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MMPC Metabolic Regulation Core
VCSCBi Training / Antibodies
Public Shared Collection
Randy Blakely
Conte Center for Neuroscience Research
A dialogue between the immune system and brain, spoken in the language of serotonin.
Baganz NL, Blakely RD
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2013 4 (1): 48-63
PMID: 23336044 · PMCID: PMC3547518 · DOI:10.1021/cn300186b
Neuropsychiatric disorders have long been linked to both immune system activation and alterations in serotonin (5-HT) signaling. In the CNS, the contributions of 5-HT modulate a broad range of targets, most notably, hypothalamic, limbic and cortical circuits linked to the control of mood and mood disorders. In the periphery, many are aware of the production and actions of 5-HT in the gut but are unaware that the molecule and its receptors are also present in the immune system where evidence suggests they contribute to the both innate and adaptive responses. In addition, there is clear evidence that the immune system communicates to the brain via both humoral and neuronal mechanisms, and that CNS 5-HT neurons are a direct or indirect target for these actions. Following a brief primer on the immune system, we describe our current understanding of the synthesis, release, and actions of 5-HT in modulating immune function, including the expression of 5-HT biosynthetic enzymes, receptors, and transporters that are typically studied with respect to the roles in the CNS. We then orient our presentation to recent findings that pro-inflammatory cytokines can modulate CNS 5-HT signaling, leading to a conceptualization that among the many roles of 5-HT in the body is an integrated physiological and behavioral response to inflammatory events and pathogens. From this perspective, altered 5-HT/immune conversations are likely to contribute to risk for neurobehavioral disorders historically linked to compromised 5-HT function or ameliorated by 5-HT targeted medications, including depression and anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and autism. Our review raises the question as to whether genetic variation impacting 5-HT signaling genes may contribute to maladaptive behavior as much through perturbed immune system modulation as through altered brain mechanisms. Conversely, targeting the immune system for therapeutic development may provide an important opportunity to treat mental illness.
Adaptive Immunity Animals Antidepressive Agents Brain Cytokines Humans Immune System Immunity, Innate Mental Disorders Mice Mice, Knockout Serotonin Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins Signal Transduction Synaptic Transmission
Blakely Lab (Community)
Randy Blakely (Member)
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Tag Archives: Why do I never get a well built underwear model for Christmas?
On the Discovering the Reality that Christmas is really the Orwellian Nightmare
Posted by Joshua Ryan "Jammer" Smith in Christopher Hitchens, Essay, Literature, Novels, Politics, Satire/Humor
"Bah Humbug", "Orwellian Nightmare", "War on Christmas", 1984, A Christmas Carol, And Yet..., Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe, Benjamin Alire Sáenz, Bind Crosby, Christmas, Christmas Songs, Christopher Hitchens, Cultural Compulsion, culture, Danny Kaye, dystopia, Essay, George Orwell, Grinch, Holidays, Individual Will, Literature, North Korea, Novel, Over Commercialization of Christmas, Politics, Rosemary Clooney, Rosemary Clooney is a Goddess Supreme, Satire, Scrooge, Totalitarianism, Two-Minute Hate, White Christmas, Why do I never get a well built underwear model for Christmas?, Winston Smith
Bing Crosby does not at first summon up images of North Korea. At least not for me. He summons up images of Rosemary Clooney because, ever since my family started watching White Christmas at least three times a week every week during the Christmas holidays, I’ve discovered that I have an ceaseless and unashamed crush on the woman. I think it’s her smile, honestly, but before I become superficial to my regular reader, it’s important to remember that I fell in love with her voice first. Still despite my never-ending adoration of Clooney and Crosby, and especially Danny Kay, I have a conflict because it’s very quickly returning to the most dreaded holiday of the year.
I truly hate Christmas. The only upside to the holiday is that I get to listen to my Seth McFarlane Christmas Album and watch White Christmas, which, as I addressed before, I really only enjoy because of Rosemary Clooney. Apart from these small pleasures the entire holiday can go eat a bag of dicks.
Before the reader assumes anything, no, I never had a bad Christmas and that’s why I wrote this article, though I will admit, I never do seem to get exactly what I want for Christmas.
I’m sure the reader has their response aimed and ready though. But what about the giving and receiving of presents? What about all the wonderful amazing food that you get to eat? What about spending time with your family? And what about getting a few paid days off from work when you get to do nothing but sit around, read books, watch movies, play video games, and get sick on chocloate? To this last counter-argument I don’t really have a solid defense because who doesn’t love a day off from work?
Regardless of these points, I still really despise Christmas, because the holiday does something to people that is at times frustrating to the point of being irredeemably monstrous. The roads become congested with grumpy, frivolous people who forget how stop-lights work, the stores become crowded with people who are driven purely to buy and consume objects and be dicks to people who work in retail. And of course one has to listen to bloated gases that pass themselves off as human beings who complain about the so-called “war on Christmas.” Beneath all of this however is this compulsion to “create” Christmas as an idea, an atmosphere, and an ideology unto itself and there’s something about this collective, cultural “push” that is unnerving.
It’s for this reason that I look to Christopher Hitchens.
As of late my reading habits have shifted and so along with at least one novel, one graphic novel, one work of non-fiction, and at least one 1000 page tome, I’ve tried to add one collection of works to my reading list. This can include collections of poetry or essays, and a few months back I decided to splurge on myself and buy Hitchens’s book And Yet…. The book appears to be the last collection of essays Hitchens wrote before he died, and I’m steadily buying up every book, pamphlet, and biography the man wrote so that I can have a Hitchens library. I read the essays, one a day, and near the start there was one that leapt at me because the title was simply Bah, Humbug. Hitchens reminded me why he was my hero by just reading the opening lines:
I used to harbor the quiet but fierce ambition to write just one definitive, annihilating anti-Christmas column and then find and editor significantly indulgent to run it every December. My model was the Thanksgiving pastiche knocked off by Art Buchwald several decades ago and recycled annually in a serious ongoing test of reader tolerance. But I have slowly come to appreciate that this hope was in vain. The thing must be done annually and afresh. (87).
I had a similar intention once, back when I believed my writing was good enough to get syndicated in a periodical of note, that maybe I would write one “fuck Christmas” essay that would be great enough, or insightful enough, or at the very least funny enough to be published year by year. I’ve slept since then and recognized that few people will ever give enough of a shred of a shit about me or my work, and so even if I could write such an essay, it will have to be written here. Looking at Hitchens’s opening though I recognize a similar feeling of defeat because Christmas is very much like a Hydra: even if one does manage to sever one head, two or three more will burst from the stump. The endless call to gaiety, selflessness, and rampant greedy consumerism simply has a better PR firm than I do and so I recognize that, even I did manage to write something great about how much Christmas sucks there is too much cultural capital behind it to permanently quash it.
I secretly suspect that I am a hipster because I find myself hating much more than I love but that’s getting off point.
Hitchens’s small article (916 words, I counted) is like reading my own thoughts at times, because along with the criticism of the supposed “religious” aspects of Christmas, Bah Humbug is really a stern criticism of the compulsion towards merriness and cheer. There is a collected push against individuals during the Christmas season to be happy, to see in all the rush to buy and spend and receive a terrific sense of merriment and happiness. This of course belies the very point that when someone else is telling you to be happy that’s almost certain to do anything but make you happy. And in fact, if this isn’t too much of a push, the entire rhetoric of Christmas borders on some sort of sick consumerism based totalitarianism.
Hitchens notes this as he further decries the holiday:
This was a useful demonstration of what I have always hated about the month of December: the atmosphere of a one-party state. On all media and in all newspapers, endlesss invocations of the same repetitive theme. In all public placer, from train stations to department stores, an instant din of identical propaganda and identical music. The collectivization of gaiety and the compulsory infliction of joy. Time wasted on foolishness at one’s children’s schools. Vapid ecumenical messages from the president, who has more pressing things to do and who is constitutionally required to avoid any religious endorsements. (88).
It was about not long after this passage that I realized that Hitchens was leading up to something, something that he did not push, likely because he knew it was a stretch and thought experiments can be rather dreadful to read. Christopher Hitchens was not one to hold anything back, in fact his reputation as a writer was built on the idea that nothing was sacred, in the most literal sense. Still, after reading the essay I couldn’t shake off the idea that Christmas had a smacking of something totalitarian and of course Hitchens makes this point beautifully:
And yet none of this party-line unanimity is enough for the party’s true hard-liners. The slogans must be exactly right. No “Happy Holidays” or even “Cool Yule” or a cheery Dickensian “Compliments of the season.” No, all banners and chants must be specifically designated in honor of the birth of the Dear Leader and the authority of the Great Leader. By chance, the New York Times on December 19 ran a story about the difficulties encountered by Christian missionaries working among North Korean defectors, including a certain Mr. Park. On missionary was quoted as saying ruefully that “he knew he had now won over Mr. Park. He knew that Christianity reminded Mr. Park, as well as other defectors, of ‘North Korean ideology.” An interesting admission, if a bit of a stretch. Let’s just say that the birth of the Dear Leader is indeed celebrated as a miraculous one—accompanied, among other things, by heavy portents and by birds singing in Korean—and that compulsory worship and compulsory adoration can indeed become a touch wearying to the spirit. (88-9).
I can anticipate my reader’s reaction before I can continue. Are you seriously about to suggest that the Christmas celebration that takes place in the United States is anything remotely akin to the political dictatorship of North Korea?
Sure. Why the fuck not?
Now obviously the actual physical atrocities, torture, rape, and persistent abuse is nothing akin to the institution of Christmas, that would be, as Hitch pointed out, a bit of a stretch. My effort then is not to compare the compulsion to celebrate Christmas the same thing as the compulsion to respect the authority of Kim Jong-Un, rather it’s my concern to just try a thought experiment about whether Christmas has some level of totalitarian sentiment to it. The purpose of these essays was to explore my thoughts about various works of literature and cultural achievements and public rhetoric, and as of this writing I can’t shake a question that, until recently I haven’t had the language for: Is Christmas the Orwellian nightmare?
The Orwellian Nightmare is a concept that I suspect most people would recognize but would probably be unable to accurately describe it. It is a condition in which the government exudes inexorable powers over the individuals and citizens of the state. It is a power structure however that surpasses the mere outward political landscape and digs deeper, sinking into the meat and bones of a person’s consciousness until a person is aware of the government at all times, especially in the home. An individual living in the Orwellian nightmare is surrounded by propaganda manifesting in the form of advertisements, music, television, radio, films, and public demonstrations which not only promote the party in power, but in fact uses these mediums as extensions of the state to propel the idea that the state is the ultimate benevolent and necessary force. The individual is compelled to celebrate the dominant party, and is encouraged and often culled into the habit of accepting their own dominations, eventually buying into the suggestion that welcoming and empowering the dominant power is not only personally advantageous, it’s their own idea. The state becomes this ever-present reality that brings one comfort, even when it is leaving one emotionally, psychologically, and intellectually dominated.
The Orwellian nightmare is a direct reference to one of my favorite writers, who also just happens to be the favorite writer of Christopher Hitchens the one who got me started on this train of thought in the first place, George Orwell. In life George Orwell did not achieve a tremendous literary fame, and despite the popular understanding the man in fact wrote several novels and essays that are still regarded as literarily significant. However it was his novels Animal Farm and 1984 which helped Orwell in the popular consciousness, and even before John Hurt played Winston Smith, the latter novel had effectively established Dystopia as, not just a literary genre that would eventually get subsumed and then corrupted to the point of irrelevance by bad YA writers, a creative outlet that had lasting relevance to human society.
Looking at one passage in particular of 1984 I’m sure of my hypothesis that Christmas is some kind of Orwellian Nightmare, because I just observe too many parallels. If the reader has never read the novel, the book takes place in the distant future of 1984 (funny how the future’s always several years in the past) where England has become a totalitarian dictatorship headed by a shadowy leader known only ever as Big Brother. The citizens of England are required in their places of work to attend something referred to as a “Two Minute Hate.” After that I’ll have to allow an unfortunately long quote by Orwell to speak for itself:
In its second minute the Hate rose to a frenzy. People were leaping up and down in their places and shouting at the tops of their voices in an effort to drown the maddening bleating voice that came from the screen. The little sandy-haired woman had turned bright pink, and her mouth was opening and shutting like that of a landed sh. Even O’Brien’s heavy face was flushed. He was sitting very straight in his chair, his powerful chest swelling and quivering as though he were standing up to the assault of a wave. e dark-haired girl behind Winston had begun crying out ‘Swine! Swine! Swine!’ and suddenly she picked up a heavy Newspeak dictionary and flung it at the screen. It struck Goldstein’s nose and bounced off ; the voice continued inexorably. In a lucid moment Winston found that he was shouting with the others and kicking his heel violently against the rung of his chair. The horrible thing about the Two Minutes Hate was not that one was obliged to act a part, but, on the contrary, that it was impossible to avoid joining in. Within thirty seconds any pretense was always unnecessary. A hideous ecstasy of fear and vindictiveness, a desire to kill, to torture, to smash faces in with a sledge- hammer, seemed to flow through the whole group of people like an electric current, turning one even against one’s will into a grimacing, screaming lunatic. And yet the rage that one felt was an abstract, undirected emotion which could be switched from one object to another like the flame of a blowlamp. Thus, at one moment Winston’s hatred was not turned against Goldstein at all, but, on the contrary, against Big Brother, the Party, and the Thought Police; and at such moments his heart went out to the lonely, derided heretic on the screen, sole guardian of truth and sanity in a world of lies. And yet the very next instant he was at one with the people about him, and all that was said of Goldstein seemed to him to be true. At those moments his secret loathing of Big Brother changed into adoration, and Big Brother seemed to tower up, an invincible, fearless protector, standing like a rock against the hordes of Asia, and Goldstein, in spite of his isolation, his helplessness, and the doubt that hung about his very existence, seemed like some sinister enchanter, capable by the mere power of his voice of wrecking the structure of civilization. (100-101).
The Two Minute hate is the only real evidence I really need here because anyone who has been forced to go Christmas Shopping during late December recognizing this exact level of torment. There is never a parking space at the mall, and if there is it is ultimately a handicapped space and one finds oneself hating the handicapped for having that sticker in the first place and it doesn’t matter anyway because there’s always an able-bodied person who parks there anyway. The crowds of the open markets and the endless lines that one is forced to slog through are filled with individual people who have been brought to these retail outlets by the promises that “giving is the real Christmas gift,” and so brought by the prospect of a moment on Christmas morning in which their loved ones will enjoy their gifts they endure a sea of grumpy angry people who often look like they just smelled the inside of a homeless man’s boxer shorts. This agony is punctuated by this year’s female “country” pop-star’s rendition of “White Christmas” which again, let’s be real here, Rosemary Clooney rocked decades ago, why are we microwaving a turd when there’s gold recorded already?
But the sensation of Christmas shopping has been better documented by countless writers before me. In fact it’s almost become kitsche to be the person who says they hate Christmas, which is fucked in its own way, because then the people who love Christmas have their “Grinch” or “Scrooge” in which to further develop their mythos.
There’s nothing original about looking at the capitalism and the discomfort of Christmas and the violence it brings out in people. There is something however to the idea that people actually like this tradition of pain and dissatisfaction. People like, in fact they love, the stress and torture and annoyance and atmospheric pressure that is the Christmas holidays because it’s a chance to surrender their will.
By the end of 1984 Winston Smith has been psychologically broken by the torture of the state, and the closing lines, “He loved Big Brother”(370) reveal a man who is absolutely broken by the system which has infected every level of his consciousness.
At work I have a co-worker who comes in, sits down, works on the December Events handouts, and begins to hum Christmas jingles like Jingle Bells, Noel, and God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen. Hearing the melodies my mind summoned the songs and before I knew it I was singing along under my breath, and not but a few moments later I began singing the song out loud infecting another co-worker who became exasperated with me for “putting that song in her head.” There was a small joy in recognizing that I had passed along my compulsion to her, that I could share in someone else’s joyous misery. I love that sensation the way I love having the song “Sisters” and “Snow” stuck in my head.
Big Brother may be a jolly, bearded man wearing a red suit, but at the end of the day they both have an incredible PR team.
All quotes taken from Bah, Humbug came from the hardback first edition Simon & Schuster And Yet…: Essays. All quotes taken from 1984 were taken from the Hardback Houghton Mifflin Harcourt copy of Animal Farm and 1984.
If the reader is at all interested in reading the essay Bah, Humbug I’ve provided a link below to the original article.
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2005/12/bah_humbug.html
While writing this essay I listened to Rosemary Clooney sing Christmas songs to try and “put me in the mood.” While it was somewhat successful I fear I may have pushed myself a little too far in order to get in the necessary frame of mind to write this peice. Still, the essay is done and I got the chance to remember why I love Rosemary Clooney’s voice. If the reader would like to have some background music as they follow the relentless beat of Big Brother’s Capitalistit enterprise, or if they just want a great Christmas record to put on I would definitely recommend this link. Enjoy:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97xyTviQLq0
For the record there are plenty, PLENTY, of great YA writers. They just don’t either get the press they deserve, or else you simply fade out when your friend tries to tell you that they finished a beautiful YA novel. You might have taken the time to at least give the book Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe by Benjamin Alire Sáenz but instead you politely nodded and thought that your friend was a loser even though she actually had a point and you missed the opportunity to read a beautiful story about two young men falling in love, while one struggles with his individual personal identity and perception of his masculinity. Instead you got drunk and binge watched Riverdale which is just a cheap knock off of Twin Peaks. You judgmental tool…Merry Christmas.
****Writer’s Note To the Reader Who Doesn’t Appreciate the Writer’s Morbid Sense of Humor****
It’s satire for fucks sake. Get the joke or fuck off.
JamieM on
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Can a female convert hold a position of communal authority over women?
"A convert may not hold a position of Jewish communal authority." (Mishneh Torah, Hilchos Melachim 1:4)
In light of the Rambam above and the answers here, which discuss the prohibition on appointing a woman or a convert to certain positions of power, would it be permissible to make an adult female convert a leader of non-convert women, for example as the rebbetzin of a community, a mikvah lady, or the menaheles of a women's yeshiva? (May not be the best examples, but I can't think of a perfect one now.) Why or why not? Preferably, please bring sources.
Hypothesis: Since a woman is able to take the positions of power in my and any other examples, it would seem that the examples do not fall under the prohibition on women and converts taking positions of authority. Therefore, I think--though I am definitely not sure--a convert ought to be able to take these positions, too. However, there may be evidence that the prohibition on women and on converts taking positions of authority are two separate concerns, and therefore must be treated individually -- in which case it is not at all clear that converts could take power over born-Jewish women.
women conversion-to-judaism tzibur-community politics-government
SAHSAH
The emphasis of the Rambam in your citation is not about being in a position of communal authority. It is about being the head of the community, meaning the one who determines policy and direction just like the King. A convert is permitted to act as an authority within the chain of command.
The most obvious example comes from Pirkei Avot 5:21-22 which quote as Torah authorities, Ben Bag-Bag and Ben He-He. They were both Tannaim of the first century and converts to Judaism. Their true names were concealed because of Roman persecution against Jewish converts at the time. Both their names hint to the letter 'Heh' which is a sign of the 'Heh' added to Avraham and Sarah's names. They were both Ben Avraham.
Ben Bag-Bag was a student of Rabbi Hillel. In the case of Ben Heh-Heh, he is the authority quoted for Hilchot Talmud Torah in regard to when to begin each type of study, five for Chumash, ten for Mishnah, fifteen for Gemara, etc.
In regard to your examples for women, a Rebbetzin is not an appointed position. It is a consequence of her marriage to the community Rav. A mikvah lady is under the direction of the supervising Rav. The question of a Menahelet of a womens yeshivah is dependent upon what her authority is. If she is the final word in making decisions for the yeshiva, it would seem inappropriate. But if she consults with others in committee, it would be fine.
Leadership has many different levels in the chain of command. Both the convert and women are the idea of vessels (keilim) which primarily receive influence. Like water from the tap filling the pitcher. But once the vessel is filled, it conveys the water from the tap to the mouth of the one who is thirsting. The most important criteria to being an effective vessel is that it be empty in order to receive from the source.
Shmuel Brin
Yaacov DeaneYaacov Deane
What's your source that Ben Bag Bag was in the chain of command altogether? – Shmuel Brin Jun 27 '17 at 18:26
What's your source that Ben He He said anything about when to study Torah? In Avot he's quoted as saying לפום צערא אגרא – Double AA♦ Jun 27 '17 at 18:34
@DoubleAA There are different textual versions of Avot, as others have pointed out to you before. If you check the Avot version found in Siddur Tehillat HaShem, you will find it makes the statement in the name of Ben Heh-Heh in 5:22. There are versions that attribute that teaching to Yehuda ben Teima in 5:21. – Yaacov Deane Jun 27 '17 at 18:45
@YaacovDeane So why are you choosing to take a position on the matter at all? Seems like an unforced error. And especially taking a position against a Lubavitcher Rebbe judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/33524/… – Double AA♦ Jun 27 '17 at 19:01
@YaacovDeane What does his paskening like it or its being printed in his siddur have to do with anything? It's a later text which no reason to attribute it to Ben He He. We can still paskin like it or include it as an addendum to Avot if we want. – Double AA♦ Jun 27 '17 at 19:40
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged women conversion-to-judaism tzibur-community politics-government .
what are the “Mishnah” and “Gemara” referenced in Pirkei Avot 5?
Can a convert become a synagogue president? Why or why not?
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is it forbidden to vote for a non-Jewish president (or other government figure)?
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Background Sugar In The Raw®, Stevia In The Raw®,
Background Research: Fermentation is an example of anaerobic cellular respiration. Similar to aerobic respiration, it begins with the process of glycolysis which produces two molecules of pyruvate for each molecule of glucose and a small yield of ATP. Since the respiration lacks oxygen, there is no further production of ATP and the pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide (Ib.bioninja.com.au, 2018). ATP is a type of energy that enables cell processes and reactions like active transport or growth and repair processes. All organisms perform aerobic respiration and/or fermentation (anaerobic respiration) to produce ATP to power their cellular processes (Khan Academy, 2018). Yeast are fungi that can be used in bread-making and alcohol production. It can perform respiration either aerobically and anaerobically. Even though aerobic fermentation is more efficient, this experiment will use anaerobic fermentation of sugars through yeast; since no oxygen is being consumed, the rate of fermentation can be determined through the production of CO2. The sweeteners used in the investigation include Café Delight, Sugar in the Raw, Truvia, Splenda, and Sweet N’ Low. Café Delight is a pure sugar manufactured by Diamond Crystal brands. Sugar in the Raw uses Turbinado sugar grown in the tropics made exclusively from sugarcane. The juice from the sugarcane is evaporated and crystallized resulting in golden crystals of sugar. This is different from white sugar that refines sugarcane crystals to remove molasses and other commercial brown sugars that dye and flavor white sugar to make it appear more natural (“Sugar In The Raw Frequently Asked Questions And Information | Sugar In The Raw®, Stevia In The Raw®, Agave In The Raw®, Monk Fruit In The Raw® And Now Sugar In The Raw Organic White™”). Truvia is a sugar substitute made by extracting the natural flavor from the stevia leaf (rebaudioside A) and combining it with erythritol – a natural sweetener produced by fermentation that provides bulk without calories – and other natural flavors (“Truvia Ingredients | Truvia”). Splenda is a sucralose-based sweetener created by partners Johnson & Johnson subsidiary and Tate & Lyle after they discovered sucralose at Queen Elizabeth College in 1976. Splenda also uses dextrose and maltodextrin as bulking agents (“SPLENDA® Brand Sweetener Faqs | SPLENDA®”). Sweet ‘N Low is a saccharin-based sweetener that also contains dextrose and cream of tartar for dilution and bulking. Saccharin was discovered by Constantin Fahlberg in 1878 from which Benjamin Eisenstadt and his son marketed Sweet ‘N Low in 1957 with Cumberland Packing Corporation as their distributers (“FAQ | Sweet’n Low”).Rationale: Through sugar fermentation, yeast converts carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and ethanol which is used in baking and alcohol production. The production of carbon dioxide is what causes dough to rise (CraftyBaking | Formerly Baking911, 2000). The purpose of this experiment is to determine which common sweetener is best fermented by yeast and therefore to provide the best option to use while baking.
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are totally different processes
The main function of the human digestive system is to take in food and absorb the nutrients from the food and transport them to the places it needs to be
A biofuel is a fuel that is prodoced through contemporary biological processes
Human of antibodies, blood hormones and enzymes. Proteins are
Lactose called Lactose. Lactose is a sugar found in
Beauty leaving them to determine the multiple possibilities of
With Raheem Khan narrates they are half brothers, their
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Burgoyne Law Offices
Wrongful Death Lawyers Serving Byhalia, MS (Olive Branch)
A dedicated and hard-working family law and personal injury attorney, Garry M. Burgoyne focuses on advocating strongly for his clients in Northwest Mississippi and Southwest Tennessee. He strives to earn the trust and respect of each client. In order to do that, he focuses on understanding each client’s individual situation and goals. He analyzes what is possible within the bounds of the law...
Law Office of George B. Ready
Wrongful Death Lawyers Serving Byhalia, MS (Hernando)
Experienced Legal Guidance for Clients in Mississippi and West Tennessee Choosing a lawyer is an important decision that should not be taken lightly. You want to be sure that your attorney will take the time to understand every detail and will pursue all available legal solutions. The outcome of your case can affect your future for years to come and you deserve someone who is dedicated to your...
DULANEY LAW FIRM L.L.P
Wrongful Death Lawyers Serving Byhalia, MS (Tunica)
OVER A CENTURY OF SERVICE Since 1892, Dulaney Law Firm, L.L.P. has provided quality service in a variety of legal areas throughout Mississippi . Dulaney Law Firm, L.L.P. has forged many alliances across its long history, and will use all the tools at its disposal to earn the judgment you seek. Whether you face a jury trial, civil trial or administrative proceeding, our team will be...
Hearn Law Firm, PLLC
Wrongful Death Lawyers Serving Byhalia, MS (Blue Mountain)
At Hearn Law Firm, PLLC, our sole focus is to help people in Blue Mountain, Mississippi, navigate difficult situations. Suffering a personal injury or being charged with a crime both call into question someone's future. We have spent decades putting people on a path to a better tomorrow through securing compensation for their losses or clearing their name in a criminal case. The founder of our law...
Wood, Carlton & Hudson, P.C.
Wrongful Death Lawyers Serving Byhalia, MS (Pontotoc)
Advocating For The Injured Throughout Mississippi Serving the residents of Mississippi and southwestern Tennessee for the past 27 years, the law firm of Wood Carlton & Hudson has earned a reputation as one of the region's top legal practices for the injured and disabled. Our law office in Pontotoc, Mississippi, is one of three we have in the state, each offering convenient access to...
Waldo Law Firm, PLLC
25 Years Experience Providing Trusted Legal Representation At Waldo Law Firm, we provide personalized and competent legal representation. At our first meeting, we take the time to learn about your legal problem. We determine what your legal needs and goals are; we then provide a customized road map to help you better understand the whole process of resolving your legal matter. While our focus is...
Merkel & Cocke, P.A.
Wrongful Death Lawyers Serving Byhalia, MS (Clarksdale)
In 1982, attorneys Charles M. Merkel Jr. and John Hartwell Cocke established our Clarksdale law firm, Merkel & Cocke, P.A. Today, nearly 35 years later, we have a reputation as a leading law firm dedicated to protecting the rights of clients from throughout Northern Mississippi and the Memphis metropolitan area as they face legal challenges related to the following: Motor vehicle accidents...
Wrongful Death Lawyers Serving Byhalia, MS (Corinth)
Helping You Find The Justice You Seek For Your Injury Or Loss Serving all of Alcorn County and the rest of Mississippi from our law office in Corinth, the attorneys at Wood, Carlton & Hudson, P.C., are here to help you and your family find the justice you seek in the wake of a preventable tragedy. With three law offices throughout the state, we provide convenient access to the highest level of...
MW Law Firm
Wrongful Death Lawyers Serving Byhalia, MS (Tupelo)
I am attorney Missy Wigginton, and from my law office in Tupelo, Mississippi, the MW Law Firm PLLC, aka Mama Justice Law, I work hard to help those who suffered an injury or lost a loved one as the result of someone else's negligence obtain the justice they deserve. Serving the good people in Mississippi, I have 20 years of successful legal experience advocating on behalf of those in need. A...
Mississippi's Top Personal Injury Practice At the Wood Carlton & Hudson law firm in Tupelo, Mississippi, we devote our practice exclusively to helping the injured and disabled secure the finances they need to support themselves and their families. With three law offices throughout the state, our firm offers convenient access to the highest level of advocacy and support possible to those...
Nahon, Saharovich & Trotz, PLC
Since 1990, Nahon, Saharovich & Trotz, PLC, has represented thousands of injured victims who have been harmed by the negligent acts of others in Mid-South cities throughout Tennessee, Arkansas and Mississippi, including Memphis, Jackson and Knoxville, Tennessee; Jackson, Mississippi; and Jonesboro, Arkansas to name a few. Our law firm knows that a serious auto/automobile accident or a...
Calderon Law
Wrongful Death Lawyers Serving Byhalia, MS (Cleveland)
Facing criminal charges can be a frightening and stressful experience. Providing dedicated legal representation, Calderon Law proudly serves people in the Cleveland, Mississippi, area. Recognizing that criminal charges may jeopardize their freedom and their futures, we aggressively advocate on behalf of those we represent and strive to help them achieve the best possible outcomes to their cases....
Meador & Crump, P.A.
For more than 25 years, Meador & Crump, P.A., has helped personal injury and wrongful death victims in Cleveland, Mississippi. Our law office assists clients hurt by many types of accidents and negligence. We routinely represent people with cases pertaining to car, truck and motorcycle collisions. Our attorneys also handle workers' compensation claims. Additionally, we offer focused advocacy...
Lancaster/Taylor PLLC
Wrongful Death Lawyers Serving Byhalia, MS (Winona)
Wrongful Death Lawyers Serving Byhalia, MS (Rosedale)
When people in Rosedale, Mississippi, need aggressive assistance after a catastrophic injury or wrongful death, they turn to Meador & Crump, P.A. For more than two decades, our law office has helped clients seek comprehensive settlements. We have earned a rating of AV Preeminent* from Martindale-Hubbell for our prowess in court and high ethical standards. Additionally, attorney Lindsey Meador...
The Nichols Firm PLLC
Wrongful Death Lawyers Serving Byhalia, MS (Columbus)
As a full-service law office, The Nichols Firm, PLLC, offers customized legal solutions for people in Columbus, Mississippi. Clients from all walks of life find help with their legal issues in a variety of areas specifically including, but not limited to: Landline disputes, property access and real property law Real estate closings Foreclosures Divorce, custody and child support Wills, trusts,...
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NewsOn-DemandVietnam
Korean unicorn buys Vietnammm, turning up the heat in Vietnam’s food delivery sector
Vietnammm, Grab Food, Now by Foodie and Go-Viet’s Go-Food are currently the leading players in the industry
By Khamila Mulia
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Not long after joining the unicorn club, Woowa Brothers, the operator of a major South Korean leading food delivery platform, acquired a Vietnamese food delivery app Vietnammm as reported by local media.
Established in 2011, Vietnammm is one of the pioneering players in Vietnam’s food delivery sector. The company is managed by Vietnam MM Company Limited, a member of the global Takeaway Group which originated in the Netherlands. In 2015, Vietnammm took over Food Panda’s operation in Vietnam from Rocket Internet.
Woowa Brothers raised US$320 million in 2018 and became a South Korean unicorn startup at a valuation of US$2.6 billion. The company said it would use the new capital to expand into foreign markets including Vietnam. At the end of 2018, Woowa Brothers announced plans to debut in Vietnam this year.
According to Euromonitor, Food delivery is a highly competitive market in Vietnam, as it is valued at US$33 million and is projected to reach US$38 million in 2020. Although considered a pioneer, Vietnammm’s popularity was challenged when GrabFood entered Vietnam’s market last year.
A survey conducted by market research firm GCOMM concluded that GrabFood is the fastest food delivery service provider in the country. According to GrabFood, Vietnam is its second fastest growing market for food delivery, behind Indonesia. GrabFood says it has grown 20-fold since its official launch in Vietnam in June 2018.
Although both Woowa Brothers and Vietnammm have not revealed further details about this acquisition, the merger of these two companies will further heat up the food delivery competition in Vietnam. Besides Grab Food, other players in the sector are Now by Foodie and Go-Food by Go-Viet, an offshoot of Indonesia’s Go-Jek. Go-Viet had entered the Vietnamese market in late 2018 and claims to teamed up with thousands of restaurants nationwide already, spanning casual dining, fast food, and luxury dining options.
Editor: Nadine Freischlad
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Multinationals take a longer view of Vietnam
Filed under: châu Á,khủng hoảng,kinh tế — ktetaichinh @ 12:24 pm
Tags: chính sách, khủng hoảng, xuất nhập khẩu
Companies scale back as they confront limitations in Vietnam’s workforce and other issues.
By Don Lee
Reporting from Ho Chi Minh City — Just a couple of years ago, this city was among the hottest investment zones in Asia.
Multinationals as large as chip maker Intel Corp. and smaller firms such as Ampac Packaging, a Cincinnati-based maker of shopping bags for Gap and Target, flocked here and to other parts of Vietnam. They set up plants to complement or, in some cases, replace facilities in China that were becoming increasingly expensive to operate. “China plus one,” they called it.
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Now, with the global downturn and China reasserting itself as the low-cost producer, Vietnam is feeling the effects of a different trend: “China minus one.”
In central Ho Chi Minh City, also known as Saigon, an apartment tower that would have been one of the city’s tallest buildings has been draped in green for months. Pinched for cash, its owner, Daewon Group of South Korea, stopped work on the development even after reaching the top floor. It’s one of many foreign projects in the region that have been halted or put off indefinitely.
Taiwan’s Wistron Corp. had planned to plow millions into building a laptop factory in Vietnam last winter, to supplement its main plant in the Shanghai area.
“Right now it’s just more or less on hold,” spokesman John Collins said.
Taiwanese investment in Vietnam in the first two months of this year was just one-fifth of what it was a year ago, said Catherine Chi, a senior director at Taiwan’s Chamber of Commerce, one of the largest foreign groups here. The government in Hanoi is expecting foreign capital inflows to fall by more than half this year.
Japanese companies such as Sony Corp. and Canon Inc. have closed or reduced operations in Vietnam. Chinese automaker Lifan Group suspended plans to make cars here.
By other measures, Vietnam’s economy is faring better than most in the region. Thanks to a rise in trade of consumer goods, government spending on infrastructure and numerous plant openings in the past, the country’s gross domestic product, or total economic output, is likely to grow by 5.5% this year. That would be the second highest in East Asia after China, according to the World Bank.
Vietnam’s comparative advantages include its motivated workforce, political stability and young population.
But the last couple of years also have been sobering to foreign managers. They’ve learned that Vietnam, with a population of about 87 million, isn’t a smaller version of China.
Though it shares East Asia’s Confucian values of education and family, Vietnam doesn’t have China’s command-and-control way of getting things done quickly. Businesses complain that, even after several years, workers still haven’t finished the highway from Ho Chi Minh City’s airport to downtown. Unlike China, relocation of families is painstakingly slow.
Nor does Vietnam have the depth of skilled labor that some thought. While young Vietnamese show a penchant for learning, universities tend to be heavily theoretical. Many of their graduates lack the practical and technical training needed for careers at multinational companies.
Intel found that out recently when it screened new hires for a $1-billion chip assembly and testing facility that it’s building here. The Santa Clara-based company managed to recruit enough engineering and skilled labor for its first wave of staffing, but realized it would need to build a talent pipeline if it wanted to grow in Vietnam, said people familiar with the situation. Intel is now trying to help local universities develop curriculum and programs.
Intel didn’t respond to a request for comment, but other Western companies also have begun to take a longer-term view of Vietnam.
“There’s been some rethinking,” said Sesto Vecchi, an attorney and consultant in Ho Chi Minh City for the last two decades. Although most foreign investors remain bullish on Vietnam over the long haul, he said, “there’s probably a more realistic sense now of how many people are available to support a fast high-tech industry.”
In some ways, Vietnam’s recent troubles have as much to do with China’s improved business climate than with any particular failing of its own.
Over the last decade, Vietnam had looked more appealing as the U.S. imposed anti-dumping duties on Chinese-made products such as furniture and plastic bags. At the same time, Chinese wages soared, as did raw material costs. Labor laws stiffened. The Chinese yuan surged in value. And authorities thumbed their noses at labor-intensive businesses, eliminating export tax rebates and cracking down on environmental and safety laws.
“The era of China as a low-cost, manufacturing-for-export market has come to an end,” the Shanghai American Chamber of Commerce declared in March 2008, noting that nearly one out of five companies surveyed had concrete plans to relocate some of their China operations to other countries, notably Vietnam.
But the global credit crisis and ensuing recession changed all that. The Chinese government revived export tax rebates and has beefed up infrastructure. China’s commodity prices fell, the yuan stabilized and officials backed away from pressing employers too hard, lest more plants close and jobs disappear.
The same chamber survey a year later found that the percentage of companies planning to relocate out of China had dropped by half, as had the number of respondents expressing concern about China losing its competitive edge.
“The larger companies that have had the experience of looking elsewhere have returned to China,” said Dean Ho, the Shanghai-based vice president of Unison International, an investment and consulting firm. Some of them couldn’t find enough good workers, he said. Others found rival countries had their own challenges.
Liu Guizhong, deputy director of foreign trade for China’s Galanz Group, the world’s largest microwave oven producer, remembers visiting Vietnam last April. He and his colleagues liked what they saw.
They got visas easily upon arrival. Ho Chi Minh City boasted several port facilities. Liu said production wages in Vietnam would be around $60 a month per worker, about half that of rural China and about one-third what Galanz pays workers in China’s coastal cities.
Galanz was considering three sites in Vietnam to build a $25-million plant, including the sprawling suburbs around Ho Chi Minh City near the Saigon River. Then Vietnam’s economy went into a tailspin. Inflation soared to 28% last summer, fueled by soaring commodity prices and rampant speculation in real estate and stocks. Vietnam’s currency sank. A series of labor strikes at garment and footwear plants added to the turmoil.
Galanz retreated. Like others, it now wants to wait until the global financial storm passes. Vietnamese authorities have rolled out new tax relief and other incentives to lure back investors, but Galanz remains noncommittal.
“Many companies are evacuating, so we decided to hold our plans,” Liu said. At the moment, “there are too many negative aspects.”
don.lee@latimes.com
Asians of the Century
Filed under: châu Á,kinh tế — ktetaichinh @ 6:20 pm
Tags: châu Á, kinh tế
A combination of towering individuals and societies that played down individualism helped liberate, ravage and resurrect the vast, protean region
By NISID HAJARI
Worlds do not go gently. When the kings of Bali saw in 1906 that they could no longer fend off the Dutch army, they chose an ending both glorious and horrific–the now legendary puputan. They ordered their palaces set alight. Then, clad in ritual white and armed only with spears and sacred knives, the ranks of the nobility hurled themselves against Dutch rifles until a thousand Balinese lay dead against the soft, green earth. Much else was shed with their blood: one of the last obstacles to full Dutch mastery of the Indies, but also, more imperceptibly, a world beholden to rajahs and viziers, and an Asia that could not but appear to the world as magical and archaic and doomed.
For the young, Westernized narrator of Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Buru Quartet, something, too, is born: “I bowed my head,” he says after hearing of Bali’s fall, “went back to my desk. I took out my diary and wrote these words: ‘Today I begin.'”
For Asia what started that day, in many ways, was the 20th century. Kings would last longer: in ancient China the Qing dynasty would cling to power for another five years, and as late as 1955 the French still sought to foist the hapless Bao Dai upon Vietnamese who scoffed at that parody of an emperor. But after that moment–not everywhere, and not at the same time–new élites would guide the struggle for freedom, demanding more than the right to continue the old ways undisturbed. They chose words like liberty and equality whose pitch and force had been determined elsewhere. But more importantly, they clamored for the full independence of communities, nations, that were brought into being by their call.
What we now know as Asia followed from their actions. If the lands that stretch from the Hindu Kush to the East Sea share more than geography, that conceptual unity is in large measure a product of the 20th century. In that time guns and European mapmakers carved the boundaries that most countries now accept. Wars, trade and the wildfire ideologies of nationalism and communism shook the region while knitting together its parts. What those nations share, really, is a record of transformation–and a roll call of singular individuals who charted, often violently, that dizzying change.
Perhaps more than any other region of the world in the past 100 years, Asia can paint its modern history as a series of portraits. The style is hardly fashionable; even the region’s many and sycophantic “official biographers” would admit, to paraphrase Nietzsche, that most great men are only agents of a great cause. Yet nowhere else have the actions and foibles of individuals so thoroughly marked the fates of mass populations, for good or ill. Taken singly, the life stories of most of these titans are as familiar as fairy tales to their countrymen (and often equally fabulist). Together, however, they tell a more complex tale: the story of the century itself.
Early on, that narrative seemed destined to have more faceless authors. The late 19th century–the heyday of the Raj and a period when Western domination of Asia appeared unassailable–did bear its share of visionaries: in Siam, King Chulalongkorn helped fend off both British and French by modernizing his administration; in the Philippines, José Rizal was executed even while championing reform rather than revolution. Yet more often the crucial sea change welled up from a class rather than an individual. In lands like India and Indonesia, the opening of Western education to local students created an élite familiar with the ideals of European political thought–and their disregard in the colonies. Those wealthy few who could travel to Europe usually returned less awed by its citizens. By 1905, when British officials hacked the state of Bengal in two, India’s middle-class intelligentsia could lead a boycott so successful that, three years later, the bales of Lancashire cotton on Bombay docks had dwindled by more than 25%.
Japan had already set the course–a task the archipelago nation would play throughout the century. Its reformers were fired by the same thought as those in China and India–to blend Eastern ethics with Western science–and though they issued orders in the name of a teenaged emperor, their leaders were several. None could dispute the scale of their success: when Admiral Togo’s warships sank the Russian Baltic Fleet in 1905, Japan claimed a seat at the table of world powers. A generation of Asian nationalists would draw succor from that example of what could be achieved in their struggle.
To reach that point, however, would require more of colonized (or, like China, subdued) Asia. Champions of reform could organize, educate, even negotiate for greater responsibilities within the colonial system. But the boast of Dutch governor-general Bonifacius de Jonge–“We have ruled here for 300 years with the whip and the club”–would not fall to a debating society. (In tragic Vietnam, the French built 83 prisons and precisely one university.) “Give me 10 youths who are fired with zeal and with love for our native land, and with them I shall shake the earth,” thundered Indonesia’s spellbinder, Sukarno. He would need more. And his people would need him to draw out the challenge lying within their vast numbers.
Spoken now, that challenge seems almost self-evident. “Let the government then, to carry on its rules, use guns against us, send us to prison, hang us,” said Mohandas K. Gandhi in 1930, as he walked to the sea to make salt–and thus to doom the Raj. “But how many can be given such punishment? Try and calculate how much time it will take of Britishers to hang 300 million of persons.”
Given the temper of the times, though, the rhetoric of Gandhi and his ilk struck like a hammer blow. The Great War had both fueled the economies of the region and shown their populations the spectacle of a Europe weakened and base. The Great Depression wiped out the markets for colonial Asia’s treasures–rice, rubber, minerals. From those elements would emerge peoples more confident, and angry. By focusing that discontent Gandhi transformed the Indian National Congress into a truly mass organization, rallying India’s millions to awesome displays of civil disobedience.
Like all national struggles, those waged in Asia encouraged the writing of heroic myths. At least some of Sukarno’s later reputation would rest on an active self-aggrandizement, while Ho Chi Minh during this period still skulked in the shadows, trying to foment revolution from Moscow and Hong Kong. In China the death grip in which Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong held each other would meet all the needs of epic: the Long March–begun by nearly 100,000 and finished by fewer than a tenth that number–still stands as the quintessence of struggle, both inside and outside the People’s Republic. Yet China would also typify the perils of forcing so much upon single, charismatic leaders, as the loathing each felt for the other began to undermine the alliance they had formed against Japan.
Perhaps only the century’s most transformative event could have pushed them together in the first place. World War II dismantled in weeks a colonial edifice that had been built over centuries. Japan slogged through China for four years before the attack on Pearl Harbor; its forces overran nearly all of Southeast Asia in barely three months. Outside of the Indian subcontinent, the misnamed “Co-Prosperity Sphere” that resulted was the closest thing to a unified Asia the world had yet seen.
To a certain extent that would stand as Japan’s legacy, but not in the way the occupiers intended. Their lightning advance not only knocked down the West’s defenses, but also its equally flimsy myth of white superiority. The locals who watched haggard British and Dutch marched off to internment camps could well believe that the colonizers’ day had passed. At the same time, Japanese officials gave a forum to precisely those figures who could seize that audience. Sukarno, allowed to establish a nationalist umbrella group in Jakarta, turned his mellifluous voice to recruiting coolie laborers for the war machine, some 200,000 of whom may have died in the jungles of Malaya and Burma. (“I shipped them to their deaths. Yes, yes, yes, yes, I am the one,” he would admit, a peacock to the end.) Yet he could also use the occupiers’ “singing trees”–loudspeakers wired to radio sets–to pound home the nationalist message. For those, like Ho, who took advantage of crumbling Japanese control at war’s end to lay claim to their countries, the occupation served as a means to a long-sought goal.
By that point, the combination of leaders and led had grown too powerful for returning colonizers to subdue.
Pressure from the United States, which kept its promise of independence to the Philippines in 1946, helped sway European governments, as did the weariness of their home populations. But the post-colonial moment ultimately demanded an individual touch–whether of warrior, statesman, braggart or showman. “I am the natural ruler of the country, and my authority has never been questioned,” boasted Cambodia’s god-king, Sihanouk. Paris believed him enough to sign over the nation in 1954. Next door, Ho and his genius general, Vo Nguyen Giap, forged Vietnam’s peasants into a force capable of annihilating a garrison of legionnaires at Dien Bien Phu (though aided by Chinese artillery and with frightful casualties of their own). Jinnah delivered a bloodstained Pakistan. Aung San promised the possibility of unifying Burma’s fractious tribes. Mao plowed through the rottenness at the core of the Kuomintang. When Nehru celebrated India’s “tryst with destiny,” his high-flown speechifying was as suited to the tenor and need of the times as Sukarno’s loopy, inventive acronyms.
Those various triumphs in turn brought the region closer to a sense of shared destiny. In Asia’s two largest countries, the ambitious, top-down economic plans imposed from New Delhi and Beijing produced stellar returns: in the decade between 1951 and ’61, the national income of India rose 42%; in China it grew at an average rate of 8.9% a year between 1953 and ’57. When a panoply of Third World leaders gathered in Bandung in 1955 to declare they would follow a path unmarked by either the U.S. or the Soviet Union, their bravado seemed less far-fetched than one might now imagine. Only a decade later once-bereft India would boast of a Green Revolution, fuelled by high-yield strains of rice and wheat that raised food-grain production to nearly 100 million tons in 1968-69–and the country to agricultural self-sufficiency by the 1970s.
The fellowship displayed at Bandung would, of course, prove as gossamer as the rhetoric. Only seven years later, Mao would make a mockery of Nehru‘s blithe Hindi Chini bhai bhai (“Indians and Chinese are brothers”) by sending the Red Army over the Himalayas in the same week as the Cuban missile crisis. “Nonalignment is no ideology,” an editor in New Delhi would complain. “It is an idiosyncrasy.”
The cold war not only did not bypass Asia, as its propagandists might have imagined; it fed hungrily upon the region’s predilection for single, domineering leaders. The Korean War, which flared barely six months after the Dutch left Jakarta, began both the shooting and the trend. In Seoul, Syngman Rhee hardened into the unbending patriarch who would be ousted by student demonstrators in 1960. His northern counterpart, Kim Il Sung, would butcher his way to infamy as one of the century’s most paranoid, omnipotent heads of state. On the far banks of the Yalu River, the fanning of anti-U.S. sentiment would help Mao bend his young republic to his will.
All across Asia, leadership that once drew its legitimacy from the national struggle would henceforth be enshrined, linked inextricably to the nation itself. The shift fueled a welter of coups and cults of personality. Sukarno could no longer be satisfied as Great Leader of the Revolution, Mouthpiece of the Indonesian People, Father of the Farmers; in 1957, he would replace democracy with Guided Democracy–and name himself guide. Park Chung Hee and Suharto made few excuses for their iron rule, and fellow soldiers Ne Win in Burma and Phibun in Thailand even fewer. But the less obvious breaches of the national contract could, if anything, sting more. Part of the horror Indians felt at Indira Gandhi‘s imposition of emergency rule in 1975-77 drew from a recognition of how far the nation had traveled from the rectitude of that other, martyred Gandhi.
The same factors that had brought the original generation of nationalists to power–and their nations into being–made this, too: a continent of strongmen. The U.S. served as a handy foil for some regimes, a banker for others (Ngo Dinh Diem’s in Saigon, Ramon Magsaysay’s in Manila). Peoples haunted by war and deprivation often welcomed the firm hand of those, like Singapore’s unflappable Lee Kuan Yew, who promised a more comfortable future. They also lent themselves as fodder for yet more mass campaigns. “China’s 600 million people have two remarkable peculiarities,” Mao liked to claim–poverty and blankness. “A clean sheet of paper has no blotches, and so… the newest and most beautiful pictures can be painted on it.”
Most often Asia’s new emperors would only deepen the poverty. The salaries of Filipinos were, in real terms, half as much in 1985 as they had been in 1956; the share of the national income held by the wealthiest tenth of the country increased from 27% to 37% in the same period. Sukarno, who dashingly told the West to “go to hell with their aid,” also told his citizens to cross out the zeros on their banknotes when inflation turned their rupiah into tissue paper. What the titans had wrought seemed so diametrically the opposite of their promise as to be darkly comic: the visions of shiny, virile factories gave way to the stubble of backyard blast furnaces that blanketed China after the horrors of Mao’s Great Leap Forward. As many as 30 million Chinese may have died of starvation and disease between 1958 and 1962–not least because no cadres had the strength to challenge the Helmsman’s faith in himself.
In time, that failure of will would devour entire societies. The combination of fervent populaces and unchecked leaders gave rise to the law of the mob, writ frighteningly large. While Suharto eased Sukarno off the stage he had held for so long, he also unleashed a bloodbath that began with suspected communists and continued through village grudges. An estimated half-million Indonesians were killed between late 1965 and early 1966, sometimes at the behest of army troops, more often by vigilantes. In China, Mao rallied 10 million Red Guards to the streets of Beijing in 1966; at his command–spoken or implied–they would mutilate in a decade the millennia of history that China had always used to define herself. Most gruesome, though, was the picture painted in Cambodia, where famine and repression and the sledgehammer pounding of U.S. bombers brought a society face-to-face with its opposite. The movement had a leader–the violin-playing schoolteacher Saloth Sar. But for years the Khmer Rouge underscored their malevolence by pretending not to have a Brother Number One, issuing orders in the name of an Angkar–“organization”–as blank as the slate they tried to make of their green, haunted land.
As at the dawn of the century, Japan would argue for a different path. For the bloodied nation struggling to remake itself under strict occupation reforms, the Korean War heralded a “miracle,” not a nightmare. Over the next two decades, heavy industries transformed the boost received from American purchases during the war into an export machine, and the country racked up 10% growth rates year after year. Observers would turn to cliché to explain the boom, envisioning a population of loyal drones devoting their lives to the bottom line of Japan Inc. But the critical role played by the country’s vaunted bureaucrats was at least equally apparent. Many in the West would cry foul over their strict management of imports and support of targeted industries; much later, critics would blast a financial policy that encouraged companies to run up a terrifying mountain of debt, implicitly backed by the state.
Those in the East would find more to appreciate in the Japanese system. Asia’s authoritarian rulers could still push and pull levers when they liked: when South Korea’s Park wanted a steel mill, he overrode his advisers and built what would become the world’s biggest, at Pohang. The $800 million in Japanese aid he won for normalizing relations with Tokyo did not hurt either–any more than the flood of Japanese investment that would later revive the former subject economies of Southeast Asia. And the fundamentals of the Japanese success story required precisely what much of Asia had in abundance, high savings and cheap labor. The Tigers’ replication of that success seems, in hindsight, almost as preordained as the victory of Asia’s prewar nationalists. In China, still dizzied by the Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiaoping had only to unchain the entrepreneurial spirit of his people–and the country doubled its per-capita income in a decade.
The revolution inspired by those riches rivaled anything that came before. In countries like Indonesia, a powerful and corrupt few would gobble up a large share of the wealth; still, between 1970 and 1990, the number of Indonesians living in absolute poverty dropped from 60% to 14% of the population. As the ranks of the middle class swelled–in Thailand, Taiwan, India–so too did the scope of their demands. Refrigerators and TVs became attainable, even expected goals–then cars, computers, mobile phones. One could well imagine that the Asia envisioned by an élite few at the turn of the century had arrived.
Boosters made the logical leap and suddenly an Asian Century, too, seemed inevitable. “Asia” itself had gained a sort of currency–as a region that shared one of the most extensive and speedy transformations the world had ever seen, and not a little smugness at that accomplishment. Leaders would loudly hail the deference of their hard-working, high-saving peoples.
Spoken more quietly was the threat: that without the strongmen (and they were almost always men), the masses would be reduced to an older, more familiar want.
That those leaders would be the ones reduced stands as the great irony of the century’s close. Too much can be laid on the wave of democratization that has swept East Asia in the past decade, but the fact of it is nonetheless startling. The People Power revolution that brought down Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos in 1986 wrote a script almost too perfect: a nation quiescent for more than a decade would rise and, relatively peacefully, replace their leader with his assassinated rival’s widow. Reforms elsewhere would still depend upon central figures: Chiang‘s son Ching-kuo in Taiwan, Roh Tae Woo in South Korea, and in Thailand the revered King Bhumibol, who curbed Bangkok’s generals in 1992. But everywhere they reflected the pressure of a spreading individualism–of populations emboldened by new influences and more stable living conditions to demand a say in their governing.
Not only strongmen would decry the change. Traditionalists would seize on an influx of usually alliterative evils–MTV, McDonald’s, miniskirts–to prove that the region had not come into its own, only sold out to a West bent once again upon conquest. But they ignored the timbre of the transformation, the way in which Western culture was morphed by contact with the East. Cultures are both less permeable and more resilient than their defenders usually think. That Asia’s have changed does not mean they are any less Asian. It is no accident, after all, that karaoke has become the region’s most visible cultural element outside the subcontinent and one of its few unifying factors: instead of isolating the singer as a star, the microphone actually confirms him or her, reassuringly, as a member of the group.
On the other hand, neither has the region found a singularly “Asian” way of being (not even Japan’s). In fact, talk of Asian values and an Asian Century has fallen to a whisper since the cascading devaluations of 1997 shamed the region’s economic model. Those few patriarchs who cling to such rhetoric–Singapore’s Lee, Malaysia’s Mahathir Mohamad–now seem out-of-step, for such predictions ignore the fact that the history of Asia this century has been one of becoming. Towering figures may have helped that process along. But if the century heralded by the great men does come, the “Asia” thus ushered in, after 100 years of making and unmaking and remaking, will almost certainly not be what they once imagined.
TIME staff writer Nisid Hajari covers Asian politics and culture
Asian nations cooperate to defend currencies- 23 February, 2009
Filed under: châu Á,ngân hàng,Uncategorized — ktetaichinh @ 9:37 pm
Tags: ngân hàng
A group of 14 Asian nations are to form a $120bn foreign exchange pool that could be used to defend currencies hit by the fallout from global financial crisis. Finance ministers from Japan, China, South Korea and 10 Southeast Asian nations agreed to the fund at a summit in Phuket, Thailand.
The fund is 50% bigger than the one proposed last May, and represents a significant expansion of the current Chiang Mai Initiative, which allows only bilateral currency swaps.
The fund is part of a strategy to shield currencies from the sorts of speculative attack that depleted the reserves of Thailand, South Korea, and Indonesia in the Asian financial crisis a decade ago. Eight out of the 10 most regularly traded Asian currencies (ex-Japan) have fallen against the dollar in the past 12 months: the Korean won has plummeted by 37% and the Indonesian rupiah by 24%.
Affected currencies are at risk of further losses as developed nations cut overseas investment and investors sell down their holdings of emerging markets stock and bond holdings. Ministers at the meeting admitted that capital flows into the region have already decreased due to global de-leveraging, and many are worried that this will significantly undermine growth prospects.
During the Asian financial crisis, Indonesia, Thailand and South Korea were forced to spend most of their currency reserves trying to prop up exchange rates, and then to turn to the IMF for $100bn bailout. As a result, the three governments were forced to cut spending, raise interest rates and sell state-owned companies.
Since then, Japan, China and South Korea together with the Asean economies have amassed more than $3,600bn of foreign-currency reserves, about half of the global total. But many are already dipping into reserves to support their currencies. Malaysia’s gold and foreign-currency reserves fell to $91.3 billion in January from $123.7 billion last August. Indonesia’s reserves have fallen by $10 billion to $50.9 billion between July 2008 and the end of January 2009.
No date has been set for the completion of the new pool, and many fear that ironing out the final details will take some time – it has taken 10 years for the nations in question to reach this point. In the interim, many are expanding or establishing new bilateral currency swap agreements. For example, this month, China and Malaysia agreed on a three-year 80 billion-yuan ($11.7 billion) currency swap and Japan and Indonesia agreed to boost their existing bilateral agreement from $6bn to $12bn.
It is thought that the new currency pool may break the link between borrowings and the conditions built into IMF lending programs, which currently applies to 80% of borrowing under existing bilateral currency swaps. Under the new initiative, more funds may be tapped before the borrower is subject to such measures, the finance ministers said.
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African Volcano
Address: 6 Southwark Bridge Rd, London SE1 0EF
Bookings: Walk in
Day: Wednesday
Price: ££
I have explained the concept of Great Guns Social on this blog before. Different pop-up restaurants are allowed to take up residence in their kitchen for a brief period of time, normally a few months, before saddling up again and hitting the road, to be replaced by another chef with a stack of recipes and a dream.
Previously, we ate the tasting menu provided by Fodder, a pop-up specialising in foraged food. It was brilliant, surprising and delicious. They’ve vanished now, but the memory of their cooking remains vivid with us. Wherever you are Fodder, you have two fans here at Life at the end of a Fork!
In their place is African Volcano, a pop-up specialising in the cuisine of Mozambique. It’s the creation of Grant Hawthorne and his wife, a pair of South Africans, who sell peri-peri sauces and marinades from their website, as well as at a stall in Maltby Market. They have a fairly large pair of foraged boots to fill, but at first taste, they’re having a good go of it.
Their peri-peri prawns with tomato and pilaf were a hit, rich and buttery, full-bodied and smoky. It was the kind of dish that you miss the very second you stop eating it. Spooning up the last morsel was like saying goodbye to a friend at the airport. I would happily have had a bowl five times its size and just sat around all evening with that plus a bucket full of chilled beers.
But all precious things come to an end, and before long the bowl was vanishing towards the kitchen, replaced with a plate of great, thick cuts of smoked salmon. My partner in culinary crime normally corners any fish dish (even if it’s nominally intended to be shared), and deflects any would-be scavengers with the tenacity of an African lion swatting hyena on Serengeti. This is fine in principal, but it does mean I have to take her word for it when reviewing marine dishes. This time was no different, so you’ll have to have it on her authority that the salmon was well smoked and full-bodied.
A plate of cured hams were marbled and glistening, almost purple. They were thin and lean, but full of flavour.
A southern fried chicken burger with spiced mayonnaise and red onions disappointed me. It was tall and narrow, difficult to eat, and strangely absent of the punch and vigour of the other dishes. It was certainly not volcanic. We found ourselves deconstructing it, eating the decent piece of fried chicken, and leaving the pretty pedestrian salad and bread on the plate. The ingredients of a burger should want to bind together. These had no affinity for each other.
The best dish turned up last at the party. Their Cape Malva pudding was an instant classic, one of the nicest desserts we’ve had this year. It came hot and spongy, studded with dark chocolate, a scoop of cool vanilla ice cream melting on the side, a cluster of fresh raspberries and strawberries gathered round it. Everything on the plate played perfectly, the sharp tang of the fruit and the deep flavour of the chocolate, the warmth of the cake and the chill of the ice-cream.
The dish took me by surprise. We’d dithered about whether even to have a dessert. But it was an ambush worthy of the African savannah, and it put an exclamation point on the meal.
Congratulations to African Volcano. And congratulations to Great Guns Social for picking pop-ups so well, especially ones so sprawling different in their offering. Here’s to further culinary eruptions on the Southwark Bridge Road.
Tapas Brindisa London Bridge
Link 3 Comments February 3, 2018 Lifeattheendofafork
Address: Borough Market, 18-20 Southwark St, London SE1 1TJ
Bookings: no booking allowed
January started with us being slightly underwhelmed by a Spanish tapas restaurant (Rambla), and ended with us being very much overwhelmed by a less-hyped one: Tapas Brindisa, Borough Market.
As Londoners, we owe a debt of culinary gratitude to Brindisa. When it first opened as a shop in Borough Market in the early 1990s, Spanish food was a strange and alien concept to most British people, whose encounters with Spain were mostly limited to getting sunburnt on a beach in Malaga or pick-pocketed by a friendly local in Barcelona.
Brindisa introduced us to a world of chorizo, padron peppers, Iberico meats and perfectly aged Spanish cheeses. It then expanded beyond mere shop status into a fully-fledged restaurant, flinging its doors open on Southwark Street in 2004, and is now dangerously close to becoming a chain, five outlets doing brisk business across the capital.
But age has not dimmed Brindisa. Yes, they commit the cardinal sin of not taking reservations. Yes, they massively compound that sin by not even allowing you to explore the pubs and bars of Borough Market whilst you wait an hour for your table to materialise. Instead, they herd you towards a miniscule bar where you have to wrestle with dozens of other hungry, red-wine fuelled customers to get any sort of service from the frenetically busy staff.
But still… with food this nice, almost anything can be forgiven. Of the five dishes we ordered, all were excellent. The padron peppers, which my partner in culinary crime won’t touch, were wizened, bitter little things, sharp, salted and full of flavour. They are rapidly becoming my favourite ‘snacking dish’ at a restaurant (although the very best pork scratchings can give them a run for their money).
Croquetas studded with iberico ham were smooth and smothering, enveloping the tongue with creamy layers of flavour. There was something so warm and comforting about them, the edible equivalent of a favourite blanket.
A chargrilled iberico fillet on top of blood red piquillo peppers was so soft and tender it was difficult to believe it was actually meat. With not a sinew in sight, the weight of the knife was enough to slice it in half. If I have one criticism, it is that the meat carried slightly too much charcoal with it, the lick of the flames too heavy in its flavour.
A Catalan flat bread with garlic and tomato was juicy and succulent, whilst a huevos rotos was a wild medley of whipped eggs, potatoes, onions, paprika and cured sausage meat. It was a mess, and all of it was delicious.
After this performance, Tapas Brindisa has claimed a spot as our second favourite tapas restaurant in London, elbowing Ember Yard into 3rd place, and nipping at the heels of Barafina. The taste buds are fickle things, and it is inevitable that as time passes, other, newer, fresher tapas restaurants will spring up to dazzle London’s hungry population. But we should never forget the pioneers, especially when they are as good now as the day were born.
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Lisa Schweitzer
Working to understand the complex connections between people, cities, and environments
Category: Theory
Plato’s Timeline
12/10/2013 04/21/2016 Lisa Schweitzer
Been patching together some information on Plato, and this is what I have been able to do so far. It was for my own learning and edification, so I don’t have citations, though it should. Click to read.
Planners and Love from this edition of Planning Theory and Practice
This is free for the taking from Taylor and Francis Online: What’s Love Got to Do With It: Loving Attachment in Planning from a roundtable in 2009 sponsored by the Planners of Color Interest Group. It’s got a great line-up of writers including–and I’m going to sound ageist as all hell here–older and younger planning scholars. I say this with a reason, despite my desire to be both inclusive and respectful of the many wonderful scholars who are older and making great contributions. In addition to being very white, the planning academy is dominated by baby boomer full professors who seldom invite anybody but their buddies onto round-tables with them; there is a great deal of sameness in that kind of set-up.
The organizers of this roundtable didn’t make that mistake here. We have some of the field’s established scholars (Leonie Sandercock and Robert Lake, who are always worth reading) and some junior stars (Aftab Erfan, Michelle Kondo, Marisa Zapata, Lisa Bates, and Andrew Zitcer). The result is very readable mix of theory writing and riffs on personal reflections that should get you thinking.
Zitcer and Lake take up some thinking that we just explored in my justice class, on agape and eros. Our exploration was slightly different: we were using Anders Nygren’s construction of eros and agape; Zitcer and Lake examine philia while we (naturally) took up nomos–justice. I love (har! see what I did there? I slay me) Nygren’s definition of agape: “gratuitous benevolence.” Gratuitous benevolence. What would a world governed by gratuitous benevolence look like?
Love and care ethics have been around for a bit, and it’s refreshing to see planners articulating their own understanding of it.
Opinions are a bit like….
Brilliant student Muriel Skaff sent this piece from Patrick Stokes around the other day. It’s lovely, largely because the face-palms that students lead you to over their opinions, and their entitlements to them. It makes you crazy after awhile.
I don’t care what your opinion is. I care about whether you can make a reasoned argument from a position, based on what you’ve read and discussed. Rants from either Fox News or MSNBC I can get from television: I don’t need it from a student. If you want to learn to rant on Fox News or MSNBC, then watch them. If you want to learn policy analysis, then we need to reason differently.
The money quote:
If “Everyone’s entitled to their opinion” just means no-one has the right to stop people thinking and saying whatever they want, then the statement is true, but fairly trivial. No one can stop you saying that vaccines cause autism, no matter how many times that claim has been disproven.
But if ‘entitled to an opinion’ means ‘entitled to have your views treated as serious candidates for the truth’ then it’s pretty clearly false. And this too is a distinction that tends to get blurred.
Hayek being flat out wrong, on tape and in public
11/07/2011 11/08/2011 Lisa Schweitzer2 Comments
So one of the annoying things about the Hayek revival we are having is that people are talking about his ideas, without actually reading his work, and thus are making him into a plaster saint, which means we have to put up with a whole boatload of screaming nonsense about what Hayek meant. Urk. So like Jesus, apparently, Hayek spoke in parables.
Hayek was a scholar, and he was a theorist, but he also valued empiricism. Here he is with James Buchanan being, simply, wrong.
Because of his training and his scholarly vocabulary, he’s not reflecting on what he is saying about political or social theory here. He argues that because people don’t know what social justice is, it’s a nothing concept incapable of being enacted and we should just get rid of it.
Well, that’s nonsense. Hayek’s own body of work is based on a straight up concept from political theory central to many theories of the just society: liberty. He might not be able to frame–or even recognize–his arguments as emanating from a position on justice. But it doesn’t make his work any less relevant to those who frame justice in terms of liberty, or him any less wrong in acting as though he’s stating a empirical reality about what “social justice means’ when, in fact, he himself has taken an explicit position on what justice is and how just societies treat individuals.
It’s also pretty clear that Buchanan and Hayek, brilliant though they are, have not read Rawls particularly effectively.
Here, by contrast, is Hayek being brilliant, again with James Buchanan, on looking for patterns in the macroeconomy.
Planners and Italo Calvino
The first few weeks of planning theory always drive the students crazy because we slosh between market-based critiques of planning and then we go to critiques of planning as a means of state control from the left. For those looking for an answer or validation for why they are school to become planners, it’s tough. The point is to help people clarify their ideas and positions.
From a wonderful book that should be required reading of all planners: Italo Calvino’s Invisible Cities: To be in the inferno, but not of the inferno. David Sloane pointed me to it, and he is utterly right.
The last page:
Already the Great Kahn was leafing through his atlas, over the maps of the cities that menace in nightmares and maledictions: Enoch, Babylon, Yahooland, Butua, Brave New World. He said: “It is all useless, if the last land place can only be the infernal city, and it is there that, in ever-narrowing circles, the current is drawing us.”
And Polo said: “The inferno of the living is not something that will be: if there is one, it is what is already here, the inferno where we live every day, that we form by being together. There are two ways to escape suffering it. The first is easy for many: accept the inferno and become such a part of it that you can no longer see it. The second is risky and demands constant vigilance and apprehension: seek and learn to recognize who and what, in the midst of the inferno, are not inferno, and then make them endure, give them space.”
Me on why I’m still grouchy about the haters language and the New Urbanism
06/07/2010 Lisa Schweitzer1 Comment
Dear Mr. Speck:
a) Nope, I’m not giving you that one. We have small houses all over LA, little bitty cute ones, and the New Urbanists still treat this place like it’s one of the cities of the plain, the anti-city, a big, yucky suburb devoid of life and meaning, where we all live lives of desperation and misery. I don’t think the urban/suburban distinction holds much water when you get down to looking at functions. Single-use districts are single-use districts, but suburbs have a lot of jobs and a lot of activities. The suburb has its cultural meaning along the lines of Wisteria Lane, however, and the function and culture of the suburb do get conflated in the debate. But not by me.
Houses are nice, aren’t they?
b) I’d say the conflation of novelty with originality is the problem, not a demand for original thinking. Originality can take any number of forms; every project is happening for the first time, every context has its own vagaries; I’d argue that everything that happens when you make something–a building, a rail line–happens for the only time as it happens–if that makes any sense. Every project presents its challenges in its own way, even if you have seen various aspects of the problem before. You can reference whatever you need to so long as what you do works for that project and that place, and if it does work, I’d call that an original and strong piece of work. I’m watching cookie-cutter New Urbanism go up all over LA. You ride the train, you get off, you see the same type of apartment complexes built the same way–with different paint!–save for a few exceptional stations, like Hollywood. If people are going to critique suburban sprawl for its sameness, they had better be showing us better concepts, even if it’s not novel.
e) d annoyed me some time ago, and now I am holding a grudge.
f) Everything in urban development, except for the most minor of things, is a fight. Everything. And perhaps it should be; changes in the built environment of cities are social changes, and social changes are hard.
I would be interested in seeing the data on what is getting built right now–my suspicion is not very much due to the recession–and my other suspicion is that it varies substantially by region, but that you have been more successful than you think. Chris Nelson, for example, exulted in a recent statistic he cited that for the first time, condo building eclipsed the new construction of single-family houses. I can try to dig that up if we need it.
There may be places doing what they have always done, but I am betting that that the war of words has resulted in far more change than you believe it has, at least in particular markets. But nothing gets built easy: I spent my practitioner career working on transport projects, and people will fight you over even getting a sidewalk put in.
We make a lot of noise about the coding and approval restrictions on multi-family housing, but in my experience, whenever we came forward with multi-family housing and mixed use proposals, institutions never stood in the way. Ever. The neighbors screamed bloody murder and used institutional processes and rationales to stop it if they possibly could. It’s one thing to portray the fight as one where you’re taking on hidebound institutions, and that’s fine, institutions have their own problems here–and another to be very clear-eyed about why density is so hard to build: institutions make it hard to build because they are responding to the political economy that surrounds them, where people want to control density near them. And people want to control densities for some very rational reasons, sometimes. While many urban services are more efficiently delivered with density–mine (transit) being one–others, like schools, are not after a certain scale. I don’t blame people with children in LA Unified School districts for not welcoming the news that more families are coming because the schools are already terrible and their kids are already getting short-shrift. (Some schools are pretty good, nonetheless, but still. The graduation numbers speak for themselves.) These problems are thornier than changing codes.
People scream and shake their hands and create opposition because they care about where they live. It’s a big circle of development politics, but getting mashed up in it is the price you pay if you want a voice and influence.
Your book has been in print since you published it, it’s an older book now, and people consider it a classic. The name on everybody’s lips when New Orleans needed rebuilding was Duany’s firm. That’s a fight won. Yeah, every single day you might have go through the same slog, but we’re all going through that slog if we’re in this business. From where I sit, the New Urbanism has created perverse ideological barriers to climate change regulation. How so? The New Urbanists are greenies, right? Well, yes, they are. But I think that the emphasis placed on “green development” perversely (and unintentionally) undermined movement towards stricter controls on cars. Just as some people say “Oh, we don’t need to build better cities because our cars are going to be green 10 years from now” I also encounter, with frustrating regularity, people who say “Oh, changing vehicle technology is a waste of time, you technophile! People shouldn’t be driving anyway! We should be rebuilding our cities for walking and transit!” Yeah, except for the fact rebuilding cities takes time, and if the numbers are to be believed, we need BOTH clean cars and clean cities, and we need them with some alacrity. My field, planning, has largely abandoned its interest in advocating policy and regulation: we’re not writing how cap and trade might function spatially; nobody is throwing our collective weight behind a carbon tax. Instead, it’s study after study about how VMT reduction is a good idea. Well, um yeah; but dampening VMT growth still suggests VMT growth and shouldn’t we be trying to influence the nature of the V in the VMT nexus? Am I unfairly generalizing? Yes. But that doesn’t mean that I don’t have to deal with people who treat the New Urbanism like a cult and the answer to every question that comes up.
So what am I saying? I’m saying: buck up, cupcake! You are a high-profile, influential voice. You may not think so, but if you do, I will call that disingenuous or at least clueless because you’ve certainly held leadership positions. You know what that entails. You can either use that voice and position to make caricatures of the people who don’t buy in–which might be a joke in your mind but which reads (to me) like think you are entitled to followers, which makes you sound more like cult leader than a thought leader–or you can use your voice to add value to the discussion and show us why the ideas are still relevant and what new challenges the movement has to take on. What will HSR mean for New Urbanism and compact development? LA used streetcars to spread and then really spread when we got cars because of all that nice profitable real estate all over the place. Will we use HSR merely to sprawl into the spaces in between our existing metros? Would that be different in California than in the Northeast (which is what I suspect). What innovations in design and practice will it take it make that into a vision that works? Or is HSR a terrible idea for urban form? There are 40 other questions I can think of that would be productive to put out there from the New Urbanist perspective if you need them.
All of my students are New Urbanists. All of them. And that’s ok with me, so long as they develop the critical capacity to evaluate as well as advocate.
As to my missing your subtle references to 9/11 in your portrayal of the barriers facing the New Urbanism, I have to say that I did catch it but I didn’t like it. I don’t find 9/11 amusing in any way, and I assume you don’t either, not really. Moreover, if that’s the analogy you wanted to draw, you have made my point for me. The clash ensconced within 9/11 can be interpreted as a clash between progressives and reactionaries (one read; the one I assume you mean) or it can also be interpreted as a clash between a bullying superpower and those who have been structurally excluded. You can read New Urbanism as progressives under fire from reactionaries; I can read it as the bullying superpower in my field, where anybody who raises doubts or criticisms gets treated like an enemy of the people. In reality, the complexities of these contexts mean that all these reads probably contain a grain of truth.
Again, thanks for stopping by. We don’t get celebrities around these parts often.
Jeff Speck on why people hate the New Urbanism
The Evolving Debate Over Smart Growth – Urban Development, Planning, Design – Architect Magazine
And here I was thinking people hate New Urbanists because they write stuff like this, and I don’t know, maybe some of us get tired of having smugness dripped all over us.
No, Mr. Speck, nobody actually hates you or the New Urbanism. People hate Hitler and Jar Jar Binks. But we can talk about why people might find all this really annoying:
a) the fact the Speck lives in a modernist house but prescribes a way of living in cities that suggests you’re a vacuous, planet-killing consumer drone if you live in a house. Slaps forehead!
b) the New Urbanism hasn’t created “better-looking sprawl”; it’s created “different-looking, yet still remarkably unattractive sprawl.” I read here that it’s the fault of those stylistically conservative markets, not the architects who are too craven or talentless to supply something original when confronted with easy fees.
c) the way that he implies, in the very best practice of civil society, that people who don’t slavishly believe what he does are merely “haters” with an “utterly unproductive” agenda* instead of people with questions, different priorities, doubts, and concerns; and
e) the vainglorious framing of the New Urbanists as warriors engaged in some sort of “fight” when in actuality it’s the dominant paradigm in planning and environmentalism, they own the White House and just about every urban appointee in it, every mayor of every major metro in the US no matter whether Republican or Democrat, have the developers in love with the ideas (density! Woo! And I get a bonus?!), command sizable fees to write reality-defying plans which promise stuff like “putting the theater next to florist shop and cafe will stop global warming and resurrect your dead grandma.” Now, maybe all this dominance is because their ideas are so swell, or maybe it’s because they’re brilliant marketers, but does that sound like the last fight you were in? I’m clearly not doing this “fighting” thing right.
*Of course I could be one of those stealth auto lovers who aren’t for him, so in the very best reasoning that involves the incapacity to hold two ideas in one’s head at the same time, I must be an enemy in the colossal fight. Maybe Spike TV will feature us on “Deadliest Warrior: New Urbanist vs. Social Scientist: who’s the deadliest warrior?! One has regressions and data; the other has colored pencils and crowds of adoring fans. Who will win this epic battle?” I know whom my students prefer.
I would feel better about the sustainable city of the future if the supposedly evolving debate around it didn’t strike me as being about a largely symbolic dustup between oligarchs over economic rents: car companies versus the professional development army of the Smart Growth machine–all of whom want your money and cover their prodo with greenwash in order to get it. What’s Good for the New Urbanism is Good for America!
Marcuse on the Right to the City
City journal this time out has a collection of papers about and from Peter Marcuse and critical urban theory. The entire edition is worth reading, but in particular it’s worth reading Marcuse’s own contribution:
Marcuse, P. (2009). From critical urban theory to the right to the city. City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action, 13, 2(3), 185-197.
It’s worth reading largely because–and I say this with great respect for Professor Marcuse–he’s so misguided in how he describes our contemporary crisis and in how he describes a right. I really wish we in urban and planning theory could get to a point–particularly in critical theory– where our theories concern more nuanced views of power and influence than what happens in this article: i.e., “I blame whatever political or social ideas I personally find distasteful on the Right.”
In political philosophy, Mary Ann Glendon started a firestorm, rightly, when she published Rights Talk: the Impoverishment of Political Discourse. Her point, and it’s a good one, is that American politics had devolved away from fruitful deliberation about the nature of the collective good towards arguments about individual rights over and over again. She’s got a very good point: I routinely hear students refer to their “rights” and even Burger King had a campaign the “Right to Have it Your Way.” Ill-defined rights are all over the place everywhere, virtually all the time, largely because they do have the sense of being Dworkin’s “trump card” in political discussion. Rights are tempting to use because they carry the air of being entitled to an outcome we want out of a (probably distributive) conflict and shutting the cakeholes of those who would deny us what we want. They can be assigned to me as a person (yay) or to whatever group I like—whether it’s property holders (who have a strong legal tradition on their sides) or people with disabilities (who recently have had gains in establishing legal civil rights).
Planners hear a lot of Rights Talk. If somebody has a “right to have a park nearby,” somebody else has a “right to keep Person X out of that park” because they “have a right to keep their kids safe.” Rights claims are in contestation because they concern both the fundamental entitlements of society, but also because they have secondary distributive consequences—particularly in collective good provision in urban life.
Thus for many who would have our cities be socially just in terms of distribution, Henri Lefebvre’s writing about the city has become, as Marcuse notes, a slogan various urban movements. One recent high-profile movement is an anti-gentrification group.
For me, I have never found Lefebvre’s “right to the city” to be a clear concept in his own writing except for his point that the city itself–if a good city–is defined by social inclusion, and in that sense the city does become a metaphor for society. But because cities themselves are geographic and social systems, the right is one of engagement within those to whatever degree is necessary to give legitimate opportunity for engagement and voice in outcomes for the collective space that is the city. These include both the distributive outcomes that usually take front-and-center–for inclusion means the ability to partake of collectively provided services–and in the deliberation.
This means the opposite of “we don’t like certain people and certain ideas” or “those viewpoints or ideas we find distasteful should be eliminated or contained” Instead, these are part of the mix of collective urban furtures; these ideas may or may not govern the allocation of urban services, but they are not used as a rationale for exclusion either.
Work that informed this post:
Dworkin, Ronald. 1978. Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Glendon, Mary Ann. 1991. Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse. The Free Press.
Harvey, David. 2008. The Right to the City. New Left Review. 53.
The Smartest Boy Urbanist in the Room
Dolly Cepeda and Sonja Johnson, two stories seldom told about Dodgers Stadium or Chavez Ravine
De'Londa Brice: one of the Wire's most misunderstood characters
If "no credible housing supply advocates omit renter-support policies in their advocacy for new supply", why are there no rental protections or renter supports in SB827?
