
We were lucky enough to witness this, and also stunning Macaws visiting a freshwater spring. Beautiful but unbelievably noisy and argumentative!!
We also visited the local community, and amongst other things, tried blowpipe blowing!
Our lodge leases land from them and supports their education and health programmes. Many of the lodge staff are from the village.
Our final night included a canoe paddle in pitch darkness to see night fishing bats and the Caymans, …or at least see their eyes reflecting back in the torch beam. The largest can grow to 9 feet long and they hunt at night. Rotten picture but you can see the body outline and the eyes!!
The lake also contains Pirhanas. We tried fishing for them, with beef as bait! Despite lots of nibbles, and a nearly catch for Chris, I have to show you the one caught by our guide! Eek! Those teeth!
Now we are being paddled silently along the chocolate creek for the last time.
Everyone seems lost in their own thoughts, genuinely sad to leave this magical, faraway place.
(Our remoteness was brought home to us when, after nearly 4 hours boating upstream, we arrived in Coca to find our flight back to Quito was cancelled due to storms. Edwin organised a bus, and within 30 minutes we embarked on a 6 hour road trip across the Andes!!
Our transfer to our next destination, in the cloud Forest, had waited at the airport, and then drove us through torrential rain and lightening for 2.5 hours. We arrived at 9pm after 14 hours of adventure!!! )
South America Post 5 The Galapagos Islands
Leaving Cuba, we had a stopover in Bogota, Colombia where we sampled some traditional food and beer!
Then, off to the Galapagos Islands……. What can I say? Well, being me, lots, of course!!
Our desire to visit was mainly fuelled by awesome documentaries, and impossibly close up photos of unique birds and animals made famous by Charles Darwin among others. There are really just 2 ways to visit. Water based on a cruise, or land based. Anyone who knows me will know that, despite having the best travel sickness pills ever, 9 days on board a very small boat (many have just 8 or 10 small cabins), in notoriously rough seas, 24/7, is a step too far! Water based tours also start at about double the price of land based, so it was an easy choice. We chose a smaĺl, locally based company – Guiding Galapagos and together planned an itinerary mixing geography, local culture and of course wildlife.
We were based on 2 different islands, Santa Cruz and Isabela, a 2 hour high speed ferry ride apart. The ferries are somewhat cramped,
On transfer day we had 2 sudden tropical cloud bursts. One as we were going to the boat on Santa Cruz, and one as we arrived on Isabela island. Everyone, and their luggage, were drenched both times!
We were shown to our new hotel room as the staff were mopping up a large pool of water from the floor, smiling and saying “The rain sometimes comes in!!” Trying to dry our clothes was tricky in 80% humidity, and we were a bit fed up, until we saw this sign in the beach bar.
So true, and it put a few wet clothes back into perspective.
Our accommodation was in small locally run hotels, both clean and comfortable. On Isabela it was the Volcano hotel, almost on the beach, renowned for sunsets. It did not disappoint!
The Galapagos archipelago comprises 21 islands, mostly uninhabited, which straddle the equator, so tropical insects can be a problem. There were actually very few! Another invasion of minuscule ants in true Tom and Jerry style lines was passed off by our hosts with… ‘Don’t worry, they are not offensive’. Well, true, they weren’t hurling abuse at us, but we didn’t want them in our bags, so we used our Boots non deet eco friendly insect repellent at the entry point which seemed to deter them!! We also had the tiniest in room gecko on patrol. Spot the gecko!!
It is amazing how something so tiny can make so much noise!
The islands are in the Pacific Ocean, nearly 1000 km east of mainland Ecuador. They are heavily influenced by prevailing sea currents. The cold Humbolt current coming from Antarctica brings many fish, and this encourages the birds etc. El Nino years are disastrous here, because it prevents the cold current reaching the islands, so there are many less fish, birds cannot breed, and the food chain is in trouble.
There is no drinkable freshwater on Galapagos at all, which is probably why it was not really settled until the 19th Century, despite being ‘discovered’ in 1535. All water here is either bottled or purified.
Darwin came in 1835, and his observations that the animals and birds were unique, and appeared to have adapted and evolved according to their island environment, led to him proposing the theory of evolution, and writing The Origin of the Species. And the rest, as they say, is history!
The islands are now a National Park, full of wonders. Not always the most colourful or dramatic creatures on earth, but definitely unique. For example 15 species of little Darwin finches, each adapted to have a different food source and habitat to ensure survival. This is the nest of a cactus finch.
There are few natural predators here, so many creatures are fearless. We were standing within a few feet of many of the birds and animals we photographed.
The biggest predators were, and are, man himself and his introduced creatures… rats, dogs, cats etc. 35,000 people live on the islands, and balancing their needs with the protected National Park status is tricky and at times, controversial. For example local people are resentful that they are no longer allowed to fish from their own islands due to the protected status, so must pay high prices in the shops.
The wildlife are the stars. Giant tortoises are incredible.
He is eating apples!! Some live to be 150 years old. However they have a managed breeding programme, because in the wild less than 1% of eggs will reach maturity, mainly due to the predators I mentioned. Amazingly, eggs incubated at 28°C will be Male. 29.5°C, female!! Large Male tortoises can be 4ft long, weigh up to 350 kg, and walk several km a day!
The Galapagos islands are volcanic, and are moving eastwards by 5cms a year, as the Nazca plate drifts. Some Volcanoes are active. We climbed to the rim of Sierra Negra, the 2nd largest Caldera in the world. It erupted just last year, for 54 days, and fumaroles were smoking on our visit.
We visited 6 islands, using boats every day. Sea lions are everywhere, literally!!
We also did some hikes, and kayaking, with sea turtles popping up around us!
Amazingly, my vintage 1990’s swimsuits were worn almost every day, and I gradually became more adept at snorkelling. I jumped off the side of boats and RIBS, and paddled around in deep, open seawater, with big waves! I even swam around an island…. with a life jacket on! The fish were lovely.
but we also snorkelled with huge Sea Turtles, 1.5 m sharks, Rays, Sea lions, and even saw an incredibly well camouflaged Sea horse. It was fantastic.
This is a trench where sharks come to rest during the day!!
Some of the most astonishing creatures are the Iguanas. Living dinosaurs. Marine Iguanas blend in with the black lava rock, or grey stones.
They sleep a lot, often in bunches! They sound as if they are hissing at you, but in fact they must regularly sneeze out salt!
Land Iguanas are golden yellow. They frequently shed their skin, so look rather threadbare, but I thought they were stunning.
They have no predators as adults, but are prone to dehydration…. this one literally dried out in the heat. 30°C most days.
There are some gorgeous beaches – Tortuga and Bachas were our favourites, complete with fresh turtle tracks, and newly hatched eggs.
Crabs abound and are a food source for the super seabirds.
One of the most unlikely is the unique Galapagos penguin which has adapted to live, not in Antarctica, but on the equator!
There is also a Galapagos flamingo. Both sexes of bird have the amazing capability of producing milk to feed their young.
We never tired of watching Brown Pelicans, Blue footed Boobies, Noddies and Terns diving into the sea a few metres away.
On Isabela island, we visited Los Tuneles, an other world landscape of hollow marine lava tunnels and cacti!
There we encountered a female blue footed Booby a few feet from the path. She was singing for a mate.
Amazingly, a Male arrived and did his courtship dance right in front of us! It obviously wasn’t good enough, because she didn’t respond, so he flew away dejectedly (we assume!!).
The next day, this encounter was topped. North Seymour island is home to the Great and Magnificent Frigate birds. Last season’s young were everywhere, being fed by parents who regurgitate food for them.
It was breeding season. The males spend 2 hours inflating a huge red neck pouch, and boom with it to attract a mate. It is exhausting!
They were everywhere, and remarkably were within feet of us. Breathtaking!!
Our visit to Galapagos was wonderful. We had good food, (especially fish), met some lovely people from many countries (hardly any fellow Brits!), and were blown away by the wildlife. There were some quirky things… the in car phone for example!
I even managed to take a Turner-esque sunrise shot!
One word for Galapagos… Incredible!
On Mar 3, 2019 Mar 24, 2019 By anneandchrisbIn Bird watching and Nature, Ecuador, Food and Drink, Galapagos, History and Architecture, Money saving ideas, South America, Things to do!, Transport, Travel, Walks2 Comments
South America Post 4 Cienfuegos, Trinidad and time to leave!
On Feb 23, 2019 Feb 23, 2019 By anneandchrisbIn Bird watching and Nature, Cuba, Food and Drink, History and Architecture, Money saving ideas, Planning and Resources, South America, Steam train, Things to do!, Transport, Travel3 Comments
Our night was spent in Cienfuegos, a city in south central Cuba, founded by Fench families in the 18th Century. It has a beautiful waterfront, and on arrival we were taken on a slightly bumpy ‘bicycle made for 2’ taxi ride around the city.
The buildings in the centre are architecturally very different to the Spanish style in Havana, and although the city has many rather tired buildings, they are working hard here to attempt to restore the centre.
Many of the most stylish buildings are now Hotels or Clubs, which only tourists, or wealthy Cubans can afford. And that is the paradox here. It is a communist country, but we could see that there are some people making a lot of money here, while some of their countrymen are very very poor. Equal shares for all? I don’t think so.
We constantly observed shortages. In one town, there was no fuel, in another, no bread, in another no cooking oil.
We went into a supermarket in Cienfuegos. There were just 4 aisles. One aisle had just toilet paper. Another, rows and rows of tinned tomatoes, ketchup and a basic tomato sauce, plus some packets of beans. Another row was cereal and water. Another was locally made colas and pickles.
There was some very expensive meat in a freezer.. and a good selection of alcohol, which was surprisingly cheap. Suddenly we realise how we take the vast array of choice in our shops for granted. Speaking to some local people on the waterfront, they told us they buy most of their meat, cheese etc on the black market as it is cheaper and better.
Our accommodation, Casa Oriente, was lovely. The family made us so welcome and cooked us a gorgeous dinner of prawns with coconut.
The next day, after exploring the city with Tony, we headed for the hills! We had brought colouring pencils, shampoos and toothpastes from home which we gave out in the poorer mountain villages. People seemed so grateful it was embarrassing. We wished we had brought more. These things can be obtained here, but are expensive and poor quality, so people don’t. Toothpaste is £8 a tube, and a cheap toothbrush £6.
Our first stop was a beautiful waterfall, El Nicho, where a local guide led us on a walk explaining all the plants and birds. The air plants covering trees were particularly impressive!
And a weird lizard!
Then on to Trinidad, an old town that was so isolated that the first road to reach it didn’t arrive until 1953. Most of the streets are still cobbled. The architecture is amazing.
All 17th and 18th century. Very colourful, with huge windows that have floor to ceiling, ornate iron screens over them, which keep people out but let the breeze in.
The oldest buildings have wooden screens.
We loved it here, exploring the Cathedral and old family houses. The main square buzzes with music and people, and we joined the crowd, having a Mojito and a Daiquiri!
Wifi is mainly available in public squares like this. You must buy a Government card and use it to log on.
Our accommodation was in Hostal Gisela y Wilfredo. They were so friendly, and cooked us a super lobster dinner which we ate on their roof terrace, with our own salamanders keeping the bugs down!
Next morning, we visited a pottery, and sampled another Cuban rum based drink… La Canchanchara – at 10.30 am! This was necessary to relax our inhibitions enough for a 1 hour salsa lesson. Suffice it to say, thanks to our super teacher, we did well learning the steps, but the required wiggling and shimmying needs a lot of work! We won’t be on Strictly Come Dancing anytime soon!
An afternoon visit to the lovely beach at Playa Ancon was followed by watching the sunset from the roof terrace and a leisurely evening amble.
No supper, we are too full! Dominoes is widely played with a passion!
An early start for our return to Havana, via some old steam trains for Chris to play in
(Health and Safety is an unknown concept here!!), and an old sugar cane plantation village where we tried sugar cane juice. Then Santa Clara, an inland city which was a key victory in the Revolution.
The rebels had been moving westward. Santa Clara was their biggest objective. Che Guevara was leading this rebel group. Battista’s government sent an armoured train containing weapons and engineers to Santa Clara, to move east towards the rebels. Che’s men destroyed the railway line 1km east of the city. As the train moved east towards this point, rebels inside the city lifted the track there with a Caterpillar bulldozer! The train saw the track was gone and reversed back to reach the city, hitting the blockage and derailing. All were captured.Some carriages remain as a museum.
It was a huge victory and Che Guevara has Super hero status. A huge mausoleum and statue overlook the town.
Che was a socialist who grew unhappy with Russian communist influence in Cuba, and in 1965, left to go to fight with rebels in Bolivia, only to be killed there soon after. His body was found in the 1990s and brought to Cuba.
Finally, back to Havana for a night, before our flight tomorrow. Tonight we have an ‘in room gecko’ for mosi control.