UCLA Luskin's Mike Manville on transit ridership
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Fedora EPEL 6 updates-testing report
EPEL 5 clamav update
Fedora EPEL 5 updates-testing...
updates＠fedoraproject.org
Wednesday, 26 January 2011 Wed, 26 Jan '11
The following Fedora EPEL 6 Security updates need testing: https://admin.fedoraproject.org/updates/asterisk-1.8.2.2-2.el6,libsrtp-1.... https://admin.fedoraproject.org/updates/myproxy-5.3-1.el6 https://admin.fedoraproject.org/updates/perl-CGI-Simple-1.113-1.el6 The following builds have been pushed to Fedora EPEL 6 updates-testing asterisk-1.8.2.2-2.el6 drupal6-auto_nodetitle-1.2-4.el6 drupal6-ctools-1.8-4.el6 drupal6-views_bulk_operations-1.10-3.el6 libsrtp-1.4.4-2.20101004cvs.el6 netatalk-2.1.5-1.el6 ntfs-3g-2011.1.15-1.el6 perl-Net-DBus-0.33.6-8.el6 python-inotify-0.9.1-1.el6 rear-1.9-1.el6 x11vnc-0.9.12-17.el6 yubikey-ksm-1.5-3.el6 yubikey-val-2.7-2.el6 Details about builds: ================================================================================ asterisk-1.8.2.2-2.el6 (FEDORA-EPEL-2011-0191) The Open Source PBX -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Update Information: Update to 1.8.2.2 to fix CVE-2011-0495 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ChangeLog: * Mon Jan 24 2011 Jeffrey C. Ollie <jeff(a)ocjtech.us> - 1.8.2.2-2 - Build with SRTP support * Mon Jan 24 2011 Jeffrey C. Ollie <jeff(a)ocjtech.us> - 1.8.2.2-1 - - The Asterisk Development Team has announced a release for the security issue - described in AST-2011-001. - - Due to a failed merge, Asterisk 1.8.2.1 which should have included the security - fix did not. Asterisk 1.8.2.2 contains the the changes which should have been - included in Asterisk 1.8.2.1. - - This releases is available for immediate download at - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/releases - - The releases of Asterisk 1.4.38.1, 1.4.39.1, 1.6.1.21, 1.6.2.15.1, 1.6.2.16.2, - 1.8.1.2, and 1.8.2.2 resolve an issue when forming an outgoing SIP request while - in pedantic mode, which can cause a stack buffer to be made to overflow if - supplied with carefully crafted caller ID information. The issue and resolution - are described in the AST-2011-001 security advisory. - - For more information about the details of this vulnerability, please read the - security advisory AST-2011-001, which was released at the same time as this - announcement. - - For a full list of changes in the current release, please see the ChangeLog: - - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/releases/ChangeLog-1... - - Security advisory AST-2011-001 is available at: - - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/security/AST-2011-001.pdf * Mon Jan 24 2011 Jeffrey C. Ollie <jeff(a)ocjtech.us> - 1.8.2.1-1 - - The Asterisk Development Team has announced security releases for the following - versions of Asterisk: - - * 1.4.38.1 - * 1.4.39.1 - * 1.6.1.21 - * 1.6.2.15.1 - * 1.6.2.16.1 - * 1.8.1.2 - * 1.8.2.1 - - These releases are available for immediate download at - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/releases - - The releases of Asterisk 1.4.38.1, 1.4.39.1, 1.6.1.21, 1.6.2.15.1, 1.6.2.16.2, - 1.8.1.2, and 1.8.2.1 resolve an issue when forming an outgoing SIP request while - in pedantic mode, which can cause a stack buffer to be made to overflow if - supplied with carefully crafted caller ID information. The issue and resolution - are described in the AST-2011-001 security advisory. - - For more information about the details of this vulnerability, please read the - security advisory AST-2011-001, which was released at the same time as this - announcement. - - For a full list of changes in the current releases, please see the ChangeLog: - - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/releases/ChangeLog-1... - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/releases/ChangeLog-1... - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/releases/ChangeLog-1... - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/releases/ChangeLog-1... - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/releases/ChangeLog-1... - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/releases/ChangeLog-1... - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/releases/ChangeLog-1... - - Security advisory AST-2011-001 is available at: - - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/security/AST-2011-001.pdf * Mon Jan 24 2011 Jeffrey C. Ollie <jeff(a)ocjtech.us> - 1.8.2-1 - - The Asterisk Development Team has announced the release of Asterisk 1.8.2. This - release is available for immediate download at - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/ - - The release of Asterisk 1.8.2 resolves several issues reported by the - community and would have not been possible without your participation. - Thank you! - - The following is a sample of the issues resolved in this release: - - * 'sip notify clear-mwi' needs terminating CRLF. - (Closes issue #18275. Reported, patched by klaus3000) - - * Patch for deadlock from ordering issue between channel/queue locks in - app_queue (set_queue_variables). - (Closes issue #18031. Reported by rain. Patched by bbryant) - - * Fix cache of device state changes for multiple servers. - (Closes issue #18284, #18280. Reported, tested by klaus3000. Patched, tested - by russellb) - - * Resolve issue where channel redirect function (CLI or AMI) hangs up the call - instead of redirecting the call. - (Closes issue #18171. Reported by: SantaFox) - (Closes issue #18185. Reported by: kwemheuer) - (Closes issue #18211. Reported by: zahir_koradia) - (Closes issue #18230. Reported by: vmarrone) - (Closes issue #18299. Reported by: mbrevda) - (Closes issue #18322. Reported by: nerbos) - - * Fix reloading of peer when a user is requested. Prevent peer reloading from - causing multiple MWI subscriptions to be created when using realtime. - (Closes issue #18342. Reported, patched by nivek.) - - * Fix XMPP PubSub-based distributed device state. Initialize pubsubflags to 0 - so res_jabber doesn't think there is already an XMPP connection sending - device state. Also clean up CLI commands a bit. - (Closes issue #18272. Reported by klaus3000. Patched by Marquis42) - - * Don't crash after Set(CDR(userfield)=...) in ast_bridge_call. Instead of - setting peer->cdr = NULL, set it to not post. - (Closes issue #18415. Reported by macbrody. Patched, tested by jsolares) - - * Fixes issue with outbound google voice calls not working. Thanks to az1234 - and nevermind_quack for their input in helping debug the issue. - (Closes issue #18412. Reported by nevermind_quack. Patched by dvossel) - - For a full list of changes in this release, please see the ChangeLog: - - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/ChangeLog-1.8.2 * Mon Jan 24 2011 Jeffrey C. Ollie <jeff(a)ocjtech.us> - 1.8.1.1-1 - - The Asterisk Development Team has announced the release of Asterisk 1.8.1.1. - This release is available for immediate download at - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/ - - The release of Asterisk 1.8.1.1 resolves two issues reported by the community - since the release of Asterisk 1.8.1. - - * Don't crash after Set(CDR(userfield)=...) in ast_bridge_call. Instead of - setting peer->cdr = NULL, set it to not post. - (Closes issue #18415. Reported by macbrody. Patched, tested by jsolares) - - * Fixes issue with outbound google voice calls not working. Thanks to az1234 - and nevermind_quack for their input in helping debug the issue. - (Closes issue #18412. Reported by nevermind_quack. Patched by dvossel) - - For a full list of changes in this release candidate, please see the ChangeLog: - - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/ChangeLog-1.8.1.1 * Mon Jan 24 2011 Jeffrey C. Ollie <jeff(a)ocjtech.us> - 1.8.1-1 - - The Asterisk Development Team has announced the release of Asterisk 1.8.1. This - release is available for immediate download at - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/ - - The release of Asterisk 1.8.1 resolves several issues reported by the - community and would have not been possible without your participation. - Thank you! - - The following is a sample of the issues resolved in this release: - - * Fix issue when using directmedia. Asterisk needs to limit the codecs offered - to just the ones that both sides recognize, otherwise they may end up sending - audio that the other side doesn't understand. - (Closes issue #17403. Reported, patched by one47. Tested by one47, falves11) - - * Resolve issue where Party A in an analog 3-way call would continue to hear - ringback after party C answers. - (Patched by rmudgett) - - * Fix playback failure when using IAX with the timerfd module. - (Closes issue #18110. Reported, tested by tpanton. Patched by jpeeler) - - * Fix problem with qualify option packets for realtime peers never stopping. - The option packets not only never stopped, but if a realtime peer was not in - the peer list multiple options dialogs could accumulate over time. - (Closes issue #16382. Reported by lftsy. Tested by zerohalo. Patched by - jpeeler) - - * Fix issue where it is possible to crash Asterisk by feeding the curl engine - invalid data. - (Closes issue #18161. Reported by wdoekes. Patched by tilghman) - - For a full list of changes in this release, please see the ChangeLog: - - http://downloads.asterisk.org/pub/telephony/asterisk/ChangeLog-1.8.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- References: [ 1 ] Bug #670777 - CVE-2011-0495 Asterisk: Stack-based buffer overflow by forming an outgoing SIP request with specially-crafted caller ID information (AST-2011-001) https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=670777 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ================================================================================ drupal6-auto_nodetitle-1.2-4.el6 (FEDORA-EPEL-2011-0173) A small and efficient module that allows hiding of the content title -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Update Information: "auto_nodetitle" is a small and efficient module that allows hiding of the content title. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- References: [ 1 ] Bug #664303 - Review Request: drupal6-auto_nodetitle - "auto_nodetitle" is a small and efficient module that allows hiding of the content title https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=664303 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ================================================================================ drupal6-ctools-1.8-4.el6 (FEDORA-EPEL-2011-0187) This suite is primarily a set of APIs and tools -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Update Information: This suite is primarily a set of APIs and tools to improve the developer experience. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- References: [ 1 ] Bug #653805 - Review Request: drupal6-ctools - This suite is primarily a set of APIs and tools to improve the developer experience. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=653805 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ================================================================================ drupal6-views_bulk_operations-1.10-3.el6 (FEDORA-EPEL-2011-0179) This module augments Views by allowing bulk operations to be executed -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Update Information: This module augments Views by allowing bulk operations to be executed. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- References: [ 1 ] Bug #669327 - Review Request: drupal6-views_bulk_operations - This module augments Views by allowing bulk operations to be executed https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=669327 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ================================================================================ libsrtp-1.4.4-2.20101004cvs.el6 (FEDORA-EPEL-2011-0191) An implementation of the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Update Information: Update to 1.8.2.2 to fix CVE-2011-0495 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- References: [ 1 ] Bug #670777 - CVE-2011-0495 Asterisk: Stack-based buffer overflow by forming an outgoing SIP request with specially-crafted caller ID information (AST-2011-001) https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=670777 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ================================================================================ netatalk-2.1.5-1.el6 (FEDORA-EPEL-2011-0180) AppleTalk networking programs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- References: [ 1 ] Bug #669196 - Please move netatalk into EPEL repo https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=669196 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ================================================================================ ntfs-3g-2011.1.15-1.el6 (FEDORA-EPEL-2011-0174) Linux NTFS userspace driver -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Update Information: Update to 2011.1.15: * New: implemented fsync() and fsyncdir(). * New: implemented the ’sync’ mount option. * New: sanity check upcase table. * New: added a big-endian extended attribute name for attrib and times. * New: added an extended attribute name for creation time. * New: enable renaming of system extended attributes. * Change: improved appending data to fragmented files. * Change: improved rebuilding a runlist. * Change: improved comparing filenames on big-endian CPUs. * Fixed stat(2) for system files with no data. * Fixed alignment on cached structures. * Fixed Posix ACLs for big-endian CPUs. * Fixed deleting files using ignore_case option. * Fixed allocated size when an attribute update causes unnamed data to be expelled. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ChangeLog: * Tue Jan 25 2011 Tom Callaway <spot(a)fedoraproject.org> - 2:2011.1.15-1 - update to 2011.1.15 * Mon Oct 11 2010 Tom "spot" Callaway <tcallawa(a)redhat.com> - 2:2010.10.2-1 - update to 2010.10.2, all patches merged upstream * Thu Sep 9 2010 Tom "spot" Callaway <tcallawa(a)redhat.com> - 2:2010.8.8-2 - add support for context= mount option (Till Maas) (bz502946) * Mon Aug 9 2010 Tom "spot" Callaway <tcallawa(a)redhat.com> - 2:2010.8.8-1 - update to 2010.8.8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ================================================================================ perl-Net-DBus-0.33.6-8.el6 (FEDORA-EPEL-2011-0178) Use and provide DBus services -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Update Information: New package for the Perl Net::DBus module in EL6. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ================================================================================ python-inotify-0.9.1-1.el6 (FEDORA-EPEL-2011-0188) Monitor filesystem events with Python under Linux -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Update Information: This is a Python module for watching filesystems changes. pyinotify can be used for various kind of fs monitoring. pyinotify relies on a recent Linux Kernel feature (merged in kernel 2.6.13) called inotify. inotify is an event-driven notifier, its notifications are exported from kernel space to user space. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- References: [ 1 ] Bug #231830 - Review Request: python-inotify - Monitor filesystem events with Python under Linux https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=231830 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ================================================================================ rear-1.9-1.el6 (FEDORA-EPEL-2011-0189) Relax and Recover (ReaR) is a Linux Disaster Recovery framework -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Update Information: rear release with cloning functionalities (P2V,...) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ChangeLog: * Mon Jan 24 2011 Gratien D'haese <gdha at sourceforge.net> - 1.9-1 - New development release with P2V, V2V functionality, and more - added AUTHORS, TODO to %doc and rm from datadir -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ================================================================================ x11vnc-0.9.12-17.el6 (FEDORA-EPEL-2011-0192) VNC server for the current X11 session -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- References: [ 1 ] Bug #666612 - new release of x11vnc 0.9.12 is available that might allow successful build. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=666612 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ================================================================================ yubikey-ksm-1.5-3.el6 (FEDORA-EPEL-2011-0175) The YubiKey Key Storage Module -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Update Information: adding yubikey-ksm the yubikey key storage module -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- References: [ 1 ] Bug #637212 - Review Request: yubikey-ksm - The YubiKey Key Storage Module https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=637212 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ================================================================================ yubikey-val-2.7-2.el6 (FEDORA-EPEL-2011-0190) The YubiKey Validation Server -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Update Information: adding yubikey-val the yubikey validation server -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- References: [ 1 ] Bug #637213 - Review Request: yubikey-val - The YubiKey Validation Server https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=637213 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
epel-devel@lists.fedoraproject.org
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The Sinister Streets of Briston
By James LeVan in Arrest Us
Resubmission from earlier entry. It may not still be up to stuff. But I think it I have improved it.
A man must venture through a city of pure evil to find what happened to his old army buddy.
James LeVan June 29, 2014 - 5:31pm
*I think it has improved.
Turtlethumbs July 2, 2014 - 9:30pm
What did work for me: the dream part! Cool stuff.
But the story mostly didn't work for me because the writing seems to be almost all telling and no showing. It feels as if the protagonist is thinking outloud his way from beginning to end or something.
Examples of telling: Briston was famous for danger. -- what does danger look like? you could show that by describing a violent scene or something.
Awkward uses of parenthesese: Driving through Briston was depressing (no other way to really put it). In most cases I think the parentheses are unnecessary, and just add an element of awkwardness.
The sort of twist ending also felt awkward, since technically
(SPOILERS)
the entire story was told from the perspective of a dead person. In some cases that would be interesting, but it doesn't seem like that makes up an important element of the narrative.
Seb from Thanet, Kent, UK July 5, 2014 - 4:29pm
This was an interesting one. I'm going to go through the story in order with my thoughts, so sorry if this is a bit lengthly.
The first thing that struck me was your mentioning of the setting. There were five uses of the word Briston in the first paragraph, three in the second. We know where we are from the title, and personally I'd prefer to discover the place through your story, rather than a scene-setting introduction. There were three long paragraphs before the story started, yet the first two could have been summed up by opening with:
"Briston, PA, can only be inhabited by the most sinister people in the world. None can really compare to Briston in regards to number of crimes and the level of viciousness to them." - The Centurion's Torch, Briston Local Newspaper
The third paragraph could be dropped into the story bit by bit, slowly revealing your protagonist's history throughout the first act.
There are points in your prose that could be refined, for example:
She was like a robot the way she asked questions with a cool calmness, it made me uncomfortable.
At this point you had just shown us a load of questions, so why not show how she made you uncomfortable? Show us the conversation, don't just tell us about it.
We had to do some research to find out who he was talking about, in the end we learned he was talking about you in the end.
Was the repetition intentional?
Friends, enemies, women, children, the elderly, death had become a woman I knew too well.
I like this line, just thought I'd pick it out as your voice is coming into its own here. There should, however, be a semi-colon between elderly and death. I think you need to get someone to proof-read for you, in order to check for things like that. I always do!
Even though his family was from Briston his parents refused to have him grow up there (they start teaching how to deal drugs in the third grade in Briston)
Nice, but the best bit of that sentence is hidden in brackets. Try something like:
Even though his family were born and bred locals his parents refused to have him grow up where they did. In Briston they start teaching how to deal drugs in the third grade
The dream sequence was good, very surreal. I'd suggest jumping to a new paragraph when your protagonist wakes up.
Briston is a strange creature. It consumes people, makes them disappear, almost as if that town eats people up.
Another excellent line. You then have brackets again, in speech. Personally I'd drop the brackets altogether. I never use them. I don't like them in normal prose, let alone speech.
And with hundreds of people living in a small city, having no income coming in, crime was inevitable.
Income obviously comes in, trim this, or better yet lose it altogether. A lot of the exposition at this point has already been covered, or is obvious, and we're two thirds into the story.
She spat on the bar floor and replied “Yeah he was in here. He was putting up posters for some church group he was creating for youths to go to."
She pointed to a poster on a bulletin board to the right of me. It was for some sort of youth church group.
Again, you're stating the obvious. Drop that last sentence about the church youth group, she told us that two lines previously.
Your fight scene in the bar has potential to be excellent, a real Jack Reacher moment, but you tell instead of show. Let us experience it, don't just give us a quick recap.
By this point in the evening, I no longer thought Briston was trying to kill me, I knew it was. This evil concrete jungle truly desired to see me dead.
Nice. I like the ending, the idea that the people are white blood cells and your protagonist is an invading virus. It's a very symbolic, philosophical conclusion, and you could do with perhaps suggesting this theme at the start of the story.
All in all it's still a work in progress, and there are plenty of spelling and grammatical errors, plus a few typos and random punctuations, but the ending is a stroke of genius. Present tense might work better for you, as would more show and less tell. You just need to revise, review, and rewrite until the rest of the story lives up to the final theme.
I think there’s a good idea at play here, but I’m sorry to say I think it needs a lot of work. At the very least it needs a grammar sweep, because there are an awful lot of errors throughout the story. There are numerous instances where the spacing is wrong within sentences so you double space between words.
“This placed me in quite a dangerous situations” – situation does not need to be in the plural.
“However, do to the high cost of living there” – due, not do.
“What phones Calls?” – presume this should be “What about phone calls?”
“No your not. The reason why were asking you is because he was not found dead. He was alive when he was found by two kids daring each other to see who could get closer to Briston without getting closer.” – You’re, not your. We’re, not were. Not sure how you can get closer to a place without getting closer.
I agree with previous comments that this is a very passive story, and you tell most of it rather than show. “The waitress told me that Lamar was being foolish for trying to mess with things here in Briston. Which is why he got green lit. What happened next was me asking who green lit him. I demanded it from her.” Don’t tell us this, show us this. “However, my military training had allowed me disarm the one man…” again, show us.
You could do with cutting to the chase quicker – it is eight pages until we even get into Briston, and there is very little story before that, and the Briston section feels rushed. You need to make the story more dynamic. At the moment your protagonist is telling us a story that should be filled with excitement, but the way he is telling it is too uninvolving. Take the story off him. Let us follow him as events unfold, not have him narrate in a monotone from beyond the grave.
I would urge you to get reading some of the other stories in the contest. You will learn so much about how others craft their tales, and give you good examples of more active writing. You have the imagination, and that cannot be taught. I’ve seen stories on here that are all craft and no imagination. At the moment, this is the opposite. That side of things can be worked on and developed though, and when your craft is of the same quality as your creativity, this will shine.
Stick with it, read loads, you will get there!
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On 22 May 2019 at 11:33pm Earl of Lewess wrote:
The opinion polls have made it pretty clear: if you support Leave, vote for the Brexit Party; if you support Remain, vote LibDem (in this area, at least). It's a PR election, so the runners-up will also get an MEP if their share of the vote is big enough.
On 23 May 2019 at 8:48am RussianRuble wrote:
A reasonable synopsis.
Another: if you believe in democracy, vote for the Brexit Party; if you don't, vote LibDem (in this area, at least). Although there are plenty of other options on the paper too.
The rest have a clear track record demonstrated over the past 3 years that they want to frustrate the exit process and go against the democratic will of the majority.
It's probably about time the LibDems took the "Dem" out of their party name.
Is a rebrand in order?
On 23 May 2019 at 9:30am Sensible wrote:
The only parties that any responsible or honourable person can support today are the UK Independence Party and the Brexit Party, although my family and I know that the UK's participation in the elections today is illegal, as are all extensions agreed by foreign powers. Voting any other way makes you an enemy of the people, whose vote three years ago was clear and decisive. Enemies eventually face the cutting edge of public justice and are caused to pay for their deeds.
On 23 May 2019 at 9:38am Tommy wrote:
@Russian Your synopsis moronic
On 23 May 2019 at 10:17am RussianRuble wrote:
Is it? Because you don't agree?
Have you see the blue berets on Cliffe High Street shouting their expletive slogans?
Have they ever stopped to think what this says to the younger generation?
It's utterly pathetic.
They won't be forgiven for screwing future generations and implemeting tuition fees.
Still, some people will vote for them. Simple minds seem to forget quickly.
On 23 May 2019 at 11:44am Tommy wrote:
Yes I don't agree that 'vot[ing] Lib Dem' is undemocratic. It is moronic reasoning come up by Brexiteers as they voted for people that had no power over the outcome of what they were proposing. You voted for ideals and are now upset that, like most aren't able to be delivered. But don't tell me that I'm undemocratic by voting (even if I am to vote for Lib Dem) for a party that doesn't represent your wishes. A democracy is power to the people. People change, Governments Change, Policies change. That is the beauty of a democracy. Deal with it. Your argument is the equivalent of me telling you that you're undemocratic by wanting to leave the EU as we voted in for it back in the 60s
It's not though. The previous generation did not vote to join the EU as it didn't exist back then.
They voted for something completely different - an economic community. If that's all it was, the majority would not have voted to leave in 2016.
The EU is a failing project and the results on Sunday will show that it's not just the UK that are unhappy with it.
Anti-EU sentiment is growing across the continent.
People aren't fed up with Europe, they're fed up with the EU.
The libdems(and other remaniacs) seem to have got the 2 confused.
On 23 May 2019 at 1:34pm Tommy wrote:
When you say the majority it was a slim majority with a lot of people voting to leave not really understanding what they were actually voting for and recanting shortly after. Similar to how Farage's, Boris' and Rees-Mogg's brexit options all disappeared.
You voted for a government who chose to join the EU. Just because we didn't have a referendum on it you still elected the people who formed it.
I for one don't care what happens anymore whether we leave or it all falls through. I just want something to happen. Anyway, we could argue all day down these rabbit holes so I'll return to my original point. Claiming voting for a party that doesn't support the outcome of the referendum is undemocratic is moronic.
On 23 May 2019 at 1:57pm RussianRuble wrote:
I did not vote for a government to join the EU. I voted for a government to get us out of it. Both the main parties in 2017 said that they would honour the result and that we would leave on the 29th March. That did not happen.
A system, process, or decision that is undemocratic is one that is controlled or made by one person or a small number of people, rather than by the majority of the people.
What we are witnessing here is the unravelling of our democracy and the aim of the political parties to undo Brexit is an affront to that democracy.
You can pretend that this isn't the case all you like, but you cannot change the reality. The evidence and facts are plain for all to see. Some choose to conveniently ignore those facts.
The labour party also said they wouldn't introduce tuition fees or go to war in Iraq in the 00s.Thatcher told miners that their jobs would be unaffected back in the 80s. Pick any party in any era and you'll find them failing to upkeep their promises. This is nothing new.The only difference if we've got people with their heads in the sand wanting us to forge ahead even though what the supposed majority voted for has no resemblance of the current deal that is on the table.
The difference here is that this wasn't just a manifesto promise.
The electorate were asked explictly :
Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?
There were 2 answers:
1) Remain a member of the European Union
2) Leave the European Union
The second option got the most votes and was therefore the will of the people.
It is completely different to the Iraq War, Tuition Fees, Miners rights or any other policy decision you care to cite as these are down to the majority vote in parliament.
The electorate did not have a say and could not vote for any of those things. They elected a member of parliament to represent their interests and would trust them to vote accordingly. (Granted this may not have happened for some - a bit like the years we had Norman Baker)
The 2016 referendum was a simple question and was answered very clearly.
Unfortunately we've got an unrepresentative majority of MPs who are remainers and don't want to leave. They've consistently tried to frustrate the process over the last 3 years and have cried foul at every turn.
This is more than unfortunate, it undemocratic.
Whether you like the outcome or not, supporting this undemocratic position is no better than the self-serving shower of MPs currently sitting in parliament.
You've also got a useless number of MPs who do want to leave. Dominic Raab for instance who resigned after he realised the importance of the Dover port.
Claiming things are 'undemocratic' seems to be the last defence for your Brexiteers. It was 'undemocratic' when the legality of the Leave Campaign was called into question (n.b. it was found illegal) and it is undemocratic now if I vote for anyone that opposes Brexit.
And the MPs that you voted for aren't self serving? Boris wanted to be prime minister, he's nearly there with his positioning from this. Mogg has made ~£7m out of it. How's that not self serving? Both of their constituencies have supposedly since changed their position on Brexit once the hood was pulled off what Leaving actually entails.
We've found something to agree on.
They are all a complete waste of tax payer's money - as is the stupid election we are having today.
The only party brave and honest enough to enact the will of the people has Brexit in it's name. That's why they will clean up today.
On 23 May 2019 at 6:33pm Green Sleeves wrote:
Voted Lib Dems today.
I could never vote for a party thats sole purpose is to reduce co-operation with our closest friends and neighbours, let alone a party that is rammed with racists, fascists and nationalists - hence why the Brexit Party to me are a total no go zone. I'm sure they will do very well, given that UKIP are almost certainly a spent force so will mop up the angry Brexiters vote, while the more pro-EU parties (who also happen to possess actual policies) will split the rest, but I would be genuinely ashamed to be voting for a party based on a negative platform of lies and hate.
On 23 May 2019 at 7:17pm Eighties Boy wrote:
Everyone I've asked today (15 people?) have voted Lib Dem. Mixed bag of folk.
Ah, the rise of “illiberal liberalism”. Google it
It's unfortunate that political discussion has deteriorated into name-calling and that the insults most often come from the far left: "racist," "xenophobe", "sexist," "homophobe" etc.
Typical of left-liberal political argument to use such invective to dismiss other people’s beliefs and perspectives as if they don't deserve an argument and to redefine their arguments as extremism and bigotry.
You portray your view as superior and display a level of arrogance that is immediately dismissive of anything that contradicts your view.
Close-minded and uncivil, this characteristic betrays what's liberal in liberalism.
All too common and rather sad these days.
Some might even argue that the term “Lib Dems” is an oxymoron.
On 24 May 2019 at 10:31am Eighties Boy wrote:
@RussianRuble - I was stating an observation, not an opinion.
I think you make a very good point.
Don't worry, I wasn't having a pop at you.
It was also just an observation and something I felt needed to be challenged.
I disagree, the far left are the least of our problems in society. Bigotry is a foundation of many views formed about topics such as multiculturalism and immigration. Of course it's probably tough to be considered as racist or xenophobic, but when you scapegoat people who aren't British for problems in society, what conclusions are we expected to draw? Intolerance is part of the motivation for brexit for many people who back it and many populist, right wing policies and ideology....it's not hard to grasp this fact. There are spectrums of bigotry, so when you are labelled as a racist, it probably doesn't equate to you being on the same level as the Ku Klux Klan or BNP....but you do share some hostile views towards the same groups of people who really aren't the issue in our country, and it's important that this is recognised.
It's time for many people in this country to self reflect on their outlook on life. We are all human beings and have more in common than what sets us apart, and perhaps that should be the first priority when you start judging people.
On 24 May 2019 at 8:49pm Black Sleeves wrote:
Call yourself Green Mr Sleeves? V Disappointing.
On 24 May 2019 at 11:05pm Tom Pain wrote:
Bigot-- a person who is intolerant of people holding different opinions. The dictionary has a different opinion than g.s. I suppose it must be bigoted.
You won't be able to have an honest and reasoned dialogue with people who you disagree with if your immediate response to their view is labelling them a bigot, racist or extremist.
The "multiculturalism and immigration" topic you mention is a complicated subject and open debate is being stifled by the left as they think their view is right and therefore superior.
If you take that stance, people will different views will stop talking to you.
We're seeing this in wider society and it's causing a lot of people to withdraw. Our democracy is weaker because of it.
On 25 May 2019 at 11:09am Green Sleeves wrote:
@tom pain, I am intolerant of intolerant people who discriminate against others due to the accident of where they or their parents happened to be born. I can accept that.
@rr it's not an immediate response, but I do find that when immigration and multiculturalism is discussed, it does tend to reveal a discriminatory side in many of those people. Some more than others of course, hence why there is a spectrum of bigotry, which we ALL sit on to a certain extent. The left doesn't stifle debate, the right are often just profoundly wrong and get upset/defensive when people call out their bad ideas. I get called "sjw", "libtard" etc etc all the time, but doesn't bother me.
Treating introlerance with intolerance will not make us a more tolerant society.
I'd suggest a willingness to listen and therefore discuss complex issues like this will help get to the root of the problems we face today.
People getting on soap boxes saying "I'm right, you're wrong" is not helpful and is fuelling division.
Opening your mind from time to time might be a good idea, you never know, you might even win people over to your way of thinking.
Who knows, they might even change yours.
EU Election results out this evening - let's see what people think.
Earliest preliminary check counts of Thursday's ballot papers published overseas show the country demands a full Brexit, and by the clearest majority. It can happen as early as Tuesday, now there is a second mandate from a public vote. Who would dare fail the British people now? Who wants to be remembered as a person who voted the wrong way? I cast my vote in ink, so that's one ballot paper at least that won't be erased and altered as so many must be, especially in inner cities.
On 26 May 2019 at 9:00am Green Sleeves wrote:
RR, I've listened over and over again to intolerant right wing viewpoints over the years but they never become any more palatable or sensible. They are based on irrational fears and prejudices, and fuelled by an irresponsible media that wants to whip up more hate to sell more papers, get more clicks/views etc. I've tried my.absolute best to empathise and understand, but ultimately bad ideas won't suddenly become rational just because I hear them out time and time again. The onus is on them to be tolerant now, but I won't hold my breath.
The EU election results won't tell us anything we don't already know. A big chunk of society scapegoat the EU for this countries problems (because they believe in the likes of demagogues such as Farage), and even when we leave, they'll find something or someone else to blame because it's easy to blame outsiders. Trump, Farage and other reactionary populists sweeping across western democracies shows how divided we are, but can you really see these as great "statesman" who will be remembered positively in the history books? I can't, I just see them as opportunistic dunces who are playing with fire.
@sensible, so with this level of confidence from preliminary EU election results, you'll be sure to breeze a confirmatory public vote on our EU membership, so there is no harm in getting that final say on an issue of this magnitude and putting it to rest.
On 26 May 2019 at 8:11pm Sensible wrote:
Given tonight's massive majority for the Brexit Party combined with the Conservative Party to be led by Mr. Johnson who will agree with Mr. Farage over the swift and decisive nature of our leaving the Common Market, preferably on Tuesday, any further opinion gathering would not only be a waste of money, but would also destroy democracy. Once again, those who call for a traditional, independent Britain have succeeded in a vote, the third such occasion on which the British public have decided this issue in a ballot that, excluding illegal voting and tampered ballots, has been almost unanimous. There will be a revolt if Mr. Farage's requirements are not obeyed to the letter. The electorate has this week decided to make Britain great again.
On 26 May 2019 at 10:01pm zolo wrote:
I can’t work out if ‘sensible’ means what s/he says or is a troll. I can’t believe that any sensible person would spout such negative nonsense ( not just this post but all over the forum).
I wouldn't mind being in the common market but I don't like the EU super state, it's too totalitarian for my liking. Give those control freaks an inch and they just have to grab a mile. It looks as if they might destroy a cooperating Europe of independent states with their megalomaniac schemes. Britain doesn't have to be Great just independent.
On 26 May 2019 at 10:43pm Sensible wrote:
I'll tell you how right I am. The Brexit Party has taken Lewes. Lewes officially supports the Brexit Party, which has won the Lewes count. Mr. Farage's leadership requiring a no-deal withdrawal immediately from the Common Market is the wish of the people of Lewes, let alone the rest of the country. I am correct, and look forward to taking back a traditional Britain on Tuesday.
Nothing overly surprising by the results declared.
There is an unchanged section of the country that do not want Brexit and will do whatever they can to frustrate the process. The remain vote was split between the LibDems and Green Party.
The majority of the leave vote went to the Brexit Party and they have confirmed that they want a clean break. We didn't vote for a "deal" in 2016 and we confirmed that on Thursday.
Parliament would be very foolish to ignore that a second time.
We can now get on and document the "free trade arrangement" that is already in existence. There is no need for any other "deal making". We have a deal already - the political will needs to be focused to document it.
If they need to use the 2019 "EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement" as a template so be it.
Yes - the FREE TRADE AGREEMENT that came in to force on 1 February 2019!
@RR - I think you're being disingenuous to suggest the remain vote was split between just greens and lib dems. Yes, they stood on the most convincing remain platform, but most Labour votes in this specific election would have been by remainers (can you really imagine any WTO brexiter voting Labour in THIS election?!), and SNP and Change UK votes would also be remain votes, as would Plaid Cymru. Northern Ireland, Gilbraltar and Scotland voted overwhelmingly to remain both in the referendum and emphatically in the EU Elections this week. Wales moved towards a narrow remain win as well overall, leaving just England wishing to leave on balance. The end of the Union is near, and sadly for brexiters, its not the Union they had in mind.
Its also rather depressing that the individual winning party is led by one of the countries most outspoken xenophobes in Nigel Farage. Still, at least Tommy Robinson was left £5k down up in the North East, and left tail between his legs.
Depressing, yes wholeheartedly with you there.
There was no need for the Brexit Party to exist at all. It came about because parliament ignored the result of the 2016 referendum.
Let's hope the new PM will be a little smarter and realise you can't please all of the people all of the time.
The mandate is there. Get on with it.
There is no mandate, RR. Leaving the European Union has many faces, even Nigel Farage himself was discussing how the UK could follow the Norwegian relationship with the EU right before the 2016 ref.
The 2019 EU Elections in the UK show us that around 36% voted for a Leave vote (Brexit Party + UKIP votes) while more voted for either remain or parties who would back a second referendum (with an emphasis on backing remain in that vote). The small tory vote would perhaps swing the hard brexiters/leave-sympathisers back to an even keel. If you are so confident that the country wants to leave, then put forward a plan of what that looks like, and lets put it up for a final confirmation vote against remaining as EU members. The vote this time should also include younger people as was the case in the Scots ref, and should also involve EU citizens who have settled and living their lives in this country (and permitted to vote in other domestic and european elections). Why it didn't include these groups of people in the first place was a bit of a stitch up, as that would be potentially a couple of million votes, that would inevitably be warmer towards voting remain, but we would hate for it to be a fair election right?
There was a clear mandate. More than 50% of the electorate voted to leave when they were asked.
Because the minority didn't like the result does not mean that it was not a clear mandate.
The country voted to leave. End of. That is a fact and just because some people don't like it, that fact cannot be changed.
Our remainer parliament need to get over themselves and do what they were elected to do. i.e. Honour the result of the referendum.
If our elected representatives document our existing relationship as a free trade agreement - we've got a "deal".
The EU hardliners wanting a hard border with Ireland will then be satisfied (as we won't need one).
The problem to date is that our remainer negotiators haven't asked for this.
When they've been replaced with some competent negotiators and this is put to the EU, we'll have a "deal" in no time.
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JISC eCollections: a community-owned content service
LIBER presents another blog post (by Caren Milloy, Head of Projects, JISC Collections, UK) from the series based on contributions from the LIBER Annual Conference 2012. Introduction The primary role of JISC Collections is the licensing of content on behalf of its UK Higher Education (HE) and Further Education (FE) member organisations. Over…
September 17, 2012 Leave a commentNews, Scholarly Communication and Research InfrastructuresBy Caren Milloy
3 new EU countries join DART-Europe portal
LIBER is pleased to announce that Open Access research theses from a further 3 EU member States are now available via the DART-Europe portal: Bulgaria – New Bulgarian University; see http://www.dart-europe.eu/browse-list.php?country=Bulgaria Latvia – – University of Latvia; see http://www.dart-europe.eu/browse-list.php?country=Latvia Slovenia – University of Maribor; see http://www.dart-europe.eu/browse-list.php?country=Slovenia DART-Europe now provides access to 324,308 Open Access…
September 16, 2012 Leave a commentNews, Scholarly Communication and Research InfrastructuresBy LIBER Europe
Scientists, Foundations, Libraries, Universities, and Advocates Unite and Issue New Recommendations to Make Research Freely Available to All Online
10 years on, leaders from the Open Access movement unite to draft new Budapest Open Access Initiative recommendations WASHINGTON — In response to the growing demand to make research free and available to anyone with a computer and an internet connection, a diverse coalition today issued new guidelines (<defanghtml_span title=”blocked::http://www.soros.org/openaccess/boai-10-recommendations”>http://www.soros.org/openaccess/boai-10-recommendations) that could usher in huge advances in the sciences, medicine, and health.…
LIBER makes submission to MEPs on Open Access
On 9 September 2012, LIBER sent a formal letter to members of ITRE, the Industry, Research and Energy Committee of the European Parliament. It is feared that MEPs may not be supportive of Open Access and Open Data approaches to the dissemination of scholarship in the forthcoming Horizon 2020 programme. The LIBER letter sets out…
September 10, 2012 Leave a commentAdvocacy and Communications, NewsBy LIBER Europe
Thinking the unthinkable: a library without a catalogue — Reconsidering the future of discovery tools for Utrecht University library
Read a very interesting piece from Simone Kortekaas (Utrecht University Library) – a summary of the author’s presentation at the LIBER General Annual Conference 2012. Like every other library, we at Utrecht University Library have always offered our users a catalogue. In 2002 we built our own discovery tool specifically designed for electronic journal…
September 4, 2012 6 CommentsNews, Scholarly Communication and Research InfrastructuresBy Simone Kortekaas
Europeana Search API – allow your users remote access to Europeana’s repository
LIBER Members are encouraged to implement the Europeana Search API, in order to enrich their digital collections by giving access to over 23 million digital objects from Europe’s libraries, museums and archives. What is the Europeana Search API? It’s simply an interface that allows remote access to Europeana’s repository of digitised cultural heritage. It is…
September 3, 2012 Leave a commentNewsBy LIBER Europe
Ten recommendations for libraries to get started with research data management
The LIBER E-Science working group has published its final report on research data management. LIBER installed the ‘E-Science working group’ in 2010 to investigate the role libraries can and should play in the field of E-Science. The group decided to focus on research data as it was felt to be the most urgent element of…
August 24, 2012 2 CommentsNews, Scholarly Communication and Research InfrastructuresBy LIBER Europe
Over 80% of LIBER libraries experiencing demand for support in data management
The results of the ODE LIBER survey on libraries and their role in data exchange are now available. Two new reports from the Opportunities for Data Exchange(ODE) have been published today. One is a report on Best Practices for Citability of Data and Evolving Roles in Scholarly Communication.This report explores developments in best practice…
Research libraries and data privacy
My recent attendance at the IFLA Congress in Helsinki has led me to contemplate both how data privacy affects libraries in terms of their role in facilitating access to information and also as part of their role in protecting the privacy of their patrons and in promoting an open society. More specifically it led me…
4th LIBER Collection Security Conference
The 4th LIBER Collection Security Conference will be held in the National Library of The Netherlands in The Hague on Friday 23rd November 2012. The conference will be organized by the National Library in co-operation with the National Archives. Detailed information will follow.
Where is the opportunity for libraries in the Collaborative Data Infrastructure?
Recently I have been talking a lot about how libraries can offer support to researchers in data management. As part of the Opportunities for Data Exchange project, LIBER carried out a survey of research libraries to measure the perceived demand for such support. A sizable 81% of the respondent libraries reported that data management support was…
July 24, 2012 Leave a commentNewsBy LIBER Europe
LIBER response to European Commission Communication and Recommendation
LIBER response to the Communication and the Recommendation to Member States on “access to and preservation of scientific information” Last week, the European Commission published the Communication and the Recommendation to Member States on “access to and preservation of scientific information”. Both documents strongly support Open Access as a way of making the free circulation…
July 24, 2012 Leave a commentAdvocacy and Communications, NewsBy LIBER Europe
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© BitterBredt
Glass Courtyard, Jewish Museum Berlin
Jewish Museum Berlin
This 7,000 square foot addition to the Jewish Museum in Berlin is located in the courtyard of the historical building, “Kollegienhaus”, which was built in 1735. The museum needed a multifunctional space that would provide additional room for the museum’s restaurant and extend the lobby to provide event space for lectures, concerts, and dinners. The distinctive architecture of the addition creates a space that can be used throughout the year while preserving the courtyard qualities of the baroque building. Within the columns supporting the roof, there is a sophisticated sound system and within the enclosure itself, a stage rises from underground.
The new building is inspired by the Sukkah huts that are used for gatherings during the Jewish festival of Sukkot. The extension has a transparent glass roof and curtain walls that offer unobstructed views of the garden. In the summer, sliding doors can be opened along the lower front elevation to transform the courtyard into an outdoor space. The Courtyard opened in Berlin, Germany during September 2007. Studio Libeskind worked with Matthias Reese at Reese Architekten to complete the project.
Architect of Record
Reese Architekten
Cost & Site Supervision
Lubic & Woehrlin
GSE Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH
Clean Room Consulting Gmbh
Studio Dinnebier
Raw Construction
Markische Ingenieur Bau
ARUP, Berlin
Rudolstadter Systembau
FSB Freienhufener
Military History Museum
Jewish Museum Berlin: Breaking Ground
Felix Nussbaum Haus
Forum at Leuphana University
Lüneburg, Germany
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Review by Thomas Hobbs @thobbsjourno
Peter Webber
Cedric Myton Ken Boothe Winston McAnuff
Reggae culture needs more films that look beyond Bob Marley, so this subject matter sounds important.
The live performances are great, the film itself... not so much.
Has a bit of a BBC Four ‘made-for-your-dad’ vibe.
A group of pioneering reggae musicians hark back to the good old days in this middling music documentary.
On paper, Inna de Yard sounds charming: director Peter Webber reunites a group of pioneering reggae musicians (including Ken Boothe, Winston McAnuff and Judy Mowatt), who smoke spliffs and relive the glory days by making a new album and going out on tour.
Some of them, particularly the energetic Cedric Myton, have never earned the kind of money their unique talent merited, making this documentary an important chance to introduce their music to a new generation and get them earning again.
It’s a shame, then, that Webber’s documentary, which focuses on the backstory of each musician before showing them play songs at a reunion show in Paris, is so pedestrian, lacking the flair of similar (superior) music docs such as Searching for Sugar Man.
The subject matter is fascinating, particularly the focus on how reggae provided social commentary at a time where Jamaica was at war with itself, yet the experience of watching this film is like being subjected to a barrage of Wikipedia pages, as Webber tries to cram in as much subtext as possible.
Just as one intriguing detail emerges (such as Mowatt’s intentions to make music that empowered ignored working class black women or McAnuff feeling like he was screwed out of his masters), it’s quickly forgotten and replaced by another.
The live performances are powerful, but while Webber paints a well-rounded picture of how these artists made something out of nothing, he fails to get to the heart of what makes their music so great sonically, or the darker, potentially racist, reasons why they’re not all living as comfortably as you might expect.
Beyond the purists, it’s hard to imagine many people will leave Inna de Yard in a rush to listen to its subjects’ tunes, which, let’s face it, is the true indicator of a great music documentary.
Tags: Peter Webber
By Thomas Hobbs
Director Ed Lilly’s against-the-odds tale of a white UK rapper feels like a missed opportunity.
Beats, Rhymes and Cinema: King of New York
How Abel Ferrara’s brutal 1990 gangster flick captured the imagination of the hip hop community.
This profile of the 1970s New York disco nirvana is a rollicking examination of American excess.
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Programs Overview Little Wing Rookies Rock 101 Performance Adult Program House Band AllStars Center Stage
Music Lessons Overview Guitar Lessons Drum Lessons Singing Lessons Bass Guitar Lessons Keyboard + Piano Lessons
Camps + Workshops
Resources All Resources GUITAR VOCALS KEYBOARD DRUMS BASS GUITAR MUSIC EDUCATION PERFORMANCES MUSIC INDUSTRY
Explore School of Rock Cincinnati
Explore School of Rock
Our Lessons Our School Our Camps + Workshops Our Events Our News Our Resources
School of Rock Cincinnati
6710 Madison Road
Monday: 3 PM - 9 PM
Tuesday: 3 PM - 9 PM
Wednesday: 3 PM - 9 PM
Thursday: 3 PM - 9 PM
Music programs at School of Rock Cincinnati combine one-on-one lessons with group band practices
Programs we offer
At School of Rock Cincinnati our Little Wing music program for preschoolers and toddlers teaches students foundational music skills by playing games and participating in other interactive musical activities. Little Wing students have one weekly group music lesson in which they use classic rock songs to learn about rhythm, song structure, melody and dynamics through play.
1 WEEKLY GROUP LESSON
USE HAND PERCUSSION & OTHER TOOLS TO LEARN RHYTHM PATTERNS & MUSIC SYNTAX
The Path to Take the Stage
The Little Wing music program is the first step in a young musician's journey. At School of Rock Cincinnati, toddlers and preschoolers who show an interest in music should start with Little Wing. As they get older, they will progress into the Rookies program, followed by Rock 101 and the Performance Program.
At School of Rock Cincinnati, our music program for children with no previous musical experience (typically ages 6 to 7-years-old) is called Rookies. Rookies students have one weekly group music lesson where they learn fundamentals like chords, rhythm and song structure. Kids get to learn and experiment with multiple instruments so they can later decide which one they ultimately want to continue pursuing in Rock 101.
USE OF SIMPLIFIED ROCK INSTRUMENTS TO TEACH KIDS TO PLAY MUSIC
All of our music programs are designed to inspire students to learn and develop a strong musical proficiency. At School of Rock Cincinnati, younger students who are not ready for a more comprehensive program like Rock 101 can start in Rookies. Additionally, students who have completed the Little Wing program will progress into the Rookies music program. No prior musical experience is needed for Rookies. Once your child is ready for private music lessons (typically older than first or second graders), they will graduate into our Rock 101 program.
Rock 101 is one of School of Rock Cincinnati's top programs for kids and beginners. Students have one weekly group rehearsal where they learn to play classic rock songs that have been simplified for beginner musicians. Additionally, Rock 101 students in Cincinnati have a weekly private music lesson with an instructor who helps them learn the concepts and skills behind their performance songs.
1 WEEKLY PRIVATE LESSON
1 WEEKLY GROUP REHEARSAL
Our music programs for kids in Cincinnati are designed to get students on stage performing, with the goal of building strong musical proficiency. Younger students at School of Rock Cincinnati who have participated in the Rookies program can move to our Rock 101 music program once they’re ready. Additionally, students (typically ages 8 to 13-years-old) can begin Rock 101 without any prior experience. The goal of this rock program is to quickly develop a basic competence on students’ chosen instruments before moving on to our famous Performance Program.
The Performance Program at School of Rock Cincinnati is our hallmark music program, where tens of thousands of students enroll each year. It consists of a weekly group rehearsal where kids and teens learn by playing rock music's most iconic songs with a band composed of their peers. Students are assigned songs and parts that are tailored to them based on their age, experience and ability to learn new skills and concepts. Students then work through their parts in weekly private music lessons, refining the skills and concepts that those songs introduce. The goal of this curriculum is to prepare kids and teens for live performances. Every few months, School of Rock Cincinnati Performance Program students take the stage and play at local Cincinnati music venues in front of a live audience.
School of Rock Cincinnati's music programs for kids and teens are designed to inspire by getting students on stage and performing. All of our other music education programs focus on readying students for our famous Performance Program. This is where students develop incredible musical skills. Performance Program students have often gone through our Rock 101 program first or have some previous basic music experience. These young musicians will have custom development plans outlined by their instructors with key concepts reinforced during private lessons and group rehearsals, all with the goal of performing live at a Cincinnati music venue.
School of Rock Cincinnati's Adult Program is for students over 18 years old who are looking to either improve their musical proficiency or pick up an instrument with no prior musical experience. As with most School of Rock music programs, the Adult Program uses a performance-based music education approach. This means the curriculum focuses on learning music concepts and applying them in a live performance setting. Our Adult Music Program includes one weekly private music lesson and a weekly group rehearsal. Every student at School of Rock Cincinnati is placed in a band of fellow adults and then assigned specific songs as a way of learning key music concepts and skills. Adult students then take the stage to play at a live show in Cincinnati.
All of our music programs are designed to inspire by getting students on stage and performing, with the goal of building strong musical proficiency along the way. The School of Rock Cincinnati Adult Program is open to all experience levels and each student will follow a customized learning plan developed by their instructor. Adult students will work together during rehearsal to prepare for a live performance at a real rock venue in Cincinnati.
The Center Stage Artist Search Program is an opportunity to be heard by a major record label. Singers from the ages of 13-19 can submit an audition video as part of the selection process. Selected artists will then have the chance to participate in a studio recording session, and perform at a live artist showcase with record label executives in Los Angeles. We'll also provide School of Rock songwriting camp scholarships for 100 applicants. Submit your video audition today.
A live artist showcase in front of record executives
Record in a state-of-the-art major label studio
The music of legendary recording artists can be the inspiration behind many School of Rock students’ drive to pick up an instrument for the first time. This music is the foundation of our curriculum because it helps maintain young musician’s drive to gain musical proficiency. Center Stage is a program to help usher in the next generation of great artists that will one day inspire others to begin their musical journey.
Music Lessons in Cincinnati
Bass Guitar Lessons
Keyboard + Piano Lessons
Guitar Lessons for All Skill Levels
Beginner Guitar Lessons for Kids
At School of Rock Cincinnati, we offer beginner guitar lessons for kids. Our expert guitar instructors guide your child from start to finish with private instruction and weekly group band rehearsals. Every instructor at School of Rock Cincinnati is an experienced musician, and they emphasize foundational music theory and technique when teaching guitar lessons to kids. Unlike other Cincinnati guitar lessons and programs, School of Rock is designed to get students performing in a band.
Beginner Guitar Lessons for Adults
It’s never too late to learn to play the guitar. Similar to our kids guitar lessons, School of Rock Cincinnati's beginner guitar lessons for adults utilizes a performance-based curriculum. Our experienced instructors teach adult students through popular rock songs, and teach students to play guitar in a way that’s challenging and fun. We believe the best way to learn is by doing, which is why we combine weekly private guitar lessons with group band rehearsals. At School of Rock Cincinnati, we teach beginner guitar lessons for adults in our Adult Program. This program gets students performing onstage at a local Cincinnati venue.
Intermediate to Advanced Guitar Lessons
As students gain skills and experience, we move them along to more challenging programs at higher skill levels. Intermediate and advanced students take the skills they learned in beginner guitar lessons, and layer on more difficult techniques and concepts. School of Rock Cincinnati offers advanced guitar lessons for kids and adults that teach by playing challenging classic rock songs and emphasize playing the guitar in a real music venue. Our Cincinnati guitar teachers will work with each student to develop a custom learning plan.
Drum Lessons for All Skill Levels
Beginner Drum Lessons for Kids
School of Rock Cincinnati is the best option for anyone looking to learn the drums. Our beginner drum lessons get kids behind the drum kit and on their way to taking the stage. That’s why at School of Rock Cincinnati we combine private drum lessons for beginners with weekly band rehearsals—it prepares students to perform live. With years of experience teaching drums in Cincinnati, our drum instructors teach beginner drum students core techniques, including how to groove, play rudiments and more.
Beginner Drum Lessons for Adults
Our drum lessons for adults are designed to accommodate all skill levels. At School of Rock Cincinnati, our beginner drum lessons for adults are built for musicians with little to no experience. We teach adults using the same core performance-based education philosophy as our drum lessons for kids—performing with a band accelerates the learning process. Adult students will perform live at a venue in Cincinnati. Unlike other Cincinnati drum lessons for beginners, School of Rock combines private drum lessons with weekly band rehearsals so students are ready to play in front of real, live audiences.
TIME SIGNATURES
Intermediate to Advanced Drum Lessons
More experienced to advanced drum students need a drum lesson curriculum that builds upon foundational skills and continues to grow musical proficiency. That’s why at School of Rock Cincinnati, our drum lessons are customized for each student and his or her goals. Our Cincinnati drum instructors integrate more complex techniques and concepts—intermediary grooves, shifts, meters and more—into a student's individual lessons and group band rehearsal, and will also select more difficult songs for his or her live performances.
Singing Lessons for All Skill Levels
Beginner Singing Lessons for Kids
School of Rock Cincinnati offers beginner singing lessons for kids. Our unique, performance-based approach develops students' musical proficiency by preparing them to perform live. At School of Rock Cincinnati, our vocal coaches are practicing musicians who integrate key music fundamentals—breathing, posture and more—into a curriculum based on performing with a band. Each week, beginner singing students participate in a private singing lesson and a band rehearsal.
Beginner Singing Lessons for Adults
School of Rock Cincinnati teaches adults how to sing in our innovative Adult Program. Students develop vocal skills at a challenging pace designed to help you see results with every singing lesson. Adult vocalists learn how to keep tempo, stay on-key and master advanced vocal techniques for a powerful and healthy voice. Our curriculum teaches students how to sing by using popular rock songs that emphasize key concepts. Each week, Adult Program students have a private singing lesson for beginners and group band rehearsal.
Intermediate to Advanced Singing Lessons
At School of Rock Cincinnati, our singing lessons for kids and adults are designed to help our students reach a high degree of musical proficiency. Intermediate and advanced singers take skills learned from previous singing lessons and layer on more difficult techniques and concepts. Our advanced singing lessons teach students to sing by performing popular rock songs that illustrate a specific vocal concept or technique. We pair weekly private singing lessons with weekly band rehearsals with the goal of getting musicians to perform live in Cincinnati.
Bass Lessons for All Skill Levels
Beginner Bass Lessons for Kids
School of Rock Cincinnati offers beginner bass guitar lessons for kids that blend weekly private instruction with weekly band rehearsals. This performance-based approach results in a high level of musical proficiency because it engages and inspires students. Every School of Rock bass instructor is a practicing musician in Cincinnati and teaches bass lessons for kids that get great results. Beginners learn to play bass guitar by using popular rock songs that illustrate key concepts and techniques.
Beginner Bass Lessons for Adults
Adults looking to learn bass guitar can enroll in School of Rock’s Adult Program. No experience is necessary in our beginner bass guitar lessons for adults. At School of Rock Cincinnati, our experienced, local bass guitar instructors have the patience and skills to help adult students gain musical proficiency. As with all School of Rock music programs, our bass guitar lessons for adults ciriculum is performance-based, and include both weekly private instruction and weekly band rehearsals.
Intermediate to Advanced Bass Lessons
Our intermediate to advanced bass guitar lessons teach Cincinnati students the skills they need to become the backbone of a band. Students take skills from previous bass lessons and layer on more difficult techniques and concepts. At School of Rock Cincinnati, our bass instructors use popular rock songs as a way of teaching students advanced concepts and techniques. We pair weekly private bass lessons with weekly band rehearsals to inspire and engage students throughout the learning process.
Keyboard Lessons for All Skill Levels
Beginner Keyboard Lessons for Kids
At School of Rock we teach differently than other music schools in Cincinnati. Our curriculum is performance-based, meaning that we prepare students to perform. Our piano lessons for beginners combine weekly private instruction with weekly band rehearsals. At School of Rock Cincinnati, our beginner keyboard lessons for kids take key concepts and music fundamentals—finger placement, scales, key differentiation and more—and teach them through popular rock songs. This approach inspires and engages students, which results in attaining a high level of musical proficiency. Our piano teachers have years of experience teaching music in the Cincinnati area, and know how to coach and motivate students of any skill level to play the keyboard.
Beginner Keyboard Lessons for Adults
The School of Rock Cincinnati Adult Program puts beginner keyboard students in a band. Adult Program students in the Cincinnati area learn to play piano through a combination of weekly private beginner piano lessons and weekly band rehearsals. At School of Rock, our piano lessons give adult students the chance to perform in a band at local Cincinnati music venues, taking them out of the classroom and onto the stage.
Intermediate to Advanced Keyboard Lessons
At School of Rock Cincinnati, our keyboard lessons for kids and adults are designed to help students get results. Intermediate and advanced students take skills learned from beginner keyboard lessons and layer on more advanced piano techniques with concepts. Our local keyboard instructors are all practicing musicians in Cincinnati, and use popular rock songs as a way of teaching complex skills. We pair weekly private piano lessons with weekly band rehearsals to inspire and engage students throughout the learning process.
Our Experienced Music Teachers
All of School of Rock Cincinnati’s music teachers are experienced musicians devoted to helping students attain musical proficiency. Our instructors guide students one-on-one to personalize learning, inspire confidence and build social skills.
Scott Higgins General Manager
Scott Higgins’s love for music started early in his life. He started playing guitar when he was seven and performing with bands at 13. He is primarily a guitar player, but also plays bass and sings. Scott honed his management skills while attending the University of Cincinnati and managing local restaurants. Before joining School of Rock Cincinnati as our General Manager, Scott was a very active performer and loved recording music with his friends.
Scott started with School of Rock in 2012 as the Assistant General Manager at School of Rock Mason. In 2016, he was promoted to the role of General Manager. Scott’s passion for music and desire to share it are evident when you talk to him. He is committed to bringing the gift of music and performance to the local community.
Ryan Hickey Guitar Teacher
Ryan Hickey grew up in Cincinnati within the city’s west side. The development of proficiency, knowledge, performance and recording has been his focus over the course of years playing in bands and ensembles around the tri-state area. His accomplishments as a musician and artist are accompanied by a B.S. in Biological Sciences, an influence in his teaching style that prioritizes critical thinking and problem solving with respect to logical, physiological and mechanical perspectives. However, Ryan is not convinced that there’s a gene for blazing guitar solos, and would be happy to challenge the idea of natural talent with an effective teaching plan. He is a guitar teacher at School of Rock Cincinnati.
Kristen Kreft Vocal Instructor
Kristen Kreft is a singer/songwriter and front woman of her original band The Perfect Children, winner of the 2010 Cincinnati Entertainment Awards for Best Blues Band, and seasoned backing vocalist both in the studio and with several local and regional bands. She combines her musical theater roots with folk, blues and rock n’ roll rawness, adding in the soul and nuances of jazz and R & B to round out her unique and powerful vocals.
While not on the mic, Kristen is a teaching artist using the power of music and creative expression to enrich the lives of children and adults of all abilities. Kristen is honored to be a private vocal instructor, teacher for the Little Wing and Rookies music programs, as well as general music teacher at Holy Trinity School in Bellevue Kentucky through School of Rock. She absolutely loves her job as a Performance Band Director at School of Rock Cincinnati. Kristen also teaches general music for pre-K through third grade at The New School Montessori, in addition to being a teaching artist with Skoolaid focusing on music and movement, creative expression and songwriting. She has previously worked with Dramakinetics and the Cincinnati Family Enrichment Center as a drama and music and movement instructor. Kristen has designed curriculum for Skoolaid and the Cincinnati Arts Association, as well as Artists on Tour, with her creative expressions and songwriting and recording programs. A graduate of the American and Musical Dramatic Academy in New York City, Kristen values music appreciation and music as an alternative expressive language, not only sonically, but as a full body and visual experience. She is also a vocal instructor and show director at School of Rock Cincinnati.
Nic Powers Bass Guitar Teacher
Nic Powers has been involved in the Cincinnati music scene for over 20 years. Nic began writing songs at 14 years old, played in punk rock bands as a teenager, and in his 20s moved on to playing in some indie rock bands. Nic has played with local bands pictureshow, Kasparov, The Sweep and New Strange. Nic currently is the singer/songwriter and front man of the band Static Falls. He also currently plays bass guitar in The Perfect Children. Nic is also writing songs for a recording project with Joe Klug of the band Wussy. Music has always been the main focus of Nic's life and he loves being a bass guitar teacher and Rock 101 teacher at School of Rock Cincinnati.
Mark Becknell Drum Teacher
Mark Becknell is a true musical renaissance man. He is music educator, a studio musician and a veteran of the Cincinnati and national music scenes. Mark keeps very busy as a singer, songwriter, drummer, guitarist and more. His current main project is singing lead vocals and playing steel pan with his original Caribbean/world music group, The Queen City Silver Stars, who have been nominated four times for the Cincinnati Entertainment Awards in the Reggae/World Music category. Mark is also very active in the polka music community nationwide as a part of The Klaberheads, a Cincinnati-based touring German Oktoberfest band. During his long career as a musician, he has played with such great bands as Frontier Folk Nebraska, Josh Eagle and The Harvest City, Freewill and The Swarthy Band. In addition to performing live, Mark also maintains a busy studio schedule playing both drums and percussion for numerous recording sessions of all types on a regular basis. As a Music Education major at Miami University, Mark honed a wide variety of musical skills, including marching band percussion, indoor drum line, wind ensemble, percussion ensemble, African drum and dance, and steel drum band. He uses his education background to assist at Walnut Hills and Mariemont Schools with their marching band drum line, indoor drumline and rock band programs. Mark has been a part of School of Rock Cincinnati since its opening, teaching private drum lessons and leading several summer rock camps and the current White Stripes vs. Black Keys show. With his 30+ years of experience with percussion performance and instruction, Mark is able to offer training that helps beginner, intermediate and advanced players. Mark has the knowledge to teach the proper foundations of the drums. Being a professional musician, he can also offer his students real world experience in preparation for their next concert, show and live performance. He is a drum teacher at School of Rock Cincinnati.
Julianne Webb Vocal Instructor
After studying voice and piano privately since age 10, Julianne Webb attended the University of Georgia, transferring to the Cleveland Institute of Music in Cleveland, Ohio, where she graduated in 1994 with a Bachelor’s degree in Vocal Performance. She has held positions throughout the country with various opera and musical theatre companies, including at the Kentucky Opera, Music Theatre Louisville and Cincinnati Music Theatre (CMT), as well as in professional choirs, such as the Vocal Arts Ensemble here in Cincinnati. She has also performed as a solo and concert artist throughout the US. For the past 18+ years she has enjoyed seasonal work with a professional quartet (Dickens Carolers) in private clubs and hotels around town.
Julianne has also taught privately since March of 1997, first at the Musical Arts Center in O’Bryonville for 13 years, then at her home studio (Webb Studio of Music). She joined the School of Rock team in 2015 and now is a vocal instructor at School of Rock Cincinnati. Her teaching style for both vocal and piano/keyboard lessons incorporates her classical training and applies this technique to all styles, from rock to pop, jazz to musical theatre, and everything in between. Julianne tailors her teaching to each student’s individual needs and levels while incorporating music theory, all within the School of Rock mindset and curriculum. Julianne lives in Landen with her husband, two children and rescue dog Stella. Her favorite artists include Incubus, Barenaked Ladies, A.F.I., Cowboy Mouth and Maroon 5.
School of Rock is where music and learning come together
For over twenty years, our amazing instructors have transformed hundreds of thousands of students across the world into skilled musicians. Become a musician at School of Rock.
What I like about the program is that my kids LOVE it!
This is so different from the music lessons that existed when I was a kid. These kids are actually making music and learning to play as a band. The performances are so impressive, and watching the kids gain confidence and express themselves on stage is priceless.
Yessim P, School of Rock Parent
The structure around how kids learn is amazing.
Taking lessons to learn an instrument is one thing, but learning how to be a part of a band is on another level. These kids are learning how to communicate, respect people and their opinions, and how to be accountable for themselves. It’s more than just music here.
Dustie S, School of Rock Parent
It's the best music program in the city.
Dedicated instructors and staff, vibrant atmosphere, and most importantly, it's fun! My 8-year-old has grown leaps and bounds in skill and personal confidence. If you're thinking about checking it out, don't wait, just do it!
Chevelle S, School of Rock Parent
The kids have a great time while learning to play.
Lifelong skills and relationships are born here. The staff shares their passion for music and are very professional and accommodating. Wish I had this type of exposure to music when I was growing up!
Lori H, School of Rock Parent
6710 Madison Road, Cincinnati, OH 45227
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Pizza and Love in Milan: Le Grand Fooding Milano 2011
Published October 24, 2011 Being American , Dirty Tricks , Food , Italy , Lonely Girl Loves , Offbeat , Places , Sola , Western Europe Closed
Tags: blogsherpa, food, italy, le fooding, le grand fooding, milan
The way to a man’s Italian’s French hipster’s anyone’s heart is through food. Especially pizza.
This is the main lesson I came away with from a weekend spent at Le Grand Fooding Milano. The others included: Italians don’t know what aioli is; there’s really no such thing as “Italian” food, and Northern Italians are shocked and somewhat scandalized by white pizza; Nespresso isn’t bad; there is perhaps no one more effortlessly chic and hip and fucking nice as a French foodie; as such, I will never be a Le Fooding girl; and it’s pretty easy to crash a food festival (and sneak into a Sheraton) as long as you work hard and smile a lot. And know the right people.
I spent the last weekend in Milan, at a three-day food event put on by the French culinary guide/movement/cultural phenomenon Le Fooding. While not terribly well-known in the States, they’ve been around 10 years in France, stirring shit up and throwing parties and breaking rules and basically being the anti-Michelin Guide.
The theme of Milan’s festival was international chefs cooking Italian food versus Italian chefs cooking Italian food, and, being one of the better-known Neapolitan-style pizza restaurants in the US, Pizzaiolo (where I waited tables for the past year and a half) was invited to attend. My co-workers/chefs Jed Cote and Jason Loeb were flown across the globe, put up in a Sheraton, given a pizza oven and prep kitchen and about 100kg of squid, and sent to represent us.
And, since I was in Italy, I decided, you know, what the fuck—I’m going too.
So I showed up with my backpack and messenger bag and hoodie and crashed the party.
Well, it wasn’t crashing exactly. We just figured that if I showed up to the San Pelegrino prep kitchen with Jason and Jed in the morning, hung out and sliced tomatoes and picked herbs and shit, and if I rolled with them to the event, just acted like I was supposed to be there, you know, that it’d all work out.
And it did, and it’s a good thing it did, cause it turned out to be one of those races to the finish, getting the pizza dough right, and cutting the squid, and plating and serving all the slices at the party. More than just a freeloader, I ended up being really useful. And having a rocking good time.
In all its glory
We were there making one of our signature pies (and one of my favorites)—a squid, cherry tomato and aioli pizza. Simple, makes the most of our Northern Cali goodness—abundant, sustainable squid supplies, bomb cherry tomatoes in the summer. We were contracted to pump out 50 pizzas, enough to feed the 300 guests each night, in the hour and a half before they went into the dining room for the seated dinner featuring four dishes from four different chefs.
Hella squid
We spent the mornings prepping, and one of the things I wasn’t expecting was how different the ingredients and facilities would be. Of course, the very premise of the event brings up issues of authenticity, of what happens to a cuisine when you take it from its home and drag it across the planet like… a spaghetti noodle (thus the name). But I didn’t anticipate how the location change would affect our own pizza. Jed and Jason brought their own yeast and used the same OO flour we use at the restaurant, but the squid was larger in Milan, and the tomatoes were more like small Romas instead of Sungolds and Sweet 100s, and less acidic and sweet. We also had a smaller mixer that required 4 batches to make our usual one; we also transported the dough to the event in a trash bag (classy). The pie didn’t end up tasting exactly how it does at home, and I guess that’s part of the point—that locality is crucial, defining, and that when foods travel, they change.
Trash bag dough!
At the event space, which took “industrial chic” to new levels, I hung out while the boys got the fire cranking and set up. It was some truly awesome people-watching. All the Le Fooding people were young and impossibly chic in that particularly Parisian way, cardigans and scarves (the boys) and little boots and tights and drape-y tops (girls), and a look we dubbed “the urban equestrian.” In my younger, less settled incarnations, I would have spent the time comparing myself to them and ultimately feeling shitty about myself. But now it was just comical—“Do we even grow girls like that in North America?” I asked my friends, and they shook their heads so fact I thought they might fall off.
Le Fooding girls
It was kinda like the squid and the tomatoes.
There were also tons of Italian crew setting up, working on the lights and such—they were less chic, more working class, in their cargo pants. Then there were the security guards and the phalanx of confused-looking 18-year-old assistant cooks/mignonnes, and the caterers—and everyone chain-smoking, chain-smoking, like it was their job. (One of the girls at the arancini stand was smoking while she set up the deep fryer…)
The people attending the event were a different breed—mostly middle-class, middle-aged Italians, with a sprinkling of hip folks and a whole slew of media. While the boys cooked, I plated slices, and talked to folks.
“Pizza di Oakland,” I heard people mutter.
“Pizza di Aukland?”
“No, America. Near to San Francisco.”
“Ah, pizza di Oakland! This is how you do pizza in California?”
“Well, this is how we do pizza.” And a wink and smile.
But the real test was the reception, which we seemed to win. People were only supposed to get one slice, but, as per our stuff-everyone philosophy, we’d prepped enough for 20 or so extra pies. So I got the catch people’s eyes as they tentatively looked over, tried not to hover, and I got to smile and motion for them to eat another. And another. Kill em with kindness, but also with food.
At 8:30, the Le Fooding kids ran a little bell and herded everyone into the dining room. Which is when the real fun started. Technically, we were done. But while the important chefs scurried around with their mignonnes, plating 300 dishes, and a crew of young caterers lined up, wearing all black with fucking headlamps on, like it were a Vegas show—we got to do what we love best, which is love on people.
It’s part of the whole Pizzaiolo philosophy (and the reason I loved working their so much)—to love the shit out of people, through food. So we started cranking out the pies. First some of our neighbors: the arancini girls and the Mumm champagne kids, and the guys at the next pizza oven, from Pizza East in London. Then a couple for the security guards and the people working the front door. How about the two gender-ambiguous Filipino cleaners? Of course! The endlessly hungry-eyed mignonnes—sure! Hey you, founder and director of this big-deal culinary movement—you get enough squid? How bout you, firefighter? You cold, Pelegrino girl?—come huddle by the pizza oven for a few minutes.
Cause that’s what it’s really all about, right? That’s why we call it breaking bread, why we mark important events by gathering for meals, why every fucking culture in the world comes together for food. It’s about love and building relationships and making friends, not cause it’s gonna get you something or somewhere or even a reciprocal drink/dish/whatever, but because that’s what we do—that’s what cooks get into the business to do, and what I, it turns out, love most about the industry: the simple act of feeding people.
And that’s what I think, after three days, that Le Fooding is all about to. I’d scoured the internet for English-language articles about them, and the main thing I’d read from the big American food critics is that they didn’t understand what Le Fooding wanted, or what they were trying to do (reminds you of Occupy Wall Street a bit, huh?). But after the weekend, after seeing how intensely we broed down and how food enabled all that, became a kind of edible language, when real language failed—it’s not that hard for me to understand what they want. They want that: love.
By the third day, we knew everyone—everyone stopping by to say hello or waving as they passed—and we partied late into the night on Saturday, dancing and smoking and exchanging hugs and email addresses. And it came out, you know, that I wasn’t a chef and that I’d just kinda showed up, but there was so much love no one gave a shit—they gave me those French double cheek kisses and wished me well in Cambodia.
And it’s a shame to be leaving the restaurant industry after such a weekend. But, as Jed said, “Way to go out on top.”
And with a lot of fucking love. And a belly full of pizza, which I’ll miss almost as much as the love.
Loved these two!
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Rumble: The Indians Who Rocked The World (2017)
103 min | Documentary, Music
A documentary about the role of Native Americans in popular music history.
(archive footage)
David Fricke
Himself - Rolling Stone Magazine
Beth Wray Webb
Sherry Wray
Ron Welburn
Himself - Jazz historian and Professor of English, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Billy Hancock
Antonino D'Ambrosio
Himself - Author, filmmaker
Catherine Bainbridge , Alfonso Maiorana (co-director)
Catherine Bainbridge, Alfonso Maiorana
9 wins & 6 nominations.
28 June 2017 | Red-Barracuda
| Interesting look at the influence of Native Americans on popular music culture
This film focuses on the overlooked contributions of Native Americans on popular music. It covers the music from early blues through to hair metal. One of the findings is that being Native American was something that musicians generally hid from the public eye, publicity of this ethnicity seemed to be something that effected the chance of the music being promoted in the mainstream. There appeared to be a sense of discomfort in the American media, mixed in with a sense of collective guilt about the treatment of the Native Americans historically. The film details some of the racism that was directed their way, especially in the earlier part of the 20th century and the way that their culture was in fact suppressed to an extent. This extended to their music, which was considered to be subversive.
Catherine Bainbridge has put together a film on a subject of which there really has been little focus on. It is at its most interesting and incisive when detailing the earlier stuff. For example, the early blues recordings of Charley Patton really do have a Native American sound to them with the vocal delivery and distinctive rhythms, a fact I had never noticed beforehand. And considering he was one of the key players in the early days of what was to become popular music, you have to say that the influence of his culture on modern music has to be significant. Other key players are Link Wray who developed a style of guitar music which would be a major influence on all subsequent music which used power chords, we learn of the difficulties the folk singer Buffy Sainte-Marie experienced with radio stations being pressurised into not playing her songs which were considered dangerously political and then there is Jimi Hendrix whose Native American ancestry was less promoted to the public than his black ethnicity. Later on, there is a look at the much-respected guitarist Jesse Ed Davis, Robbie Robertson of The Band, the Native American group Redbone, heavy metallers Randy Castillo and Steve Salas and hip-hop rapper Taboo. Some of the latter stuff, while still interesting, feels a little fragmented, with the actual Native American influence somewhat hard to detect at times. But overall, this certainly is a very good music documentary with much to ponder and a focus on some musicians who have not had much attention over the years. It definitely shows that the Native American influence is something that has never gotten the recognition it deserves; this film tries to readdress this a little.
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Climate Warriors
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Written by Lolly Vegas and Pat Vegas
Performed by Pat Vegas and Lolly Vegas
(collectively as Pat and Lolly Vegas)
Synopsis (WARNING: Spoilers)
Documentary | Music
New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
See detailed box office info on IMDbPro
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06 July 2018 | The Wrap
PBS’ ‘Independent Lens’ Executive Producer Talks Season 17, Power of Public Media and Documentary ‘Boon’
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31 Aug The Hill by Angela France (Nine Arches Press, July 2017) Reviewed by María Castro Domínguez
Posted at 13:09h in #Art, #contemporary poet, #lyrics, #poems, #readers, Bookshop, Poetry, Reading poetry by María Castro 0 Comments
The Hill by Angela France (Nine Arches Press, July 2017)
Reviewed by María Castro Domínguez for MslexiaMax
Angela France´s poetry book The hill is a memorable journey uphill to a metaphysical place, up and beyond a specific hill, Leckhampton Hill near Cheltenham. The hill becomes a hill which could embody any hill we encounter. Its transcendent nature makes each poem timeless, they can be felt individually no matter where you come from. We can connect or reconnect again with the land of our ancestors recovering our identity, hence our sense of self.
The climb is an emotional experience. We tread on historical texture, on roots, rocks, on tree-roots that clasp. We hear witnesses with proper names grumble and tell their stories in direct, like a sort of poetic journalism. This gives Frances´s poems vivacity and actuality, reviving our empathy towards the many speakers that populate the hill and beyond. Paradoxically we can also perceive: an emptiness, nothing attached to the name.
Does land belong to us? Can it be possessed by a few? Where are our rights? Are questions that echo on each page, binding the sequence together. Its recurrence manifests a degree of cyclicity. Patterns that repeat themselves throughout history.
Angela France´s concrete poems call out to the diversity and meaning implicated in shape, just as the sound of words and their connotations do. They move our senses skilfully without sacrificing their message of eternity.
Ted Hughes poem “Wind” also contains a hill but with a solitary house on top, the house is immersed in solitude, alone fighting against all vicissitudes. In France´s poems I feel the comfort and accompaniment of a multitude of voices, people, nature and the elements speak out and are never forgotten. I perceive the continuation of life under my feet, above in the trees, in the named and the nameless. In Angela France´s poems we never die.
Biography Angela France
Angela France has had poems published in many of the leading journals and has been anthologised a number of times. Her publications include Occupation (Ragged Raven Press, 2009), Lessons in Mallemaroking (Nine Arches Press, 2011) and Hide (Nine Arches Press 2013). She has an M.A. in Creative and Critical Writing and a PhD from the University of Gloucestershire. Angela teaches creative writing at the University of Gloucestershire and in various community settings as well as working for a local charity. She runs a reading series in Cheltenham, ‘Buzzwords’.
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You are at:Home»Production»MIPCOM News interview: Robert Redford
MIPCOM News interview: Robert Redford
Robert Redford is in Cannes to mark the first anniversary of Sundance Channel in France
By James Martin on October 4, 2010 0 Comments
The actor, director, producer, and founder of the Channel, spoke exclusively to MIPCOM Daily News editor Julian Newby
This and more in the MIPCOM daily News, online here soon!!
Sundance Channel is coming up to 15 years old. What were your goals for the Sundance Channel back in 1996?
Sundance Channel started as a natural next step for the core mission of our overall Sundance brand, which was to support artists in new ways and bring original and independent work and voices to wider audiences. Originally it was just to expand the festival concept onto television; once we took this first step we could begin to see ahead as to what shape the Sundance Channel could take. I’m pleased with where we have come with this company in this regard over the last 15 years, as we’ve been able to create and acquire content not seen elsewhere and deliver it over multiple platforms in dynamic ways. It is also very gratifying to see Sundance Channel launch internationally.
Sundance Channel has launched in France, Belgium, and parts of Asia. The plan is to continue to introduce Sundance Channel to more territories and continue to expand. The core philosophy of the network remains the same even as you modify to meet the needs of different countries and cultures.
Has the acquisition by Rainbow Media changed anything at the Channel?
Joining the Rainbow family two years ago brought with it an international reach I’d always wanted for Sundance Channel as well as resources Sundance Channel might not have had otherwise. For instance, a video on demand division called Sundance Selects has been launched so that audiences can connect with great independent films that may not open in a theatre near them. The acquisition has brought more options for artists, more options for audiences, which has always been the Sundance focus.
How have digital technologies impacted on Sundance Channel?
For me, the most important thing is that these varied formats push creativity. Sundance Channel’s website has become almost a channel unto itself; it has fostered the creation of some great original short films and series such as Isablella Rossellini’s Green Porno. Sundance Channel has also launched a stand-alone website called Full Frontal Fashion.
From a business standpoint, I think we’re much more integrated across departments. Everything we do has potential on multiple platforms, and our content’s success may well even rely on being pushed out there on multiple platforms. Digital technology has made Sundance Channel content available to a much wider audience — in accordance with our initial goal — in new and exciting ways, like our original series and films being available on demand through most cable and satellite operators.
What innovative television have you observed recently?
I am more of a movie-goer than TV watcher. However one can not help but notice how many more opportunities there are for creatives on television and how many film people are doing series specifically for TV. Series such as Mad Men, Breaking Bad, or Boardwalk Empire are a reflection of the very high quality of product that is on television these days, and in an era of tough film financing, television provides a very interesting option.
On Sundance Channel I am particularly proud of Brick City, which is shot in a verite documentary style, but edited for drama and television pacing. It received a prestigious Peabody Award and was nominated for an Emmy. Season two launches in early February 2011.
What are your hopes for your visit to Cannes?
Sundance Channel global is up in six markets and I know that there is the amibition to launch in more territories. MIPCOM offers the opportunity to be in front of key distributors from around the world and allows them to learn a bit more about Sundance Channel. It’s also a great opportunity for the creative executives at the network to meet with other makers of television from around the world to get ideas, talk about how to work together, get inspired.
What’s next for the Sundance brand?
Bigger is not necessarily always better and any expansion has to fit a set of criteria that adheres to the basic tenets of the brand. We are not in a rush to strike out in many directions, rather the proper directions for us when the time is right and there is a reason to do so. Something having to do with the expansion of our long-held commitment to documentary film may well come to fruition soon and we continue to expand the work that we’ve always done which brings to the table artists and creativity in the development of public policy for the 21st century.
That said, I am pleased that we are still here, that the brand continues to have meaning and resonance.
Robert Redford stars Sundance
As Head of Social Media for Reed MIDEM, James Martin oversees social strategy and deployment for B2B events MIPTV and MIPCOM, Midem (music industry) and MIPIM & MAPIC (real estate & retail). He is based in Reed MIDEM's Paris office.
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‘Finding Dory’ Trailer: Pixar Returns With an Unforgettable Adventure
Mike Sampson
You’d be forgiven for thinking that Finding Nemo didn’t really need a sequel. It was a completely charming, yet contained adventure, wrapped up pretty neatly. But, it was a very, very successful Pixar movie and, these days, that means sequel. Of the first seven Pixar movies, only Finding Nemo and A Bug’s Life (which has seemed to be almost ret-conned out of existence in the Pixar universe) hadn’t yet had sequels, but that’s about to change next summer as Finding Dory opens in theaters.
As you can see in the trailer, Finding Dory finds Dory still very much being Dory, but with one very, small change: she’s slowly starting to remember things. It’s not all coming flooding back at once, but as Dory dreams, she remembers her family and sets off, with the help of Marlin and Nemo, to find them.
Though another sequel doesn’t seem like the most exciting thing Pixar could be doing, especially when Inside Out was one of the best films of the year, but if director Andrew Stanton is able to bring even a little bit of magic from the original back for Finding Dory, it may be worthwhile. Even just watching this short amount of footage, it’s hard to deny the thrill (and the beauty) of being back in this underwater world.
Original Finding Nemo stars Ellen DeGeneres and Albert Brooks are both returning for the sequel along with newcomers Ed O’Neill, Kaitlin Olson and Ty Burrell with Eugene Levy and Diane Keaton starring as Dory’s long lost parents.
Disney•Pixar’s “Finding Dory” reunites everyone’s favorite forgetful blue tang, Dory, with her friends Nemo and
Marlin on a search for answers about her past. What can she remember? Who are her parents? And where did she learn to speak Whale?
Finding Dory opens in theaters on June 17, 2016.
Check Out the 50 Coolest Pixar Easter Eggs
Source: ‘Finding Dory’ Trailer: Pixar Returns With an Unforgettable Adventure
Categories: Movie News, Video
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Podcasting BookContact MeShow host
Museums in Strange Places
Slavery in Maryland: Facing Our Whole History at Sotterley PlantationStart listening
Publishes monthly
Museum on Main Street: A Love Letter to Small-Town America (02/09)
June 18, 2019 41 minutes
About half of all museums in the US are in small towns in rural America. Each of these museums holds stories and objects that are worth preserving and sharing, but they don’t always have the funding and infrastructure they need to operate and innovate. That’s where Museum on Main Street comes in. This Smithsonian program brings traveling exhibits to small towns for six weeks at a time. But the exhibit materials are just the catalyst for a much bigger experience, an experience that leaves these towns empowered to use culture to build stronger communities. In this episode, I hear from folks in DC, Massachusetts, Florida, Iowa, and Minnesota about the impact of Museum on Main Street.
Find more information about Museum on Main Street and photos on my website, hhethmon.com.
If you enjoy Museums in Strange Places, please help me keep it going by leaving a review on Apple Podcasts/iTunes or sharing this episode with a friend. Let me know what you think by sending me a tweet @hannah_rfh.