A long walk, watching cruise ships arriving and departing. Tourism is the lifeblood of Cuba. It has felt very safe here. They need and love tourists, but if you come, please try and use locally run businesses rather than Government owned or international ones. We spoke to some people at a restaurant who told us that the Army control 70% of the tour companies here. Finally, a last Mojito at the Art Nouveau Hotel Inglaterra, soaking up the sights and sounds of this bustling, musical mixed up country.
Motorways can be empty…but full of potholes.
Our accommodation was always clean, but often with a 1960’s feel! Here is our guide Tony outside our Hostal in Trinidad.
Surprisingly, and thankfully, each one had air con! Everyone was friendly, the food was better than we expected, the buildings were a mix of ornate splendour, simple dwellings, and ghastly, Russian built blocks of flats.
I was tickled by the rows and rows of washing lines we saw, full of vibrant colourful clothes!
It sums up Cuba – vibrant and colourful!
(With our guide Tony, we have been trying to follow the news anxiously due to the Venezuela situation. Tony because the Cuban Government are asking people to sign a paper to say they support Venezuela’s current PM, and could potentially be called upon to fight there. Us as we fly to Ecuador via Colombia which seems to feature centrally in the USA’s aid plans!)
South America Post 3 Cuba – Vinales and Bay of Pigs.
On Feb 19, 2019 Mar 25, 2019 By anneandchrisbIn Bird watching and Nature, Cuba, Food and Drink, History and Architecture, Planning and Resources, Things to do!, Transport, Travel, Walks1 Comment
Leaving Havana we drove along the Malecon, the sweeping Atlantic seafront that once was home to the best hotels.
We stopped at Fusterdoria, a suburb where the Cuban artist Jose Fister decided to create a tribute to Anton Gaudi as a way to rejuvenate his impoverished village. The result is a Gaudiesque mosaic art park, and also, all the front walls of his neighbours properties are decorated by him too!
Driving west, the lack of cars became increasingly noticeable, even on the highways. Bikes, and ponies pulling carts were common sights. As were hitchhiker’s… loads of them. Whole families sometimes with no other way to get from A to B. Bizarrely, on the highway, there were spots where a sign suddenly reduced the speed limit from 100 kph to 60, often at bridges where hitchhiker’s waited in the shade. Frequently police lurked here, giving speeding tickets. At other spots, there were fake inspectors, trying to scam a fine from unsuspecting tourists.
Our next stop was Las Terrazas Biosphere reserve, a vast area of forested hills created after the revolution to provide homes for poor hill farmers. After the revolution in 1959, **** trees were planted and homes built. It is now a wonderful place, and a UNESCO biosphere reserve.
This tree is called the tourist tree because it is red and peels!!
We visited an old coffee plantation and saw some beautiful birds, including the Trogon, Cuba’s national bird.
A great lunch at Buenavista cafetal was followed by locally grown coffee at El cafe de Maria, overlooking the village, watching Emerald humming birds to our right, while Turkey Vultures landed on the grass to our left to scavenge the chicken feed!
A visit to an artisan paper maker was followed by a stop at a beautiful Orchid garden.
We drove on, finally reaching Vinales, a pretty village in the heart of Karst scenery… large, and rare outcrops of limestone rock forming dramatic hills, just as we had seen in Vietnam.
We also discover that here, we are as far from southern South America is as we are from London.
And we chose not to go for a ride on the bull!!
Being a communist country, Cubans have had little access to world news until recently, and have obviously been told a lot of things about how great their country is. So we are frequently told that things are the biggest in the world, the first in the world, the finest in the world. We weren’t sure if Tony was a bit upset that we had seen Karst scenery somwhere else!
Staying at Nenita’s bnb, we had a good supper, then walked into town where the main street was cordoned off for Saturday night festivities. There was a definite theme to all the stalls!
Night times are interesting here. Loud conversations, often accompanied by music, can go on into the small hours. Dogs bark whenever anyone comes close to their patch, and ignite a chain of barking up and down the street. Nearly everyone has chickens, which start crowing around 4.00 am. The room fridge gurgles and rattles, and the aircon or fan whirrs and clicks. And of course, there is the tiny, but dreaded sound of the whining mosquito. Walls and windows are thin and sound carries. Oh where are noise cancelling headphones when you need them? Chris of course sleeps blissfully through most of it. However I am never a good sleeper, and in the 5 days we have been away, have already finished 4 books on the kindle! Luckily, I’m usually quite awake the next day, even after just 4 or 5 hours sleep!
On Sunday, we explored the area, starting with a boat trip in some dramatic caves – Cueva del Indio.
Then we visited El plaque de Los Cimarrones, caves where escaping slaves would go to hide. Then to a huge (120 metres x 180 metres) outdoor mural depicting prehistoric life, in honour of all the fossils and early remains that have been found in this area.
All the while seeing local farmers driving their horse drawn carts, and using oxen to plough the fields.
Another super lunch at a local restaurant, La Carreta, (we had been warned that the food was not great in Cuba.. we beg to differ!)
Then to an organic farm, which grows fruit, vegetables and tobacco. We were taken through the whole process of cigar making. 90% of their leaves go to government factories, but they keep 10% to make beautiful handmade cigars.
The wrapping leaves are marinaded in lemon and honey, and the mouth end of the cigar is dipped in honey before you smoke it. Chris smoked one… well a little… he will bring the rest home for special occasions! With that beard he just needs a green uniform and he could join Che Guevara’s rebels!
A last walk into town for a light snack of some tapas at Olivos cafe….well ‘light snack’ just doesn’t exist here! The diet is heavily centred around rice and black beans, but there is meat and fish and loads of fresh fruit and veg.
The weather has been great 27 – 30 degrees but with a breeze. Very few mosquitos, but we still used our amazing bed net as it only takes one to cause havoc!
Tomorrow we head to southern Cuba, where the mosi count will increase, preparing us for what lies ahead in South America.
So, a 400km drive to the South through farmland and plantations to our first stop at Playa Largo. Tony, our guide is excellent company, providing an entertaining commentary of explanations of the things we are seeing, and funny stories. He is very knowledgeable, and proud of his country.
We have left the Atlantic coast and are now on the Caribbean Sea coast. Our knowledge of Cuban history was very limited, so we were interested to hear the Cuban version of the Bay of Pigs incident. After the revolution, many wealthy Americans lost their homes on Cuba. Eisenhower ordered a force of mercenaries, some of whom were Cuban themselves, to invade Cuba, landing at the Bay of Pigs, a quiet, undefended area. However there was a spy amongst them who got word to Castro. He moved army units down in secret and was ready for them. He himself rode in a tank, and claims to have fired the shot that sank the ship. Every town here has huge signs claiming ‘This was the first time Americans were defeated in the Americas’, or ‘The invaders only reached this point’.
It was over in 72 hours, and there are memorials everywhere to the Cuban people who died.
Castro never let on that it was a military operation. He claimed it was just the Cuban people rising up to defend their land. Interestingly, Kennedy did not support the invasion.
However it was enough for Castro and Russia to decide to bolster Cuba’s defences…with nuclear missiles which precipitated the Cuban missile crisis, where the world literally teetered on the brink of nuclear war.
Nowadays this an area for recreation, with good diving, and a gorgeous natural pool, 70m deep and full of fish.
And of course, time for another lunch… this time with local crab and lobster! We are not splashing out .. the meals are all included in the tour.
Chris had his first sight of the Caribbean sea, and Anne paddled in the Bay of Pigs. They have mass crab migrations here in breeding season, blocking the roads. The crabs are black and orange. We saw one, which was too fast for a photo! Wild pigs used to congregate here to eat them, which is what gave the bay it’s name.
Our final stop was in the Zapata forest where we met Orlando. A local man who led us into the forest, and with eyes like a hawk spotted birds where you would swear there was nothing. It was wonderful. The greatest prize was seeing a bee humming bird. The smallest bird in the world. Just 5cm long.
My favourite was the ridiculously pretty Tody.
Another great day.
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The World’s Oldest Fossil Forest Was Just Found in New York, And It’s Magnificent – ScienceAlert | Binjai News
Home Politics The World’s Oldest Fossil Forest Was Just Found in New York, And...
The World’s Oldest Fossil Forest Was Just Found in New York, And It’s Magnificent – ScienceAlert
CARLY CASSELLA
A slice of the world’s oldest fossilised forest has been found cemented into the ground at an abandoned quarry in Cairo, New York.
Discovered by chance in 2009, these extremely rare webs of fossilised roots, some of which are nearly 11 metres (36 ft) wide, mark the spot where some of the first woody trees once stood.
“You are walking through the roots of ancient trees,” paleobotanist Christopher Berry from Cardiff University in the United Kingdom told Science Magazine.
“Standing on the quarry surface we can reconstruct the living forest around us in our imagination.”
(Stein et al., Current Biology, 2019)
Many of these long woody roots are thought to belong to plants of the Archaeopteris genus, an ancestor of today’s modern trees and one of the first to capture and store carbon dioxide from the air with its flat green leaves.
This sort of activity would have dramatically shifted our planet’s climate, potentially adding more oxygen to the atmosphere and providing lush habitats for primitive insects and millipede-like creatures. It would be many more years before birds and other large animals made their home in the trees.
“By the end of the Devonian period [360 million years ago], the amount of carbon dioxide was coming down to what we know it is today,” explained Berry to New Scientist.
The international team of researchers has so far mapped over 3,000 square metres of this fossilised forest (over 32,000 square feet), which includes two other types of ancient tree; one of them belongs to a fossil plant group known as cladoxylopsids, and the other is yet to be identified.
Altogether, the forest would have been quite open and sparse, with clumps of cladoxylopsids spotted throughout. This particular leafless tree would have stretched 10 metres high (some 32 ft) with short celery-like branches and shallow roots.
Archaeopteris, on the other hand, resembled more of a pine tree, but instead of bearing needles it would have grown hairy, fern-like fronds. Marked by long woody roots, this particular tree would have dramatically changed the way plants and soils gathered water.
All three fossilised remains, the authors say, would have reproduced via spores and not seeds.
Earth scientist Howard Falcon-Lang from Royal Holloway, London, who was not involved in the study, told BBC News he has no doubt these are the earliest fossilised trees found on our planet so far, but that doesn’t mean they won’t someday be surpassed by something older.
“It may well be that in the future, something even older pops up – palaeontology is full of surprises,” said Falcon-Lang.
“But for the time being, this is incredibly exciting.”
The presence of fish fossils in the sandstone quarry suggest this ancient fossilised forest was ultimately wiped out by a flood. But not before it changed our planet for the better.
The study was published in Current Biology.
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Pronounced /ˈʃɪ.vəʊ.æ/
A varied selection of short essays on computer games, software development, and various miscellanea.
The Choices in Life is Strange
Life is Strange is a narrative game about making choices. There are countless examples of this genre from RPGs to the popular modern Graphic Adventures but LiS embraces an element of save-scumming to remove the short-term experience of finality that drives a lot of those decisions. When players are allowed to fully explore every dialogue tree, a game about choices becomes one that can really focus on the cause and effect that occurs more than within the immediate moments after a choice is made.
Anyone who's played many games built around choices will remember plenty of occasions where the designers have reinforced the idea of consequences by inserting gotcha answers into the dialogue trees. Pick the wrong answer, see the "amusing" failure and either be thrown back into the same question to pick an acceptable answer or hit game over and reload from the last save. The equivalent of the tabletop GM getting tired of your crap and bringing the freestyle nonsense to a swift end.
The classic model, before gigabytes of audio data came with every game, was to have players read their choices, pick an option, and then jump into the response. The player was the protagonist who decided a response and then jumped into the corresponding reply, possibly with some key bits voiced for effect. Then "cinematic" because the only way to sell games and everything had to be voiced. Eventually the player character was forced into a voiced role (and so the narrowing of the avatar into only roles that matched the recorded dialogue) and it was decided that the player should not have to read the full dialogue before making a choice and hearing it delivered by the voice talent. A decision that has given us the modern dialogue wheel and which many people will push back against. Now you have to guess at roughly what your avatar is about to say and so are guessing at the reaction it will evoke once removed.
But Dontnod Entertainment, expanding on the time-manipulation sections in their previous game, Remember Me, have found a path forward that retains the voiced dialogue without requiring the player to guess at what is going to be said or putting paragraphs of text up before a choice is made. This freedom can clearly be felt in the long dialogue blocks that can be triggered when the player picks what to discuss. But none of it is a permanent, locked choice due to the mechanic by which time can always be rewound and other choices made. The player is never left screaming at the screen as their avatar does or says something they would never have wanted to role-play in a tabletop version of the story.
I've previously discussed how Life is Strange manages to carefully genericise the setting and story to allow this European young-adult tale to play in America or elsewhere (even tagged as a story in a fictional Oregon coastal town). It doesn't quite stick the landing on that, especially when measured against specific local expectations ("Well I didn't talk like that when I was a kid"). But it does provide widespread familiarity for a story that generally doesn't get funded by the publishing model for computer games. That's the reason why the narrative of this game is one of the most exciting things to come from a publisher in years: a reasonably highly funded studio project about two queer women finding love amongst the background of ubiquitous rape culture in higher education.
But it's also mechanically interesting and a step forward for the genre of games that provide the player with narrative choices. How can you go back to a game that offers some broad categories and emotions on a wheel and pretends that the player is making an informed choice to role-play by fumbling through the dialogue when this system offers the player genuine choices about how to interact?
The cost is that you can no longer embed gotchas into your dialogue systems. Players don't need to game the system with save-scumming to undo immediate reactions to their choices but this just means they no longer are playing a game of second guessing the writers and avoiding picking the selection under which a mine has been hidden.
Life is Strange is a game all about choices, tying the ludic and narrative strands together into a coherent whole. And none of them are a cheap way of punishing choices. When necessary, as seen at the end of episode two, the ability to see all options is restricted to avoid exploitation of the game (with save-scumming or reaching for a phone to look up a FAQ) but in general the point of a game about the effect of actions is to show them occurring over the spread of days and even years. At no point does denying the curious player the chance to see what other options the writers put into the dialogue tree ruin that.
Posted by Jess 'Shivoa' Birch at 10:54
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Research Matters
Life Scientific
Microbes and minds
By Rosa Gillespie Cheesman | Research Matters
It might surprise you that your body is made up of only 10% human cells. There are trillions of microscopic creatures living and dying all over you, and these are particularly diverse and numerous in the human gut. Mounting evidence suggests that microbes aren’t all enemies but are vital to…
“So that means there’s nothing you can do about it…?” – Understanding the relationship between aetiology and intervention in psychiatric research
By EDIT Lab guest contributor | Research Matters
One of the main challenges associated with conveying findings from behavioural genetic research concerns the relationship between aetiology and intervention. In part, this is because of the widely-held understanding among the lay public that something being “in your genes” means that your fate is sealed. But this challenge is more…
Cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescent body dysmorphic disorder: latest findings and future directions
By Yueqi Liang | Research Matters
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) affects up to 2% of the population and is associated with serious impairment and disruption among sufferers. Yet, compared to other psychiatric problems, it remains relatively under-researched. Here, I describe our findings from a recent study of the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for adolescent BDD.
The Angry Book Reviewer: “The Double Helix” by James Watson
By Kirstin Purves | Life Scientific
A book about how James Watson and his sidekick Francis Crick won the Nobel Prize. Also there was Maurice Wilkins. Oh – and some woman who wouldn’t wear lipstick (but was handy with a camera).
Feeling depressed or sleeping poorly? Here’s how your genes are important in this link; now and in the future
As sufferers will know all too well, sleep problems and depression often go hand-in-hand. In this post, I summarise the findings of our recent paper investigating the role of genetic factors in underpinning this link.
Mad, bad, or sad? A parental perspective on improving well-being in our children and young people
By Thalia Eley | The Wider World
As a developmental psychologist I’m pretty aware of the signs and symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, our school recently ran an evening lecture on supporting well-being in our children and It really made me think about things in a different way – and in particular, to consider how anxiety…
Depression, developmental change, & the home environment: a summary of our latest research paper
Clearly, the onset of depressive symptoms, at any stage of an individual’s life, is a cause for deep concern among loved ones. But the emergence of such problems in young children and adolescents is especially worrisome for parents – and never more so than when it coincides with problems at home. But what…
5 Tips For Post-PhD Life
By Jonathan Coleman | Life Scientific
Recently, I completed my PhD studies in the EDIT lab, wrote my thesis, had my viva, and entered into a transcendental state of holistic wellbeing (or three of those four). Now I’m coming to terms with life in the real world*
Subscribe to The EDIT Blog by Email
© 2020 The EDIT Blog.
Incorporating Exercise To Combat Depression
Maintaining mental health around Christmas
Loneliness at Christmas: A Q&A with Tim Matthews
Depression and anxiety don’t only affect women
Anxiety and depression are not on the rise
Drugs do more than just control you, they can also help with symptoms – The EDIT Blog on Mental health medications don’t only work because of the placebo effect
10 things you should know about anxiety and genetics – The EDIT Blog on If Something is “Genetic” it Can Still be Influenced by the Environment
Post Of The Week – Wednesday May 8th, 2019 | DHSB/DHSG Psychology Research Digest on Genetic discovery in depression
Post Of The Week – Sunday 21st October 2018 | DHSB/DHSG Psychology Research Digest on S for Statistical Significance
Post Of The Week – Sunday 13th May, 2018 | DHSB/DHSG Psychology Research Digest on Angry or Anxious?
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Bluesdoodles CD Reviews News Desks Recorded Music Review
7th January 2020 7th January 2020 Tom Dixon 0 Comments Dale Tonks, Karl Selickis, Listenable Records, rock, Tom Leighton, Wolf Jaw
Hailing from the land of Hughes…that’s Glenn Hughes and Cannock, the rebranded Bad Flowers are now officially known as Wolf Jaw. Frankly, that was a damned good idea as the previous name nearly sounded like another band that have the equally faded bloom sounding name…Wolf Jaw certainly has more bite! It is even more serendipitous as Mr. Hughes has recently joined the ranks of ‘Expired Bellis Perennis”! The BF debut, Starting Gun, was a statement of intent and an indication of the potential and now they have moved up a gear and provided a collection of strong, heavier and coherent rock songs with a healthy dose of blues included. An additional tinge of more modern rock occasionally imposes itself but mostly works well. As vocalist Tom Leighton explains, “The Heart Won’t Listen is the next step along for us in terms of song writing, our evolution, our sound, our life as a band.”
Opening with the raucous Hear Me, that intent quickly shows with the solid drumming of Karl in perfect synch with the big bass of Dale (who reminds me so much of the great John McCoy in both style, attack, humour and stature). The accomplished vocals and guitar of Tom rounds out the power trio and could be a new definition for that format. It is definitely blues-based and the riff carries the song as the marriage of modern and classic reveals itself a bit like Wolfmother achieves with the very modern take on a 70s rock base. The bridge and solo are the highlights. I Ain’t Ready starts with some neat drum patterns and bass before the slightly more restrained and better vocal cuts in…the riff then joins the fray to bring the same edge to classic blues-rock and the solo is measured, assured and subtle which means it is very good indeed. Ticking Time Bomb has another riff of quality and the vocal has multi-tracking to fill it out on the chorus with, after the clever bridge, a solo of more non-shreddy inventiveness. The Fighter has a touch of rough and ready Rainbow in its riff but follows a similar pattern to the preceding tracks with a delicious solo to lift it out of the rut it could have ended up in. Piece Of Me is a lighter and even more modern sounding slice of rock with plenty of echo on the picked chords and a hint of QOTSA in the feel. Next up is the six-minute plus epic, Open Your Eyes. Opening with nice acoustic, it develops into a neat verse that reminds me of Mr. Page on the Coverdale collaboration. The acoustic then turns into a lovely blues before the band builds it into a hefty riff that works a treat. The electric work is heavy with a light touch that makes it even better and we get another studied solo that takes us to the dénouement. Choke is next and it lives up to the name as it rocks from the outset and a strong vocal melody while the band knocks seven bells out of their respective instruments. I Lose My Mind runs for under three-minutes but it is one of the best here as it has numerous melodies vying for prominence but pulls everything at the same time. I had an awful feeling when the next title came up…Shoulda, Woulda, Coulda. Surely it isn’t the song from the Wolverhampton Diva, Beverly Knight…after all, Wolverhampton to Cannock is only around ten miles. I needn’t have worried; those ten miles are a world apart. Wolf Jaw have instead used that hackneyed phrase to build a heavy blues song that does have Midland connotations but is closer to Sabbath than Ms Knight. Beast then serves up a crashing riff with suitable weight and screaming vocal choruses. The softer bridge lulls with lovely bass and chords before the solo rocks out. The final track, Living The Dream is a totally different (ahem) beast as the guitar is very blues via Canvey Island but with additional metal and works really well.
This album may not break new ground but these three are very, very good at what they do and I think the next stage in their development will be even better. If you like your rock with that more modern edge but retaining proper rock and blues influences than you really should give this a listen.
Bluesdoodles Rating – Wonderful
I Ain’t Ready
Ticking Time Bomb
I Lose My Mind
Shoulda, Woulda, Coulda
Tom Leighton: vocals, guitar
Dale Tonks: bass
Karl Selickis: drums
← Malone Sibun Come Together to rock the blues
Jimmy Carpenter in conversation with Bluesdoodles →
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In Monopoly, Is it OK for a third party to make a trade with a player who is about to lose?
I play with some serious board gamers, but we have neglected Monopoly for a number of years, so our knowledge is mostly based on high school & house rules.
We played last week and enjoyed it, but there was a piece of contention. There are times where we decide that we don't like one of our friends for some reason and don't want them to win (i.e. we landed on their property a bunch, or they refused to make a deal, etc.).
So when player 1 has some property and player 2 lands on it and cannot pay the rent their assets (houses/hotels get liquidated), their property gets transferred to the other player. (Please correct me if I'm wrong.) In this case, though, player 3 "traded" the amount of money owing for a piece of property (way overpaid). In this case they did it so that player 1 would not get the properties. Player 2 had no chance of winning the game (all properties mortgaged, no cash to speak of and many of the other properties with 3+ houses/hotels on them).
Is it OK for a third player to purchase/trade property or cash to/from a player who is about to lose?
Nathan KoopNathan Koop
I can't find anything in the official rules (warning: PDF link) that specifies when a player can and cannot sell property. My assumption is that you can't trade before resolving the rent-paying action, though. – Alex P Feb 6 '12 at 21:46
Related: boardgames.stackexchange.com/q/6563/9999 – Zags Jan 17 '19 at 12:20
The official rules don't state if you are able to sell properties at any time (in fact, it is one of the few rules that don't have the timing explictly stated), but I wouldn't put too much faith that this wasn't an oversight.
Unimproved properties, railroads and utilities (but not buildings) may be sold to any player as a private transaction for any amount the owner can get
All other types of transactions state that you can do them at any time:
Selling "Get Out of Jail Free" cards
Mortgaging properties to the bank
Selling houses back to the bank
Buying houses from the bank.
The most troubling transaction that can be done "at any time", in the above list is "Buying Houses." They probably didn't mean that you can buy houses at any time, after another player rolls the dice, but before they were forced to pay rent on the property they landed on. If they did, this game would be changed for the worst, with people usually not having to invest on houses, until immediately after someone will land on them. This makes me believe that this is probably an oversight.
The rules do make it fairly clear that you can mortgage properties and sell houses/hotels if you are unable to pay a tax to the Bank (this would be after rolling dice, but before resolving the Tax/Penalty).
Should you owe the Bank, instead of another player, more than you can pay (because of taxes or penalties) even by selling off buildings and mortgaging property, you must turn over all assets to the Bank.
Since the rules aren't very clear about the timing of "Selling Properties", and because they probably don't mean at any time is before resolving a players movement after they roll the dice, you will have to make some house rules. You will need to decide what Hasbro meant when they said "any time".
Mortgaging Unimproved Properties: This may be done at any time, including before having to pay rent/tax to the Bank ([only | or another player]).
Selling Houses: This may be done at any time, including before having to pay rent/tax to the Bank ([only | or another player])
Selling Property: This may only be done at any time other than after a player rolls the dice, but before they have paid ([Rent [and/or] Tax]) to ([another player [and/or] the Bank.])
Selling a "Get Out of Jail Free" card: This may only be done at any time other than after a player rolls the dice, but before they have paid ([Rent [and/or] Tax]) to ([another player [and/or] the Bank.])
Buying Houses/Hotels: This may only be done at any time other than after a player rolls the dice, but before they have paid ([Rent [and/or] Tax]) to ([another player [and/or] the Bank.])
I would personally restrict Selling Unimproved Property cards, Get Out of Jail cards, and Buying Houses to any time other than after dice rolls, and before resolving the rolls (as that is clearly the way that most people have played the game. Mortgaging Property, and selling Houses/Hotels can really occur at any time, even after die rolls but before resolving the die rolls.
Note: The iOS implementation of Monopoly, and the PSOne implementaion of this game do not allow buying houses/hotels, selling/proposing trades (including Get Out of Jail cards) after rolling dice but before resolving rent owed. It does allow selling houses/hotels and mortgaging properties to avoid going bankrupt after rolling dice but before paying rent, even when landing on another players property.