Interested in starting a podcast at your organization? Check out my new book, Your Museum Needs a Podcast: A Step-ByStep Guide to Podcasting on a Budget for Museums, History Organizations, and Cultural Nonprofits.
More episodes from Museums in Strange Places
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[A pilot for a new show I developed about living in London. I'm really proud of how it turned out, but I just don't have the time to make more episodes, so it's going to live here on the …
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Donald J. Trump has been active in business and media for fifty years, but his scandal-ridden presidency has overshadowed most of his history. Levi Fox's Pop-Up Atlantic City Trump Museum…
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He’s the master of macabre, the man who created mystery fiction, the face on the socks and beer bottles of everyday Baltimoreans. He’s Edgar Allan Poe, and he belongs to Baltimore. Join me …
Slavery in Maryland: Facing Our Whole History at Sotterley Plantation
So much of Maryland was built on the back of enslaved Africans, yet it’s easy to avoid confronting the history of slavery in Maryland’s former plantation country. Historic Sotterley is …
Baltimore’s Jewish Roots ft. Harry Houdini (S02/E08)
What do Baltimore, Russian Jews, the third oldest synagogue in America, Eastern European Catholics, seances, and Harry Houdini have in common? You’ll …
Why We Work: Improving the Way Museums Work at The Baltimore Museum of Industry (S02/E07)
S02/E07: Located in a waterfront 1860s oyster cannery in the Baltimore Harbor, The Baltimore Museum of Industry is trying to inspire and engage their visitors around the concept of work by …
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Start listening to Slavery in Maryland: Facing Our Whole History at Sotterley Plantation
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Rita Ora is in the running for a role in The Flash movie
Adam StarkeyMonday 11 Jul 2016 4:53 pm
Rita Ora is in the running to take the female lead in The Flash movie (Picture: Getty/Bonanza Productions/Warner Bros/DC Comics)
Rita Ora is reportedly in the running for a role in the upcoming movie based on DC’s The Flash.
The singer is apparently one of the people gunning to play reporter Iris West in the forthcoming movie, which is set to star Ezra Miller as the cosmically-fast superhero Barry Allen.
However, she’s reportedly up against some stiff competition – with American actress Kiersey Clemons, known for her role in 2015’s Dope, and Sing Street actress Lucy Boynton both in the running too, according to The Hollywood Reporter’s Borys Kit.
Ezra Miller’s brief appearance as The Flash in Batman V Superman (Picture: Warner Bros)
If you’re unfamiliar, Iris West is the love interest and, in the comics, eventual wife of The Flash. So if Rita were to bag the role, it’d certainly be a significant boost to her acting career.
She’s previously had a few minor roles in major Hollywood films, including an incredibly brief appearance in Fast & Furious 6 and playing Mia Grey in 50 Shades Of Grey, and it’s upcoming follow-up Fifty Shades Darker.
So do we want to see Rita Ora taking the female lead? We’re not quite so sure she’ll get a look-in considering the other actresses on the table.
Ezra Miller’s The Flash made his first appearance in Batman V Superman (Picture: Warner Bros)
Ezra Miller’s The Flash debuted during a small scene in Batman V Superman: Dawn Of Justice, but will make his first major appearance in DC’s upcoming superhero smackdown The Justice League, which comes out in November 2017.
The standalone Flash movie is set to follow in 2018, and will be directed by Rick Famuyiwa from a script written by The Lego Movie’s Chris Miller and Phil Lord.
MORE: Ezra Miller’s Flash and Ray Fisher’s Cyborg are both set to star in The Flash movie
MORE: Supergirl and The Flash to team up – 6 more television crossovers we’d love to see
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"Everybody loves avocados... we take these kinds of thefts seriously."
By Brandon Tan
Grand Theft Avocado in California
If you, like every other millennial with enough discretionary income and free time, enjoy the most celebrated meal of our day, brunch, then you will find this piece of news as either a dream come true or a justifiable reason to break the law. Wait, both? Three employees of the avocado ripening department within a produce processing facility in California (A.K.A. mecca), were recently arrested on suspicion of stealing $300,000 worth of nature’s finest creation, avocados, from Mission Produce… and dare we say, we’re green with envy. To put the quantity in perspective, the average price of an avocado in the U.S. at the moment is about a dollar. That would mean that these avo-missionaries had stolen 300,000 single, beautiful, oval spheres of pure delight, but can you blame them? The criminal masterminds have been charged with selling America’s favorite fruit (yes, fruit) stolen from the company grounds without authorization, pocketing the cash money. Why they’d trade nature’s green for capitalism’s, we’re not sure, but what we do know is that the entire situation has not only introduced a new drug to the black market (or black farmer’s market if you will), but also new meaning to the acronym GTA; now no longer exclusively ‘grand theft auto,’ but also ‘grand theft avo.’ Authorities were led to the accused after several suspicious reports had been made, which resulted in an investigation since May.The culprits, Joseph Valenzuela, Rahim Leblanc and Carlos Chavez, were all taken into custody last week after police raided their homes and workplace. A few weeks and countless avocado toasts later, the authorities are still looking into who was purchasing the smuggled fruit and whether or not they were aware that the guacamole on their Tostito’s scoop was, in fact, contraband. We close with a quote from the LA Times by Ventura County Sgt. John Franchi that is not news, nor hard-hitting, but certainly relatable: “Everybody loves avocados… we take these kinds of thefts seriously.”
Source: KTLA
Images courtesy of KTLA and Oxygen.
Stay tuned to Milk for more news on your favorite greens.
#avocados
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BURN2 2016: bringing Da Vinci’s Workshop to Second Life
Posted on July 31, 2016 July 31, 2016 by Inara Pey
BURN2 2016 will be opening its gates on Saturday, October 15th, and will run through until Sunday, October 23rd 2016, culminating in the burning of the Man the Temple on the closing weekend of the event.
The theme for this year is Da Vinci;’s Workshop, which the official Burning Man website describes (in part) thus:
Burning Man’s 2016 art theme is inspired by the Italian Renaissance of the middle fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, when a historic convergence of inspired artistry, technical innovation and enlightened patronage launched Europe out of mediaevalism and into modernity. Our story will focus on the republic of Florence, for it was here, in a city-state of about the same size and population as Black Rock City, that humanist ideals, a rediscovery of science, and funding from a newly moneyed class of entrepreneurs fuelled a revolutionary cultural movement that redefined Western civilization. Five centuries later, we will attempt to recreate this potent social alchemy by combining Burning Man art, maker culture and creative philanthropy to make Black Rock City the epicentre of a new renaissance.
The plot sale is now open, as is the Plot Lottery and Juried Art Applications. You can purchase a plot for BURN2 directly from the kiosks on the playa, with parcels priced as follows:
512 sq m / 117 LI – L$2,800
1024 sq m / 234 LI – L$5,600
208 sq m / 468 LI – L$11,200
4096 sq m / 936 LI – L$22,400
BURN2 2016: Reserve your plot in-world
Please ensure you read all the information on an application forms, and that you also read the
Builder Guidelines and Ten Principles before you submit your application. Aesthetics mirroring the Black Rock Desert are in effect for this event.
Plots are liable to be taken fast, so as the BURN2 press release on the event states:
Get inspired by visions of Renaissance ingenuity, Medieval machinery and the artistic, eclectic, multi-gifted genius of the great Leonardo da Vinci, and bring those creations to the virtually dusty playa – come in world and get your plot reserved as soon as you can!
Volunteers are also being sought to help with greeting, building, creating, performing, dancing, and sharing the news about BURN2. Those wishing to be a general volunteer, should fill out the application form, while those interested in a leadership role should consult the BURN2 Application for Key Roles form.
About BURN2
BURN2 is an extension of the Burning Man festival and community into the world of Second Life. It is an officially sanctioned Burning Man regional event, and the only virtual world event out of more than 100 real world Regional groups and the only regional event allowed to burn the man.
The BURN2 Team operates events year around, culminating in an annual major festival of community, art and fire in the fall – a virtual echo of Burning Man itself.
BURN2 website
BURN2 in this blog
Tagged Burn2 2016
A Beautiful 4 Seasons in Second Life
Posted on July 31, 2016 June 2, 2017 by Inara Pey
Beautiful 4 Seasons – click any image for full size
“This region is my labour of love :D,” Inkie (inkie Loudwater) tells me as I admire the latest iteration of her Homestead region, Beautiful 4 Seasons. “I change it every season; it’s an ongoing process, so the more people enjoy it, the better it is!”
Looking around the region it’s hard to imagine it not being a staple part of people’s itineraries when exploring Second Life. It sits as a mostly low-slung island in the centre of a lake. Across the water and completely surrounding it, a patchwork quilt of fields recede towards misty, distant hills and rounded, grassy peaks. it’s not quite England’s Lake District – but it could be.
Beautiful 4 Seasons
The island forms a west pointing C, a smaller island nestled within its curving arms. A tiny hamlet sits along one arm of the C, perched on a slender finger of rock facing the waterfront to the south, with rowing boats and small craft drawn in close to the single wooden pier and stone flanks of an old harbour wall. Behind the little row of buildings forming the hamlet, stone stairs offer a way down between the rocks to where wooden bridges hop from the main island over a little nub of land poking above the waters, to the smaller island, occupied by a small summer-house and partially walled garden.
Westward of the hamlet, the land drops away gently to s small circle of standing stones, an elongated henge with lintel stones still in place to connect rough-hewn columns. Eastwards, and the land curves and climbs to its highest point, a rocky shoulder to the north-east. A house shelters in its lee of the hill as the island curls northwards, looking out over the water to the smaller of the two islands. Below the house, the land slips gently downward and across a grassy tongue lapping at the water’s edge, where sits an intriguing camp site awaiting visitors.
The entire impression here is of a small, possibly private, holiday island; a place where people can escape the hassle of everyday life, sitting beyond the distant hills, and simply wander and relax. It’s a place where bikes and scooters are popular – but which is best explored on foot. It’s the kind of place where even strangers are on first-name terms within minutes of meeting, and where the entertainment, going by the makeshift outdoor theatre, is as home-made as the bead in the bakery.
There is also subtle mystery of stories awaiting visitors here. The bakery is well-stocked, the summer-house is set for dinner while the deck outside invites people to sit and have a drink; across the water; the camp site shows signs of use, and here and there, washing hangs on the lines. But where are the locals? As busy as the little island seems, the houses sit unfurnished, motor scooters sit deserted, and dogs stand and stare into the distance, as if waiting on someone’s return. Are the locals all off across the water? If so, where might they have gone for the day? Or are we, as a part of our visit, “the locals”? And if so, what might our stories be as a part of this little community?
Beautiful 4 Seasons is, in a word, charming; the kind of place I could happily holiday within; so much so that I wish I’d seen some of the earlier iterations of the region. It is, however, quite firmly penned-in to my list of regions to revisit in the future. but that’s the join of Second Life, isn’t it? The chance of discovering / hearing about new places to visit, explore and photograph.
Beautiful 4 Seasons (Rated: Moderate)
Tagged Exploring Second Life (2016)5 Comments
Dying detectives, alien missions and blueberry summers
Posted on July 31, 2016 by Inara Pey
It’s time to kick-off a week of story-telling in voice, brought to our virtual lives by the staff and volunteers at the Seanchai Library. As always, all times SLT, and events are held at the Library’s Second Life home at Bradley University, unless otherwise indicated.
Sunday, July 31st 13:30: Tea Time at Baker Street
Tea-time at Baker Street returns for the summer, featuring a new location – 221B Baker Street at the University of Washington in Second Life, and a return to His Last Bow.
A 1917 anthology of previously published Sherlock Holmes stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the volume originally comprised seven stories published by The Strand Magazine between 1908 and 1917. However, later editions of the book saw an eighth story included, The Adventure of the Cardboard Box, originally published in 1892. This week sees Holmes and Watson engaged upon The Adventure of the Dying Detective.
Sherlock Holmes is dying. That is the shocking discovery Doctor John Watson makes on being called to 221B Baker Street. The Great Detective has apparently contracted a contagious and rare Asian disease while on a case in Rotherhithe. Mrs. Watson confirms Holmes has not eaten or taken a drink in three days.
Wanting to assist his friend, Watson finds himself forced to wait – the contagious nature of Homes’ illness preventing him from carrying out an examination – until six o’clock that evening, when Holmes reveals the name of the one man who can save him, one Culverton Smith. Unfortunately, Smith may not be predisposed to lending assistance, as he is not a doctor, but a man Holmes once implicated in a murder.
Before Watson departs to bring the man to Baker Street, Holmes makes a mysterious request: once he has secured Smith’s agreement to come to Holmes, Watson ensures he returns to Baker Street quite independently of Smith. Confused, but determined to help his dying friend, Watson sets out on his mission …
Plus a special Bonus: Mrs. Hudson’s Case by Laurie B. King
When Sherlock Holmes retired to the Sussex Downs, his long-time (and long-suffering) housekeeper, Mrs Hudson, went along to run his life. But when the house is invaded, shortly after his meeting with Miss Mary Russell, Mr Holmes refuses to turn his mind to the problem, leaving Mrs Hudson herself to solve the case.
Monday August 1st To the Vanishing Point
Gyro Muggins continues his Monday Night treat of sci-fi with Alan Dean Foster’s To the Vanishing Point.
When Frank Sonderberg insists his family make their annual vacation a road trip, his wife and kids are less than impressed. When he pulls over to the side of the road to pick up a beautiful young hitch-hiker apparently stranded in the desert, his wife definitely isn’t impressed.
But no sooner has the young woman, calling herself Mouse, boarded their motor-home than reality changes – and not necessarily for the better. Mouse, it turns out, is an alien on a mission and in picking her up, the family is inextricably joined with her in that mission. The universe, with all its many realities, is coming apart because the Spinner, the creator of those realities, has a headache. Mouse has the cure, but in order to give it, she must reach the Vanishing Point – and she needs the Sonderbergs to get her there.
Tuesday August 2nd, 19:00: Blueberry Summers: Growing Up at the Lake
Kayden Oconnell reads from Curtiss Anderson’s classic coming of age memoirs.
Born in 1928 in Minneapolis, Curtiss Anderson grew up in an extended family of Norwegian-Americans, among whom the highlight of the year was time spent among the lakes of northern Minnesota.
For young Curtiss, growing up in the 1930s and 1940s, these were especially idyllic years. Time spent in the farmhouse among this extended family presented an opportunity for him to escape the strained and troubled relationship he had with his parents and enjoy the company of others, aunts and uncles, the loving care offered by family friends Leigh and Clara, the companionship of the family dogs – and the chances to experience young love of his own.
Through the tales he relates of these summers, so Anderson also explores the notes and letters he wrote as a boy, carefully produced on a hand-me-down typewriter. Missives and notes which, although he never realised it at the time, were in fact his first forays into what would blossom in his adult life into a distinguished career as a writer, editor and publisher.
Wednesday August 3rd: Women Going Wild in the West
With Trolley Trollop.
Thursday, August 4th: 19:00: Gaslight & Grimm
Steampunk faerie tales with Shandon Loring – also in Seanchai Kitely.
Please check with the Seanchai Library SL’s blog for updates and for additions or changes to the week’s schedule.
The featured charity for July-August is WildAid: seeking to end the illegal wildlife trade in our lifetimes by reducing demand through public awareness campaigns and providing comprehensive marine protection.
Seanchai Library blog
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How Everytown for Gun Safety Plans to Defeat the NRA’s Top Legislative Priority
Today we announced in Politico that for the first time, and as part of a full-force campaign, Everytown for Gun Safety will score a Congressional vote on the NRA’s top legislative priority: “Concealed Carry Reciprocity.”
As you know, right now, America has varying laws across states when it comes to who can carry concealed weapons in public. Some states have high standards; others do not. Twelve states do not even require a permit to carry hidden, loaded guns in public.
“Concealed Carry Reciprocity” would make Americans less safe, as states would be forced to recognize the concealed carry standards of every other state, no matter how low (or nonexistent) those standards. In other words, it would make the weakest link the law of the land and force states to allow domestic abusers, convicted stalkers, people with violent histories, and people who lack even the most basic gun safety training to carry concealed guns in public.
To be clear, this chaotic and dangerous policy would not create a national standard for who can carry guns in public across our country. In fact, it would do nothing to help prevent gun violence. The American public does not support it – 88 percent support requiring safety training and a clean criminal record to carry a concealed gun. Nevertheless, “Concealed Carry Reciprocity” is the gun lobby’s dream. The NRA tried (and failed) to pass this policy in Congress multiple times before, and we have successfully defeated it in the past.
Now we – Everytown and Moms Demand Action, together the counterweight to the NRA – are mounting a full campaign to ensure this dangerous legislation fails again. That means activating our 50-state grassroots network of more than three million supporters to hold their elected officials accountable – and investing financially in this long-term battle all the way through to the 2018 elections and beyond.
This past November, we held Sen. Kelly Ayotte accountable for her 2013 vote against background checks following the mass shooting at Sandy Hook. Ayotte lost her seat, after Everytown mobilized our grassroots base, New Hampshire Moms Demand Action, and spent money alongside other groups like Americans for Responsible Solutions to remind voters that Ayotte defied 80 percent of her constituents when she voted against a simple background check bill. That was just one part of the more than $25 million we spent last cycle, when gun safety’s victories represented the silver lining of the 2016 elections.
Now, we are prepared to spend what it takes to defeat “Concealed Carry Reciprocity.” Everytown and Moms Demand Action volunteers are already writing to their elected officials, making phone calls, and showing up at town halls to voice their opposition to this dangerous legislation.
We know how to be the David to the NRA’s Goliath. Over the last couple years, we have taken them on and won in statehouses across the country. Defeating “Concealed Carry Reciprocity” is now our main national priority, and we are putting Washington on notice that we will bring the same investment of resources and grassroots power to the fight against it.
If you're a member of the media, please send inquiries to [email protected]
Maine Moms Demand Action, Everytown Denounce Introduction of Dangerous Guns on Campus Legislation
There are many ways to make a difference. Tell us a little about yourself and we’ll help you get started.
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Meet Marie Delus, New York State Survivor Lead
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Stocks mirror U.S. team: Down, but not out
by Matt Egan @MattEganCNN June 26, 2014: 4:26 PM ET
It may not have been a win, but Wall Street has something to celebrate today -- just like USA soccer. Stocks staged an afternoon comeback, erasing most of an earlier tumble that was fueled by worries about interest rates.
Here's what you need to know about the markets:
1. The numbers: The Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 ended the day slightly lower, while the Nasdaq finished flat. While the Dow ended the day 21 points in the red (0.13%), that's a major improvement considering the index dropped over 120 points in the morning.
Trading volumes were lower at the U.S. stock exchanges during the big World Cup matchup. But trading often dips during the middle of the day, so it wasn't entirely out of the norm.
2. Fed fears: Stocks slumped earlier on concerns that the Federal Reserve will soon remove the easy-money punch bowl that's been juicing stock prices.
James Bullard, the president of the St. Louis Fed, warned that financial markets may not appreciate how close the central bank is to achieving its goals. Bullard told FOX Business on Thursday that a rate hike could come during the first quarter of 2015.
While the comments about a rate hike match Bullard's previous forecast, they appeared to take the market off guard because the Fed official is normally very dovish.
One trader also made light of the fact that the selling occurred after FIFA announced a nine-game suspension of Uruguay's Luis Suarez for biting an Italian opponent.
"Suarez suspension sends stocks reeling. $ES_F $YM_F $SPY," StockTwits user hap317 joked.
While stocks landed in the red, the S&P 500 still posted its 49th consecutive day without a close of 1% higher or lower. That's the longest such streak since 1995.
Related: Where's the drama on Wall Street?
3. Barclays under fire: Shares of Barclays (BCS) crumbled 6.5% after the New York Attorney General unleashed a lawsuit late Wednesday against the British bank alleging a lack of transparency in some of its alternative trading platforms.
The attorney general claims the bank misled investors -- even going as far as lying in marketing materials -- about how much high-frequency trading firms were operating in Barclays' "dark pool" trading platform.
"First it was gold, now it is HFT - poor $BCS just can't get away with any market rigging crime these days," StockTwits user flounder quipped.
Related: NY Attorney General goes after Barclays
4. GoPro goes public with a bang: Camera maker GoPro (GPRO) has already shown it can withstand drops from space and close encounters with sharks. Now we'll see how the gadget company grapples with life on Wall Street. So far, so good.
GoPro closed more than 30% above its initial public offering price of $24. The consumer electronics company, which is trading on the Nasdaq under the ticker symbol "GPRO," raised about $425 million in the offering. At its current price, the company is worth nearly $4 billion.
Related: Fear & Greed Index
5. Movers & shakers - Alcoa, Bed Bath & Beyond, Philip Morris: It's an ugly day for Bed Bath & Beyond (BBBY). The home goods retailer tumbled over 7.2% after earnings came in lower than expected, and the retailer doesn't forecast it will get much better the rest of the year.
Bed Bath & Bey-ouch!
Philip Morris International (PM) was also stuck in reverse, losing almost 3%, after the cigarette maker dimmed its forecast for the year due to currency troubles and economic challenges in Europe.
On the other hand, Alcoa (AA) bounced 2.7% after unveiling a $2.85 billion cash-and-stock deal to acquire Firth Rixson, which makes jet-engine parts. The move should help Alcoa diversify amid anemic aluminum prices.
Nabors Industries (NBR) soared 6.2% after inking a $2.86 billion deal to combine one of its units with C&J Energy Services. Both companies are key players in getting oil and natural gas wells ready to go.
Yahoo (YHOO) enjoyed an afternoon rally and closed 1.2% higher after Alibaba revealed plans to list its huge initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange. Yahoo stands to profit from the IPO because it owns a 22.6% stake in the Chinese e-commerce giant.
Nike (NKE) stock is up after the closing bell after the company's earnings flew above Wall Street's expectations.
Related: CNNMoney's Tech 30
6. International markets looking chipper: European markets mostly retreated, while Asian markets largely ended with gains. The Hang Seng in Hong Kong was a standout performer -- rising by 1.4% during the day.
Gold prices slid 0.4%. Prices for the shiny metal tend to rise when investors are feeling nervous, and tend to fall when investors are feeling confident. Oil prices also dropped about 1%.
CNNMoney (New York) First published June 26, 2014: 9:55 AM ET
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What is the second prostitute saying in Vietnamese in Full Metal Jacket?
Is the prostitute in Full Metal Jacket talking in Vietnamese because I can't catch what she is saying? It sounds like random mumbling and not Vietnamese. I was raised in a Vietnamese family, but can't understand what she is saying...
I tried looking for some information on the Internet, but I couldn't find anything on that. Is it really possible that Kubrick didn't check if the actors are speaking Vietnamese?
Here is the link to the scene:
Edit: I don't think she was not Vietnamese because the guy is talking to her in Vietnamese and it's easily understandable. So, it wouldn't make sense if she was replying to him in a foreign language.
dialogue translation full-metal-jacket
aniabui
aniabuianiabui
She never says the word "beaucoup". The guy keeps saying "She says too beaucoup", but the girl never says that word. Seems strange. – Johnny Bones Jul 14 '16 at 14:29
The Translate app I just installed on my Samsung insists the second thing she says, which sound like "no boom wah", translates to "Cooked beef noodle" in Vietnamese. – Johnny Bones Jul 14 '16 at 17:29
I'm Italian and don't have the first clue about Vietnamese language but since Kubrick's obsession for every tiny detail regarding his movies is vastly documented, although no one is immune to error (not even him), I highly doubt that he wasn't aware of this. This site 'claims' that one of the Vietnamese words for "big" is something like bu, which seems like half the word. Another possibility is that the girl is not Vietnamese but might be of a near country (Laos, Thailand, Cambodia?) – Pesetas74 Jul 15 '16 at 8:31
I'm going to speculate that it might be French, or some version thereof. Which isn't too far fetched since Vietnam was under French control until the first Indo-china war. It may have been a lingua franca for dealing with non-Asians (thus "too beaucoup"). I know very little French, but on my first listen, "no boom wah" struck my ears as "No bon. Noir." – Tom Jul 15 '16 at 19:12
@Tom, you have good ears. You managed to make what you wrote "no boom wah" which came pretty close to what she said although with the wrong intonation & tempo. The attempt was to say "Nó bự quá" (he/it is too big). In Southern Viet dialect, the Q is often mis-pronounced as W, and that was intended in the script to conform with how Southern Viet is commonly spoken. – người Sàigòn Feb 6 '17 at 0:25
The actress is speaking Vietnamese but is obviously reciting the script and not a native speaker (the pimp is). She is not able to make most of the intonations sufficiently clear along with an off tempo. Thus you cannot easily understand what she's saying. It doesn't sound Viet at all upon first listening.
After a couple of tries with the context considered, and in relation to how she answers the pimp, I can hear what she is saying, albeit totally butchered. The first sentence is most difficult as it is the longest for her (skipping the conversation with the GI):
Put: Không chịu Mỹ đen đâu ([I] Don't want the Black American)
Pimp: Sao không chịu? (Why not?)
Put: Nó bự quá (He's too big)
Pimp: Thôi chịu đại đi, có gì đâu à? (Just go ahead. It won't matter)
Put: Dẹp đi (Forget about it [literal = put away)
[Pimp & GI line]
Put: OK, OK, em chịu (OK, I agree [accept])
Now that you have the script, I bet you can hear what she's saying. Enjoy! This was fun.
người Sàigònngười Sàigòn
You missed a line. After she says he's too big and the pimp responds (according to your translation, he says, "Just go ahead. It won't matter"), the Put says something that sounds (to my English-speaking ears) like, "Neah Deee". Can you add that line to the translation above? – Johnny Bones Feb 6 '17 at 16:29
@Johnny, you're right. That line is missing. It's very hard to make out but likely a common Viet expression akin to the English "forget about it," which is "Dẹp đi" (pronounced [ Jep Dee ] D in Viet is a soft J(South) or Z(North) sounds, unlike hard D in English). She incorrectly made the Dẹp tone inflected up, and then the đi tone down. Dẹp should be down and đi is uninfected. Thanks for catching it. I added it in the answer. – người Sàigòn Feb 6 '17 at 17:06
Congratulations, this answer is the winner of the monthly answer challenge. – Napoleon Wilson♦ Mar 26 '17 at 0:50
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Why Are Tech Billionaires Like Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg So Clueless?
By Jason Rhode | July 19, 2018 | 3:07pm
Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Politics Features Silicon Valley
Facebook owner Mark Zuckerberg gave an interview, and it got him into trouble. HuffPo described the latest stumble:
In a lengthy interview with Recode published Wednesday, Recode co-founder Kara Swisher pressed the Facebook CEO to explain how he can simultaneously say he is combating the spread of false information on Facebook but won’t issue a firm rebuke to conspiracy content that claims, for instance, that the Sandy Hook massacre didn’t happen. Zuckerberg dug himself into an even deeper hole by offering up Holocaust denialism as another example of Facebook content he wouldn’t remove from the network.
“Wow, I never imagined this could happen!” That’s what I’d prefer to write here. But I won’t. Because I did indeed expect Zuckerberg to eventually say something along these lines—him, Jack Dorsey, and the rest of the Soylent crowd. I wouldn’t be shocked if Zuck retweeted Alex Jones ranting about how he only drank fresh, racially-pure Nordic blood. Nothing is beyond the clueless rich; nothing.
Why do the Valley titans defend the alt-right? Because they believe in their platforms, and little else.
The obvious response is “Oh, it’s because they have a lot of money.” That makes intuitive sense. Terminal wealth and batshit weirdness do go hand in hand. Wealth limits character, wealth fences in personal growth. Wealth anesthetizes and distracts. It diminishes your personhood.
This explanation doesn’t explain the modern rich. The robber barons had great plunder, and they were wicked, but they weren’t odd in the way the modern Valley elite are. The economic royalists of the 19th century were amoral, certainly. But they were profoundly worldly creatures.
Our current crop of rich psychos are uniquely alienated from reality. In the past week, both Elon Musk and Zuck have given us examples of digital irrationality.
How painful it was, to see the two of them try to wrestle with real humans in real trouble in the real world. Musk spoke of Flint and submarines … and at no point did I believe him in the least. How could anyone?
Occasionally, Muskovites will accuse Elon critics of pure haterdom. If Zuckerberg had fans, I’m sure they’d accuse me of the same thing.
But normal non-billionaire citizens don’t have a choice. We have to pay attention to these guys, the same way we’re forced to ride along with Trump. Zuck’s personality disorders matter—for the same reason that any billionaire’s distempers matter. Musk, Zuck, and their friends exert a huge influence over our lives. I don’t care about what the Kardashians do, but I am forced to care about what Jeff Bezos says, thinks, and chooses, because he has real power over millions of human beings.
As Matt Stoller pointed out:
My general point that no one should be doing the filtering of news for 2.1 billion people. But Mark Zuckerberg defending the sincerity of Holocaust deniers suggests that we may have picked the single worst person to do what is an impossible job. pic.twitter.com/j3GELcn0w4
— Matt Stoller (@matthewstoller) July 18, 2018
Why are they like this? It goes back to money, and to the Valley.
There are three reliable ways to secure great wealth: inherit it, buy real estate, or found a company. I don’t know if you’ve ever met scions of inherited wealth, but they’re usually dopey adult-sized children. By contrast, real-estate investors run the gamut: some are competent administrators of land and property; some are straight-up slumlords. A few are like Donald Trump.
That leaves the third style of wealth-making: the company-founder.
Most American companies are small businesses, and if you’re in your thirties, you probably know a couple of people who own their own shop. Some of these small businesses become quite successful, and reach regional status, or become champions of a particular niche. Founders are fairly normal people.
Young people who become plutocrats are decidedly not.
To become fiendishly rich, another element is needed. Namely, great infusions of reckless capital. And that’s where Silicon Valley’s dysfunctions come in. To be a Musk or a Zuckerberg, you don’t have to be competent, or have a good idea, or even to be wise about business.
The sole talent required is this: you must be able to convince a room of other people, usually canny older white men, that you are a hyper-focused digital savant. That is the one skill necessary. Not worldliness. Not kindness. Not even competence at coding or technology. You don’t even have to actually be a savant. You just have to seem like one.
See, most money guys don’t have ideas. If they did, they wouldn’t need to search for companies to invest in; they’d just fund themselves. What the money guys have, or think they have, is a feel for what will be profitable. Since tech is a speculative enterprise, this “feel” usually amounts to a gut-level instinct about the founder.
This explains why a man as unworldly as Zuckerberg was successful. It also tells you about why a long-game hustler like Elizabeth Holmes did so well. Zuckerberg acts like a baffled savant … but at least he had a product to present. By contrast, Holmes didn’t even have a working model. But Holmes could play-act what rich older men wanted to see: here is an eccentric genius, behaving as I expect an eccentric genius to behave, telling me an incredible story. Zuckerberg lucked out by virtue of being his clueless self. Holmes was a sharp card-counter looking for a mark. Both of them sold the boardroom on their story: Zuckerberg through a lack of guile, Holmes through nothing but guile.
If you want to know how a system works, consider at what it actually selects for. As Michael Lewis showed in Moneyball, professional baseball scouting didn’t actually select for baseball talent (although that’s what they told everyone, and what they themselves believed). Professional baseball scouting sorted for appearance. It sifted players who looked like good ballplayers, not people who actually were good ballplayers.
We already know capitalism doesn’t select for hard work. Nobody labors harder than the working poor, and they’re still at the bottom. And by now we know that Silicon Valley doesn’t select for maturity (see Travis Kalanick), effectiveness (see Holmes), originality (see Bill Gates), or decency (see Steve Jobs).
What does the Valley select for? The Valley’s entire ecosystem of status is based on how you do during the audition for venture sugardaddies. The Valley has a nice story that it tells itself, about socially-awkward prophets who come down from the mountains of Stanford or Caltech or MIT, bearing gifts. They’re expecting a certain kind of person … and if you fit into that outline, you will be rewarded. You’ll get funding regardless of whether or not a workable product exists.
Given that fact, why are people surprised that A) Elon Musk has rabid fans, and B) that he talks a big game but does nothing? That’s literally what this system selects for: impressive talkers who may or may not follow through. Of course Musk suggested the flashy, impractical solution for the Thai cave-in, instead of the practical helpful angle. That is what he is paid to do. And Facebook’s CEO is no different. Forget the ”-book” part of his website: saving Face is the only skill that Zuckerberg has to offer.
Also from Silicon Valley
The Silicon Valley Series Finale Fittingly Rewards Failure as Success By Allison Keene December 9, 2019 | 11:41am
New on HBO Now: All the Movies and TV Coming in December By Scott Russell November 28, 2019 | 9:33am
Chinese Authoritarianism Is Being Emboldened by U.S. Tech Companies By Jacob Weindling June 3, 2019 | 1:22pm
HBO's Silicon Valley Coming to End after Forthcoming Season Six By Molly Schramm May 31, 2019 | 4:27pm
Do Not Share the New Zealand Shooter’s Manifesto By Jacob Weindling March 15, 2019 | 11:45am
Elizabeth Warren's Pledge to Destroy Monopolies Is a Victory for Capitalists, Socialists, and Common Sense By Jacob Weindling March 8, 2019 | 2:18pm
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May Time
Исполнитель: Billy May and His Orchestra
Theme from 'The Man With The Golden Arm'
Mad About The Boy
South Of The Border (with Frank Sinatra)
Long, Long Ago (with Dean Martin & Nat King Cole)
Open Up The Doghouse (Two Cats Are Comin' In) (with Dean Martin & Nat King Cole)
This Must Be The Place (with Betty Hutton & Tennessee Ernie Ford)
Can't I
Lover Come Back To Me
Street Of Dreams
You And The Night And The Music
A Cute Piece Of Property
Cocktails For Two
High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)
Honest And Truly
Let's Put Out The Lights And Go To Sleep
Love Is Just Around The Corner
Makin' Whoopee
I Taut I Taw A Putty Tat (with Mel Blanc as Tweety Pie and Sylvester)
Memphis In June
— Billy May and His Orchestra|Johnny Mercer
Perfidia (Tonight)
Top Hat, White Tie And Tails
You're Driving Me Crazy
Fat Man Boogie
I Guess I'll Have To Change My Plan
Love Makes The World Go Round
My Greatest Love
My Silent Love
Tia Juana
— Billy May and His Orchestra feat. Nat King Cole
When I Take My Sugar To Tea
— Billy May and His Orchestra feat. The Maytimers
When My Sugar Walks Down The Street
— Billy May and His Orchestra with Bob Hope & Margaret Whiting and The Starlighters
Home Cookin'
— Billy May and His Orchestra & Bob Hope & Margaret Whiting
Bloop Bleep
— Billy May and His Orchestra & Danny Kaye
Buzz Me
— Billy May and His Orchestra & Ella Mae Morse
Stone Cold Dead In The Market
— Billy May and His Orchestra with King Sisters
The Coffee Song (They've Got An Awful Lot Of Coffee In Brazil)
Captain Kidd
ЛейблSimply Media TV
Billy May and His Orchestra
SomedayRemastered
Gee, Baby, Ain't I Good to You
(What Did I Do to Be So) Black and Blue
Kann denn Liebe Sünde sein
Zarah Leander
FDR Jones
Allën, Flanagan, Flanagan And Allen
Oh, The Joy That Came to Me
There Goes That Song Again
Russ Morgan & His Orchestra
Melody from the Sky
Flip Phillips Fliptet
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You are here: Home » Artist » Tracy Lawrence Performs Exclusive Concert For Industry Guests At WME
Tracy Lawrence Performs Exclusive Concert For Industry Guests At WME
Haley Crow • October 25, 2017
Pictured (L-R): Steve Emley (Manager/Fitzgerald Hartley), Keith Miller (Partner/WME), John Marks (Spotify), Tracy Lawrence, Greg Oswald (Co-Head/WME Nashville), Bobby Braddock, Lane Wilson (Partner/WME), and Nick Hartley (Manager/Fitzgerald Hartley). [Click photo to enlarge]
Music industry insiders gathered at The Steps at WME in Nashville on Monday (Oct. 23) for a full band performance from Tracy Lawrence. After an introduction from Bobby Braddock, who penned several of the singer’s iconic hits, Lawrence took the stage and launched into a full set showcasing every song that appears on his forthcoming album and a few more. Good Ole Days releases on Nov. 10 and can be pre-ordered here.
Lawrence is offering instant grat tracks for pre-orders including the title track “Good Ole Days,” featuring Big & Rich and Brad Arnold, which will be available this Friday (Oct. 27). Previously released instant grat tracks include “Can’t Break It To My Heart,” “Finally Home” and “Stars Over Texas.”
Haley Crow is the Graphic Designer/Production Manager at MusicRow Magazine.
Mickey Gilley Joins Third Coast Talent Roster »
« Industry Ink: Starstruck Entertainment, Average Joes, AIMP
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Carolyn Cummins, The Sydney Morning Herald
Global online giant Amazon's commitment to a new warehouse in Melbourne's Dandenong will not only create many new jobs, but will also put the focus on the cost structures and store roll-outs of Australian retailers.
As reported last week in these pages, Amazon has signed a 24,000-square-metre lease in the Pellicano's M2 Industry Park in Dandenong South, Melbourne, which will provide access to the South Gippsland Highway, Monash Highway and Eastlink. The lease of the centre was facilitated by CBRE's Industrial & Logistics business.
Go to The Sydney Morning Herald and read the full story.
SOURCE: The Sydney Morning Herald
In its report on Growthpoint (GOZ), CLSA notes that its majority debt-funded acquisition of GMF enabled it to deliver an impressive 1H17 headline results with distributable income per security (DIPS) and DPS growth of 16.8% and 3.9% vs the PCP
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6thMore
Volunteers Help Shape Spokane’s Future
Jeff Humphrey, Media Manager, 509.625.6308
Friday, December 6, 2019 at 11:51 a.m.
While the Spokane City Council has the final say when it comes to approving ordinances and resolutions, a lot of the legislative heavy lifting happens at the hands of ordinary citizens serving on our boards, commissions and committees.
“Sometimes it just takes the first person to start something to get the ball rolling,” said Jennifer Leinberger, who wanted renovations in Riverfront Park to include resurrecting some of our Expo ‘74 butterflies.
Leinberger knew if she wanted her butterfly idea to take off, she would have to make her case before the Spokane Park Board.
“Like the Park Board, Riverfront Committee; they are also made of citizens who are community-minded, who also want to help. It’s not like you have to put up a fight to make things happen,” Leinberger said of her engagement with board members.
The City of Spokane’s two dozen boards, commissions, and committees govern everything from ethics to how we help the homeless.
The panels also represent great avenues you can take if you are driving for changes and improvements in your neighborhood.
“So, I’m always about let your voice be heard,” said Spokane Tribal member Jamie Sijohn.
Sijohn wanted the public to know more about Chief Spokane Garry, our city’s namesake.
“Why is the river called Spokane River? It’s because of the Spokane Tribe. The original people who were here,” Sijohn explained.
That’s why Sijohn pressed the Park Board to approve erecting a monument in Chief Garry Park detailing the tribe’s history in our community.
“So, if we can continue telling our story through the parks system, like Chief Garry Park, then we need to. And I encourage other tribes to do the same thing,” advised Sijohn.
Sijohn’s success making the Chief Garry monument a reality led to her appointment to the Spokane Park Board. The former journalist thinks one thing that would make our boards, commissions and committees even more effective, is diversity.
Up to this point, Caucasian men have held the majority of seats on these powerful the panels.
So now, there is a push to recruit new members who are more representative of Spokane’s population.
“Because that increased diversity brings different viewpoints, brings different voices to the table. And, those are the voices that we need to hear from. If we’re hearing from the same people all the time, we are not getting the breadth of information and experience that we need to make good decisions,” explained City Council member Lori Kinnear.
Right now, there are almost two dozen vacancies on the city’s boards, commissions and committees.
For information about getting more involved in shaping Spokane’s future, visit spokanecity.org, click on “engage”, click on “get involved”, scroll down and the click on boards and commissions.
Chief Garry Park
Expo ’74 Butterflies
Riverfront Park
Spokane Park Board
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In what’s being called "the world’s biggest airline data breach", Cathay Pacific announced earlier today that the private information of 9.4 million customers had been compromised.
According to the carrier, suspicious activity was first discovered on its network back in March, and was eventually confirmed in May.
In a statement released on Cathay Pacific's official website, CEO Rupert Hogg apologized to passengers, adding:
"We are in the process of contacting affected passengers, using multiple communication channels, and providing them with information on steps they can take to protect themselves.”
This Is Your Captain Speaking
The Cathay Pacific data breach is only the latest in a series of recent cyberattacks targeting major airlines; and it certainly won’t be the last.
Back in September, British Airways revealed that a major hack had affected the personal data of 380,000 customers.
Prior to that, in August, Air Canada notified 20,000 potentially-affected customers of a data breach targeted towards its mobile app.
April saw Delta Airlines confirming that "a small subset” of its customers may have been affected by the breach of [24]7.ai, a third-party chat service used by the airline and other companies such as Best Buy and Sears, which were also affected.
And in July of 2017, Alaska Airlines announced that the computer systems of Virgin America, which it had acquired a year earlier, had been hacked, compromising the login information of 3,100 of its employees.
It’s not just airlines that hackers have on their radar.
In addition to the British Airways data breach, September also saw Bristol Airport fall victim to a ransomware attack, which affected its information screens and forced airport personnel to resort to using whiteboards and markers to communicate flight details to passengers. Low-tech, but effective.
Ok, But Why?
So why exactly are hackers so intent on attacking airlines?
Well, think about it: we all go on business trips, we all go on vacations, and most of us do so by plane, booking our flights online with credit cards. And when it comes to international travel, confirming your identity is kind of a big deal.
All in all, this makes airlines a treasure trove of private personal data like names, nationalities, dates of birth, telephone numbers, emails, physical addresses, passport numbers, and of course, credit card details.
As for the Bristol Airport ransomware attack, consider this: the more pressure an organization feels to regain control of its systems, the more likely they are to pay up to make everything go back to normal.
What better place to target with such an attack than a busy airport that sees thousands of passengers around the clock? Passengers who need immediate access to all kinds of booking and flight data. It's a recipe for disaster.
As long as we continue to entrust airlines with our sensitive data, hackers will continue to go after them for it. That’s why it’s crucial for the aviation industry to step up its cybersecurity game, and make sure everyone can fly safe and secure.
Graphic Designer & Copywriter
Why You Shouldn't Let Your Web Browser Store Your Passwords
Looking Back at Myki's 2019
Looking Back at National Cybersecurity Awareness Month 2018
A roundup of some highlights you may have missed during National Cybersecurity Awareness Month.
2 VPN Services You Should Be Using
You’ve probably heard of VPNs before, but what exactly are they, and which service providers should you consider when the time comes to choose one?
Airlines Experience Turbulence Over Cyberattacks and Data Breaches
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The Hanukkah Hoax
Revisionist Review - 2014-12-16 - Original post - cached version
Menorah megalomania: Counterfeit-Israel ascends as the Holy Family and Nativity scenes descend
By Michael Hoffman www.revisionisthistory.org Christmas is a problematic time for Orthodox rabbis and their followers since it celebrates the birth of the Jesus...
More details on “psychologist” thugs who devised CIA torture
Yesterday's NY Times has a rather thin account of the civilian contractors (James Mitchell and Bruce Jessen) who are alleged to be architects of the CIA’s torture program. Here’s a more in-depth exposé from a local newspaper in Spokane, Wash. where the “psychologist” thugs were based. It...
ROTM: Rot ‘em
ROTM: Rot ‘em The CIA and The Process of Mind Rot — Then and Now By Michael Hoffman
www.revisionisthistory.org “...the heirs of the conspirators are now so powerful they can afford to openly tease us with evidence of their guilt.”
Among the discounted books...
The Church of Rome and the love of money
The Post-Renaissance Church of Rome and the Love of Money
What is the rationale for the position that on the one hand legalization of usury is out of the question, but on the other hand the doctrine against usury is denied in how it is applied in fact? This way of supposedly upholding the...
"Der Bingle" tonight on PBS television
(A follow-up to this column was added Dec. 3 — see below)
I bring to your attention a documentary on American entertainer Bing Crosby airing tonight on PBS television. Several years ago this reporter had the opportunity to pal around for a weekend with one of Bing’s relatives, who shall...
New Jersey rabbi alleges that Palestinians are “unruly animals"
Dealing with Savages By Rabbi Steven Pruzansky Congregation Bnai Yeshurun Teaneck, New Jersey Posted on November 21, 2014 "Anyone who...throws a stone at a Jew should be shot – with real bullets.”
"The media should be barred…”
“...a Palestinian state will never be created between...
French police search historian’s house
Police search Professor Faurisson’s house
On the evening of Wednesday, November 19, 2014, two police officers from the nearby city of Clermont-Ferrand, one of whom a commander, went to the home of Professor Faurisson in Vichy in order to conduct a search: they were looking to seize a...
Ferguson and mystical toponomy
Ferguson Mystica
Ferguson, Missouri (northeast St. Louis), sits precisely midway between Cairo, Illinois ("Little Egypt") and Hannibal, Missouri (the Hannibal name is related to Baal as well as the archetypal enemy of ancient Rome).
Ferguson is also precisely in the middle of two...
Synagogue killings on the site of an Israeli massacre of Palestinians
Editor’s Note: The moral lesson of the “Nazi Holocaust” is supposed to be that humanity must not forget what happened. Yet many of the beneficiaries of “Holocaust” sympathy and reparations have worked to make certain that the world does not remember the mass murder of Arabs by Israelis. The 2100...
Video game "Assassin’s Creed Unity” angers French Leftists
How do you define a Liberator? Jean-Luc Mélenchon, a "firebrand" left-wing politician and onetime presidential contender in France, told "France Info" radio that a video game which has sold 80 million copies, Assassin’s Creed Unity, denigrated the French revolutionary Maximilian Robespierre as a “...
The 4 Jacobs and the 2100 Esaus
The 4 Jacobs and the 2100 Esaus By Michael Hoffman As background to yesterday’s tragic events in Jerusalem, Prof. Daniel McGowan of Deir Yassin Remembered, has confirmed that the Jerusalem synagogue where the attack on the rabbis occurred, is located on land in the Hasidic Har Nof district of...
The Heart of the World Bleeds for the Master Race
The Heart of the World Bleeds for the Master Race By Michael Hoffman November 18, 2014 Today the heart of the world bleeds; Indeed, it wears its heart on its sleeve, It seems that four rabbis could not flee The bullets of Palestinian terrorists you see, Pogrom! Holocaust! Headlines! Weeping!...
Fundamental to righteous government is the establishment of justice
The jurist Howard B. Rand has perhaps written between twenty and thirty volumes. From a brief essay he wrote some years back called From the Cradle to the Grave, we should take note of his opinion on what the Preamble actually means to us as a basis for our system of laws. “We the people of the...
“Holocaust Trial" Author to Speak on Zundel and David Cole
On the eve of the national elections in the US we hope the following announcement will not be lost in all the electioneering hoopla As we near the 30th anniversary of Ernst Zundel’s Great Holocaust Trial in Toronto, Canada which began on Jan. 7, 1985, Michael Hoffman, who covered the trial from...
White House Astrologer Dies
By Michael Hoffman Joan Quigley with her “charts,” posed hand and finger gestures. Notice the arrow in the mirror at right (above the lampshade).
White House Astrologer Dies — No, we’re not referring to Obama's White House, or the White House in the Clinton or Carter administrations. ...
Black Friday the 24th: a Fortean digest
Seven days before Halloween 2014, in the midst of national and international fears over the Ebola plague and "ISIS terrorism" (ISIS was an ancient goddess of witchcraft), the following events and “tragic coincidences” occurred in the American West, on Friday, October 24th.
RIVERSIDE:...
Sodomite “rights” in “conservative" Idaho
We have not obtained donations sufficient to resume production of On the Contrary, and this blog remains suspended. However, in light of the national contoversy which has erupted here in our home base of Coeur d'Alene Idaho, concerning the struggle for Christian rights under assault from...
International Monetary Fund and the Making Manifest of What is Hidden
“Drop the zero, seven" By Michael Hoffman Copyright©2014 www.revisionisthistory.org
On January 15, 2014, Christine Lagarde, the head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) gave a speech at the National Press Club in Washington D.C., following the IMF’s annual review of the US economy. (...
The Talmud and the Israeli secret police
For the first time in history, all top Israeli secret police posts (Mossad, Shin Bet etc.) will soon be held by Orthodox followers of the Talmud. Forward newspaper reporter J.J. Goldberg explains why Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu is packing top intelligence slots with strict followers...
Legalization of sodomite marriage in Idaho
Against the democratic will of the people of Idaho, sodomite marriage is now legal Making Law by Judicial Decision is a Rabbinic phenomenon
By Michael Hoffman • www.revisionisthistory.org
Supreme Court Allows Same-Sex Marriage in Idaho By Adam Liptak • NY Times •...
Remembering Edgar Allan Poe on the anniversary of his death
Today is the 165th anniversary of the death of Edgar Allan Poe
"Those who dream by day are cognizant of many things which escape those who dream only by night.” Anti-masonic poet of antebellum America. Inventor of the detective and science fiction genres. Was Poe's death at age 40 due to a...
Was the "Ebola virus" made in a laboratory?
Help to finance On the Contrary ______ Was the "Ebola virus" made in a Lab? Opportunistic Infections and Opportunistic Encryption By Michael Hoffman Copyright ©2014 • All Rights Reserved I have no hard evidence that the deadly Ebola virus was made in a laboratory. As a longtime student of...
Follow-up on the Birch Society's smear of Vladimir Putin
The following is an e-mail from an American Catholic layman received in response to yesterday's On the Contrary column: Dear Michael, ...Yesterday I read Bill Jasper’s attack on Putin and I thought to myself, I wonder what Mr. Jasper thinks of the comparison between politics in this country (...
Birch Society attacks Putin; Michael Hoffman replies
Birch Society attacks Vladimir Putin; Michael Hoffman replies Mr. William Jasper's October 1, 2014 article (excerpted below) constitutes Zionist disinformation. I will answer his most egregious charges. My replies follow his assertions:
Putin - No Defender of Christian Faith and Morality...
Beneficiaries of Gatekeeper Publishing Lead the Attack on Amazon
By Michael Hoffman The September 29, 2014 edition of the New York Times features another chapter in the old media’s campaign against Amazon.com This attack is led, at least in part, by authors and literary agents who have benefited or hope to benefit from the old Gatekeeper publishing companies...
A new biography of Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson
Editor’s note: Thomas J. “Stonewall" Jackson, the descendant of white slaves (“indentured servants”) was a genuine American hero. S.C. Gwynne has mostly upheld this assessment in this new biography, Rebel Yell.
As I write these words, news reaches me that the People’s Republic of...
Cryptocracy supports Right Wing Myth about Cromwell and “Jews"
In today’s edition of the Wall Street Journal, p. D5, the president of Oxford University’s Corpus Christi College, Richard Carwardine, states the following malicious nonsense:
“...the Jews were grievously driven out of England by King Edward I’s Edict of...
Two parts: Expulsion of the “Jews,” and "Losers Inc."
Expulsion of the "Jews" from England in 1290 and their proposed readmission in 1655 On Sep 17, 2014, at 9:17, Paul Eisen (pauleisen.blogspot.com) wrote:
"...Some years ago, I took part in a rather fractious discussion with an American Jewish activist. At the end of our...
Right Wing Myths with an Endless Shelf Life
ANNOUNCING OUR LATEST NEWSLETTER Now being mailed to subscribers
Revisionist History issue no. 74: Right Wing Myths with an Endless Shelf Life By Michael Hoffman
20-page magazine format. Our biggest issue of the year!
Was John Calvin a “Jew”?
Were the...
The Message of the 9/11 Conspiracy in the year 2014
By Michael Hoffman www.revisionisthistory.org Today is the 13th anniversary of the US government’s attack on its own people at the Pentagon and the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. In November we will observe the 51st anniversary of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy by the...
Cartoon about Gaza denounced as “anti-Semitic” and retracted by newspaper
By Michael Hoffman www.revisionisthistory.org Sydney Morning Herald, July 26, 2014
An Israeli wearing a kippah (yarmulke) watches the Israeli attack on Gaza, July 19, 2014
Zionist Thought Cops Reduce Australian Newspaper to Quivering Bowl of Jelly
Sydney Morning Herald can’...
Chomsky: The truth behind the Israeli War in Gaza
By Noam Chomsky • August 3, 2014 Amid all the horrors unfolding in the latest Israeli offensive in Gaza, Israel's goal is simple: quiet-for-quiet, a return to the norm. For the West Bank, the norm is that Israel continues its illegal construction of settlements and infrastructure so that it can...
American Conservative magazine wants you to know they are not anti-Semitic
By Michael Hoffman Some quotes from Mr. Scott McConnell, founding editor of The American Conservative magazine (the publication which has banned advertising for our book Usury in Christendom), July-August 2014, pp. 22 and 24:
“(William F.) Buckley is rightly credited with pushing hardcore anti...
Israeli Extermination in Gaza
By Ali Jarbawi
Birzeit University • Palestine There is now an extremist, racist ideological current in Israel that not only justifies the recent onslaught on the Gaza Strip, but actually encourages the use of enormous and disproportionate violence against civilians, which has led to the...
Richard Gage, founder of Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth
CSPAN Interview: Richard Gage, founder of Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth. Approx. 40 minutes. The crucially important science behind the US government’s September 11, 2001 conspiracy is discussed in this interview. _________________
Golda Meir’s disgusting quote
By Michael Hoffman www.revisionisthistory.org
As the incremental Israeli genocide of the Palestinians proceeds apace, with approximately 1600 Palestinians killed since July 6, in a massacre codenamed Operation Protective Edge, the old media continue to parrot the old alibis for Israeli mass...
Israeli code word for genocide: “Mowing the lawn"
Editor’s Note: Ilan Pappe, an Israeli historian, states that the Israeli government stands convicted of perpetrating “incremental genocide” of the Palestinian people through episodic massacres such as Operation Cast Lead (December 2008 - January 2009) and the latest round of mass murder which...
Israelis commit war crimes at United Nations shelters
August 3 update:
A Palestinian father mourns his son who was killed Aug. 3 in the Israeli bombing of a United Nation shelter for civilians in Rafah.
Ten Palestinians were killed and dozens seriously wounded at a UN Relief and Works Agency shelter for 3,000...
Massacre of Palestinians continues - they’re not Jews, so who cares?
More than 100 Palestinians were killed Wednesday July 30, 2014 in the Gaza Strip, among them victims of Israeli fire on a crowded market and a United Nations school.
The market bombing came hours after Israelis bombed a UN school in Jabalia refugee camp which was sheltering some 3,300...
Slaughter Gaza and it’s minimized. Attack Israelis and it's magnified
THE HOLOCAUST OF THE 64 MILLION
By Michael Hoffman
www.revisionisthistory.org
Slaughter Gaza and it’s minimized.
Attack Israelis and it's magnified. This is a Talmudic mentality. July 29: A Palestinian firefighter tried to put out a fire at Gaza's main civilian power plant...
More than 1,100 Palestinian civilians slaughtered as of July 26
“Operation Protective Edge” The ongoing holocaust against the Palestinians
Palestinians helped a survivor after Israelis bombed his home in Gaza City on Sunday, July 27.
The remans of the home of a Palestinian Christian woman, Jalila Ayyad, which was was bombed by...
Israelis and Palestinians: no equivalence of culpability
Israelis and Palestinians: With such a gross imbalance of power, there is no equivalence of culpability By Dr. Gabor Maté Excerpted from the Toronto Star, July 22, 2014 (Gabor Maté, M.D., is a Canadian-based Judaic author) Israeli bombing of the city of Gaza, July 22, 2014
...In Gaza...
Israeli rabbi: It’s okay to kill innocent civilians and destroy Gaza
By Ami Kaufman July 22, 2014 972mag.com
Results of Israeli “Operation Protective Edge" as of July 22, 2014
Dov Lior, a racist Israeli rabbi from the West Bank settlement Kiryat Arba, recently posted a Halakhic ruling allowing to kill innocent civilians, after being asked about the “...
Israeli Professor: To deter Palestinian fighters rape their mothers and sisters
[Updated August 5, 2014. See below]
Israeli Professor Suggests Rape as 'Terror Deterrent'
Mordechai Kedar: Sex Assault on Relatives Will Stop Attacks By Ori Kashti • July 22, 2014 Mordechai Kedar of Bar-Ilan University
(Haaretz) — “The only thing that...
Walmart Donates $3 million to Christ-hating group
Contents 1. A Letter from Ireland 2. Walmart donates $3 million to Christ-hating group __________________ 1. LETTER FROM IRELAND Dear Michael, I have safely received the latest Revisionist History newsletter (no. 73 -- "Masonic America: The Mormon Branch of the Brotherhood"), and what...
The "Gay Lobby” has won the Vatican
Top Aide to Pope Francis Doesn't Know if Jesus Would Favor "Gay" Marriage
"I don't know. I formulate no hypothesis on this." -- Cardinal Hummes Do you remember Cardinal Hummes? He is the Pope's greatest friend in the College of Cardinals, the Franciscan who inspired the papal name "Francis...
Media beginning to soften up the public on child porn
Techniques for the alchemical transformation of humanity By Michael Hoffman www.revisionisthistory.org
July 17, 2014 • Spokesman-Review
As a former reporter for the Establishment media (Associated Press) I am particularly sensitive to indications that the media are using their...
Israelis slaughter four young Palestinian boys playing on Gaza Beach
Mohammed Baker (aged 9), Ahed Baker (aged 10), Zakaria Baker (aged 10), and Mohammed Baker (aged 11), all from the same extended family. The victims were scrawny fishermen’s kids, running around on the beach, playing in the waves.
Four Young Boys Killed Playing on Gaza Beach
By Anne Barnard...
Human Rights Watch Issues Interim Report on Israeli War Crimes in Gaza
July 16, 2014 -- A Human Rights Watch report released today cites United Nations data showing that, as of July 14, more than three-quarters of the Palestinians killed by Israeli bombs and tank shells in Gaza have been civilians. The Israelis have...
“The Jews eliminated an entire family"
...Palestinians expressed anger over the previous day’s Israeli strikes on a center for people with disabilities and on a home in an attack that killed 17 members of one extended family....the funeral on Sunday (July 13) for the 17 relatives who died in a bombing late Saturday (July 12) when...
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Mon 23 Nov 2015 06:34 GMT | 10:34 Local Time
The number of MP mandates won by political parties in the Nov.1 elections to Azerbaijani parliament’s 5th convocation has been announced, APA reports.
"The Hope Party and Justice Party have been deprived of occupying seats in parliament, while the Democratic Enlightenment Party and the Social Democratic Party have won seats"
The New Azerbaijan Party has won 69 seats and Civil Solidarity Party 2 seats. Motherland Party, Democratic Enlightenment Party, Azerbaijan Social Welfare Party, Social Democratic Party, Unity Party, National Statehood Movement Party, Political Azerbaijan Democratic Reforms Party, Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party, and Great Establishment Party have each won one seats.
Civil Solidarity Party chairman Sabir Hajiyev has participated in the election of his own free will and won an MP mandate. In other words, political parties won 81 seats in this year’s parliamentary election. The number of the neutral that won seats is 43. Chingiz Asadullayev, who had been the leading candidate in Aghdash Constituency No. 90 where the results were annulled, was a neutral candidate.
Note that, in the election for the parliament’s 4th convocation in 2010, political parties won 83 seats (New Azerbaijan Party 71, Civil Solidarity Party 3, Motherland Party 2, Democratic Reforms Party 1, 1 Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party, Great Establishment Party 1, Civil Solidarity Party 1, Justice Party 1, Azerbaijan Social Welfare Party 1, Hope Party 1). The number of the neutrals that won seats was 42.
So the Hope Party and Justice Party have been deprived of occupying seats in parliament. The Azerbaijan Democratic Enlightenment Party and the Azerbaijan Social Democratic Party have won seats in parliament.
One of the candidates (Zeynab Khanlarova) having won MP mandates has secondary education, while the remaining 123 are high-educated.
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“Student Feedback will be considered while rolling out M.Tech reform in 2020”
Abhay Anand | Oct 9, 2019 - 5:58 p.m. IST
NEW DELHI, OCTOBER 09: Sweeping changes are in the offing across the Indian Institutes of Technology and their announcement has elicited mixed reactions. Following the IIT Council’s last meeting in late-September, one of the biggest decisions announced was a steep hike in the fee for the M.Tech programme in the IITs, to be fully in place from 2020. This 10-fold increase was met with immediate criticism. In a conversation with Careers360, IIT Roorkee director, Ajit K Chaturvedi said that the protests and criticism will all be taken into account with the “nitty gritty” of the council’s decisions are worked out.
Q. Recently the IIT Council has decided to increase the fee of M.Tech courses, what is the reason according to you?
A. The IIT Council has decided it because the general perception is that the original objective of the M.Tech programmes has not been met. Some people might not agree with this view. The idea was that M.Tech should be the precursor or builder for the research programme of academic institutes, by encouraging students to join a PhD [programme] or make a career in research. What has happened is that a large number of M.Tech students drop out as soon as they get a job. So, because of this drop-outs, seats go vacant, it also impacts whatever aspirations the faculty has for these students, as they deploy them on projects, research. Those also get affected.
This decision of IIT Council is a reaction to that and how it will play out we need to wait and watch because some implementation details are still being worked out. This is more like setting the direction, the nitty-gritty is being worked out.
Q. Could you tell us the scenario at your institution, what was the drop-out number?
A. This is across the IIT system, not limited to one IIT.
Q. Any specific reason for this drop-out?
A. I think some candidates were looking at M.Tech programmes as some parking jobs till they get a full-time job in the corporate sector. They used to get the offer in June and by the time the semester began in July some people might not join and this lead to seats going vacant.
Q. Do you think this decision will be reviewed?
A. I cannot say anything on that, as this is IIT Council decision not IIT Roorkee decision. The only thing I can say is that things are being worked out and the feedback that has been received from the media and students’ community will be looked into while rolling out the scheme. This will be implemented from 2020.
Q. What all new administrative changes are happening at IIT Roorkee?
A. A major decision that has been taken recently is that our Board and Senate has decided that now all the centres – like Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Centre of Nano-Technology – will now hire their own faculty. Till now, some of these departments were functioning by taking faculty from other departments.
Q. IITs these days are very keen on establishing research park within their campuses. Is IIT Roorkee also working in this area?
A. We are not working on establishing any research park right now, but we are very strongly working on improving our industrial footprint.
The research park is a model which tries to bring the industry within the campus, by giving them 200, 250 sq/ft space. Sometimes this is just symbolic. Our idea is to make strong industrial linkages to bring the corporate sector into the institute. For this we have taken several steps like creating a separate post of Associate Dean for Corporate Interaction, we engage with local and multi-national corporations at various levels and these things have worked well for us if you look at our placements and other records. Just to give you a glimpse, 326 companies visited the campus for placements, out of which 153 companies visited the campus for the first time.
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Coalition negotiations to continue through Wednesday ({{contentCtrl.commentsTotal}})
Coalition party chairmen Jevgeni Ossinovski (SDE), Jüri Ratas (Center), Helir-Valdor Seeder (IRL). Source: (ERR)
Coalition party leaders Jüri Ratas (Center), Jevgeni Ossinovski (SDE) and Helir-Valdor Seeder (IRL) announced at a press conference on Sunday that the planned deposit tax will be canceled and that negotiations over other taxes will continue.
Prime Minister Jüri Ratas announced at the press conference that the government coalition had reached a consensus regarding the planned deposit tax.
"There will be no deposit tax," he confirmed.
According to Ossinovski, the mood of the negotiations has been constructive and positive. "We are continuing negotations and will surely reach agreements in the near future as well," he said. "In a situation in which the budget strategy was agreed upon less than a month ago, further review of the revenue side means rather serious reviews. We aren't doing this on a maybe, but rather taking full responsibility together with specialists from the Ministry of Finance."
A consensus was not yet reached regarding all four taxes up for debate on Sunday.
"We have not conclusively agreed upon anything, as full calculations are not yet on the table," explained Seeder, who had called for the negotiations.
According to the recently-elected IRL chairman, unions have been against nixing a planned wage increase in the public sector based on incomplete information. "There is no point in the media spreading information it has received by chance," Seeder commented. "When things have been agreed upon, then we will certainly announce it."
Ratas confirmed that negotiations would continue. "The goal is to find a complete solution for taxes which we are canceling," he said.
Asked whether he has considered stepping down as prime minister following a number of scandals recently connected to the government coalition, Ratas answered in the negative, adding that he has in recent weeks felt how the Conservative People's Party of Estonia (EKRE) and the Reform Party have gotten closer to one another.
IRL's leadership is scheduled to convene on Monday, which is why the coalition did not yet discuss issues related to IRL ministers, as the party itself must first discuss the matters internally. Nonetheless, Seeder confirmed that these were not on the leadership's agenda for Monday and would not be added to it either.
Ratas: Consensus to be reached by Wednesday
Coalition negotiations regarding the remaining tax-related issues will continue through Wednesday.
Following their Sunday meeting, Ratas said that the coalition continues to seek opportunities to make changes to joint tax declarations and the deposit tax as well as the sugar tax on sweetened beverages.
"It is clear that there are certain topics which the current coalition will not change, whether that is the teachers' wage hike or the tax-free minimum increase for low- or middle-income earners to €500 next month," he explained, adding, however, that the goal is to find common ground and to do so by midweek.
"Work on the content is ongoing, as is seeking sources of funding," Ratas said. "We are indeed proceeding on the basis of the fact that we do not want to impose new taxes and if we cancel anything today, then we will review these opportunities so that the budget remains balanced."
jüri ratasjevgeni ossinovskitaxesdeposit taxhelir-valdor seederbudget strategy
IRL reshuffle triggers changes in Riigikogu
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Government planning to impose tax on 5-year intragroup loans
Coalition party leaders to begin changing tax package Sunday
Seeder's plan to cover deficit: Drop planned pay hike, cut spending
Coalition: Changes coming to joint returns, no deposit tax in current form
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Stirling Community Groups Musical Memories Singing Group Hamilton
Musical Memories Singing Group Hamilton
An opportunity for people experiencing memory loss or dementia to sing and have fun with friends and family.
The singing group meets every Wednesday morning in St Johns Church, 10-14 Duke St, Hamilton.
Sunday 10:00 - 13:00 Closed
Monday 09:00 - 17:30 Open
Tuesday 09:00 - 17:30 Open
Wednesday 09:00 - 17:30 Open
Thursday 09:00 - 17:30 Open
Friday 09:00 - 17:30 Open
Saturday 09:00 - 17:30 Open
Stonehouse Jubilee Club
Stonehouse Jubilee Club offers a social setting for people with dementia, and their carer. Music, quizzes, outings and a `listening ear` for carers.
Rutherglen Memory Café
This is a group for people who are able to attend safely on their own or who are accompanied by someone supporting them.
Memory Management Service User Support Group -East Kilbride/Strathaven
Local support group that offer dementia and alzheimer advice and information.
East Kilbride Memory Café
Are you worried about your memory? Do you have dementia? Do you care for someone with dementia?
St Johns Church Halls,
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The Chaos Within
Thoughts uncut
Tag: looking back
A great monument of our time
pictured vague in historical texts
an obligation as a child in school
who called the third world home
a land far away from the others
living life unheard of and ignored
a curious kid in skirt and shoes
with wide eyes, wondering mind
learning from cheap illustrations
and hoping, one day, of seeing
the greatest of all architecture
towering proof of bygone culture
gushing back are those memories
as I see the tower crumble, again
its flying buttresses doubling over
losing strength of years conserved
trembling, tumbles the great spire
with it does all dreams of one day
April 21, 2019 April 21, 2019 favourites, growing up, looking back, opinion, poetry, school life, travel, travel planningLeave a comment
One over the other
When I think of layers, I think cold afternoons, coffee, and cookies. Layers always revolve around comfort and food. And no one combines them better than the Americans.
September 22, 2017 September 22, 2017 food, iphoneography, looking back, people, Photography, postaday, travel, weekly photo challengeLeave a comment
From primary school to middle and even in high school, we’ve vouched for honesty countless times. It’s embedded in our heads even without our consent.
But we also know they’re just empty words.How honest could we sound about being honest when we know so well that it would squash us? It’s how life is. Nowadays, no one can be honest and have a peaceful life at the same time.
How honest could we sound about being honest when we know so well that it would squash us? It’s how life is. Nowadays, no one can be honest and have a peaceful life at the same time.
Because once you realise the truth leads to misery, you wouldn’t want to take that route.
It starts small, like students telling their parents they finished homework, when they hadn’t. It’s so common that it’s not even breaking the being honest rule. Besides, telling the truth is too much trouble to deal with.
Likewise, a self-respecting adult wouldn’t walk up to a cop and declare they’ve hidden a stash in their car. You can’t do that and expect the law to let you go — just because you were honest.
Or perhaps this: “Honey, you look hideous. But I love you.” That’s a good punch line. And in the current state of our society, the guy may be charged with body shaming and sexism as well.
Being truthful is painful. And as humans, we try to avoid it. So much so that we don’t even feel guilty of being dishonest anymore. Why bother? It’s not as if there’s a SWAT team outside a thirteen-year old’s door sniffing for a whiff of beer.
It’s easier to hide the wrong stuff.
And we’ve landed an intolerable society because we chose the easy way rather than the right way.
For far too long, we’ve been telling children to be honest, without teaching them how. From the small things like forgetting to get the report card signed, to bigger things like forgetting to pay the taxes, it’s all about honesty — or the lack of it.
We’ve said it too many times. As a result, we nullified the meaning of it. Like when Mark Antony called Brutus an honourable man. By the end of that speech, no one thought Brutus honourable.
It’s no different with honesty. What was once a moral became a proverb, and is now a cliché. And we avoid clichés like the plague.
The government doesn’t go through every individual’s tax payments. The police don’t scour every college dorm for narcotics. And there’s no FBI breaking down doors looking for illegal weapon holders.
We shouldn’t enforce honesty but introduce it early.
We don’t need teachers reading out to students from a book that says, “Honesty is the best policy”. What we need, instead, is for them to explain the truth and the reality of facing consequences.
October 3, 2016 October 3, 2016 life, looking back, opinion, people, postaday, reality, teachers, writingLeave a comment
It’s That Day Again
Last day of the month. And we all know what that means.
A month-long they spend toiling. Shuffling into the office each morning, hatred oozing from a not-so-cheery hello and the compulsion to work.
Every dying ember of a Friday afternoon would feel like the beginning of a carnival. And Sunday evenings, a dousing of spirits.
They bear it all because there comes a day — the last day of the month — when they would make up for all they’ve lost. A day to give money away to an unknown face behind computer screens and cash counters. A face, though smiles, relies on secret one-time passwords to check they aren’t cheats.
All that to acquire material stuff.
“A hat with a lion on it! I so need it to show off to my friends.”
“That grey converse looks good. I could alternate it with my blue and black ones.”
“Wow, I have a shirt that’d go so well with that scarf.”
“It’s almost December, shouldn’t I get a new pair of gloves? My old ones are…old.”
“He got a phone and I need to get at least a new cover for mine.”
For the next two days, shopping malls and online sites will flood with young people. They’d spend hard-earned remuneration on flip flops designed like Mickey Mouse.
And as they surf stall after stall, retailers stalk them with delightful deals. Buy one and get something free. Ah, yes! I’ll take a pair of designer shoes, please. And a cake of soap to go with that. It’s good it’s free. I need that soap because I can’t get it elsewhere.
And since they bought something and got something free with that, they get another offer: Shop for more than 5 percent of your income and get 2 percent off!
Well, why the hell not?
At the end of the day, spending all that money makes them feel so much secure and good about themselves. If that’s what it takes to take on Monday at the work, then so be it.
September 30, 2016 September 30, 2016 life, looking back, office, opinion, people, postaday, reality, technologyLeave a comment
A Choice for Life
Three years ago, I completed my schooling. I was ready to start spending my life writing away. I walked in to interview for an internship knowing I knew enough to crack it. And then came the question.“What do you want to do with your life?”
It seemed obvious to me. After all, I had chosen to write and I interviewing for a writing job. Why then would they ask me what I want to do with my life? Not understanding what the world hurled at my face, I stifled my mirth at her question. But someone had to think straight and my interviewer and potential teammate worried I was throwing my life away.
“I want to write.”
And if there’s anything scarier than saying it, it’s doing what I said.
Writing, like art, is a hobby. No one believed I could do that for a living. It couldn’t be a career choice. At least not one that pays well. Most people I know who write, also have a day job that’s not writing.
They write when they can, they say. And that means they’d write something sometime in between 9 hours of work each day, 3 hours of Blacklist reruns, and a weekend filled with booze and buzz.
Still, when I said I wanted to write, I had no idea what that meant to me in the long run. And sure enough, my interviewer knew I didn’t. She tried to save me, help me see sense, and chase me off to get a degree in something I could fall back to when things turned nasty.
My family and friends couldn’t agree more. Almost everyone was certain my choice would go bad. I wasn’t too confident either. When negativity encapsulates you, knocking the breath off your ribs, you can’t help but give in. And so I told my father it would be temporary. Six to eight months — it was just an internship anyway. I’d soon know my standard and could go back to the typical career timeline of college after school.
I hated my first day at work. People were cold.
I was nineteen in a city too big for me to grasp, and worried I was too fat. My doctor had advised me to lose weight and my family to lose my job.
For my first assignment, I wrote a bunch of articles. My teammates suggested we print them out and mark the parts I should rework on. They ended up underlining almost all of my work. Except, perhaps, a few ands and ors.
I was furious. I had put my soul into words and an unknown person swept them all away as if they were flies on his cheese. He had no idea how long I sat in one place, stringing words together in proper grammar and (almost) precise punctuation.
No one had any right, whatsoever, to meddle with my writing. I had been writing personal blogs for two years before I started working. I had experience, and it annoyed me when they treated me as a novice.
According to them, everything I wrote was crap.
It took me more than 6 months to feel better about myself. They still pointed out faults in my work, but I had grown to enjoy talking about it. After I’d been around for a while, my colleagues were open to sharing their opinions, and I was open to listening. They helped me work out strategies, they gave me ideas, and I realised that no two people read a sentence the same way.
That was a revelation. I saw the marvels of varying perspectives and unintended interpretations. While some thought it was fine to end with prepositions, some people abhorred the idea. And as always, the Oxford comma sparked discussions that transitioned from face-to-face debates to chat messages well into the night. Some chose the Chicago manual style over the AP style guide. And some others just ignored everything passive.
And then I saw it: What’s crap for one person isn’t so for another.
Everything came down to perspectives. I had chosen a career that was so unstable and wavering that even industry specialists had made peace with their disagreements.
And while I sunk neck-deep in learning the nuances of a semicolon and wondering if I should use words like “nuances,” my internship ended and I became an official employee.
The city felt old now, and I no longer was nineteen or fat.
But my father remembered my promise and began nagging me. My life seemed fine at the moment but I should have something to fall back to — when things turn nasty. They wanted me to get a degree for a career I could live on.
For some weird reason, my family didn’t think I was already living. They acted as if all I had done was extend my internship. And so to please them — to get them off my back, rather — I signed up for a course in literature.
It seemed like the right thing to do. I wanted to write, and what’s more natural for a writer to study than good writing itself?
I thought myself mature, but I had been naive about the quality of our education system. It didn’t take me long to realise it was a waste of my time. My parents, however, were hell bent on getting me through the course.
As a result, my degree in literature killed my passion for conventional literary education. And in the process, it convinced me further that a piece of paper stamping me qualified for employment is just society’s way of circulating money.
It got me thinking. According to my society, a career in arts isn’t worth pursuing because there’s no future in it. As for Engineering, medicine, and now MBA — they are future-proof courses. Plus, they have a heavy “return on investment”. Nowadays people only speak in economic jargon because life’s all about what pays you well.
It’s funny because people are passionate when talking about Italian art museums and French sculptures, and how we should protect ours as well. But they also discourage any child who puts a brush or a pen to paper.
Alas, I’m not immune to the rest of the world and its changing fancies.
From my parents who think I’m in ruins and relatives who claim to love me, to people I called my closest friends, everyone’s told me I need a backup plan—any plan beyond my stigma for writing.
However, when people ask me what I want to do with my life, I still say the same thing: “I want to write”. I began as a content writer, and three years later, I’ve morphed into a content marketer. And that gives me hope. I may not become the greatest novelist the world has ever seen, but I’ve been writing.
Sure, life hasn’t been as perfumed roses. I’ve written plenty of poor prose and pathetic poems. But every time I sit down on a mission to tether words to meaning, and meaning to sentences, I feel the adrenaline pumping through my veins. And I realise: There’s a good chance I’d never become a published author.
There are countless writers out there with a passion for words and parents with money. And I see myself scavenging my purse for coins at the end of every month. My family could be right, and life may turn nasty; I never can be sure it won’t.
Nevertheless, one thing I’m sure of — as long as my lungs can hold air, I will write.
Cross-posting from my Medium blog.
September 27, 2016 September 27, 2016 higher education, life, looking back, passion, people, postaday, reality, writing5 Comments
The Chaos on Facebook
For climate
Thanks, Cel
Thanks, Mia
Thanks, Aadi
Thanks, Marie
With sky the ocean, merges in the horizon, hazing sight—and mind. . . . . . . . . . #nature #naturephotography #naturelovers #bondibeach #bondi #sydney #sydneyaustralia #australia #visitaustralia #visitsydney #travel #travelphotography #ocean #oceanview #beach #mist #haze #igersaustralia #igerssydney #haiku #haikusofinstagram #haikupoem #poetry #poetryofinstagram #poetryofinstagram
No chariots to heaven. . . . . #auckland #aucklandcity #aucklandnz #aucklandphotographer #aucklandphotography #naturephotography #nature #visitauckland #newzealand #visitnewzealand #travelphotography #onetreehill #volcano #traveldiaries #hiking #solotravel #solotraveller
With smoky sunsets, nature declares climate emergency. . . . . . . . #climatechange #climatechangeisreal #canberra #canberralife #canberralocals #canberratimes #canberratimes #canberralocals #canberraphotographer #canberraphotography #nature #naturephotography #sunset #sunsetphotography #telstratower #visitcanberra #igerscanberra #igersaustralia
Curiosity isn’t sin—it’s the path to discovery. . . . . . . . . . #sydney #sydneyaustralia #botanicalgardens #nature #naturephotography #sydneyscene #sydney_insta #sydneyphotographer #sydneylifestyle #sydneystyle #igerssydney #igersaustralia #visitaustralia
I write on LinkedIn too. Come say hello?
To Facebook or not to Facebook?
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American agenda in disguise
Shakeel Ahmad
It's extremely painful to see such a devastating situation in our beloved country. Our sponsored military and democratic leaders, both have brought this nation to the extent of disgrace, destruction and total socio-economic frustration. Whereas the bigger danger lies in a fact that our people neither have a vision nor they want to learn from history. As without a right assessment, no policy can rightly be framed to succeed. It's a historic fact that America has a very clear neoconic agenda to rule the world as the only superpower, with one secular world, one WTO driven economy and one IMF sucked community, with its sponsored puppet military or democratic rulers in different countries, like Musharraf in Pakistan. Same they did in the Middle East, Africa, Asia and some European countries. To ensure their success, they best utilise their agencies to manipulate the resources to trigger a conspiracy, in partnership with common enemies, and attack militarily, diplomatically, socially and economically. Like in Pakistan, they made a partnership with India and Israel. Through media, they, initially, reformed the public opinion by sponsoring the politicians, scholars, journalists and NGOs. In Pakistan, in the last 2 years, more than $1000 million is pumped into media to sponsor the anti-Islamic/Pakistani elements to promote religious confusion, political anarchy, ethnic divisions, economic crisis, disintegration and above all the socio-cultural obscenity to shake the very foundation of Pakistan, in the name of freedom of expression. It's because of our ghaddar/sponsored Pakistani leadership, that we are trapped in an engineered war. Othewise, in America, it's an established fact that this war is for the control of the world/oil resources and to eliminate all such elements, who cause any resistance. It's also a known fact, through reliable sources, that Israeli and Indian Airforce fighter jets are standing by at the Nagpoor airbase to have a joint operation against Pakistan's nuclear assets. The ignorants should also know that America has signed an agreement with India to attack Pakistan, by proxy. It should also be realised that the Israeli Army Chief recently visited the Kashmiri region, besides the military planning in India, to form an Ismaili State along the north-western belt of Pakistan. Even knowing all such facts, if we continue to follow the dictated foreign policy and keep killing our own innocent people in greed of money and cowardly reaction, then nobody else but we are solely responsible for our destruction and miseries. Whatever is happening today in Pakistan, is part of their international agenda, and we are blindly following it, under the influence of forged leadership and sponsored media. The American, Israeli and Indian agencies are comfortably operating on the soil of Pakistan and working to cause disintegration, hatred, confusion, frustration and socio-economic disaster by proxy of their Pakistani agents planted in politicians, security forces and bureaucracy. Such foreign agencies are also responsible for explosions and mass killing at mosques and public places and to put blame on the Pakistani Muslims. People cry about economy that Pakistan will collapse without the American aid in trade-off our national security. But we should know that Allah has blessed Pakistan with plenty of resources, which makes it unique in the world. Even we can pay off our total debt ($38 billion), if we sell only one Gold-Copper mine worth $65 billion in Chaghi, Balochistan. And the rest can be used to meet the energy crisis by setting up/enhancing crash nuclear/hydal projects in cooperation with our time-tested friend, China. The people don't trust the government, whatever the tax is collected, is used for the benefit of elites and luxury of the government. And if only one year of tax is collected ($30 - 40 billion), it's sufficient to alleviate the poverty by starting mega projects alongwith welfare schemes. We have always been on the mercy of IMF, which provides funds, that are misappropriated by our corrupt politicians and the liability remains on the nation. Mind it, it was the sincere leadership of Malaysia that didn't allow IMF into their country, and you can see where stands, Malaysia now. Musharraf and others have been knocking the very foundation of the country and their blind followers have been following them for their personal benefits and party affiliations. So who is responsible, in addition to the external influences, we are also responsible for choosing and supporting such leadership, which is leading us to such a disastrous situation. Unless or until we sacrifice our personal interests over the national interests and think above the party affiliations, the miseries will remain and today's political leaders will continue to exploit our weaknesses. Today we need a leadership, which has got sincere feeling for the country and it's people. May Allah give us the strength to reform ourselves and overrun the weak rulers. Amin The writer is president of the University of W Sydney - SAP, Australia E-mail: look_for_shakil@yahoo.com
Blessing In Disguise?
Zarb-e-Azb a blessing in disguise
A New Agenda
CCI to take up 16-point agenda today
Maxim Cartoon
Irfan Asghar
Bush's casus belli against Pakistan
Hussain Mallick
Winds of change and a new vision
Mazhar Qayyum Khan
Dimensions of war on terror
S M Hali
From ally to target
American impatience
Burying the hatchet
The source of confusion
Blight of our lives
A letter from Kohat
Base camps for assault?
It is so simple
The Ramazan excuse
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Business Advocate
Energy Insights
Update on the latest gas drilling rigs & permitting activity in the Appalachian Basin
ENERGY INSIGHTS DEC 27, 2018
16 rigs operating (All in Utica/Point Pleasant Shale)
Rig Counties: Belmont (3), Columbiana (1), Guernsey (2), Harrison (2), Huron (1), Jefferson (4), Monroe (3),
Rig Operators:
Ascent (6), Chesapeake (2), Eclipse Resources (2), EM Energy (1), EQT Production Co. (1),
Equinor (1), GeoPetro (1), Utica Resource (1), XTO (1)
Permits Issued*:
9 total:
Ascent (5; all in Belmont County)
Gulfport (3; all in Harrison)
Ascent (1; Jefferson)
14 rigs operating (9 in the Marcellus Shale, 2 in the Utica Shale, 3 unknown)
Rig Counties: Tyler (3), Wetzel (1), Harrison (1), Marshall (5), Pleasants (1), Ritchie (1), Ohio (1), Brooke (1)
Antero (5), Arsenal (1), HG Energy (1), Jay-Bee Oil & Gas Inc (1), SWN (2), Tug Hill (4)
41 rigs operating (31 in Marcellus Shale, 5 in Utica Shale)
Rig Counties: Allegheny (1), Armstrong (1), Beaver (1), Bradford (3), Butler (1), Cameron (1), Clinton (1), Elk
(1), Fayette (1), Greene (8), Lycoming (3), Potter (1), Sullivan (1), Susquehanna (7), Tioga (1),
Westmoreland (1), Washington (7), Wyoming (1)
ARD (1), Cabot (5), Chesapeake (3), Chevron (2), Chief (1), CNX (4), EQT (10), Greylock (1),
Inflection (1), JKLM Energy LLC (1), PennEnergy (1), Range Resources (2), Repsol (2),
Seneca (3), Snyder (1), SWN (2), XTO (1)
Permits Issued*
35 total:
BKV (2; Wyoming)
Chevron (11; all in Fayette)
Chief (3; all in Bradford)
PennEnergy (1; Beaver)
Range Resources (10; all in Washington)
Rice (1; Greene)
SWN (6; all in Susquehanna)
XPR (1; Westmoreland)
*for the week ending 12/15/2018
Ohio landmen exempt from brokers license requirement
Fighting energy poverty with natural gas
West Virginia passes law permitting forced pooling
4 unappreciated truths about natural gas
Ohio becoming a leader among producers of natural of gas
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ResMed presents data on Phase IV SERVE-HF study
Study did not meet primary endpoint and adaptive servo-ventilation has no significant benefit in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction and predominant central sleep apnea
LONDON – 1st September, 2015 – ResMed (NYSE: RMD) today presented data from the SERVE-HF study at ESC Congress 2015 in London.
SERVE-HF, a multinational, multicenter, randomized controlled Phase IV trial of 1,325 patients, was designed to investigate the effects of adding adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) therapy to guideline-based medical management on survival and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure (NYHA 2-4) and reduced ejection fraction (LVEF ≤45%) and moderate to severe predominant central sleep apnea (CSA) (AHI > 15/h, ≥ 50% central events, cAHI ≥ 10/h). The primary endpoint of the study was death from any cause (“all-cause mortality”), a life-saving cardiovascular intervention or unplanned hospitalization for worsening chronic heart failure.
Earlier this year, preliminary analysis of the SERVE-HF data resulted in ResMed updating the labelling for its ASV devices, contraindicating the specific group of patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure, reduced ejection fraction (LVEF ≤45%) and predominant CSA that were included in SERVE-HF.
The study showed that ASV therapy effectively controlled central sleep apnea. Sixty-percent of patients randomized to ASV therapy used it for at least three hours per night.
Incidence of the primary endpoint did not differ significantly between the ASV and control groups (54.1% versus 50.8%, respectively; hazard ratio [HR] 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97, 1.31; P=0.10).1 There was significant effect modification for the primary end point by the degree of Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
All-cause and cardiovascular mortality were significantly higher in the ASV group than in the control group (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.06, 1.55; P=0.01 and 1.34, 95% CI 1.09, 1.65; P=0.006, respectively, indicating ASV therapy should not be used to treat predominant CSA in patients with symptomatic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (LVEF ≤45%).2 The effect on cardiovascular mortality was significantly modified by the degree of left ventricular impairment. There were no adverse events during the SERVE-HF study associated with the performance of the ASV therapy device.
Professor Martin R Cowie, Professor of Cardiology at Imperial College London (Royal Brompton Hospital), co-principal investigator of the study said: “SERVE-HF is a high-quality, landmark trial in the study of patients with symptomatic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction who also have CSA. The results showed that despite reasonable adherence to ASV and effective control of CSA by ASV, the results for the primary endpoint were neutral, with no significant difference between patients treated with ASV and the control group."
“The fact that ASV therapy increased the risk of death in this specific patient population is an unexpected, but clinically highly important, finding. Further research will need to be conducted and precautions taken but the hope is that these findings will make the management of this frail patient population safer.”
Holger Woehrle, VP Clinical Research and Medical Director of ResMed Europe and Asia Pacific, said: “As a pioneer in high quality research in this field, ResMed remains committed to studying how managing sleep-disordered breathing may help people with cardiovascular conditions, from hypertension and coronary artery disease to atrial fibrillation, heart failure and stroke.”
“While this was an unexpected result, the findings remain vitally important for the heart failure community and for patients with chronic heart failure, reduced ejection fraction and predominant central sleep apnea. It is important that we do not extrapolate these findings beyond the specific population and parameters that were investigated in SERVE-HF. The results cannot, and should not, be applied to people with CSA in the absence of systolic heart failure, or to people with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with or without chronic symptomatic heart failure.The trial results also do not apply to continuous / automatic positive airway pressure devices (CPAP or APAP), which continue to play a vital role in treating OSA for millions of people.”
Analysis of the data from the SERVE-HF sub-study is ongoing. ResMed will continue to publish updates via http://serve-hffaqs.com for healthcare providers and patients who have questions or would like more information.
About Sleep-Disordered Breathing (SDB)
SDB encompasses a spectrum of breathing problems during sleep, including repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep. The two most common types of SDB are obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA).
OSA is a disorder in which the throat muscles relax, block the airways and stop the flow of breath during sleep.
CSA is a disorder in which the brain does not transmit the “breathe” signal to the muscles that control breathing during sleep. In some cases, people with CSA also exhibit an abnormal breathing pattern known as Cheyne-Stokes respiration. With Cheyne-Stokes respiration, there is a period of shallow breathing followed by deep breathing, with intermittent central apnea, in which the breath is stopped for more than 10 seconds during each apnea.
CSA with Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSA-CSR) is rare in the general population but is quite common in patients with symptomatic chronic HF, at a rate of 20-45%.3
About Adaptive Servo-Ventilation (ASV) therapy
ASV refers to a therapy specifically designed to treat CSA-CSR, in which a patient’s ventilation is monitored and stabilized through adaptive positive airway pressure, supplied via a mask worn by the patient.
About ResMed
The global team at ResMed (NYSE:RMD) is united in the commitment to change millions of lives with every breath. With more than 4,000 employees and a presence in over 100 countries, the company has been pioneering new and innovative devices and treatments for sleep-disordered breathing, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other chronic diseases for more than 25 years. ResMed’s world-leading products and innovative solutions improve quality of life for millions of patients worldwide, reduce the impact of chronic disease, and save healthcare costs. For more information about ResMed and its business, visit www.resmed.com or follow @resmed on Twitter.
Odile Bigaignon
Cardiology Director, Europe
Odile.Bigaignon@resmed.com
Agnes Lee
Senior Director, Investor Relations
investorrelations@resmed.com
View 13 May 2015 news release: ResMed Provides Update on Phase IV SERVE-HF Study of Adaptive Servo-Ventilation (ASV) Therapy In Central Sleep Apnea and Chronic Heart Failure
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Amit Etkin, MD, PhD
Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Major Laboratories and Clinical Translational Neurosciences Incubator)
Amit Etkin, MD, PhD, is a Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University and a member of the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute. Dr. Etkin is trained as both as a neuroscientist and psychiatrist. He received his MD/PhD at Columbia University with Nobel laureate Eric Kandel, completed his psychiatry residency and concurrent postdoc at Stanford University with Alan Schatzberg, and joined the faculty at Stanford in 2010. Dr. Etkin has received multiple awards, most notably the NIH Director’s Pioneer Award in 2017.
The overarching aim of the Etkin lab is to understand the neural basis of emotional disorders and their treatment, and to leverage this knowledge to better understand how the brain works and to develop novel treatment interventions. In support of this goal, Dr. Etkin also collaborates with neuroscientists, engineers, psychologists, physicians and others to establish a new intellectual, scientific and clinical paradigm for understanding and manipulating human brain circuits in healthy individuals and for treating psychiatric disease.
Professor, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Member, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute
Administrative Appointments
Chair, Steering Committee, Major Laboratories and Clinical Translational Neurosciences Incubator, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University (2018 - Present)
Associate Chair, Research Strategy and Oversight, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University (2018 - Present)
Joel Elkes Research Award, American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (2018)
Director's Pioneer Award, NIH (2017)
Young Scientist Awardee, World Economic Forum (2015)
Chairman's Award for Advancing Science, Stanford University (2014)
Dana Neuroscience Scholar award, Dana Foundation (2012)
Fellow, Kavli-National Academy of Science "Frontiers of Science" (2011-2013)
Biobehavioral Research Awards for Innovative New Scientists (BRAINS) R01 Award, NIMH (2010)
Outstanding Resident Award, NIMH (2008)
PhD awarded with distinction, Columbia University (2005)
Phi Beta Kappa, MIT (1997)
Boards, Advisory Committees, Professional Organizations
Associate Editor, Neuropsychopharmacology (2012 - 2019)
Editorial Board, Depression and Anxiety (2010 - Present)
Chair, Scientific Program Committee, Society of Biological Psychiatry (2014 - Present)
Fellow, American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (2011 - Present)
Member, Society of Biological Psychiatry (2011 - Present)
Scientific Advisory Board, Laureate Institute for Brain Research (Tulsa, OK) (2015 - Present)
Scientific Advisory Board, Akili Interactive (2016 - Present)
Scientific Advisory Board, Mindstrong Health (2017 - Present)
Board Certification, American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Psychiatry (2011)
MD, Columbia University, Medicine (2006)
PhD, Columbia University, Neurobiology (2005)
MPhil, Columbia University, Neurobiology (2003)
BS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Biology (1997)
Academic amitetkin@stanford.edu
etkinlab.stanford.edu
The overarching aim of the Etkin lab is to understand the neural basis of emotional disorders and their treatment, and to leverage this knowledge to better understand how the brain works and to develop novel treatment interventions. In support of this goal, we collaborate with neuroscientists, engineers, psychologists, physicians and others to establish a new intellectual, scientific and clinical paradigm for understanding and manipulating human brain circuits in healthy individuals and for treating psychiatric disease.
Our work is organized around the study of the neuroscience of emotion and cognitive regulation, as well as basic aspects of neural circuit functioning and control, in healthy subjects and individuals with a range of psychiatric disorders. Studies aimed at understanding the neurobiology of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress, as well as their treatment, addresses:(a) which domains of neural/mental functions are involved, (b) how different existing treatment approaches yield their effects on the brain, and (c) whether emerging tools for mapping and modulating neural circuits can remediate brain abnormalities that may not be affected by current treatments.
Emotional and cognitive regulation: A successful affective neuroscience approach to psychopathology and treatment requires understanding the basic mechanisms involved in emotional and cognitive regulation. Ongoing work seeks to ground our circuit-based understanding of the control mechanisms in causal circuit-level mechanisms by combining behavioral tasks, neuroimaging (with fMRI or EEG), and computational modeling, as well as circuit disruptions with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
Neural basis of psychopathology: Since its inception, our neuroimaging studies on psychopathology have investigated the nature of brain circuit disruption across traditional psychiatric categories, both in primary studies and in large-scale meta-analyses. Results have borne out the importance of understanding the function of key emotional and cognitive circuitry, and that relevant impairments are not captured well by traditional diagnostics. Current focus in the lab is therefore on understanding the nature of mechanistically-meaningful neural circuit dysfunction at the level of individual patients and biologically-defined subgroups.
Neural mechanisms and biomarkers of existing treatments: Very little is known about the mechanisms of action of existing treatments in psychiatry, across both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches (i.e. brain stimulation and psychotherapy). Current work in the lab is investigating all of these interventions in order to both reveal mechanisms, but also to develop clinic-ready biomarkers that can predict who will respond to which treatment. Results have already revealed potential avenues for treatment selection in depression and PTSD.
Causal probing and manipulation of neural circuits in humans: A key limitation of basic and clinical human neuroscience is in our ability to understand circuit-level causality, for example between the function of a circuit and resulting behavior or dysfunction of that circuit and psychiatric symptoms. Neuroimaging alone cannot address this challenge. To do so, we have developed a suite of methods combining causal circuit manipulation using TMS with concurrent neuroimaging to read out its effects using either fMRI or EEG. This allows us to define how a circuit contributes to a given behavior, the nature of its dysfunction in psychiatric patients, and how remediating this dysfunction can result in symptom relief. Work in the lab is furthermore focused on detailing causal mechanisms at the level of the individual, and creating tailored neuroplasticity-inducing interventions through TMS that address the abnormalities found. This opens up the potential for the development of novel, personalized, circuit-based interventions informed by neuroimaging.
Brain-Based Biomarkers in Response to TMS in MDD Recruiting
The overarching goal of this research program is to elucidate causal and directional neural network- level abnormalities in depression, and how they are modulated by an individually-tailored, circuit-directed intervention. By using concurrent TMS and EEG, the investigators can overcome a major limitation of EEG - the inability to demonstrate causality. Here, we plan to recruit patients with medication-resistant depression undergoing rTMS treatment. At multiple time points, we will perform TMS-EEG to investigate the excitability and connectivity profiles of brain networks and how they are modulated during treatment. This study aims to provide objective brain network measures that can predict and track clinical response to TMS treatment. Findings from this study will be utilized to develop a novel, personalized treatment protocol based on individual brain networks.
A Novel Neurobehavioral Intervention for Emotion Regulation in Anxiety and Depression Across the Lifespan Not Recruiting
The research proposes to use an innovative solution to shape brain circuits that support executive function and emotion reactivity -using targeted neurobehavioral intervention.
Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Jillian Autea, (650) 725-9510.
Brain Imaging of Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Not Recruiting
The investigators are seeking people who have been exposed to a traumatic event in the past and have symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) currently. A person with PTSD may feel significant distress when reminded of a traumatic event or feel depressed, anxious or jumpy. As a part of this study, participants will receive brain MRIs and office assessments before and after psychotherapy. The investigators provide the gold-standard psychotherapy for PTSD, "Prolonged Exposure", free of charge; additionally participants are compensated for their time during assessment procedures. This study is exploring the brain circuitry involved in improvement in response to psychotherapy.
Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Kathy Peng, B.A., 650-725-9510.
Brain Imaging of rTMS Treatment for Depression Not Recruiting
The overarching goal of this research program is to elucidate causal and directional neural network- level abnormalities in depression, and how they are modulated by an individually-tailored, circuit-directed intervention. By using concurrent TMS and fMRI, the investigators can overcome a major limitation of neuroimaging - the inability to demonstrate causality. The investigators' findings will serve as a platform for future studies wherein TMS treatment can be directly guided by the investigators' ability to image and causally manipulate specific neural networks. Aim 1: To examine causal interactions between two major brain networks in depression. Aim 2: To examine the impact of antidepressant TMS on causal network abnormalities in depression. Hypothesis 1: Depressed subjects will show blunted responses, compared to healthy controls, in two targeted and interacting networks, using concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Hypothesis 2: Treatment of patients with high-frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS) will result in normalization of baseline network-level deficits, and be predicted by degree of baseline network abnormalities.
Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Lisa McTeague, PhD, 650-725-9510.
Neurobehavioral Intervention as a Novel Treatment Approach for Emotion-Regulatory Deficits Not Recruiting
The present study will explore the effectiveness of a computer based neurobehavioral intervention in alleviating symptoms and improving emotion regulation in psychiatric populations. It will increase understanding of psychopathology at a neural-circuit level and aid development of new non-pharmacological treatment for emotion regulatory deficits.
Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Kathy K Peng, (650) 725-9510.
Use of a Novel Neuroplasticity-based Neurobehavioral Intervention for PTSD Not Recruiting
The present study will explore the effectiveness of a computer based neurobehavioral intervention in alleviating symptoms and improving emotion regulation in individuals with PTSD. It will increase understanding of psychopathology at a neural-circuit level and aid development of new non-pharmacological treatment for PTSD. The study is managed by the Etkin Lab at Stanford University in California, but participants from the entire US are welcome to participate as the study is delivered online.
Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Jillian Autea, 650-725-9510.
Directed Reading in Neurosciences
NEPR 299 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum)
Directed Reading in Psychiatry
PSYC 299 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum)
Medical Scholars Research
Teaching in Psychiatry
PSYC 290 (Win, Spr, Sum)
Med Scholar Project Advisor
Ellie Beam, Ryan Gallagher, Danny Huang
Cammie Rolle
Christopher Cline, Nimrod Keynan, Manjari Narayan
Ellie Beam, Molly Lucas
Postdoctoral Research Mentor
Neir Eshel, Sharon Naparstek Zamler, Manjari Narayan, Yinming Sun, Yu Zhang
Neurosciences (Phd Program)
Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (Fellowship Program)
A Reckoning and Research Agenda for Neuroimaging in Psychiatry. The American journal of psychiatry Etkin, A. 2019; 176 (7): 507–11
Human neuroimaging has been a core component of both research in psychiatry and conceptual models of the brain circuit-level mechanisms underlying psychopathology. Despite landmark neuroimaging research over the past 25 years, we still lack the level of precision and insight needed for bringing neuroimaging tools into clinical care contexts. This brief review examines historical research trends in psychiatric neuroimaging, as well as the basic assumptions underlying current efforts, in order to understand factors that have limited the impact of neuroimaging efforts thus far. These factors include the pitfalls of case-control designs, confounders inherent in associational research approaches, and the challenges in embracing fully data-driven analyses. Several critical gaps emerge, the addressing of which could provide the critical new insights that have long been sought from neuroimaging. These include transitioning from group-to individual-level analyses (and through this to intervention studies carried out robustly at the level of individual patients), building "big data" from a longitudinal perspective and not only a cross-sectional one, a greater focus on identifying causal mechanisms, and the development of tools such as electroencephalography in addition to the dominant MRI methods to aid translation to real-world clinical care. Despite the still-unrealized potential of psychiatric neuroimaging, there is now much to be excited about as previous learnings are converted into fundamentally new directions. Indeed, we may now be at an inflection point for neuroimaging if the typical study designs are left in the past and the field systematically and thoughtfully embraces the challenges that the past 25 years of research have now made apparent.
View details for DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19050521
Using fMRI connectivity to define a treatment-resistant form of post-traumatic stress disorder SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE Etkin, A., Maron-Katz, A., Wu, W., Fonzo, G. A., Huemer, J., Vertes, P. E., Patenaude, B., Richiardi, J., Goodkind, M. S., Keller, C. J., Ramos-Cejudo, J., Zaiko, Y., Peng, K. K., Shpigel, E., Longwell, P., Toll, R. T., Thompson, A., Zack, S., Gonzalez, B., Edelstein, R., Chen, J., Akingbade, I., Weiss, E., Hart, R., Mann, S., Durkin, K., Baete, S. H., Boada, F. E., Genfi, A., Autea, J., Newman, J., Oathes, D. J., Lindley, S. E., Abu-Amara, D., Arnow, B. A., Crossley, N., Hallmayer, J., Fossati, S., Rothbaum, B. O., Marmar, C. R., Bullmore, E. T., O'Hara, R. 2019; 11 (486)
View details for DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3236
Using fMRI connectivity to define a treatment-resistant form of post-traumatic stress disorder. Science translational medicine Etkin, A., Maron-Katz, A., Wu, W., Fonzo, G. A., Huemer, J., Vertes, P. E., Patenaude, B., Richiardi, J., Goodkind, M. S., Keller, C. J., Ramos-Cejudo, J., Zaiko, Y. V., Peng, K. K., Shpigel, E., Longwell, P., Toll, R. T., Thompson, A., Zack, S., Gonzalez, B., Edelstein, R., Chen, J., Akingbade, I., Weiss, E., Hart, R., Mann, S., Durkin, K., Baete, S. H., Boada, F. E., Genfi, A., Autea, J., Newman, J., Oathes, D. J., Lindley, S. E., Abu-Amara, D., Arnow, B. A., Crossley, N., Hallmayer, J., Fossati, S., Rothbaum, B. O., Marmar, C. R., Bullmore, E. T., O'Hara, R. 2019; 11 (486)
A mechanistic understanding of the pathology of psychiatric disorders has been hampered by extensive heterogeneity in biology, symptoms, and behavior within diagnostic categories that are defined subjectively. We investigated whether leveraging individual differences in information-processing impairments in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could reveal phenotypes within the disorder. We found that a subgroup of patients with PTSD from two independent cohorts displayed both aberrant functional connectivity within the ventral attention network (VAN) as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neuroimaging and impaired verbal memory on a word list learning task. This combined phenotype was not associated with differences in symptoms or comorbidities, but nonetheless could be used to predict a poor response to psychotherapy, the best-validated treatment for PTSD. Using concurrent focal noninvasive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography, we then identified alterations in neural signal flow in the VAN that were evoked by direct stimulation of that network. These alterations were associated with individual differences in functional fMRI connectivity within the VAN. Our findings define specific neurobiological mechanisms in a subgroup of patients with PTSD that could contribute to the poor response to psychotherapy.
Towards objective definition of psychopathology in post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology Etkin, A. 2019
View details for DOI 10.1038/s41386-019-0504-7
Brain regulation of emotional conflict predicts antidepressant treatment response for depression. Nature human behaviour Fonzo, G. A., Etkin, A., Zhang, Y., Wu, W., Cooper, C., Chin-Fatt, C., Jha, M. K., Trombello, J., Deckersbach, T., Adams, P., McInnis, M., McGrath, P. J., Weissman, M. M., Fava, M., Trivedi, M. H. 2019
The efficacy of antidepressant treatment for depression is controversial due to the only modest superiority demonstrated over placebo. However, neurobiological heterogeneity within depression may limit overall antidepressant efficacy. We sought to identify a neurobiological phenotype responsive to antidepressant treatment by testing pretreatment brain activation during response to, and regulation of, emotional conflict as a moderator of the clinical benefit of the antidepressant sertraline versus placebo. Using neuroimaging data from a large randomized controlled trial, we found widespread moderation of clinical benefits by brain activity during regulation of emotional conflict, in which greater downregulation of conflict-responsive regions predicted better sertraline outcomes. Treatment-predictive machine learning using brain metrics outperformed a model trained on clinical and demographic variables. Our findings demonstrate that antidepressant response is predicted by brain activity underlying a key self-regulatory emotional capacity. Leveraging brain-based measures in psychiatry will forge a path toward better treatment personalization, refined mechanistic insights and improved outcomes.
Addressing the Causality Gap in Human Psychiatric Neuroscience JAMA PSYCHIATRY Etkin, A. 2018; 75 (1): 3–4
PTSD Psychotherapy Outcome Predicted by Brain Activation During Emotional Reactivity and Regulation AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY Fonzo, G. A., Goodkind, M. S., Oathes, D. J., Zaiko, Y. V., Harvey, M., Peng, K. K., Weiss, M., Thompson, A. L., Zack, S. E., Lindley, S. E., Arnow, B. A., Jo, B., Gross, J. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Etkin, A. 2017; 174 (12): 1163–74
Selective Effects of Psychotherapy on Frontopolar Cortical Function in PTSD AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY Fonzo, G. A., Goodkind, M. S., Oathes, D. J., Zaiko, Y. V., Harvey, M., Peng, K. K., Weiss, M., Thompson, A. L., Zack, S. E., Mills-Finnerty, C. E., Rosenberg, B. M., Edelstein, R., Wright, R. N., Kole, C. A., Lindley, S. E., Arnow, B. A., Jo, B., Gross, J. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Etkin, A. 2017; 174 (12): 1175–84
Identification of Common Neural Circuit Disruptions in Cognitive Control Across Psychiatric Disorders. American journal of psychiatry McTeague, L. M., Huemer, J., Carreon, D. M., Jiang, Y., Eickhoff, S. B., Etkin, A. 2017: appiajp201716040400-?
Cognitive deficits are a common feature of psychiatric disorders. The authors investigated the nature of disruptions in neural circuitry underlying cognitive control capacities across psychiatric disorders through a transdiagnostic neuroimaging meta-analysis.A PubMed search was conducted for whole-brain functional neuroimaging articles published through June 2015 that compared activation in patients with axis I disorders and matched healthy control participants during cognitive control tasks. Tasks that probed performance or conflict monitoring, response inhibition or selection, set shifting, verbal fluency, and recognition or working memory were included. Activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses were conducted on peak voxel coordinates.The 283 experiments submitted to meta-analysis included 5,728 control participants and 5,493 patients with various disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar or unipolar depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders). Transdiagnostically abnormal activation was evident in the left prefrontal cortex as well as the anterior insula, the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the right intraparietal sulcus, and the midcingulate/presupplementary motor area. Disruption was also observed in a more anterior cluster in the dorsal cingulate cortex, which overlapped with a network of structural perturbation that the authors previously reported in a transdiagnostic meta-analysis of gray matter volume.These findings demonstrate a common pattern of disruption across major psychiatric disorders that parallels the "multiple-demand network" observed in intact cognition. This network interfaces with the anterior-cingulo-insular or "salience network" demonstrated to be transdiagnostically vulnerable to gray matter reduction. Thus, networks intrinsic to adaptive, flexible cognition are vulnerable to broad-spectrum psychopathology. Dysfunction in these networks may reflect an intermediate transdiagnostic phenotype, which could be leveraged to advance therapeutics.
Selective Effects of Psychotherapy on Frontopolar Cortical Function in PTSD. The American journal of psychiatry Fonzo, G. A., Goodkind, M. S., Oathes, D. J., Zaiko, Y. V., Harvey, M., Peng, K. K., Weiss, M. E., Thompson, A. L., Zack, S. E., Mills-Finnerty, C. E., Rosenberg, B. M., Edelstein, R., Wright, R. N., Kole, C. A., Lindley, S. E., Arnow, B. A., Jo, B., Gross, J. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Etkin, A. 2017; 174 (12): 1175–84
Exposure therapy is an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but a comprehensive, emotion-focused perspective on how psychotherapy affects brain function is lacking. The authors assessed changes in brain function after prolonged exposure therapy across three emotional reactivity and regulation paradigms.Individuals with PTSD underwent functional MRI (fMRI) at rest and while completing three tasks assessing emotional reactivity and regulation. Individuals were then randomly assigned to immediate prolonged exposure treatment (N=36) or a waiting list condition (N=30) and underwent a second scan approximately 4 weeks after the last treatment session or a comparable waiting period, respectively.Treatment-specific changes were observed only during cognitive reappraisal of negative images. Psychotherapy increased lateral frontopolar cortex activity and connectivity with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex/ventral striatum. Greater increases in frontopolar activation were associated with improvement in hyperarousal symptoms and psychological well-being. The frontopolar cortex also displayed a greater variety of temporal resting-state signal pattern changes after treatment. Concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and fMRI in healthy participants demonstrated that the lateral frontopolar cortex exerts downstream influence on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex/ventral striatum.Changes in frontopolar function during deliberate regulation of negative affect is one key mechanism of adaptive psychotherapeutic change in PTSD. Given that frontopolar connectivity with ventromedial regions during emotion regulation is enhanced by psychotherapy and that the frontopolar cortex exerts downstream influence on ventromedial regions in healthy individuals, these findings inform a novel conceptualization of how psychotherapy works, and they identify a promising target for stimulation-based therapeutics.
PTSD Psychotherapy Outcome Predicted by Brain Activation During Emotional Reactivity and Regulation. The American journal of psychiatry Fonzo, G. A., Goodkind, M. S., Oathes, D. J., Zaiko, Y. V., Harvey, M., Peng, K. K., Weiss, M. E., Thompson, A. L., Zack, S. E., Lindley, S. E., Arnow, B. A., Jo, B., Gross, J. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Etkin, A. 2017; 174 (12): 1163–74
Exposure therapy is an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but many patients do not respond. Brain functions governing treatment outcome are not well characterized. The authors examined brain systems relevant to emotional reactivity and regulation, constructs that are thought to be central to PTSD and exposure therapy effects, to identify the functional traits of individuals most likely to benefit from treatment.Individuals with PTSD underwent functional MRI (fMRI) while completing three tasks assessing emotional reactivity and regulation. Participants were then randomly assigned to immediate prolonged exposure treatment (N=36) or a waiting list condition (N=30). A random subset of the prolonged exposure group (N=17) underwent single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) concurrent with fMRI to examine whether predictive activation patterns reflect causal influence within circuits. Linear mixed-effects modeling in line with the intent-to-treat principle was used to examine how baseline brain function moderated the effect of treatment on PTSD symptoms.At baseline, individuals with larger treatment-related symptom reductions (compared with the waiting list condition) demonstrated 1) greater dorsal prefrontal activation and 2) less left amygdala activation, both during emotion reactivity; 3) better inhibition of the left amygdala induced by single TMS pulses to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; and 4) greater ventromedial prefrontal/ventral striatal activation during emotional conflict regulation. Reappraisal-related activation was not a significant moderator of the treatment effect.Capacity to benefit from prolonged exposure in PTSD is gated by the degree to which prefrontal resources are spontaneously engaged when superficially processing threat and adaptively mitigating emotional interference, but not when deliberately reducing negative emotionality.
The neural bases of emotion regulation NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE Etkin, A., Buechel, C., Gross, J. J. 2015; 16 (11): 693-?
Emotions are powerful determinants of behaviour, thought and experience, and they may be regulated in various ways. Neuroimaging studies have implicated several brain regions in emotion regulation, including the ventral anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, as well as the lateral prefrontal and parietal cortices. Drawing on computational approaches to value-based decision-making and reinforcement learning, we propose a unifying conceptual framework for understanding the neural bases of diverse forms of emotion regulation.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nrn4044
Identification of a Common Neurobiological Substrate for Mental Illness JAMA PSYCHIATRY Goodkind, M., Eickhoff, S. B., Oathes, D. J., Jiang, Y., Chang, A., Jones-Hagata, L. B., Ortega, B. N., Zaiko, Y. V., Roach, E. L., Korgaonkar, M. S., Grieve, S. M., Galatzer-Levy, I., Fox, P. T., Etkin, A. 2015; 72 (4): 305-315
Psychiatric diagnoses are currently distinguished based on sets of specific symptoms. However, genetic and clinical analyses find similarities across a wide variety of diagnoses, suggesting that a common neurobiological substrate may exist across mental illness.To conduct a meta-analysis of structural neuroimaging studies across multiple psychiatric diagnoses, followed by parallel analyses of 3 large-scale healthy participant data sets to help interpret structural findings in the meta-analysis.PubMed was searched to identify voxel-based morphometry studies through July 2012 comparing psychiatric patients to healthy control individuals for the meta-analysis. The 3 parallel healthy participant data sets included resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, a database of activation foci across thousands of neuroimaging experiments, and a data set with structural imaging and cognitive task performance data.Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they reported voxel-based morphometry differences between patients with an Axis I diagnosis and control individuals in stereotactic coordinates across the whole brain, did not present predominantly in childhood, and had at least 10 studies contributing to that diagnosis (or across closely related diagnoses). The meta-analysis was conducted on peak voxel coordinates using an activation likelihood estimation approach.We tested for areas of common gray matter volume increase or decrease across Axis I diagnoses, as well as areas differing between diagnoses. Follow-up analyses on other healthy participant data sets tested connectivity related to regions arising from the meta-analysis and the relationship of gray matter volume to cognition.Based on the voxel-based morphometry meta-analysis of 193 studies comprising 15 892 individuals across 6 diverse diagnostic groups (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, addiction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety), we found that gray matter loss converged across diagnoses in 3 regions: the dorsal anterior cingulate, right insula, and left insula. By contrast, there were few diagnosis-specific effects, distinguishing only schizophrenia and depression from other diagnoses. In the parallel follow-up analyses of the 3 independent healthy participant data sets, we found that the common gray matter loss regions formed a tightly interconnected network during tasks and at resting and that lower gray matter in this network was associated with poor executive functioning.We identified a concordance across psychiatric diagnoses in terms of integrity of an anterior insula/dorsal anterior cingulate-based network, which may relate to executive function deficits observed across diagnoses. This concordance provides an organizing model that emphasizes the importance of shared neural substrates across psychopathology, despite likely diverse etiologies, which is currently not an explicit component of psychiatric nosology.
View details for DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2206
Causal interactions between fronto-parietal central executive and default-mode networks in humans PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Chen, A. C., Oathes, D. J., Chang, C., Bradley, T., Zhou, Z., Williams, L. M., Glover, G. H., Deisseroth, K., Etkin, A. 2013; 110 (49): 19944-19949
Information processing during human cognitive and emotional operations is thought to involve the dynamic interplay of several large-scale neural networks, including the fronto-parietal central executive network (CEN), cingulo-opercular salience network (SN), and the medial prefrontal-medial parietal default mode networks (DMN). It has been theorized that there is a causal neural mechanism by which the CEN/SN negatively regulate the DMN. Support for this idea has come from correlational neuroimaging studies; however, direct evidence for this neural mechanism is lacking. Here we undertook a direct test of this mechanism by combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with functional MRI to causally excite or inhibit TMS-accessible prefrontal nodes within the CEN or SN and determine consequent effects on the DMN. Single-pulse excitatory stimulations delivered to only the CEN node induced negative DMN connectivity with the CEN and SN, consistent with the CEN/SN's hypothesized negative regulation of the DMN. Conversely, low-frequency inhibitory repetitive TMS to the CEN node resulted in a shift of DMN signal from its normally low-frequency range to a higher frequency, suggesting disinhibition of DMN activity. Moreover, the CEN node exhibited this causal regulatory relationship primarily with the medial prefrontal portion of the DMN. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the causal mechanisms by which major brain networks normally coordinate information processing. Given that poorly regulated information processing is a hallmark of most neuropsychiatric disorders, these findings provide a foundation for ways to study network dysregulation and develop brain stimulation treatments for these disorders.
View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1311772110
Common Abnormalities and Disorder-Specific Compensation During Implicit Regulation of Emotional Processing in Generalized Anxiety and Major Depressive Disorders AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY Etkin, A., Schatzberg, A. F. 2011; 168 (9): 968-978
Anxiety and depressive disorders are both associated with abnormalities in the processing and regulation of emotion. However, little is known about the similarities and differences between anxiety and depression at the neural level. The authors examined emotional conflict processing using a salient stimulus associated with observable and interpretable behavioral outcomes and with activation in limbic and prefrontal regions implicated in anxiety and depression.Thirty-two healthy comparison subjects, 18 patients with generalized anxiety disorder only, 14 patients with major depression only, and 25 patients with comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression were studied using functional MRI while they performed an emotional conflict task that involved categorizing facial affect while ignoring overlaid affect label words. The authors used behavioral and neural measures to compare trial-by-trial changes in conflict regulation, a test of implicit regulation of emotional processing.Behavioral data indicated that only patients with generalized anxiety (i.e., the anxiety-only and comorbid groups) failed to implicitly regulate emotional conflict. By contrast, deficits in activation and connectivity of the ventral anterior cingulate and amygdala, areas previously implicated in regulating emotional conflict, were found in all patient groups. Depression-only patients, however, compensated for this deficit by also activating the left and right anterior lateral prefrontal cortices, in which activity was correlated with behavioral evidence of successful implicit regulation, thus mediating the disorder-specificity of the behavioral phenotype.These data support the existence of a common abnormality in anxiety and depression in the ventral cingulate and the amygdala, which may be related to a shared genetic etiology. Compensatory engagement of cognitive control circuitry in depression illustrates how the complex nature of psychopathology arises from the interaction of deficits and compensation, all of which can occur at an implicit level.
Failure of Anterior Cingulate Activation and Connectivity With the Amygdala During Implicit Regulation of Emotional Processing in Generalized Anxiety Disorder AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY Etkin, A., Prater, K. E., Hoeft, F., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F. 2010; 167 (5): 545-554
Clinical data suggest that abnormalities in the regulation of emotional processing contribute to the pathophysiology of generalized anxiety disorder, yet these abnormalities remain poorly understood at the neurobiological level. The authors recently reported that in healthy volunteers the pregenual anterior cingulate regulates emotional conflict on a trial-by-trial basis by dampening activity in the amygdala. The authors also showed that this process is specific to the regulation of emotional, compared to nonemotional, conflict. Here the authors examined whether this form of noninstructed emotion regulation is perturbed in generalized anxiety disorder.Seventeen patients with generalized anxiety disorder and 24 healthy comparison subjects underwent functional MRI while performing an emotional conflict task that involved categorizing facial affect while ignoring overlaid affect label words. Behavioral and neural measures were used to compare trial-by-trial changes in conflict regulation.Comparison subjects effectively regulated emotional conflict from trial to trial, even though they were unaware of having done so. By contrast, patients with generalized anxiety disorder were completely unable to regulate emotional conflict and failed to engage the pregenual anterior cingulate in ways that would dampen amygdalar activity. Moreover, performance and brain activation were correlated with symptoms and could be used to accurately classify the two groups.These data demonstrate that patients with generalized anxiety disorder show significant deficits in the noninstructed and spontaneous regulation of emotional processing. Conceptualization of anxiety as importantly involving abnormalities in emotion regulation, particularly a type occurring outside of awareness, may open up avenues for novel treatments, such as by targeting the medial prefrontal cortex.
Disrupted Amygdalar Subregion Functional Connectivity and Evidence of a Compensatory Network in Generalized Anxiety Disorder ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY Etkin, A., Prater, K. E., Schatzberg, A. F., Menon, V., Greicius, M. D. 2009; 66 (12): 1361-1372
Little is known about the neural abnormalities underlying generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Studies in other anxiety disorders have implicated the amygdala, but work in GAD has yielded conflicting results. The amygdala is composed of distinct subregions that interact with dissociable brain networks, which have been studied only in experimental animals. A functional connectivity approach at the subregional level may therefore yield novel insights into GAD.To determine whether distinct connectivity patterns can be reliably identified for the basolateral (BLA) and centromedial (CMA) subregions of the human amygdala, and to examine subregional connectivity patterns and potential compensatory amygdalar connectivity in GAD.Cross-sectional study.Academic medical center.Two cohorts of healthy control subjects (consisting of 17 and 31 subjects) and 16 patients with GAD.Functional connectivity with cytoarchitectonically determined BLA and CMA regions of interest, measured during functional magnetic resonance imaging performed while subjects were resting quietly in the scanner. Amygdalar gray matter volume was also investigated with voxel-based morphometry.Reproducible subregional differences in large-scale connectivity were identified in both cohorts of healthy controls. The BLA was differentially connected with primary and higher-order sensory and medial prefrontal cortices. The CMA was connected with the midbrain, thalamus, and cerebellum. In GAD patients, BLA and CMA connectivity patterns were significantly less distinct, and increased gray matter volume was noted primarily in the CMA. Across the subregions, GAD patients had increased connectivity with a previously characterized frontoparietal executive control network and decreased connectivity with an insula- and cingulate-based salience network.Our findings provide new insights into the functional neuroanatomy of the human amygdala and converge with connectivity studies in experimental animals. In GAD, we find evidence of an intra-amygdalar abnormality and engagement of a compensatory frontoparietal executive control network, consistent with cognitive theories of GAD.
Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY Etkin, A., Wager, T. D. 2007; 164 (10): 1476-1488
The study of human anxiety disorders has benefited greatly from functional neuroimaging approaches. Individual studies, however, vary greatly in their findings. The authors searched for common and disorder-specific functional neurobiological deficits in several anxiety disorders. The authors also compared these deficits to the neural systems engaged during anticipatory anxiety in healthy subjects.Functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and fear conditioning in healthy individuals were compared by quantitative meta-analysis. Included studies compared negative emotional processing to baseline, neutral, or positive emotion conditions.Patients with any of the three disorders consistently showed greater activity than matched comparison subjects in the amygdala and insula, structures linked to negative emotional responses. A similar pattern was observed during fear conditioning in healthy subjects. Hyperactivation in the amygdala and insula were, of interest, more frequently observed in social anxiety disorder and specific phobia than in PTSD. By contrast, only patients with PTSD showed hypoactivation in the dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortices and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex-structures linked to the experience and regulation of emotion.This meta-analysis allowed us to synthesize often disparate findings from individual studies and thereby provide neuroimaging evidence for common brain mechanisms in anxiety disorders and normal fear. Effects unique to PTSD furthermore suggested a mechanism for the emotional dysregulation symptoms in PTSD that extend beyond an exaggerated fear response. Therefore, these findings help refine our understanding of anxiety disorders and their interrelationships.
Resolving emotional conflict: A role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdala NEURON Etkin, A., Egner, T., Peraza, D. M., Kandel, E. R., Hirsch, J. 2006; 51 (6): 871-882
Effective mental functioning requires that cognition be protected from emotional conflict due to interference by task-irrelevant emotionally salient stimuli. The neural mechanisms by which the brain detects and resolves emotional conflict are still largely unknown, however. Drawing on the classic Stroop conflict task, we developed a protocol that allowed us to dissociate the generation and monitoring of emotional conflict from its resolution. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we find that activity in the amygdala and dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices reflects the amount of emotional conflict. By contrast, the resolution of emotional conflict is associated with activation of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Activation of the rostral cingulate is predicted by the amount of previous-trial conflict-related neural activity and is accompanied by a simultaneous and correlated reduction of amygdalar activity. These data suggest that emotional conflict is resolved through top-down inhibition of amygdalar activity by the rostral cingulate cortex.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.029
Correction: Shaped Magnetic Field Pulses by Multi-Coil Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Differentially Modulate Anterior Cingulate Cortex Responses and Pain in Volunteers and Fibromyalgia Patients. Molecular pain Tzabazis, A., Aparici, C. M., Rowbotham, M. C., Schneider, M. B., Etkin, A., Yeomans, D. C. ; 10: 174480691016
Cortical Connectivity Moderators of Antidepressant vs Placebo Treatment Response in Major Depressive Disorder: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA psychiatry Rolle, C. E., Fonzo, G. A., Wu, W., Toll, R., Jha, M. K., Cooper, C., Chin-Fatt, C., Pizzagalli, D. A., Trombello, J. M., Deckersbach, T., Fava, M., Weissman, M. M., Trivedi, M. H., Etkin, A. 2020
Importance: Despite the widespread awareness of functional magnetic resonance imaging findings suggesting a role for cortical connectivity networks in treatment selection for major depressive disorder, its clinical utility remains limited. Recent methodological advances have revealed functional magnetic resonance imaging-like connectivity networks using electroencephalography (EEG), a tool more easily implemented in clinical practice.Objective: To determine whether EEG connectivity could reveal neural moderators of antidepressant treatment.Design, Setting, and Participants: In this nonprespecified secondary analysis, data were analyzed from the Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response in Clinic Care study, a placebo-controlled, double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Recruitment began July 29, 2011, and was completed December 15, 2015. A random sample of 221 outpatients with depression aged 18 to 65 years who were not taking medication for depression was recruited and assessed at 4 clinical sites. Analysis was performed on an intent-to-treat basis. Statistical analysis was performed from November 16, 2018, to May 23, 2019.Interventions: Patients received either the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline hydrochloride or placebo for 8 weeks.Main Outcomes and Measures: Electroencephalographic orthogonalized power envelope connectivity analyses were applied to resting-state EEG data. Intent-to-treat prediction linear mixed models were used to determine which pretreatment connectivity patterns were associated with response to sertraline vs placebo. The primary clinical outcome was the total score on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, administered at each study visit.Results: Of the participants recruited, 9 withdrew after first dose owing to reported adverse effects, and 221 participants (150 women; mean [SD] age, 37.8 [12.7] years) underwent EEG recordings and had high-quality pretreatment EEG data. After correction for multiple comparisons, connectome-wide analyses revealed moderation by connections within and between widespread cortical regions-most prominently parietal-for both the antidepressant and placebo groups. Greater alpha-band and lower gamma-band connectivity predicted better placebo outcomes and worse antidepressant outcomes. Lower connectivity levels in these moderating connections were associated with higher levels of anhedonia. Connectivity features that moderate treatment response differentially by treatment group were distinct from connectivity features that change from baseline to 1 week into treatment. The group mean (SD) score on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was 18.35 (4.58) at baseline and 26.14 (30.37) across all time points.Conclusions and Relevance: These findings establish the utility of EEG-based network functional connectivity analyses for differentiating between responses to an antidepressant vs placebo. A role emerged for parietal cortical regions in predicting placebo outcome. From a treatment perspective, capitalizing on the therapeutic components leading to placebo response differentially from antidepressant response should provide an alternative direction toward establishing a placebo signature in clinical trials, thereby enhancing the signal detection in randomized clinical trials.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01407094.
Mapping Causal Circuitry in Human Depression. Biological psychiatry Etkin, A. 2019; 86 (10): 732–33
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.09.009
Driving Progress in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Biomarkers. Biological psychiatry Jeromin, A., Lasseter, H. C., Provost, A. C., Daskalakis, N. P., Etkin, A., Gehrman, P., Lancashire, L., Marx, B. P., McGlinchey, R., Haas, M. 2019
The ethics of neurotechnology NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY Jarchum, I., Chang, E. F., Etkin, A., Gallant, J. L., Greely, H. T., Illes, J. 2019; 37 (9): 993–96
Transcranial magnetic stimulation demonstrates a role for the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in emotion perception. Psychiatry research Chick, C. F., Rolle, C., Trivedi, H. M., Monuszko, K., Etkin, A. 2019: 112515
The lateral prefrontal cortex, a region with both structural and functional connectivity to the amygdala, has been consistently implicated in the downregulation of subcortical-generated emotional responses. Although previous work has demonstrated that the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) is important to emotion processing, no study has interrupted vlPFC function in order to test is role in emotion perception. In the current study, we acutely disrupted vlPFC function in twenty healthy adult participants by administering sham stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), in randomized order, during performance of an emotional perception task. During sham stimulation, participants demonstrated increased perceptual sensitivity for happy faces compared to angry faces. Disruption of the vlPFC eliminated this difference: in this condition, perceptual sensitivity did not differ between happy and angry faces. Reaction times and response bias did not differ between emotions or TMS conditions. This pattern of perceptual bias is consistent with effects observed in a wide range of affective disorders, in which vlPFC dysfunction has also been reported. This study provides insight into a possible mechanism through which the vlPFC may contribute to emotion perception.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112515
Cerebral Blood Perfusion Moderates Treatment Response to Sertraline in Major Depressive Disorder Cooper, C. M., Fatt, C., Jha, M., Fonzo, G., Grannemann, B. D., Carmody, T., Ali, A., Aslan, S., Almeida, J. C., Deckersbach, T., Fava, M., Kurian, B. T., McGrath, P. J., McInnis, M., Parsey, R. V., Weissman, M., Phillips, M., Lu, H., Etkin, A., Trivedi, M. H. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2019: 137
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.302
Development of VM-REACT: Verbal memory RecAll computerized test JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH Naparstek, S., El-Said, D., Eisenberg, M. L., Jordan, J. T., O'Hara, R., Etkin, A. 2019; 114: 170–77
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.023
Intrinsic Brain Connectivity Moderators of Psychotherapy Response and Changes in PTSD: A Combined Connectomic, Network Level, and Seeded Connectivity Approach Fonzo, G., Goodkind, M., Oathes, D., Zaiko, Y., Harvey, M., Peng, K., Weiss, E., Thompson, A., Zack, S., Rothbaum, B., Etkin, A. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2019: S111–S112
Cognitive Function Networks Vary With Quality of Life Zamler, S., Narayan, M., Marmar, C., Etkin, A. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2019: S120
A "Primate-Approach" to Studying Approach-Avoidance Conflict in Humans Rolle, C., Johnson, N., Caudle, T., Yan, M., Etkin, A. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2019: S140
Cerebral Blood Perfusion Predicts Response to Antidepressant Treatment in Major Depressive Disorder Cooper, C., Fatt, C., Jha, M., Fonzo, G., Grannemann, B., Carmody, T., Ali, A., Aslan, S., Almeida, J., Deckersbach, T., Fava, M., Kurian, B., McGrath, P., McInnis, M., Parsey, R., Weissman, M., Phillips, M., Lu, H., Etkin, A., Trivedi, M. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2019: S111
Baseline Functional Connectivity and Cerebral Perfusion Markers of Response to Sertraline Vs. Placebo: A Data-Driven Multi-Modal Neuroimaging Study Trivedi, M., Fatt, C., Cooper, C., Jha, M., Fonzo, G., South, C., Grannerman, B., Carmody, T., Greer, T., Kurian, B., Fava, M., McGrath, P., Adams, P., McInnis, M., Parsey, R., Weissman, M., Phillips, M., Etkin, A. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2019: S55–S56
Cortical Plasticity in Heroin and Methamphetamine Addiction Lucas, M., Liu, Q., Wu, W., Liu, T., Badami, F., Keller, C., Etkin, A., Yuan, T. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2019: S296
State-Dependency of the Stimulation-Induced Evoked Response in EEG Yan, M., Rolle, C., Caudle, T., Johnson, N., Etkin, A. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2019: S139
Individual Patterns of Abnormality in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Reveal Two Data-Driven PTSD Subgroups Maron-Katz, A., Narayan, M., Zamler, S., Longwell, P., Shpigel, E., De Los Angeles, C., Newman, J., Abu Amara, D., Marmar, C., Etkin, A. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2019: S121
Pre-Deployment Risk Factors for PTSD in Afghanistan Veterans: A Machine Learning Approach for Analyzing Multivariate Predictors Schultebraucks, K., Qian, M., Abu-Amara, D., Dean, K., Laska, E., Siegel, C., Gautam, A., Guffanti, G., Hammamieh, R., Blessing, E., Etkin, A., Ressler, K., Doyle, F. J., Jett, M., Marmar, C. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2019: S302–S303
Causal Role of the Dorsal-Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Approach-Avoidance Conflict Johnson, N., Rolle, C., Caudle, T., Yan, M., Etkin, A. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2019: S137
Anger Expression in Patients With PTSD: Clinical, Cognitive, and Neural Correlates Eshel, N., Maron-Katz, A., Marmar, C., Etkin, A. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2019: S137
Internet-delivered computerized cognitive & affective remediation training for the treatment of acute and chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: Two randomized clinical trials. Journal of psychiatric research Fonzo, G. A., Fine, N. B., Wright, R. N., Achituv, M., Zaiko, Y. V., Merin, O., Shalev, A. Y., Etkin, A. 2019; 115: 82–89
Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is time and cost-intensive. New, readily implementable interventions are needed. Two parallel randomized clinical trials tested if cognitive/affective computerized training improves cognitive/affective functions and PTSD symptoms in acute (N = 80) and chronic PTSD (N = 84). Adults age 18-65 were recruited from an Israeli hospital emergency room (acute) or from across the United States (chronic). Individuals were randomized to an active intervention (acute N = 50, chronic N = 48) that adaptively trains cognition and an affective positivity bias, or a control intervention (acute N = 30, chronic N = 36) of engaging computer games. Participants, blind to assignment, completed exercises at home for 30 min/day over 30 days (acute) or 45 min/day over 45 days (chronic). Primary outcomes were computerized cognitive/affective function metrics. Secondary outcomes were Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) total scores. In chronic PTSD, the active arm demonstrated facilitated speed of fearful face identification (F = 20.96, q < 0.001; d = 1.21) and a trend towards improvement in total PTSD symptoms (F = 2.91, p = 0.09, d = 0.47), which was due to improvement in re-experiencing symptoms (F = 6.14, p = 0.015; d = 0.73). Better cognitive performance at baseline moderated the training effect and was associated with more favorable improvements on both metrics. Cognitive and affective training does not have widespread benefit on symptoms and cognitive/affective functions in PTSD. Future studies targeting re-experiencing a priori, stratifying on cognitive capacity, and with modified methods to infer on mechanisms and optimized training parameters may be warranted. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT01694316 &NCT02085512.
Reproducibility in TMS-EEG studies: A call for data sharing, standard procedures and effective experimental control BRAIN STIMULATION Belardinelli, P., Biabani, M., Blumberger, D. M., Bortoletto, M., Casarotto, S., David, O., Desideri, D., Etkin, A., Ferrarelli, F., Fitzgerald, P. B., Fornito, A., Gordon, P. C., Gosseries, O., Harquel, S., Julkunen, P., Keller, C. J., Kimiskidis, V. K., Lioumis, P., Miniussi, C., Rosanova, M., Rossi, S., Sarasso, S., Wu, W., Zrenner, C., Daskalakis, Z. J., Rogasch, N. C., Massimini, M., Ziemann, U., Ilmoniemi, R. J. 2019; 12 (3): 787–90
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.brs.2019.01.010
Reproducibility in TMS-EEG studies: A call for data sharing, standard procedures and effective experimental control. Brain stimulation Belardinelli, P., Biabani, M., Blumberger, D. M., Bortoletto, M., Casarotto, S., David, O., Desideri, D., Etkin, A., Ferrarelli, F., Fitzgerald, P. B., Fornito, A., Gordon, P. C., Gosseries, O., Harquel, S., Julkunen, P., Keller, C. J., Kimiskidis, V. K., Lioumis, P., Miniussi, C., Rosanova, M., Rossi, S., Sarasso, S., Wu, W., Zrenner, C., Daskalakis, Z. J., Rogasch, N. C., Massimini, M., Ziemann, U., Ilmoniemi, R. J. 2019
Development of VM-REACT: Verbal memory RecAll computerized test. Journal of psychiatric research Naparstek, S., El-Said, D., Eisenberg, M. L., Jordan, J. T., O'Hara, R., Etkin, A. 2019; 114: 170–77
When tracking the progression of neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative diseases, assessment tools that enable repeated measures of cognition and require little examiner burden are increasingly important to develop. In the current study, we describe the development of the VM-REACT (Verbal Memory REcAll Computerized Test), which assesses verbal memory recall abilities using a computerized, automated version. Four different list versions of the test were applied on a cohort of 798 healthy adults (ages 20-80). Recall and learning scores were computed and compared to existing gender- and age-matched published norms for a similar paper-and-pencil test. Performance was similar to existing age-matched norms for all but the two oldest age groups. These adults (ages 60-80) outperformed their age-matched norms. Processing speed, initiation speed, and number of recall errors are also reported for each age group. Our findings suggest that VM-REACT can be utilized to study verbal memory abilities in a standardized and time efficient manner, and thus holds great promise for assessment in the 21st century.
Effect of Intrinsic Patterns of Functional Brain Connectivity in Moderating Antidepressant Treatment Response in Major Depression. The American journal of psychiatry Chin Fatt, C. R., Jha, M. K., Cooper, C. M., Fonzo, G., South, C., Grannemann, B., Carmody, T., Greer, T. L., Kurian, B., Fava, M., McGrath, P. J., Adams, P., McInnis, M., Parsey, R. V., Weissman, M., Phillips, M. L., Etkin, A., Trivedi, M. H. 2019: appiajp201918070870
Major depressive disorder is associated with aberrant resting-state functional connectivity across multiple brain networks supporting emotion processing, executive function, and reward processing. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patterns of resting-state connectivity between brain regions predict differential outcome to antidepressant medication (sertraline) compared with placebo.Participants in the Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response in Clinical Care (EMBARC) study underwent structural and resting-state functional MRI at baseline. Participants were then randomly assigned to receive either sertraline or placebo treatment for 8 weeks (N=279). A region of interest-based approach was utilized to compute functional connectivity between brain regions. Linear mixed-model intent-to-treat analyses were used to identify brain regions that moderated (i.e., differentially predicted) outcomes between the sertraline and placebo arms.Prediction of response to sertraline involved several within- and between-network connectivity patterns. In general, higher connectivity within the default mode network predicted better outcomes specifically for sertraline, as did greater between-network connectivity of the default mode and executive control networks. In contrast, both placebo and sertraline outcomes were predicted (in opposite directions) by between-network hippocampal connectivity.This study identified specific functional network-based moderators of treatment outcome involving brain networks known to be affected by major depression. Specifically, functional connectivity patterns of brain regions between and within networks appear to play an important role in identifying a favorable response for a drug treatment for major depressive disorder.
Individual Patterns of Abnormality in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Reveal Two Data-Driven PTSD Subgroups. The American journal of psychiatry Maron-Katz, A., Zhang, Y., Narayan, M., Wu, W., Toll, R. T., Naparstek, S., De Los Angeles, C., Longwell, P., Shpigel, E., Newman, J., Abu-Amara, D., Marmar, C., Etkin, A. 2019: appiajp201919010060
A major challenge in understanding and treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is its clinical heterogeneity, which is likely determined by various neurobiological perturbations. This heterogeneity likely also reduces the effectiveness of standard group comparison approaches. The authors tested whether a statistical approach aimed at identifying individual-level neuroimaging abnormalities that are more prevalent in case subjects than in control subjects could reveal new clinically meaningful insights into the heterogeneity of PTSD.Resting-state functional MRI data were recorded from 87 unmedicated PTSD case subjects and 105 war zone-exposed healthy control subjects. Abnormalities were modeled using tolerance intervals, which referenced the distribution of healthy control subjects as the "normative population." Out-of-norm functional connectivity values were examined for enrichment in cases and then used in a clustering analysis to identify biologically defined PTSD subgroups based on their abnormality profiles.The authors identified two subgroups among PTSD cases, each with a distinct pattern of functional connectivity abnormalities with respect to healthy control subjects. Subgroups differed clinically on levels of reexperiencing symptoms and improved case-control discriminability and were detectable using independently recorded resting-state EEG data.The results provide proof of concept for the utility of abnormality-based approaches for studying heterogeneity within clinical populations. Such approaches, applied not only to neuroimaging data, may allow detection of subpopulations with distinct biological signatures so that further clinical and mechanistic investigations can be focused on more biologically homogeneous subgroups.
Cerebral Blood Perfusion Predicts Response to Sertraline versus Placebo for Major Depressive Disorder in the EMBARC Trial. EClinicalMedicine Cooper, C. M., Chin Fatt, C. R., Jha, M., Fonzo, G. A., Grannemann, B. D., Carmody, T., Ali, A., Aslan, S., Almeida, J. R., Deckersbach, T., Fava, M., Kurian, B. T., McGrath, P. J., McInnis, M., Parsey, R. V., Weissman, M., Phillips, M. L., Lu, H., Etkin, A., Trivedi, M. H. 2019; 10: 32–41
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has been associated with brain-related changes. However, biomarkers have yet to be defined that could "accurately" identify antidepressant-responsive patterns and reduce the trial-and-error process in treatment selection. Cerebral blood perfusion, as measured by Arterial Spin Labelling (ASL), has been used to understand resting-state brain function, detect abnormalities in MDD, and could serve as a marker for treatment selection. As part of a larger trial to identify predictors of treatment outcome, the current investigation aimed to identify perfusion predictors of treatment response in MDD.For this secondary analysis, participants include 231 individuals with MDD from the EMBARC study, a randomised, placebo-controlled trial investigating clinical, behavioural, and biological predictors of antidepressant response. Participants received sertraline (n = 114) or placebo (n = 117) and response was monitored for 8 weeks. Pre-treatment neuroimaging was completed, including ASL. A whole-brain, voxel-wise linear mixed-effects model was conducted to identify brain regions in which perfusion levels differentially predict (moderate) treatment response. Clinical effectiveness of perfusion moderators was investigated by composite moderator analysis and remission rates. Composite moderator analysis combined the effect of individual perfusion moderators and identified which contribute to sertraline or placebo as the "preferred" treatment. Remission rates were calculated for participants "accurately" treated based on the composite moderator (lucky) versus "inaccurately" treated (unlucky).Perfusion levels in multiple brain regions differentially predicted improvement with sertraline over placebo. Of these regions, perfusion in the putamen and anterior insula, inferior temporal gyrus, fusiform, parahippocampus, inferior parietal lobule, and orbital frontal gyrus contributed to sertraline response. Remission rates increased from 37% for all those who received sertraline to 53% for those who were lucky to have received it and sertraline was their perfusion-preferred treatment.This large study showed that perfusion patterns in brain regions involved with reward, salience, affective, and default mode processing moderate treatment response favouring sertraline over placebo. Accurately matching patients with defined perfusion patterns could significantly increase remission rates.National Institute of Mental Health, the Hersh Foundation, and the Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, Peter O'Donnell Brain Institute at UT Southwestern Medical Center.Trial Registration.Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response for Clinical Care for Depression (EMARC) Registration Number: NCT01407094 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01407094).
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.04.007
Interhemispheric cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation of the prefrontal cortex jointly modulates frontal asymmetry and emotional reactivity. Brain stimulation Zibman, S., Daniel, E., Alyagon, U., Etkin, A., Zangen, A. 2018
BACKGROUND: As advances in neuroimaging further our understanding of the brain's functional connectivity, neuropsychology has moved away from a regional approach of attributing behavior to a specific region towards a network approach, attributing behavior to interconnected regions. A prime example of this is the suggested relevance of frontal asymmetry of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in emotional processing. Yet, while neuroimaging defines relevant networks, it can only establish correlations and not causality.OBJECTIVE: We address this deficiency by applying cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation (ccPAS) to twenty-seven healthy, human participants (both genders represented equally). ccPAS involves TMS applied to two brain regions contemporaneously, changing the connectivity via Hebbian mechanisms.METHODS: We evaluate modifications in connectivity following ccPAS between the right and left LPFC that are dependent on the direction of ccPAS, i.e., which hemisphere is stimulated first. Participants performed an emotional reactivity task, assessed by measuring attentional bias, and brain activity was recorded with electroencephalogram (EEG) both at rest and in response to TMS pulses.RESULTS: We find that ccPAS modulates attentional bias bidirectionally depending on the order of stimulation. Furthermore, this modulation is accompanied by a change in frontal asymmetry. Measuring the direction of the information flow using TMS evoked potentials provides evidence that ccPAS strengthens inhibition from the hemisphere stimulated first to the hemisphere stimulated second.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide causal evidence for the role of frontal asymmetry in emotional processing and establish ccPAS combined with the EEG measures as a tool to causally characterize functionality of neuronal circuits.
Decoding mood. Nature biotechnology Etkin, A. 2018; 36 (10): 932–33
Cognitive Flexibility Predicts PTSD Symptoms: Observational and Interventional Studies FRONTIERS IN PSYCHIATRY Ben-Zion, Z., Fine, N. B., Keynan, N., Admon, R., Green, N., Halevi, M., Fonzo, G. A., Achituv, M., Merin, O., Sharon, H., Halpern, P., Liberzon, I., Etkin, A., Hendler, T., Shalev, A. Y. 2018; 9
View details for DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00477
Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Treatment-Resistant Major Depression in US Veterans A Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA PSYCHIATRY Yesavage, J. A., Fairchild, J., Mi, Z., Biswas, K., Davis-Karim, A., Phibbs, C. S., Forman, S. D., Thase, M., Williams, L. M., Etkin, A., O'Hara, R., Georgette, G., Beale, T., Huang, G. D., Noda, A., George, M. S., VA Cooperative Studies Program Stu 2018; 75 (9): 884–93
Treatment-resistant major depression (TRMD) in veterans is a major clinical challenge given the high risk for suicidality in these patients. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) offers the potential for a novel treatment modality for these veterans.To determine the efficacy of rTMS in the treatment of TRMD in veterans.A double-blind, sham-controlled randomized clinical trial was conducted from September 1, 2012, to December 31, 2016, in 9 Veterans Affairs medical centers. A total of 164 veterans with TRD participated.Participants were randomized to either left prefrontal rTMS treatment (10 Hz, 120% motor threshold, 4000 pulses/session) or to sham (control) rTMS treatment for up to 30 treatment sessions.The primary dependent measure of the intention-to-treat analysis was remission rate (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score ≤10, indicating that depression is in remission and not a clinically significant burden), and secondary analyses were conducted on other indices of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, hopelessness, suicidality, and quality of life.The 164 participants had a mean (SD) age of 55.2 (12.4) years, 132 (80.5%) were men, and 126 (76.8%) were of white race. Of these, 81 were randomized to receive active rTMS and 83 to receive sham. For the primary analysis of remission, there was no significant effect of treatment (odds ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.59-2.26; P = .67). At the end of the acute treatment phase, 33 of 81 (40.7%) of those in the active treatment group achieved remission of depressive symptoms compared with 31 of 83 (37.4%) of those in the sham treatment group. Overall, 64 of 164 (39.0%) of the participants achieved remission.A total of 39.0% of the veterans who participated in this trial experienced clinically significant improvement resulting in remission of depressive symptoms; however, there was no evidence of difference in remission rates between the active and sham treatments. These findings may reflect the importance of close clinical surveillance, rigorous monitoring of concomitant medication, and regular interaction with clinic staff in bringing about significant improvement in this treatment-resistant population.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01191333.
Increased Attention Regulation from Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH Renna, M. E., Seeley, S. H., Heimberg, R. G., Etkin, A., Fresco, D. M., Mennin, D. S. 2018; 42 (2): 121–34
Evaluating web-based cognitive-affective remediation in recent trauma survivors: study rationale and protocol EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTRAUMATOLOGY Fine, N. B., Achituv, M., Etkin, A., Merin, O., Shalev, A. Y. 2018; 9 (1): 1442602
Background: The immediate aftermath of traumatic events is a period of enhanced neural plasticity, following which some survivors remain with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) whereas others recover. Evidence points to impairments in emotional reactivity, emotion regulation, and broader executive functions as critically contributing to PTSD. Emerging evidence further suggests that the neural mechanisms underlying these functions remain plastic in adulthood and that targeted retraining of these systems may enhance their efficiency and could reduce the likelihood of developing PTSD. Administering targeted neurocognitive training shortly after trauma exposure is a daunting challenge. This work describes a study design addressing that challenge. The study evaluated the direct effects of cognitive remediation training on neurocognitive mechanisms that hypothetically underlay PTSD, and the indirect effect of this intervention on emerging PTSD symptoms. Method: We describe a study rationale, design, and methodological choices involving: (a) participants' enrolment; (b) implementation and management of a daily self-administered, web-based intervention; (c) reliable, timely screening and assessment of treatment of eligible survivors; and (d) defining control conditions and outcome measures. We outline the rationale of choices made regarding study sample, timing of intervention, measurements, monitoring participants' adherence, and ways to harmonize and retain interviewers' fidelity and mitigate eventual burnout by repeated contacts with recently traumatized survivors. Conclusion: Early web-based interventions targeting causative mechanisms of PTSD can be informed by the model presented in this paper.
Cognitive Flexibility Predicts PTSD Symptoms: Observational and Interventional Studies. Frontiers in psychiatry Ben-Zion, Z., Fine, N. B., Keynan, N. J., Admon, R., Green, N., Halevi, M., Fonzo, G. A., Achituv, M., Merin, O., Sharon, H., Halpern, P., Liberzon, I., Etkin, A., Hendler, T., Shalev, A. Y. 2018; 9: 477
Introduction: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, severe and tenacious psychopathological consequence of traumatic events. Neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying PTSD pathogenesis have been identified, and may serve as risk-resilience factors during the early aftermath of trauma exposure. Longitudinally documenting the neurobehavioral dimensions of early responses to trauma may help characterize survivors at risk and inform mechanism-based interventions. We present two independent longitudinal studies that repeatedly probed clinical symptoms and neurocognitive domains in recent trauma survivors. We hypothesized that better neurocognitive functioning shortly after trauma will be associated with less severe PTSD symptoms a year later, and that an early neurocognitive intervention will improve cognitive functioning and reduce PTSD symptoms. Methods: Participants in both studies were adult survivors of traumatic events admitted to two general hospitals' emergency departments (EDs) in Israel. The studies used identical clinical and neurocognitive tools, which included assessment of PTSD symptoms and diagnosis, and a battery of neurocognitive tests. The first study evaluated 181 trauma-exposed individuals one-, six-, and 14 months following trauma exposure. The second study evaluated 97 trauma survivors 1 month after trauma exposure, randomly allocated to 30 days of web-based neurocognitive intervention (n = 50) or control tasks (n = 47), and re-evaluated all subjects three- and 6 months after trauma exposure. Results: In the first study, individuals with better cognitive flexibility at 1 month post-trauma showed significantly less severe PTSD symptoms after 13 months (p = 0.002). In the second study, the neurocognitive training group showed more improvement in cognitive flexibility post-intervention (p = 0.019), and lower PTSD symptoms 6 months post-trauma (p = 0.017), compared with controls. Intervention- induced improvement in cognitive flexibility positively correlated with clinical improvement (p = 0.002). Discussion: Cognitive flexibility, shortly after trauma exposure, emerged as a significant predictor of PTSD symptom severity. It was also ameliorated by a neurocognitive intervention and associated with a better treatment outcome. These findings support further research into the implementation of mechanism-driven neurocognitive preventive interventions for PTSD.
ARTIST: A fully automated artifact rejection algorithm for single-pulse TMS-EEG data. Human brain mapping Wu, W., Keller, C. J., Rogasch, N. C., Longwell, P., Shpigel, E., Rolle, C. E., Etkin, A. 2018
Concurrent single-pulse TMS-EEG (spTMS-EEG) is an emerging noninvasive tool for probing causal brain dynamics in humans. However, in addition to the common artifacts in standard EEG data, spTMS-EEG data suffer from enormous stimulation-induced artifacts, posing significant challenges to the extraction of neural information. Typically, neural signals are analyzed after a manual time-intensive and often subjective process of artifact rejection. Here we describe a fully automated algorithm for spTMS-EEG artifact rejection. A key step of this algorithm is to decompose the spTMS-EEG data into statistically independent components (ICs), and then train a pattern classifier to automatically identify artifact components based on knowledge of the spatio-temporal profile of both neural and artefactual activities. The autocleaned and hand-cleaned data yield qualitatively similar group evoked potential waveforms. The algorithm achieves a 95% IC classification accuracy referenced to expert artifact rejection performance, and does so across a large number of spTMS-EEG data sets (n = 90 stimulation sites), retains high accuracy across stimulation sites/subjects/populations/montages, and outperforms current automated algorithms. Moreover, the algorithm was superior to the artifact rejection performance of relatively novice individuals, who would be the likely users of spTMS-EEG as the technique becomes more broadly disseminated. In summary, our algorithm provides an automated, fast, objective, and accurate method for cleaning spTMS-EEG data, which can increase the utility of TMS-EEG in both clinical and basic neuroscience settings.
Affective neuroimaging in generalized anxiety disorder: an integrated review DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE Fonzo, G. A., Etkin, A. 2017; 19 (2): 169–79
Affective neuroimaging has contributed to our knowledge of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) through measurement of blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses, which facilitate inference on neural responses to emotional stimuli during task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this article, the authors provide an integrated review of the task-based affective fMRI literature in GAD. Studies provide evidence for variable presence and directionality of BOLD abnormalities in limbic and prefrontal regions during reactivity to, regulation of, and learning from emotional cues. We conclude that understanding the sources of this variability is key to accelerating progress in this area. We propose that the cardinal symptom of GAD-worry-predominantly reflects stimulus-independent mental processes that impose abnormal, inflexible functional brain configurations, ie, the overall pattern of information transfer among behaviorally relevant neural circuits at a given point in time. These configurations that are inflexible to change from the incoming flux of environmental stimuli may underlie inconsistent task-based findings.
Erratum: Resting-state connectivity biomarkers define neurophysiological subtypes of depression. Nature medicine Drysdale, A. T., Grosenick, L., Downar, J., Dunlop, K., Mansouri, F., Meng, Y., Fetcho, R. N., Zebley, B., Oathes, D. J., Etkin, A., Schatzberg, A. F., Sudheimer, K., Keller, J., Mayberg, H. S., Gunning, F. M., Alexopoulos, G. S., Fox, M. D., Pascual-Leone, A., Voss, H. U., Casey, B. J., Dubin, M. J., Liston, C. 2017; 23 (2): 264-?
View details for DOI 10.1038/nm0217-264d
Learning in Generalized Anxiety Disorder Benefits From Neither the Carrot Nor the Stick. American journal of psychiatry Etkin, A., Fonzo, G. A. 2017; 174 (2): 87-88
Is the boss watching? Nature neuroscience Etkin, A. 2017; 20 (8): 1039–40
Test-retest reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation EEG evoked potentials. Brain stimulation Kerwin, L. J., Keller, C. J., Wu, W., Narayan, M., Etkin, A. 2017
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked potentials (TEPs), recorded using electroencephalography (TMS-EEG), offer a powerful tool for measuring causal interactions in the human brain. However, the test-retest reliability of TEPs, critical to their use in clinical biomarker and interventional studies, remains poorly understood.We quantified TEP reliability to: (i) determine the minimal TEP amplitude change which significantly exceeds that associated with simply re-testing, (ii) locate the most reliable scalp regions of interest (ROIs) and TEP peaks, and (iii) determine the minimal number of TEP pulses for achieving reliability.TEPs resulting from stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were collected on two separate days in sixteen healthy participants. TEP peak amplitudes were compared between alternating trials, split-halves of the same run, two runs five minutes apart and two runs on separate days. Reliability was quantified using concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and smallest detectable change (SDC).Substantial concordance was achieved in prefrontal electrodes at 40 and 60 ms, centroparietal and left parietal ROIs at 100 ms, and central electrodes at 200 ms. Minimum SDC was found in the same regions and peaks, particularly for the peaks at 100 and 200 ms. CCC, but not SDC, reached optimal values by 60-100 pulses per run with saturation beyond this number, while SDC continued to improve with increased pulse numbers.TEPs were robust and reliable, requiring a relatively small number of trials to achieve stability, and are thus well suited as outcomes in clinical biomarker or interventional studies.
Resting-state connectivity biomarkers define neurophysiological subtypes of depression NATURE MEDICINE Drysdale, A. T., Grosenick, L., Downar, J., Dunlop, K., Mansouri, F., Meng, Y., Fetcho, R. N., Zebley, B., Oathes, D. J., Etkin, A., Schatzberg, A. F., Sudheimer, K., Keller, J., Mayberg, H. S., Gunning, F. M., Alexopoulos, G. S., Fox, M. D., Pascual-Leone, A., Voss, H. U., Casey, B. J., Dubin, M. J., Liston, C. 2017; 23 (1): 28-38
Biomarkers have transformed modern medicine but remain largely elusive in psychiatry, partly because there is a weak correspondence between diagnostic labels and their neurobiological substrates. Like other neuropsychiatric disorders, depression is not a unitary disease, but rather a heterogeneous syndrome that encompasses varied, co-occurring symptoms and divergent responses to treatment. By using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a large multisite sample (n = 1,188), we show here that patients with depression can be subdivided into four neurophysiological subtypes ('biotypes') defined by distinct patterns of dysfunctional connectivity in limbic and frontostriatal networks. Clustering patients on this basis enabled the development of diagnostic classifiers (biomarkers) with high (82-93%) sensitivity and specificity for depression subtypes in multisite validation (n = 711) and out-of-sample replication (n = 477) data sets. These biotypes cannot be differentiated solely on the basis of clinical features, but they are associated with differing clinical-symptom profiles. They also predict responsiveness to transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy (n = 154). Our results define novel subtypes of depression that transcend current diagnostic boundaries and may be useful for identifying the individuals who are most likely to benefit from targeted neurostimulation therapies.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nm.4246
Neuroticism and Individual Differences in Neural Function in Unmedicated Major Depression: Findings from the EMBARC Study. Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging Fournier, J. C., Chase, H. W., Greenberg, T., Etkin, A., Almeida, J. R., Stiffler, R., Deckersbach, T., Weyandt, S., Cooper, C., Toups, M., Carmody, T., Kurian, B., Peltier, S., Adams, P., McInnis, M. G., Oquendo, M. A., McGrath, P. J., Fava, M., Weissman, M., Parsey, R., Trivedi, M. H., Phillips, M. L. 2017; 2 (2): 138–48
Personality dysfunction represents one of the only predictors of differential response between active treatments for depression to have replicated. In this study, we examine whether depressed patients with higher neuroticism scores, a marker of personality dysfunction, show differences versus depressed patients with lower scores in the functioning of two brain regions associated with treatment response, the anterior cingulate and anterior insula cortices.Functional magnetic resonance imaging data during an emotional Stroop task were collected from 135 adults diagnosed with major depressive disorder at four academic medical centers participating in the Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response for Clinical Care (EMBARC) study. Secondary analyses were conducted including a sample of 28 healthy individuals.In whole-brain analyses, higher neuroticism among depressed adults was associated with increased activity in and connectivity with the right anterior insula cortex to incongruent compared to congruent emotional stimuli (ks>281, ps<0.05 FWE corrected), covarying for concurrent psychiatric distress. We also observed an unanticipated relationship between neuroticism and reduced activity in the precuneus (k=269, p<0.05 FWE corrected). Exploratory analyses including healthy individuals suggested that associations between neuroticism and brain function may be nonlinear over the full range of neuroticism scores.This study provides convergent evidence for the importance of the right anterior insula cortex as a brain-based marker of clinically meaningful individual differences in neuroticism among adults with depression. This is a critical next step in linking personality dysfunction, a replicated clinical predictor of differential antidepressant treatment response, with differences in underlying brain function.
Test-retest reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation EEG evoked potentials Brain Stimulation Kerwin, L. J., Keller, C., Wu, W., Narayan, M., Etkin, A. 2017
Fear memory erasure through neuronal transplantation. Science translational medicine Etkin, A. 2017; 9 (371)
Switching tracks in fear memories. Science translational medicine Etkin, A. 2017; 9 (377)
The brain circuits underlying fear memories can be reorganized by updating old memories with new information.
Brain Connectivity Reflects Mental and Physical States in Generalized Anxiety Disorder BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY Fonzo, G. A., Etkin, A. 2016; 80 (10): 733-735
Major depressive disorder NATURE REVIEWS DISEASE PRIMERS Otte, C., Gold, S. M., Penninx, B. W., Pariante, C. M., Etkin, A., Fava, M., Mohr, D. C., Schatzberg, A. F. 2016; 2
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating disease that is characterized by depressed mood, diminished interests, impaired cognitive function and vegetative symptoms, such as disturbed sleep or appetite. MDD occurs about twice as often in women than it does in men and affects one in six adults in their lifetime. The aetiology of MDD is multifactorial and its heritability is estimated to be approximately 35%. In addition, environmental factors, such as sexual, physical or emotional abuse during childhood, are strongly associated with the risk of developing MDD. No established mechanism can explain all aspects of the disease. However, MDD is associated with alterations in regional brain volumes, particularly the hippocampus, and with functional changes in brain circuits, such as the cognitive control network and the affective-salience network. Furthermore, disturbances in the main neurobiological stress-responsive systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system, occur in MDD. Management primarily comprises psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment. For treatment-resistant patients who have not responded to several augmentation or combination treatment attempts, electroconvulsive therapy is the treatment with the best empirical evidence. In this Primer, we provide an overview of the current evidence of MDD, including its epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.
View details for DOI 10.1038/nrdp.2016.65
Limbic Activity Modulation Guided by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Inspired Electroencephalography Improves Implicit Emotion Regulation BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY Keynan, J. N., Meir-Hasson, Y., Gilam, G., Cohen, A., Jackont, G., Kinreich, S., Ikar, L., Or-Borichev, A., Etkin, A., Gyurak, A., Klovatch, I., Intrator, N., Hendler, T. 2016; 80 (6): 490-496
The amygdala has a pivotal role in processing traumatic stress; hence, gaining control over its activity could facilitate adaptive mechanism and recovery. To date, amygdala volitional regulation could be obtained only via real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a highly inaccessible procedure. The current article presents high-impact neurobehavioral implications of a novel imaging approach that enables bedside monitoring of amygdala activity using fMRI-inspired electroencephalography (EEG), hereafter termed amygdala-electrical fingerprint (amyg-EFP). Simultaneous EEG/fMRI indicated that the amyg-EFP reliably predicts amygdala-blood oxygen level-dependent activity. Implementing the amyg-EFP in neurofeedback demonstrated that learned downregulation of the amyg-EFP facilitated volitional downregulation of amygdala-blood oxygen level-dependent activity via real-time fMRI and manifested as reduced amygdala reactivity to visual stimuli. Behavioral evidence further emphasized the therapeutic potential of this approach by showing improved implicit emotion regulation following amyg-EFP neurofeedback. Additional EFP models denoting different brain regions could provide a library of localized activity for low-cost and highly accessible brain-based diagnosis and treatment.
Perturbed connectivity of the amygdala and its subregions with the central executive and default mode networks in chronic pain. Pain Jiang, Y., Oathes, D., Hush, J., Darnall, B., Charvat, M., Mackey, S., Etkin, A. 2016; 157 (9): 1970-1978
Maladaptive responses to pain-related distress, such as pain catastrophizing, amplify the impairments associated with chronic pain. Many of these aspects of chronic pain are similar to affective distress in clinical anxiety disorders. In light of the role of the amygdala in pain and affective distress, disruption of amygdalar functional connectivity in anxiety states, and its implication in the response to noxious stimuli, we investigated amygdala functional connectivity in 17 patients with chronic low back pain and 17 healthy comparison subjects, with respect to normal targets of amygdala subregions (basolateral vs centromedial nuclei), and connectivity to large-scale cognitive-emotional networks, including the default mode network, central executive network, and salience network. We found that patients with chronic pain had exaggerated and abnormal amygdala connectivity with central executive network, which was most exaggerated in patients with the greatest pain catastrophizing. We also found that the normally basolateral-predominant amygdala connectivity to the default mode network was blunted in patients with chronic pain. Our results therefore highlight the importance of the amygdala and its network-level interaction with large-scale cognitive/affective cortical networks in chronic pain, and help link the neurobiological mechanisms of cognitive theories for pain with other clinical states of affective distress.