Isn't "buying houses" a separate step from "placing them on properties"? So, for example, you could choose to buy all remaining houses if another player is completing a color group, but you can't increase the rent of your properties through improvements during another player's turn? – Ben Voigt Feb 8 '12 at 1:40
@BenVoigt, according to the linked rules above, no. Buying Houses is immediately followed by erecting them. You must build evenly across a color group as well. – user1873 Feb 8 '12 at 6:40
Bankruptcy is special because it takes you out of the game. If you're not playing any more, you can't take any in game actions... – Chris Dodd Feb 9 '12 at 0:53
@ChrisDodd, it is unusual that you are able to sell houses and mortgage property (which are actions that can be done at any time) even if you would still go bankrupt when paying a Tax/Penalty to the bank, but not when paying another player. You clearly do not go bankrupt, until you are unable to pay, and you can clearly take certain actions regardless of whether you could avoid bankruptcy. Why shouldn't selling property be included in actions you can take at any time as well? – user1873 Feb 9 '12 at 2:39
@user1873: Implicit in the rules about selling properties is that you can only sell properties you own -- if you've gone bankrupt, you don't own any properties any more, and you go bankrupt as soon as someone (legally) asks you to pay a rent you can't afford. – Chris Dodd Feb 9 '12 at 23:27
The usual ruling is that if you are threatened with bankruptcy (you've landed on a property and don't have enough cash), you can only make trades with other players if they will allow you to avoid bankruptcy. If you can't avoid it, the bankrupting player gets everything you owned (cash and property) at the instant you landed on them, after selling houses/hotels to the bank.
A strict reading of the rules would indicate that if you land on a property and don't have enough cash to pay the rent, you're bankrupt immediately and have no opportunity to sell/trade (or even mortgage) stuff to raise money. Most people consider that silly, and allow trades to raise enough cash to avoid the bankruptcy.
Another common house rule related to bankruptcy -- a player may accept LESS than the amount they are owed if they wish. A common use: You land on my hotel on New York and owe me $1000. I offer to let you off for a $1 if you sell me Boardwalk for $1. Otherwise you might sell it to the player that owns Park Place for $1000 to pay your rent. I can't just buy it from you for $1000 as I don't have that much cash on hand.
Chris DoddChris Dodd
That last is an example of the kind of house rule which causes the game to drag on forever. As with money-on-free-parking and not bothering with auctions, these changes are usually made by the same people who charge the game with being a slog. – mattdm Jan 2 '13 at 2:48
This is the correct ruling. A player is bankrupt the moment they owe more than they can pay, whether to another player or the bank, and can only make deals and trades that resolve the bankruptcy. Otherwise all that players assets are immediately forfeit to whomever the debt is owed to. – Forget I was ever here Sep 6 '13 at 0:01
@mattdm (and Chris Dodd) The last is not a house rule. It is part of the game. You are selling Boardwalk for $1000. – Kevin Apr 4 '15 at 2:58
@Kevin Well, you can't just straight-up sell it for $1000 to someone who doesn't have $1000, as Chris notes. You can argue that it makes sense to allow it, and would match the kind of deal someone might make in real life, but, like I said, it's also the kind of thing that makes the game drag on. – mattdm Apr 4 '15 at 3:13
@mattdm Yes, the rules of Monopoly are the what makes Monopoly drag on. It's almost as if the game is seriously flawed in terms of game design! :P – Samthere Jun 22 '15 at 9:17
From a link on boardgamegeek
http://www.boardgamegeek.com/filepage/26288/monopoly-world-championship-game-rules-pdf
To raise money to pay debts, only houses and hotels can be sold back to the bank (at half price) – never properties. If a debt is owed to another player, properties may be sold to a third player only if sufficient money is raised to cover the debt. If not, the properties are turned over as is (and not mortgaged if unmortgaged at the time the debt is incurred.)
If player 3 is willing to give player 2 enough money to stay in the game, I think it is poor form for her to refuse, and deliberately lose, so that player 1 can get her stuff.
swbarnes2swbarnes2
If a player doesn't have enough cash on hand to meet a rent, or other obligation, the person can try to liquidate his holdings to raise sufficient cash:
1) Sell houses and hotels back to the bank for half price.
2) Mortgage properties to the bank for half price.
3) Liquidate other assets such as "get out of jail free" cards (if house rules allow it).
If after taking these steps, a player still can't meet his obligation, then he has to turn over his (mortgaged) property to the landowner or bank and leave the game.
It is therefore implied, although not stated, that you can sell unmortgaged property at, say, full value, either to the landlord, or to a third party.
Some landlords will agree to accept property at full (list) value, or at another agreed value toward the payment of rent, so that they get unmortgaged property. It's perfectly ok for a landlord to say, "You owe me $1,000, but if you give me $400 plus Boardwalk (List price, $400), we'll call it quits."
Otherwise, there might be a competition between the landlord and third parties to buy property from the renter at prices to be determined. In essence, a bankrupt player can put his property at auction to try to pay his bills, as one might do in real life. And the "strategic" value of the property might cause it to command more than list price. Even the idea of keeping a weakened player in the game might be a good strategy for some people.
The only caveat is that if the "auction" process doesn't raise enough money to pay the debt, the trades will have to be "undone," and the debtor has to turn over his "mortgaged" property to the landowner. (In a real bankruptcy proceeding, a trustee controls sales.) The "scorched earth" impact of the debtor's mortgaging all property gives the landlord (or third parties) an incentive to work out "deals."
"Selling" in this context is different from buying. You couldn't buy (build) a house on a property that someone has just landed on to jack up the rent in "real life;" the house has to have been built beforehand. Therefore you can't do so in Monopoly. But in "real life," a person that owes you rent could sell his own (existing) house(s) to meet this obligation.
And about the part of the third player overpaying on a property to keep the debtor in the game. That's likely to benefit the landlord. Let's say that the rent was $1,000 and the debtor could pay only $500 after mortgaging all his property. If the third party buys, say (mortgaged) Oriental Ave. (list value $100, mortgaged value $50) for $500, the landlord actually gets the full $1000 instead of just $500, with the difference coming out of the pocket of the third party. Of course, the third party may have a "strategic" reason to pay $500 for Oriental, either to complete or prevent a Monopoly, but that's just part of the game.
The "scorched earth" impact is 10%. This is hardly daunting. – Joshua Sep 4 '17 at 16:27
@Joshua: It's just enough for "legal" purposes in real life. For instance, your creditors can't repossess your IRA because of the 10% early withdrawal penalty. The one exception is the IRS, because they can waive the penalty. – Tom Au Sep 4 '17 at 19:02
Our house rule was that the player owing the money could try to AUCTION off one or more of their properties to remain solvent. Everyone, including the player who is owed the money, could bid. Each property was dealt with, in turn, until the amount of the rent was covered. The player owning the money got to pick the order of the auctions.
The properties were set aside with the purchase cash on them until the various auctions were over. One nice thing about this is that no one, including the player owning the rent, could bid with money that they could not raise.
If there was not enough money to cover the debt, the player who was owed the money had the option to take the new amount of cash, or 'rollback' the auctions and take all the now bankrupt player's stuff instead.
This process seemed to prevent any game-altering favoritism.
NobeardNobeard
It's not a violation of the games rules, but it seems to clearly violate the spirit of the game. If you're at the point where you're willing to resort to such things to penalize player 1 to that extent, why even bother finishing the game?
Dave DuPlantis
GWLlosaGWLlosa
The standard rules are open enough to make a 3rd party trade allowable.
In googling around I find there are tourneyment rules that both explictly allow and others that specificaly restrict this behavior.
I saw a printed copy of offical world tourneyment rules where this was specifically allowed, but these rules seem to no longer be available on-line.
The MonopolyTourney.com site explicitly bars "side deals when a person is going bankrupt. The person may only be in transaction with the player who is bankrupting them.".The second part of this rule seems silly to me, as the player who is due rent has little stategic insentive to make a deal other than bankrupcy.
MonopolyTourney rules also include the Free Parking rule, which is popular but ruins strategic play, IMHO.
I would highly recommend allowing this behavior in a group that includes more stategic players.
It reduces the chances of a "lucky" bankruptcy from turning the tide in the game.
That link leads to house rules that put money on Free Parking. So not official Monopoly at all. – swbarnes2 Sep 5 '13 at 22:40
Right, MonopolyTourney's position on this rule is discredited by their support of putting money in Free Parking. – Lee May 30 '15 at 21:23
Thought I'd pose another POV.
The question comes down to "Is the knowing the amount of cash a player (player #1) has demand-able by a landlord (player #2)?"
Without going into tournament rules, my understanding is that it is not required that the cash a player has must be public knowledge. If I erred here, ignore this answer. Note: This greatly affects bidding strategy.
If we go on the idea that cash-on-hand is private and now set-up the potential bankruptcy scene.
Player #1 total hard assets (cash + 1/2 houses + amount available by mortgaging properties.) is $HardAssets. (We as ethereal judges know this amount.)
Player #1 owes player #2 (or the bank) $Rent. (Everyone knows this.)
In responding to the $Rent demand, it is possible that only player #1 knows $HardAssets >= $Rent question's outcome. Further, even player #1 may not precisely know the answer either at that moment. If player #1 is obliged to answer this question to #2, before further play, it is akin to #2 demanding: "How much cash do you have?" of #1.
Going on the assumption "cash-on-hand is private", player #1 can proceed to, in order to raise $Rent, sell/mortgage property, Get-Out-Of-Jail, houses to the bank, make sweet-heart deals as player #1 can do on any other situation where bankruptcy is not an issue (because it is not known that this is a bankruptcy issue).
Should #1 fail to raise $Rent, player #2 has prior claim and thus all deals, sales are subject to #2's permission. This would usually result in all assets going though the rule's BANKRUPTCY instead.
This seems needlessly complicated. The very moment that the player starts making a deal, mortgages something, or sells a house, all players "know" that the player must not have the required cash on hand. (Besides, if the player pays up, and cash on hand is never known, then nobody ever knows if it was a bankruptcy situation or not, if at least one trade happened!) – PotatoEngineer Nov 23 '13 at 2:02
@Paul Marshall Players make trades, deals, to prevent tearing down houses as that is a 50% mark-down - a big loss, so selling property is not in itself a bankruptcy declaration. A property sale to player #3 for a key title (key to #3) could well provide the needed cash, yet allow player #1 to retain a nice propertied set. Even selling select housing is not defeat. I agree with you on nobody knows that if a deal occurred and the player pays up, the otherwise bankruptcy is moot. Not sure why knowing that is important. They debt was paid - play resumed. – chux - Reinstate Monica Nov 23 '13 at 2:27
The trouble is that these trades can extend the game quite a bit; Monopoly has a long history of house rules that ensure the game never ends. If somebody is in a position to be eliminated, then they should be eliminated. If player #1 is going bankrupt to player #2, but player #3 arranges a deal that prevents the bankruptcy, then player #3 can potentially steal that bankruptcy and all of #1's assets on a future turn. – PotatoEngineer Nov 23 '13 at 2:33
@Paul Marshal Agree with you about the potential effect on the game play. In your scenario, #2 is paid off though before play resumes. This answer was not trying to make the game faster/slower, but try to discern from the scant rule set an answer to the OP's question. Otherwise decisions made for more efficient/better game play are themselves house rules. – chux - Reinstate Monica Nov 23 '13 at 2:43
if a player owes to a landlord and does not have enough cash to pay the debt, but would be able to pay the debt in full after mortgaging properties they select, the player must do so (mortgage one or more properties) before making any deal with a third party to aquire funds for payment to the landlord that is owed.
Or said another way...
If a player sells a property to a third party before mortgaging to pay their current debts it creates a situation where players can skew markets unreasonably in dealing with a player that faces financial hardship due to rent or taxes/bank fees.
"A player in debt should not be able to sell park place at a discounted rate to a third party player who owns boardwalk so that a current debt can be paid to a landlord, or at least not without offering the same deal or value to the landlord who is owed first"
The indebted player must handle their affairs in order of priority, first being to pay rent due by way of using one current assets, cash or otherwise, and only then can deals can be made on mortgaged property if the player was able to avoid bankruptcy.
Is the quote in the middle of your answer taken from the rulebook? Some attribution would certainly help strengthen your answer. And welcome to B&CG! – SocioMatt Dec 28 '15 at 20:15
You are allowed to do this. But this kind of trade implies an agreement between the buyer and the vendor to make the player who is about to get the properties lose. So your case is a matter of fair play with the player who is about to get the properties.
In your case you decided to do such a thing against player 1 to make him lose. You did not cheat but you was not fair play too.
air-dexair-dex
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Journals of the House of Lords, Volume 47
By Great Britain House of Lords
Comes Derby.
Comes Pembroke &
Montgomery.
Comes Suffolk &
Berkshire.
Comes Bridgewater.
Comes Northampton.
Comes Lindsey.
Comes Winchista &
Nottingham.
Comes Thanet.
Comes Sandwich.
Comes Essex.
Comes Abingdon.
Comes Albemarle.
Comes Coventry.
Comes Jersey.
Comes Home.
Comes Strathmore.
Comes Selkirk.
Comes Aberdeen.
Comes Glasgow.
Comes Oxford &
Mortimer.
Comes Bristol.
Comes Cowper.
Comes Macclesfield.