View details for DOI 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000606
Transdiagnostic impairment of cognitive control in mental illness. Journal of psychiatric research McTeague, L. M., Goodkind, M. S., Etkin, A. 2016; 83: 37-46
Intact cognitive control or executive function has characteristic patterns in both behavior and functional neurocircuitry. Functional neuroimaging studies have shown that a frontal-cingulate-parietal-insular (i.e., "multiple demand") network forms a common functional substrate undergirding successful adaptation to diverse cognitive processing demands. Separate work on intact neurocognitive performance implicates a higher order factor that largely explains performance across domains and may reflect trait cognitive control capacity. In the current review we highlight findings from respective psychiatric disorders (i.e., psychotic, bipolar and unipolar depressive, anxiety, and substance use disorders) suggesting that cognitive control perturbations amidst psychopathology are most pronounced within these common brain and behavioral indices of adaptive cognitive functioning and moreover, are evident across disorders (i.e., transdiagnostically). Specifically, within each of the disorder classes impairments are consistent in the multiple demand network across a wide range of cognitive tasks. While severity varies between disorders, broad as opposed to domain-specific impairments consistently emerge in neurocognitive performance. Accumulating findings have revealed that phenotypically diverse psychiatric disorders share a common factor or vulnerability to dysfunction that is in turn related to broad neurocognitive deficits. Furthermore, we have observed that regions of the multiple demand network, which overlap with the salience network (dorsal anterior cingulate and bilateral anterior insula) are characterized by reduced gray matter transdiagnostically and predict weaker neurocognitive performance. In summary, transdiagnostic (as opposed to disorder-specific) patterns of symptomatic distress and neurocognitive performance deficits, concurrent with parallel anomalies of brain structure and function may largely contribute to the real-world socio-occupational impairment common across disorders.
Emotion regulation involves both model-based and model-free processes. Nature reviews. Neuroscience Etkin, A., Büchel, C., Gross, J. J. 2016; 17 (8): 532-?
View details for DOI 10.1038/nrn.2016.79
The Clinical Applicability of Functional Connectivity in Depression: Pathways Toward More Targeted Intervention. Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging Fischer, A. S., Keller, C. J., Etkin, A. 2016; 1 (3): 262–70
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging provides a noninvasive method to rapidly map large-scale brain networks affected in depression and other psychiatric disorders. Dysfunctional connectivity in large-scale brain networks has been consistently implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). Although advances have been made in identifying neural circuitry implicated in MDD, this information has yet to be translated into improved diagnostic or treatment interventions. In the first section of this review, we discuss dysfunctional connectivity in affective salience, cognitive control, and default mode networks observed in MDD in association with characteristic symptoms of the disorder. In the second section, we address neurostimulation focusing on transcranial magnetic stimulation and evidence that this approach may directly modulate circuit abnormalities. Finally, we discuss possible avenues of future research to develop more precise diagnoses and targeted interventions within the heterogeneous diagnostic category of MDD as well as the methodological limitations to clinical implementation. We conclude by proposing, with cautious optimism, the future incorporation of neuroimaging into clinical practice as a tool to aid in more targeted diagnosis and treatment guided by circuit-level connectivity dysfunction in patients with depression.
Effect of antidepressant treatment on cognitive impairments associated with depression: a randomised longitudinal study LANCET PSYCHIATRY Shilyansky, C., Williams, L. M., Gyurak, A., Harris, A., Usherwood, T., Etkin, A. 2016; 3 (5): 425-435
Antidepressant treatment failure is a common problem worldwide. In this study, we assess whether or not an important aspect of depression, cognitive impairment, is untreated by antidepressants by studying the effect of acute antidepressant treatment on a range of cognitive domains.In this randomised longitudinal study, which is part of the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D) trial, we assessed the effects of acute antidepressant treatment in a large patient population, across clinical remission outcomes, on a range of cognitive domains: attention, response inhibition, executive function during visuospatial navigation, cognitive flexibility, verbal memory, working memory, decision speed, information processing speed, and psychomotor response speed. We enrolled patients from primary or specialty care clinics in a multicentre, international, open-label, randomised, prospective trial. Eligible patients (aged 18-65 years) were previously untreated or were willing to undergo a 1-week medication washout before the study start, and could not have had inadequate response to study medications in the past. We enrolled a large population of medication-free (ie, untreated) outpatients in a depressive episode and assessed them for cognitive function at enrolment (pre-treatment), and again after 8 weeks of treatment with one of three antidepressant drugs (escitalopram, sertraline, or venlafaxine extended-release). Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to one of the three antidepressants using a blocked randomisation procedure (block size of 12). As a comparison group, we also simultaneously enrolled matched healthy participants. Healthy participants received no medication or intervention, but were assessed for change in cognitive and clinical measures during the same interval and testing protocol. Therefore, this group acts as a test-retest control for the primary outcome measure examined in this study, change in cognitive measures over 8 weeks of treatment in depressed patients. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00693849.Between Dec 8, 2008, and Sept 30, 2011, we enrolled 1008 eligible people into the study. Impairment in five domains-attention, response inhibition, verbal memory, decision speed, and information processing-showed no relative improvement with acute treatment (controlling for time or repeated testing), irrespective of antidepressant treatment group, even in patients whose depression remitted acutely according to clinical measures. Broader cognitive impairment was associated with greater illness chronicity (earlier illness onset) but not with symptom severity or previous antidepressant failures.Depression is associated with impairments in higher-order cognitive functions and information processing, which persist independently of clinical symptom change with treatment. We recorded no difference between the three antidepressants tested, with none showing efficacy for these impairments. Although the 8-week treatment period limits interpretation to acute treatment effects, it does highlight cognitive impairment as an untargeted contributor to incomplete treatment success.Brain Resource Company Operations Pty Ltd and NIH.
View details for DOI 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00012-2
Developing a clinical translational neuroscience taxonomy for anxiety and mood disorder: protocol for the baseline-follow up Research domain criteria Anxiety and Depression ("RAD") project BMC PSYCHIATRY Williams, L. M., Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., Chowdhry, N., Grisanzio, K. A., Haug, N. A., Samara, Z., Etkin, A., O'Hara, R., Schatzberg, A. F., Suppes, T., Yesavage, J. 2016; 16
Understanding how brain circuit dysfunctions relate to specific symptoms offers promise for developing a brain-based taxonomy for classifying psychopathology, identifying targets for mechanistic studies and ultimately for guiding treatment choice. The goal of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative of the National Institute of Mental Health is to accelerate the development of such neurobiological models of mental disorder independent of traditional diagnostic criteria. In our RDoC Anxiety and Depression ("RAD") project we focus trans-diagnostically on the spectrum of depression and anxiety psychopathology. Our aims are a) to use brain imaging to define cohesive dimensions defined by dysfunction of circuits involved in reactivity to and regulation of negatively valenced emotional stimulation and in cognitive control, b) to assess the relationships between these dimension and specific symptoms, behavioral performance and the real world capacity to function socially and at work and c) to assess the stability of brain-symptom-behavior-function relationships over time.Here we present the protocol for the "RAD" project, one of the first RDoC studies to use brain circuit functioning to define new dimensions of psychopathology. The RAD project follows baseline-follow up design. In line with RDoC principles we use a strategy for recruiting all clients who "walk through the door" of a large community mental health clinic as well as the surrounding community. The clinic attends to a broad spectrum of anxiety and mood-related symptoms. Participants are unmedicated and studied at baseline using a standardized battery of functional brain imaging, structural brain imaging and behavioral probes that assay constructs of threat reactivity, threat regulation and cognitive control. The battery also includes self-report measures of anxiety and mood symptoms, and social and occupational functioning. After baseline assessments, therapists in the clinic apply treatment planning as usual. Follow-up assessments are undertaken at 3 months, to establish the reliability of brain-based subgroups over time and to assess whether these subgroups predict real-world functional capacity over time. First enrollment was August 2013, and is ongoing.This project is designed to advance knowledge toward a neural circuit taxonomy for mental disorder. Data will be shared via the RDoC database for dissemination to the scientific community. The clinical translational neuroscience goals of the project are to develop brain-behavior profile reports for each individual participant and to refine these reports with therapist feedback. Reporting of results is expected from December 2016 onward.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02220309 . Registered: August 13, 2014.
Going Beyond Finding the "Lesion": A Path for Maturation of Neuroimaging. American journal of psychiatry Eickhoff, S. B., Etkin, A. 2016; 173 (3): 302-303
History of childhood maltreatment augments dorsolateral prefrontal processing of emotional valence in PTSD. Journal of psychiatric research Fonzo, G. A., Huemer, J., Etkin, A. 2016; 74: 45-54
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by conflicting findings of both increased and decreased amygdala and prefrontal reactivity to threat or trauma stimuli. Childhood maltreatment (CM), a potent risk factor for PTSD, exerts long-lasting influences on threat processing and prefrontal-amygdala function. This suggests that CM history may influence PTSD neural phenotypes related to threat processing. Here, we adapt a well-characterized emotional conflict paradigm to investigate CM effects on both emotional conflict and emotional valence processing within PTSD stratified by task relevance. Forty-two individuals with PTSD (22 reporting extensive CM history (PTSD-CM)) and 20 trauma-exposed healthy controls (TEHCs) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while identifying affect of emotional faces (fear and happy) overlaid with a goal-irrelevant emotional distractor word ("FEAR" or "HAPPY"). We examined effects of CM on conflict, conflict adaptation, valence-related activation (fear vs. happy) for goal-relevant (face) and goal-irrelevant stimuli (word), and valence effects in interaction with goal-relevancy (face vs. word). Though no activation differences between groups were observed for conflict contrasts nor for valence effects in the amygdala, CM status interacted with valence processing differences as a function of goal relevance in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Here, PTSD-CM displayed greater activation relative to PTSD to negative valence when stimuli were goal-irrelevant. CM history also moderated relationships between activation abnormalities and PTSD re-experiencing symptoms. These findings provide initial evidence that CM history augments dorsolateral prefrontal bias to implicitly processed stimulus valence in PTSD.
Frontoparietal Activation During Response Inhibition Predicts Remission to Antidepressants in Patients With Major Depression BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY Gyurak, A., Patenaude, B., Korgaonkar, M. S., Grieve, S. M., Williams, L. M., Etkin, A. 2016; 79 (4): 274-281
Despite cognitive function impairment in depression, its relationship to treatment outcome is not well understood. Here, we examined whether pretreatment activation of cortical circuitry during test of cognitive functions predicts outcomes for three commonly used antidepressants.Eighty medication-free outpatients with major depression and 34 matched healthy controls were included as participants in the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D) trial. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants completed three tasks that assessed core domains of cognitive functions: response inhibition (Go/NoGo), selective attention (oddball), and selective working memory updating (1-back). Participants were randomized to 1 of 3 arms: escitalopram, sertraline (serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors [SSRI]), or venlafaxine-extended release (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [SNRI]) therapy. Functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were repeated after 8 weeks of treatment, and remission was assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation during inhibitory "no go" responses was a general predictor of remission, with remitters having the same pretreatment activation as control participants and nonremitters hypoactivating relative to controls. Posttreatment dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation was reduced in both remitters and controls but not in nonremitters. By contrast, inferior parietal activation differentially predicted remission between SSRI and SNRI medications, with SSRI remitters showing greater pretreatment activation than SSRI nonremitters and the SNRI group showing the opposite pattern.Intact activation in the frontoparietal network during response inhibition, a core cognitive function, predicts remission with antidepressant treatment, particularly for SSRIs, and may be a potential substrate of the clinical effect of treatment.
Boosting dopamine to lift depression? Science translational medicine Etkin, A. 2016; 8 (365): 365ec183
EEG alpha asymmetry as a gender-specific predictor of outcome to acute treatment with different antidepressant medications in the randomized iSPOT-D study CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Arns, M., Bruder, G., Hegerl, U., Spooner, C., Palmer, D. M., Etkin, A., Fallahpour, K., Gatt, J. M., Hirshberg, L., Gordon, E. 2016; 127 (1): 509-519
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.05.032
Prefrontal cortical regulation of brainwide circuit dynamics and reward-related behavior. Science Ferenczi, E. A., Zalocusky, K. A., Liston, C., Grosenick, L., Warden, M. R., Amatya, D., Katovich, K., Mehta, H., Patenaude, B., Ramakrishnan, C., Kalanithi, P., Etkin, A., Knutson, B., Glover, G. H., Deisseroth, K. 2016; 351 (6268)
Motivation for reward drives adaptive behaviors, whereas impairment of reward perception and experience (anhedonia) can contribute to psychiatric diseases, including depression and schizophrenia. We sought to test the hypothesis that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) controls interactions among specific subcortical regions that govern hedonic responses. By using optogenetic functional magnetic resonance imaging to locally manipulate but globally visualize neural activity in rats, we found that dopamine neuron stimulation drives striatal activity, whereas locally increased mPFC excitability reduces this striatal response and inhibits the behavioral drive for dopaminergic stimulation. This chronic mPFC overactivity also stably suppresses natural reward-motivated behaviors and induces specific new brainwide functional interactions, which predict the degree of anhedonia in individuals. These findings describe a mechanism by which mPFC modulates expression of reward-seeking behavior, by regulating the dynamical interactions between specific distant subcortical regions.
View details for DOI 10.1126/science.aac9698
NEURAL CIRCUITS Prefrontal cortical regulation of brainwide circuit dynamics and reward-related behavior SCIENCE Ferenczi, E. A., Zalocusky, K. A., Liston, C., Grosenick, L., Warden, M. R., Amatya, D., Katovich, K., Mehta, H., Patenaude, B., Ramakrishnan, C., Kalanithi, P., Etkin, A., Knutson, B., Glover, G. H., Deisseroth, K. 2016; 351 (6268): 41-U59
Frontoparietal Activation During Response Inhibition Predicts Remission to Antidepressants in Patients With Major Depression. Biological psychiatry Gyurak, A., Patenaude, B., Korgaonkar, M. S., Grieve, S. M., Williams, L. M., Etkin, A. 2016; 79 (4): 274–81
Selection of cognitive tests for trials of therapeutic agents - Authors' reply. The lancet. Psychiatry Shilyansky, C., Williams, L. M., Gyurak, A., Harris, A., Usherwood, T., Etkin, A. 2016; 3 (6): 499–500
Developing a clinical translational neuroscience taxonomy for anxiety and mood disorder: protocol for the baseline-follow up Research domain criteria Anxiety and Depression ("RAD") project. BMC psychiatry Williams, L. M., Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., Chowdhry, N., Grisanzio, K. A., Haug, N. A., Samara, Z., Etkin, A., O'Hara, R., Schatzberg, A. F., Suppes, T., Yesavage, J. 2016; 16 (1): 68-?
EEG alpha asymmetry as a gender-specific predictor of outcome to acute treatment with different antidepressant medications in the randomized iSPOT-D study. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology Arns, M., Bruder, G., Hegerl, U., Spooner, C., Palmer, D. M., Etkin, A., Fallahpour, K., Gatt, J. M., Hirshberg, L., Gordon, E. 2016; 127 (1): 509–19
To determine whether EEG occipital alpha and frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) distinguishes outpatients with major depression (MDD) from controls, predicts antidepressant treatment outcome, and to explore the role of gender.In the international Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D), a multi-center, randomized, prospective open-label trial, 1008 MDD participants were randomized to escitalopram, sertraline or venlafaxine-extended release. The study also recruited 336 healthy controls. Treatment response was established after eight weeks and resting EEG was measured at baseline (two minutes eyes open and eyes closed).No differences in EEG alpha for occipital and frontal cortex, or for FAA, were found in MDD participants compared to controls. Alpha in the occipital and frontal cortex was not associated with treatment outcome. However, a gender and drug-class interaction effect was found for FAA. Relatively greater right frontal alpha (less cortical activity) in women only was associated with a favorable response to the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors escitalopram and sertraline. No such effect was found for venlafaxine-extended release.FAA does not differentiate between MDD and controls, but is associated with antidepressant treatment response and remission in a gender and drug-class specific manner.Future studies investigating EEG alpha measures in depression should a-priori stratify by gender.
Remember the Good Times? Biased Autobiographical Memory in Depression. The American journal of psychiatry Etkin, A. 2016; 173 (1): 8–9
Neuroimaging in 2015: a turning point? The lancet. Psychiatry Etkin, A. 2016; 3 (1): 12–13
Erratum to "Disrupted insula-based neural circuit organization and conflict interference in trauma-exposed youth" [NeuroImage Clin. 8 (2015) 516-25]. NeuroImage. Clinical Marusak, H. A., Etkin, A., Thomason, M. E. 2016; 11: 347–48
Amygdala responses to salient social cues vary with oxytocin receptor genotype in youth NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA Marusak, H. A., Furman, D. J., Kuruvadi, N., Shattuck, D. W., Joshi, S. H., Joshi, A. A., Etkin, A., Thomason, M. E. 2015; 79: 1-9
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.015
The neural bases of emotion regulation. Nature reviews. Neuroscience Etkin, A., Büchel, C., Gross, J. J. 2015; 16 (11): 693-700
The effects of age, sex, and hormones on emotional conflict-related brain response during adolescence. Brain and cognition Cservenka, A., Stroup, M. L., Etkin, A., Nagel, B. J. 2015; 99: 135-150
While cognitive and emotional systems both undergo development during adolescence, few studies have explored top-down inhibitory control brain activity in the context of affective processing, critical to informing adolescent psychopathology. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain response during an Emotional Conflict (EmC) Task across 10-15-year-old youth. During the EmC Task, participants indicated the emotion of facial expressions, while disregarding emotion-congruent and incongruent words printed across the faces. We examined the relationships of age, sex, and gonadal hormones with brain activity on Incongruent vs. Congruent trials. Age was negatively associated with middle frontal gyrus activity, controlling for performance and movement confounds. Sex differences were present in occipital and parietal cortices, and were driven by activation in females, and deactivation in males to Congruent trials. Testosterone was negatively related with frontal and striatal brain response in males, and cerebellar and precuneus response in females. Estradiol was negatively related with fronto-cerebellar, cingulate, and precuneus brain activity in males, and positively related with occipital response in females. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the effects of age, sex, and sex steroids during an emotion-cognition task in adolescents. Further research is needed to examine longitudinal development of emotion-cognition interactions and deviations in psychiatric disorders in adolescence.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.06.002
Associations Between Childhood Abuse, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Implicit Emotion Regulation Deficits: Evidence From a Low-Income, Inner-City Population PSYCHIATRY-INTERPERSONAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES Powers, A., Etkin, A., Gyurak, A., Bradley, B., Jovanovic, T. 2015; 78 (3): 251-264
View details for DOI 10.1080/00332747.2015.1069656
Amygdala Reactivity to Emotional Faces in the Prediction of General and Medication-Specific Responses to Antidepressant Treatment in the Randomized iSPOT-D Trial NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Williams, L. M., Korgaonkar, M. S., Song, Y. C., Paton, R., Eagles, S., Goldstein-Piekarski, A., Grieve, S. M., Harris, A. W., Usherwood, T., Etkin, A. 2015; 40 (10): 2398-2408
Although the cost of poor treatment outcomes of depression is staggering, we do not yet have clinically useful methods for selecting the most effective antidepressant for each depressed person. Emotional brain activation is altered in major depressive disorder (MDD) and implicated in treatment response. Identifying which aspects of emotional brain activation are predictive of general and specific responses to antidepressants may help clinicians and patients when making treatment decisions. We examined whether amygdala activation probed by emotion stimuli is a general or differential predictor of response to three commonly prescribed antidepressants, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A test-retest design was used to assess patients with MDD in an academic setting as part of the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression. A total of 80 MDD outpatients were scanned prior to treatment and 8 weeks after randomization to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors escitalopram and sertraline and the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, venlafaxine-extended release (XR). A total of 34 matched controls were scanned at the same timepoints. We quantified the blood oxygen level-dependent signal of the amygdala during subliminal and supraliminal viewing of facial expressions of emotion. Response to treatment was defined by ⩾50% symptom improvement on the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Pre-treatment amygdala hypo-reactivity to subliminal happy and threat was a general predictor of treatment response, regardless of medication type (Cohen's d effect size 0.63 to 0.77; classification accuracy, 75%). Responders showed hypo-reactivity compared to controls at baseline, and an increase toward 'normalization' post-treatment. Pre-treatment amygdala reactivity to subliminal sadness was a differential moderator of non-response to venlafaxine-XR (Cohen's d effect size 1.5; classification accuracy, 81%). Non-responders to venlafaxine-XR showed pre-treatment hyper-reactivity, which progressed to hypo-reactivity rather than normalization post-treatment, and hypo-reactivity post-treatment was abnormal compared to controls. Impaired amygdala activation has not previously been highlighted in the general vs differential prediction of antidepressant outcomes. Amygdala hypo-reactivity to emotions signaling reward and threat predicts the general capacity to respond to antidepressants. Amygdala hyper-reactivity to sad emotion is involved in a specific non-response to a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. The findings suggest amygdala probes may help inform the personal selection of antidepressant treatments.Neuropsychopharmacology advance online publication, 29 April 2015; doi:10.1038/npp.2015.89.
View details for DOI 10.1038/npp.2015.89
COGNITION-CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT INTERACTIONS IN THE PREDICTION OF ANTIDEPRESSANT OUTCOMES IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER PATIENTS: RESULTS FROM THE iSPOT-D TRIAL DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY Miller, S., McTeague, L. M., Gyurak, A., Patenaude, B., Williams, L. M., Grieve, S. M., Korgaonkar, M. S., Etkin, A. 2015; 32 (8): 594-604
Childhood maltreatment (CM) history has been associated with poor treatment response in major depressive disorder (MDD), but the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain opaque. Dysfunction in the neural circuits for executive cognition is a putative neurobiological consequence of CM that may contribute importantly to adverse clinical outcomes. We used behavioral and neuroimaging measures of executive functioning to assess their contribution to the relationship between CM and antidepressant response in MDD patients.Ninety eight medication-free MDD outpatients participating in the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression were assessed at baseline on behavioral neurocognitive measures and functional magnetic resonance imaging during tasks probing working memory (continuous performance task, CPT) and inhibition (Go/No-go). Seventy seven patients completed 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment. Baseline behavioral and neuroimaging measures were assessed in relation to CM (history of childhood physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse) and posttreatment depression outcomes.Patients with maltreatment exhibited decreased modulation of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity during working memory updating on the CPT, and a corresponding impairment in CPT behavioral performance outside the scanner. No between-group differences were found for imaging or behavior on the Go/No-go test of inhibition. Greater DLPFC activity during CPT significantly predicted posttreatment symptom improvement in patients without maltreatment, whereas the relationship between DLPFC activity and symptom change was nonsignificant, and in the opposite direction, in patients with maltreatment.The effect of CM on prefrontal circuitry involved in executive function is a potential predictor of antidepressant outcomes.
View details for DOI 10.1002/da.22368
Frontal and rostral anterior cingulate (rACC) theta EEG in depression: Implications for treatment outcome? EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Arns, M., Etkin, A., Hegerl, U., Williams, L. M., DeBattista, C., Palmer, D. M., Fitzgerald, P. B., Harris, A., deBeuss, R., Gordon, E. 2015; 25 (8): 1190-1200
In major depressive disorder (MDD), elevated theta current density in the rostral anterior cingulate (rACC), as estimated by source localization of scalp-recorded electroencenphalogram (EEG), has been associated with response to antidepressant treatments, whereas elevated frontal theta has been linked to non-response. This study used source localization to attempt to integrate these apparently opposite results and test, whether antidepressant response is associated with elevated rACC theta and non-response with elevated frontal theta and whether theta activity is a differential predictor of response to different types of commonly used antidepressants. In the international Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D), a multi-center, international, randomized, prospective practical trial, 1008 MDD participants were randomized to escitalopram, sertraline or venlafaxine-XR. The study also recruited 336 healthy controls. Treatment response and remission were established after eight weeks using the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD17). The resting-state EEG was assessed at baseline with eyes closed and source localization (eLORETA) was employed to extract theta from the rACC and frontal cortex. Patients with MDD had elevated theta in both frontal cortex and rACC, with small effect sizes. High frontal and rACC theta were associated with treatment non-response, but not with non-remission, and this effect was most pronounced in a subgroup with previous treatment failures. Low theta in frontal cortex and rACC are found in responders to antidepressant treatments with a small effect size. Future studies should investigate in more detail the role of previous treatment (failure) in the association between theta and treatment outcome.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.03.007
ABCB1 Genetic Effects on Antidepressant Outcomes: A Report From the iSPOT-D Trial AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY Schatzberg, A. F., DeBattista, C., Lazzeroni, L. C., Etkin, A., Murphy, G. M., Williams, L. M. 2015; 172 (8): 751-759
The ABCB1 gene encodes P-glycoprotein, which limits brain concentrations of certain antidepressants. ABCB1 variation has been associated with antidepressant efficacy and side effects in small-sample studies. Cognitive impairment in major depressive disorder predicts poor treatment outcome, but ABCB1 genetic effects in patients with cognitive impairment are untested. The authors examined ABCB1 genetic variants as predictors of remission and side effects in a large clinical trial that also incorporated cognitive assessment.The authors genotyped 10 ABCB1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 683 patients with major depressive disorder treated for at least 2 weeks, of whom 576 completed 8 weeks of treatment with escitalopram, sertraline, or extended-release venlafaxine (all substrates for P-glycoprotein) in a large randomized, prospective, pragmatic trial. Antidepressant efficacy was assessed with the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Rated (QIDS-SR), and side effects with a rating scale for frequency, intensity, and burden of side effects. General and emotional cognition was assessed with a battery of 13 tests.The functional SNP rs10245483 upstream from ABCB1 had a significant effect on remission and side effect ratings that was differentially related to medication and cognitive status. Common homozygotes responded better and had fewer side effects with escitalopram and sertraline. Minor allele homozygotes responded better and had fewer side effects with venlafaxine, with the better response most apparent for patients with cognitive impairment.The functional polymorphism rs10245483 differentially affects remission and side effect outcomes depending on the antidepressant. The predictive power of the SNP for response or side effects was not lessened by the presence of cognitive impairment.
Predicting treatment response in posttraumatic stress disorder. journal of clinical psychiatry Etkin, A. 2015; 76 (8): e1035-6
View details for DOI 10.4088/JCP.14com09752
Depression Subtypes in Predicting Antidepressant Response: A Report From the iSPOT-D Trial AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY Arnow, B. A., Blasey, C., Williams, L. M., Palmer, D. M., Rekshan, W., Schatzberg, A. F., Etkin, A., Kulkarni, J., Luther, J. F., Rush, A. J. 2015; 172 (8): 743-750
The study aims were 1) to describe the proportions of individuals who met criteria for melancholic, atypical, and anxious depressive subtypes, as well as subtype combinations, in a large sample of depressed outpatients, and 2) to compare subtype profiles on remission and change in depressive symptoms after acute treatment with one of three antidepressant medications.Participants 18-65 years of age (N=1,008) who met criteria for major depressive disorder were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of treatment with escitalopram, sertraline, or extended-release venlafaxine. Participants were classified by subtype. Those who met criteria for no subtype or multiple subtypes were classified separately, resulting in eight mutually exclusive groups. A mixed-effects model using the intent-to-treat sample compared the groups' symptom score trajectories, and logistic regression compared likelihood of remission (defined as a score ≤5 on the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report).Thirty-nine percent of participants exhibited a pure-form subtype, 36% met criteria for more than one subtype, and 25% did not meet criteria for any subtype. All subtype groups exhibited a similar significant trajectory of symptom reduction across the trial. Likelihood of remission did not differ significantly between subtype groups, and depression subtype was not a moderator of treatment effect.There was substantial overlap of the three depressive subtypes, and individuals in all subtype groups responded similarly to the three antidepressants. The consistency of these findings with those of the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression trial suggests that subtypes may be of minimal value in antidepressant selection.
Does implicit emotion regulation in binge eating disorder matter? Eating behaviors Robinson, A., Safer, D. L., Austin, J. L., Etkin, A. 2015; 18: 186-191
To examine if implicit emotion regulation (occurring outside of awareness) is related to binge eating disorder (BED) symptomatology and explicit emotion regulation (occurring within awareness), and can be altered via intervention.Implicit emotion regulation was assessed via the Emotion Conflict Task (ECT) among a group of adults with BED. Study 1 correlated BED symptomatology and explicit emotion regulation with ECT performance at baseline (BL) and after receiving BED treatment (PT). Study 2 generated effect sizes comparing ECT performance at BL and PT with healthy (non-eating disordered) controls (HC).Study 1 yielded significant correlations (p<.05) between both BED symptomatology and explicit emotion regulation with ECT performance. Study 2 found that compared to BL ECT performance, PT shifted (d=-.27), closer to HC. Preliminary results suggest a) BED symptomatology and explicit emotion regulation are associated with ECT performance, and b) PT ECT performance normalized after BED treatment.Implicit emotion regulation may be a BED treatment mechanism because psychotherapy, directly or indirectly, decreased sensitivity to implicit emotional conflict. Further understanding implicit emotion regulation may refine conceptualizations and effective BED treatments.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.05.011
Optogenetics and the circuit dynamics of psychiatric disease. JAMA Deisseroth, K., Etkin, A., Malenka, R. C. 2015; 313 (20): 2019-2020
View details for DOI 10.1001/jama.2015.2544
A Cognitive-Emotional Biomarker for Predicting Remission with Antidepressant Medications: A Report from the iSPOT-D Trial NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Etkin, A., Patenaude, B., Song, Y. J., Usherwood, T., Rekshan, W., Schatzberg, A. F., Rush, A. J., Williams, L. M. 2015; 40 (6): 1332-1342
Depression involves impairments in a range of cognitive and emotional capacities. It is unknown whether these functions can inform medication choice when considered as a composite predictive biomarker. We tested whether behavioral tests, grounded in the neurobiology of cognitive and emotional functions, predict outcome with common antidepressants. Medication-free outpatients with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder (N=1008; 665 completers) were assessed before treatment using 13 computerized tests of psychomotor, executive, memory-attention, processing speed, inhibitory, and emotional functions. Matched healthy controls (N=336) provided a normative reference sample for test performance. Depressed participants were then randomized to escitalopram, sertraline, or venlafaxine-extended release, and were assessed using the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR16) and the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Given the heterogeneity of depression, analyses were furthermore stratified by pretreatment performance. We then used pattern classification with cross-validation to determine individual patient-level composite predictive biomarkers of antidepressant outcome based on test performance. A subgroup of depressed participants (approximately one-quarter of patients) were found to be impaired across most cognitive tests relative to the healthy norm, from which they could be discriminated with 91% accuracy. These patients with generally impaired cognitive task performance had poorer treatment outcomes. For this impaired subgroup, task performance furthermore predicted remission on the QIDS-SR16 at 72% accuracy specifically following treatment with escitalopram but not the other medications. Therefore, tests of cognitive and emotional functions can form a clinically meaningful composite biomarker that may help drive general treatment outcome prediction for optimal treatment selection in depression, particularly for escitalopram.
View details for DOI 10.1038/npp.2014.333
Cognitive and emotional biomarkers of melancholic depression: An iSPOT-D report JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS Day, C. V., Gatt, J. M., Etkin, A., DeBattista, C., Schatzberg, A. F., Williams, L. M. 2015; 176: 141-150
Depressed patients with melancholic features have distinct impairments in cognition and anhedonia, but it remains unknown whether these impairments can be quantified on neurocognitive biomarker tests of behavioral performance. We compared melancholic major depressive disorder (MDD) patients to non-melancholic MDD patients and controls on a neurocognitive test battery that assesses eight general and emotional cognitive domains including the hypothesized decision-making and reward-threat perception.MDD outpatients (n=1008) were assessed using a computerized battery of tests. MDD participants met DSM-IV criteria for MDD and had a score ≥16 on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Melancholic MDD was defined using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and a psychomotor disturbance observer-rated CORE measure score >7. Controls were age- and gender-matched with no previous DSM-IV or significant medical history.Melancholic participants (33.7% of the MDD sample) exhibited significantly poorer performance than controls across each domain of cognitive function and for speed of emotion identification and implicit emotion priming. Compared to the non-melancholic group, specific disturbances were seen on tests of information speed, decision speed, and reward-relevant emotional processing of happy expressions, even after co-varying for symptom severity.Assessments were taken at only one medication-free time point. Reward was investigated using an emotional faces task.Melancholic MDD is distinguished by a specific neurocognitive marker profile consistent with reduced decision-making capacity under time demands and loss of reward sensitivity. This profile suggests an underlying deficit in mesolimbic-cortical circuitry for motivationally-directed behavior.
Attitudes Toward Neuroscience Education in Psychiatry: a National Multi-stakeholder Survey ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY Fung, L. K., Akil, M., Widge, A., Roberts, L. W., Etkin, A. 2015; 39 (2): 139-146
The objective of this study is to assess the attitudes of chairs of psychiatry departments, psychiatrists, and psychiatry trainees toward neuroscience education in residency programs and beyond in order to inform future neuroscience education approaches.This multi-stakeholder survey captured data on demographics, self-assessments of neuroscience knowledge, attitudes toward neuroscience education, preferences in learning modalities, and interests in specific neuroscience topics. In 2012, the authors distributed the surveys: by paper to 133 US psychiatry department chairs and electronically through the American Psychiatric Association to 3,563 of its members (1,000 psychiatrists and 2,563 trainees).The response rates for the chair, psychiatrist, and trainee surveys were 53, 9, and 18 %, respectively. A large majority of respondents agreed with the need for more neuroscience education in general and with respect to their own training. Most respondents believed that neuroscience will help destigmatize mental illness and begin producing new treatments or personalized medicines in 5-10 years. Only a small proportion of trainees and psychiatrists, however, reported a strong knowledge base in neuroscience. Respondents also reported broad enthusiasm for transdiagnostic topics in neuroscience (such as emotion regulation and attention/cognition) and description at the level of neural circuits.This study demonstrates the opportunity and enthusiasm for teaching more neuroscience in psychiatry among a broad range of stakeholder groups. A high level of interest was also found for transdiagnostic topics and approaches. We suggest that a transdiagnostic framework may be an effective way to deliver neuroscience education to the psychiatric community and illustrate this through a case example, drawing the similarity between this neuroscience approach and problem-based formulations familiar to clinicians.
View details for DOI 10.1007/s40596-014-0183-y
Childhood Trauma Exposure Disrupts the Automatic Regulation of Emotional Processing NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Marusak, H. A., Martin, K. R., Etkin, A., Thomason, M. E. 2015; 40 (5): 1250-1258
Early-life trauma is one of the strongest risk factors for later emotional psychopathology. Although research in adults highlights that childhood trauma predicts deficits in emotion regulation that persist decades later, it is unknown whether neural and behavioral changes that may precipitate illness are evident during formative, developmental years. This study examined whether automatic regulation of emotional conflict is perturbed in a high-risk urban sample of trauma-exposed children and adolescents. A total of 14 trauma-exposed and 16 age-, sex-, and IQ-matched comparison youth underwent functional MRI while performing an emotional conflict task that involved categorizing facial affect while ignoring an overlying emotion word. Engagement of the conflict regulation system was evaluated at neural and behavioral levels. Results showed that trauma-exposed youth failed to dampen dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity and engage amygdala-pregenual cingulate inhibitory circuitry during the regulation of emotional conflict, and were less able to regulate emotional conflict. In addition, trauma-exposed youth showed greater conflict-related amygdala reactivity that was associated with diminished levels of trait reward sensitivity. These data point to a trauma-related deficit in automatic regulation of emotional processing, and increase in sensitivity to emotional conflict in neural systems implicated in threat detection. Aberrant amygdala response to emotional conflict was related to diminished reward sensitivity that is emerging as a critical stress-susceptibility trait that may contribute to the emergence of mental illness during adolescence. These results suggest that deficits in conflict regulation for emotional material may underlie heightened risk for psychopathology in individuals that endure early-life trauma.
Neurobiological signatures of anxiety and depression in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological psychiatry Oathes, D. J., Patenaude, B., Schatzberg, A. F., Etkin, A. 2015; 77 (4): 385-393
There is increasing interest in using neurobiological measures to inform psychiatric nosology. It is unclear at the present time whether anxiety and depression are neurobiologically distinct or similar processes. It is also unknown if the best way to examine these disorders neurobiologically is by contrasting categorical definitions or by examining symptom dimensions.A cross-sectional neuroimaging study was conducted of patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depressive disorder (MDD), comorbid GAD and MDD (GAD/MDD), or neither GAD nor MDD (control subjects). There were 90 participants, all medication-free (17 GAD, 12 MDD, 23 GAD/MDD, and 38 control subjects). Diagnosis/category and dimensions/symptoms were assessed to determine the best fit for neurobiological data. Symptoms included general distress, common to anxiety and depression, and anxiety-specific (anxious arousal) or depression-specific (anhedonia) symptoms. Low-frequency (.008-.1 Hz) signal amplitude and functional connectivity analyses of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data focused on a priori cortical and subcortical regions of interest.Support was found for effects of diagnosis above and beyond effects related to symptom levels as well as for effects of symptom levels above and beyond effects of diagnostic categories. The specific dimensional factors of general distress and anxious arousal as well as a diagnosis of MDD explained unique proportions of variance in signal amplitude or functional connectivity.Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, our data show that a single conceptual model alone (i.e., categorical diagnoses or symptom dimensions) provides an incomplete mapping of psychopathology to neurobiology. Instead, the data support an additive model that best captures abnormal neural patterns in patients with anxiety and depression.
The International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D): Outcomes from the acute phase of antidepressant treatment. Journal of psychiatric research Saveanu, R., Etkin, A., Duchemin, A., Goldstein-Piekarski, A., Gyurak, A., DeBattista, C., Schatzberg, A. F., Sood, S., Day, C. V., Palmer, D. M., Rekshan, W. R., Gordon, E., Rush, A. J., Williams, L. M. 2015; 61: 1-12
We aimed to characterize a large international cohort of outpatients with MDD within a practical trial design, in order to identify clinically useful predictors of outcomes with three common antidepressant medications in acute-phase treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The international Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression has presently enrolled 1008 treatment-seeking outpatients (18-65 years old) at 17 sites (five countries). At pre-treatment, we characterized participants by symptoms, clinical history, functional status and comorbidity. Participants were randomized to receive escitalopram, sertraline or venlafaxine-extended release and managed by their physician following usual treatment practices. Symptoms, function, quality of life, and side-effect outcomes were assessed 8 weeks later. The relationship of anxiety to response and remission was assessed by comorbid Axis I diagnosis, presence/absence of anxiety symptoms, and dimensionally by anxiety symptom severity. The sample had moderate-to-severe symptoms, but substantial comorbidity and functional impairment. Of completers at week 8, 62.2% responded and 45.4% reached remission on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; 53.3% and 37.6%, respectively on the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms. Functional improvements were seen across all domains. Most participants had side effects that occurred with a frequency of 25% or less and were reported as being in the "none" to minimal/mild range for intensity and burden. Outcomes did not differ across medication groups. More severe anxiety symptoms at pre-treatment were associated with lower remission rates across all medications, independent of depressive severity, diagnostic comorbidity or side effects. Across medications, we found consistent and similar improvements in symptoms and function, and a dimensional prognostic effect of comorbid anxiety symptoms. These equivalent outcomes across treatments lay the foundation for identifying potential neurobiological and genetic predictors of treatment outcome in this sample.
Identifying predictors, moderators, and mediators of antidepressant response in major depressive disorder: neuroimaging approaches. American journal of psychiatry Phillips, M. L., Chase, H. W., Sheline, Y. I., Etkin, A., Almeida, J. R., Deckersbach, T., Trivedi, M. H. 2015; 172 (2): 124-138
Despite significant advances in neuroscience and treatment development, no widely accepted biomarkers are available to inform diagnostics or identify preferred treatments for individuals with major depressive disorder.In this critical review, the authors examine the extent to which multimodal neuroimaging techniques can identify biomarkers reflecting key pathophysiologic processes in depression and whether such biomarkers may act as predictors, moderators, and mediators of treatment response that might facilitate development of personalized treatments based on a better understanding of these processes.The authors first highlight the most consistent findings from neuroimaging studies using different techniques in depression, including structural and functional abnormalities in two parallel neural circuits: serotonergically modulated implicit emotion regulation circuitry, centered on the amygdala and different regions in the medial prefrontal cortex; and dopaminergically modulated reward neural circuitry, centered on the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex. They then describe key findings from the relatively small number of studies indicating that specific measures of regional function and, to a lesser extent, structure in these neural circuits predict treatment response in depression.Limitations of existing studies include small sample sizes, use of only one neuroimaging modality, and a focus on identifying predictors rather than moderators and mediators of differential treatment response. By addressing these limitations and, most importantly, capitalizing on the benefits of multimodal neuroimaging, future studies can yield moderators and mediators of treatment response in depression to facilitate significant improvements in shorter- and longer-term clinical and functional outcomes.
Disrupted insula-based neural circuit organization and conflict interference in trauma-exposed youth. NeuroImage. Clinical Marusak, H. A., Etkin, A., Thomason, M. E. 2015; 8: 516–25
Childhood trauma exposure is a potent risk factor for psychopathology. Emerging research suggests that aberrant saliency processing underlies the link between early trauma exposure and later cognitive and socioemotional deficits that are hallmark of several psychiatric disorders. Here, we examine brain and behavioral responses during a face categorization conflict task, and relate these to intrinsic connectivity of the salience network (SN). The results demonstrate a unique pattern of SN dysfunction in youth exposed to trauma (n = 14) relative to comparison youth (n = 19) matched on age, sex, IQ, and sociodemographic risk. We find that trauma-exposed youth are more susceptible to conflict interference and this correlates with higher fronto-insular responses during conflict. Resting-state functional connectivity data collected in the same participants reveal increased connectivity of the insula to SN seed regions that is associated with diminished reward sensitivity, a critical risk/resilience trait following stress. In addition to altered intrinsic connectivity of the SN, we observed altered connectivity between the SN and default mode network (DMN) in trauma-exposed youth. These data uncover network-level disruptions in brain organization following one of the strongest predictors of illness, early life trauma, and demonstrate the relevance of observed neural effects for behavior and specific symptom dimensions. SN dysfunction may serve as a diathesis that contributes to illness and negative outcomes following childhood trauma.
Disrupted insula-based neural circuit organization and conflict interference in trauma-exposed youth NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL Marusak, H. A., Etkin, A., Thomason, M. E. 2015; 8: 516-525
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.04.007
COGNITION-CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT INTERACTIONS IN THE PREDICTION OF ANTIDEPRESSANT OUTCOMES IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER PATIENTS: RESULTS FROM THE iSPOT-D TRIAL. Depression and anxiety Miller, S., McTeague, L. M., Gyurak, A., Patenaude, B., Williams, L. M., Grieve, S. M., Korgaonkar, M. S., Etkin, A. 2015; 32 (8): 594–604
Impairment and distress patterns distinguishing the melancholic depression subtype: An iSPOT-D report. Journal of affective disorders Day, C. V., John Rush, A., Harris, A. W., Boyce, P. M., Rekshan, W., Etkin, A., DeBattista, C., Schatzberg, A. F., Arnow, B. A., Williams, L. M. 2015; 174: 493-502
This study seeks to provide a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of baseline clinical and psychological features and treatment response characteristics that differentiate Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) outpatients with and without melancholic features. Reflecting the emphasis in DSM-5, we also include impairment and distress.Participants were assessed pre-treatment on clinical features (severity, risk factors, comorbid conditions, illness course), psychological profile (personality, emotion regulation), functional capacity (social and occupational function, quality of life) and distress/coping (negativity bias, emotional resilience, social skills, satisfaction with life). Participants were randomized to sertraline, escitalopram or venlafaxine extended-release and re-assessed post-treatment at 8 weeks regarding remission, response, and change in impairment and distress.Patients with melancholic features (n=339; 33.7%) were distinguished clinically from non-melancholics by more severe depressive symptoms and greater exposure to abuse in childhood. Psychologically, melancholic patients were defined by introversion, and a greater use of suppression to regulate negative emotion. Melancholics also had poorer capacity for social and occupational function, and physical and psychological quality of life, along with poorer coping, reflected in less emotional resilience and capacity for social skills. Post-treatment, melancholic patients had lower remission and response, but some of this effect was due to the more severe symptoms pre-treatment. The distress/coping outcome measure of capacity for social skills remained significantly lower for melancholic participants.Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, causal pathways cannot be concluded.Findings provide new insights into a melancholic profile of reduced ability to function interpersonally or effectively deal with one׳s emotions. This distinctly poorer capacity for social skills remained post-treatment. The pre-treatment profile may account for some of the difficulty in achieving remission or response with treatment.
Neuroimaging and the future of personalized treatment in psychiatry. Depression and anxiety Etkin, A. 2014; 31 (11): 899-901
Default Mode Network Mechanisms of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Depression BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY Liston, C., Chen, A. C., Zebley, B. D., Drysdale, A. T., Gordon, R., Leuchter, B., Voss, H. U., Casey, B. J., Etkin, A., Dubin, M. J. 2014; 76 (7): 517-526
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is an established treatment for depression, but its underlying mechanism of action remains unknown. Abnormalities in two large-scale neuronal networks-the frontoparietal central executive network (CEN) and the medial prefrontal-medial parietal default mode network (DMN)-are consistent findings in depression and potential therapeutic targets for TMS. Here, we assessed the impact of TMS on activity in these networks and their relation to treatment response.We used resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure functional connectivity within and between the DMN and CEN in 17 depressed patients, before and after a 5-week course of TMS. Motivated by prior reports, we focused on connectivity seeded from the DLPFC and the subgenual cingulate, a key region closely aligned with the DMN in depression. Connectivity was also compared with a cohort of 35 healthy control subjects.Before treatment, functional connectivity in depressed patients was abnormally elevated within the DMN and diminished within the CEN, and connectivity between these two networks was altered. Transcranial magnetic stimulation normalized depression-related subgenual hyperconnectivity in the DMN but did not alter connectivity in the CEN. Transcranial magnetic stimulation also induced anticorrelated connectivity between the DLPFC and medial prefrontal DMN nodes. Baseline subgenual connectivity predicted subsequent clinical improvement.Transcranial magnetic stimulation selectively modulates functional connectivity both within and between the CEN and DMN, and modulation of subgenual cingulate connectivity may play an important mechanistic role in alleviating depression. The results also highlight potential neuroimaging biomarkers for predicting treatment response.
Default mode network mechanisms of transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression. Biological psychiatry Liston, C., Chen, A. C., Zebley, B. D., Drysdale, A. T., Gordon, R., Leuchter, B., Voss, H. U., Casey, B. J., Etkin, A., Dubin, M. J. 2014; 76 (7): 517-526
Connectivity Underlying Emotion Conflict Regulation in Older Adults with 5-HTTLPR Short Allele: A Preliminary Investigation. American journal of geriatric psychiatry Waring, J. D., Etkin, A., Hallmayer, J. F., O'Hara, R. 2014; 22 (9): 946-950
The serotonin transporter polymorphism short (s) allele is associated with heightened emotional reactivity and reduced emotion regulation, which increases vulnerability to depression and anxiety disorders. We investigated behavioral and neural markers of emotion regulation in community-dwelling older adults, contrasting s allele carriers and long allele homozygotes.Participants (N = 26) completed a face-word emotion conflict task during functional magnetic resonance imaging, in which facilitated regulation of emotion conflict was observed on face-word incongruent trials following another incongruent trial (i.e., emotional conflict adaptation).There were no differences between genetic groups in behavioral task performance or neural activation in postincongruent versus postcongruent trials. By contrast, connectivity between dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and pregenual ACC, regions previously implicated in emotion conflict regulation, was impaired in s carriers for emotional conflict adaptation.This is the first demonstration of an association between serotonin transporter polymorphism and functional connectivity in older adults. Poor dorsal ACC-pregenual ACC connectivity in s carriers may be one route by which these individuals experience greater difficulty in implementing effective emotional regulation, which may contribute to their vulnerability for affective disorders.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.08.004
Beyond the DSM: Development of a Transdiagnostic Psychiatric Neuroscience Course. Academic psychiatry Etkin, A., Cuthbert, B. 2014; 38 (2): 145-150
Clinical and neurobiological data suggest that psychiatric disorders, as traditionally defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), are (1) more comorbid than expected by chance, (2) often share neurobiological signatures, and (3) reflect alterations across multiple brain systems that mediate particular mental processes. As such, emerging conceptualizations such at the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC) have suggested that a different way to understand psychopathology may be with respect to the degree of dysfunction in each of these brain systems, seen dimensionally, which both cross traditional diagnostic boundaries and extend to a healthy range of functioning. At present, however, this scientific perspective has not been incorporated into neuroscience education in psychiatry, nor has its relationship to clinical care been made clear.We describe the rationale and implementation of a reformulated neuroscience course given to psychiatric residents at Stanford University centered on the conceptual framework of RDoC. Data are presented on resident feedback before and after revision of the course.A clear motivation and rationale exists for teaching neuroscience in a transdiagnostic framework. This course was taken up well by the residents, with overall feedback significantly more positive than that prior to the course revision.This "proof of concept" neuroscience course illustrates a potential route for bridging between rapid advances in psychiatric neuroscience and the clinical education for trainees not otherwise versed in neuroscience but who are needed for scientific advances to translate to the clinic. The promise of this approach may be in part related to the similarity between this framework and problem-based approaches common in routine clinical care. In such approaches, clinicians focus on the expressed complaints of their individual patient and identify specific symptoms as the target of treatment-symptoms which are presumably the expression of dysfunction in specific brain systems.
Transforming Neuroscience Education in Psychiatry ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY Akil, M., Etkin, A. 2014; 38 (2): 116-120
Attitudes toward neuroscience education among psychiatry residents and fellows. Academic psychiatry Fung, L. K., Akil, M., Widge, A., Roberts, L. W., Etkin, A. 2014; 38 (2): 127-134
The purpose of this study is to assess the attitudes of psychiatry trainees toward neuroscience education in psychiatry residency and subsequent training in order to inform neuroscience education approaches in the future.This online survey was designed to capture demographic information, self-assessed neuroscience knowledge, attitudes toward neuroscience education, preferences in learning modalities, and interest in specific neuroscience topics. Volunteers were identified through the American Psychiatric Association, which invited 2,563 psychiatry trainees among their members.Four hundred thirty-six trainees completed the survey. Nearly all agreed that there is a need for more neuroscience education in psychiatry residency training (94 %) and that neuroscience education could help destigmatize mental illness (91 %). Nearly all (94 %) expressed interest in attending a 3-day course on neuroscience. Many neuroscience topics and modes of learning were viewed favorably by participants. Residents in their first 2 years of training expressed attitudes similar to those of more advanced residents and fellows. Some differences were found based on the level of interest in a future academic role.This web-based study demonstrates that psychiatry residents see neuroscience education as important in their training and worthy of greater attention. Our results suggest potential opportunities for advancing neuroscience education.
View details for DOI 10.1007/s40596-014-0034-x
A neurobiological approach to the cognitive deficits of psychiatric disorders. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience Etkin, A., Gyurak, A., O'Hara, R. 2013; 15 (4): 419-429
Deficits in brain networks that support cognitive regulatory functions are prevalent in many psychiatric disorders. Findings across neuropsychology and neuroimaging point to broad-based impairments that cross traditional diagnostic boundaries. These dysfunctions are largely separate from the classical symptoms of the disorders, and manifest in regulatory problems in both traditional cognitive and emotional domains. As such, they relate to the capacity of patients to engage effectively in their daily lives and activity, often persist even in the face of symptomatically effective treatment, and are poorly targeted by current treatments. Advances in cognitive neuroscience now allow us to ground an understanding of these cognitive regulatory deficits in the function and interaction of key brain networks. This emerging neurobiological understanding furthermore points to several promising routes for novel neuroscience-informed treatments targeted more specifically at improving cognitive function in a range of psychiatric disorders.
Hippocampal Network Connectivity and Activation Differentiates Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder From Generalized Anxiety Disorder NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Chen, A. C., Etkin, A. 2013; 38 (10): 1889-1898
Anxiety disorders are a diverse group of clinical states. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), for example, share elevated anxiety symptoms, but differ with respect to fear-related memory dysregulation. As the hippocampus is implicated in both general anxiety and fear memory, it may be an important brain locus for mapping the similarities and differences amongst anxiety disorders. Anxiety and fear also functionally associate with different subdivisions of the hippocampus along its longitudinal axis: the human posterior (rodent dorsal) hippocampus is involved in memory, through connectivity with the medial prefrontal-medial parietal default-mode network, while the anterior (rodent ventral) hippocampus is involved in anxiety, through connectivity with limbic-prefrontal circuits. We examined whether differential hippocampal network functioning may help account for similarities and differences in symptoms in PTSD and GAD. Network-sensitive functional MRI-based resting-state intrinsic connectivity methods, along with task-based assessment of posterior hippocampal/default-mode network function were used. As predicted, in healthy subjects resting-state connectivity dissociated between posterior hippocampal connectivity with the default-mode network, and anterior hippocampal connectivity to limbic-prefrontal circuitry. The posterior hippocampus and the associated default-mode network, across both resting-state connectivity and task-based measures, were perturbed in PTSD relative to each of the other groups. By contrast, we found only modest support for similarly blunted anterior hippocampal connectivity across both patient groups. These findings provide new insights into the neural circuit-level dysfunctions that account for similar versus different features of two major anxiety disorders, through a translational framework built on animal work and carefully-selected clinical disorders.Neuropsychopharmacology accepted article preview online, 15 May 2013; doi:10.1038/npp.2013.122.
Brain imaging predictors and the international study to predict optimized treatment for depression: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial TRIALS Grieve, S. M., Korgaonkar, M. S., Etkin, A., Harris, A., Koslow, S. H., Wisniewski, S., Schatzberg, A. F., Nemeroff, C. B., Gordon, E., Williams, L. M. 2013; 14
Approximately 50% of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) do not respond optimally to antidepressant treatments. Given this is a large proportion of the patient population, pretreatment tests that predict which patients will respond to which types of treatment could save time, money and patient burden. Brain imaging offers a means to identify treatment predictors that are grounded in the neurobiology of the treatment and the pathophysiology of MDD.The international Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression is a multi-center, parallel model, randomized clinical trial with an embedded imaging sub-study to identify such predictors. We focus on brain circuits implicated in major depressive disorder and its treatment. In the full trial, depressed participants are randomized to receive escitalopram, sertraline or venlafaxine-XR (open-label). They are assessed using standardized multiple clinical, cognitive-emotional behavioral, electroencephalographic and genetic measures at baseline and at eight weeks post-treatment. Overall, 2,016 depressed participants (18 to 65 years old) will enter the study, of whom a target of 10% will be recruited into the brain imaging sub-study (approximately 67 participants in each treatment arm) and 67 controls. The imaging sub-study is conducted at the University of Sydney and at Stanford University. Structural studies include high-resolution three-dimensional T1-weighted, diffusion tensor and T2/Proton Density scans. Functional studies include standardized functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with three cognitive tasks (auditory oddball, a continuous performance task, and Go-NoGo) and two emotion tasks (unmasked conscious and masked non-conscious emotion processing tasks). After eight weeks of treatment, the functional MRI is repeated with the above tasks. We will establish the methods in the first 30 patients. Then we will identify predictors in the first half (n = 102), test the findings in the second half, and then extend the analyses to the total sample.International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment - in Depression (iSPOT-D). ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00693849.
View details for DOI 10.1186/1745-6215-14-224
Shaped magnetic field pulses by multi-coil repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) differentially modulate anterior cingulate cortex responses and pain in volunteers and fibromyalgia patients MOLECULAR PAIN Tzabazis, A., Aparici, C. M., Rowbotham, M. C., Schneider, M. B., Etkin, A., Yeomans, D. C. 2013; 9
View details for DOI 10.1186/1744-8069-9-33
Using Standardized fMRI Protocols to Identify Patterns of Prefrontal Circuit Dysregulation that are Common and Specific to Cognitive and Emotional Tasks in Major Depressive Disorder: First Wave Results from the iSPOT-D Study NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Korgaonkar, M. S., Grieve, S. M., Etkin, A., Koslow, S. H., Williams, L. M. 2013; 38 (5): 863-871
Functional neuroimaging studies have implicated dysregulation of prefrontal circuits in major depressive disorder (MDD), and these circuits are a viable target for predicting treatment outcomes. However, because of the heterogeneity of tasks and samples used in studies to date, it is unclear whether the central dysfunction is one of prefrontal hyperreactivity or hyporeactivity. We used a standardized battery of tasks and protocols for functional magnetic resonance imaging, to identify the common vs the specific prefrontal circuits engaged by these tasks in the same 30 outpatients with MDD compared with 30 matched, healthy control participants, recruited as part of the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D). Reflecting cognitive neuroscience theory and established evidence, the battery included cognitive tasks designed to assess functions of selective attention, sustained attention-working memory and response inhibition, and emotion tasks to assess explicit conscious and implicit nonconscious viewing of facial emotion. MDD participants were distinguished by a distinctive biosignature of: hypoactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during working memory updating and during conscious negative emotion processing; hyperactivation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during working memory and response inhibition cognitive tasks and hypoactivation of the dorsomedial prefrontal during conscious processing of positive emotion. These results show that the use of standardized tasks in the same participants provides a way to tease out prefrontal circuitry dysfunction related to cognitive and emotional functions, and not to methodological or sample variations. These findings provide the frame of reference for identifying prefrontal biomarker predictors of treatment outcomes in MDD.
The neural correlates of emotion-based cognitive control in adults with early childhood behavioral inhibition BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Jarcho, J. M., Fox, N. A., Pine, D. S., Etkin, A., Leibenluft, E., Shechner, T., Ernst, M. 2013; 92 (2): 306-314
The present study is the first to assess whether the neural correlates of cognitive control processes differ in adults with and without a behaviorally inhibited temperament during early childhood. Adults with and without childhood behavioral inhibition completed an emotional conflict task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. While no group differences in behavior were observed, adults with childhood behavioral inhibition, relative to adults without childhood behavioral inhibition, exhibited greater dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activity during conflict detection and greater putamen activity during conflict adaptation. Lifetime psychopathology predicted behavioral, but not brain-related, differences in conflict adaptation. These data suggest that the brain regions underlying cognitive control processes are differentially influenced by childhood behavioral inhibition, and may be differently related to psychopathology.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.09.008
Brain imaging predictors and the international study to predict optimized treatment for depression: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials Grieve, S. M., Korgaonkar, M. S., Etkin, A., Harris, A., Koslow, S. H., Wisniewski, S., Schatzberg, A. F., Nemeroff, C. B., Gordon, E., Williams, L. M. 2013; 14 (1): 224-?
Functional Neuroimaging of Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis and New Integration of Baseline Activation and Neural Response Data AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY Hamilton, J. P., Etkin, A., Furman, D. J., Lemus, M. G., Johnson, R. F., Gotlib, I. H. 2012; 169 (7): 693-703
Functional neuroimaging investigations of major depressive disorder can advance both the neural theory and treatment of this debilitating illness. Inconsistency of neuroimaging findings and the use of region-of-interest approaches have hindered the development of a comprehensive, empirically informed neural model of major depression. In this context, the authors sought to identify reliable anomalies in baseline neural activity and neural response to affective stimuli in major depressive disorder.The authors applied voxel-wise, whole-brain meta-analysis to neuroimaging investigations comparing depressed to healthy comparison groups with respect to baseline neural activity or neural response to positively and/or negatively valenced stimuli.Relative to healthy subjects, those with major depression had reliably higher baseline activity, bilaterally, in the pulvinar nucleus. The analysis of neural response studies using negative stimuli showed greater response in the amygdala, insula, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and lower response in the dorsal striatum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in individuals with major depressive disorder than in healthy subjects.The meta-analytic results support an elegant and neuroanatomically viable model of the salience of negative information in major depressive disorder. In this proposed model, high baseline pulvinar activity in depression first potentiates responding of the brain's salience network to negative information; next, and owing potentially to low striatal dopamine levels in depression, this viscerally charged information fails to propagate up the cortical-striatal-pallidalthalamic circuit to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for contextual processing and reappraisal.
NEUROBIOLOGY OF ANXIETY: FROM NEURAL CIRCUITS TO NOVEL SOLUTIONS? DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY Etkin, A. 2012; 29 (5): 355-358
Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex TRENDS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCES Etkin, A., Egner, T., Kalisch, R. 2011; 15 (2): 85-93
Negative emotional stimuli activate a broad network of brain regions, including the medial prefrontal (mPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortices. An early influential view dichotomized these regions into dorsal-caudal cognitive and ventral-rostral affective subdivisions. In this review, we examine a wealth of recent research on negative emotions in animals and humans, using the example of fear or anxiety, and conclude that, contrary to the traditional dichotomy, both subdivisions make key contributions to emotional processing. Specifically, dorsal-caudal regions of the ACC and mPFC are involved in appraisal and expression of negative emotion, whereas ventral-rostral portions of the ACC and mPFC have a regulatory role with respect to limbic regions involved in generating emotional responses. Moreover, this new framework is broadly consistent with emerging data on other negative and positive emotions.
Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: A dual-process framework COGNITION & EMOTION Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., Etkin, A. 2011; 25 (3): 400-412
It is widely acknowledged that emotions can be regulated in an astonishing variety of ways. Most research to date has focused on explicit (effortful) forms of emotion regulation. However, there is growing research interest in implicit (automatic) forms of emotion regulation. To organise emerging findings, we present a dual-process framework that integrates explicit and implicit forms of emotion regulation, and argue that both forms of regulation are necessary for well-being. In the first section of this review, we provide a broad overview of the construct of emotion regulation, with an emphasis on explicit and implicit processes. In the second section, we focus on explicit emotion regulation, considering both neural mechanisms that are associated with these processes and their experiential and physiological consequences. In the third section, we turn to several forms of implicit emotion regulation, and integrate the burgeoning literature in this area. We conclude by outlining open questions and areas for future research.
A meta-analysis of instructed fear studies: Implications for conscious appraisal of threat NEUROIMAGE Mechias, M., Etkin, A., Kalisch, R. 2010; 49 (2): 1760-1768
In classical Pavlovian fear conditioning, a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) comes to be evaluated as threatening due to its association with an aversive stimulus (unconditioned stimulus, UCS), and elicits fear. In a subtype of fear conditioning paradigms, called instructed fear or anticipatory anxiety, subjects are made aware of the CS-UCS association prior to actually experiencing it. Initial fear elicitation during this type of conditioning results from the negative evaluation of the CS as a consequence of CS-UCS contingency awareness. Prior reports have suggested that this conscious appraisal process is mediated by a variety of brain regions, including rostral dorsomedial prefrontal/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dmPFC/dACC), lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), posterior cingulate, hippocampus/parahippocampus, and nucleus accumbens, but there is little overlap between results. We reasoned that a formal meta-analysis of existing instructed fear studies should help narrow down the search for conscious appraisal areas in fear conditioning to those consistently activated across studies. We found consistent activation in rostral dmPFC but not in the other candidate areas. These results allow for maintaining the theory that the rostral dmPFC is involved in conscious threat appraisal. We also report a meta-analysis of uninstructed (classical) fear conditioning studies in which we found notable activation in more posterior parts of the dmPFC/dACC that overlapped with some of the instructed fear activations. These data suggest that mid regions of the dmPFC/dACC are part of a "core" fear network that is activated irrespective of how fear was learnt.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.040
Functional neuroanatomy of anxiety: a neural circuit perspective. Current topics in behavioral neurosciences Etkin, A. 2010; 2: 251-277
Anxiety is a commonly experienced subjective state that can have both adaptive and maladaptive properties. Clinical disorders of anxiety are likewise also common, and range widely in their symptomatology and consequences for the individual. Cognitive neuroscience has provided an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the processes underlying normal human emotion, and its disruption or dysregulation in clinical anxiety disorders. In this chapter, I review functional neuroimaging studies of emotion in healthy and anxiety-disordered populations. A limbic-medial prefrontal circuit is emphasized and an information processing model is proposed for the processing of negative emotion. Data on negative emotion processing in a variety of anxiety disorders are presented and integrated within an understanding of the functions of elements within the limbic-medial prefrontal circuit. These data suggest that anxiety disorders may be usefully conceptualized as differentially affecting emotional reactivity and regulatory processes--functions that involve different neurobiological mechanisms. While the neural bases of several anxiety disorders are increasingly better understood, advances have lagged significantly behind in others. Nonetheless, the conceptual framework provided by convergent findings in studies of emotional processing in normative and anxiety-disordered populations promises to yield continued insights and nuances, and will likely provide useful information in the search for etiology and novel treatments.
Dissociable neural systems resolve conflict from emotional versus nonemotional distracters CEREBRAL CORTEX Egner, T., Etkin, A., Gale, S., Hirsch, J. 2008; 18 (6): 1475-1484
The human brain protects the processing of task-relevant stimuli from interference ("conflict") by task-irrelevant stimuli via attentional biasing mechanisms. The lateral prefrontal cortex has been implicated in resolving conflict between competing stimuli by selectively enhancing task-relevant stimulus representations in sensory cortices. Conversely, recent data suggest that conflict from emotional distracters may be resolved by an alternative route, wherein the rostral anterior cingulate cortex inhibits amygdalar responsiveness to task-irrelevant emotional stimuli. Here we tested the proposal of 2 dissociable, distracter-specific conflict resolution mechanisms, by acquiring functional magnetic resonance imaging data during resolution of conflict from either nonemotional or emotional distracters. The results revealed 2 distinct circuits: a lateral prefrontal "cognitive control" system that resolved nonemotional conflict and was associated with enhanced processing of task-relevant stimuli in sensory cortices, and a rostral anterior cingulate "emotional control" system that resolved emotional conflict and was associated with decreased amygdalar responses to emotional distracters. By contrast, activations related to both emotional and nonemotional conflict monitoring were observed in a common region of the dorsal anterior cingulate. These data suggest that the neuroanatomical networks recruited to overcome conflict vary systematically with the nature of the conflict, but that they may share a common conflict-detection mechanism.
View details for DOI 10.1093/cercor/bhm179
A role in learning for SRF: Deletion in the adult forebrain disrupts LTD and the formation of an immediate memory of a novel context NEURON Etkin, A., ALARCON, J. M., Weisberg, S. P., Touzani, K., Huang, Y. Y., Nordheim, A., Kandel, E. R. 2006; 50 (1): 127-143
Whereas significant insight exists as to how LTP-related changes can contribute to the formation of long-term memory, little is known about the role of hippocampal LTD-like changes in learning and memory storage. We describe a mouse lacking the transcription factor SRF in the adult forebrain. This mouse could not acquire a hippocampus-based immediate memory for a novel context even across a few minute timespan, which led to a profound but selective deficit in explicit spatial memory. These animals were also impaired in the induction of LTD, including LTD triggered by a cholinergic agonist. Moreover, genes regulating two processes essential for LTD-calcium release from intracellular stores and phosphatase activation-were abnormally expressed in knockouts. These findings suggest that for the hippocampus to form associative spatial memories through LTP-like processes, it must first undergo learning of the context per se through exploration and the learning of familiarity, which requires LTD-like processes.
Toward a neurobiology of psychotherapy: Basic science and clinical applications JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES Etkin, A., Phil, M., Pittenger, C., Polan, H. J., Kandel, E. R. 2005; 17 (2): 145-158
Psychotherapy is used commonly to treat a variety of mental illnesses, yet surprisingly little is known about its biological mechanisms especially in comparison with pharmacotherapy. In this review we survey the current knowledge about changes in brain function following psychotherapeutic intervention that are detectable with current neuroimaging techniques. We also consider the possible role for neuroimaging in refining clinical diagnoses and predicting treatment outcome, which would benefit both clinical decision-making and the cognitive neuroscience of psychotherapy.
Individual differences in trait anxiety predict the response of the basolateral amygdala to unconsciously processed fearful faces NEURON Etkin, A., Klemenhagen, K. C., Dudman, J. T., Rogan, M. T., Hen, R., Kandel, E. R., Hirsch, J. 2004; 44 (6): 1043-1055
Responses to threat-related stimuli are influenced by conscious and unconscious processes, but the neural systems underlying these processes and their relationship to anxiety have not been clearly delineated. Using fMRI, we investigated the neural responses associated with the conscious and unconscious (backwardly masked) perception of fearful faces in healthy volunteers who varied in threat sensitivity (Spielberger trait anxiety scale). Unconscious processing modulated activity only in the basolateral subregion of the amygdala, while conscious processing modulated activity only in the dorsal amygdala (containing the central nucleus). Whereas activation of the dorsal amygdala by conscious stimuli was consistent across subjects and independent of trait anxiety, activity in the basolateral amygdala to unconscious stimuli, and subjects' reaction times, were predicted by individual differences in trait anxiety. These findings provide a biological basis for the unconscious emotional vigilance characteristic of anxiety and a means for investigating the mechanisms and efficacy of treatments for anxiety.
A neuronal isoform of CPEB regulates local protein synthesis and stabilizes synapse-specific long-term facilitation in Aplysia CELL Si, K., Giustetto, M., Etkin, A., Hsu, R., Janisiewicz, A. M., Miniaci, M. C., Kim, J. H., Zhu, H. X., Kandel, E. R. 2003; 115 (7): 893-904
Synapse-specific facilitation requires rapamycin-dependent local protein synthesis at the activated synapse. In Aplysia, rapamycin-dependent local protein synthesis serves two functions: (1) it provides a component of the mark at the activated synapse and thereby confers synapse specificity and (2) it stabilizes the synaptic growth associated with long-term facilitation. Here we report that a neuron-specific isoform of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB) regulates this synaptic protein synthesis in an activity-dependent manner. Aplysia CPEB protein is upregulated locally at activated synapses, and it is needed not for the initiation but for the stable maintenance of long-term facilitation. We suggest that Aplysia CPEB is one of the stabilizing components of the synaptic mark.
Drugs and therapeutics in the age of the genome JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Etkin, A. 2000; 284 (21): 2786-2787
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United States. Army Pictorial Service5
United States. Army. Signal Corps4
United States. Office of War Information. Domestic Branch. Bureau of Motion Pictures4
United States. Navy2
Alexander, Donald, 1913-19931
Nonfiction films.[remove]47
Propaganda films.[remove]47
Short films.[remove]47
Sponsored films.13
Public service announcements (Motion pictures)7
more Genres »
You searched for: Format Moving Image Remove constraint Format: Moving Image Collection IUL Moving Image Archive Remove constraint Collection: IUL Moving Image Archive Genres Propaganda films. Remove constraint Genres: Propaganda films. Genres Nonfiction films. Remove constraint Genres: Nonfiction films. Genres Short films. Remove constraint Genres: Short films.
41. Western front (20:22)
Wilding Picture Productions
Begins with a short summary of American attitudes to the War in Europe and how the U.S. underestimated the militaristic tendencies of the Japanese. Argues that the Chinese have been fighting World ...
42. What makes a battle (13:57)
United States. Army Pictorial Service
Shows the planning and execution of the invasion of the Marshall Islands by the combined U.S. armed forces during World War II. Starts with praise for the American people for their efforts at build...
43. When work is done (09:04)
United States. Office of War Information. Domestic Branch. Bureau of Motion Pictures
Tells how Sylacauga, Alabama, a small town crowded with war plant workers, solved its housing and recreation problems.
44. Wings up (21:33)
United States. Army Air Forces. Motion Picture Unit, 1st
The story of the twelve weeks of discipline, concentrated study and hard work leading to graduation from the Officers' Candidate School of the U.S. Army Air Forces and the rank of second lieutenant.
45. Winning your wings (18:32)
Stewart, James, 1908-1997
Starring Lt. James Stewart, this WWII recruitment film shows jobs, training and education provided to men between the ages of 18 and 26 who enlist in the U.S. Army Air Forces.
46. Words for battle (07:54)
Olivier, Laurence, 1907-1989
Laurence Olivier's reading of passages from Milton, William Blake, Robert Browning, Rudyard Kipling and Abraham Lincoln accompany scenes of daily life in wartime Britain. The texts selected emphasi...
47. Youth farm volunteers (04:57)
Shows how the Extension Service of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture helped recruit and place young people from towns and cities on farms during World War II to combat farm labor shortage.
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Report: UEFA changed its Team of the Year formation specifically to include Cristiano Ronaldo
Yahoo Sports January 15, 2020
Cristiano Ronaldo is on the UEFA Team of the Year for a record 14th time. He might have had some help. (Photo by Nicolò Campo/LightRocket via Getty Images)
For the last decade, Cristiano Ronaldo making the fan-voted UEFA Team of the Year has not been controversial. It has been a formality.
This year, however, it looks like the Juventus superstar might have received a little help from European soccer’s governing body to make its top 11 for an unprecedented 14th year.
Did UEFA change its rules just to help Cristiano Ronaldo?
The 2019 UEFA Team of the Year was announced Wednesday, and there was Ronaldo yet again, alongside fellow staple Lionel Messi and, naturally, five players from Liverpool.
However, the team curiously used a 4-2-4 formation (four defenders, two midfielders, four forwards) that is rarely seen in today’s game. It was a notable change from last year’s team, which was a much more conventional 4-3-3 formation.
3️⃣ from the Netherlands 🇳🇱
5️⃣ from Liverpool 🔴
7️⃣ Newcomers 🆕
1️⃣1️⃣ stars 🌟
Your 2019 UEFA #TeamOfTheYear!
— UEFA (@UEFA) January 15, 2020
Mike Keegan of the Daily Mail reports that change was made by UEFA with one specific goal in mind: prevent Ronaldo from missing the team for the first time since 2006.
Ronaldo reportedly came in fourth in voting among forwards, so UEFA decided to roll ahead with four forwards rather than just the trio of Messi, Liverpool’s Sadio Mane and Bayern Munich’s Robert Lewandowski.
The change was at the expense of the No. 3 midfielder, Chelsea’s N’Golo Kante, and reportedly required some last-minute maneuvering to work Ronaldo into a team initially set to be announced last week.
That account was backed up by Tariq Panja of the New York Times, who also reported that UEFA chose to not publish voter data, another departure from last year.
So basically, UEFA changed its formation to include four forwards in a year in which Ronaldo was No. 4 and did all it could to not reveal he was No. 4.
From the Daily Mail:
A source said: “This is really not good. It is effectively vote rigging. Such is Ronaldo's popularity at a senior level within the organisation, alarm bells sounded when he did not make the cut and, as a result, the formation was changed. It makes you wonder what else they get up to.”
Of course, it’s quite likely that Ronaldo was easily among the top 11 vote-getters, though you’d imagine that’s easier to achieve as a goal-scoring forward.
A UEFA spokesperson reportedly defended the move by suggesting it was thanks to Portugal’s win in the inaugural Nations League final, and to “reflect the votes of the fans in parallel with the players' achievements in UEFA competitions.”
It might also be worth noting that Juventus president Andrea Agnelli is one of two club representatives on UEFA’s executive committee, the other being Paris Saint-Germain’s Nasser Al-Khelaifi.
Wolves snap up Ecuadorian talent Campana as Mendes link pays off again
Juventus boss Sarri casts doubt over Ronaldo availability for Roma clash
Ronaldo fitness for Juventus' Coppa quarter-final to be assessed on Wednesday
Priceless 15th century artwork restored with ‘humanoid sheep face’ prompts derision and debate
Ohio farmer who left the GOP over Trump's trade policies wants to unseat Representative Jim Jordan
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newsroom for the latest airline market intelligence
© 2020 AVIATOR
Air Lease Corporation Initiates Portfolio Sale of 19 Aircraft to Thunderbolt III Aircraft Lease Limited
11 November 2019 . 2 min read
LOS ANGELES, November 11, 2019 – Air Lease Corporation (the “Company” or “ALC”) announced today that the Company initiated the sale of a portfolio of 19 aircraft to Thunderbolt III Aircraft Lease Limited (“Thunderbolt III”), a newly formed entity, and Thunderbolt III has now completed its equity and debt financing transactions. The aircraft comprise a mix of narrowbody and widebody jet aircraft that, as of August 31, 2019, had a weighted average age of 9.7 years and were leased to 18 lessees based in 15 countries. ALC and its Irish affiliate, ALC Aircraft Limited, will act as servicers with respect to the aircraft and ALC will act as portfolio manager. ALC estimates that the process of transfer and sale of the majority of aircraft will occur progressively during Q4 2019 and Q1 2020.
The Thunderbolt III structure included two series of Fixed Rate Notes and Equity Certificates. Approximately 15.6865% of the Equity Certificates were purchased by the anchor investor which is an investment vehicle managed by ITE Management L.P. and approximately 5% of the Equity Certificates were purchased by ALC.
Proceeds from the issuance of the Notes and the Equity Certificates will be used to acquire the aircraft, fund certain accounts for the Notes and pay certain expenses.
“We are pleased to announce the closing of Thunderbolt III. This transaction allows ALC to efficiently sell 19 aircraft while retaining the customer relationships through our continued management of these aircraft. I would like to thank our team and the Thunderbolt III investors for making this a successful transaction,” said Gregory B. Willis, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of ALC.
Mizuho Securities acted as Global Coordinator, Mizuho Securities, BofA Securities and Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC acted as Joint Lead Structuring Agents and Joint Lead Bookrunners, Wells Fargo Securities acted as Joint Lead Bookrunner, and BNP PARIBAS, Citigroup, J.P. Morgan, MUFG, RBC Capital Markets, SOCIETE GENERALE and SunTrust Robinson Humphrey acted as Passive Bookrunners (for the Notes) and Co-Managers (for the Equity Certificates).
Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP acted as U.S. counsel to ALC and the Issuers, and Milbank LLP acted as U.S. counsel to the Global Coordinator, the Joint Lead Structuring Agents and the Joint Lead Bookrunners. EY acted as U.S. and Irish tax advisors. Walkers acted as Cayman Islands counsel and A&L Goodbody acted as Irish counsel. Vedder Price P.C. acted as counsel for ITE.
Canyon Financial Services Limited will act as the managing agent for the Issuers. Citibank, N.A. will act as trustee, security trustee, paying agent and operating bank. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. will also act as the liquidity facility provider. DealVector, Inc. will provide certain investor services for the holders of the Notes and Equity Certificates.
Fleet + TransactionsAmericasEurope
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TJLX
TJLX - 11 November 2019
Stellwagen Group Closes $45 Million Corporate Debt Facility
Investment to Strengthen AkzoNobel’s Global Position in Aerospace Coatings
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Frizzi 2 Fulci at Aberystwyth Arts Centre - the New Welsh Review Blog
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BLOG Devi Boulton
NWR Issue 109
Frizzi 2 Fulci at Aberystwyth Arts Centre
Maestro Fabio Frizzi and his six piece orchestra take one of the more obscure collaborations, the horror movie score, and offer something rarely experienced from modern Hollywood, even from the horror genre: the chance to hear live performances of music, written with the intent of invoking terror and revulsion at the monsters on screen.
Showcasing his almost exclusive partnership with the late filmmaker, Lucio Fulci and his series of Italian horror movies from the late seventies onwards, Frizzi’s work is reminiscent of the era’s fellow composers, of John Carpenter’s moody, evocative ‘Assault on Precinct 13’ (1976), to the discordant heart-breaking ‘Midnight Express’ (1978), delivered by Giorgio Moroder. A synthesiser-focused ensemble, with string and percussion additions, heavy mood-altering base and piercing vocals; but unlike his contemporaries, and akin to Fulci and Dario Argento’s unorthodox approach to their respective cinematic media, Frizzi takes these components and turns up the dial.
The combination of live music and film clips works perfectly. Utilising the most famous of Fulci’s works, notably, ‘Zombie 2’ (1979), ‘City of the Living Dead’ (1980) and ‘The Beyond’ (1981), the music soars rolling crescendos, mirroring both the confusion and terror of those on screen as they come face to face with all manner of zombies and demons. The girl having her eye impaled, as a zombie breaks relentlessly through the door, dragging her to her doom, or the classic underwater battle between zombie and shark, leave the audience uncertain over the potential victor but still stirred by the restless, relentless score.
‘Voci Da Nula’, the signature piece from ‘The Beyond’, arguably Fulci’s seminal work, deserves being singled out here. Strings flutter and race alongside the hearts of the main characters as they flee from the evil around them. The sudden final appearance of chanting vocals indicating the presence of insurmountable evil, a minor key change suggesting their ending is fast approaching, and it isn’t a happy one.
Yet amidst the crescendos reside surprising moments of elegance. The gruesome scene where a girl starts bleeding from her eyes is accompanied by a lone keyboard, the solo demonstrating empathy towards an unknown character, rare in a genre where most are served up as simple cannon fodder. The simultaneous experience is of the catharsis of her suffering combined with a deft beauty, the music flowing like an adagio.
Frizzi’s work here also provides contrast, away from his collaboration with Fulci. Scoring for Scooter McCrae’s ‘Saint Frankenstein’ (2015), the love scene between creator and creation evokes heartfelt emotion and tenderness, despite expect revulsion from the monster’s physical deformity. Single keyboard, Spanish guitars and soft percussion combine to play with our emotions, subconsciously teaching us the value of all our senses.
Personally, a special part was the step away from the horror. The collaboration between director Fulci and composer Frizzi began at the end of the spaghetti western era and the resulting works, ‘Four of the Apocalypse’ (1975) and ‘Silver Saddle’ (1978), treat the audience to the classic harmonica wails alongside the burning strings. These were reminiscent of Sergio Leone’s opaque wastelands from the spaghetti western era but utilised the full range of colour in the thematic pallet, resulting in movie masterpieces of style (even if their stories are flimsy in comparison to the more heralded director, Fulci).
It’s not hard to see why several Fulci works were unfairly tagged with the label ‘video nasty’ when they were first released. They are visceral and graphic in their violence. Yet the same cannot be said for Fabio Frizzi’s compositions for these movies, which have sophistication and texture. Passionate, unrelenting, honest, Frizzi’s scores roll like tsunamis of sound, before inverting and presenting something softer, yet no less terrifying. Unchecked by censors, his work is a testament to both his own vision and Fulci’s. His audience felt they too were turned inside out: the standing ovation at the end of the performance shows I wasn’t alone in that opinion.
Devi Boulton is a postgraduate candidate in the department of English and Creative Writing at Aberystwyth University. Her piece for us on Abertoir’s tenth anniversary exhibition of horror film posters, at Aberystwyth Arts Centre, was published this autumn.
‘Fabbio Frizzi in Concert’ was at Aberystwyth Arts Centre as part of the Abertoir horror festival programme on 10 November 2015.
previous blog: Harry Holland and NoFit State
next blog: Experimentica15, Chapter Arts Centre
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The purpose of the Fisheries Act is to maintain the sustainability and productively of the commercial, recreational and Aboriginal fisheries in Canada.
NEA staff have extensive knowledge and experience working with the Fisheries Act and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) staff who implement the Act, policies and review projects. Our fisheries biologists can guide your project through all requirements of the Fisheries Act including: aquatic impacts assessments, in-water works guidelines, permitting and approvals, DFO Self-Assessment, Request for Review, Application for Authorization, and Offsetting plans and monitoring.
Species at Risk Act (SARA)
The federal Species At Risk Act (SARA) was enacted in May 2005 and provides protection for federally-listed species. NEA has extensive experience with this act and the implications for public and private sector clients. Our expert staff has worked with Trent Severn Waterway and Environment Canada to develop solutions and monitoring plans for our clients when federally-listed endangered and threatened species are identified on their project site.
Migratory Birds Convention Act (MBCA)
The purpose of the Migratory Birds Convention Act (MBCA 1994) is to implement the Convention by protecting and conserving migratory birds, as populations and individual birds and their nests.
No work is permitted to proceed that would result in the destruction of active nests (i.e., nests with eggs or young birds), or the wounding or killing of bird species protected under the MBCA and/or Regulations under that Act.
Our staff staff can complete surveys for migratory bird nests within the appropriate timing window, as required.
Parks Canada Agency: Policies for In-water and Shoreline Works and Related Activities
The Parks Canada Agency manages environmentally and culturally important resources such as the Trent Severn Waterway and the Rideau Canal. In order to manage these features, Parks Canada has established policies for in-water and shoreline works. These policies apply to all shoreline properties when owners initiate development projects at or below the normal operational water level.
NEA staff have extensive experience on small residential to large commercial shoreline waterway developments. Our expert staff have a working relationship with Parks Canada Agency staff and can provide: the preparation of in-water and shoreline work permit applications, permitting and approvals guidance, aquatic data collection and environmental impact assessments (Basic Impact Analysis and Detailed Impact Analysis).
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OBD Scanners Reviews
What Transmission Do I Have?
August 1, 2019 April 28, 2019 by Tim Miller
What transmission does my car have? It is one of the most important questions you should ask when looking to buy an automobile. Whether you are seeking something new or used, the transmission of the car says a lot. It can also help a mechanic fix it sooner.
Automatic transmissions are considered more convenient since you do not have to shift gears.
Credit: upload.wikimedia.org
What are the different types of transmissions? Does it vary depending on if the automobile is a car or truck? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each transmission type?
1 Kinds of Vehicle Transmission
2 What Transmission Does My Car Have?
3 What Transmission Is In My Truck?
4 What Kind of Transmission Do I Have?
Kinds of Vehicle Transmission
There are two classic types of transmissions: automatic or manual.
Automatic transmissions have become the norm for new automobiles. However, if buying used you may still encounter a car with manual transmission.
Credit: en.wikipedia.org
Automatic transmissions are considered more convenient since you do not have to shift gears. They are also easier to drive because you do not have to start from a stop by using a clutch.
The primary types of transmissions that you will find in a new or used vehicle include:
● Traditional automatic transmission: Also known as a torque converter automatic, the kind of transmission is the most popular on the road. The transmission uses hydraulic fluid coupling or a torque converter to switch gears.
● Automated-manual transmission: Also known as a semi-automatic transmission, or by other less frequently used terminology. The automated-manual transmission uses a regular clutch along with gear configuration. Sensors and processors can also simulate manual gear shifting.
Automated-manual transmission uses a regular clutch along with gear configuration.
● Continuously variable transmission (CVT): The most significant difference with CVT transmissions compared to its counterparts is it uses belts or pulleys instead of traditional steel gears. Therefore, the shifting is usually very smooth. Like automated-manual transmissions, they are known for being right on fuel.
● Dual-clutch transmission (DCT): Another hybrid transmission that uses manual and automatic components. Unlike traditional automatic transmissions, it has no torque converter. Instead, it features two different shafts with their clutches.
● Direct shift gearbox (DSG): Like a dual-clutch transmission, it features two different clutches that disengage alternately. Like DCT transmission it provides smooth acceleration and fast shifting.
● Tiptronic transmission: A less common type of transmission primarily used in high performance and sporty vehicles. It is sometimes referred to as a manumatic. The transmission functions as a manual gearbox though with a torque converter instead of the standard clutch pedal.
What Transmission Does My Car Have?
There are a few different ways to suggest checking for car transmission types. The first step is to decide if you got a manual gearbox, automatic transmission, or a hybrid of the two. If the vehicle was built before the 1990s, it’s likely standard manual or automatic.
What transmission is in my car? If you have three pedals instead of two pedals you have a standard clutch. The three pedals represent the gas/accelerator, brake, and clutch.
Three pedals in a car represent the gas/accelerator, brake, and clutch.
You can also figure out if the car is manual if there is a shift stick in the center console. Most cars place their shift stick there though it could potentially be located on the dashboard next to the steering wheel as well.
If the vehicle only has two pedals and is older, you can almost guarantee it is a standard automatic. Some of the more specific types of automatic transmission, or hybrid transmissions, were not introduced in cars until the 2000s. It is especially true if the vehicle is not considered a luxury vehicle.
Also, while cars with an automatic transmission will have their shift bar or stick, it is usually located on the steering column. And the different gears will read things like R (for reverse) and D (for drive).
The driver may have a few different gears they can shift into (i.e., to a lower gear for mountain driving). However, for the most part, the different gears you can put the automobile in are basic.
What transmission does my car have? Start by checking to see how many pedals are on the driver side of the vehicle. Also, check for a shift stick in the center console. Those are the two most straightforward ways to check the transmission type.
What Transmission Is In My Truck?
Trucks, like cars, have got way more advanced in the 21st century. Though many of the more sophisticated hybrid transmissions were not available before the 90s, now they are far more common.
It is rarer to find a manual transmission in a truck that was built in the last 20 years. It just seems like auto manufactures just assumed people wanted automatic or hybrid options.
Hybrid transmissions are widely-used before the 1990s.
If the truck is far older than that, the chances are the truck has a stick. New trucks may operate on a hybrid system through those types of transmissions are more common in sports cars.
After checking for a clutch, you can check under the hood to see if you notice any pulleys or belts that may indicate the truck is using a more sophisticated drive system. However, belts are used for other parts of the vehicle, so that is not always indicative.
What transmission does my car have? An excellent place to check is the owner’s manual if you do not know much about cars. Your vehicle should come with one if you purchased new. If you bought used (and the previous owner doesn’t have it) – check online.
Car manuals can get found online, and the book will post everything from the transmission type to how to operate it. The manual will contain a complete visual breakdown of what’s under the hood. It will also describe the working components inside the vehicle.
What Kind of Transmission Do I Have?
Unless the vehicle is old, you should be able to track down an owner’s manual, even if you have to spend some money. There are other options like finding the VIN.
The VIN is a serial number specific to your automobile. It contains a series of letters and numbers which may not make any sense to you. However, each number and letter is code for something.
How to find out what transmission I have by VIN? The 17 character ID number will have a code for the transmission type. The VIN is usually located on a metal dash plate that can be seen from the outside of the windshield. It is generally on the driver’s side near the edge of the dashboard.
The 17 character ID number will have a code for the transmission type.
The VIN sometimes contains details about the transmission in its coding. For example, it may have an “A” for automatic or “M” for transmission. Different automobile manufacturers use different coding for the VIN, so this is not always consistent.
The transmission type is usually found in characters 4-8 of the VIN. These characters typically help explain the engine size of the automobile, body type, restraint system, GVWR and transmission. Therefore, we can check engine size by VIN number.
The problem is this is not universally consistent so you may stumble across a VIN that has incomplete details regarding a transmission type.
Newer model vehicles have more details in the VIN related to not only if the transmission is automatic or manual, but also specific type. Auto manufacturers have improved upon helping identify transmission types of recent years.
If all else fails to check with a mechanic, they are not able to immediately diagnose the transmission. They can at least get the VIN and look it up.
When you encounter transmission problems, you need to know more than just the year, make, and model. You also need to know the specific type of transmission because some makes and models feature multiple transmissions. A mechanic can help you figure this out.
Read more: OBD1 vs OBD2: The Definite Interpretation
https://help.edmunds.com/hc/en-us/articles/206102597-What-are-the-different-types-of-transmissions-
https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-features/here-are-different-types-automatic-transmissions
4 Types of Car Transmissions (and How They Work)
What Transmission Do I Have Tool
Categories Blog Tags Informative Articles, transmisison, what transmission do i have Post navigation
OBD1 vs. OBD2: Definite Interpretation and Comparison
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legalassistant
Tents are symbolic speech protected by the first amendment, just like flag burning.
Don't believe me? Take it from Civil rights attorney, Sam Cohen. He said, while advising the OWS protesters:
** "no Permit is required to erect tents below a certain size"
In SHAD Alliance v. Smith Haven Mall New York's highest court established that once private mall owners open their doors to noncommercial speech activity, they cannot exclude individuals entering the mall for that purpose on the basis of the content of their expression.
In Clark v CCNV the US Supreme Court allowed tents, but ruled that the denial of a permit to sleep in the tents was constitutional because the sleep itself was not part of the speech. In the dicta, they outlined a test to judge whether a case of public sleeping is protected or not. This test was cited by Judge Wood in NY while deciding...
Metropolitan Council, Inc. v. Safir*, An NY District Court Ruled that the NYPD **cannot ban** symbolic sleeping using the section 240.20[5] of the New York State Penal Code, which reads: "A person is guilty of disorderly conduct when, with intent to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof he obstructs vehicular or pedestrian traffic"
In Hotel Employees & Restaurant Employees Union v. City of New York Department of Parks & Recreation, the New York District court ruled that a private/public space could not be the scene of a protest but only because the private operators had a history of only allowing artistic displays.
Observations from the Above Case law Summaries and elsewhere:
1) Private property can be considered a "public forum" in NY (and many states) even in the case of shopping malls.
2) Both tents and Sleep are considered protected speech in public forums if they are "expressive".
3) As long as no one can show that the tent inherently block pedestrians, no restrictions can be placed on them
4) Zuccotti Park is legally not a park, but a "bonus plaza", not subject to parks regulations but to a city charter binding the owners to allow access 24 hours a day. (****source: NYPD and Commissioner Kelly)
Despite all this good news the city and property owner will probably use ambiguity about safety to get rid of the tents.
THE SOLUTION: Make the tent and your long-term occupation of the tent into protected speech. Start with a throw away tent with some stuff in it. Print on it in LARGE text something along the lines of the following:
NOTICE: This Tent and its 35 day Presence are Protected Speech Under Amendment 1 of the US constitution. It Will be Shifted periodically for Cleaning
STATEMENT: For 35 days, This Tiny Tent Will Stand Here Filled with People and the Trappings of Life (food, supplies, clothing) to Call Attention to the Plight of my Countrymen at the Hands of the Greedy for the Past 35 years.
tent should be illuminated from the inside by way of high intensity LED lights after dusk. This will prevent the cops shadows from blocking your flashlights in an after dark raid
It should be clear on an iPhone video that a cop (or cleaning crew) is violating your free speech when he/she tears it down.
make a statement about the statement your tent makes on camera and upload it to youtube as evidence that it is speech.
This first test tent should be conspicuously placed to grab police attention. Cameras need to be ready to record quickly. If they tear it down, upload the video to youtube and have the legal working group forward the evidence to the volunteer attorneys.
You will notice many legal sounding warnings about tents. OWS' own website says "erecting tents is unlawful". Many other references repeat various permutations of this phrase. Curiously missing is a corresponding law and section number. Perusing the city legal documents, you will not find any laws prohibiting tents. There is a section of the administrative code that requires permits for very large tents.
** http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NfM1tdgOkfE&feature=player_embedded#!&t=6m54s
***http://classweb.gmu.edu/jkozlows/ccnv.htm
****http://www.dnainfo.com/20110928/downtown/zuccotti-park-cant-be-closed-wall-street-protesters-nypd-says
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Battery Charging Systems and Power Supplies since 1978
Nortec Aviation
Nortec Industry
Nortec Defence
Nortec Electronics
Our company's history
Why Nortec
Markets and products
Nortec Electronics obtains ISO 9001:2015 certification
Ahrensburg, August 8th, 2018
Nortec Electronics GmbH & Co. KG, a global supplier of battery charging systems and power supplies today announced that it has been obtained from ÖHMI EuroCert® GmbH DIN EN ISO 9001:2015 certification. This international quality management system focuses on enhancing customer satisfaction and ensures a continuous improvement approach which is applied and maintained daily.
Attractive set solutions from battery charger and trickle-charger and RETTBOX® / RETTBOX®-AIR
Ahrensburg, February 2, 2015
Nortec Electronics and MARECHAL ELECTRIC (RETTBOX®) now offer several attractive set of solutions. These set’s combine the 12/24V battery charger and trickle-charger, RETTBOX® or RETTBOX®-AIR and the the appropriate coupler socket. All components are pre-wired and completely assembled before delivery.
Charger-/Trickle Charger EL24i designed for fire-fighting and rescue vehicles
Ahrensburg, August 1st, 2014
Nortec Electronics extends its range of reliable battery chargers and trickle chargers with a new version for search and rescue (SAR) applications called EL24i. It convinces through its high-quality workmanship and the striking design and is specially tailored to the specific needs of fire-fighting vehicles.
Joerg Weissbach new owner and managing director at Nortec Electronics
Ahrensburg, June 3th, 2013
We are pleased to announce that Mr. Joerg Stefan Weissbach (44) has taken over Nortec. This new appointment has come into effect at 1st of June 2013 and as a consequence the company name will change to Nortec Electronics GmbH & Co. KG.
Nortec Electronics GmbH & Co. KG • An der Strusbek 32B • 22926 Ahrensburg • Copyright © 2018 • Impressum and privacy policy
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Welcome to the Original Sin role-play network! To register for the website, please read and follow the Registration Page
The full website will not be viewable to you until you are properly registered and logged in. Your registration will be expedited if you join the IRC server after sending your e-mail and let us know!
Creation Rules
Game Etiquette
Your First Character
Playing a Teen
Realism vs. Fantasy
Purified House Rules
The world is a dark and secret place. Monsters lurk in the night, hidden by shadow and conspiracy.
Vampires, Werewolves, shapeshifters, and more haunt the streets of New York City. The throngs of humanity greatly outnumber them. In this, they have come together to form a tenuous pact to exist together and survive another night. The Traditions evolve, the Oath of the Moon bends, to accept a new reality. The All Night Society includes all creatures of the night.
Welcome to Original Sin.
Our server is a supernatural urban fantasy/horror game based on the rules presented in Chronicles of Darkness.
The primary change from the published material is the reduction of the supernatural population. The metropolitan area of New York City has a population over 20 million, so there are approximately 200-250 total supernaturals in the city, from vampires and werewolves to changelings and mages to immortals and promethean. The children of the night are outnumbered almost a million to one.
The All Night Society
In New York City, the various supernaturals have come to a provisional truce. Decades ago, they decided it was better to band together than die apart, and formed a haphazard coalition that grew over the years into a city council. The number of council members fluctuates, but rarely has more than 20 total members or less than 5. A leader is chosen by the council, usually one of their own, similar to a mayor. Sometimes strong, sometimes a figurehead; Kindred often call them Prince, Uratha often call them Alpha, Changelings often call them Monarch; but regardless of title, they are considered the pinnacle of the city's supernatural population.
The council appoints an office to enforce the laws of the night, usually called the Sheriff. The Sheriff appoints deputies as needed to assist in enforcement. The council also selects a Judge, when necessary, to oversee any disputes or questions about the interpretation or enforcement of law, and to make final rulings regarding guilt and punishment.
Each supernatural tends to superimpose their social structure over the city council. They often react in that light, and don't always fully understand each others' motives or logic. The Kindred talk of trading boons and harpies, while Uratha prepare for sacred hunts, and the Changelings reinforce the Bulwark of the city against the Gentry. They may help or hinder each other, but they return to the city council structure as it has worked best for them overall.
The city has laws that the council and leader have cobbled together, and sometimes change when leadership changes. Generally, keeping mortal authorities out of supernatural business, and adhering to the Judge are the primary laws that stay the same across the years.
In the end, the situation is tenuous and imperfect, creating divisions and contingency plans. There are always those who inevitably seek to rail against the system, but thankfully they have always been the minority, as survival in a city where mortals so dwarf the supernatural population is their chief concern.
Chronicles of Darkness, Vampire: the Requiem 2nd Edition, Werewolf: the Forsaken 2nd Edition, Changeling: the Lost (A mixture of 1st Edition and the playtest materials released to date), and Hunter: the Vigil using the updates from Mortal Remains.
The role-play style of our server is primarily social and player-based. Players create and explore their own personal storylines. Storytellers run scenes from time to time, but do not run every scene on the game. If you have any questions whatsoever regarding how the system works, come to #help and see an ST. We will be glad to help you.
Requirements for Play
1. We require new players to submit a basic mortal as their first character and play for 2 weeks before other character types are allowed. This is a trial period, and can be considered an application to the game itself. This gives you time to acclimate to the game environment, and to the other players. Please use this time for that purpose, and we will be glad to discuss more character options after the 2 week period has passed.
2. You must have access to the Chronicles of Darkness book. If you choose to play a supernatural character you must also have the book for that game. Books can be obtained from Drive-Thru RPG.
3. You must have the ability to connect to IRC and operate your chosen IRC client.
4. Approved sheets are required to play here. We are not a free-form server: an understanding of the book rules and keeping up to date with house rules is required. After creating your sheet on the website, you must connect to irc, join #help and talk to an ST to formally get approved for play.
Some things on this website may be inappropriate for children. Please only enter this site if you are 18 or over. We do not claim to be real vampires, hold cultist activities, or take anything that happens inside this game as real. So please, realize this is a fictional game and take everything in this site as game info or simply with a big grain of salt. If you don't like these rules, then please click the close button on your browser and have a nice day.
Otherwise, welcome to the Game!
© Original Sin Network 2001-2020
Reproduction of anything within this site is strictily forbidden.
-= Original Sin =-
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Other Books at ICA
Gay Latino Studies: A Critical Reader
The authors of the essays in this unique collection explore the lives and cultural contributions of gay Latino men in the United States, while also analyzing the political and theoretical stakes of gay Latino studies. In new essays and influential previously published pieces, Latino scholars based in American studies, ethnic studies, history, performance studies, and sociology consider gay Latino scholarly and cultural work in relation to mainstream gay, lesbian, and queer academic discourses and the broader field of Chicano and Latino studies. They also critique cultural explanations of gay Latino sexual identity and behavior, examine artistic representations of queer Latinidad, and celebrate the place of dance in gay Latino culture. Designed to stimulate dialogue, the collection pairs each essay with a critical response by a prominent Latino/a or Chicana/o scholar. Terms such as gay, identity, queer, and visibility are contested throughout the volume; the significance of these debates is often brought to the fore in the commentaries. The essays in Gay Latino Studies complement and overlap with the groundbreaking work of lesbians of color and critical race theorists, as well as queer theorists and gay and lesbian studies scholars. Taken together, they offer much-needed insight into the lives and perspectives of gay, bisexual, and queer Latinos, and they renew attention to the politics of identity and coalition.
Contributors. Tomás Almaguer, Luz Calvo, Lionel Cantú,, Daniel Contreras, Catriona Rueda Esquibel, Ramón García, Ramón A. Gutiérrez, Michael Hames-García, Lawrence La Fountain-Stokes, María Lugones, Ernesto J. Martínez, Paula M. L. Moya, José Esteban Muñoz, Frances Negrón-Muntaner, Ricardo L. Ortiz, Daniel Enrique Pérez, Ramón H. Rivera-Servera, Richard T. Rodríguez, David Román, Horacio N. Roque Ramírez, Antonio Viego
Michael Hames-García is Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of Oregon.
Ernesto Javier Martínez is Assistant Professor of Women’s and Gender Studies and of Ethnic Studies at the University of Oregon.
Back to History
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Posts Tagged ‘Daniel Defoe’
Crusoe & Friday and The Truth (Finale)
Tonight on Crusoe, everything was revealed. Why Jeremiah Blackthrone did what he did to Crusoe, and Crusoe finally found out the truth. Apparently, Jeremiah was Crusoe’s uncle. Crusoe’s father was actually William Blackthrone who was the sole heir of Blackthrone’s fortune. If the secret leaked out, all Blackthrone’s would be Crusoe’s and even if Crusoe died, all the fortune would go to Crusoe’s kids.
Jeremiah came to the island to finish Crusoe off, then went back to England and adopt Crusoe’s kids and just made sure that they didn’t live up to age to claim their rights. Good (and cunning) plan, and meanwhile Jeremiah sent out a group assasins to kill Friday and Crusoe, he and Crusoe’s brother in law went to Crusoe’s treehouse to search for the piece of paper that hold the truth. Frustrated because he couldn’t find it, Jeremiah burnt the treehouse down.
Luckily, rain fell down and there were some remains of the house. Crusoe found his bible and the hidden piece of paper. He tried to traded it with his (and Friday’s) freedom from the island. Jeremiah tricked Crusoe, he still wanted to kill Friday. Crusoe fought for it, and jumped down to the sea with Friday. So they were left in the island again. However, Jeremiah didn’t get his wish too, there was actually a sick man on the ship, and the disease was contageous. The whole ship wouldn’t make it back to England.
So Crusoe and Friday were still on the island, but sooner or later, Olivia (and perhaps with Suzannah and her kids) would come to the island to reunite or rescue Crusoe off the island. I haven’t read the book so I don’t know how the story ends on the novel. However, as for Crusoe the series, this episode is the finale. If you miss tonight’s episode, you can always catch up at nbc.com/crusoe or hulu.com/crusoe.
Tags: crusoe finale, crusoe friday, crusoe last episode, Daniel Defoe, drama, nbc, robinson crusoe, television, tv series, tv shows
Crusoe & Friday and The Hunt
This week on Crusoe, Crusoe was hunted by a tribe because the chief thought that Crusoe was enslaving Friday. Crusoe was captured but regardless what he said and what Friday said, the chief didn’t believe them. The Chief ordered them to fight each other until one of them died or they would be killed. Having no choice, Crusoe and Friday pretended to fight and when they had a chance, they took the chief hostage and ran away. The battle between them and the tribe members was inevitable.
Oh one more thing, Friday had a fling in this episode with one of the girl warrior from the tribe. Heh, it’s gonna be a nice little sub-plot.
Tags: Crusoe, crusoe friday tribe, Daniel Defoe, drama, nbc, robinson crusoe, television, tv shows
Crusoe & Friday and Crazy Captain
Tonight on Crusoe, the story doesn’t make much sense if you think about it, but if you aren’t too critical, the story is pretty good. The pirate captain who were supposed to be dead (from 1st episode) was actually alive and became a little loony. He found Crusoe and Friday who were trying to raise a flag to attract rescue ship. He chased them out and attacked them on their tree house with a toxic bomb. Crusoe fell down and the loony captain captured Friday to be his slave. He claimed to be the king of the island and wanted to build an island.
Crusoe, led by his hallucination (he was hallucinating that Suzanna, his wife) to go to the cave where the crazy captain lived. Friday found him and gave him the antidote for the toxin. But later the crazy captain found Crusoe still alive and sentenced Crusoe to be hung until death. Once they found opening, Crusoe and Friday attacked that crazy captain, and in the end the crazy captain died from gun powder explosion on his “throne room.”
It’s pretty nice to see Crusoe reunited with his wife, even though it’s only hallucination. In the end of the episode, they also showed that his wife was still waiting for Crusoe back in England. Three more episode and Crusoe is back to England. Don’t forget next week’s episode! 🙂
Tags: Crusoe, Daniel Defoe, drama, nbc, robinson crusoe, television, tv series, tv shows
Crusoe & Friday and The Games
On this episode, Crusoe and Friday’s friendship was again put on a test. Crusoe was a little smug believing that he was smarter than Friday, who was uneducated. He pointed out that he had to study algebra. Friday had a “manhood” test too on his tribe, and Crusoe wanted to know what it was because he thought whatever Friday could do at 12 years old, he could do it too.
There were a series of tests on Friday’s tribe: walking on hot coals, jousting, bungeejumping, and duelling with crocodile. Friday failed the last test because he was afraid; he watched the boy before him got attacked and injured by crocodile so he chickened out. He believed that he’d made his father dissapointed in him, not to mention the whole tribe. He was a failed warrior.
Crusoe on the other hand, wanted to prove that he was (slightly) better than Friday by doing all the challenges, except the last one because Friday refused to tell him what it was. He insisted in asking Friday what it was causing Friday to be a little touchy. Friday was angry because Crusoe took the test as a game, and it was very important and serious matter for Friday. When Crusoe found out that Friday failed the test, he encouraged Friday to re-do the test and pass it. Friday told him to forget it.
However, Crusoe fell into his own trap and landed on a tree branch hanging a few feet above a lake with a “giant killer crocodile” waiting to eat him. Because he was injured, Crusoe couldn’t hang on to the branch any longer, and he fell down. Friday had to let go of his fear and duelled the crocodile to save Crusoe. And of course, he passed this time. Here’s a clip from last night’s episode:
Again, if you missed this episode (like me), you can watch it on hulu.com/crusoe or nbc.om/crusoe. Four more episodes until Crusoe returns to England along with Friday. Stay tuned 🙂
Tags: Crusoe, crusoe friday, Daniel Defoe, drama, nbc, robinson crusoe, televisions, tv shows, watch crusoe
Crusoe & Friday and The Villains
Again, there is no Crusoe on TV tonight. On my previous post, I listed the schedule of the last 5 episodes of Cruose including the finale. Well, since I didn’t blog about last week’s episode, then I will write about it tonight. So Crusoe has been trying to help the captain Taylor whose ship had been taken over by the mutineers. The ship was broken though (see episode 4 recap here), but Olivia came and told Crusoe that the ship has been repaired and would sail in 48 hours. Captain Taylor and the prisoners had been moved to a brig on the ship.
Of course Crusoe was elated, because that ship could bring him back home. However, he knew that he would have to help captain Taylor. Crusoe believed that once captain Taylor’s reign was returned he would take him and Friday back to England. So, Crusoe and Friday made a plan to steal the mutineers boat and free the captain before they could leave the island. Olivia convinced Crusoe he needed her help to take the ship.
However, their plan didn’t go smoothly, a traitor in the captain’s crew spoiled their plans. Curious with the rest of the story? Watch the full episode at NBC.com/crusoe. Below is a clip from that episode, enjoy 😀
Tags: crusoe friday, Daniel Defoe, drama, nbc, olivia pirate girl, robinson crusoe, television, tv shows
Crusoe Moved to Saturday
Posted by: Peter on: December 5, 2008
Just a friendly reminder that Crusoe will not air tonight (Friday) because it has been moved permanently to Saturday at 8 pm EST. So tune in tomorrow night to NBC to watch the latest episode of Crusoe 🙂
Tags: Crusoe, crusoe friday, Daniel Defoe, drama, nbc, robinson crusoe, television, tv series, tv shows
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Архив метки: Land8 Media
Adzerk Launches AdOS, An App Store For Ad Tech
Adzerk, the ad-serving technology startup which raised $650K in seed funding this July, is launching its next phase, called adOS. The new platform is intended as an evolution of its current product, and is offering improved ad-serving code plus a marketplace where publishers can find third-party apps to install. Yep – it’s an app store for ad tech.
For publishers under 100 million impressions per month, Adzerk’s ad-serving technology is free, which is one way Adzerk aims to attract new interest. Currently, StackOverflow, Tippr, Land8 Media and StatSheet are using Adzerk, as are a number of ad networks. In many cases, however, Adzerk’s technology is being white-labeled, so the company can’t disclose the names of those users.
Adzerk started out as an internal, proprietary technology used in two niche ad networks run by founder James Avery – The Lounge and Ruby Row. Avery then spun out Adzerk to sell his software.
With AdOS, ad-serving technology is a part of the platform, but the big deal here is the new marketplace. When it launches publicly (it’s in private beta now), AdOS will feature around 100 “apps,” which includes things like targeting tools, other ad networks, features AdZerk itself offers (like the ability to manage an ad network), custom creatives and more.
By February or March, the company plans to release an SDK which will allow developers to create new custom creatives and sell them in the AdOS store. For example, Avery tells us of a creative in development that pulls in live Twitter data within the ad.
The core idea with AdOS is to solve the challenge for publishers where there are too many ad serving tools available for use, leading to confusion. AdOS, and its “app store” concept will help publishers find the tools they want, while also knowing that all those on the AdOS platform will work together. Want to use Google AdSense? You just click the little green “install” button and fill in the form. Want to install an ad network you’ve never used? You click the green “apply” button to sign up. It’s a one-stop shop.
AdOS is today launching into private beta, and will allow select publishers early access to the new platform for testing purposes. The public platform launch is planned for early next year.
Adzerk arrived this spring, after a beta period in 2010. As noted above, it has already raised $650K in seed funding, but will be looking to raise a Series A starting in Q1 2012. The plan is to use the new funding to double the size of its now nine-person team. Since its launch, Adzerk has gained “hundreds” of customers, says Avery, but the company won’t disclose the exact number.
Publishers interested in AdOS can sign up here.
Запись опубликована 12.12.2011 автором Mobile news chief editor в рубрике Market News с метками James Avery, Land8 Media, SDK.
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Photos / Mayanmar's Foreign Minister Photogallery
Mayanmar's Foreign Minister Photos
Last updated on Jan 3, 2008, 08.53
Myanmar's Foreign Minister in India
See more of: Meeting, Mukherjee, Pranab Mukherjee, External Affairs Minister, Myanmar's Foreign Minister, U Nyan Win, Win, U Nyan, External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee, Pranab, Mayanmar's Foreign Minister in India
See more of: Meeting, Mukherjee, Pranab Mukherjee, External Affairs Minister, Myanmar's Foreign Minister, U Nyan Win, Win, U Nyan, Visit to India, External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee, Pranab, Mayanmar's Foreigm Minister in India
See more of: Singh, Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, Meeting, Manmohan, U Nyan Win, Win, U Nyan, Mayanmar's Foreign Minister, Foreigm Minister, Visit to India, Primes Minister Manmohan Singh
See more of: Singh, Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, Meeting, Manmohan, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Myanmar's Foreign Minister, U Nyan Win, Win, U Nyan, Indian PM, Mayanmar's Foreign Minister
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Corrected Stories
The Paly Voice
Badminton suffers tight loss against Milpitas
Soumya Jhaveri and Marvin Zou
Palo Alto High School sophomore Jeffrey Mi prepares to serve the birdie to players from Milpitas High School in yesterday’s boys’ varsity one doubles badminton match. Mi and senior captain Tilak Misner went on to lose, 2-1. “I hope to play better in my next game,” Mi said. Photo: Soumya Jhaveri
The Palo Alto High School (1-3) badminton team suffered its tightest loss of the season yesterday at home as it was defeated by Milpitas High School (2-2) despite tying 15-15.
Paly lost the match despite scoring the same number of points because Milpitas won more games than the Vikings.
Paly’s loss was the result of a combination of several unforced errors and some calculated plays by the Trojans.
Viking Sophomore Jeffrey Mi and senior captain Tilak Misner lost their varsity doubles game in a close 2-1 match.
Junior Kevin Cox was able to come back to win his game 2-1 after a tight loss in the first game and was very happy with both the team’s and his performance.
“My game went pretty well,” Cox said. “I made a few mistakes. … I missed serves, but I was able to bring it back.”
The team has been training consistently under the leadership of new coach Kenny Chung and players have seen improvements in their games, according to Mi.
“This year we have a new coach, so we have a new training system, which I think is better because we do footwork a lot more,” Mi said.
Chung emphasized the hard work and dedication the players have put into their games this season and highlighted how this effort has shown each game.
“The team is getting a little bit more organized now,” Chung said. “It seems like the kids are training really hard for this game.”
Junior Joyce Yun commented on the performance of the team as a whole, stating that the team has started to become more focused on consistency.
“The team has been working on our consistency, and we’ve been bringing that to each game, this one included,” Yun said.
Cox says the team’s performance overall has been exceptional despite a few setbacks along the way.
“The team has been doing phenomenally in all the games that we’ve won, but we have lost a significant amount,” Cox said. “We’re going to do our best to win the rest of our games this season.”
Moving forward, the team will look to bounce back from this tight loss when they play their next league match against Milpitas (2-2) at 3 p.m. on Thursday at Lynbrook High School.
jeffrey mi
joyce yun
kenny chung
kevin cox
milpitas high school
paly badminton
Tilak Misner
About the Writers
Soumya Jhaveri, Editor-in-Chief
Soumya was previously the Voice's News Editor. Her journalism work outside of Voice involves serving as the Editor-in-Chief of [proof] magazine; serving...
Marvin Zou, Sports Editor
What's YOUR favorite winter snack?
Hot Chocolate (44%, 81 Votes)
Sugar Cookie (19%, 35 Votes)
I don't like snacks! (16%, 29 Votes)
Egg Nog (8%, 15 Votes)
Candy Cane (8%, 14 Votes)
Pan Dulce (6%, 12 Votes)
Palo Alto High School 27 - Palma High School 20
Girls' Water Polo
Palo Alto High School 8 - Gunn 11
Palo Alto High School 3 - Mountain View 0
Palo Alto High School 3 - Los Altos 4
Palo Alto High School 3 - Homestead 0
Palo Alto High School 8 - Mountain View 10
Girls' Field hockey
Palo Alto High School 2 - Monta Vista 0
Palo Alto High School 3 - Gunn 0
Boys' Water Polo
Wrestling: Paly defeats Lynbrook in first home meet
Boys’ basketball: Vikings defeat Gunn in rivalry game
Girls’ soccer takes home first conference win of season
Girls’ basketball wins first game of the season
Season Preview: Boys’ soccer team aims to place top three in league
Season Preview: Boys’ basketball team has high hopes after early-season win
Season Preview: Girls’ basketball team hopeful despite losing players
First CCS win in decades: Girls’ cross country advances to states
CCS 2019 Football Semifinals Video Recap: Palo Alto vs Oak Grove
Football: Vikings close out a strong season after falling to Oak Grove in semi-finals
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For Talent Teams
Back to our Blog
Travel Managers: Don't Let Your Travelers Get Decision Fatigue
Written by Megan Kratzman on November 26, 2019
There's a well-known proverb that tells us less is more. We’re not sure who came up with the saying, but whoever it was clearly wasn’t a supplier in the travel industry.
Today, travelers have more choices than ever about how to customize their trip experience from when to travel, to which air or hotel provider to use, to what type of seat or room to book. While the increase in choices can seem like a good thing, it can also be overwhelming.
In 2006, social psychologist Roy Baumeister coined the term decision fatigue to describe the phenomenon in which the more decisions a person is forced to make, the more depleted the ability to make quality decisions can become. Behavioral economists have since linked decision fatigue to reduced ability to compromise, increased decision avoidance, greater impulse purchasing and impaired self-regulation.
If true, consider the impact decision fatigue could be having on your organization. At Pana, we've broken down the anatomy of a trip—from choosing a supplier, to selecting rate types, to planning arrival and departure—and found that the average traveler makes more than 70 different decisions when they’re coordinating a trip. That’s on top of the estimated 35,000 decisions a working professional might have to make in a single day.
This amounts to a big problem. Not only do current processes to coordinate a trip take up a traveler's time, but the volume of choices involved can also make the traveler a worse decision maker in the areas that are critical to job success and personal wellbeing.
For guest travel, we see an even greater potential for decision fatigue to set in, because those booking a trip are typically unfamiliar with an organization’s travel policy and can be uncertain about which choices are the correct ones to make.
At Pana, we've decided to do something about it. Our new automated rules engine allows us to take into account factors like the seniority level of the traveler, the length of travel, location, and route, in order to make decisions on behalf of a traveler. The rules engine can cater to simple policy decisions, such as what airline cabin class or hotel property and room type are approved. But it can also make behavior decisions that, for instance, steer a senior-level executive to a different hotel than one a university recruit might choose or to the best airport to use to get to a meeting.
It's an enhancement that’s allowed the booking process to be reduced to 45 seconds on average per traveler to organize centrally billed air, car, hotel and incidentals. As a result, ratings for booking with Pana currently stands at 4.95 star rating out of 5 among guests who've experienced the automation engine.
We like to think of it as making a million copies of you, the travel manager, and putting you in the pocket of your travelers so that they make the optimal decision...without the fatigue.
Create a world-class interview and onboarding experience while cutting down on email back-and-forth.
Deliver a streamlined and centralized process for all of your non-profiled and guest travelers.
Remove the complexity of travel for marketing events, advisory boards, off-sites, all-hands meetings, and more.
Companies big and small trust Pana with their mission-critical travel.
Real humans and modern technology delivering extraordinary business travel.
3459 Ringsby Court
sales@pana.com
support@pana.com
Copyright © 2019 Pana Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Get Mitch’s Exclusive Free Picks every week!
Cincinnati Bengals at Cleveland Browns - 12/8/19 NFL Pick, Odds, and Prediction
Photo by Charles LeClaire-USA TODAY Sports
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Randy Chambers December 7, 2019 12:55 am
Cincinnati Bengals (1-11) at Cleveland Browns (5-7)
NFL Football: Sunday, December 8, 2019 at 1:00 pm (FirstEnergy Stadium)
The Line: Cleveland Browns -7 -- Over/Under: 41.5
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The Cincinnati Bengals and Cleveland Browns meet Sunday in week 14 NFL action at FirstEnergy Stadium.
The Cincinnati Bengals look to play spoiler while winning their second game of the season. The Cincinnati Bengals have lost all five road games this season. Andy Dalton is completing 60.3 percent of his passes for 2,495 yards, 10 touchdowns and eight interceptions. Dalton and Ryan Finley have combined for 12 touchdowns and 10 interceptions. Tyler Boyd and Auden Tate have combined for 1,317 receiving yards and four touchdowns while Alex Erickson has 30 receptions. The Cincinnati Bengals ground game is averaging 78 yards per contest, and Joe Mixon leads the way with 643 yards and two touchdowns. Defensively, Cincinnati is allowing 24.8 points and 405 yards per game. Nick Vigil leads the Cincinnati Bengals with 94 tackles, Carlos Dunlap has 5.5 sacks and Jessie Bates III has two interceptions.
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The Cleveland Browns need their sixth win of the season to save their playoff hopes. The Cleveland Browns have won their last three home games. Baker Mayfield is completing 60 percent of his passes for 2,917 yards, 15 touchdowns and 14 interceptions. Mayfield has at least one interception in nine of his 12 games this season. Jarvis Landry and Odell Beckham Jr. have combined for 1,724 receiving yards and seven touchdowns while Nick Chubb has 31 receptions. The Cleveland Browns ground game is averaging 122.7 yards per contest, and Chubb leads the way with 1,175 yards and seven touchdowns. Defensively, Cleveland is allowing 22.7 points and 337.3 yards per game. Joe Schobert leads the Cleveland Browns with 103 tackles, Myles Garrett has 10 sacks and Juston Burris has two interceptions.
The Bengals are 8-2 ATS in their last 10 games as a road underdog, 8-2 ATS in their last 10 road games and 17-8 ATS in their last 25 vs. AFC. The Browns are 7-3 ATS in their last 10 vs. AFC North, 11-23-1 ATS in their last 35 home games and 2-5-1 ATS in their last 8 games overall. The under is 12-3-2 in Bengals last 17 games overall. The under is 18-8-1 in Browns last 27 home games. The Bengals are 5-0 ATS in their last 5 meetings in Cleveland and 8-1 ATS in their last 9 meetings. The favorite is 7-1 ATS in their last 8 meetings. The road team is 4-1 ATS in their last 5 meetings.
This may be the stay away game of the week, as it's hard to make a case for the Cincinnati Bengals these days, but the Cleveland Browns continue to be one of the more underachieving teams in the league and just laid an egg last week against a third straight quarterback. The good news is the Bengals have been a covering machine on the road have their starting quarterback back. I just can't lay a full touchdown with a Browns team that finds ways to lose each week. If the Browns lost this game outright, it would surprise nobody. If you force me to pick, I'd grab the touchdown with the Bengals, but passing would be the better option.
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Randy’s Pick Cincinnati Bengals +7
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AUTHOR: Randy Chambers
Randy has covered sports betting since 2014 and writes about everything from NFL to WNBA.
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Drunkblogging Tonight's GOP Debate
By Stephen Green 2012-01-19T19:44:33
4:44PM When Ed Driscoll reminded me this afternoon that there was another GOP debate tonight, the first thing I said was a string of obscenities so offensive, my monitor now displays whites as a kind of sickly yellow. But then I remembered Marianne Gingrich, Mitt's South Carolina poll implosion, Herman Cain's endorsement of "all Americans," ABC News declaring itself a wholly-owned subsidiary of the DNC, President Obama speaking at Fantasy Land (!) just a day or so after throttling the XL pipeline, and I thought...
...man, I'm gonna need a bigger string of obscenities.
4:46PM Also, Roger L. Simon is live on the scene, filing reports directly from SC. I don't know what Roger is drinking, but tonight it's nothing but Bombay Sapphire martinis for me. Just a touch a dry vermouth, and a nice twist rubbed 'round the rim of the glass.
4:51PM Over at The Other McCain, Smitty is sober-blogging, the poor guy.
4:52PM For the record, I do not want to see Mitt's tax returns. But I wouldn't mind seeing his colorist.
4:55PM The biggest disadvantage of watching these things on CNN rather than FOX is, I don't learn nearly as much as I'd like to know about reverse mortgages.
4:57PM I have Wolf Blitzer's tie.
4:59PM I'm betting Wolf has some money in the Caymans.
5:00PM Why is a CNN reporter interviewing a CNN reporter? This is news?
5:01PM "Welcome to the South... the heart of the Republican Party..."
Really? Did CNN really just say that?
5:02PM Pro Tip: Defeating Mitt Romney in Iowa is like defeating me in drinking tea.
5:04PM Ron Paul is wearing yet another bespoke suit. Newt is looking... like a guy who I can't believe ever had even one wife ever. Mitt's posture is weak. Santorum looks like a guy who just won a state where they lost a bunch of ballots.
Where's Rick Perry? Did I miss something?
5:04PM DWL: I know Perry dropped out.
5:06PM "Welcome to Berkeley, California, the heart of the Democratic Party... "
5:07PM Mitt: "I'm married now 42 years." And to just the one woman, he didn't need to say.
5:08PM RON PAUL.
5:09PM To Newt: Did you really want an open marriage?
Newt: "No [I don't want to respond to that], but I will." Crowd goes wild.
5:10PM Newt: I am appalled that you would begin a presidential debate on a topic like that.
Crowd goes wilder.
5:11PM Newt: "As close to despicable as anything I can imagine."
John King looks embarrassed to be breathing. But I've watched his old Sunday show on CNN, and so I've seen that look a lot.
5:11PM Newt: "You and your staff chose to start this debate with that."
5:12PM Newt: "I'm tired of the MSM protecting Barack Obama by attacking Republicans."
Wonder what we'll be talking about tomorrow.
5:13PM Santorum: "I thank God for forgiveness... " but... Yeah, he went with the Big But.
5:13PM MItt: "Let's get on to the real issues."
5:13PM RON PAUL: BAWK BAWK BAWK BAWK.
5:14PM RON PAUL: "My wife of 54 years..."
5:14PM So, all that just happened.
5:15PM To RON PAUL: Washington could put people back to work by "getting out of the way." Also, gold standard BAWK BAWK BAWK BAWK.
5:17PM Newt: Repeal Dodd-Frank to create jobs. Also, drill, baby, drill.
Although there's an argument to be made he's done enough of that already.
Sorry. I shouldn't go there. But you know I'll go there again at least one more time.
5:18PM Newt: Bain Capital ruined the steel industry or something.
I grew up in the steel industry, and that just isn't so.
5:19PM Mitt: "[Obama] has been practicing crony capitalism."
Once again -- and this is almost always the case -- Mitt draws first blood on Obama. It's been his trademark in these debates.
5:20PM Mitt: "My view is capitalism works."
Not exactly Reaganesque, is it?
5:21PM MItt: "There's nothing wrong with profit."
5:22PM Santorum: "I believe in capitalism, too." Except, apparently, for rich people. This is not a very coherent answer, but he seems to like capitalism -- just not capitalists.
5:24PM Should DC be promoting job credits for vets?
5:25PM RON PAUL: "To some degree."
Principled libertarianism! Some intervention, but just the right amount! RON PAUL.
5:27PM Santorum: "We have and should continue to have veterans preferences."
5:28PM Mitt: Wants the states to help vets, with DC money.
5:30PM Hey, they're letting Newt talk again! He's not on camera, so I can only imagine how much John King is cringing.
5:31PM Q: Can ObamaCare be repealed or reversed in its entirety?
5:32PM Except that wasn't the question, because King is asking his own question that isn't at all what the gentleman from the audience asked.
So you know what? John King -- shut up for just a damn second. If you're going to take audience questions, then shut your damn trap and take an audience question, you prima donna mofo.
5:34PM Newt: "If you've watched Washington and you aren't skeptical, you haven't learned anything."
Now Newt is arguing that ObamaCare will be a big part of the fall campaign, which is a sneaky way to undercut Mitt. Nicely done, Newt.
5:35PM Newt: "Elect us, and your kids will be able to move out because they'll have work!"
5:36PM Rick going after Mitt on RomneyCare. There's a federalism issue that the candidates gleefully ignore -- but it IS still Mitt's Achilles heel.
5:38PM I ran out of martini before the first commercial break. Who's going to do a blogger a favor?
5:40PM Wow. Now Mitt is schooling Rick on Medicaid.
This is an interesting debate. I must be drunk.
5:41PM Newt: I'm the one who got Rick's ideas on HSA's made into actual law.
Dude.
Santorum is nodding along without much to say.
5:42PM Rick: But ObamaCare bad.
He's not answering Newt's charges.
5:42PM Newt: "I figured out I was wrong; you didn't."
5:42PM RON PAUL: "Thank you! [for finally letting me speak]"
5:43PM RON PAUL: "Chances are, we can't" repeal ObamaCare.
5:44PM RON PAUL: Will pay for everything by cutting back on the military, which on Monday he promised he wouldn't cut.
RON PAUL!
5:49PM The stage just looks so empty. Maybe CNN could get cameo appearances from Bachmann, Perry, Cain, Du Pont, Paul Lynde. Something.
5:50PM Rick: "Grandiosity has never been a problem for Newt Gingrich."
That is the first and maybe last Santorum line that I will remember the next day.
5:51PM Pro Tip: Rick, you'd have spent more money if you had had more money, so stop making it a point to tell people you have no money.
5:52PM Newt: I worked with Ronald Reagan.
5:52PM Newt: "I think grandiose thoughts; this is a grandiose country."
What a line!
5:53PM Rick: "I will not give [Newt] his due on execution" of his ideas.
5:54PM Rick is just nailing Newt on House ethics and the 94 win.
5:55PM And now Newt is defending his record of taking on business-as-usual in Congress, and "busy being a rebel."
This is good stuff, and largely forgotten.
5:55PM So far, this is the Newt & Rick Show. And it's not a bad show.
5:56PM MItt has "lived in the real streets of America."
He said that. Really.
5:57PM Nice moment where Mitt couldn't remember the original question and neither could Newt.
5:58PM Newt: "When I was speaker, we went back to the Ronald Reagan playbook."
5:58PM Newt just took credit for setting the stage for Mitt's financial success.
5:59PM Mitt: I never said, "Thank heavens for Washington, DC."
Well done. Well done.
5:59PM Q: When will you release your tax returns?
6:00PM RON PAUL: "I'd be embarrassed."
No need for jokes. No need to see a candidate's tax returns.
6:01PM MItt just kicked his toe in the dirt and said, "if I have to."
6:01PM Mitt is going after Obama again. It's tagline stuff, but delivered pretty well.
6:02PM Newt: "If there's anything in [MItt's taxes] that will lose the election... "
6:03PM Rick: "I don my own taxes, and they're on my computer." And, "When I get home, you'll get my taxes."
6:04PM I'm so tired of this tax return BS.
6:06PM John King: I dare you all you say bad things about Apple Computer, which the young people love.
6:06PM Rick: I'd cut taxes to make Apple even awesomer than it already is.
(For the record, I, VodkaPundit, am a total Apple fanboy.)
6:08PM RON PAUL: "The way you ask the question infers... "
No, RON PAUL, it implies.
6:11PM 70 minutes in, and just one break. I'm earning my salary tonight.
6:11PM A SOPA question!
6:12PM Newt: "You're asking a conservative about the economic interests of Hollywood."
I think Newt has been reading Instapundit.
6:12PM The GOP, by and large, is so RIGHT about SOPA -- and techies will still give and vote overwhelmingly to Democrats who love SOPA.
6:14PM Every single candidate on this stage hates SOPA. Damnit, techies, what's wrong with you?
6:14PM Excuse me. Rick Santorum only mostly hates SOPA.
And the techies will latch on to that as they write their checks to Obama 2012.
6:21PM And... we're back. If you aren't following me on Twitter, you're missing the stuff I can't put up, even on the drunkblog.
6:21PM Q: What would you have done differently?
6:21PM Newt: I'd have been even Newtier.
6:22PM Mitt: I'd have worked to get 25 more votes in Iowa.
6:23PM Rick: "I wouldn't change a thing."
If Newt said this, everyone would call him an egotist.
6:23PM RON PAUL: BAWK BAWK BAWK BAWK
6:24PM Q: Something about illegal aliens and/or amnesty. Audience member just not ready for primetime, and I mean no insult -- that's a lot of pressure.
6:25PM Newt: I'd build a fence even bigger than the bill I'd pass. Or something.
6:27PM For what it's worth, I think Newt is more correct on amnesty than any other candidate on this stage.
6:28PM MItt: I would like to change the subject, and build a very big fence.
6:29PM Rick: I am "the son of an immigrant."
6:31PM This is Santorum's problem: He feels things very deeply... and then I stop caring because he seems so really very deep.
6:32PM Mitt: I'm tougher than Newt and nicer than Rick.
6:34PM RON PAUL: BAWK BAWK BAWK... and then some stuff about incentives.
Folks, I was once an earnest and well-meaning Libertarian. But then I realized that time is precious and ideas must be practical. And I also quit smoking pot.
6:36PM Newt went after John King again. And it makes me relike him again in spite of myself -- every time.
6:38PM Now Newt & Mitt are talking very specific details about abortion and MA law... and suddenly I'm more exhausted than drunk. Just a moment ago, it was so the other way around.
6:40PM Rick: I know many technical details about legal abortions under RomneyCare.
6:45PM I know I should be keeping up, but the legal nuances of abortion confound me. I think English common law got this one exactly right ages ago -- and now both sides, pro and con, will pillory me as they see fit.
6:47PM Commercial break, and do I need one.
6:51PM John King: "I wish I could stay all night."
And... I just released another unprintable stream of profanities.
6:52PM Last call on tonight's debate...
6:52PM And here is where RON PAUL comes into his moment, talking about spending and debt and what happens if we don't get the budget under control.
6:53PM Newt... wants to "thank" CNN? Really?
6:55PM MItt: "It's an absolutely critical election."
And to prove it, he can quote the Declaration of Independence, and hoo-ra for the military, and... it's really just a tasty smorgasbord of talking points.
6:56PM Rick: "I agree with Governor Romney."
So he's tying Romney to his sicking ship? That's just mean!
7:02PM Wow. It's over. Lots of energy, lots of BS.
CNN promised something like a free-for-all, and totally failed to deliver. Instead we got... a debate with some good moments, most of which were over-shone by John King's seeming desire to be the corpse at every wedding and the bride at every funeral.
He intro'd the debate badly, and got schooled -- first by Newt, and then by everybody. And then he intro'd audience questions, which he then attempted to sidestep. And then he spent a substantial fraction of the debate talking about abortion issues which have yet to play any part in the national debate.
So, as a debate, there were moments of... almost goodness. As an episode of the John King Show... it was about as awful as you'd expect, except maybe more so.
https://pjmedia.com/blog/drunkblogging-tonights-gop-debate-2/
Progressives Treat the Unequal as Equal
Dems Destroyed Their Argument For More Evidence
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Justia Patents US Patent Application for Channel estimation for wireless communication Patent Application (Application #20070104253)
Channel estimation for wireless communication
Techniques for deriving channel estimates with different channel estimation filters are described. In one scheme, a filter selection metric is determined for a signal to be recovered, a channel estimation filter is selected based on the filter selection metric, and a channel estimate is derived with the selected channel estimation filter. In another scheme, a first channel estimate is derived with a first channel estimation filter having a first filter response, a first signal is recovered with the first channel estimate, and interference due to the first signal is estimated and removed. A second channel estimate is derived with a second channel estimation filter having a second filter response that is different from the first filter response.
CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119
The present Application for Patent claims priority to Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/707,673, entitled “SNR Sensitive Channel Estimation for Advanced Receivers,” filed Aug. 12, 2005, assigned to the assignee hereof, and expressly incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to communication, and more specifically to techniques for performing channel estimation.
In a wireless communication system, a transmitter typically processes (e.g., encodes and modulates) traffic data to generate data symbols. In a coherent system, the transmitter multiplexes pilot symbols with the data symbols, processes the multiplexed data and pilot symbols to generate a modulated signal, and transmits the modulated signal via a wireless channel. The wireless channel distorts the transmitted signal with a channel response and further degrades the signal with noise and interference.
A receiver receives the transmitted signal and processes the received signal to obtain input samples. For coherent data detection, the receiver estimates the response of the wireless channel based on received pilot symbols and derives a channel estimate. The receiver then performs data detection on the input samples with the channel estimate to obtain detected symbols, which are estimates of the data symbols sent by the transmitter. The receiver then processes (e.g., demodulates and decodes) the detected symbols to obtain decoded data.
The quality of the channel estimate may have a large impact on data detection performance and may affect the quality of the detected symbols as well as the reliability of the decoded data. There is therefore a need in the art for techniques to derive a high quality channel estimate for wireless communication.
Techniques for deriving channel estimates with different channel estimation filters are described herein. According to an exemplary embodiment, an apparatus is described which includes at least one processor and a memory. The processor(s) determine a filter selection metric for a signal to be recovered, select a channel estimation filter based on the filter selection metric, and derive a channel estimate with the selected channel estimation filter.
According to another exemplary embodiment, an apparatus is described which includes at least one processor and a memory. The processor(s) derive a first channel estimate based on pilot symbols and with a first channel estimation filter. The processor(s) recover a first packet with the first channel estimate and regenerate data symbols for the first packet. The processor(s) derive a second channel estimate based on the data symbols and with a second channel estimation filter, and obtains a third channel estimate based on the first and second channel estimates.
According to yet another exemplary embodiment, an apparatus is described which includes at least one processor and a memory. The processor(s) derive a first channel estimate with a first channel estimation filter having a first filter response, recover a first signal with the first channel estimate, and estimate and remove interference due to the first signal. The processor(s) derive a second channel estimate with a second channel estimation filter having a second filter response that is different from the first filter response.
Various aspects and exemplary embodiments of the invention are described in further detail below.
FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication system.
FIG. 2 shows a frame format and a slot format in W-CDMA.
FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a base station and a terminal.
FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a CDMA modulator at the terminal.
FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a receive (RX) processor at the base station.
FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an RX processor with different channel estimation filters for pilot and data symbols.
FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of an RX processor with interference cancellation.
FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a transmitter and a receiver for a MIMO transmission.
FIG. 10 shows a process for recovering a signal.
FIG. 11 shows a process for recovering a signal with different channel estimates.
FIG. 12 shows a process for recovering multiple signals.
The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any exemplary embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other exemplary embodiments.
FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication system 100. For simplicity, FIG. 1 shows only one base station 110 and three terminals 120. A base station is generally a fixed station that communicates with the terminals and may also be called a Node B, an access point, a base transceiver station (BTS), or some other terminology. A base station may communicate with one or more terminals on the downlink and uplink. The downlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the base station to the terminals, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers to the communication link from the terminals to the base station.
A terminal may be stationary or mobile and may also be called a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a user terminal, a subscriber unit, or some other terminology. A terminal may be a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless device, a wireless modem card, a handheld device, or some other device or apparatus. In the following description, the terms “terminal” and “user” are used interchangeably.
On the downlink, base station 110 may transmit one or more downlink signals to terminals 120. Each downlink signal may reach each terminal 120 via one or more signal paths, which may include a direct path and/or reflected paths. The reflected paths are created by reflections of radio waves due to obstructions (e.g., buildings, trees, vehicles, and other structures) in the wireless environment. Each terminal 120 may receive multiple instances or copies of each downlink signal. Each received signal instance is obtained via a different signal path and has a particular complex gain and a particular time delay determined by that signal path. The received signal at each terminal 120 is a superposition of all received signal instances for base station 110.
On the uplink, each terminal 120 may transmit one or more uplink signals to base station 110. Each uplink signal may reach base station 110 via one or more signal paths. The received signal at base station 110 is a superposition of all received signal instances for all terminals transmitting on the uplink.
The channel estimation techniques described herein may be used for various communication systems such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on. A CDMA system may implement a radio technology such as cdma2000, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD), or UTRA Time Division Duplexing (TDD). cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. UTRA FDD is also referred to as Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA). A TDMA system may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). These various radio technologies and standards are known in the art. UTRA FDD, UTRA TDD, and GSM are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 is described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). 3GPP and 3GPP2 documents are publicly available.
The channel estimation techniques may be used for downlink and uplink transmissions and may be implemented at a base station as well as a terminal. For clarity, the techniques are described below for uplink transmission in W-CDMA.
FIG. 2 shows a frame format in W-CDMA. The timeline for transmission is divided into radio frames. Each radio frame has a duration of 10 milliseconds (ms) and is identified by a 12-bit system frame number (SFN). Each radio frame is further partitioned into 15 slots, which are labeled as slot 0 through slot 14. Each slot has a duration of 0.667 ms and includes 2560 chips at 3.84 Mcps. Each ratio frame is also partitioned into five subframes. Each subframe has a duration of 2 ms and includes 3 slots.
FIG. 2 also shows a slot format for an uplink dedicated physical channel (DPCH) used by a terminal to send traffic and other data on the uplink. The uplink DPCH includes a dedicated physical data channel (DPDCH) that carries traffic data and a dedicated physical control channel (DPCCH) that carries pilot and control data. A radio link for a terminal may include zero, one, or multiple DPDCHs and only one DPCCH.
Each slot of the DPCCH includes a pilot field, a transport format combination indicator (TFCI) field, a feedback information (FBI) field, and a transmit power control (TPC) field. The pilot field carries pilot symbols. The TFCI field carries format information used to recover the traffic data. The FBI field carries feedback from a terminal to a base station, e.g., for transmit diversity. The TPC field carries power control information to direct the base station to adjusts its transmit power for downlink transmission to the terminal. The number of bits in each field is zero or greater and is determined by a slot format selected for use.
FIG. 2 also shows a slot format for an E-DCH DPDCH (E-DPDCH) that carries traffic data and an E-DCH DPCCH (E-DPCCH) that carries control data. A radio link for a terminal may include zero, one, or multiple E-DPDCHs and at most one E-DPCCH.
FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of base station 110 and terminal 120, which is one of the terminals in FIG. 1. At terminal 120, a transmit (TX) data processor 310 receives data packets, processes (e.g., encodes, interleaves, and symbol maps) each packet, and generates data symbols. A packet may also be referred to as a transport block, a frame, and so on. A data symbol is a symbol for data, a pilot symbol is a symbol for pilot, and pilot is data that is known a priori by both the terminal and base station. The data and pilot symbols may be modulation symbols from a signal constellation for PSK, QAM, or some other modulation scheme. TX data processor 310 also appends a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value to each packet, which is used to determine whether the packet is decoded correctly or in error. A CDMA modulator 320 processes the data symbols and pilot symbols and provides output chips to a transmitter (TMTR) 330. Transmitter 330 processes (e.g., converts to analog, amplifies, filters, and frequency upconverts) the output chips and generates an uplink signal, which is transmitted from an antenna 332.
At base station 110, an antenna 352 receives the uplink signals from terminal 120 as well as other terminals via direct and/or reflected paths. Antenna 352 provides a received signal to a receiver (RCVR) 354. Receiver 354 processes (e.g., filters, amplifies, frequency downconverts, and digitizes) the received signal and provides input samples to an RX processor 360. Within RX processor 360, a CDMA demodulator (Demod) 362 processes the input samples and provides detected symbols, which are estimates of the data symbols sent by terminal 120. CDMA demodulator 362 may implement a rake receiver and/or an equalizer, each of which can combine energy from multiple signal paths. An RX data processor 364 processes (e.g., symbol demaps, deinterleaves, and decodes) the detected symbols and provides decoded data. In general, the processing by CDMA demodulator 362 and RX data processor 364 is complementary to the processing by CDMA modulator 320 and TX data processor 310, respectively, at terminal 120.
Controllers/processors 340 and 370 direct operation of various processing units at terminal 120 and base station 110, respectively. Memories 342 and 372 store data and program codes for terminal 120 and base station 110, respectively.
FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of CDMA modulator 320 at terminal 120. Within CDMA modulator 320, a spreader 412 spreads data symbols for the DPDCH with a channelization code Cd and provides data chips. Spreader 412 repeats each data symbol to generate N replicated symbols, where N is the length of code Cd. Spreader 412 then multiplies the N replicated symbols with the N chips of code Cd to generate N data chips for the data symbol. A multiplier 414 multiplies the output of spreader 412 with a gain factor βd for the DPDCH. A multiplier 416 multiplies the output of multiplier 414 with iqd, which may be +1 or j, and provides chips for the DPDCH. A spreader 422 spreads pilot and control symbols for the DPCCH with a channelization code Cc. A multiplier 424 multiplies the output of spreader 422 with a gain factor βc for the DPCCH. A multiplier 426 multiplies the output of multiplier 424 with iqc=j and provides chips for DPCCH.
A spreader 432 spreads data symbols for the E-DPDCH with a channelization code Ced. A multiplier 434 multiplies the output of spreader 432 with a gain factor βed for the E-DPDCH. A multiplier 436 multiplies the output of multiplier 434 with iqed=+1 or j and provides chips for the E-DPDCH. A spreader 442 spreads control symbols for the E-DPCCH with a channelization code Cec. A multiplier 444 multiplies the output of spreader 442 with a gain factor βec for the E-DPCCH. A multiplier 446 multiplies the output of multiplier 444 with iqec=+1 and provides chips for the E-DPCCH.
A summer 448 sums the chips from multipliers 416, 426, 436 and 446 and provides complex-valued chips. A scrambler 450 multiplies the output of summer 448 with a scrambling code Sdpch,n for terminal 120 and provides output chips.
In general, zero, one or more DPDCHs and zero, one or more E-DPDCHs may be sent on each of the inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) paths. Each DPDCH is spread with a different channelization code Cd having a length of 4 to 256 chips, which correspond to 960 to 15 kbps, respectively. Each E-DPDCH is spread with a different channelization code Ced having a length of 2 or 4 chips, which correspond to 1920 or 960 kbps, respectively. The DPCCH is sent on the Q path and is spread with a 256-chip channelization code Cc. The DPCCH carries 10 symbols in each slot, and the pilot field may carry 3 to 8 pilot symbols. The E-DPCCH is sent on the I path and is spread with a 256-chip channelization code Cec.
The gain factors βd and βed determine the amount of transmit power to use for traffic data. The gain factors βc and βec determine the amount of transmit power to use for pilot and control data. A traffic-to-pilot ratio (TtoP) is the ratio of traffic power to pilot power and may be given in units of decibel (dB) as: TtoP=20·log10(βd/βc) or 20·log10(βed/βec). The traffic-to-pilot ratio is typically selected to achieve good channel estimation performance and may range, e.g., from 0 to 20 dB.
Base station 110 may estimate the response of the uplink channel for terminal 120 based on pilot symbols and/or data symbols sent by the terminal. Base station 110 may derive a pilot-based channel estimate with the pilot symbols, which may be sent using code division multiplexing as shown in FIG. 4. Base station 110 may derive a data-based channel estimate with the data symbols, e.g., after a packet has been successfully decoded.
In general, channel estimation performance is affected by two competing factors—noise suppression and channel tracking. For a slowly varying channel, it is desirable to derive a channel estimate with as many symbols as possible since the channel gains change slowly and the quality of the channel estimate typically improves by using more symbols. For a fast fading channel, it is desirable to derive a channel estimate with fewer symbols since channel variation limits the number of symbols that can be coherently combined. Similarly, it is desirable to derive a channel estimate with more symbols for a low SNR channel and with fewer symbols for a high SNR channel.
In an exemplary embodiment, channel estimates are derived with different channel estimation filters designed for different channel conditions. The channel conditions may be quantified by SNR, mobility, fading, and/or other factors, and may be explicitly or implicitly determined as described below.
The channel estimation filters may be implemented with various designs. In an exemplary embodiment, the channel estimation filters are implemented with finite impulse response (FIR) filters, as follows: H ~ m ( n , k ) = ∑ i = 0 L m - 1 W m ( i , k ) · H ^ ( n - i , k ) , Eq ( 1 )
where Ĥ(n,k) is an initial channel gain estimate for tap k in slot n,
Wm (i,k) is a filter coefficient for tap k in slot i of channel estimation filter m,
{tilde over (H)}m (n,k) is a filtered channel gain estimate for tap k in slot n with filter m, and
Lm is the length of filter m.
In another exemplary embodiment, the channel estimation filters are implemented with infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, as follows:
{tilde over (H)}m(n,k)=αm·{tilde over (H)}m(n−1,k)+(1−αm)·{tilde over (H)}(n,k), Eq (2)
where αm is a coefficient that determines the amount of averaging. A large value of αm corresponds to more averaging, and a small value of αm corresponds to less averaging. The channel estimation filters may also be implemented with other types of filters.
M different channel estimation filters may be defined for m=1, . . . , M, where M>1. For FIR filters, each channel estimation filter has a specific filter length Lm and a specific set of filter coefficients Wm(i,k). Different coefficients may be used for different taps, so that Wm(i,k) is a function of tap index k. Alternatively, the same coefficient may be used for all taps, so that Wm(i) is not a function of tap index k. For IIR filters, each channel estimation filter has a different coefficient αm.
In general, any number of channel estimation filters may be defined for any channel conditions. In an exemplary embodiment, two channel estimation filters are implemented with FIR filters. The first filter has a length of two slots and the same coefficient for both slots, or L1=2 and W1(0,k)=W1(1,k). The second filter has a length of three or four slots and different coefficients for the slots. The first filter may be used for high SNR, high mobility, and/or fast fading. The second filter may be used for low SNR, low mobility, and/or slow fading.
In an exemplary embodiment, a suitable channel estimation filter is selected from among all available channel estimation filters based on a filter selection metric. This metric may relate to SNR, mobility, fading, and/or other factors. In an exemplary embodiment, the metric indicates whether a channel estimate is derived based on pilot symbols or data symbols. In another exemplary embodiment, the metric corresponds to the traffic-to-pilot ratio. A power control mechanism may adjust the transmit power such that the pilot SNR is maintained at a target SNR, which may be −20 dB or some other value. The data SNR may be determined based on the pilot SNR and the traffic-to-pilot ratio. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the metric corresponds to a packet format selected for use. Different packet formats may be associated with different code rates and/or modulation schemes and may require different SNRs for reliable decoding. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the metric corresponds to an SNR determined based on received pilot symbols and/or received data symbols. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the metric relates to mobility (or Doppler spread), which may be estimated with pilot correlation or in some other manners known in the art. The metric may also be defined in other manners.
FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an RX processor 360a, which is an exemplary embodiment of RX processor 360 in FIG. 3. Within RX processor 360a, a pilot despreader 512 despreads the input samples (e.g., with channelization code Cc for the DPCCH) and provides despread pilot symbols. A unit 514 removes the modulation on the despread pilot symbols and provides channel gain estimates. A channel estimation filter 516 receives the channel gain estimates and a filter selection metric. Filter 516 selects a suitable filter from among all possible filters based on the metric. Filter 516 then filters the channel gain estimates with the selected filter, e.g., as shown in equation (1) or (2), and provides a pilot-based channel estimate, CHP.
A data despreader 522 despreads the input samples (e.g., with channelization code Cd for the DPDCH or channelization code Ced for the E-DPDCH) and provides despread data symbols. A demodulator/decoder 524 performs data detection on the despread data symbols with the pilot-based channel estimate to obtain detected symbols. Unit 524 further deinterleaves and decodes the detected symbols to obtain decoded data. A CRC checker 526 checks each decoded packet and determines whether the packet is decoded correctly or in error.
FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an RX processor 360b, which is another exemplary embodiment of RX processor 360 in FIG. 3. RX processor 360b includes despreaders 512 and 522, pilot modulation removal unit 514, channel estimation filter 516, demodulator/decoder 524, and CRC checker 526, which operate as described above for FIG. 5.
If a packet is decoded correctly, then an encoder/modulator 528 processes (e.g., encodes, interleaves, and modulates) the decoded packet in the same manner as terminal 120 and provides regenerated data symbols. A unit 534 removes the modulation on the despread data symbols with the regenerated data symbols and provides data-based channel gain estimates Ĥd (n,k). A channel estimation filter 536 filters the channel gain estimates Ĥd (n,k) and provides a data-based channel estimate, CHD. The channel gain estimates Ĥd (n,k) from unit 534 may be derived from many data symbols that have been correctly decoded and re-encoded and may thus be more reliable than the pilot-based channel gain estimates Ĥp (n,k) from unit 514. Hence, filter 536 may implement a filter that can provide good performance for high SNR.
A combiner 538 receives the pilot-based channel estimate CHP from filter 516 and the data-based channel estimate CHD from filter 536. Combiner 538 may select one of the two channel estimates or may combine the two channel estimates. Combiner 538 may provide the data-based channel estimate if certain criteria are satisfied and may provide the pilot-based channel estimate otherwise. For example, combiner 538 may provide the data-based channel estimate if it is available and not stale (e.g., obtained within a predetermined number of slots), if the traffic-to-pilot ratio is above a particular threshold, and so on. Combiner 538 may also combine the pilot-based and data-based channel estimates, e.g., if the traffic-to-pilot ratio is within a particular range, and may disable combining otherwise. A decision on whether to combine or not combine may be made based on the qualities of the two channel estimates, which may be inferred from the traffic-to-pilot ratio. Good performance may be achieved by combining the channel estimates if their SNRs are similar and by using the better channel estimate if their SNRs are sufficiently different. Combiner 538 may weigh the pilot-based and data-based channel estimates (e.g., based on the SNRs of these channel estimates) and then combine the weighted channel estimates. Combiner 538 may also perform unweighted averaging of the pilot-based and data-based channel estimates. In any case, combiner 538 provides a channel estimate for demodulator/decoder 524.
Base station 110 may receive uplink transmissions from multiple terminals. In an exemplary embodiment, base station 110 processes the input samples from receiver 354 independently for each terminal, e.g., as shown in FIG. 5 or 6, to recover the uplink transmission from that terminal. In this exemplary embodiment, the uplink transmission from each terminal acts as interference to the other terminals.
In another exemplary embodiment, base station 110 recovers the uplink transmissions using interference cancellation. In this exemplary embodiment, base station 110 processes the input samples from receiver 354 to recover the uplink transmission from one terminal, estimates the interference due to this terminal, and subtracts the interference from the input samples to obtain input samples for the next terminal. Base station 110 may recover the uplink transmission from each remaining terminal in the same manner. By removing the interference from terminals that are successfully decoded, higher SNRs may be achieved for terminals that are recovered later.
FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of an RX processor 360c, which performs interference cancellation and is yet another exemplary embodiment of RX processor 360 in FIG. 3. RX processor 360c includes despreaders 512 and 522, modulation removal units 514 and 534, channel estimation filters 516 and 536, combiner 538, demodulator/decoder 524, CRC checker 526, and encoder/modulator 528, which operate as described above for FIG. 6 except for the following differences. First, despreaders 512 and 522 receive input samples for terminal u. These input samples may or may not be the input samples from receiver 354 depending on whether or not terminal u is the first terminal being recovered. Second, channel estimation filter 516 (instead of combiner 538) provides a pilot-based channel estimate, CHPu, for terminal u to demodulator/decoder 524. Third, channel estimation filter 536 provides a data-based channel estimate, CHDu, for terminal u.
If a packet is decoded correctly for terminal u, then encoder/modulator 528 processes the decoded packet and provides regenerated data symbols for terminal u. A CDMA modulator 540 then spreads and scrambles the regenerated data symbols (and possibly pilot and control symbols) and generates output chips for terminal u. A channel emulator 542 receives the output chips from CDMA modulator 540 and a channel estimate from combiner 538, convolves the output chips with the channel estimate, and provides an interference estimate for terminal u. Channel emulator 542 simulates the effects of the wireless channel for terminal u. An interference subtraction unit 544 subtracts the interference estimate from the input samples for terminal u and provides input samples for the next terminal u+1.
In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the data-based channel estimate CHDu from filter 536 is used to derive an interference estimate for terminal u. The data-based channel estimate may also be used for demodulation and decoding for terminal u in similar manner as shown in FIG. 6. For example, whenever a packet is decoded correctly, the data-based channel estimate is derived from the regenerated data symbols for this packet and used for interference estimation for the present packet as well as demodulation/decoding for the next packet.
Combiner 538 may combine pilot-based and data-based channel estimates using any of the criteria described above for FIG. 6 and/or other criteria applicable for interference cancellation. For example, combiner 538 may provide the pilot-based channel estimate for the first stage or the first few stages. Combiner 538 may provide the data-based channel estimate or may combine the pilot-based and data-based channel estimates for the remaining stages.
FIG. 7 shows the processing for one terminal in one stage. U terminals may be processed sequentially in U stages, one terminal in each stage. The first stage processes the input samples from receiver 354 for the first terminal and provides input samples for the second stage. Each subsequent stage processes the input samples from a preceding stage for one terminal and provides input samples for the next stage.
The terminals may also be processed with parallel interference cancellation. In this case, all terminals may be processed in the first round. The interference from all terminals successfully decoded in the first round may be estimated and subtracted from the input samples. Terminals not successfully decoded in the first round may then be processed again using the interference-canceled input samples. The processing may continue until all terminals are successfully decoded or the interference from all successfully decoded terminals has been canceled. A combination of sequential and parallel interference cancellation may also be performed. In this case, the terminals may be arranged into groups, e.g., based on their SNRs. The groups may be processed sequentially, and the terminals in each group may be processed in parallel.
With interference cancellation, the SNR of each terminal is dependent on the stage/order in which the terminal is recovered. The SNR of the first terminal may be the worst since no interference has been removed. The SNR of the next terminal may be better since the interference from the first terminal has been removed. The SNR of the last terminal may be the best since the interference from all prior terminals have been removed. In general, SNR progressively improves the later a terminal is recovered.
A large variation in SNRs may be present in the symbols used to derive channel estimates. The large SNR variation may result from interference cancellation and/or from using different types of symbols, e.g., pilot symbols and data symbols, for channel estimation. The channel estimation filtering may be matched to the variation in SNRs to obtain higher quality channel estimates.
The channel estimation filters for each terminal may be selected based on the SNR for that terminal, which may be dependent on the stage/order in which the terminal is recovered as well as where within the stage the filters are used. For the first terminal with the worst SNR, channel estimation filter 516 may be for low SNR, and channel estimation filter 536 may be for low or medium SNR. For each subsequent terminal, filters 516 and 536 may be for progressively higher SNR. In general, filter 516 for successively later stages may be for progressively higher SNR. Filter 536 for successively later stages may also be for progressively higher SNR. For any given stage, filter 536 may be for higher SNR than filter 516. The particular filters to use for each stage may be appropriately selected from among all channel estimation filters available for use.
The channel estimation techniques described herein may also be used for data sent with hybrid automatic repeat request (H-ARQ). With H-ARQ, a transmitter sends one or multiple transmissions for a packet until the packet is decoded correctly by a receiver or the maximum number of transmissions has been sent for the packet. H-ARQ improves reliability for data transmission and supports rate adaptation for packets in the presence of changes in channel conditions. For a packet sent with H-ARQ, demodulator/decoder 524 may store all transmissions for the packet, combine the stored transmissions with a current transmission, and demodulate and decode the combined transmission to recover the packet. Different channel estimation filters may be used for different transmissions of a given packet, which may be associated with different SNRs.
The channel estimation techniques described herein may be used for single-input single-output (SISO), single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input single-output (MISO), and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmissions. Single-input refers to the use of a single transmit antenna, and multiple-input refers to the use of multiple transmit antennas for data transmission. Single-output refers to the use of a single receive antenna, and multiple-output refers to the use of multiple receive antennas for data reception.
FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a transmitter 810 and a receiver 850 for MIMO transmission. For downlink transmission, transmitter 810 may be part of base station 110, and receiver 850 may be part of terminal 120. For uplink transmission, transmitter 810 may be part of terminal 120, and receiver 850 may be part of base station 110. Transmitter 110 is equipped with multiple (T) transmit antennas. Receiver 850 is equipped with multiple (R) receive antennas.
At transmitter 810, a TX data processor 820 processes data packets and generates S streams of data symbols, where 1≦S≦min {T, R}. Each packet may be sent in one stream or across multiple streams. A TX spatial processor 822 multiplexes pilot symbols with the data symbols, performs spatial mapping on the multiplexed symbols, and provides T output chip streams to T transmitters 824a through 824t. Each transmitter 824 processes its output chip stream and generates a modulated signal. T modulated signals from transmitters 824a through 824t are transmitted from antennas 826a through 826t, respectively.
At receiver 850, R antennas 852a through 852r receive the modulated signals from transmitter 810, and each antenna 852 provides a received signal to a respective receiver 854. Each receiver 854 processes its received signal and provides input samples. Within an RX processor 860, an RX spatial processor 862 performs MIMO detection on the input samples and provides detected symbols. An RX data processor 864 further processes (e.g., deinterleaves and decodes) the detected symbols and provides decoded packets.
Controllers/processors 830 and 870 control the operation at transmitter 810 and receiver 850, respectively. Memories 832 and 872 store data and program codes for transmitter 810 and receiver 850, respectively.
FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of an RX processor 860a, which is an exemplary embodiment of RX processor 860 in FIG. 8. RX processor 86a recovers the transmissions from transmitter 810 with successive interference cancellation (SIC).
For the first stage 910a, a channel estimator 912a derives a channel estimate CH1, e.g., based on pilot symbols. A MIMO detectors 914a performs MIMO detection on the R streams of input samples from receivers 854a through 854r and provides detected symbols D1 for the first data stream being recovered. MIMO detectors 914a may implement zero-forcing (ZF), minimum mean square error (MMSE), or some other MIMO detection scheme. A demodulator/decoder 916a demodulates, deinterleaves and decodes the detected symbols to obtain a decoded packet and further determines whether the packet is decoded correctly or in error.
If the packet is decoded correctly, then an encoder/modulator 918a encodes, interleaves and modulates the packet to regenerate the data symbols. A channel estimator 924a derives a data-based channel estimate CHD1 based on the regenerated data symbols and the detected symbols D1. A combiner 926a selectively combines the channel estimate CH1 from channel estimator 912a and the data-based channel estimate CHD1 from channel estimator 924a and provides a channel estimate CH2. An interference estimator 920a estimates the interference due to the decoded packet based on the regenerated data symbols and the channel estimate CH2. An interference subtraction unit 922a subtracts the interference estimate from the input samples and provides input samples for the next stage.
Each subsequent stage may perform processing on the input samples for that stage with the channel estimate from the prior stage, in similar manner as the first stage. Each stage provides input samples and channel estimate for the next stage.
The SNR generally improves for later stages. Different channel estimation filters may be used for channel estimators 912 and/or 924 in different stages and may be selected based on the SNRs for these stages. In general, filter 924 for successively later stages may be for progressively higher SNR. The particular filter to use for each stage may be appropriately selected from among all channel estimation filters available for use.
FIG. 10 shows an exemplary embodiment of a process 1000 for recovering a signal with a selectable channel estimation filter. A filter selection metric is determined for a signal to be recovered (block 1012). The filter selection metric may be determined based on whether pilot symbols or data symbols are used to derive a channel estimate, a traffic-to-pilot ratio for the signal, an order in which the signal is recovered among multiple signals to be recovered, an SNR of the signal, mobility, and/or other information. A channel estimation filter is selected based on the filter selection metric (block 1014). Multiple channel estimation filters with different lengths and/or frequency responses may be available, e.g., for different SNR ranges. A suitable channel estimation filter may be selected, e.g., based on the SNR explicitly or implicitly indicated by the filter selection metric. A channel estimate is derived with the selected channel estimation filter (block 1016). The signal is then recovered with the channel estimate (block 1018).
FIG. 11 shows an exemplary embodiment of a process 1100 for recovering a signal with different channel estimates. A first channel estimate is derived based on pilot symbols and with a first channel estimation filter (block 1112). A first packet is recovered with the first channel estimate (block 1114). Data symbols for the first packet are regenerated (block 1116). A second channel estimate is derived based on the data symbols and with a second channel estimation filter (block 1118). A third channel estimate is obtained based on the first and second channel estimates (block 1120). The second channel estimate may be provided as the third channel estimate, e.g., if the quality of the second channel estimate exceeds the quality of the first channel estimate by a predetermined amount, which may be determined by a traffic-to-pilot ratio. The first and second channel estimates may also be combined, with or without weighting, and provided as the third channel estimate. In any case, a second packet is recovered with the third channel estimate (block 1122).