Comes Pomfret.
Comes Waldegrave.
Comes Portsmouth.
Comes Brooke &
Warwick.
Comes Fitzwilliam,
Comes Harcourt.
Dux CUMBERLAND.
Ds. Wellesley, Unus Primariorum Secretariorum.
“ cause a Commission under the Great Seal to be pre“ pared, in order to the holding this Parliament.”
“sellors George Marquis of Buckingham, George Gran
“ ville Leveson Marquis of Stafford, George Marquis “ Townshend, James Marquis of Salisbury, Francis Mar“quis of Hertford, John Marquis of Bute; Our right “ trusty and right well beloved Cousins and Counsellors “ Heneage Earl of Aylesford, Steward of Our House“ hold; George Earl of Dartmouth, Chamberlain of “Our Household; Edward Earl of Derby, George “ Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, George Earl of “Winchista and Nottingham, Philip Earl of Chosierfield, “ John Earl of Sandwich, Frederick Earl of Carlisle, “George James Earl of Cholmondeley, James Earl of “ Lauderdale, Thomas Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, “ Charles Earl of Tankerville, George Earl of Maccles“ field, John Earl of Ashburnham, Charles Earl of Har. “ rington, Robert Earl of Buckinghamshire, William “Earl Fitzwilliam, Philip Earl of Hardwicke, George “John Earl Spencer, John Earl of Chatham, Henry “ Earl Bathurst, Thomas Earl of Ailesbury, Robert Earl “Grosvenor, Richard Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, Henry “Earl of Carnarvon, Robert Banks Earl of Liverpool, “One of Our Principal Secretaries of State; John Earl “ of Saint Vincent, James Earl of Malmesbury, Richard “ Earl of Donoughmore, George Earl of Onslow, Thomas “ Earl of Chichsler, Edward Earl of Powis, Charles “ Earl Grey; Our right trusty and well-beloved Cousins “ and Counsellors Henry Viscount Melville, Henry Vis. “ count Sidmouth, JWilliam Wiscount Cathcart; Our “ right trusty and well-beloved Counsellors Richard “ Lord Hellesley, One other of Our Principal Secreta“ries of State ; Francis Lord Hastings, Saint Andrew “Lord Saint John of Blessoe, Alexander Lord Dutton, “ Henry Richard Lord Holland, Thomas Lord Wal“Jingham, Henry Frederick Lord Cartaret, William “ Moyndham Lord Grenville, William Lord Auckland, “ Henry Lord Mulgrave, James Lord Saltersford, Charles
Lord Bayning, James Lord Glastonbury, Gilbert Lord Minto, John Lord Carysfort, Alleyne Lord Saint Helens, John Lord Redesdale, Edward Lord Ellenborough, Chief Justice assigned to hold Pleas before Us; John Lord Sheffield, Charles George Lord Arden, Charles Lord Barham, Thomas Lord Erskine, and Thomas Lord Manners, and any Three of them, full Power, in Our Name, to hold Our said Parliament, and to open and declare, and cause to be opened and declared, the Causes of holding the same, and to proceed upon the said Affairs in Our said Parliament, and in all Matters arising therein; and to do every Thing which for Us, and by Us, for the good Government of Our said United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of other Our Dominions belonging to Our said United Kingdom, shall be therein to be done; and also if necessary to continue, adjourn, and prorogue Our said Parliament; commanding also by the Tenor of these Presents, with the Consent of Our said Council, as well all and every the Archbishops, Bishops, Earls, Wiscounts, Barons, and Knights, as all others whom it concerns, to meet in Our said Parliament, that to the same Prince of Wales, Duke of Tork, Duke of Clarence, Duke of Kent, Duke of Cumberland, Duke of Sussex, Duke of Cambridge, Duke of Gloucester, Archbishop of Canterbury,
of Westmorland, Duke of Richmond, Duke of Grafton, Duke of Bedford, Duke of Marlborough, Duke of Athol, Duke of Montrose, Marquis of Buckingham, Marquis of Stafford, Marquis Townshend, Marquis of Salisbury, Marquis of Hertford, Marquis of Bute,
Earl of Aylesford, Earl of Dartmouth, Earl of Drby,
2 ** An
“An Attack upon the Naval Armaments and Establishments in the Scheldt afforded at once the Prospect of destroying a growing Force, which was daily becoming more formidable to the Security of this Country, and of diverting the Exertions of France from the important Objects of reinforcing her Armies on the Danube, and of controuling the Spirit of Resistance in the North of Germany. These Considerations determined His Majesty to employ His Forces in an Expedition to the Saheldt. “Although the principal Ends of this Expedition have not been attained, His Majesty confidently hopes that Advantages materially affecting the Security of His Majesty's Dominions in the farther Prosecution of the War, will be found to result from the Demolition of the Docks and Arsenals of Flushing. “This important Object His Majesty was enabled to accomplish, in consequence of the Reduction of the Island of Walcheren by the Valour of His Fleets and Armies. “His Majesty has given Directions, that such Documents and Papers should be laid before you as He trusts will afford satisfactory information upon the Subject of this Expedition. “We have it in Command to state to you, that His Majesty had uniformly notified to Sweden His Ma
Question of Peace or War with France and other Continental Powers, she should be guided by Confiderations resulting from her own Situation and Interests; while His Majesty, therefore, laments that Sweden should have found it necessary to purchase Peace by considerable Sacrifices, His Majesty cannot complain that she has concluded it without His Majesty's Participation. It is His Majesty's earnest Wish, that no Event may occur to occasion the Interruption of those Relations of Amity, which it is the Defire of His Majesty, and the Interest of both Countries, to preserve. * We have it farther in Command to communicate to you, that the Efforts of His Majesty for the Protection of Portugal have been powerfully aided by the Confidence which the Prince Regent has reposed in His Majesty, and by the Co-operation of the Local Government, and of the People of that Country. “The Expulsion of the French from Portugal by His Majesty's Forces under Lieutenant General Lord
Viscount Wellington, and the glorious Victory obtained
by him at Talavera, contributed to check the Progress of the French Arms in the Peninsula during the late Campaign. “His Majesty dire&ts us to state, that the Spanish Government, in the Name and by the Authority of King Ferdinand the Seventh, has determined to assemble the General and Extraordinary Cortes of the Nation. His Majesty trusts that this Measure will give fresh Animation and Vigour to the Councils and the Arms of Spain, and successfully direct the Energies and Spirit of the Spanish People to the Maintenance of their legitimate Monarchy, and to the ultimate Deliverance of their Country. “The most important Confiderations of Policy and of good Faith require, that as long as this great Cause can be maintained with a Prospect of Success, it should be supported, according to the Nature and Circumstances of the Contest, by the strenuous and continued Assistance of the Power and Resources of His Majesty's Dominions; and His Majesty relies on the Aid of His Parliament, in His anxious Endeavours to frustrate the Attempts of France against the Independence of Spain and Portugal, and against the Happiness and Freedom of those loyal and resolute Nations. “His Majesty commands us to acquaint you, that the Intercourse between His Majesty's Minister in America and the Government of the United States has been suddenly and unexpectedly interrupted. His Majesty sincerely regrets this Event. He has, however, received the strongest Assurances from the American
“ Gentlemen of the House of Commons,
“His Majesty has directed us to inform you, that He has ordered the Estimates for the current Year to be laid before you. His Majesty has direéted them to be formed with all the Attention to Economy which the Support of His Allies and the Security of His Dominions will permit. And His Majesty relies upon your Zeal and Loyalty, to afford him such Supplies as may be necessary for those effential Objećts. “ He commands us to express how deeply He regrets the Pressure upon His Subjećts, which the protracted Continuance of the War renders inevitable.
“My Lords, and Gentlemen, “We are commanded by His Majesty to express His Hopes that you will resume the Consideration of the State of the inferior Clergy, and adopt such farther Measures upon this interesting Subjećt as may appear to you to be proper. “We have it farther in Command to state to you, that the Accounts which will be laid before you, of the Trade and Revenue of the Country, will be found highly satisfactory. Whatever temporary and partial Inconvenience mav have resulted from the Measures which were direéted by France against those great Sources of our Prosperity and Strength, those Measures have wholly failed of producing any permanent or general Effect. “ The inveterate Hostility of our Enemy continues to be directed against this Country with unabated Animosity and Violence. “To guard the Security of His Majesty's Dominions, and to defeat the Designs which are meditated against Us, and Our Allies, will require the utmost Efforts of Vigilance, Fortitude, and Perseverance. “In every Difficulty and Danger, His Majesty confidently trusts, that He shall derive the most effectual Support, under the continued Blessing of Divine Providence, from the Wisdom of His Parliament, the Valour of His Forces, and the Spirit and Determination of His People.”
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Home » Budgeting and Forecasting » Vendors » Solver
Solver: Budgeting and Forecasting Made Easier
Matt Felzke, Communications & Event Marketing Manager
Most organizations have multiple data sources. Bringing together these diverse data types offers a more complete picture that helps them make better-informed decisions. Solver’s BI360 suite includes a powerful budgeting, forecasting, and modeling solution that helps companies make these difficult decisions.
Offering a choice of Excel- and web-based data entry methods for end users, there is a familiarity to BI360. However, it doesn’t fall short like homegrown Excel models do in terms of what it delivers. Excel’s deficiency contributes to the three main challenges businesses face that Solver set out to solve: managing multiple data sources, user-friendly interfaces for entering budgeting data, and automation that brings together multiple data sources.
“What we’re seeing is that there’s a lot of newer types of data that are becoming relevant, making planning and decision-making sharper,” states Matt Felzke, Communications and Events Marketing Manager at Solver. “For us, we are focused on building user-friendly solutions that business users can manage.”
Building is exactly what Solver has focused on for over 20 years. “Our goal is to be the best at what we do,” says Felzke. “In terms of budgeting, we want any information user in a client’s organization to get into our product and be able to use it without a lot of training or IT involvement.”
User-friendliness is key, and BI360 offers it through its Excel and web portal interfaces. Many companies like this because they always enjoyed the ease of Excel, but the program is not as primitive as Excel for enterprise deployments. Nonetheless, Felzke adds, “The budgeting and reporting templates themselves are designed in Excel, so the interface is familiar in terms of formatting and formulas for building out budgets, forecasts, and reports.”
We listen to pain areas and incorporate those things into a smarter, more accessible, dynamic, and powerful product
The web-based interface allows users to log in to the BI360 portal from a browser and via the internet. “We want to enable easy access through the web portal,” comments Felzke. The platform can be configured by business users, giving employees the flexibility they need to make BI360 work for them rather than them having to conform to the software. Organizations must gather and present a lot of structured and unstructured data in a coherent way. BI360 makes this possible, as it has modules that generate reports and allow for budgeting with workflow, customizable and coherent dashboards, and a flexible data warehouse. Felzke states, “The portal is driven by apps instead of separate platforms for each area. These modules are apps that are available within the portal for easy installation and customization.”
In regards to integrating into existing systems, Solver makes sure that the BI360 system speaks to the customer’s existing system. The company provides integration and data management. Right now, it is in the final phases of launching a public cloud deployment option, giving organizations even more flexibility in how they access the platform and store data.
In one case, a client came to Solver wanting to streamline reporting and perform more sophisticated budgeting. The platform was implemented in just seven days and tied directly to their ERP system. The client went from a manual budgeting process to something that was accessible, self-service, and more automated and integrated. The client gained a pre-built product while also having full customization.
As for the future, Solver is going to continue its movement to the cloud. It will also spread out around the globe and add to its current 10 international locations. The company credits this ability to expand to the lifeblood of the business, which is client feedback and reseller partnerships. “We listen to pain areas and incorporate those things into a smarter, more accessible, dynamic, and powerful product,” concludes Felzke.
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How to turn your expertise into influential video content in 2018
Jared Polin of Fro Knows Photo shares his expertise on The Sophisticated Marketer’s Podcast
There’s never been more potential for leveraging video as a content marketing asset – and there’s nobody who knows more about using video to build a following than Jared Polin.
Once upon a time, Jared had a job selling cameras in a store. He was what you might call a photo geek: full of pent-up technical knowledge about camera lenses, shutter speeds and features. But Jared also had a passion for cutting through the technical jargon and helping customers understand what really makes a difference when it comes to capturing great images. It’s this passion that has made him one of the most successful social media influencers around. He’s built a global brand, Fro Knows Photo, that’s an essential part of life for anyone with a semi-serious interest in photography. He’s proved that you can translate technical, specialist knowledge into serious influence on social media (something any B2B content marketer should be interested in). Most importantly of all, he knows exactly what it takes to create fantastic video content with just yourself, a camera and the confidence to go for it.