FIG. 12 shows an exemplary embodiment of a process 1200 for recovering multiple signals. A first channel estimate is derived with a first channel estimation filter having a first filter response (block 1212). A first signal is recovered with the first channel estimate (block 1214). Interference due to the first signal is estimated (block 1216) and removed (block 1218). A second channel estimate is derived with a second channel estimation filter having a second filter response that is different from the first filter response (block 1220). A second signal is recovered with the second channel estimate (block 1222).
For block 1216, the first signal may be regenerated. A third channel estimate may be derived based on the regenerated first signal and with a third channel estimation filter having a third filter response that is different from the first filter response. A fourth channel estimate may be obtained based on the first and third channel estimates, e.g., by (1) combining the first and third channel estimates if a traffic-to-pilot ratio is within a particular range or (2) providing the first or third channel estimate as the fourth channel estimate otherwise. The interference due to the first signal may be derived with the fourth channel estimate.
Additional signals may be recovered in similar manner as the second signal. The signals may be from different transmitters, e.g., different terminals. The signals may also correspond to different data streams in a MIMO transmission.
Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention.
The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is in communication with (e.g., coupled to) the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.
The previous description of the disclosed exemplary embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these exemplary embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other exemplary embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the exemplary embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
1. An apparatus comprising:
at least one processor to determine a filter selection metric for a signal to be recovered, to select a channel estimation filter based on the filter selection metric, and to derive a channel estimate with the selected channel estimation filter; and
a memory in communication with the at least one processor.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor recovers the signal with the channel estimate.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the filter selection metric indicates whether pilot symbols or data symbols are used to derive the channel estimate.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the filter selection metric comprises a traffic-to-pilot ratio for the signal.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the filter selection metric indicates an order in which the signal is recovered among a plurality of signals to be recovered.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the filter selection metric indicates a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the signal.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor selects the channel estimation filter from among a plurality of channel estimation filters having different lengths.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor selects the channel estimation filter from among a plurality of channel estimation filters having different filter responses.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor selects a first channel estimation filter if the filter selection metric indicates a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) within a first range of SNRs, and selects a second channel estimation filter if the filter selection metric indicates a SNR within a second range of SNRs.
10. A method comprising:
determining a filter selection metric for a signal to be recovered;
selecting a channel estimation filter based on the filter selection metric; and
deriving a channel estimate with the selected channel estimation filter.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
recovering the signal with the channel estimate.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the determining the filter selection metric comprises
determining the filter selection metric based on whether pilot symbols or data symbols are used to derive the channel estimate, a traffic-to-pilot ratio for the signal, an order in which the signal is recovered. among a plurality of signals to be recovered, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the signal, or a combination thereof.
13. An apparatus comprising:
means for determining a filter selection metric for a signal to be recovered;
means for selecting a channel estimation filter based on the filter selection metric; and
means for deriving a channel estimate with the selected channel estimation filter.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising:
means for recovering the signal with the channel estimate.
15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the means for determining the filter selection metric comprises
means for determining the filter selection metric based on whether pilot symbols or data symbols are used to derive the channel estimate, a traffic-to-pilot ratio for the signal, an order in which the signal is recovered among a plurality of signals to be recovered, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the signal, or a combination thereof.
at least one processor to derive a first channel estimate based on pilot symbols and with a first channel estimation filter, to recover a first packet with the first channel estimate, to regenerate data symbols for the first packet, to derive a second channel estimate based on the data symbols and with a second channel estimation filter, to obtain a third channel estimate based on the first and second channel estimates, and to recover a second packet with the third channel estimate; and
17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor provides the second channel estimate as the third channel estimate if quality of the second channel estimate exceeds quality of the first channel estimate by a predetermined amount.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor determines whether the quality of the second channel estimate exceeds the quality of the first channel estimate by the predetermined amount based on a traffic-to-pilot ratio.
19. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor combines the first and second channel estimates to obtain the third channel estimate.
20. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor weighs the first channel estimate with a first weight determined by quality of the first channel estimate, weighs the second channel estimate with a second weight determined by quality of the second channel estimate, and combines weighted first and second channel estimates to obtain the third channel estimate.
deriving a first channel estimate based on pilot symbols and with a first channel estimation filter;
recovering a first packet with the first channel estimate;
regenerating data symbols for the first packet;
deriving a second channel estimate based on the data symbols and with a second channel estimation filter;
obtaining a third channel estimate based on the first and second channel estimates; and
recovering a second packet with the third channel estimate.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the obtaining the third channel estimate comprises providing the second channel estimate as the third channel estimate if quality of the second channel estimate exceeds quality of the first channel estimate by a predetermined amount.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the obtaining the third channel estimate comprises combining the first and second channel estimates to obtain the third channel estimate.
means for deriving a first channel estimate based on pilot symbols and with a first channel estimation filter;
means for recovering a first packet with the first channel estimate;
means for regenerating data symbols for the first packet;
means for deriving a second channel estimate based on the data symbols and with a second channel estimation filter;
means for obtaining a third channel estimate based on the first and second channel estimates; and
means for recovering a second packet with the third channel estimate.
25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the means for obtaining the third channel estimate comprises means for providing the second channel estimate as the third channel estimate if quality of the second channel estimate exceeds quality of the first channel estimate by a predetermined amount.
26. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the means for obtaining the third channel estimate comprises means for combining the first and second channel estimates to obtain the third channel estimate.
at least one processor to derive a first channel estimate with a first channel estimation filter having a first filter response, to recover a first signal with the first channel estimate, to estimate interference due to the first signal, to remove the interference due to the first signal, to derive a second channel estimate with a second channel estimation filter having a second filter response different from the first filter response, and to recover a second signal with the second channel estimate; and
28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the at least one processor regenerates the first signal after recovering the first signal, derives a third channel estimate based on the regenerated first signal and with a third channel estimation filter having a third filter response different from the first filter response, obtains a fourth channel estimate based on the first and third channel estimates, and estimates the interference due to the first signal with the fourth channel estimate.
29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the at least one processor combines the first and third channel estimates to obtain the fourth channel estimate if a traffic to pilot ratio is within a particular range, and provides the first channel estimate or the third channel estimate as the fourth channel estimate if the traffic to pilot ratio is outside the particular range.
30. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the at least one processor estimates interference due to the second signal, removes the interference due to the second signal, derives a third channel estimate with a third channel estimation filter having a third filter response different from the first filter response, and recovers a third signal with the third channel estimate.
31. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the first and second signals are from two terminals.
32. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the first and second signals are for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission.
deriving a first channel estimate with a first channel estimation filter having a first filter response;
recovering a first signal with the first channel estimate;
estimating interference due to the first signal;
removing the interference due to the first signal;
deriving a second channel estimate with a second channel estimation filter having a second filter response different from the first filter response; and
recovering a second signal with the second channel estimate.
regenerating the first signal after recovering the first signal;
deriving a third channel estimate based on the regenerated first signal and with a third channel estimation filter having a third filter response different from the first filter response;
obtaining a fourth channel estimate based on the first and third channel estimates; and
estimating the interference due to the first signal with the fourth channel estimate.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the obtaining the fourth channel estimate comprises
combining the first and third channel estimates to obtain the fourth channel estimate if a traffic to pilot ratio is within a particular range, and
providing the first channel estimate or the third channel estimate as the fourth channel estimate if the traffic to pilot ratio is outside the particular range.
means for deriving a first channel estimate with a first channel estimation filter having a first filter response;
means for recovering a first signal with the first channel estimate;
means for estimating interference due to the first signal;
means for removing the interference due to the first signal;
means for deriving a second channel estimate with a second channel estimation filter having a second filter response different from the first filter response; and
means for recovering a second signal with the second channel estimate.
means for regenerating the first signal after recovering the first signal;
means for deriving a third channel estimate based on the regenerated first signal and with a third channel estimation filter having a third filter response different from the first filter response;
means for obtaining a fourth channel estimate based on the first and third channel estimates; and
means for estimating the interference due to the first signal with the fourth channel estimate.
38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the means for obtaining the fourth channel estimate comprises
means for combining the first and third channel estimates to obtain the fourth channel estimate if a traffic to pilot ratio is within a particular range, and
means for providing the first channel estimate or the third channel estimate as the fourth channel estimate if the traffic to pilot ratio is outside the particular range.
Filed: Jul 24, 2006
Inventors: Tao Luo (San Diego, CA), Aleksandar Damnjanovic (Del Mar, CA), Durga Malladi (San Diego, CA)
Current U.S. Class: 375/148.000
International Classification: H04B 1/00 (20060101);
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cc/2020-05/en_middle_0117.json.gz/line10979
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Justia Patents Having Inter-vehicle Distance Or Speed ControlUS Patent for Preceding vehicle follow-up control system Patent (Patent # 6,292,737)
Preceding vehicle follow-up control system
May 19, 2000 - Nissan
A vehicle follow-up control apparatus includes a distance sensor sensing an actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance from a controlled vehicle to a preceding vehicle, a vehicle speed sensor sensing an actual vehicle speed of the controlled vehicle, and a controller for calculating a desired vehicle speed to be achieved in the controlled vehicle. The desired vehicle speed is calculated in accordance with the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance, the relative speed and a control gain which is adjusted in accordance with the relative speed.
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The present invention relates to vehicle follow-up control apparatus and process for recognizing a preceding vehicle ahead, and controlling a distance to the preceding vehicle at a desired distance.
Japanese Patent Kokai Publication No. H7(1995)-69094 shows a conventional vehicle follow-up control system having function of gain adjustment.
In the conventional gain adjustment, however, the response characteristic is dependent only on the vehicle-to-vehicle distance deviation. Therefore, when the response characteristic is adjusted to a prompt characteristic, the control system might give unnatural feeling to a passenger by decelerating the vehicle the vehicle moderately or sometimes sharply to increase the vehicle-to-vehicle distance in response to intervention, between the controlled vehicle and a preceding vehicle, another vehicle having no relative speed difference.
Moreover, a Japanese Patent Application No. H9(1997)-321402 (Kokai Publication H 1 (1995)-69094 published on Jun. 8, 1999) proposes a related follow-up control system.
In view of the above-mentioned Japanese Patent Kokai Publication No. H7(1995)-69094, and the related art of the Japanese Patent Application No. H9(1997)-321402, it is an object of the present invention to provide vehicle follow-up control apparatus and/or process capable of adjusting a control gain adequately in accordance with a relative speed. It is another object of the present invention to provide vehicle follow-up control apparatus and/or process capable of adjusting a control gain adequately for vehicle speed regions.
According to the present invention, a vehicle follow-up control apparatus for a controlled vehicle, comprises:
a distance sensor sensing an actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance from the controlled vehicle to a preceding vehicle;
a vehicle speed sensor sensing an actual vehicle speed of the controlled vehicle; and
a controller connected with the distance sensor and the vehicle speed sensor, the controller,
determining an actual relative speed of the controlled vehicle relative to the preceding vehicle,
calculating a desired vehicle speed to bring the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance closer to a desired distance in accordance with the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance, the desired distance and the relative speed,
calculating a desired driving force to bring the actual vehicle speed closer to the desired vehicle speed,
controlling an actual driving/braking force of the controlled vehicle in accordance with the desired driving force, and
setting a control gain used in calculation of the desired vehicle speed, in accordance with the relative speed.
According to another aspect of the invention, a vehicle follow-up control apparatus comprises: means for ascertaining a sensed actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance; means for ascertaining a sensed actual vehicle speed; means for determining an actual relative speed; means for calculating a desired vehicle speed in accordance with the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance, the relative speed and a control gain; means for calculating a desired driving force to bring the actual vehicle speed closer to the desired vehicle speed; controlling an actual driving/braking force of the controlled vehicle in accordance with the desired driving force; and means for varying the control gain in accordance with the relative vehicle speed.
According to still another aspect of the invention, a vehicle follow-up control process comprises: ascertaining a sensed actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance, a sensed actual vehicle speed, and an actual relative speed; calculating a control gain in accordance with the actual relative speed; calculating a desired vehicle speed in accordance with the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance, the relative speed and the control gain; controlling an actual driving/braking force of the controlled vehicle so as to achieve the desired vehicle speed.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a vehicle equipped with a vehicle follow-up control apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a follow-up controller shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a vehicle-to-vehicle distance control section shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing a reference natural frequency map representing a relationship between a relative speed and a reference natural frequency in a vehicle-to-vehicle distance control calculating section shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing a correction coefficient map representing a relationship between an actual vehicle speed and a correction coefficient in the vehicle-to-vehicle distance control calculating section shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a vehicle-to-vehicle distance control procedure in the vehicle-to-vehicle distance control calculating section of FIG. 2.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a vehicle speed control section shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 1 shows a vehicle C equipped with a preceding vehicle follow-up control system according to one embodiment of the present invention. The vehicle C equipped with the follow-up control system is hereinafter referred to as controlled vehicle or host vehicle, to distinguish the vehicle under control of this control system from another vehicle.
A distance sensor 1 is provided at the front end of the controlled vehicle C. The distance sensor 1 is a device for measuring a vehicle-into-vehicle distance (or inter-vehicle distance) from the controlled vehicle C to a preceding vehicle, and producing a distance signal representing the measured actual distance L. In this example according to this embodiment, the distance sensor 1 is a radar sensor for transmitting laser light and receiving laser light reflected from a preceding vehicle. Instead of laser light, radio frequency waves and ultrasonic waves are adequate for use in the system for distance measurement.
The controlled vehicle C of this example has an engine E for generating driving torque, an automatic transmission T for transmitting the driving torque to (front and/or rear) drive wheels with a speed ratio controlled in accordance with the vehicle speed and the engine torque, and a brake system B including braking devices individually for the front and rear wheels of the vehicle C.
A vehicle speed sensor 2 is arranged to sense the rotation of the output shaft of the automatic transmission T, and to produce a vehicle speed signal in the form of a pulse train having a period corresponding to the rational speed of the output shaft.
A throttle actuator 3 is an actuator for varying an engine output of the engine E. In this example, the throttle actuator 3 increases and decreases the opening degree of a throttle valve for the engine E in accordance with a throttle valve opening degree signal, and thereby varies the intake air quantity to the engine E to regulate the engine output.
A follow-up controller 5 controls the throttle actuator 3, the automatic transmission T and the brake system B. The follow-up controller 5 receives the distance signal from the distance sensor 1 and the vehicle speed signal from the vehicle speed sensor 2. In accordance with the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance L sensed by the distance sensor 1 and the actual vehicle speed Vs sensed by the vehicle speed sensor 2, the follow-up controller 5 controls the throttle actuator 3, the automatic transmission T ad the brake system B, and thereby performs a follow-up control to control the controlled vehicle C to follow a preceding vehicle with an adequate distance therebetween.
The follow-up controller 5 includes at least one microcomputer and one or more peripheral devices. By means of software in the microcomputer, the follow-up controller 5 is configured to have a control block as shown in FIG. 2.
In the control block, there are provided a distance signal processing section 21, a vehicle speed signal processing section 30, a distance controlling section 40 and a vehicle speed controlling section 50.
The distance signal processing section 21 measures a time interval from transmission of laser beam and reception of reflected beam with the distance sensor 1, and calculates, from the time interval, the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance L to a preceding vehicle.
The vehicle speed signal processing section 30 measures the period of the vehicle speed signal from the vehicle speed sensor 2, and calculates the actual vehicle speed Vs of the controlled vehicle C.
The distance controlling section 40 receives the distance L from the distance signal processing section 21 and the actual vehicle speed Vs from the vehicle speed signal processing section 30, and calculates a desired vehicle speed V* to hold the actual distance L equal to a desired vehicle-to-vehicle distance L*. The distance controlling section 40 serves as means for controlling a vehicle-to-vehicle distance.
The vehicle speed controlling section 50 controls throttle actuator 3, the automatic transmission T and the brake system B in accordance with the desired vehicle speed V* from the distance controlling section 40 and a relative vehicle speed &Dgr;V, and thereby controls the vehicle speed of the controlled vehicle C so as to make the actual vehicle speed Vs equal to the desired vehicle speed V*. The vehicle speed controlling section 50 serves as means for controlling the vehicle speed.
The distance controlling section 40 of this example includes at least a relative speed calculating subsection 41 for calculating the relative speed &Dgr;V relative to a preceding vehicle in accordance with the distance L inputted from the distance signal processing section 21, a desired distance setting subsection 42 for calculating the desired distance L* from the controlled vehicle C to a preceding vehicle in accordance with the actual vehicle speed Vs of the controlled vehicle C inputted from the vehicle speed signal processing section 30, and a distance control (or desired speed calculating) subsection (or vehicle-to-vehicle distance control calculating section) 43 for calculating the desired vehicle speed V* to reduce a deviation of the actual distance L from the desired distance L* toward zero in accordance with the relative speed &Dgr;V calculated by the relative speed calculating subsection 41 and the desired distance L* calculated by the desired distance setting subsection 42.
The relative speed calculating subsection 41 of this example includes at least a band-pass filter for performing a band-pass filtering operation on the actual distance L inputted from the distance signal processing section 21. This band-pass filter has a transfer function expressed by the following equation (1), in which a derivative term of a Laplace variable (or operator) s appears in the numerator. Therefore, this band-pass filter can calculate an approximate value of the relative speed &Dgr;V by producing an output signal substantially proportional to the derivative or rate of change of the actual distance L.
F(s)=&ohgr;c2s/(s2+2&xgr;&ohgr;cs+&ohgr;c2) (1)
where &ohgr;c=2&pgr;fc, and s is the Laplace variable.
With the band-pass filter, the relative speed calculating subsection 41 of this example can avoid undesired influence on the vehicle behavior, of noises and uncertainties during the follow-up control as in a system performing a simplified differentiation to determine the relative speed &Dgr;V from a variation per unit time of the actual distance L. The cutoff frequency fc in the equation (1) is determined in accordance with the magnitude of a noise component involved in the distance L, and an allowable level of the short period variation in the longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle body. Instead of the band-pass filter, it is optional to perform the differentiating operation with a high-pass filter for performing a high-pass filter operation on the actual distance L.
The desired distance setting subsection 42 calculates the desired distance L* between the controlled vehicle C and the preceding vehicle according to the following equation (2), from a target vehicle speed Vt (=Vs+&Dgr;V) of the preceding vehicle calculated by addition, to the actual vehicle speed Vs of the controlled vehicle C, of the relative speed &Dgr;V, and a time (vehicle-to-vehicle or inter-vehicle time) To for the controlled vehicle C to reach a position at a distance Lo [m] to the rear of the current position of the preceding vehicle.
L*=Vt×To+Ls (2)
With the concept of the vehicle-to--vehicle time, the control system increases the vehicle-to-vehicle distance as the vehicle speed increases. In the equation (2), Ls is a stop time vehicle-to-vehicle distance.
The distance control subsection 43 calculates the desired vehicle speed V* required for the controlled vehicle C to follow the preceding vehicle with the actual vehicle distance L being held equal to the desired distance L*, in accordance with the actual distance L, the desired distance L* and the relative speed &Dgr;V. In this practical example, the distance control subsection 43 calculates a desired relative speed &Dgr;V* by a setup, as expressed by the following equation (3), including a linear combination of a product of a distance control gain fd and a distance deviation (L*−L) between the desired distance L and the sensed actual distance L, and a product of a speed control gain fv and the relative speed &Dgr;V, and further calculates the desired vehicle V* by subtracting the desired relative speed &Dgr;V* from the target vehicle speed Vt (=Vs+&Dgr;V), as expressed by the following equation (4):
&Dgr;V*=fd(L*−L)+fv·&Dgr;V (3)
V*=Vt−&Dgr;V* (4)
The distance control gain fd and the speed control gain fv are determined in the following manner.
As shown in FIG. 3, this vehicle-to-vehicle distance control system is a one-input, two-output system for controlling two desired values of the vehicle-to-vehicle distance and the relative speed with one input (desired vehicle speed). Therefore, the control system is designed by using a state feedback (regulator).
System state variables x1 and x2 are defined by the following equations (5) and (6)
x1=Vt−Vs (5)
x2=L*−L (6)
The control input, that is the output of the follow-up controller 5, is &Dgr;V* as defined by the following equation (7).
&Dgr;V*=Vt−V* (7)
The vehicle-to-vehicle distance L is given by:
L=∫(Vt−Vs)dt+Lo (8)
where Lo is an initial value of the vehicle-to-vehicle distance L.
In the vehicle speed servo system of this example, the actual vehicle speed Vs of the controlled vehicle C is approximated in the form of a first order lag with respect to the desired vehicle speed V* as follows:
Vs=V*/(1+&tgr;vs) (9)
where &tgr;v is a time constant.
Assuming that the vehicle speed Vt of the preceding vehicle is constant, the following equations (10) is obtained from the equations (5), (7) and (9).
x1′=−x1/&tgr;v+&Dgr;V*/&tgr;v (10)
where x1′ is the derivative of x1.
Further assuming that the desired distance L* is constant, the following equation (11) is obtained from the equations (6) and (8).
x2′=−(Vt−Vs)=−x1 (11)
Therefore, the state equation of the system is expressed as: ⅆ ⅆ t ( x1 ′ x2 ′ ) ( - 1 / τ , 0 - 1 / τ , 0 ) ( x1 x2 ) + ( 1 / τ 0 ) Δ V * ( 12 )
Then, by using the distance control gain fd and the speed control gain fv, the control input u is given by:
u=FXF=[fv, fd] (13)
The state equation of the entire system with the state feedback is given by:
X′=(A+BF)X (14)
where X′ is the derivative of X.
In the equation (14), by using A′ given by: A ′ = ( A + BF ) = ( ( fv - 1 ) / τ , fd / τ - 1 , 0 ) ( 15 )
the characteristic equation of the entire system is obtained as: &LeftBracketingBar; sI - A ′ &RightBracketingBar; = s 2 + 1 - fv τ v s + fd τ v = 0 ( 16 )
On the basis of the transfer function of the vehicle speed servo system, the vehicle speed control gain fv and the distance control gain fd are set at such respective values as to achieve desired forms of characteristics for controlling the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance L toward the desired distance L*, and the relative speed &Dgr;V toward “0”.
In the follow-up control system having the state feedback, the control characteristic is approximated in the form of a second order system as expressed by the equation (16). Since the characteristic equation of a system of second order lag is s2+2&xgr;&ohgr;ns+&ohgr;n2=0 where &ohgr;n is a natural frequency and &xgr; is a damping coefficient, the following equation (17) is obtained from this characteristic equation and the equation (16). From the equation (17), the vehicle speed control gain fv and the distance control gain fd are given by the following equations (18) and (19). s 2 + 1 - fv τ v s + fd τ v = s 2 + 2 ξω n s + ω n 2 = 0 ( 17 ) fv=1−2&xgr;&ohgr;n·&tgr;v (18)
fd=&ohgr;n2·&tgr;v (19)
In this follow-up control system, the vehicle speed control gain fv and the distance control gain fd can be determined by setting a pole so as to obtain a desired response characteristic.
Table 1 below shows values of the control gains fv and fd obtained from the equations (18) and (19) with the time constant &tgr;v of the vehicle speed servo system being set equal to 0.5 sec when (a) the pole of a slower control characteristic is −0.1 (multiple root), and (b) the pole of a faster control characteristic is −0.4 (multiple root).
TABLE 1 Pole &ohgr;n § fv fd −0.1 0.2 1.0 0.8 0.02 −0.4 0.4 1.0 0.6 0.08
Therefore, a frequency calculation map for calculating a reference natural frequency &ohgr;L from the relative speed &Dgr;V is set as shown in FIG. 4. In this map, the poles of the above-mentioned (a) and (b) are used as upper and lower limits, the relative speed &Dgr;V is expressed along the horizontal axis, and the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L is along the vertical axis. In this case, the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L is equal to a lower limit value of 0.2 rad/s at &Dgr;V=0. On each of the positive and negative sides of &Dgr;V, the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L increases linearly as the relative speed &Dgr;V increases in the positive or negative direction from 0 to a predetermined value ±&Dgr;V1 (±20 km/h, for example). Beyond the predetermined value ±&Dgr;V1, the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L is fixed at an upper limit value of 0.4 rad/s.
To modify the response characteristic in dependence on the vehicle speed, a map for calculating a correction coefficient K(v) in accordance with the vehicle speed of the controlled vehicle C is set as shown in FIG. 5. In this map, the correction coefficient K(v) is set about 2.3 in a low vehicle speed region equal to or lower than 40 km/h. In an medium region from 40 km/h to 90 km/h, the correction coefficient K(v) decreases (smoothly and monotonically) with increase in the vehicle speed Vs. The correction coefficient K(v) becomes lower than or equal to 1 beyond 80 km/h, and then remains about 0.8 in a region equal to or higher than 90 km/h.
The distance control subsection 43 performs a vehicle-to-vehicle distance control procedure shown in FIG. 6. The distance control procedure is performed at regular time intervals (of 10 msec, for example) as a timer interrupt routine.
At a step S1, the controller 5 (the distance control subsection 43 of the controller 5) reads the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance L, the sensed actual vehicle speed Vs of the controlled vehicle C, and the actual relative vehicle speed &Dgr;V.
At a step S2 following the step S1, the controller 5 determines whether a preceding vehicle is detected, or not. In this example, the controller 5 examines whether the actual distance L obtained at the step S1 is smaller than or equal to a predetermined distance Ls (120 m, for example). When L≦Ls, the controller 5 judges that a preceding vehicle is present, and proceeds from the step S2 to a step S3.
At the step S3, the controller 5 calculates the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L from the relative speed &Dgr;V obtained at the step S1, by look-up in the frequency calculating map of FIG. 4.
At a step S4 following the step S3, the controller 5 calculates the correction coefficient (or correction quantity) K(v) from the actual vehicle speed Vs obtained at the step S1, by look-up in the correction coefficient map of FIG. 5.
Then, at a step S5, the controller 5 calculates the natural frequency &ohgr;n by multiplication of the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L and the correction coefficient K(v), and thereafter proceeds to a step S6.
At the step S6, the controller 5 calculates the vehicle speed control gain fv and the distance control gain fd from the natural frequency &ohgr;n calculated at the step S5, by operations of the equations (18) and (19). After the step S6, the controller 5 proceeds to a step S7.
At the step S7, the controller 5 calculates the desired relative speed &Dgr;V* by operation of the equation (3).
Then, at a next step S8, the controller 5 calculates the desired vehicle speed V* by operation of the equation (4), and delivers the calculated desired vehicle speed V* to the vehicle speed control section 50. Then, the controller 5 terminates the timer interrupt routine of FIG. 6, and returns to a main program.
A step S9 is reached from the step S2 when a preceding vehicle is not detected. At the step S9, the controller 5 sets the desired vehicle speed V* equal to a preset speed Vset, and delivers the desired vehicle speed V* to the vehicle speed control section 50. Then, the controller 5 terminates the timer interrupt routine and returns to the main program.
The vehicle speed control sectior 50 includes a vehicle speed servo subsection 51 for calculating a command driving force For to make the actual vehicle speed Vs equal to the input desired vehicle speed V*, and an estimated disturbance dv′, and for calculating a desired driving/braking (longitudinal) force F* in the form of a deviation between the command driving force For and the estimated disturbance dv′.
The vehicle speed servo subsection 51 as shown in FIG. 7 is a servo system based on a robust model matching technique, and includes a model matching compensator 51A, a subtracter 51B, and a robust compensator 51C. The model matching compensator 51A calculates the command driving/braking force For from the desired vehicle speed V* inputted from the distance control section 40. The subtracter 51B calculates the desired driving/braking force F* by subtracting the estimated disturbance dv′ from the command driving/braking force. For calculated by the model matching compensator 51A. The robust compensator 51C calculates the estimated disturbance dv′ from the desired driving/braking force F* of the subtracter 51B and the actual vehicle speed Vs of the controlled vehicle C. The desired driving/braking force F* is supplied as a manipulated variable to the controlled vehicle C. The controlled vehicle C is a controlled system (the object to be controlled), and expressed as a mathematical model of a transfer function Gv(s) having the desired driving/braking force F* as manipulated variable and the actual vehicle speed Vs as controlled variable.
The model matching compensator 51A is a compensator for rendering the response characteristic of the vehicle speed servo system equal to a reference model. A reference model R2(s) of a feedforward section is designed to set an input output response characteristic. A reference model R1(s) determines disturbance removing function and stability. The command driving/braking force For is determined from the desired vehicle speed V* and the actual vehicle speed Vs.
The robust compensator 51C includes a driving/braking force limiter 51a, a robust filter 51b, a compensator 51c and a subtracter 51d. The driving/braking force limiter 51a acts to limit the desired driving/braking force F* to a maximum driving force the vehicle can actually produce, and to a maximum braking force the vehicle can actually produce. The robust filter 51b performs a filtering operation H(s) on the output of the driving/braking force limiter 51a. The compensator 51c receives the sensed actual vehicle speed Vs, and determines a driving/braking (longitudinal) force F2 to maintain the current vehicle speed Vs by performing, on the vehicle speed Vs, an operation (H(s)/Gv(s)) of multiplication of the inverse system of the vehicle model and the robust filter. The subtracter 51d subtracts the driving/braking force F1 outputted from the robust filter 51b from the driving/braking force F2 outputted from the compensator 51c. Thus, the subtracter 51d outputs the estimated disturbance dv′ including factors such as road surface grade (or slope) and modeling error.
Thus, the vehicle speed servo section 51 of the vehicle speed control section 50 controls the throttle actuator 3, the automatic transmission T and the brake system B in accordance with the desired driving/braking force F* of the subtracter 51B.
The thus-constructed control system is operated as follows:
In the state in which the controlled vehicle C is following a preceding vehicle ahead in an urban area at a vehicle speed lower than or equal to 40 km/h, for example, while maintaining an adequate vehicle-to-vehicle distance to the preceding vehicle running at a constant speed, the actual distance L is held at the desired distance L*, the actual vehicle speed Vs is approximately equal to the target vehicle speed Vt of the preceding vehicle, and the relative speed &Dgr;V calculated by the relative speed calculating section 41 is approximately equal to zero.
In this state, the controller 5 proceeds from the step S2 to the step S3 in the control procedure of FIG. 6 in response to the detection of the preceding vehicle, and determines a value of the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L from the relative speed &Dgr;V by using the natural frequency map of FIG. 4. The relative speed &Dgr;V is approximately equal to zero under the above-mentioned assumption, and hence the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L is set equal to a lower limit value of 0.2.
Then, the controller 5 proceeds to the step 54, and determines a value of the correction coefficient K(v) from the sensed actual vehicle speed Vs of the controlled vehicle C by using the correction coefficient map of FIG. 5. The controlled vehicle is running at a speed lower than or equal to 40 km/h. Therefore, the correction coefficient K(v) is set equal to 2.3, and the natural frequency &ohgr;n determined at the step S5 is equal to 0.46. The value is close to the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L in a region in which the relative speed &Dgr;V is great. As a result, the vehicle speed control gain fv is set equal to 0.54 and the distance control gain fd is equal to 0.106. The value of the speed control gain fv is close to the value in Table 1 obtained when the natural frequency &ohgr;n is equal to the maximum value. The value of the distance control gain fd is greater than the value in Table 1 obtained when the natural frequency &ohgr;n is equal to the maximum value.
Then, at the step S7, the desired relative speed &Dgr;V* is determined by the equation (3). The actual distance L is approximately equal to the desired distance L*, and at the same time the actual relative speed &Dgr;V is approximately equal to zero, as mentioned before. Therefore, the desired relative speed &Dgr;V* is set approximately equal to zero, and hence the desired vehicle speed V* is set equal to the actual vehicle speed Vs by the calculation of the equation (4) in the next step S8. The desired vehicle speed V* is delivered to the vehicle speed control section 50, which acts to maintain the current value of the actual vehicle speed Vs.
If, from this state, the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance L decreases sharply because of hard deceleration of the preceding vehicle, or intervention of another vehicle from another lane, then the relative speed &Dgr;V increases in the negative direction, the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L of the step S3 becomes greater than 0.2, the natural frequency &ohgr;n of the step S5 increases, the speed control gain fv of the step S6 decreases, and the distance control gain fd of the step S6 increases. Moreover, the deviation of the actual distance L from the desired distance L* increases, the desired relative speed &Dgr;V* of the step S7 increases in the positive direction, the desired vehicle speed V* of the step S8 decreases sharply, and the desired longitudinal (driving/braking) force F* calculated in the vehicle speed control section 50 in response to the desired vehicle speed V* is increased in the negative direction. Therefore, the control system brings the throttle valve to the fully closed state with the throttle actuator 2, produces a large braking force with the brake system B, and thereby controls the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance L to the desired distance L* promptly by decelerating the controlled vehicle with a high response characteristic.
If the headway vehicle-to-vehicle distance L increases by acceleration of the preceding vehicle or lane change of the controlled vehicle to another lane, then the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L increases, the natural frequency &ohgr;n increases, and the speed and distance control gains fv and fd are varied to the same values as in the deceleration. Therefore, the desired relative speed &Dgr;V* of the step S7 increases in the negative direction, the desired vehicle speed V* of the step S8 increases accordingly, and the control system reduce the deviation of the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance L from the desired distance L* promptly by accelerating the controlled vehicle with a high response characteristic.
In a high speed running state on a highway without detection of a preceding vehicle, the controller 5 proceeds from the step S2 to the step S9, and sets the desired vehicle speed V* equal to a set vehicle speed Vset preset at the beginning of the follow-up control. In response to the set speed Vset as the desired vehicle speed V*, the vehicle speed control section 50 controls the throttle actuator 2 to bring the actual vehicle speed Vs closer to the set vehicle speed Vset as V*.
In a high speed running state on a highway, following a preceding vehicle on the same lane with the distance L to the preceding vehicle being held at the desired distance, the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L of the step S3 becomes equal to the lower limit value of 0.2 because of the relative speed &Dgr;V being approximately equal to zero, as in the above-mentioned urban running, state. However, the correction coefficient K(v) calculated at the step S4 becomes lower than or equal to one if the vehicle speed is higher than or equal to 80 km/h, for example. Therefore, the natural frequency &ohgr;n of the step S5 becomes approximately equal to a value obtained in Table 1 when the natural frequency &ohgr;n is at a lower limit value. Consequently, the vehicle speed control gain fv becomes slightly greater than the level in the urban running state, and the distance control gain fd is greatly decreased as compared to the urban running state.
In this case, too, the actual vehicle speed Vs is set as the desired vehicle speed V* in a constant speed running state maintaining the desired distance L*, so that the system can maintain the constant speed follow-up driving. If, however, the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance L is decreased (or increased) by deceleration (or acceleration) of the preceding vehicle, or intervention of another vehicle from the neighboring lane (or lane changes of the controlled vehicle), then the relative speed &Dgr;V increases in the negative (or positive) direction, and the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L increases beyond 0.2. However, the correction coefficient K(v) remains about 1, and the natural frequency &ohgr;n is held low. Therefore, the speed control gain fv is increased slightly as compared to the urban running state, and the distance control gain fd is decreased significantly as compared to the urban running state.
Thus, the desired relative speed &Dgr;V of the step S7 becomes smaller than the level in the urban running state, and the amount of change of the desired vehicle speed V* from a previous value to a current value calculated at the step S8 is small. In response to the thus-determined desired vehicle speed V*, the vehicle speed control section 50 acts to decrease (or increase) the actual vehicle speed Vs at a relatively gradual rate, and thereby brings the actual distance L closer to the desired distance L* with a lower response characteristic.
In a medium speed running state in which the vehicle speed is intermediate between the urban running state and the highway running state, the control system sets the correction coefficient K(v) in accordance with such a medium vehicle speed, and thereby adjusts the speed control gain fv and the distance control gain fd adequately in accordance with the vehicle speed.
In this control system according to the illustrated embodiment, the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L is set lower in a low relative speed region in which the relative speed &Dgr;V is low, and set higher in a high relative speed region in which the relative speed &Dgr;V is high. Therefore, in a steady state in which the relative speed &Dgr;V is low and the desired vehicle-to-vehicle distance L* is maintained, the control system increases the speed control gain fv relatively, and decreases the distance control gain fd greatly, so that the control system responds to changes in the distance to a preceding vehicle in a manner of low response. In a transient state in which the relative speed is increased by sharp acceleration or deceleration of the preceding vehicle, the control system decreases the speed control gain fv slightly and increases the distance control gain fd to bring the distance to the preceding vehicle closer to the desired distance L* promptly with a high response characteristic. Thus, the control system can discern the steady state and the transient state from each other, and thereby provide follow-up control performance adequate to the situation without causing unnatural feeling to the driver.
By adjustment of the correction coefficient K(v) to values greater than one in the low vehicle speed region, and to values smaller than one in the high vehicle speed region, the control system can adapt the response characteristic to the urban driving state and the highway driving state. In the urban driving condition at a relatively low vehicle speed, the distance control gain fd is increased, and the control system can reduce the deviation of the actual distance from the desired distance in a highly responsive manner to meet the driver's tendency toward higher sensitivity. In the high speed region in which the traffic flows with less speed changes as in a highway, the control system sets the distance control gain fd at a small value and thereby lowers the response of the vehicle-to-vehicle distance to meet a driver's tendency to adjust the vehicle-to-vehicle distance gradually. This control system can provide optimum follow-up control performance agreeable to the driver's feeling without regard to the vehicle speed level.
In the example of FIG. 4, the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L increases linearly with increase in the absolute value of the relative speed &Dgr;V in the region of the relative speed &Dgr;V from 0 km/h to ±20 km/h. The present invention is not limited to the linear characteristic. The characteristic of the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L may be stepwise to increase or decrease in the form of steps. Similarly, the characteristic of the correction coefficient K(v) is not limited to the form of FIG. 5. The characteristic of the correction coefficient K(v) may be stepwise to increase or decrease in the form of steps in response to changes in the actual vehicle speed Vs in the low speed region and in the high speed region.
Instead of using a map, it is optional to determine the reference natural frequency &ohgr;L and the correction coefficient K(v) by solving equations corresponding to the characteristic curves shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.
In the illustrated example, the vehicle-to-vehicle distance control procedure shown in FIG. 6 is performed in the distance control section 43. The present invention is not limited to this. It is optional to employ a hardware system in the form of an electronic circuit including at least a function generator, a comparator and an operator in combination. Moreover, the follow-up controller 5 in its entirety may be a hardware system.
In the illustrated example, the natural frequency &ohgr;n is determined by multiplying the reference frequency &ohgr;L by the correction coefficient K(v). However, it is optional to employ addition/subtraction for determining the natural frequency &ohgr;n by adding or subtracting the correction coefficient (or correction quantity) K(v) to or from the reference frequency &ohgr;L. Furthermore, it is possible to calculate the natural frequency &ohgr;n from the relative speed &Dgr;V and the actual vehicle speed Vs by the use of a map formed by combining FIG. 4 and FIG. 5. In this combined map, the relative speed &Dgr;V is expressed along the horizontal axis, the natural frequency &ohgr;n is along the vertical axis, and the vehicle speed Vs is used as a parameter.
In the illustrated example, the controlled vehicle is a rear wheel drive vehicle. However, the present invention is applicable to a front wheel drive vehicle, too. The prime mover is the engine 2 in FIG. 1. However, the controlled vehicle may be an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle with both electric and engine systems.
This application is based on a Japanese Patent Application No. 11(1999)-144975. The entire contents of this Japanese Patent Application No. 11(1999)-144975 with a filing date of May 25, 1999 are hereby incorporated by reference.
Although the invention has been described above by reference to certain embodiments of the invention, the invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. Modifications and variations of the embodiments described above will occur to those skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. The scope of the invention is defined with reference to the following claims.
1. A vehicle follow-up control apparatus for a controlled vehicle, comprising:
2. The vehicle follow-up control apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller calculates the control gain in accordance with a reference natural frequency which increases when an absolute value of the relative speed increases.
3. The vehicle follow-up control apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the controller modifies the reference natural frequency with a correction quantity dependent on the actual vehicle speed.
4. The vehicle follow-up control apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the controller decreases the correction quantity as the actual vehicle speed increases.
5. The vehicle follow-up control apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller determines a reference natural frequency in accordance with the relative speed so that the reference natural frequency is higher in a higher relative speed region in which an absolute value of the relative speed is higher than a predetermined level than in a lower relative speed region in which the absolute value of the relative speed is lower than the predetermined level, and calculates the control gain in accordance with the reference natural frequency.
6. The vehicle follow-up control apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein the controller determines a correction quantity in accordance with the actual vehicle speed so that the correction quantity is greater in a lower vehicle speed region in which the actual vehicle speed is lower than a predetermined speed level than in a higher vehicle speed region in which the actual vehicle speed is higher than the predetermined speed level, and the controller modifies the reference natural frequency with the correction quantity.
7. The vehicle follow-up control apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein the controller determines a modified frequency by multiplying the reference natural frequency by the correction quantity.
8. The vehicle follow-up control apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said control gain is one of a speed control gain and a distance control gain, and the controller calculates the desired vehicle speed from a linear combination of a first term resulting from multiplication by the distance control gain, of a deviation between the actual and desired distances, and a second term resulting from multiplication by the speed control gain, of the actual relative speed.
9. The vehicle follow-up control system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller increases the control gain in a manner of monotone nondecreasing function as an absolute value of the relative speed increases.
10. The vehicle follow-up control system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller adjusts the control gain in accordance with the relative speed and the vehicle speed.
11. The vehicle follow-up control system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the controller increases the control gain as an absolute value of the relative speed increases, and increases the control gain when the vehicle speed decreases.
12. The vehicle follow-up control system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller determines a desired relative speed in accordance with a product obtained by multiplying a deviation of the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance from the desired distance by the control gain, and further determines the desired vehicle speed in accordance with the desired relative speed.
13. The vehicle follow-up control apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the control gain is proportional to the square of a natural frequency, the controller determines the natural frequency by multiplying a reference frequency by a correction coefficient, the reference frequency is increased as an absolute value of the relative speed increases, and the correction coefficient is decreases as the actual vehicle speed increases.
14. A vehicle follow-up control apparatus for a controlled vehicle, comprising:
means for ascertaining a sensed actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance from the controlled vehicle to a preceding vehicle;
means for ascertaining a sensed actual vehicle speed of the controlled vehicle;
means for ascertaining an actual relative speed of the controlled vehicle relative to the preceding vehicle;
means for calculating a desired vehicle speed to bring the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance closer to a desired distance in accordance with the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance, the relative speed and a control gain;
means for calculating a desired driving force to bring the actual vehicle speed closer to the desired vehicle speed;
controlling an actual driving/braking force of the controlled vehicle in accordance with the desired driving force; and
means for varying the control gain in accordance with the relative vehicle speed.
15. A vehicle follow-up control process for a controlled vehicle, comprising:
ascertaining a sensed actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance from the controlled vehicle to a preceding vehicle, a sensed actual vehicle speed of the controlled vehicle, and an actual relative speed of the controlled vehicle relative to the preceding vehicle;
calculating a control gain in accordance with the actual relative speed;
calculating a desired vehicle speed to bring the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance closer to a desired distance in accordance with the actual vehicle-to-vehicle distance, the relative speed and the control gain; and
controlling an actual driving/braking force of the controlled vehicle so as to achieve the desired vehicle speed.
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5161632 November 10, 1992 Asayama
5396426 March 7, 1995 Hibino et al.
5400864 March 28, 1995 Winner et al.
5529139 June 25, 1996 Kurahashi et al.
5574463 November 12, 1996 Shirai et al.
5587908 December 24, 1996 Kajiwara
5710565 January 20, 1998 Shirai et al.
5771007 June 23, 1998 Arai et al.
5938714 August 17, 1999 Satonaka
5959572 September 28, 1999 Higashimata et al.
5969640 October 19, 1999 Timm et al.
6044321 March 28, 2000 Nakamura et al.
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6188950 February 13, 2001 Tsutsumi et al.
07-069094 March 1995 JP
11-151950 June 1999 JP
Assignee: Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. (Yokohama)
Inventors: Akira Higashimata (Kanagawa), Takenori Hashizume (Kanagawa)
Primary Examiner: William A. Cuchlinski, Jr.
Assistant Examiner: Ronnie Mancho
Attorney, Agent or Law Firm: Foley & Lardner
Current U.S. Class: Having Inter-vehicle Distance Or Speed Control (701/96); In Nested Relation (83/85); Including Means To Move Stack Bodily (83/90); And Means To Resist Stack Movement (83/93); Combined With Other Type Cutter (83/301); And Electrical Quantities Comparison Means For Development Of Electrical Input (180/179); With Means Responsive To Speed Of Vehicle For Maintaining Speed At, Or Preventing It From Exceeding, A Particular Value (180/170); Including Electrically Actuated Servomechanism (180/178); Radiation, Force, Or Waves Reflected From External Object Or Surface (180/169); With Means For Controlling Operation Responsive To Electromagnetic Radiation, Magnetic Force, Or Sound Waves Received From Source, Or Reflected From Object Or Surface, Located Apart From Vehicle (180/167); Having Electrical Switch (180/174); Of Relative Distance From An Obstacle (340/435); Relative Distence Between Vehicles (e.g., Collision Alert) (340/903); Transmitter In One Vehicle Only (340/904); Override Of Traffic Control Indicator By Command Transmitter (340/906); External Condition Vehicle-mounted Indicator Or Alarm (340/901); Of Collision Or Contact With External Object (340/436); Radar Mounted On And Controls Land Vehicle (342/70); With Control Of Brakes Or Steering (342/71); Digital (342/115); Automatic Target Detection (342/90); Having Traffic Control (342/456)
International Classification: B60T/700; B60T/800; G05D/100; G05D/1500; G05D/1300; G06F/700; G06F/1700; G06F/1900;
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Justia Patents Exhaust Gas; E.g., Pollution Control, Etc.US Patent for Hazardous waste treatment method and apparatus Patent (Patent # 6,810,821)
Hazardous waste treatment method and apparatus
May 8, 2003 -
An apparatus and method for treating the off-gas byproduct of a waste treatment system using a plasma torch. The off-gas of a graphite electrode plasma arc furnace includes carbon black or soot which must be removed. The plasma torch employs a carbon dioxide and oxygen mixture as a working gas to avoid the creation of nitrogen oxides and other toxic by-products. The plasma torch ionizes the working gas, resulting in the creation of carbon monoxide and reactive oxygen, which assists in eliminating carbon black/soot from the off-gas. Oxygen and steam are atomized and injected into the chamber housing the plasma torch system. A process control feedback system monitors the content of the output gas and controls the operation of the injectors and the plasma torch.
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The present application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/378,357, filed May 8, 2002, and hereby incorporates the subject matter disclosed therein.
This invention relates to the treatment of off-gas from an industrial or hazardous waste treatment system.
Hazardous waste affects human health by its toxicity, deflagrability, corrosivity, reactivity, and infection in addition to being a source of serious pollution. Hazardous wastes have been generally disposed of by land disposal, incineration and recycling. However, as incidents of improper waste disposal, such as emissions of toxic substances from incineration and landfills (e.g. dioxins from incineration and toxic leachate from landfills) begin to create serious health and ecological problems, public awareness has led to increasing legislation and more stringent environmental protection policies. These policies have led to search for other efficient, reliable and cost effective disposal alternatives.
A number of methods based on plasma arc have been proposed to destroy organic and inorganic hazardous waste in all forms, to convert hazardous wastes to a combustible synthetic gas for electricity generation, and to vitrify all the non-combustible materials to a stable glass which can be disposed of safely. However, these methods are considered inefficient and have very high capital and operating costs.
In general, two basic plasma arc technologies, the plasma torch (transferred and non-transferred modes) and the graphite electrode plasma arc (A.C. or D.C.) systems, have been proposed to generate the plasma arc for the hazardous waste destruction or conversion processes.
Systems employing a plasma torch are generally not as energy efficient as those using graphite electrodes due to higher energy loss to the plasma torch cooling water. The efficiency of plasma torches is usually less than 70% especially when the metal plasma torch is placed and operated inside a hot reactor/vessel. Therefore, plasma torches are only effective for gas heating and specialty material processing or fabrication, and they are not practical and economical for material melting. Furthermore, when air is used as the plasma working gas, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) are produced due to the reactions of the nitrogen in the air plasma working gas with the oxygen and the hydrocarbons in the vessel/reactor at high temperatures. Furthermore, the steam generated in the vessel will condense on the surface of the metal shroud of the plasma torch. Consequently, carbon black/soot along with the non-dissociated toxic materials will deposit and accumulate on the cold wet metal shroud leading to incomplete destruction of the hazardous wastes. When the plasma torch is removed from the vessel for maintenance, workers are then subject to the exposure to the toxic materials.
The lifetime of the electrodes and the stability (performance) of the plasma arc generated by plasma torches also depend on the atmosphere inside the vessel/reactor. Therefore, the operation of plasma torch systems is more complicated than that of graphite electrode plasma arc systems. Metal plasma torches require high-pressured cooling water for cooling of the internal components. The chemistry and the electrical conductivity of the cooling water must be monitored and adjusted in order to prevent chemical corrosion and mineral depositions inside the torch. Those requirements necessitate expensive auxiliary equipment which increases the capital and operating costs.
Other systems employ graphite electrode electric plasma arc technologies. These systems can lead to either severe oxidation of the graphite electrodes or excessive formation of fine carbon black/soot in the byproduct gas stream. A combined A.C. and D.C. graphite electrodes system was developed to provide electric arc generation and joule resistance heating in the bath simultaneously. Other technologies employ concentric electrodes system and single top D.C. graphite electrode with a conductive bottom for melting and gasification. However, the electrical conductivity of the bottom electrode must be maintained at all times in the single top D.C. graphite electrode system especially when the bottom electrode of the cold vessel/reactor is covered by a layer of slag which is not electrically conductive at low temperatures.
It has been found that the kinetic of carbon black formation was very high during high temperature cracking of hydrocarbons under a slightly reducing condition. Therefore, carbon black/soot is always produced in the reducing plasma arc gasification process and must be removed prior to the downstream air pollution control system. Increasing the residence time of the by-products inside the vessel/reactor or increasing the operating temperature assists in removing carbon black. However, increasing residence time necessitates the use of a larger apparatus or reducing the throughput of feed waste. Accordingly, some systems have been proposed which include an afterburner or thermal oxidizer to increase the reaction kinetics by the turbulent environment as a secondary gas treatment process to ensure complete combustion. However, air and fuel are used in these methods to generate the high heat for the oxidation process. Consequently, a secondary waste stream such as nitrogen oxides may be produced in these systems under such an oxidizing atmosphere.
It would be advantageous to have a system and method for treating the off-gas from waste treatment systems that, at least in part, address these shortcomings.
The present invention provides a system for treating the off-gas from a waste treatment system, such as a graphite electrode arc gasification system, that reduces the carbon black present in the off-gas while avoiding the production of nitrogen oxides and other pollutants. The system includes an afterburner using a plasma torch having a nitrogen-free working gas, which, in one embodiment, is a carbon dioxide and oxygen mixture. The plasma arc ionizes the working gas, thereby creating atomic oxygen, which assists in the removal of carbon black from the off-gas.
In one aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for treating an off-gas from a waste treatment system. The apparatus includes a refractory-lined cylindrical chamber having an input port for receiving the off-gas and an output port, and a DC powered plasma torch proximate the input port within the chamber, the torch receiving a working gas, the working gas including a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen. The plasma torch heats the chamber and the off-gas is thereby converted to an output gas, which is ejected through the output port.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating an off-gas from a waste treatment system. The method includes the steps of receiving the off-gas at an input port of a refractory-lined cylindrical chamber, heating the chamber by ionizing a working gas using a DC powered plasma torch proximate the input port within the chamber, the working gas including a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen, thereby converting the off-gas to an output gas, and outputting an output gas from the chamber.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a waste treatment system for treating hazardous wastes. The waste treatment system includes a primary waste treatment stage that receives the hazardous waste and produces a by-product off-gas, and a secondary waste treatment stage coupled to the primary waste treatment stage and receiving the off-gas. The secondary waste treatment stage includes a refractory-lined cylindrical chamber having an input port for receiving the off-gas and an output port, and a DC powered plasma torch proximate the input port within the chamber, the torch receiving a working gas, the working gas including a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen. The plasma torch heats the chamber and the off-gas is thereby converted to an output gas, which is ejected through the output port.
Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
Reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings which show an embodiment of the present invention, and in which:
FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a waste treatment system, according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows a top plan view block diagram of the waste treatment system; and
FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of a cyclonic oxidizer, according to the present invention.
Similar numerals are used in different figures to denote similar components.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
Reference is first made to FIG. 1, which shows a diagram of a waste treatment system 100, according to the present invention, and FIG. 2, which shows a top plan view block diagram of the waste treatment system 100. The system 100 includes a graphite electrode D.C. plasma arc gasifier/melter 4 and a plasma torch cyclonic oxidizer 3. Waste material is inserted into the gasifier/melter 4, which melts the non-combustible materials and disassociates the organic materials. The gasifier/melter 4 produces off-gas, which is routed to the cyclonic oxidized. The cyclonic oxidizer 3 then treats the off-gas, in accordance with the resent invention. The gasifier/melter 4 may also be referred to as a gasification/vitrification chamber.
Prior to feeding hazardous waste into the graphite electrode D.C. arc gasifier/melter 4 for destruction, the gasifier/melter 4 is preheated to a temperature above 1500° C. by melting scrap steel in the gasifier/melter 4. The gasifier/melter 4 is refractory lined, and the sidewalls and the roof of the D.C. arc gasifier/melter 4 are water cooled to extend the refractory life by minimizing mechanical erosion and chemical corrosion by the melt. The refractory system serves to contain the melt and minimize heat losses from the gasifier/melter 4. The refractory is also chemically compatible to the slag and by-product gas generated.
As shown in FIG. 2, two graphite electrodes penetrate through the roof of the gasifier/melter 4. Electrode clamps 16 and 17 hold the graphite electrodes and are connected to a D.C. power supply 2. Electrode clamp 16 is connected to the cathode, and electrode clamp 17 is connected to the anode of the power supply 2. The electrode clamps 16 and 17 are coupled to electrode arms 15 as part of an automatic responsive electrode guiding system which moves the electrode arms 15. The automatic responsive electrode guiding system moves the electrode arms 15 so as to adjust the position of the two graphite electrodes relative to each other and relative to the molten material at the hearth in the gasifier/melter 4. Adjusting the relative position of the graphite electrodes affects the arc length. An electrode seal on the roof is used to allow adjustment of the electrodes while preventing ambient air from entering and by-product gas from escaping the D.C. arc gasifier/melter 4.
A view port 25 in the gasifier/melter 4 allows for the even insertion of scrap steel. The anode electrode held by the electrode clamp 17 is buried in the scrap steel, and the cathode electrode held by the electrode clamp 16 is positioned above the solid scrap steel. Then the cathode electrode is slowly lowered until an electric arc is established between the cathode electrode and the scrap steel. The scrap steel begins to melt to form a molten bath at a temperature above 1500° C. When the scrap steel is completely melted at the hearth, the cathode electrode is then raised to achieve long arc length and the anode electrode remains submerged in the molten bath.
The system 100 includes a feeding mechanism for introducing hazardous solid wastes into the gasifier/melter 4. In another embodiment, instead of directly receiving solid hazardous wastes, the gasifier/melter 4 may receive toxic by-products from a main chemical or incineration processes. The main chemical or incineration process generates toxic by-products which are reduced to a non-toxic stable slag in the gasifier/melter 4.
In the present embodiment, the feeding mechanism includes a conveyor 20 and a gas-tight chamber 22 which is connected to the gasifier/melter 4. A gas-tight gate 21 separates the conveyor 20 and the gas-tight chamber 22, and a water-cooled gas-tight door 24 separates the gas-tight chamber 22 and the gasifier/melter 4.
Wastes may be delivered via the conveyor 20 to the gas-tight chamber 22 through the gas-tight gate 21. After a batch of wastes has been delivered into the gas-tight chamber 22, the gas-tight gate 21 is then closed. The gas-tight chamber 22 is then vacuumed to remove the air in the gas-tight chamber 22 by opening a vacuum control valve 14. Then the vacuum control valve 14 is closed and a carbon dioxide control valve 13 is opened to back fill the gas-tight chamber 22 with carbon dioxide to prevent by-product gas from coming out of the D.C. arc gasifier/melter 4 when the water cooled gas-tight door 24 begins to open. The gas-tight chamber 22 includes a high temperature resistance hydraulic ram 23 for propelling the wastes forward in the gas-tight chamber 22. When the gas-tight door 24 is fully opened, the ram 23 pushes the wastes into the D.C. arc gasifier/melter 4 through a chute in the sidewall or the roof. Once the wastes are pushed into the gasifier/melter 4, the ram 23 retracts to its original position in the gas-tight chamber 22. The water-cooled gas-tight door 24 is then closed, the valve 13 is closed and the vacuum valve 14 is opened to remove the carbon dioxide in the gas-tight chamber 22 until the gas-tight gate 21 begins to open to receive further wastes from the conveyor 20 to complete a feeding cycle for the solid wastes.
For liquid and gaseous hazardous wastes, the waste is metered and pumped through a retractable high temperature resistance atomizing nozzle in the sidewall onto the molten bath in the D.C. arc gasifier/melter 4. Steam is used as a carrier gas and to purge the liquid/gas feed line for cleansing.
Inside the gasifier/melter 4, the wastes are exposed to an extreme high heat atmosphere and the electric arc generated between the cathode electrode 16 and the molten iron. The organic matters in the waste are dissociated to their atomic forms. Due to the extreme high temperature condition, the formation of dioxin/furan can be completely prevented. The non-combustible matters including metals and glasses are melted and mixed with the molten iron to produce liquid slag and metal at the hearth. The slag and metal are removed occasionally from the D.C. arc gasifier/melter 4 by opening a tap hole 19 with a drill. Thermocouples are installed in the sidewalls, the roof and the bottom to monitor the freeboard and refractory temperature. If the refractory and freeboard temperatures begin to decrease, the power to the electrodes is increased by increasing the current or the voltage to the cathode electrode. The pressure inside the D.C. arc gasifier/melter 4 is maintained at negative to avoid by-product gas release to the ambient atmosphere by an exhaust fan of an air pollution control system 8.
Gas produced by the gasifier/melter 4 is treated in the cyclonic oxidizer 3. The cyclonic oxidizer 3 is coupled to the gasifier/melter 4 so as to receive by-product gas produced by the gasifier/melter 4. The by-product gas generated in the D.C. arc gasifier/melter 4, in one embodiment, may include carbon monoxide, hydrogen, light hydrocarbons, carbon black and a small quantity of carbon dioxide. Carbon black/soot always presents a serious operation problem in the downstream energy recovery and air pollution control systems because of its fine particle size. Furthermore, the carbon black/soot can act as a nucleation site for the reformation of the toxic organic compounds. This off-gas enters the cyclonic oxidizer 3 tangentially at very high velocity, thereby creating a cyclonic condition within the cyclonic oxidizer 3. In one embodiment, the cyclonic oxidizer 3 is disposed approximately horizontally, with a slight downward slope from an upstream end to a downstream end.
Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which shows a cross-sectional view of the cyclonic oxidizer 3, according to the present invention. A straight vertical refractory lined off-gas pipe 26 is used to connect the D.C. arc gasifier/melter 4 and the cyclonic oxidizer 3. The off-gas pipe 26 injects by-product gas tangentially into the bottom side of the cyclonic oxidizer 3 near its upstream end. The straight vertical off-gas pipe 26 minimizes the pressure drop between the D.C. arc gasifier/melter 4 and the cyclonic oxidizer 3 in order to improve the off-gas stream flow into the cyclonic oxidizer 3. The oxidization reaction efficiency is increased by the intense internal mixing between the by-product gas and injected atomized oxygen and steam caused by the vigor of the cyclonic action within the cyclonic oxidizer 3.
In another embodiment, the cyclonic oxidizer 3 treats off-gas generated from a main chemical reaction or incineration process, in which case the off-gas is delivered directly to the cyclonic oxidizer 3. In such a case, the gasifier/melter 4 may be unnecessary.
The cyclonic oxidizer 3 includes a D.C. plasma torch 18 located at its upstream end. The plasma torch 18 preheats the cyclonic oxidizer to above 1300° C. The D.C. plasma torch 18 is powered from a D.C. power supply 1. The D.C. power supply 1 for the plasma torch 18 is, in one embodiment, separate from the D.C. power supply 2 for the gasifier/melter 4 so as to ensure that the cyclonic oxidizer 3 continues to operate if the gasifier/melter 4 power supply 2 fails. The cyclonic oxidizer 3 is lined with refractory 32 and thermocouples 27, 28 and 29 are installed along the inner refractory 32 face to monitor the hot face temperatures. If the temperatures fall below 1350° C. during the treatment process, the power to the plasma torch 18 or the oxygen injection is increased. Operation of the plasma torch 18 may be controlled by a process controller 6 (FIG. 2) through a feedback loop. The process controller 6 may include a microcontroller suitably programmed to execute a set of instructions or functions for implementing control steps and providing control signals, according to the present invention.
The plasma torch 18 employs a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen as the plasma working gas. The gases are initially mixed in a dynamic mixer 5 that responsively regulates the composition of the gas mixture and controls the gas mixture flowrate according to the desired operating conditions and the plasma gas requirement. In one embodiment, the oxygen content in the gas mixture is 15% to 25% by volume, and is preferably 21%. An oxygen sensor is included in the dynamic mixer 5 to monitor the oxygen content in the gas mixture. The use of carbon dioxide and oxygen as the plasma working gas avoids the formations of nitrogen oxides and hydrogen cyanide. The dynamic mixer 5 may receive control signals from the process controller 6.
When the gas mixture is ionized in the plasma arc zone where temperature exceeds 5000° C., the carbon dioxide is dissociated to carbon monoxide and atomic oxygen which is very reactive. Combining the presence of reactive atomic oxygen and the enhanced turbulent environment inside the cyclonic oxidizer 3, carbon black/soot and the fugitive toxic materials in the by-product gas can be effectively converted and destroyed. The particulates in the by-product gas are melted to form a molten layer retained on the sidewall by the centrifugal force created by the cyclone action in the cyclonic oxidizer 3. The molten material flows down to the lower-stream side bottom, which is equipped with a spout 33 coupled to a container 34 to receive the molten material. The molten materials then solidify in the container 34 and are removed and returned to the D.C. arc gasifier/melter 4 for slag vitrification.
Oxygen and steam are metered and injected into the cyclonic oxidizer 3 as an oxidizing agent through control valves 10 and 11. The gases are atomized by high temperature resistance atomizing nozzles 30 and 31. The process controller 6 includes an on-line off-gas monitoring sensor to analyse the by-product gas composition for carbon monoxide, hydrogen, hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. From the data analysed, the process controller 6 quickly sends a process control signal to the control valves 10 and 11 to control the oxygen and steam injections. With low heating value wastes, the cyclonic oxidizer 3 converts the by-product gas completely to water and carbon dioxide to produce a clean exhaust gas to the atmosphere by increasing the oxygen and or steam injection until the total concentration of light hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide is less than 20 ppm. With high heating value wastes, the final by-product gas can be a high quality combustible synthetic gas for electricity generation. When the concentration of the carbon dioxide is above 3%, the steam and/or oxygen injection is decreased. And, when the concentration of the carbon dioxide is below 1%, the oxygen and steam injection is increased.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the sensible heat in the by-product gas generated from the cyclonic oxidizer 3 is recovered by a heat exchanger 7 to produce hot water or steam for improving the overall process efficiency. The steam is recycled to the liquid/gas waste feeding system as the carrier gas and the cyclonic oxidizer 3 as an oxidizing agent. The cooled gas is treated by the air pollution control system 8 before the final product gas is stored as a combustible synthetic gas that contains mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide, or the final product gas is compressed in a compressor 9 to produce a liquefied carbon dioxide.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. Certain adaptations and modifications of the invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the above discussed embodiments are considered to be illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
1. A method for treating an off-gas from a waste treatment system, comprising the steps of:
(a) receiving the off-gas at an input port of a refractory-lined cylindrical chamber;
(b) heating said chamber by ionizing a working gas using a DC powered plasma torch proximate the input port within said chamber, said working gas including a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen and excluding nitrogen, thereby converting said off-gas to an output gas; and
(c) outputting the output gas from said chamber.
2. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein said mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen includes between 15% and 25% oxygen by volume.
3. The method claimed in claim 1, further including a step of injecting atomized oxygen and atomized steam into said chamber.
4. The method claimed in claim 3, further including the steps of analyzing the content of said output gas and controlling said injection of oxygen and steam based upon said step of analyzing.
5. The method claimed in claim 4, further including a step of mixing an oxygen gas supply and a carbon dioxide gas supply to create said working gas in a dynamic mixer.
6. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein said step of ionizing is conducted in a plasma zone at an operating temperature greater than 5000° C.
7. The method claimed in claim 1, further including a step of measuring the temperature within said chamber, wherein said temperature is maintained at greater than 1300° C.
8. The method claimed in claim 1, wherein said working gas consists essentially of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
9. The method claimed in claim 8, wherein said working gas consists of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
10. An apparatus for treating an off-gas from a waste treatment system, comprising
(a) a refractory-lined cylindrical chamber having an input port for receiving the off-gas and an output port; and
(b) a DC powered plasma torch proximate the input port within said chamber, said torch receiving a working gas, said working gas including a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen and excluding nitrogen;
wherein said plasma torch heats said chamber and the off-gas is thereby converted to an output gas, which is ejected through said output port.
11. The apparatus claimed in claim 10, wherein said mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen includes between 15% and 25% oxygen by volume.
12. The apparatus claimed in claim 10, further including an oxygen injector in communication with said chamber for injecting atomized oxygen and a steam injector in communication with said chamber for injecting atomized steam.
13. The apparatus claimed in claim 12, wherein said oxygen injector and said steam injector include heat resistant atomizing nozzles in fluid communication with said chamber.
14. The apparatus claimed in claim 12, further including a sensor coupled to said output port for analyzing the content of said output gas, and a process controller coupled to said sensor for receiving data from said sensor and coupled to said injectors for controlling the injection of oxygen and steam.
15. The apparatus claimed in claim 14, further including a dynamic mixer coupled to said plasma torch and providing said working gas, said mixer receiving an oxygen gas supply and a carbon dioxide gas supply, wherein said mixer mixes said gas supplies in response to control signals from said process controller.
16. The apparatus claimed in claim 10, wherein said plasma torch includes a plasma zone operating at a temperature greater than 5000° C.
17. The apparatus claimed in claim 10, further including temperature sensors within said chamber, and wherein the temperature within said chamber is maintained at greater than 1300° C.
18. The apparatus claimed in claim 10, wherein said chamber is disposed horizontally and wherein said chamber includes an upstream end, a downstream end, and a sidewall therebetween.
19. The apparatus claimed in claim 18, wherein said plasma torch penetrates said upstream end, said input port includes an inlet pipe, and said inlet pipe penetrates said sidewall tangentially and proximate said upstream end.
20. The apparatus claimed in claim 10, wherein said working gas consists essentially of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
21. The apparatus claimed in claim 20, wherein said working consists of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
22. A waste treatment system for treating hazardous waste, comprising:
(a) a primary waste treatment stage, said primary waste treatment stage receiving the hazardous waste and producing a by-product off-gas;
(b) a secondary waste treatment stage coupled to said primary waste treatment stage and receiving said off-gas, said secondary waste treatment stage including:
(i) a refractory-lined cylindrical chamber having a input port for tangentially receiving said off-gas and an output port; and
(ii) a DC powered plasma torch proximate the input port within said chamber, said torch receiving a working gas, said working gas including a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen and excluding nitrogen;
wherein said plasma torch heats said chamber and said off-gas is thereby converted to an output gas, which is ejected through said output port.
23. The waste treatment system claimed in claim 22, wherein said mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen includes between 15% and 25% oxygen by volume.
24. The waste treatment system claimed in claim 22, wherein said primary waste treatment stage includes a gasification/vitrification chamber and a conveyor system coupled to said gasification/vitrification chamber through a gas-tight door, said conveyor system feeding solid hazardous wastes into said gasification/vitrification chamber.
25. The waste treatment system claimed in claim 22, wherein said primary waste treatment system includes a gasification/vitrification chamber and an inlet pipe coupled to said gasification/vitrification chamber, said inlet pipe feeding liquid or gaseous hazardous wastes into said gasification/vitrification chamber.
26. The waste treatment system claimed in claim 22, wherein said primary waste treatment stage includes a graphite electrode plasma arc gasifier/melter.
27. The waste treatment system claimed in claim 26, wherein said graphite electrode plasma arc gasifier/melter includes a pair of spaced apart graphite electrodes, each held by a respective electrode clamp attached to a movable electrode arm, wherein said electrode aims are operable to adjust the relative distance between said pair of spaced apart graphite electrodes or between said electrodes and a molten material within said graphite electrode plasma arc gasifier/melter, thereby adjusting the arc length.
28. The waste treatment system claimed in claim 22, wherein said working gas consists essentially of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
29. The waste treatment system claimed in claim 28, wherein said working gas consists of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
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5958264 September 28, 1999 Tsantrizos et al.
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“The Coal Reburning for Cyclone Boiler No x Control Demonstration Project,” The Office of Clean Coal Technology, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, Sep. 1995.
“SPC Cyclone Melting Furnace,” Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd., from Japanese Advanced Environment Equipment web page, undated.
Anderson, Robert A. and Richardson, Roger A., “Plasma Afterburner for Treatment of Effluents from Solid-Waste Processing,” from Plasma Torch web page, last modified: Sep. 4, 1994.
S.W. Ip, PhD for Prof. R.A. Bergman, “Thermodynamic Analysis of the Falcondo Naphtha Gasification Process,” Feb. 1995.
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Date of Patent: Nov 2, 2004
Assignees: (Willowdale), Edmund Kin On Lau (Hong Kong)
Inventor: Benjamin Chun Pong Chan (Willowdale)
Primary Examiner: Kenneth Rinehart
Attorney, Agent or Law Firm: Boyle Fredrickson Newholm Stein & Gratz, S.C.
Current U.S. Class: Exhaust Gas; E.g., Pollution Control, Etc. (110/345); With Electric Heater (110/250); Afterburning Means (110/210)
International Classification: F23B/500; F23G/706; F23G/510;
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Justia Patents With Means To Add Treating MaterialUS Patent for Controlled dosing of chlorine dioxide of other sanitizing agents into pressurized water systems Patent (Patent # 7,112,276)
Controlled dosing of chlorine dioxide of other sanitizing agents into pressurized water systems
Apr 1, 2005 - 3M Innovative Properties Company
A medium having a support structure configured for circulation of a fluid therein, such as a replaceable filter cartridge, including a sanitizing agent which contains one or more reactants that are chemically configured for delivering chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents in a controlled dose to sanitize, deodorize, and disinfect upon being wetted by the fluid and positioned in the medium support structure to be exposed to the fluid circulating therein.
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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
The subject application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/392,670, filed Mar. 18, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,913,691, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/366,144, filed Mar. 20, 2002, the disclosure of each is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The subject invention relates to a system and method of water treatment, and more particularly, to systems and methods of delivering controlled doses of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents into a pressurized water system.
Potable water contains various levels of background contaminants such as HPC, pathogenic bacteria and algae, even after municipal treatment. In most instances, chlorine is used to reduce the concentration of such background contaminants. Chlorine and chlorine compounds used for sanitization or disinfection are often removed from water supplies prior to use in drinking water systems, food service beverage systems and ice dispensing equipment. The reasons for removal vary depending on the application or system. For example, the presence of chlorine in the water supply to certain beverage systems may negatively impact a particular quality of the beverage product, such as its taste.
There are also a significant amount of downstream potable water systems that do not use disinfection chemicals. This results in increased levels of microorganisms and biofilm build-up. The build-up increases within dechlorination filters, resin beds, and other finely divided media filters during periods of stagnation. The build-up can be released downstream at high levels causing health concerns, as well as severe off-tastes and odors. Over a prolonged period of time biofilm coats water lines and wetted parts of dispensing equipment, thus compounding the problem.
The concern generated by known high levels of microorganism build-up has caused many in the food service and drinking water industry to periodically sanitize water lines, often reaching the threshold allowable by state or local regulations. Many of the sanitization procedures currently available are difficult to administer, costly, service intensive and use highly toxic chemicals. Some of the chemicals typically used in these procedures include peroxide, chlorine derivatives, muric acid and citric acid. Although the desired sanitizing effect may be achieved by these procedures, they are seldom implemented due to the aforementioned problems.
Chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents have also been found to be highly effective as a sanitizer for use in potable water lines. Prior treatment procedures employed a highly concentrated solution of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents, which is formed independently in a remote container and then pumped into the system lines. This solution is allowed to remain in the system lines for extended periods of time while the pressure in the water line is shut off.
One of the primary disadvantages of using chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents as a sanitizer according to prior treatment procedures is the economic cost associated with the resulting system downtime since the system being sanitized is unusable during the treatment. Also, due to the toxic nature of the chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents solution, a specially trained service technician is often required to remain on-site until the solution is completely flushed out, thus further adding to the financial burden associated with these prior treatment procedures.
The flushing process itself often significantly extends the system downtime of the prior treatment procedures because of a residue left in the system lines by the prolonged static exposure to the chlorine or other sanitizing agents solution. This residue is often difficult to remove, and even low levels of such residue may be considered toxic or noxious, thus requiring the repeated flushing of the system.
It would be beneficial therefore, to provide a system and method for delivering controlled doses of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents into a pressurized water system, which overcomes the deficiencies of the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present invention provides new and useful systems and methods for delivering controlled doses of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents into a pressurized potable water system which overcomes the problems associated with the prior art.
A medium having a support structure with an inlet configured for receiving a fluid, an outlet configured for delivering a fluid and a body configured for circulating a fluid therein, such as a replaceable filter cartridge, which includes a sanitizing agent containing one or more reactants that are chemically configured for releasing a compound having sanitizing properties, such as chlorine dioxide, in a controlled dose upon being wetted by the fluid and positioned within the medium to be exposed to the fluid circulating therein.
Preferably, the sanitizing agent releases chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents in specific amounts, at a specific and controlled constant rate, to sanitize, deodorize, and disinfect equipment pipes connected to the medium outlet. The rate of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents release would be set to dilute in water with a constant flow rate for a duration equivalent to perform the desired task, such as sanitize, deodorize, or disinfect water lines and equipment wetted parts.
The preferred mediums to be used in accordance with the present invention include systems or disposable cartridges. In particular, the present invention, is directed to a system for delivering a sanitizing agent to a fluid, which includes a substantially hollow vessel and a sanitizing agent having one or more reactants which are chemically configured to release a compound having sanitizing properties upon exposure to the fluid. The hollow vessel includes an inlet passage configured for receiving fluid flow, an outlet passage configured for fluid egress, and an interior chamber configured for receiving fluid from the inlet passage and providing temporary confinement of the fluid therein prior to egress from the outlet passage. The sanitizing agent is disposed in the chamber and the confinement of water therein may be provided by an independent valve.
The present invention is also directed to a filter cartridge that includes a hollow housing with a filter media chamber defined therein and a sanitizing agent disposed in the filter media chamber. The sanitizing agent preferably includes one or more reactants which are chemically configured to release a compound having sanitizing properties upon exposure to the fluid in the filter media chamber.
There can be inlet passage in the housing configured to provide fluid communication with the chamber and an outlet passage in the housing configured to provide fluid communication with the chamber. The fluid is directed to the inlet passage and flows through the filter media chamber, exiting the outlet passage with chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents from a portion of fluid included therewith having been exposed to the sanitizing agent in the filter media chamber.
Preferably, the fluid is water and the compound is chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents, in which case, the one or more reactants can include a chlorite and the release of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents is initiated by contact with the water. The chlorite may be an aqueous soluble chlorite selected from the group consisting of sodium chlorite and potassium chlorite and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the one or more reactants include an aqueous soluble chlorite and an aqueous soluble acid. Preferably, the aqueous soluble acid is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, fumaric acid, glycolic acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and mixtures thereof.
In addition, the system or filter cartridge of the present invention may also include a filtration media disposed in the chamber along with the sanitizing agent. The filtration media may be configured to provide chemical or mechanical filtration depending on the application. Preferably, the filtration media and sanitizing agent are disposed in the chamber and configured so that fluid entering the chamber is first exposed to the filtration media prior to being exposed to the sanitizing agent and exiting the outlet.
In another embodiment which can be implemented in any medium (e.g., cartridge or system) constructed in accordance with the present invention, a solution may be disposed in the chamber that includes a second compound having sanitizing properties, such as chlorine. This solution is then mixed with fluid flowing in the chamber and exits through the outlet passage.
In yet another embodiment which can be implemented in any medium constructed in accordance with the present invention, a substantially hollow neck is mated with the chamber. The neck has an inlet port in fluid communication with an inlet passage that is configured to be in fluid communication with the chamber, and an outlet port in fluid communication with an outlet passage that is also configured to be in fluid communication with the chamber. The inlet passage and outlet passage are both disposed in the neck and configured to provide dual fluid flow within the neck and independent fluid communication with the chamber.
The aforementioned embodiment may further include a tubular member disposed axially in the neck and having a portion with a porous periphery extending into the chamber. The tubular member defines an inner axial passage therein and a radially outer axial passage bounded by the periphery of the tubular member and inner surface of the neck. Thus, the outer axial passage and the inner axial passage can provide the inlet and outlet passages, respectively. A filtration media may be disposed along the porous periphery of the portion of the tubular member extending into the filter media chamber and the sanitizing agent can be disposed within the inner axial passage of the portion of the tubular member extending into the chamber. Preferably, the sanitizing agent is separated from the filtration media by an inert porous divider.
In yet another embodiment which can be implemented in any medium constructed in accordance with the present invention, a second outlet port may be added to the housing or vessel at a position where it will be in fluid communication with the chamber, and adjacent relative to the position of the sanitizing agent within the chamber, so that a majority or substantially all of the fluid exposed to the sanitizing agent exits this second outlet.
Further features of the subject invention will become more apparent from the detailed description of the present invention that follows taken in conjunction with the drawings.
So that those having ordinary skill in the art to which the present application appertains will more readily understand how to make and use the same, reference may be had to the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a representative illustration of a system for providing controlled dosing of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents to sanitize and clean equipment pipes or lines constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, which depicts the system including a dry sanitizing agent, which releases chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents upon wetting with water, and a liquid sanitizing agent and a filter head for connecting the system with the equipment;
FIG. 2 is a representative illustration of a filter cartridge for providing controlled dosing of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents to sanitize and clean equipment pipes or lines constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, including a dry sanitizing agent, which releases chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents upon wetting with water, a filtration media, a first outlet for water exposed to the filtration media, and a second outlet for providing water exposed to the sanitizing agent; and
FIG. 3 is a representative illustration of a filter cartridge for providing controlled dosing of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents to sanitize and clean equipment pipes or lines constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, including a dry sanitizing agent, which releases chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents upon wetting with water and a filtration media, wherein the outlet stream from the filter cartridge contains a blend of water exposed to the filtration media and water exposed to the sanitizing agent.
These and other features of the subject invention will become more readily apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art from the following description of the preferred embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
In the following detailed description of the present invention, references are made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that structural changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
The present invention provides vehicles, such as replaceable filter cartridges, for delivering chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents to a water system in a variety of controlled doses periodically by exposure of the water in the system to sanitizing or cleaning agents. These agents may include stable dry chemicals such as, but not limited to, those which are disclosed in the herein incorporated Published International Patent Application WO 01/60750A3 (PCT/US01/05002), capable of generating chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents when wetted. Preferably, the agent or agents release a specific amount of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents, at a specific and controlled constant rate. The rate of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents release would be set to dilute in water with a constant flow rate for a duration equivalent to clean (sanitize) water lines and equipment wetted parts.
Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numerals identify similar structural features of the invention, there is illustrated in FIG. 1, a representative depiction of a stand-alone type system for providing controlled dosing of sanitizer/cleaner into pressurized water systems which is constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the subject invention and designated generally by reference numeral 10.
System 10 includes a pressure vessel 12 having a first end 14 and a second end 16 defining a hollowed out, generally cylindrical chamber 18 therein. First end 14 has a neck 20 which has an inlet port 22 in fluid communication with an inlet passage for directing fluid flow into chamber 18 according to arrow 24 (hereinafter referred to as “inlet passage 24”). Neck 20 also includes an outlet port 26 in fluid communication with an outlet tube 28 which extends axially into chamber 18. In this embodiment, neck 20 also includes an optional bypass passage which provides fluid communication between inlet passage 24 and outlet port 26 in accordance with arrow 30 (hereinafter referred to as “bypass passage 30”). Chamber 18 includes an unfilled region 32 adjacent first end 14, a first treatment region 34 containing a dry sanitizing agent 36 with controlled reaction dissolution and a second treatment region 38 containing a concentrated sanitizing liquid 40 adjacent second end 16. First treatment region 34 and second treatment region 38 are separated from each other by a porous inert divider 42. Sanitizing liquid 40 is preferably chlorine and may also include a dye indicator for facilitating awareness of its exhaustion.
System 10 is attachable to the water supply line (not shown) to a master system (not shown), such as a beverage preparation device or ice making machine, via a filter head 44 having a first line 46 for receiving fluid from a supply line (not shown), a second line 48 for providing fluid to the master system and a treatment device port 50. Filter head 44 may be constructed with or retrofitted onto the supply line or any other lines in the master system. System 10 may also be connected to the master system in other ways, such as by a permanent connection having flow control valves. Treatment device port 50 separates first line 46 and second line 48 and to provide a space in which neck 20 of system 10 may be inserted. Filter head 44 may also include a line pressure bypass with constant flow rate. The flow rate may vary depending on the application but typically ranges from about 0.25 gallons per minute to about 5.0 gallons per minute.
Preferably, the outer periphery of neck 20 and the inner surface of treatment device port 50 are configured to be engaged by corresponding cooperative structures defined respectively thereon. The cooperative structures may consist of a proprietary interconnection. Also, it is preferable that neck 20 and treatment device port 50 be sealingly engaged (e.g., using water resistant sealing rings fabricated of an elastomeric material) to maintain the integrity of fluid communication between the first line 46 and inlet port 22, and between outlet port 26 and second line 48, respectively.