It’s now easier than ever to share native video in the LinkedIn feed – and there’s more value than ever to be gained from doing so. Video has been proven to increase engagement and effectiveness for Sponsored Content and it’s a format that’s increasingly valued by C-suite and senior decision-maker audiences. This is especially true when you can find a way to create videos that go beyond the standard talking head approach: creative, engaging, with an attitude that compels people to listen. When you can tell a story visually, compose and frame a shot to grab and keep an audience’s attention, and align your content with the community that's’ following you, then you’ve got a great starting point.
That’s why it’s worth spending 30 minutes with Jared and this episode of The Sophisticated Marketer’s Podcast. You’ll learn how to create better and more engaging pictures and videos, whether you’re shooting with a camera or just with an iPhone. You’ll learn how to build a community around video content. And you’ll learn how Jared has built a global business and media brand through a passionate commitment to sharing his particular expertise with a relevant audience.
Click on the link below to hear my interview with Jared in full – then scroll down for the key take-aways that I’ll be applying to photos and video content this year:
Download the Episode
Everybody writes – and now everybody can film
Everybody Writes by Ann Handley is one of my favourite books about content marketing – because of its central message that anybody is capable of creating compelling content if they apply themselves to it. Talking to Jared leaves you with a similar impression of video content. He’s an entirely self-taught vlogger who’s found success by creating content, putting it out there, seeing what works and learning as he goes. If you have expertise to share, you can do the same.
Find your confidence in front of the camera
It’s still the thing that holds most people back from creating influential video content – that nagging fear of putting yourself out there visibly, for others to comment on. In our interview, Jared talks about how he overcame his own lack of confidence and learned to focus on what he’s doing rather than imagining the audience watching. Belly dancing on a table might not be everyone’s idea of getting yourself in the frame of mind to create content – but it clearly works!
No crew? No Camera? No problem
You may have no film crew, no fancy camera and nobody to help you – but Jared Polin insists that shouldn’t stop you creating video. He argues that he can shoot images on an iPhone that are better than many captured on fancy digital cameras, for the simple reason that he knows what he’s doing. Learn the basics of recording a presentable video and it’s something you can do alone. The huge advantage is that this puts you in control. It’s easy to create impactful video content quickly, as and when you need it.
One-take can be a wonder
I’ve always argued that it’s worth learning some basic video editing software – it gives you more flexibility and helps you control pace and length. However, as Jared argues, not being able to edit video shouldn’t stop you creating and sharing it. Giving yourself the challenge of capturing everything you want to say in one take can be a great creative constraint. If you stumble and mumble a little don’t worry. It can humanise the content and show you’re being authentic.
Comments and questions are your opportunity
Jared told me how, when he was starting out creating videos as a way of scoring more photography jobs, he made a point of answering every question that he was asked about being a better photographer. He even got people to Skype him on camera so that they could discuss their questions in a live chat. He treated every comment and question as a new content opportunity and using video to answer those questions brought him closer to his audience.
Don't’ sweat the small stuff too much
It’s fair to say that Jared doesn’t lose too much sleep worrying about whether he should record video vertically or horizontally: “there are bigger things in the world to worry about than how somebody holds a camera.” The most important thing about how you frame a video is that you’re consistent and don't move the camera orientation mid-shot. Beyond that, get on with it and get it out there.
Play at building stories with images
As a concert photographer myself, I asked Jared about how he sets about telling stories through a camera – and I think his answer says a lot about video storytelling as well. It involves thinking in advance about the story you want to tell and the shots you need to tell it. Train yourself to think in terms of a visual storyboard and seeing different frames in your head. If you’re simply filming someone recording a podcast, that storyboard could include everything from wide-angles to tighter shots and details of a mouth talking into a microphone. Personally, I find it a help to watch favourite old movies and train myself to concentrate on the sequence of shots and the way that they engage me as a viewer.
Don’t zoom, don’t crop – and keep an eye on lighting
If you’re taking shots on a smartphone, there are a few golden rules: never use digital zoom (you’re just reducing image quality), never crop shots (just move closer so that your subject fills the frame), and keep your flash under control. If needs be get a friend to switch the light on their phone on and use it to illuminate your shot so that the flash doesn’t go off. Simple tricks – but they make a big difference.
Look for a different angle
Whether shooting photos or videos, play with different angles. I loved Jared’s advice on taking pictures of children for example: go down on one knee and photograph them on their level. Your shot will instantly look more professional. As a concert photographer, I asked him how I could take shots that stand out from the pit at the front of the stage. His answer was simple: try to get out of the pit at the front of the stage! Get some type of access or angle that nobody else has. It’s great advice – and it applies to every piece of visual content you’re creating.
Special thanks to our friends at Image Think for this incredible graphic. Check out their website here.
If you’re just discovering us, you can catch up on all the previous episodes of the Sophisticated Marketer’s Podcast here.
Tweet your review @JasonMillerCA for a chance to win Sophisticated Marketer’s swag. Thanks again!
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It’s time for pain of Goodman case to end
While other local commentators have not been shy about ridiculing the outlandish scenarios presented during both of John Goodman’s felony manslaughter DUI trials, I have remained mostly mute. I produced only one cartoon about the story, right after Goodman’s first conviction, and then one during his second trial.
My March 23, 2012, cartoon indicated that the wheels of justice were finally turning and that Goodman received the deserved outcome. Unfortunately, because of one errant juror, things didn’t work out as expected.
Frankly, I felt so personally connected to the story that I hardly commented during the second trial, either. Scott Wilson’s father, William, and I were in the same middle and high school graduating class together.
With similar last names, we were often seated near each other. William, an athlete, was quiet and friendly, smart and a good student. Looking back on what we were like as teenagers, if I had to use two words to describe what set him apart, I would use “disciplined” and “responsible.”
I met Lili Wilson, Scott’s mother, when we served on high school reunion committees in later years. She is an empathetic and sensitive fellow artist.
My wife and I were shocked and dismayed when we learned that Scott, who was close to our own children in age, was killed in that early morning car crash. We felt the Wilsons’ loss deeply and could only imagine their suffering.
But worse, as details emerged about Goodman’s partying before the accident and his seeming lack of concern for the other driver as he left the scene, it became clear that Scott’s death was not just unfortunate happenstance. At the very least, Goodman’s behavior that night lent new meaning to the words “undisciplined” and “irresponsible.”
The irony that Scott Wilson died because of Goodman’s flaws isn’t lost on parents who strive to raise their children to be conscientious adults. Scott’s death was a monumentally unfair blow to the Wilsons. The following four years of bizarre legal machinations have turned that blow into a never-ending assault.
Now we are back in exactly the same spot as when my cartoon first ran. While Goodman has again been convicted, an appeal of the second trial is almost certain, with a precedent set for Goodman to await appeal at home. Some legal experts have said he could win yet another trial on appeal because of the early release of his Bentley by prosecutors.
I have repeatedly reminded myself that Goodman is also living a nightmare. He probably regrets his monumental mistakes, and he has a family and friends who care about him, too.
But these reminders do little to change my mind about the horror of the situation. Goodman has the right to use his significant wealth to hire teams of attorneys who can chip away at every weak link in the law, but doing so only lengthens the pain for some very fine people who have already been hurt enough.
David Willson has been the Palm Beach Daily News editorial cartoonist for more than 20 years. His new book, Billionaires and Butterfly Ballots, A 20-Year Palm Beach ‘Cartoonspective,’ is available at palmbeachcartoons.com
Join David Willson at his Palm Beach Daily News Editorial Cartoon Page on Facebook for more stories, regularly posted cartoons from the archives and cartooning news.
Author David WillsonPosted on November 5, 2014 Categories Major Events, UncategorizedTags crime, John Goodman, law, Lili Wilson, Scott Wilson, trialLeave a comment on It’s time for pain of Goodman case to end
Criminal capers evoked Pink Panther, Barney Fife
April is the month when area hotels begin winding things down for the summer and happily count their profits from a busy tourist season. But The Breakers Palm Beach management wasn’t able to relax and enjoy their seasonal success so much in April 2001 because two 500-year-old Flemish tapestries worth $55,000 had mysteriously disappeared.
The news broke on April 1, and the situation was so ludicrous that, at first, I thought it was an April Fools’ Day prank. Even though the tapestries were prominently displayed in the Gold Room, they weren’t discovered missing immediately and the time of theft couldn’t be narrowed down to less than a 32-hour period.
One tapestry, portraying Antony and Cleopatra, was larger than 11 feet by 8 feet and the other, depicting country scenes, measured nearly 10 feet by 7 feet. Have you ever had to move a large rug? Imagine being able to sneak two of them past several hotel security cameras and staff. The Palm Beach police were highly skeptical of how this was accomplished — especially the staff’s notion that the burglars had staged their raid from a boat at night.
It struck me as a scenario worthy of a Pink Panther movie. So when The Breakers announced that they were offering a $5,000 reward for the recovery of the tapestries, I knew that Inspector Clouseau was the right person for the job in my April 8 cartoon.
But wait. Within a matter of days, things took an even stranger turn. A man and a woman, posing as a Saudi prince and his girlfriend, managed to make off with two $500,000 rings from the Diamont Noir jewelry shop in The Breakers retail area. The rings were stolen right out from under the noses of the store manager and a salesperson.
Thinking that a second Pink Panther gag would be repetitive, I focused on the level of security at The Breakers, which was beginning to remind me a little of Deputy Barney Fife on The Andy Griffith Show, for my April 22 cartoon.
All right, so I may have been guilty of piling on The Breakers management a little too much. But I certainly had fun drawing caricatures of Peter Sellers and Don Knots.
I have not been able to find any mention of whether the tapestries were ever recovered, but notorious French jewel thief Nordine Herrina was caught in Milan in 2002 and later pled guilty to stealing the rings at The Breakers.
David Willson has been the Palm Beach Daily News editorial cartoonist for 20 years. His new book, Billionaires and Butterfly Ballots, A 20-Year Palm Beach ‘Cartoonspective,’ is available at palmbeachcartoons.com
Author David WillsonPosted on April 23, 2014 April 10, 2017 Categories Celebrities, Island LifeTags art, burglaries, crime, life, Palm Beach, police, season, The Breakers, theftLeave a comment on Criminal capers evoked Pink Panther, Barney Fife
Fight over freak-out feline a crime-report classic
Do you remember that popular TV show, Kids Say the Darndest Things, where Art Linkletter and, later, Bill Cosby asked kids grown-up questions? It was because kids quite frequently say silly things when trying to make sense out of what goes on in the adult world.
Then they grow up and become just as whacky as the rest of us.
Nowhere has this been more evident than in the Palm Beach Daily News Crime Scene Report, which often features accounts of Palm Beachers getting caught breaking rules and using nutty logic to convince a police officer it’s not their fault.
Such was the case in 1999 when Ms. Patricia Glass told an officer she didn’t deserve a parking ticket because he missed seeing her in her car.
Obviously, she must have thought that she didn’t deserve a parking ticket because the car was occupied. But it was her comment that the officer must not have seen her because she was surrounded by tan that caught my eye. With a name like Glass, it was too good an opportunity to pass up. You can write puns into a gag, but seldom does life hand you one all ready to go.
One problem doing cartoons based on the Crime Scene Report is that it’s not front-page news. I can’t be guaranteed that all readers are familiar with the story, so I basically need to include the whole scenario in the cartoon.
I recently had to pass on a story about a Palm Beach woman who picked up a stray cat because of this problem. She initially put up fliers in the neighborhood to find the owner, but when no one responded, she took the cat to the vet, paid to get it neutered and kept it.
Actually, the cat belonged to a deliveryman who took it on the job when his house was being fumigated. The cat freaked out riding in the van and jumped ship while on the island. Weeks later, the deliveryman saw the flier and called.
Unfortunately, because he was an “outsider,” she was immediately suspicious of his motives. He ended up having to ask the cops to intercede. The woman then lied to police, saying she’d sent the cat to France with her sister.
Photos were compared to the flier and, indeed, it was the same cat the deliveryman had nursed as a kitten when its mother had died — a cherished pet. By then the Palm Beach woman had admitted she still had the cat at home, but refused to return it to an outsider who’d “abandoned it.” I guess once a cat has become a Palm Beacher, there’s no going back.
You know how I love to cartoon about cats and xenophobes, but this story would have filled a comic book rather than a single panel cartoon. Still, it’s a Palm Beach classic.
Author Sara E. SkinnerPosted on June 7, 2012 Categories Creative Process, Island LifeTags cartoon, cat, crime, Palm Beach, police, Willson, xenophobiaLeave a comment on Fight over freak-out feline a crime-report classic
October a magnet for anxiety
One of my early Palm Beach Daily News cartoons from October 1993 is frightening enough to be the cover illustration for a horror story or thriller.
At the time, Miami was going through a wave of violent crimes targeting tourists in rental cars. Five foreign tourists had been killed that year. Germany issued a warning to its citizens against traveling to Miami — the first travel warning for any American city.
I have used the image of a large full moon to evoke a sense of dread, time and time again. Many of those cartoons appeared in the month of October. Aside from Halloween, it seems that October provides an anxiety quotient all its own.
Market crashes
For example, investors and traders approach this month with a certain amount of trepidation. This phenomenon even has a name. It’s called the October Effect. Most likely, this is because of a series of major crashes that have occurred in October: the 1907 Panic, the 1929 Crash, Black Friday in 1987 and most recently the 2008 mortgage default meltdown. The October Effect may be purely psychological, but market anxiety seems to be peaking again after three years of stubborn recession with the added threat of European defaults.
Anthrax attack
Who can forget that this is the 10th anniversary of the October anthrax attack at the American Media building in Boca Raton? Only weeks after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, new details about the hijackers’ South Florida connections were surfacing when news broke that Bob Stevens from the Sun tabloid was hospitalized and subsequently died from exposure to anthrax. All of a sudden, Palm Beach County was looking like another ground zero. People were worried that more anthrax was in the air or water. Seasonal flights and hotel bookings dropped 25 percent, and everyone was thoroughly spooked.
Native South Florida boomers, like myself, have a good excuse for being a little on edge in October. Cold War fears reached a crescendo in October of 1962 with the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Our early grade school years had been filled with repeated Civil Defense drills instructing us to crawl under our desks and curl up in a ball in case of attack. One night, I remember waking up from a nightmare of mushroom clouds and missiles to discover swirling blue lights and a high-pitched undulating sound outside my bedroom window. I thought a UFO was attacking us. My parents had to calm me down by explaining that the police department had switched to new squad car lights, from the old red gumball globe and siren.
The Cuban Missile Crisis occupied all of October. Before it ended, the military reached DEFCON 2 alert — one step away from nuclear war. Everyone knew that Palm Beach was within the blast radius of a Miami strike. Our neighbors started digging a fallout shelter. Fortunately, the crisis was over by the end of the month, and the neighbors turned the hole in their backyard into a swimming pool.
Now that I have you all twisted up in knots, let me share the best cure for October anxiety. October is the most beautiful month of the year in South Florida. Cool, dry air begins making its way down. The days are comfortably sunny and nights are glorious. Take a long walk on the beach at sunset. And let’s all hope that the spookiest part of this October will be Halloween.
Author Sara E. SkinnerPosted on October 5, 2011 Categories Major EventsTags Anthrax, Boca Raton, cartoon, Cold War, crime, depression, economy, Florida, Halloween, history, market, Miami, murder, nuclear, Palm Beach, recession, terrorism, Wall Street, Willson2 Comments on October a magnet for anxiety
I look forward to your comments, pro and con, and only ask that you be polite to readers with differing opinions.
Author Sara E. SkinnerPosted on August 22, 2011 Categories Island Life, Weekly Editorial CartoonTags cartoon, Councilman, crime, film, government, movie, ordinance, Palm Beach, town council, William Diamond, Willson
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2003 Cass County, Illinois Queries
I invite you to enter a query for your Cass County ancestors. Since all queries must be manually posted by me, I ask that you PLEASE adhere to the following guidelines.
Your query must have a Cass County connection or it will not be posted.
Put CASS COUNTY QUERY in subject line.
Put the date, your name and email address on the first line.
Enter your query information exactly as you want it to appear.
Every effort will be made to post your query within 24-48 hours, however no guarantees are made.
Enter a New Query
BRANDOM
Jacqueline 19 Dec 3:09:41 2003
Looking for a burial place for Louisa Jane Rosenberger Havekluft Brandom.
She married second Dr. Paris A. Brandom in 1881. She died around 1900 and I can find no burial for her. She had two children by Dr. Havekluft, Harry and Pearl. They lived in Beardstown where Dr. Brandom practiced. Cannot find any information on the children Harry and Pearl also.
Dr. Brandom was born in Bartholomew Co, In in 1830. He married 1851 to Lodema Lee of Indiana. They divorced in Cass Co., Ill 1880. His dau, Medora Brandom married Albert Coil in Pike Co., Il in 1880. Will share voluminous records.
Thomas Lael 19 Dec 12:13:27 2003
I am attempting to contact the person that posted this query on February 1, 2002.
"Looking for any info regarding Charles E Boyd..DOB 9/25/1895 to 12/09/1976...looking for his parents names and place of birth for him and his parents as well.My grandfather resided in Beardstown,Il for many years he owned and operated Boyds Nursing Home along with his wife Gwendolyn till her death."
Gwen was my aunt. I am also attempting to find out information on Charlies parents. I have other family tree information relating to Charlie I would share. Also need information on Jack Boyd and his family.
SCHNAKE
Roy Johnson 06 Dec 7:39:04 2003
I research the Schnake surname worldwide. One of the Schnake areas of settlement is Cass County. The information for Cass County Schnakes is at this URL: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~schnake/carlchar.htm
Betty 06 Dec 10:51:28 2003
I am interested in the Solomon Griffin listed in the 1850 Cass, Co. Il. Census.He has a Solomon age 45, B.unknown Narcissa, age 35, b. unknown. James 10, Il. William, 8, Il. John, 6,Il. Henry, 4, Il. Peter 2, Il. I would appreciate hearing from any one that has any imformation on this family.
LOEFFLER, DONOVAN, JARRETT, COLLINS, BLACK
Steve Loeffler 10 Nov 8:39:49 2003
Searching for descendants of Loeffler, Donovan, Jarrett, Collins, or Black. My ancestry to these lines will date back to the mid 1800's in Cass county. I would love to swap any information I have.
Virginia Yost 02 Nov 6:57:49 2003
There is a photo, 1913 Davis Family Reunion, on the Cass county photos link on your site. The poster Dixie Davis' e-mail has expired. Anyone know how to reach her to get a copy of the photo?
GILPIN, HENDERSON, RUMMERFIELD
Richard Beck 04 Oct 10:09:36 2003
Looking for descendants of GILPIN; HENDERSON; RUMMERFIELD; and possibly TRAUB.
The Henderson's were mostly in Princeton, unsure of the Gilpin's, or Rummerfield's.
Mark 30 Sept 9:42:16 2003
Hugh BLAIR (b1843) Ireland, married Susan Cowan of North Carolina, early settler in Chandlerville, Cass County.
Nine children: David,William, Mary, Samuel, John, George, Harry, Louis, Lee.
Hugh Blair is my GG Grandfather, William Blair (b1864 Cass county) is my G Grandfather. William married Henrietta Davis (b 1866 Fulton Cty) in 1889 in Cass County. Looking for Blair family tree information and any information on Henrietta Davis' Family. Please e-mail me - Thanks !
Debby 28 Sept 10:39:41 2003
George A. BAKER married a Mary ?
Children: Earl, Finis Harold, Lillian, Marshall
If you know anything about this family please let me know. I purchased a box of pictures and things that belong to this family and would like to return them to the right family. All I am asking is the money I invested in them.
They are mainly Finis Harold and his wife and kids. His wife was named Florence.
Donna Yavorshak 16 Sept 9:20:37 2003
Looking for Crafton, Lee Crafton, married Jessie Gossage in beardstown, Ill. They had the following children: Lela Crafton, born Dec. 11, 1911 in Beardstown, Ill. and Floyd Crafton, born 1906 in Beardstown, Ill. passed away in 1978 . They also had a half brother named Lester Crafton.Any information on Lee crafton family would be most appreciated.
Richard A. Thompson 13 Sept 12:21:02 2003
On this date of 09/12/03, I Richard A. Thompson of Austin, Texas, am requesting any information that can be sent to me via this e-mail address, [email protected], pertaining to my ancestors whom I believe lived in Cass County, Illinois. I am searching particularly for the information about Charles E. Berry and/or his family members. The 1880 census lists him as a 46 year-old merchant living in Buena Vista, Colorado, but having come from Illinois and having been born in Ohio. His 42 year-old wife Maria V. (which I believe stands for Virginia, because that name runs through four generations of females in the family) is reported to have been from Virginia, which may be the community in Illinois by that name. Her maiden name might have been Hamilton. I have evidence of other family members in 1904 as living in Ashland (an uncle Sam), a Win, Rene and Solomon living in Carlinville, and another relative in Jacksonville. I realize how sketchy these clues are. But if any one of them is a key to family origins in that part of Illinois, I would much appreciate knowing about it. Thank you.
PRATER, PRATHER
Lois McCurn 14 Aug 8:22:59 2003
Looking for a Andrew J. Prater born 1829 in KY, moved to Morgan and Cass Co., Illinois. He married Matilda Lewis in Morgan Co. and had the following children, Maggie b. 1859 m.15 Apr 1879 to ?, Thomas b. 1871 d. ? in Adair Co., Missouri, George Oscar b. 21 Jul 1865 Scott Co., Ill. m. 3 Dec 1889 to Melissa Jane Wood d/o of Thomas J. Wood and Sarah Jane Prather. Both were born in Morgan Co., Ill. George Oscar died in Des Moines, Iowa Feb 1937. 2nd marriage of Andrew Prather was to Winnie Grimsley. They were m 1 1 1877 in Morgan Co.,IL . Winnie had 4 children by another marriage John b. 1867, Bessie b. 1868, Louis b. 1870, Minnie b. 1873. Need help on Winnie's children and whom did they marry?
PENDERGRAFT
Donna Yavorshak 06 Aug 9:33:03 2003
Seeking information on Pendergraft family that lived in Beardstown, ILL. My grandmother is Lela (Crafton) Pendergraft, born Dec. 16th, 1911. She married Roy Pendergraft and had two children Charlene Joan , my mother, born May 7th, 1934 and Barbara . Other names :William Sanford Pendergraft, Harriet Tucker, Julius Pendergraft, Hestor Mallory, Job Pendergraft, and Mary Alloway. Any information would be most welcome. My grandmother Lela is still living and is 91.
GATTON, PAYNE, PHILLIPS
Bill Droster 05 Aug 9:22:43 2003
Thomas GATTON and Thomas PAYNE both came to what was then Morgan CO. between 1826-30 from Allen/Warren Co. KY. Thomas Payne married Thomas Gattons daughter, Mary in 1821 in Allen Co. KY. Thomas Paynes wife died abt. 1832, he died in 1835 and left his 5 children to Thomas Gattons son, Benjamin Gatton. The childrens names were Thomas, Mary, Sarah, Eliza and Virgina. Don't know anything about Thomas, Mary married Isaac WHITE, Virgina married David IRWIN, Sarah married Luther ALLARD, and Eliza married Dr.Parmenio PHILLIPS.
My line goes through Dr. Parmenio PHILLIPS and Eliza. They had 14 children, and lived in Virgina from about 1849-1860. He was a doctor, ran the steam mill and farmed. The childrens name that I have are Anna, Mary, Parmenio, Julian, Lewis, Frank, June, Charles, Theodore, Oscar, Sherman, Edwin, Eliza, and Edward. Please e-mail me if you are related to these families.
ROBERTS, HODGES
Kay Goddard 03 Aug 8:17:35 2003
Looking for information on J W Roberts m Martha E Hodges 1868 Schuyler County.
Eight Children born between 1869 and 1884.
Martha daughter of Matthew Hodges Schuyler County.
Benjamin Hodges brother of Matthew.
Leona Wobbe 14 Jul 7:03:06 2003
I am looking birth information of my great grandfather Walter F. Sutton. He was born 20 December 1849 in Cass County, perhaps in Beardstown. His parents were John P. Sutton and Sara Thurston Stewart Sutton. He left with his parent to come to Oregon when he was four years old and lived to old age in the Gold Beach and Port Offord in Oregon. His mother was a widow of Joel Stewart with several children and his father was widowed by his wife Nancy McCall Stewart who left him with several children. Sara and John then had one child, Walter Sutton. On the trail to Oregon, Sara died just befor arriving in the Willamette Valley in western Oregon. Thanks for your help.
My name is Leona Wobbe 3068 Milhoan Drive Medford, Oregon 97504 Telephone 541 773-6175. e-mail [email protected]
RICHEY
Dane Bowen 30 Apr 6:29:26 2003
My ancestors, William Richey, born in South Carolina about 1806, died in Texas about 1889 and Mary n�e Spence Cannon Richey, born in Tennessee about 1812, died Texas after 1889, were married on November 12, 1837 at Cass, Illinois. I am seeking any information about them. William Richey may have fought in the Black Hawk War in the same army unit as Abraham Lincoln. Family tradition has them switching horses with Lincoln, but in the earlier Seminole War in Florida where Lincoln never served. Thank you very much for your assistance.
POWERS, WELLS
Patricia Rhodes 30 Apr 11:15:19 2003
I have been searching for any information regarding my great grandmother. Her name is Amanda Powers. She resided at Drusillah Wells home in Beardstown, Il. She died there around Aug. 25, 1869, a few days after giving birth to my grandfather. The only 'solid' information we have regarding Amanda came to my grandfather in 1895, by letter written by Jas. Wells who's address at that time was Corner of G and Canal St., Beardstown. Amanda Powers was married to Elsworth Powers. He left after Amanda died and Drusillah Wells raised baby Powers until she passed away several years--after her death (Drusillah's) my grandfather was adopted by a family from Cumberland County , Illinois by the name of "Boy".
I have been trying to search and find any information about Amanda. We do not even know her maiden name but since she died in Beardstown, thought there might be a record about her death. From Jas. Wells' letter, we understand she was buried in the "Old Wells Cemetery". Any information would be greatly appreciated. We are planning to be in Beardstown around May 5 or 6. Thanking you in advance for any leads you might give us concerning information regarding Amanda Powers who died in Beardstown, Aug. 25,1869.
Patricia Rhodes (Dusty) great granddaughter of Amanda & Elsworth Powers.
GARNER, KING
J. Phelps 15 Apr 1:51:37 2003
I am researching the GARNER, KING, McARTHUR and WATKINS families of Cass County. My Grandfather was Ira Fielding Garner, m. Sarah Elizabeth McArthur 9/6/1905.
William McArthur m. Lydia Francis King, 8/11/1880
William Warren King m. Sarah Catherine Watkins. (Date unknown)
Many of my relatives are buried in Garner Chapel Cemetery.
Any information would be greatly appreciated.
[email protected] 04 Apr 11:28:12 2003
I am researching Thomas, McDole, Lamb families mostly Thomas. Came to Cass county in 1864-65 from Mercer county, Missouri. Anderson Thomas, William I Thomas, Minirva McDole, Lucinda Sutton, all married and are part of the Thomas families. Would appreciate any help on any of these people. I have a lot on the Thomas side and none on the rest. Will share anything I have.
Cheri Fischer 30 Mar 5:07:27 2003
Seeking relatives of William A. Briggs married to Thelma Cave. He died 3-30-1979 in Virginia, IL. I was told he had the Briggs Family Bible. Looking for relative who now owns the bible. I'm descendant of Taylor side of the family. Margaret Emily Taylor married Edward Briggs 1888. My grandmother Alice Taylor was Margaret's sister. Trying to track down Great Grandmother Taylor's maiden name.
RUPPEL
Gerd Hemminger 22 Mar 10:37:04 2003
I am interested in the possible family connection between Henry Ruppel, a dealer in boots and shoes in Cass County, IL in 1869, and Henry Ruppel, a manufacturer of shoes in Brooklyn, NY at the same time. The Brooklyn Ruppel is my wife's gggrandfather. Both men came from Hessen-Darmstadt and were born within 3 years of each other. Both arrived in New York City in the early 1850's and were shoemakers. The Cass Co. Ruppel left New York City and went to Rochester, NY, then to Springfield, IL via Chicago, and finally to Beardstown in March 1869. The Brooklyn Ruppel operated a shoe factory which several of his sons, including one named Henry, were also involved with.
[email protected] 21 Mar 7:41:10 2003
I am interested in any connection of family members of Anderson Thomas buried at Mt. Olive Church Cemetery, Cass Co., Illinois or William I. Thomas. His son is buried in the same cemetery or any information on them or their descendents.
ARENZ
Susan (Arenz) Smith 27 Feb 9:58:57 2003
I am a direct descendant of Francis Arenz. I am looking for information on his four sons (Harmon, Francis T., Oscar and Albert) and their sons. Specifically, who is the father of Francis' grandson, Oscar Arenz?
[email protected] 17 Feb 12:25:12 2003
I have family history on the Riggin Riggins families all the way back to N.C.. This family came to Beardstown, Ill. around 1839-40 from Ind.. Jesse A. Riggins brought his brothers and sisters to this town in a caverd wagen. 1. Jesse A. Riggins, B. 12-19-1814, Guilford, N.C., Marr., Artemesa M. Crall 10-5-1837 in Liberty, Ind.. Jesse A. Riggins death, 3-31-1895 in Havana, IIl., 2. William G. Riggins, B. 7-3-1817, Guilford, N.C., Marr., Mary Stafford 6-1-1840 in Liberty, Ind.. Wm. G. Riggins death, unknown. 3. Nancy Riggins, B. 9-28-1819, Liberty, Ind., Marr., Joseph Nelson 5-25-1839 in Liberty, Ind.. Nancy (Riggins) Nelson death, unknown. 4. Delila Riggins, B. 4-15-1822, Liberty, Ind.. No Info. on her? 5. Angelina Riggins, B. 12-2-1824, Liberty, Ind.. No Info. on her? 6. William Riggins, B. 3-14-1827, Liberty, Ind.. Marr., Henrietta M. McGehee 1-29-1857 in Matanzas, IIl. Mason Co. Ill. which was outside of Bath, Ill. at one time. Then they moved to Havana, Ill.. Note: Carl Riggins was thier last son born. Carl Riggins son was, Hubert C. Riggins B. 11-7-1905 to 4-7-2000. Hubert Riggins was my father. Willaim Riggins death was, 11-26-1910 Havana, Ill.. 7. Maryetta Riggins, B. 2-25-1838, Liberty, Ind.. Info. on her unknown but she is on the, 1850 Censes for Cass., Ill., Beardstown, Ill. in the Riggins home, under HN which means, house dwelling No., 1016. You can E-Mail me at any time.
McNUTT, TROTTER
Errol and Valerie Cross 03 Feb 12:20:58 2003
We are searching for the family of Agness Trotter who died in Jefferson Co., IN in about 1824.
In her will she named,
Dau Margaret McNutt, w/o Alexander McNutt
Gdau, Nancy Luston
Elizabeth, w/o James Sebree
Sons, Samuel and Robert
We think that son Samuel is the Samuel who died in Cass Co. in 1844. He named sons Milton, John, and Israel.
We know that Milton died in Decatur Co. about 1890. We think John is the John that died in a cyclone in Litterberry in 1883. Israel appears to be the Israel in the Shaker Community in Warren Co., OH in 1860.
We think that Margaret McNutt is the Margaret McNutt living with Sam (Lane?) Garrison in Cass Co. in 1850.
Any and all help is welcome.
Errol and Valerie Cross
Home Page http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~ecross/Index.htm
ADKINS
Andrea 01 Feb 12:48:19 2003
I'm searching for information on my ggmother Susan M Adkins, born 16 Feb 1889 in Saidora, Cass Co. Does anyone have any information on her parents? Thanks for any information you might have.
BASTIN
Glenda Bastin 19 Jan 3:45:21 2003
Seeking information on MALRIE (or MALLORY) BASTIN who died in Bluff Springs, Cass County, Illinois on 16 January 1933.
Where could I find an obituary on him? What newspaper(s) served the Bluff Springs area in 1933?
Thanks for your assistance.
David Kent Coy 18 Jan 10:33:02 2003
I have been working on genealogy since 1968, but on the internet only since 2002. Below is an ancestor table showing some of my Cass County, Illinois ancestors. I would welcome any correspondence concerning them. Thanks. To find the parents, double the number.
1. David Kent Coy, born 20 Mar. 1953, Tuscola, Douglas Co., IL.
2. Allan Kent Coy, born 28 Mar. 1931, Tuscola, Douglas Co., IL., died 7 Feb. 2002, Decatur, Macon Co., IL., buried Arcola Cemetery, Arcola, Douglas Co., IL., married 4 Nov. 1951, Hindsboro, Douglas Co., IL., 3. Myra Joy Strader, born 8 Aug. 1932, Bowdre Twp., Douglas Co., IL.
4. Samuel Starret Coy, born 18 Feb. 1888, near Arenzville, Cass Co., IL., died 25 Mar. 1959, Monticello, Piatt Co., IL., married 20 Apr. 1919, Meredosia, Morgan Co., IL., 5. Lydia "Elton" Pond, born 24 Jan. 1897, Island Grove Twp., Sangamon Co., IL., died 17 Jan. 1952, Arcola, Douglas Co., IL.. Both buried Arcola Cemetery, Arcola, Douglas Co., IL.
8. Ulysses S. Grant Coy, born 8 Feb. 1865, in Morgan Co., IL., died 1 Dec. 1910, Beardstown, Cass Co., IL., buried Newman Cemetery, Morgan Co., IL., married 6 Nov. 1884, Jacksonville, Morgan Co., IL., 9. Sarah Elizabeth "Lizzie" Kuhlman, born 27 Mar. 1867, Morgan Co., IL., died 5 June 1953, Beardstown, Cass Co., IL., buried Beardstown City Cemetery, Cass Co., IL.
10. Truman Catlin Pond, born 30 Mar. 1870, near Concord, Morgan Co., IL., died 27 Sept. 1930, near Meredosia, Morgan Co., IL., married 31 Aug. 1891, Rush Springs., Morgan Co., IL., 11. Lydia Caroline "Carrie" Simpson, born 2 Mar. 1871, near Bethany, Butler Co., Ohio., died 16 July 1959, Decatur, Macon Co., IL. Both buried Berlin Cemetery, Berlin, Sangamon Co., IL..
16. Starret Preston Coy, born 23 Oct. 1838, near New Haven, Hardin Co., KY., died 25 Mar. 1922, Quincy, Adams Co., IL., married 11 Nov. 1858, Arenzville, Cass Co., IL., 17. Mary Eliza Lamb. born about 1844, in KY., died 14 Oct. 1897, Cass or Morgan Co., IL.. Both buried in Newman Cemetery, Morgan Co., IL.
18. Frederick E. Kuhlman, born 13 Mar. 1843, Minden, Prussia, Germany, died 2 Mar. 1880, Beardstown, Cass Co., IL., married 29 Mar. 1864, Morgan Co., IL., 19. Esther "Melvina" Beauchamp, born 10 Aug. 1844, Cass Co., IL., died 10 Apr. 1882, near Meredosia, Morgan Co., IL. She married (2) 23 Mar. 1881, Virginia, Cass Co., IL., J. Herman Hess, born about 1853 in Germany, a son of Herman Hess. J. Herman Hess married (2) 2 Nov. 1882, Cass Co., IL., Anna Mary C. Tieman.
20. Carlo Pond, born 9 Feb. 1829, near Erie, Erie Co., PA., died 2 Sep. 1895, Island Grove Twp., Sangamon Co., IL., married 19 Feb. 1857, Cass Co., IL., 21. Manilious Moore, born 29 July 1832, Wheeling, W.V., died 2 May 1908, Meredosia, Morgan Co., IL. Both buried Berlin Cemetery, Berlin, Sangamon Co., IL.
32. Amos Coy, born about 1797/98, in Nelson Co., KY., died 13 Jan. 1855, Morgan Co., IL., married 28 Nov. 1816, Nelson Co., KY., 33. Nancy Ann Houston, born about 1800 in KY., died 15 July 1863, Arenzville, Cass Co., IL.
36. ? Gottlieb Kuhlman, born 12 Dec. 1806, Prussia, Germany, died 12 Aug. 1887, Cass Co., IL., married in Germany, 37. ? Mary Markman, born about 1812 in Germany, died about 1844 in Germany.
38. Samuel Beauchamp married 39. Esther Robins Bunce.
42. William Moore, born 8 Mar. 1799, in MD. or PA., died 26 Apr. 1865, in Cass Co., IL., married 4 Oct. 1831, 43. Kesiah Moore, born 6 Jan. 1813, in Ohio, died 27 Dec. 1884, in Cass Co., IL.
[email protected] 18 Jan 5:15:27 2003
Researching the family of Nancy W. Horn m. 16 March 1847 Cass Co., IL, John C. Smith
Parents Samuel* Smith b. April 08, 1802 Rowan Co., North Carolina and Catherine Unknown.
Nancy W. Horns Daughter Nancy Emma Smith 1860-1920 married m. Abt. 1880 Andrew Ward Lycan
b. December 02, 1856 tilesville, IA
I saw another query on this page that let me to all of my Missing Smith Relatives today.
/query98.htm
Carolyn 10 Jan 2:22:32 2003
I am trying to connect my George W. STRIBLING of Marion County Illinois with the STRIBLINGS of Cass County.
My George STRIBLING born ca 1810 either KY or VA, died ca 1848 Raccoon Twp, Marion Co, Illinois married Elizabeth WILLIAMS 7 Aug 1833 Marion Co.
Anyone have any info that might be helpful?
Ruth Krems 06 Jan 2:14:48 2003
I'm trying to find the name of GERHARDT HENRY KREMS father. I have been told it is GERHARDT, JOHANN, AND CASPAR. The info I have on Gerhardt Henry is that he emigrated from Hanover, Germany with his parents circa 1845. And that he came to Beardstown on January 18, 1845. His father purchased a farm in Indian Creek Precint in the spring of 1847. Gerhardt, when he was 26 married Maria (Mary) Schroder. Thank you for your help.
Stuart Jenkins 05 Jan 11:35:07 2003
I am interested in info re desc of Henry (1826-1897) and Hannah Showalter Baker (1824-1914), b state of Virginia, died Cass County, and buried in Bell Cemetery. Four children apparently survived and two daughters died 23 April 1908. Thank you very much.
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