Once system 10 is installed in filter head 44 (i.e., neck 20 is engaged with treatment device port 50), water is provided to first line 46 and allowed to enter inlet port 22. A portion of the water flow entering inlet port 22 will travel through inlet passage 24 into chamber 18 while the remaining portion of water flow will travel through bypass passage 30. Bypass passage 30 is configured to direct the water flowing therein through outlet port 26 sans treatment, to be diluted with the treated water also exiting from outlet port 26. The water flowing through inlet passage 24 pours into unfilled region 32 of chamber 18 creating turbulence as indicated by arrows 52 which facilitates better mixing of the untreated water and greater contact with the sanitizers in treatment regions 34 and 38 within chamber 18.
The pressure of the incoming flow forces water within unfilled region 32 through first treatment region 34, porous divider 42, and second treatment region 38 before exiting chamber 18 via outlet tube 28. As the water passes through treatment regions 34 and 38, it is exposed to dry sanitizing agent 36 and concentrated sanitizing liquid 40. The flow from outlet tube 28 mixes with untreated water flowing from outlet 26 via bypass passage 30 (if included) before being directed to the master system via second line 48 in filter head 44. Preferably, for this embodiment, the water flowing to the master system contains about 0.1 parts per million of sanitizer to about 10 parts per million of sanitizer after passage through system 10.
Another preferred embodiment of the present invention is represented by the depiction in FIG. 2 of a filter cartridge having a separate sanitizer stream for providing controlled dosing of sanitizer/cleaner into pressurized water systems, which is constructed in accordance with the subject invention and designated generally by reference numeral 110.
System 110 includes a filter cartridge housing 112 having a first end 114 and a second end 116 defining a hollowed out, generally cylindrical chamber 118 therein. First end 114 has a neck 120 which has an inlet port 122 in fluid communication with an inlet passage for directing fluid flow into chamber 118 according to arrow 124 (hereinafter referred to as “inlet passage 124”). Neck 120 also includes an outlet port 126 in fluid communication with an outlet tube 128 extending axially into chamber 118. In this embodiment, filter cartridge housing 112 also includes a separate sanitizer line 154 that draws fluid from chamber 118 adjacent to second end 116 of filter cartridge housing 112.
Chamber 118 includes an axially disposed, radially porous center core 156 and radially outer first treatment region 134 containing a filtration media 158 adjacent first end 114, which may be mechanical or chemical in nature (e.g., a peat block, screen, activated carbon block, sediment block, granular media, etc.), and which substantially surrounds center core 156. Center core 156 includes a first open axial end 160 adjacent to first end 114 of filter cartridge housing 112 and a second open axial end 162 adjacent to second end 116 of filter cartridge housing 112.
The second open end 162 of center core 156 is adjacent to a second treatment region 138 containing a dry sanitizing agent 136 with controlled reaction dissolution. First treatment region 134 and second treatment region 138 are separated by a porous inert divider 142. In addition, filtration media 158 is configured and dimensioned to fit within filter cartridge housing 112 to define an unfilled annular region 132 between the inner circumferential surface of chamber 118 and the outer periphery of filtration media 158 for fluid flow therebetween, as illustrated by arrows 164.
Filter cartridge 110 is attachable to a supply line (not shown), preferably located within the housing of a master system (not shown), such as a beverage preparation device or ice making machine. This may be accomplished via a filter head (not shown) as in the previous embodiment or other connection having a port configured to engage neck 120.
When system 110 is in use, water pumped through the supply line enters inlet port 122 and flows into chamber 118 through inlet passage 124 in neck 120 of filter cartridge housing 112. As illustrated by arrows 164, the water flows through the unfilled annular region 132 and is pushed radially inward by the fluid pressure created in cartridge housing 112. The water is forced through filtration media 158 and into center core 156. A portion of the water flow in center core 156 is directed towards first end 114 and into outlet tube 128, eventually exiting filter cartridge housing 112 through outlet port 126, as illustrated by arrows 166. Preferably, the majority of the water flow follows the path shown by arrows 166.
A portion of the water entering unfilled annular region 132 flows axially toward second end 116 in chamber 118 and into second treatment region 138 through porous inert divider 142 without passing through filtration media 158, as illustrated by arrow 168. A portion of the water flow in center core 156 which has passed through filtration media 158 is directed by pressure, or lack thereof, toward second end 116. This flow of treated water exits center core 156 from second open end 162 and enters into second treatment region 138 through porous inert divider 142, as illustrated by arrow 170. Water flowing within second treatment region 138 contacts dry sanitizing agent 136 and then exits filter cartridge housing 112 through separate sanitizer line 154. The water exposed to dry sanitizing agent 136 may be controlled by a control valve 172 in sanitizer line 154.
Another preferred embodiment of the present invention is represented by the depiction in FIG. 3 of a filter cartridge having an encapsulated sanitizing agent for providing controlled dosing of sanitizer/cleaner into pressurized water systems, which is constructed in accordance with the subject invention and designated generally by reference numeral 210.
System 210 includes a filter cartridge housing 212 having a first end 214 and a second end 216 defining a hollowed out, generally cylindrical chamber 218 therein. First end 214 has a neck 220 which has an inlet port 222 in fluid communication with an inlet passage for directing fluid flow into chamber 218 according to arrow 224 (hereinafter referred to as “inlet passage 224”). Neck 220 also includes an outlet port 226 in fluid communication with an outlet tube 228 extending axially into chamber 218.
Chamber 218 includes an axially disposed, radially porous center core 256 and radially outer first treatment region 234 containing a filtration media 258 that extends axially substantially from first end 214 to second end 216 and substantially surrounds center core 256. Filtration media 258 is configured and dimensioned to provide an unfilled annular region 232 between the inner circumferential surface of chamber 218 and the outer periphery of filtration media 258 for fluid flow therebetween, as illustrated by arrows 264.
Filtration media 258 may be mechanical or chemical in nature (e.g., a peat block, screen, activated carbon block, sediment block, granular media, etc.).
Center core 256 includes an open axial end 260 adjacent to first end 214 of filter cartridge housing 212 and a second treatment region 238 containing a dry sanitizing agent 236 with controlled reaction dissolution adjacent to second end 216 of filter cartridge housing 212. An axially disposed porous inert divider 242 separates second treatment region 238 from the remaining portion of center core 256.
Filter cartridge 210 is attachable to a supply line (not shown), preferably located within the housing of a master system (not shown), such as a beverage preparation device or ice making machine. This may be accomplished via a filter head (not shown) as in the previous embodiments or other connection having a port configured to engage neck 220.
In use, water is pumped through supply line and flows from inlet port 222 to chamber 218 through inlet passage 224 in neck 220 of filter cartridge housing 212. As illustrated by arrows 264, the water flows through the unfilled annular region 232 and is pushed radially inward by fluid pressure. Water is forced through filtration media 258 and into center core 256, where it makes its way into outlet tube 228 and exits cartridge housing 212 through outlet port 226, as illustrated by arrows 266.
A portion of the water flow forced through filtration media 258 also enters second treatment region 238 and contacts dry sanitizing agent 236, as illustrated by arrow 268. The water exposed to dry sanitizing agent 236 flows through porous inert divider 242, as shown by arrows 270, where it mixes with water which has not been treated by dry sanitizing agent 236 before exiting filter cartridge housing 212, as described above.
Preferably, predetermined amounts of dry sanitizing agent 236 is encapsulated in a sanitary cartridge such as cartridge 110 and 210, in a way, that would allow the full flow of fluid therethrough. A suitable encapsulated sanitary cartridge configuration is manufactured by Cuno Incorporated of Meriden, Conn., and sold under the tradename SQC® series drinking water system.
System 10 and cartridges 110 and 210, or other similar devices constructed in accordance with the present invention, may have a variety of end connector configurations to fit existing filter systems for periodic insertion and activation, as well as proprietary interconnects. A system or cartridge constructed in accordance with the present invention can also be incorporated into master system downstream of any absorbent media and can be removed or left in place until replaced for another treatment depending upon the filter head configuration. Furthermore, a system or cartridge of the present invention can be a standard component, which would be either supplied as part of a new installation, as a retrofit or as a replacement medium for chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents dosing.
Various doses of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents may be administered via the systems and cartridges of the present invention. For example, the periodic high dosing of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents may be accomplished by utilizing predetermined amounts of a sanitizing agent that also allows full flow through the cartridge. Once installed, water can be introduced into a system or cartridge of the present invention is filled with the outlet port restricted. Once wetted the agent would generate chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents within the cartridge for a predetermined period of time, until a high level (e.g., 50 parts per million to 100 parts per million) is dissolved into the water in the system or cartridge chamber. The outlet port may be opened when ready and the chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents rich water can be forced by water pressure downstream into the water lines and equipment wetted parts, thereby stripping biofilm therefrom.
The concentrated solution may be allowed to reach all exit ports of the downstream equipment. Thereafter, the outlet line of the master system can be shut off. The chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents rich solution may be held for a predetermined amount of time (e.g., from twenty minutes to several hours) to facilitate the stripping of biofilm build-up in the master system lines and sanitize the water and wetted equipment parts. The master system can then be flushed for a prescribed amount of time so as to clear the water lines and cartridge of any remaining chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents residue. One of the advantages of using chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents is its powerful oxidation capabilities and the ease by which residue is flushed out of the system.
For high dosing as described above, the rate of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents generation is rapid, but its release from the cartridge or stand alone system can be set to dilute in water with a constant flow rate, preferably between 50 parts per million and 100 parts per million, for a duration equivalent to fill water lines and equipment wetted parts.
Low doses of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents (i.e., about 0.1 parts per million to about 0.5 parts per million) can also be delivered into the water system periodically by exposure of the water in the system to sanitizing or cleaning agents contained in a system or cartridge constructed in accordance with the present invention. For example, a low-level chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents dosing agent may be incorporated into a cartridge, such as cartridge 210, which are constructed in accordance with the present invention, along with other reduction, removal or absorptive capabilities, or combinations thereof. Upon installation, the agent can generate chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents at a low controlled rate for a short duration. Preferably, the chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents generation occurs at a location that is downstream of any absorbent media within the same cartridge. As water enters the filter cartridge, chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents generation begins. The absorbent and reduction media would perform as normal for their prescribed life (e.g., 3 months, 6 months or 1 year), while the chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents generation would end within the first few minutes of use (e.g., from about 5 to about 20 minutes). The net result would be the periodic sanitization of water lines and equipment wetted parts with the convenience of a standard cartridge replacement.
In addition, a system or cartridge constructed in accordance with the present invention provides for the safe transportation and handling of chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents producing agents, controlled low level dosing rate in a dynamic flowing condition, controlled dosing duration, and system or cartridge formats and head assemblies which can introduce chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents into a pressurized water line.
While the present invention has been described with respect to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that various changes and/or modifications can be made to the present invention with departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. For example, a filter cartridge may be constructed having a sanitizing agent in accordance with the present invention and with a bypass feature such as, but not limited to, those filter cartridges which are disclosed in the herein incorporated, copending and commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/337,832 filed on Jan. 7, 2003.
1. A system for delivering controlled doses of a sanitizing agent to a fluid, comprising:
a substantially hollow vessel having an inlet passage configured for receiving fluid flow, an outlet passage configured for fluid egress, and an interior chamber configured for receiving fluid from the inlet passage and providing temporary confinement of the fluid therein prior to egress from the outlet passage;
at least one sanitizing agent operatively disposed in the chamber, the sanitizing agent including one or more reactants which are chemically configured to release a compound having sanitizing properties upon periodic exposure to the fluid in the chamber; and
a solution disposed in the chamber of the vessel including chlorine, wherein the solution is mixed with fluid in the chamber for egress through the outlet passage.
2. A system as recited in claim 1, wherein the compound is chlorine dioxide.
3. A system as recited in claim 1, wherein the fluid is water.
4. A filter cartridge comprising:
a hollow housing with a filter media chamber defined therein;
a substantially hollow neck mated with the filter media chamber having an inlet port in fluid communication with an inlet passage configured to be in fluid communication with the filter media chamber and an outlet port in fluid communication with an outlet passage configured to be in fluid communication with the filter media chamber, wherein the inlet passage and outlet passage are disposed in the neck and configured to provide dual fluid flow within the neck and independent fluid communication with the filter media chamber;
a sanitizing agent disposed in the filter media chamber, the sanitizing agent including one or more reactants which are chemically configured to release a compound having sanitizing properties upon exposure to the fluid in the filter media chamber; and
a dye indicator operatively associated with the sanitizing agent, for facilitating awareness of the presence of the sanitizing agent in the fluid at a location remote from the filter cartridge and the subsequent exhaustion thereof from the fluid at the location remote from the filter cartridge, the filter cartridge being operatively positioned in a pressurized fluid system.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the compound is chlorine dioxide.
6. The system of claim 4, wherein the fluid is water.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein the one or more reactants include an aqueous soluble chlorite and an aqueous soluble acid.
8. The system of claim 6, further comprising a filtration media disposed in the filter media chamber.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the filtration media is substantially fabricated of activated carbon.
10. The system of claim 8 wherein the filtration media and sanitizing agent are disposed in the filter media chamber so that fluid entering therein is first exposed to the filtration media prior to the sanitizing agent.
11. The system of claim 4, further comprising a tubular member disposed axially in the neck and having a portion with a porous periphery extending into the filter media chamber, the tubular member defining an inner axial passage therein and a radially outer axial passage bounded by the periphery of the tubular member and inner surface of the neck, wherein the outer axial passage and the inner axial passage provide the inlet and outlet passages, respectively.
12. The system of claim 11, further comprising a filtration media disposed along the porous periphery of the portion of the tubular member extending into the filter media chamber.
13. A filter cartridge, comprising:
a housing having a filter media chamber defined therein;
an inlet passage in the housing configured to provide fluid communication with the filter media chamber;
an outlet passage in the housing configured to provide fluid communication with the filter media chamber;
a sanitizing agent disposed in the filter media chamber, the sanitizing agent including one or more reactants which are chemically configured to release Chlorine dioxide or other sanitizing agents upon exposure to water, and
a dye indicator operatively associated with the sanitizing agent, for facilitating awareness of the presence of the sanitizing agent in the water at a location remote from the filter cartridge and the subsequent exhaustion thereof from the water at the location remote from the filter cartridge, the filter cartridge being operatively positioned in a pressurized water system;
wherein water being directed to the inlet passage flows through the filter media chamber and exits the outlet passage with the sanitizing agent from a portion of water included therewith having been exposed to the sanitizing agent in the filter media chamber.
14. A filter cartridge as recited in claim 13, wherein the concentration of chlorine dioxide in the water flowing from the outlet passage ranges from about 0.1 ppm to about 10 ppm.
15. A system for delivering a sanitizing agent to a fluid, comprising:
a sanitizing agent operatively disposed in the chamber, the sanitizing agent including one or more reactants which are chemically configured to release a compound having sanitizing properties upon exposure to the fluid in the chamber;
a solution operatively disposed in the chamber of the vessel including a second compound having sanitizing properties, wherein the solution is mixed with fluid in the chamber for egress through the outlet passage; and
a dye indicator operatively associated with the sanitizing agent, for facilitating awareness of the presence of the sanitizing agent in the fluid and the subsequent exhaustion thereof from the fluid.
16. A filter cartridge comprising:
a sanitizing agent disposed in the filter media chamber, the sanitizing agent including one or more reactants which are chemically configured to release a compound having sanitizing properties upon exposure to the fluid in the filter media chamber;
a tubular member disposed axially in the neck and having a portion with a porous periphery extending into the filter media chamber, the tubular member defining an inner axial passage therein and a radially outer axial passage bounded by the periphery of the tubular member and inner surface of the neck, wherein the outer axial passage and the inner axial passage provide the inlet and outlet passages, respectively; and
17. The filter cartridge of claim 16, farther comprising a filtration media disposed along the porous periphery of the portion of the tubular member extending into the filter media chamber.
18. The filter cartridge of claim 17, wherein the sanitizing agent is disposed within the inner axial passage of the portion of the tubular member extending into the filter media chamber.
19. The filter cartridge of claim 17, wherein the sanitizing agent is separated from the filtration media by an inert porous divider.
20. The filter cartridge of claim 16, farther comprising:
a second outlet port in the housing in fluid communication with the filter media chamber and disposed adjacent relative to the position of the sanitizing agent within the filter media chamber for receiving a majority of the fluid exposed to the sanitizing agent.
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Filed: Apr 1, 2005
Assignee: 3M Innovative Properties Company (St. Paul, MN)
Inventor: Thomas D. Holler (Glastonbury, CT)
Primary Examiner: Duane Smith
Assistant Examiner: Douglas J. Theisen
Attorney: R. Thomas Payne
Current U.S. Class: With Means To Add Treating Material (210/198.1); Directly Applied To Separator (210/209); Chemical Holder In Series With Separator (210/206); Liquid-liquid Contact Means (422/256); Liquid-solid Contact Means (422/261); With Holder For Solid, Flaky Or Pulverized Material To Be Dissolved Or Entrained (137/268)
International Classification: C02F 1/50 (20060101);
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Justia Patents Active Solid-state Devices (e.g., Transistors, Solid-state Diodes) Patents Light Emitting Semiconductor Devices Having A Potential Or A Surface Barrier, Processes Or Apparatus Peculiar To The Manufacture Or Treatment Of Such Devices, Or Of Parts Thereof Patents Device Characterized By Semiconductor Body (epo) Patents Material Of Active Region (epo) Patents Comprising Only Group Iii-v Compound (epo) Patents (Class 257/E33.023)
Comprising Only Group Iii-v Compound (epo) Patents (Class 257/E33.023)
E Subclasses
Binary compound (e.g., gaas) (epo) (Class 257/E33.024)
Including nitride (e.g., GaN) (EPO) (Class 257/E33.025)
Ternary or quaternary compound (e.g., algaas) (epo) (Class 257/E33.026)
With heterojunction (EPO) (Class 257/E33.027)
Including nitride (e.g., AlGaN) (EPO) (Class 257/E33.028)
Characterized by doping material (epo) (Class 257/E33.029)
Nitride compound (EPO) (Class 257/E33.03)
Including ternary or quaternary compound (e.g., algaas) (epo) (Class 257/E33.031)
With heterojunction (e.g., AlGaAs/GaAs) (EPO) (Class 257/E33.032)
Comprising nitride compound (e.g., AlGaN) (EPO) (Class 257/E33.033)
With heterojunction (e.g., AlGaN/GaN) (EPO) (Class 257/E33.034)
Method of fabricating vertical type light-emitting diode and method of separating layers from each other
Abstract: The present invention provides a method of fabricating a vertical type light-emitting diode and a method of separating layers from each other. Crystalline rods are provided on a lower layer or a lower substrate. The crystalline rods comprise ZnO. A layer which constitutes light-emitting diode or a light-emitting diode structure is formed on the crystalline rods, and the lower substrate is separated therefrom. The crystalline rods are dissolved during the separation. The formation of the crystalline rods is achieved by the formation of a seed layer and selective growth based on the seed layer.
Filed: July 22, 2010
Date of Patent: May 19, 2015
Assignee: GWANGJU INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Inventors: Ki-Seok Kim, Gun-Young Jung
Substrate, template substrate, semiconductor light emitting element, semiconductor light emitting element producing method, illumination device using semiconductor light emitting element and electronic device
Abstract: Disclosed is a semiconductor light emitting element (LC) provided with a substrate (110) having one surface on which plural hexagonal-pyramid-shaped protrusions (110b) are provided, a base layer (130) provided so as to be in contact with the surface on which the protrusions (110b) are provided, an n-type semiconductor layer (140) provided so as to be in contact with the base layer (130), a light emitting layer (150) provided so as to be in contact with the n-type semiconductor layer (140), and a p-type semiconductor layer (160) provided so as to be in contact with the light emitting layer (150). Each protrusion (110b) scatters light in lateral and oblique directions within the semiconductor light emitting element (LC). The protrusions are densely arranged on a substrate on which semiconductor layers are laminated, so that the light extraction efficiency is improved.
Filed: December 13, 2010
Date of Patent: May 5, 2015
Assignee: Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd.
Inventor: Yohei Sakano
Semiconductor light emitting device and method for fabricating the same
Abstract: Provided are a semiconductor light emitting device and a method for fabricating the same. The semiconductor light emitting device includes a light emitting structure and a pattern. The light emitting structure includes a first-conductivity-type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second-conductivity-type semiconductor layer. The pattern is formed on at least one light emitting surface among the surfaces of the light emitting structure. The pattern has a plurality of convex or concave parts that are similar in shape. The light emitting surface with the pattern formed thereon has a plurality of virtual reference regions that are equal in size and are arranged in a regular manner. The convex or concave part is disposed in the reference regions such that a part of the edge thereof is in contact with the outline of one of the plurality of virtual reference regions.
Date of Patent: March 31, 2015
Assignee: Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
Inventors: Hyung Duk Ko, Jung Ja Yang, Yu Seung Kim, Youn Joon Sung, Soo Jin Jung, Dae Cheon Kim, Byung Kwun Lee
Semiconductor devices and methods of manufacturing the same
Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate, a buffer layer on the substrate, and a plurality of nitride semiconductor layers on the buffer layer. The semiconductor device further includes at least one masking layer and at least one inter layer between the plurality of nitride semiconductor layers. The at least one inter layer is on the at least one masking layer.
Filed: September 19, 2011
Date of Patent: February 10, 2015
Inventors: Young-jo Tak, Jae-won Lee, Young-soo Park, Jun-youn Kim
Semiconductor light emitting devices having an uneven emission pattern layer and methods of manufacturing the same
Abstract: Example embodiments are directed to light-emitting devices (LEDs) and methods of manufacturing the same. The LED includes a first semiconductor layer; a second semiconductor layer; an active layer formed between the first and second semiconductor layers; and an emission pattern layer including a plurality of layers on the first semiconductor layer, the emission pattern including an emission pattern for externally emitting light generated from the active layer.
Filed: January 4, 2011
Date of Patent: January 6, 2015
Inventors: Su-hee Chae, Young-soo Park, Bok-ki Min, Jun-youn Kim, Hyun-gi Hong
Method and system for dicing substrates containing gallium and nitrogen material with conductive core via structures
Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to semiconductor techniques. More specifically, embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods for efficiently dicing substrates containing gallium and nitrogen material. Additionally, the present disclosure provides techniques resulting in an optical device comprising a substrate having a dislocation bundle center being used as a conductive region for a contact.
Filed: June 7, 2012
Date of Patent: December 16, 2014
Assignee: Soraa, Inc.
Inventors: Arpan Chakraborty, Michael R. Krames, Tal Margalith, Rafael Aldaz
Method of fabricating vertically aligned group III-V nanowires
Abstract: A top-down method of fabricating vertically aligned Group III-V micro- and nanowires uses a two-step etch process that adds a selective anisotropic wet etch after an initial plasma etch to remove the dry etch damage while enabling micro/nanowires with straight and smooth faceted sidewalls and controllable diameters independent of pitch. The method enables the fabrication of nanowire lasers, LEDs, and solar cells.
Date of Patent: November 25, 2014
Assignee: Sandia Corporation
Inventors: George T. Wang, Qiming Li
Semiconductor light emitting device and method for manufacturing the same
Abstract: According to one embodiment, a semiconductor light emitting device includes a stacked structural body, a first, a second and a third conductive layer. The stacked structural body includes first and second semiconductors and a light emitting layer provided therebetween. The second semiconductor layer is disposed between the first conductive layer and the light emitting layer. The first conductive layer is transparent. The first conductive layer has a first major surface on a side opposite to the second semiconductor layer. The second conductive layer is in contact with the first major surface. The third conductive layer is in contact with the first major surface and has a reflectance higher than a reflectance of the second conductive layer. The third conductive layer includes an extending part extending in parallel to the first major surface. At least a portion of the extending part is not covered by the second conductive layer.
Assignee: Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
Inventors: Taisuke Sato, Toshiyuki Oka, Koichi Tachibana, Shinya Nunoue
Lattice-mismatched semiconductor structures and related methods for device fabrication
Abstract: Lattice-mismatched materials having configurations that trap defects within sidewall-containing structures.
Date of Patent: November 4, 2014
Assignee: Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.
Inventor: Anthony J. Lochtefeld
Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device
Abstract: The present invention aims to enhance the light extraction efficiency of the Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device. The inventive Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device comprises a substrate; and a Group III nitride semiconductor layer including a light-emitting layer, stacked on the substrate, wherein the side face of the Group III nitride semiconductor layer is tilted with respect to the normal line of the major surface of the substrate.
Date of Patent: October 21, 2014
Inventors: Gaku Oriji, Koji Kamei, Hisayuki Miki, Akihiro Matsuse
Light emitting device
Abstract: A light emitting device according to the embodiment may include a light emitting structure including a first semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second semiconductor layer; an electrode on the light emitting structure; a protection layer under a peripheral region of the light emitting structure; and an electrode layer under the light emitting structure, wherein the protection layer comprises a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer, wherein the first layer comprises a first metallic material, and wherein the second layer is disposed between the first layer and the third layer, the second layer has an insulating material or a conductive material.
Assignee: LG Innotek Co., Ltd.
Inventor: Hwan Hee Jeong
Method of manufacturing semiconductor light emitting device
Abstract: There is provided a method of manufacturing a semiconductor light emitting device, the method including: sequentially growing a first conductivity type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductivity type semiconductor layer on a semiconductor growth substrate to form a light emitting part; forming a support part on the second conductivity type semiconductor layer to be coupled to the light emitting part; separating the semiconductor growth substrate from the light emitting part; and applying an etching gas to the semiconductor growth substrate to remove a residue of the first conductivity type semiconductor layer from a surface of the semiconductor growth substrate.
Filed: June 14, 2012
Inventors: Jong Sun Maeng, Ki Ho Park, Bum Joon Kim, Hyun Seok Ryu, Jung Hyun Lee, Boung Kyun Kim, Ki Sung Kim, Suk Ho Yoon
Fabrication of optical-quality facets vertical to a (001) orientation substrate by selective epitaxial growth
Abstract: Methods for forming {110} type facets on a (001) oriented substrate of Group III-V compounds and Group IV semiconductors using selective epitaxial growth is provided. The methods include forming a dielectric film on a (100) substrate. The dielectric film can then be patterned to expose a portion of the substrate and to form a substrate-dielectric film boundary substantially parallel to a <110> direction. A {110} type sidewall facet can then be formed by epitaxially growing a semiconductor layer on the exposed portion of the substrate and the dielectric film.
Date of Patent: September 23, 2014
Assignee: STC.UNM
Inventors: Seung-Chang Lee, Steven R. J. Brueck
Process for preparing a bonding type semiconductor substrate
Abstract: Provided is a laminate containing a first compound semiconductor layer; and a second compound semiconductor layer integrally bonded to the first compound semiconductor layer via a bonding layer. A plane A is in the second compound semiconductor layer bonded to a surface where a plane B is in the first compound semiconductor layer, or a surface where a plane B is in the second compound semiconductor layer bonded to a surface where a plane A in the first compound semiconductor layer. The impurity concentration of the bonding layer is 2×1018 cm3 or more.
Date of Patent: September 9, 2014
Inventors: Kazuyoshi Furukawa, Yasuhiko Akaike, Shunji Yoshitake
Optical semiconductor element and manufacturing method of the same
Abstract: An optical semiconductor element and a manufacturing method thereof that can improve the light extraction efficiency with maintaining the yield. The manufacturing method includes forming a plurality of recesses arranged at equal intervals along a crystal axis of a semiconductor film in a surface of the semiconductor film; and performing an etching process on the surface of the semiconductor film, thereby forming a plurality of protrusions arranged according to the arrangement form of the plurality of recesses and deriving from the crystal structure of the semiconductor film in the surface of the semiconductor film.
Filed: March 5, 2012
Assignee: Stanley Electric Co., Ltd.
Inventor: Tatsuma Saito
GaN single crystal substrate having a large area and a main surface whose plane orientation is other than (0001) and (000-1)
Abstract: A GaN single crystal substrate has a main surface with an area of not less than 10 cm2, the main surface has a plane orientation inclined by not less than 65° and not more than 85° with respect to one of a (0001) plane and a (000-1) plane, and the substrate has at least one of a substantially uniform distribution of a carrier concentration in the main surface, a substantially uniform distribution of a dislocation density in the main surface, and a photoelasticity distortion value of not more than 5×10?5, the photoelasticity distortion value being measured by photoelasticity at an arbitrary point in the main surface when light is applied perpendicularly to the main surface at an ambient temperature of 25° C. Thus, the GaN single crystal substrate suitable for manufacture of a GaN-based semiconductor device having a small variation of characteristics can be obtained.
Filed: November 8, 2013
Assignee: Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
Inventors: Shinsuke Fujiwara, Koji Uematsu, Hideki Osada, Seiji Nakahata
Group-III nitride semiconductor device, method for fabricating Group-III nitride semiconductor device, and epitaxial substrate
Abstract: Provided is a Group III nitride semiconductor device, which comprises an electrically conductive substrate including a primary surface comprised of a first gallium nitride based semiconductor, and a Group III nitride semiconductor region including a first p-type gallium nitride based semiconductor layer and provided on the primary surface. The primary surface of the substrate is inclined at an angle in the range of not less than 50 degrees, and less than 130 degrees from a plane perpendicular to a reference axis extending along the c-axis of the first gallium nitride based semiconductor, an oxygen concentration Noxg of the first p-type gallium nitride based semiconductor layer is not more than 5×1017 cm?3, and a ratio (Noxg/Npd) of the oxygen concentration Noxg to a p-type dopant concentration Npd of the first p-type gallium nitride based semiconductor layer is not more than 1/10.
Date of Patent: August 19, 2014
Inventors: Yohei Enya, Takashi Kyono, Takamichi Sumitomo, Yusuke Yoshizumi, Koji Nishizuka
NITRIDE LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE WITH CURRENT-BLOCKING MECHANISM AND METHOD FOR FABRICATING THE SAME
Abstract: A nitride light emitting device comprises a current blocking Schottky junction zone formed below the p-electrode and above the active region so that current injection from the p-electrode to the area of the active region that is vertically shaded by the p-electrode is blocked by the Schottky junction zone. A method for fabricating the same is also provided.
Applicant: INVENLUX LIMITED
Inventors: JIANPING ZHANG, MARIO SAENGER, WILLIAM SO, FANGHAI ZHAO, CHUNHUI YAN
Light emitting diode chip, and methods for manufacturing and packaging the same
Abstract: A light emitting diode chip includes a substrate, an epitaxial layer, two inclined plane units, and two electrode units. The substrate has top and bottom surfaces. The epitaxial layer is disposed on the top surface of the substrate. Each of the inclined plane units is inclined downwardly and outwardly from the epitaxial layer toward the bottom surface of the substrate, and includes an inclined sidewall formed on the epitaxial layer, and a substrate inclined wall formed on the substrate. Each of the electrode units includes an electrode disposed on the epitaxial layer, and a conductive portion extending from the electrode to the substrate inclined wall along corresponding one of the inclined plane units.
Date of Patent: July 1, 2014
Assignees: Lite-On Electronics (Guangzhou) Limited, Lite-On Technology Corp.
Inventor: Chih-Chiang Kao
Multi-luminous element and method for manufacturing same
Abstract: The present invention relates to a multi-luminous element and a method for manufacturing the same. The present invention provides the multi-luminous element comprising: a buffer layer disposed on a substrate; a first type semiconductor layer disposed on the buffer layer; a first active layer which is disposed on the first type semiconductor layer and is patterned to expose a part of the first type semiconductor layer; a second active layer disposed on the first type semiconductor layer which is exposed by the first active layer; and a second type semiconductor layer disposed on the first active layer and the second active layer, the first and second active layers being repeatedly disposed in the horizontal direction, and the method for manufacturing the same.
Assignee: Korea Photonics Technology Institute
Inventors: Seong Ran Jeon, Jae Bum Kim, Seung Jae Lee
Surface-mounted electronic component
Abstract: A surface-mounted electronic component including balls bonded to its front surface and, on the front surface, a protective resin layer having a thickness smaller than the ball height, wherein grooves extend in the resin layer between balls of the chip.
Date of Patent: June 17, 2014
Assignee: STMicroelectronics (Grenoble 2) SAS
Inventor: Romain Coffy
Abstract: The invention provides a Group III nitride semiconductor light-emitting device which has a light extraction face at the n-layer side and which provides high light emission efficiency. The light-emitting device is produced through the laser lift-off technique. The surface of the n-GaN layer of the light-emitting device is roughened. On the n-GaN layer, a transparent film is formed. The transparent film satisfies the following relationship: 0.28?n×d1×2/??0.42 or 0.63?n×d1×2/??0.77, wherein n represents the refractive index of the transparent film, d1 represents the thickness of the transparent film in the direction orthogonal to an inclined face thereof, and ? represents the wavelength of the light emitted from the MQW layer.
Inventors: Yuhei Ikemoto, Naoki Arazoe
Nitride electronic device and method for manufacturing the same
Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a nitride electronic device and a method for manufacturing the same, and particularly, to a nitride electronic device and a method for manufacturing the same that can implement various types of nitride integrated structures on the same substrate through a regrowth technology (epitaxially lateral over-growth: ELOG) of a semi-insulating gallium nitride (GaN) layer used in a III-nitride semiconductor electronic device including Group III elements such as gallium (Ga), aluminum (Al) and indium (In) and nitrogen.
Assignee: Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
Inventors: Sung Bum Bae, Eun Soo Nam, Jae Kyoung Mun, Sung Bock Kim, Hae Cheon Kim, Chull Won Ju, Sang Choon Ko, Jong-Won Lim, Ho Kyun Ahn, Woo Jin Chang, Young Rak Park
Growth of group III-V material layers by spatially confined epitaxy
Abstract: Techniques for crack-free growth of GaN, and related, films on larger-size substrates via spatially confined epitaxy are described.
Filed: February 11, 2011
Assignee: Applied Materials, Inc.
Inventors: Jie Su, Olga Kryliouk
Light emitting device having auto-cloning photonic crystal structures
Abstract: A light emitting device having auto-cloning photonic crystal structures comprises a substrate, a first semiconductor layer, an active emitting layer, a second semiconductor layer and a saw-toothed multilayer film comprising auto-cloning photonic crystal structures. The saw-toothed multilayer film provides a high reflection interface and a diffraction mechanism to prevent total internal reflection and enhance light extraction efficiency.
Assignee: National Tsing Hua University
Inventors: Shiuh Chao, Hao-Min Ku, Chen-Yang Huang
Manufacturing method of light emitting device having auto-cloning photonic crystal structures
Abstract: A light emitting device having auto-cloning photonic crystal structures comprises a substrate, a first semiconductor layer, an active emitting layer, a second semiconductor layer and a saw-toothed multilayer film comprising auto-cloning photonic crystal structures. The saw-toothed multilayer film provides a high reflection interface and a diffraction mechanism to prevent total internal reflection and enhance light extraction efficiency. The manufacturing method of the light emitting device having auto-cloning photonic crystal structures is presented here.
Semiconductor light emitting device and method of fabricating semiconductor light emitting device
Abstract: A semiconductor light emitting device has a support substrate, a light emitting element, and underfill material. The light emitting element includes a nitride-based group III-V compound semiconductor layer contacted via a bump on the support substrate. The underfill material is disposed between the support substrate and the light emitting element, the underfill material comprising a rib portion disposed outside of an end face of the light emitting element to surround the end surface of the light emitting element.
Filed: September 2, 2010
Inventors: Toru Gotoda, Hajime Nago, Toshiyuki Oka, Kotaro Zaima, Shinya Nunoue
Vertical light emitting diodes (LED) having metal substrate and spin coated phosphor layer for producing white light
Abstract: A vertical light-emitting diode (VLED) includes a metal substrate, a p-electrode coupled to the metal substrate, a p-contact coupled to the p-electrode, a p-GaN portion coupled to the p-electrode, an active region coupled to the p-GaN portion, an n-GaN portion coupled to the active region, and a phosphor layer coupled to the n-GaN portion.
Assignee: Semileds Corporation
Inventors: Chuong A Tran, Trung Tri Doan
Gallium nitride based light emitting diode
Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) capable of improving brightness by forming a InGaN layer having a low concentration of indium, and whose lattice constant is similar to that of an active layer of the LED, is provided. The LED includes: a buffer layer disposed on a sapphire substrate; a GaN layer disposed on the buffer layer; a doped GaN layer disposed on the GaN layer; a GaN layer having indium disposed on the GaN layer; an active layer disposed on the GaN layer having indium; and a P-type GaN disposed on the active layer. Here, an empirical formula of the GaN layer having indium is given by In(x)Ga(1?x)N and a range of x is given by 0<x<2, and a thickness of the GaN layer having indium is 50-200 ?.
Inventor: Seong Jae Kim
Roughened high refractive index layer/LED for high light extraction
Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) includes a p-type layer of material, an n-type layer of material and an active layer between the p-type layer and the n-type layer. A roughened layer of transparent material is adjacent one of the p-type layer of material and the n-type layer of material. The roughened layer of transparent material has a refractive index close to or substantially the same as the refractive index of the material adjacent the layer of transparent material, and may be a transparent oxide material or a transparent conducting material. An additional layer of conductive material may be between the roughened layer and the n-type or p-type layer.
Assignee: Cree, Inc.
Inventors: Steven P. Denbaars, James Ibbetson, Shuji Nakamura
Group III nitride semiconductor light emitting device and production method thereof, and lamp
Abstract: There are provided a group III nitride semiconductor light emitting device which is constituted of a substrate, an intermediate layer formed thereon having a favorable level of orientation properties, and a group III nitride semiconductor formed thereon having a favorable level of crystallinity, and having excellent levels of light emitting properties and productivity; a production method thereof; and a lamp, the group III nitride semiconductor light emitting device configured so that at least an intermediate layer 12 composed of a group III nitride compound is laminated on a substrate 11, and an n-type semiconductor layer 14 having a base layer 14a, a light emitting layer 15 and a p-type semiconductor layer 16 are sequentially laminated on the intermediate layer 12, wherein when components are separated, based on a peak separation technique using an X-ray rocking curve of the intermediate layer 12, into a broad component having the full width at half maximum of 720 arcsec or more and a narrow component,
Filed: July 3, 2008
Inventors: Hiroaki Kaji, Hisayuki Miki
Method of producing a photonic device and corresponding photonic device
Abstract: Method of producing a photonic device including at least one light source and at least one photodetector on a structure including a waveguide layer, this method comprising the following steps: a) growing successively on a substrate (10), a photodetection structure (11) and a light source structure (12), the photodetection structure and the light source structure being made of a stack of layers, the light source layers being stacked on top of the photodetector layers and both structures sharing one of these layers.
Filed: February 1, 2010
Assignee: Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives
Inventors: Laurent Grenouillet, Jean-Marc Fedeli, Liu Liu, Regis Orobtchouk, Philippe Regreny, Gunther Roelkens, Pedro Rojo-Romeo, Dries Van Thourhout
Semiconductor light emitting diode
Abstract: A highly-efficient semiconductor light emitting diode with improved light extraction efficiency comprising at least a substrate having a plurality of crystal planes, a first conductivity-type barrier layer, an active layer serving as a light emitting layer and a second conductivity-type barrier layer stacked on the substrate. The semiconductor light emitting diode comprises a ridge structure configured from one flat surface and at least two inclining surfaces in the in-plane direction. The width (W) of the flat surface of the ridge structure is 2? (?: light emission wavelength) or less.
Assignee: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Inventors: Xuelun Wang, Mutsuo Ogura
Low contact resistance semiconductor structure and method of fabricating the same
Abstract: A low contact resistance semiconductor structure includes a substrate, a semiconductor stacked layer, a low contact resistance layer and a transparent conductive layer. The low contact resistance layer is formed on one side of a P-type GaN layer of the semiconductor stacked layer. The low contact resistance layer is formed at a thickness smaller than 100 Angstroms and made of a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, gallium, indium, and combinations thereof. Through the low contact resistance layer, the resistance between the P-type GaN layer and transparent conductive layer can be reduced and light emission efficiency can be improved when being used on LEDs. The method of fabricating the low contact resistance semiconductor structure of the invention forms a thin and consistent low contact resistance layer through a Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) method to enhance matching degree among various layers.
Filed: November 21, 2011
Assignee: Lextar Electronics Corporation
Inventors: Te-Chung Wang, Fu-Bang Chen, Hsiu-Mu Tang
Method for forming a nitride semiconductor layer and method for separating the nitride semiconductor layer from the substrate
Abstract: There is provided a method of forming a nitride semiconductor layer, including the steps of firstly providing a substrate on which a patterned epitaxy layer with a pier structure is formed. A protective layer is then formed on the patterned epitaxy layer, exposing a top surface of the pier structure. Next, a nitride semiconductor layer is formed over the patterned epitaxy layer connected to the nitride semiconductor layer through the pier structure, wherein the nitride semiconductor layer, the pier structure, and the patterned epitaxy layer together form a space exposing a bottom surface of the nitride semiconductor layer. Thereafter, a weakening process is performed to remove a portion of the bottom surface of the nitride semiconductor layer and to weaken a connection point between the top surface of the pier structure and the nitride semiconductor layer. Finally, the substrate is separated from the nitride semiconductor layer through the connection point.
Assignee: Industrial Technology Research Institute
Inventors: Yih-Der Guo, Chih-Ming Lai, Jenq-Dar Tsay, Po-Chun Liu
Nitride-based semiconductor device and method for fabricating the same
Abstract: A nitride-based semiconductor light-emitting device 100 includes a GaN substrate 10, of which the principal surface is an m-plane 12, a semiconductor multilayer structure 20 that has been formed on the m-plane 12 of the GaN-based substrate 10, and an electrode 30 arranged on the semiconductor multilayer structure 20. The electrode 30 includes an Mg layer 32, which contacts with the surface of a p-type semiconductor region in the semiconductor multilayer structure 20.
Filed: December 7, 2012
Assignee: Panasonic Corporation
Inventors: Toshiya Yokogawa, Mitsuaki Oya, Atsushi Yamada, Ryou Kato
Light emitting diode, light emitting diode lamp, and lighting apparatus
Abstract: A light-emitting diode having a high output, high efficiency, and a long service life under a high-humidity environment is provided. The light-emitting diode (1) includes a compound semiconductor layer (2) having a light-emitting section (7), ohmic electrodes (4, 5) provided on the main light extraction surface of the compound semiconductor layer (2), and an electrode protection layer (6) for protecting the ohmic electrodes (4, 5), wherein the Al concentrations of the surfaces (2a, 2b) of the compound semiconductor layer (2), which include the main light extraction surface, are 20% or less and the As concentration of the surfaces (2a, 2b) is less than 1%, and the electrode protection layer (6) has a two-layer structure composed of a first protective film (12) provided so as to cover the ohmic electrodes (4, 5) and a second protective film (13) provided so as to cover at least an end portion of the first protective film (12).
Date of Patent: February 4, 2014
Assignee: Showa Denko K.K.
Inventors: Wataru Nabekura, Ryouichi Takeuchi
Group III nitride compound semiconductor light emitting device
Abstract: A Group III nitride compound semiconductor light emitting device is provided which has: an n-type semiconductor layer (12); an active layer (13) of a multiple quantum well structure laminated on the n-type semiconductor layer (12); a first p-type semiconductor layer (14) that is a layer of a superlattice structure in which an undoped film (14a) that has a composition AlxGa1-xN (x indicating composition ratio, being within a range 0<x?0.4) and that contains no dopant, and a doped film (14b) that has a composition AlyGa1-yN (y indicating composition ratio, being within a range 0?y<0.4) and that contains a dopant, are alternately laminated a plurality of times, and a surface thereof on the active layer side (13) is constituted by the undoped film (14a); and a second p-type semiconductor layer (15) laminated on the first p-type semiconductor layer (14).
Inventor: Hisayuki Miki
Light emitting diodes and method for manufacturing the same
Abstract: An LED comprises an electrode layer comprising a first a second sections electrically insulated from each other; an electrically conductive layer on the second section, an electrically conductive pole protruding from the electrically conductive layer; an LED die comprising an electrically insulating substrate on the electrically conductive layer, and a P-N junction on the electrically insulating substrate, the P-N junction comprising a first electrode and a second electrode, the electrically conductive pole extending through the electrically insulating substrate to electrically connect the first electrode to the second section; a transparent electrically conducting layer on the LED die, the transparent electrically conducting layer electrically connecting the second electrode to the first section; and an electrically insulating layer between the LED die, the electrically conductive layer, and the transparent electrically conducting layer, wherein the electrically insulating layer insulates the transparent ele
Assignee: Advanced Optoelectronic Technology, Inc.
Inventors: Po-Min Tu, Shih-Cheng Huang, Ya-Wen Lin
Semiconductor light emitting device having a high resistive layer
Abstract: Provided are a semiconductor light emitting device and a method of manufacturing the same. The semiconductor light emitting device comprises a first conductive type semiconductor layer, an active layer, a first thin insulating layer, and a second conductive type semiconductor layer. The active layer is formed on the first conductive type semiconductor layer. The first thin insulating layer is formed on the active layer. The second conductive type semiconductor layer is formed on the thin insulating layer.
Date of Patent: January 28, 2014
Inventors: Dae Sung Kang, Hyo Kun Son
Nitride semiconductor substrate
Abstract: A nitride semiconductor substrate is provided in which leak current reduction and improvement in current collapse are effectively attained when using Si single crystal as a base substrate. The nitride semiconductor substrate is such that an active layer of a nitride semiconductor is formed on one principal plane of a Si single crystal substrate through a plurality of buffer layers made of a nitride, in the buffer layers, a carbon concentration of a layer which is in contact with at least the active layer is from 1×1018 to 1×1020 atoms/cm3, a ratio of a screw dislocation density to the total dislocation density is from 0.15 to 0.3 in an interface region between the buffer layer and the active layer, and the total dislocation density in the interface region is 15×109 cm?2 or less.
Filed: October 2, 2012
Assignee: Covalent Material Corporation
Inventors: Yoshihisa Abe, Jun Komiyama, Hiroshi Oishi, Akira Yoshida, Kenichi Eriguchi, Shunichi Suzuki
Low-defect density gallium nitride semiconductor structures and devices thereof
Abstract: A low-defect gallium nitride structure including a first gallium nitride layer comprising a plurality of gallium nitride columns etched into the first gallium nitride layer and a first dislocation density; and a second gallium nitride layer that extends over the gallium nitride columns and comprises a second dislocation density, wherein the second dislocation density may be lower than the first dislocation density. In addition, a method for fabricating a gallium nitride semiconductor layer that includes masking an underlying gallium nitride layer with a mask that comprises an array of columns and growing the underlying gallium nitride layer through the columns and onto said mask using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition pendeo-epitaxy to thereby form a pendeo-epitaxial gallium nitride layer coalesced on said mask to form a continuous pendeo-epitaxial monocrystalline gallium nitride semiconductor layer.
Filed: August 7, 2012
Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army
Inventors: Tsvetanka Zheleva, Shah Pankaj, Michael Derenge
Method for manufacturing light emitting device and light emitting device
Abstract: A method for manufacturing a light emitting device, includes: preparing a first substrate by slicing a single crystal ingot pulled in a pulling direction tilted with respect to a first plane orientation, the slicing being in a direction substantially perpendicular to the pulling direction; preparing a second substrate including a major surface having a plane orientation substantially parallel to a plane orientation of a major surface of the first substrate; growing a stacked unit as a crystal on the major surface of the second substrate, the stacked unit including a light emitting layer; and removing the second substrate after bonding the stacked unit and the major surface of the first substrate by heating them in a joined state.
Inventors: Kenji Isomoto, Chisato Furukawa
Nitride semiconductor
Abstract: To provide a high-quality nitride semiconductor ensuring high emission efficiency of a light-emitting element fabricated. In the present invention, when obtaining a nitride semiconductor by sequentially stacking a one conductivity type nitride semiconductor part, a quantum well active layer structure part, and a another conductivity type nitride semiconductor part opposite the one conductivity type, the crystal is grown on a base having a nonpolar principal nitride surface, the one conductivity type nitride semiconductor part is formed by sequentially stacking a first nitride semiconductor layer and a second nitride semiconductor layer, and the second nitride semiconductor layer has a thickness of 400 nm to 20 ?m and has a nonpolar outermost surface. By virtue of selecting the above-described base for crystal growth, an electron and a hole, which are contributing to light emission, can be prevented from spatial separation based on the QCSE effect and efficient radiation is realized.
Assignee: Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
Inventors: Hideyoshi Horie, Kaori Kurihara
High efficiency light emitting diodes
Abstract: The present disclosure relates to high efficiency light emitting diode devices and methods for fabricating the same. In accordance with one or more embodiments, a light emitting diode device includes a substrate having one or more recessed features formed on a surface thereof and one or more omni-directional reflectors formed to overlie the one or more recessed features. A light emitting diode layer is formed on the surface of the substrate to overlie the omni-directional reflector. The one or more omni-directional reflectors are adapted to efficiently reflect light.
Assignee: TSMC Solid State Lighting Ltd.
Inventors: Jung-Tang Chu, Hsing-Kuo Hsia, Ching-Hua Chiu
Group III nitride compound semiconductor light-emitting device and method for producing the same
Abstract: An n-type layer of a light-emitting device has a structure in which a first n-type layer, a second n-type layer and a third n-type layer are sequentially laminated in this order on a sapphire substrate, and an n-electrode composed of V/Al is formed on the second n-type layer. The first n-type layer and the second n-type layer are n-GaN, and the third n-type layer is n-InGaN. The n-type impurity concentration of the second n-type layer is higher than that of the first n-type layer and the third n-type layer.
Inventors: Miki Moriyama, Koichi Goshonoo
Method and system for dicing substrates containing gallium and nitrogen material
Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to semiconductor techniques. More specifically, embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods for efficiently dicing substrates containing gallium and nitrogen material. Additionally the present disclosure provide techniques resulting in a optical device comprising a substrate having three or more corners, where at least one of the corners is defined by a dislocation bundle characterized by a diameter of less than 100 microns, the gallium and nitrogen containing substrate having a predefined portion free from dislocation bundle centers, an active region containing one or more active layers, the active region being positioned within the predefined region; and a conductive region formed within the predefined region.
Date of Patent: December 3, 2013
Inventors: Michael R. Krames, Tai Margalith, Rafael Aldaz
GaN single crystal substrate and method of manufacturing thereof and GaN-based semiconductor device and method of manufacturing thereof
Method for improving internal quantum efficiency of group-III nitride-based light emitting device
Abstract: A method for improving internal quantum efficiency of a group-III nitride-based light emitting device is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: providing a group-III nitride-based substrate having a single crystalline structure; forming on the group-III nitride-based substrate an oxide layer, having a plurality of particles, without absorption of visible light, size, shape, and density of the particles are controlled by reaction concentration ratio of nitrogen/hydrogen, reaction time and reaction temperature; and growing a group-III nitride-based layer over the oxide layer; wherein the oxide layer prevents threading dislocation of the group-III nitride-based substrate from propagating into the group-III nitride-based layer, thereby improving internal quantum efficiency of the group-III nitride-based light emitting device.
Filed: October 20, 2009
Assignee: Walsin Lihwa Corporation
Inventors: Chang-Chi Pan, Ching-hwa Chang Jean, Jang-ho Chen
Light emitting device and lighting apparatus
Abstract: Provided are a light emitting device, a light emitting device package, and a lighting apparatus. The light emitting device includes: an n-type semiconductor layer including a first area and a second area in a plane; an n-type contact layer disposed on the n-type semiconductor layer and has a first thickness in the first area and a second thickness in the second area; an undoped semiconductor layer disposed on the n-type contact layer having the first thickness in the first area; an active layer disposed on the undoped semiconductor layer in the first area; a p-type semiconductor layer disposed on the active layer in the first area; a first electrode disposed on the n-type contact layer having the second thickness in the second area; and a second electrode disposed on the p-type semiconductor layer.
Inventors: Ho Sang Yoon, Sung Hoon Jung
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A Substack newsletter by Judd Legum
The impeachment wars
Judd Legum Aug 7, 2018 29
The impeachment warsWelcome to Popular Information, a political newsletter for people who give a damn — written by me, Judd Legum. Send your feedback to judd@popular.info …
Judd Legum
Welcome to Popular Information, a political newsletter for people who give a damn — written by me, Judd Legum. Send your feedback to judd@popular.info or tweet your thoughts using #popularinfo.
If you’ve been forwarded this newsletter, you can sign up at popular.info.
There is a roiling debate in Democratic circles as we approach the November midterm elections: Should people talk about impeaching Donald Trump?
There are reasonable grounds for impeachment. The most straightforward justification is the income from foreign governments Trump still receives through his hotels and other properties. Last week, a federal judge ruled that Trump’s income from foreign governments as president was a prohibited “emolument” under Article 1, Section 9, Clause 8 of the Constitution.
There is also the issue of obstruction of justice. Trump went on national TV and said that he fired former FBI Director James Comey to end the investigation into a possible conspiracy between his campaign and Russia.
I could go on. But the point is that if Democrats retake control of the House of Representatives in November, the impeachment of Trump is a real possibility. There is a dispute about whether, over the next few months, it should even be discussed.
In one corner: Nancy Pelosi
Nancy Pelosi believes impeachment is a political loser and is urging members of the House Democratic caucus not to discuss it.
“I don’t think we should be talking about impeachment… On the political side I think it’s a gift to the Republicans,” Pelosi said in an April press briefing. The theory is that, by raising the specter of impeachment, it will motivate Republicans to turn out to the polls in November.
Instead, Pelosi believes, Democrats should talk about pocketbook issues that impact voters. “We want to talk about what they’re doing to undermine working families in our country and what we are doing to increase their payrolls and lower their costs,” Pelosi argued.
In the other corner: Tom Steyer
Tom Steyer, who made his fortune as a hedge fund manager before devoting himself to progressive political advocacy, thinks Pelosi is wrong. He’s spending tens of millions of dollars to make his case.
Kevin Mack, the veteran political strategist who is running Steyer’s “Need to Impeach” campaign, told me that pushing for impeachment is the “morally correct thing to do” because someone needs to hold Trump accountable.
Resistance to impeachment talk, Mack says, is “the normal knee-jerk reaction in Washington DC -- if it's not what you are used to, attack it.”
The Steyer position is that the old way of doing things isn’t working. “Democrats are at the lowest level of representation since the 1930s. The strategy we are using as a party is failing. It's time for something new and something else. And it is as simple as telling the truth to people,” Mack said.
The implication is that most Democratic representatives believe, at least privately, that Trump deserves to be impeached. So Steyer’s position is that they should be up front with voters about their views.
Beginning in 2017, Steyer bought TV ads promoting his impeachment campaign and used it to build an email database of 5.5 million people. That’s larger than the NRA’s email list. While the television campaign has ended, Mack says Need to Impeach will launch a sophisticated effort to mobilize this group in key races in 2018.
Steyer’s allies in Congress
While most of the Democratic caucus has fallen in line with Pelosi, Steyer has some allies in the House.
Congressman Al Green (D-TX) forced a vote on two privileged resolutions calling for Trump’s impeachment on the basis of various racist remarks, including describing participants in a white nationalist march as “very fine people.” (Impeachment is a political process and doesn’t technically require a criminal act.) The most recent vote, on January 19, 2018, garnered 66 Democratic votes. (121 Democrats opposed the resolution.)
Congressman Steve Cohen (D-TN) introduced an impeachment resolution in November 2017 against Trump, citing various crimes including obstruction of justice and violation of the Constitution’s emoluments clause. It currently has 17 co-sponsors.
Congresswomen Maxine Waters (D-CA) and Praymila Jayapal (D-WA) have also been outspoken proponents of impeachment.
What do the people want?
A recent CNN poll found that 42% of Americans want Trump to be impeached and 51% oppose impeachment. On the one hand, it shows the majority of Americans don’t want Trump to be impeached. On the other hand, support for Trump’s impeachment is roughly the same level as support for Nixon’s impeachment three months before he was forced to resign.
Some earlier polling showed a plurality supporting impeachment.
Internal polling conducted by Steyer’s group in June found that the majority of Republicans are not that worried about the prospect of impeachment, suggesting it would not be a strong factor driving them to the polls.
What we are really talking about when we are talking about the politics of impeachment
The debate over whether to talk about impeachment is a proxy for a larger discussion about strategy in the Democratic party.
Should Democrats seek to regain the support of voters who supported Obama but switched to Trump in 2016? These voters outnumbered those who switched to Clinton after supporting Romney. If so, talking about impeachment may backfire as these moderate voters might view it as a radical measure.
Or should Democrats seek to energize young people and others who do not have a long voting history? If so, talking about a bold step like impeachment, alongside a more forceful policy agenda, could motivate them to get to the polls.
Facebook data monster wants to eat your bank account info
Facebook isn’t satisfied with how much it knows about you; now it’s after your bank balance.
“The social-media giant has asked large U.S. banks to share detailed financial information about their customers, including card transactions and checking-account balances, as part of an effort to offer new services to users,” the Wall Street Journal reports.
The news comes after the revelation that Cambridge Analytica, the controversial data firm that worked with the Trump campaign, accessed “87 million Facebook users without their consent.”
At least one bank “pulled away from talks due to privacy concerns.”
Facebook’s story
Facebook says it is going to use the bank data to power chatbots, not advertising. According to the company, linking your bank account data with Facebook would allow you to use Facebook Messenger to check your balance. A Facebook spokeswoman described the program as “completely opt-in.”
Why Facebook’s stock price went up
To ordinary people, the Wall Street Journal report seemed like an exposé of shady business practices.
Investors, however, celebrated the report. Facebook’s stock, which had been slumping, surged over 4%.
It’s important to understand why. Facebook is in the business of collecting as much data about you as possible and then turning that data into cash. If it comes up with an idea to get more information about its users, that makes it a better company.
Maybe Facebook wouldn’t initially allow advertisers to target users based on this information, but Facebook will figure out a way to make money from the new program. Investors understand this and drove the stock price up.
It comes down to trust
Linking your banking account to Facebook could theoretically be innocuous. But to believe that, you have to trust the company to both protect the data and not use it beyond the initial stated purpose.
Facebook’s recent conduct has not engendered trust. That’s why many people online are reacting poorly to the idea.
Shot/Chaser: The Trump endorsement
Shot: Senior Republicans advise Trump against endorsing extremist Kris Kobach for Governor of Kansas and think they may have “convinced him to hold off.” From Axios, on August 5:
Senior Republican officials have told me they're holding their breath, hoping Trump won't endorse hardliner Kris Kobach in Tuesday's Kansas gubernatorial primary. Kobach is as far right as a Republican gets on immigration and voting rights, and Democrats view his potential victory as an opportunity to steal centrist voters.
A source close to Trump told me they thought the president had been convinced to hold off on supporting Kobach. But he added he couldn't be confident, given that Trump is in Bedminster with a cell phone and plenty of Executive Time.
Chaser:
Donald J. Trump@realDonaldTrump
Kris Kobach, a strong and early supporter of mine, is running for Governor of the Great State of Kansas. He is a fantastic guy who loves his State and our Country - he will be a GREAT Governor and has my full & total Endorsement! Strong on Crime, Border & Military. VOTE TUESDAY!
Republicans in Kansas are fearful that a Kobach victory in Tuesday’s primary “would provide Democrats an opening to take back the governorship.” Kobach’s name at the top of the ballot could energize “Democrats in a pair of competitive Kansas congressional races.”
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Norden explores use of lignin-based biofuel
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Danish ship operator Norden A/S has entered into a partnership with Kvasir Technologies, a spin-out from the Technical University of Denmark that has a patented technology to produce fuel from plant material.
“At Norden, we want to drive the shipping industry towards a cleaner future. If we are to truly make a difference, testing fuel alternatives is the right starting point,” says Henrik Røjel, Fuel Efficiency and Decarbonization Manager at Norden.
Kvasir Technologies focuses on transforming the part of biomass known as lignin and using it in fuel production. Lignin is a papermaking byproduct often burned in pulp mills as fuel. It’s an organic copolymer found in wood — and it’s what makes newsprint turn yellow, which is why it is removed in making higher grades of paper.
There are a number of ways to convert biomass to liquid fuels. Kvasir’s technology stands out as it is able to convert not only cellulose but also lignin into a liquid biofuel product.
“This project will demonstrate the suitability of our biofuel as bunkers and further accelerate the technological development,” says Joachim Bachmann Nielsen, CEO at Kvasir Technologies.
Finding better and greener alternatives to fossil fuel is a high priority for Norden which, in 2018, became the first shipping company to conduct a test voyage on a large ocean-going vessel powered by CO2 neutral biofuel.
“Norden wants to be a front runner in this phase of experimentation and help gather intelligence that will hopefully make a positive impact on greenhouse gas emissions and help the industry reach the ambitious goal for 2050 set by the International Maritime Organisation,” says Røjel. “In the effort to be a front runner, Norden is assisting in the testing and development of biofuel on its owned vessels while working on making biofuel a standard on the company’s long-term chartered vessels.”
A full-scale test of Kvasir’s fuel will be conducted on one of Norden’s vessels at a later stage during theplanned three and a half year collaboration, where the purpose is to achieve better knowledge of the characteristics of biofuel and prove its suitability for future use.
The biofuel collaboration between Norden and Kvasir Technologies is part of ShippingLab – a joint industry initiative aimed at developing Danish competences in the fields of digitalization, autonomous shipping and environment-friendly technology.
Source: marinelog.com
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City rideshare fee to pay for $179 million in CTA upgrades
The improvements could get you a shorter commute
By Sara Freund Feb 5, 2018, 11:17am CST
Four of the busiest CTA train lines will get a $179 million investment thanks to a small fee added on to every Uber and Lyft ride.
In Mayor Rahm Emanuel’s 2018 budget proposal, the city rideshare fee was increased by 15 cents to 67 cents. The mayor promised to use the money for CTA improvements and not for other holes in the budget, although specific plans were not introduced at the time.
The millions now generated from that fee will help the CTA repair and maintain the tracks on the Red, Blue, Brown and Green lines. The FastTracks improvement program aims to shave six minutes off an average round-trip commute on these lines through rail, rail ties and electrical power upgrades.
The first phase of the project includes track repairs on the Green Line south of 35th Street, according to the CTA. Worn rail ties will be replaced, which helps support the trains’ weight and makes rides smoother.
Deteriorated wooden rail ties create “slow zones” which force trains to reduce their speeds. Replacing these, the iron rails and adjusting the track ballast will help keep trains running smoothly and consistently.
Mayor Rahm Emanuel
✔@ChicagosMayor
.@CTA is launching #FastTracks, a track repair and maintenance program to provide faster and smoother rides for ‘L’ customers—made possible by our innovative fee on ride-hailing services. #FastTracks will reduce up to 6 minutes off a typical round-trip commute on several lines.
12:45 PM – Feb 5, 2018
Electrical power improvements are planned for the Blue Line O’Hare branch which will let the CTA run additional trains during high-ridership times. That’ll hopefully help make your morning commute a little less crowded.
Other rail improvement projects planned in 2018 through 2021 include:
Green Line South between 18th and 35th Streets; between 35th and 59th Street; and along the Cottage Grove and Ashland branches
Green and Pink Lines between Clinton and Ashland
Blue Line O’Hare branch
Red and Blue Line subways at State Street and Dearborn
Blue Line Congress branch from Clinton to Forest Park
Brown Line between Southport and Western
The fee imposed on ridesharing services to fund public transportation repairs is the first of its kind in the country, according to the mayor’s office.
The revenue generated from this fee is particularly important because the state has not passed a capital bill to support transportation and transit projects since 2009.
“CTA still has a significant need for capital investment. FastTracks is a great start, but state support will be critical to continuing investment that’s critical to both maintaining and modernizing our system,” said CTA President Dorval R. Carter, Jr.
Since 2011, the city has invested $8 billion in public transportation modernization, which includes new construction projects and new buses or railcars.
https://chicago.curbed.com/2018/2/5/16973960/uber-lyft-fee-city-budget-cta-improvements
February 8, 2018 February 8, 2018 · Posted in Articles, Blog Spot · Tagged 21st Century Life, Infrastructure, Rideshare, Transportation, WhoPays ·
« ROAD DIET BRIDGES A BARRIER, BOOSTS SAFETY
Commute Seattle – 2017 Mode Split Survey Results »
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Ashe quickly fires her rifle from the hip or uses her weapon’s aim-down sights to line up a high damage shot. She blasts enemies by throwing dynamite, and her coach gun packs enough punch to put some distance between her and her foes. And Ashe is not alone, as she can call on her omnic ally Bob, to join the fray when the need arises.
Ashe's semi-automatic rifle fires quick shots, or she can use her aim-down sights for a more damaging, precise shot.
Ashe throws an explosive that detonates after a short delay or immediately when shot. The explosion from Dynamite also lights enemies on fire, dealing damage over time.
Coach Gun
Ashe blasts enemies in front of her, knocking them away and propelling herself backward for added mobility.
Ashe summons her trusted omnic sidekick, Bob, who charges forward and knocks enemies into the air, then lays down suppressing fire with his arm cannons.
Elizabeth Caledonia “Calamity” Ashe, Age: 39
Occupation: Thief, Gang Leader
Base of Operations: Deadlock Gorge, Arizona, USA
Affiliation: Deadlock Gang
"My business, my rules."
Ashe is the ambitious and calculating leader of the Deadlock Gang and a respected figure in the criminal underworld.
Born into a wealthy family, Ashe grew up surrounded by privilege. Her parents were highly sought-after business consultants and coaches for powerful CEOs around the world. Though her parents paid little attention to her (mostly leaving her in the care of the family’s omnic butler, Bob), they ensured that Ashe had every opportunity to succeed. But a chance meeting with a local ruffian, named Jesse McCree, and an impromptu string of crimes committed together opened her eyes to her true calling. The satisfaction of outwitting her targets and the thrill of getting away with it set her on the outlaw path.
Along with the other three founders of the Deadlock Gang, Ashe started to make a name for herself with bigger and more extravagant heists. The Deadlock Gang’s rapid rise to prominence put them at odds with the other criminal organizations in the American Southwest; the encounters often became violent. After years of skirmishes and bloodshed, Ashe called the heads of the major groups together.
Ashe saw the potential to grow the influence of all. She used what she’d learned from her parents’ business to bring order to these groups. Her proposal was that the gangs could work together (or at least, not work against each other). Her principles: keep your word, don’t work with the law, respect each other’s territory, and always punish betrayal.
No longer having to focus her energies on squabbles with the other gangs, Ashe is now writing her name across the American Southwest with a string of audacious heists and operations that has put her at top of the authorities’ most-wanted lists and cemented her legacy as an outlaw legend.
Introducing Ashe
Origin Story: Ashe
Select a Hero
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PPOA Public Safety Legislative Update: AB392
May 30: PPOA’s commitment to the legislative process stretches back nearly 40 years and the diligent work from our full-time lobbyists in the state capitol has positively impacted the rights and benefits of generations of PPOA members.
This week, PPOA received an update from our Legislative Representative John Lovell regarding the controversial “use of force” bill — AB392. Here is the summary:
Last week, Assembly Bill 392, Assembly Member Weber’s use of force bill, was amended to remove many of its features which were objectionable to law enforcement. As a result of those amendments, a number of law enforcement organizations have shifted their position on that bill from “oppose” to “neutral”, including PORAC, the California Police Chiefs Association, the Association for Los Angeles Deputy Sheriffs, the California State Sheriffs Association and the Los Angeles Police Protective League.
The language of the bill continues to direct officers to “use deadly force only when necessary in defense of human life.” The bill also directs officers, when possible, to use techniques to de-escalate the situation before using their firearm, the language “when possible” represents a change from the original version of AB 392, which explicitly required officers to exhaust nonlethal alternatives before resorting to deadly force.
As further amended, the bill no longer defines what would constitute a “necessary” use of force (previously, AB 392 defined “necessary” as being where there is “no reasonable alternative” to use of force). Instead, the bill now provides that the actions of both the officer and the suspect would be considered in court in determining whether a shooting is justified. Previously, the bill itself defined what constituted “necessary” circumstances and provided that the court would determine the actions of only the officer in determining whether a shooting was justified. Under the current version of the bill, the issue of whether the use of deadly force was “necessary” will now be left to the courts on a case-by-case basis.
Under the revised version of the bill, it is clear that officers are not required to retreat or back down in the face of a suspect’s resistance and that officers will continue to have their right to self-defense if they use “objectively reasonable force.”
Click here for more information about PPOA legislative advocacy, including a list of current significant bills: https://ppoa.com/news-and-events/advocacy/
California: Economic Forecast for New Decade
Settlement Reached in FLSA Lawsuit
Yesterday, December 19, 2019, PPOA received the information below from the Law Offices… Read More
2019 PPOA BOARD ELECTION RESULTS
An official ballot count conducted this morning (Nov. 20, 2019) confirmed… Read More
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183 Lowell St (click to enlarge)
NRDIS, NRMRA, This Greek Revival home is unique in its stone construction from local granite rubble stone taken from a quarry off Cutler Road near Oriole Drive. The West Parish Church,Chapel, cemetery office and stone walls were also built from the same stone ledges. Often thought to be the old parsonage of the church but it was not. A former wooden ell and connecting garage and a front porch were removed and new ell built during the Camber ownership of the property.
Themes: Architectural, community development.
1846. The stone house was built for Herman Phelps and possibly constructed by local mason Benjamin Gleason. Some have attributed it to Ruben Frye, who built West Parish Church but Frye died in March of 1845. Keystone in gable has 1846.
Herman Phelps was born on May 30, 1816 son of Chandler & Lydia (Parkhurst) Phelps. His father Chandler b. 1786 and Uncle Henry Phelps b. 1783 lived in the homestead at 7 High Plain Rd. Herman marriage intention on October 26, 1841 in Andover to Esther Bean Merrill b. Mar. 3, 1821 in Newbury, NH dau. of Israel & Betsey Merrill. They had two sons, Frank C. b. Feb. 20, 1850 and Herman Sydney b. Mar. 25, 1852. The 1850 Valuation schedule list Herman: West Parish Dwelling house & shed $650. No acreage is listed. We conclude the property lot was still part of the Phelps farm of 112 acres. Chandler sells to Herman for $1000 the parcel with buildings “where he now resides” on Dec. 29, 1859.
The 1860 Valuation Herman Phelps; house $700, ½ acre adjoining $30, 24 acres on Bald Hill $483, 4 acre Meadow $65 = $1278 and 28 ½ acres. Farm Stock $411. Henry and Chandlers dwelling house, barn and home farm is 68 acres, a 15 acre Rough meadow is valued at $3850. No farm stock given.
Herman’s mother Lydia died on Sept. 6, 1830 at age 39. Chandler remarried on May 7, 1834 to Hannah Frye Ballard. Hannah died two years later on July 7, 1836. Uncle Henry, a blacksmith and a bachelor, deeded his half of the homestead to his brother Chandler on July 4, 1839 with a life tenancy for himself.
Henry died Jan. 31, 1865 of old age at 81y 6m. Chandler died on Dec. 27, 1868 age 82y 10m. Herman inherited the homestead and moved over to 7 High Plan Rd. On April 20, 1869 the stone house on Lowell St. was sold to William and Hannah M. Bailey for $1000. Esther Phelps died on Nov. 26, 1876 and Herman died of Heart disease on Oct. 11, 1878 at age 62. Herman's sons Frank C. and H. Sydney Phelps would both inherit the homestead farm.
Bailey’s Valuation in 1870; House and shop $550, ¾ acre $150 = $700. William Bailey, a shoemaker was born in Andover on Sept. 20, 1808, son of William Jr. and Rebecca (Gillson) Bailey. William married on Nov. 13, 1832 to Rhoda A. Ames, b. Nov. 6, 1814, dau. of Simeon & Sarah Ames. Children: Joshua H. b. 1834, Sarah b. 1836 and Rebecca b. 1842. Son Joshua married on July 28, 1862 in Lowell to Victoria A. Merrill dau. of Israel & Betsey Merrill and sister of Esther B. wife of Herman Phelps. Sadly Victoria died on Nov. 11, 1865. Joshua remarried on March 26, 1867 to. Mary F. Towne.
Rhoda A. died on Mar. 29, 1872 age 57. William remarried on Oct. 1, 1872 in Lowell to Hannah M (Kendall) Griffin b. Tewksbury, dau. of Seneca & Lydia Kendall. William died Oct. 27, 1889 and is interred in West Parish Cemetery- Probate case #68440 Real estate $1500, - personal estate $1354.60
On Feb. 17, 1891 - Hannah M. Bailey, late wife of William Bailey sells to Lizzie Hardy of St. John, New Brunswick, Canada for $1800.
1900- Tax Evaluation in Andover, Charles A. Hardy; house & shed $1000, Barn $175. Store bld. $150 and ¾ acre $150 for total $1475.
April 21,1913, Lizzie Hardy of Andover sells to Frank H. Hardy for $1 and other considerations – land and buildings. - "Frank Hardy and his son, who ran a store at corner of Lowell and Beacon Streets also operated a brush factory in a barn behind this house" - [Campbell, Eleanor: West of Shawsheen, History of West Parish Church, 1976]
Nov. 13, 1918 - Frank Hardy sells to George M. Carter of Andover, land and buildings. George Carter died in June 1940 and Bessie L. Carter Haartz and Herbert P. Carter his heirs inherit. (also see #181 Lowell St.)
The 1920 census lists Harry A. Wright, wife Emma P. and two daughters Raymah and Emeleyn, renting the house. Harry was a clerk in a woolen mill (A.W. Co.) They were members of West Parish Church and Harry served on the cemetery committee.
Nov. 6,1943 - Bessie Carter Haartz, (formerly Bessie L. Carter,) sells to Arthur & Sarah Lewis.
Arthur & Sarah Lewis are members of the West Parish Church and the Andover Grange. Arthur was the Superintendent of the West Parish Cemetery from 1952 -1977. He died at age 86 November 10, 1981. Arthur was a member of the Andover School Committee for 12 years, a WWI Army Signal Corps veteran and member of St. Mathew’s Lodge, AF & A.M. Children; Warren A. Lewis, Mrs.Marilyn L. Breitenfeld of PA., and Barbara L. Melnikas of Wells, ME.
June 1990, Andover Preservation Award for sympathetic addition.
Andover Valuation Schedules, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1920
Ancestry.com. Phelps, Bailey history
Andover Townsman
West Parish Cemetery records
Henry Phelps & Chandler Phelps - July 4, 1839 - b. 314 leaf 92 - three parcels
Herman & Esther Phelps 1846
Herman Phelps - Jan. 8, 1856 - b. 524 leaf 257 - Bald Hill 24 acres
Herman Phelps - Dec. 29, 1859 - b. 599 leaf 156 - "lot where he now resides"
William & Hannah Bailey - Apr. 20, 1869 - b. 4 p. 894
William Bailey estate, Widow Hannah Bailey - Oct. 27, 1889 Probate
Lizzie Hardy - Feb. 17, 1891 - b. 111 p. 2
Frank Hardy - Apr. 21, 1913 - b. 393 p. 69
George M. Carter - Nov. 13, 1918 - b. 393 p. 69-70
Herbert P. Carter & Bessie L. Carter Haartz b. 393 p. 69-70
Arthur & Sarah Lewis Nov. 6, 1943 - b. 661 p. 224
Rev. Bruce & Judy M. Camber - July 31, 1981 - b.1522 p. 204
Judith M. Camber - July 1, 1994 - b. 4085 p. 322
Judith Adrian Mosedale - Oct. 3, 1997 b. 4866 p. 206
Carol Amick & Robert DiAdamo - July 16, 1999 - b. 5497 p. 103
Frank A. & Sally B. Doocey - Aug. 2, 2004 - b. 8968 p. 298
Frank Forget & Debra Pickering - Dec. 21, 2007 - b. 11010 p. 265
Street Lowell St
Place West Parish - West Andover
Historic District West Parish Center NRH District
Historic Name Herman Phelps House
Construction Date 1846
Source datestone in gable
Architect/Builder Herman Phelps
Outbuildings / Secondary Structures small garage attached,
Major Alterations former wooden ell, connecting shed & garage and front porch razed - New addition added by Camber family
Acreage 12,007 sq. ft. approximate frontage 141'
Map and parcel 88-4
Recorded by Stack/Mofford
Organization Andover Historical Commission
Date entered 1975-77 03/04/2006
Arthur Lewis home circa 1975
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We Love Christmas Wreaths By Celia's Flower Studio!
KT Unis
Katie Unis has been managing social media, marketing, and copy writing for small local businesses and nonprofits in the Cape Ann area for several year...
Feb 6 5 minutes read
Last year, we featured the best of Celia’s wreaths seen around the island on our blog and daily on our Facebook Page, Live On Cape Ann. This year we spoke to Celia about her holiday products - and her year-round flower business.
Celia’s Flower Studio, which is located at 77 Langsford St in Lanesville, opened six years ago when Gloucester native Celia Gibson finally took her lifelong passion and work from local florist shops and set out on her own. In total, Celia has been in the florist business for 17 years - and sold her very first Christmas tree at age 12.
The studio is a full-service flower shop, specializing in not only custom floral arrangements for weddings, but also holidays, funerals and everyday arrangements. Celia has a perfect 5-star Yelp rating, which isn’t surprising when you view her portfolio of work and listen to her professionally and empathetically guide brides and special-order customers through the process.
One of Celia’s best-known products, locally, are her custom-order wreaths that grace homes and businesses alike across Cape Ann each holiday season. “Every floral shop’s business has a huge Christmas and holiday element to it,” she explains, “but each shop finds a niche and creates what they know will sell and what they love to sell.” Some florists, she explained, don’t do wreaths at all, but focus on other floral arrangements like Poinsettias, which Celia keeps in stock, but does not order many of each season- she knows that other florists focus on that area.
She does a smaller amount of holiday sales for items like boxwood trees, kissing balls, and garlands. “You could spend ten thousand dollars in a week on things to retail for the holiday season, but with such a short window to sell, it’s really important to focus on what works and what you love.”
And for Celia, wreaths are working quite well! She has been creating wreaths for over a decade during her employment at local florists and nurseries across the North Shore. While she sells a few dozen pre-made wreaths that are sold at the shop throughout December, she and her assistant create between 30-45 specially made wreaths, listening to customer’s desires and turning them into unique creations. Each wreath can take up to half an hour to make - and at 14” around on the inside, her wreaths are a lot larger than what you’d typically find at a big box store, which carry 10” or 12” sizes. As a result, the larger wreaths, which measure 20” across on the outside, fill out a typical 36” front door far better than the junior versions.
The wreath portion of Celia’s sales is getting larger every year. Consumers love that Celia really listens to their creative wants and needs and spends the time to get it just how they want. They’re also locally made, and well made. Most wreaths she sells retail between $60-75 not only because of the quality, but because the decorations on wreaths are detailed. “That box represents $2,000 of accessories!” she states, pointing to a modest box of bows, glitter balls, and ribbon. “The price point can be a struggle for young families, especially for something that dies at the end of the season,” Celia points out, “so it’s not for everyone.” However, the sheer beauty of the wreaths make them a strong seller.
Celia also creates larger wreaths, as well as other Christmas greenery and window-box installations, for local businesses and corporations across Cape Ann. There’s a good chance you’ve seen and admired her work if you shop downtown Gloucester or Rockport during the holidays!
In addition to the wreaths, Celia has also sold Christmas trees in front of her studio for the past four years. Her dad, Greg Gibson, who runs Ten Pound Island Book Company, lives right across the street and works as an “on call tree salesman”, says Celia. “We sell down to the last tree every season, and it’s going well - if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it!”
The smaller, “Charlie Brown” trees sell for $20, the 5-6 foot “apartment size” are $45, the 6-7 foot size sell for $55, and the oversized 7-8 foot trees retail for $65. Trees, as well as kissing balls and pre-made wreaths, can be purchased at the studio from 1-6 on weekdays and 10-6 during weekends.
For more information, please visit Celia's website, or call (978) 879-4490.
Nice to be Home Group
Cape Ann in Motion
Patty Knaggs
224 Washington Street, Gloucester, MA 01930
© 2018 Patty Knaggs | All Rights Reserved
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Community hero dies from wounds in International District shooting
Posted 12:04 PM, July 23, 2015, by Q13 News Staff and John Hopperstad, Updated at 05:13PM, July 23, 2015
Donald Chinn. Courtesy Northwest Asian Weekly.
SEATTLE — A man described by many as a community hero in Seattle’s International District was shot and killed in the ID early Thursday morning.
Police were called to 8th Avenue South and South Lane Street at about 3 a.m. with reports of multiple shots fired. Donnie Chin, the director of the International District Emergency Center, was found at the scene with critical wounds.
Chin later died at Harborview.
A witness told Q13 FOX News they heard as many as 10 shots fired during the shooting. Police are investigating the events leading up to the gunfire. No suspects are in custody.
The International District Emergency Center provides quick and rapid responses to crime and other emergencies in the area. Chin was a highly respected member of the community who focused on safety of residents. Many in the International District would call Chin for help before dialing 911.
The Asian Counseling and Referral Service released the following statement after the news of Chin's death:
We lost a hero. Our hearts grieve along with our community. We all loved and respected Donnie, a community organizer, community builder, and community leader who looked out for, and watched over, our youth, seniors, and other vulnerable members of our community in the I.D. for 45 years. He promoted public safety, protected the community, and was one of the community’s beating hearts. He gave his life for our community, and we will never forget him.
A community meeting was held 5 p.m. Thursday at the Bush Asia Center. The mayor's office also plans to release a statement soon.
State, county and city leaders expressed sorrow for the community's loss.
The loss of Donnie Chin hits at the very heart of our community. Our hearts go out to friends & loved ones, and those whose lives he touched
— Dow Constantine (@kcexec) July 23, 2015
Gov. Jay Inslee said, “Trudi and I share in the terrible shock and deep mourning following this morning’s tragic and violent loss of Donnie Chin. We don’t know exactly what happened on that street in Seattle’s International District early this morning. Yet there’s no doubt, as his friends have said today, that the ID lost its savior, its protector, its hero and a big piece of its heart. Donnie Chin was a man who dedicated his life to making Chinatown and the International District safe for everyone. He had been doing that since he was a young man because he saw a need and he filled it."
Seattle Mayor Ed Murray issued the following statement after the shooting death of Donnie Chin:
“Donnie was a great community leader and his tragic death is a tremendous loss to Chinatown-International District, the broader Asian-Pacific Islander community, all of Seattle, and to me personally. As co-founder of the International District Emergency Center, he dedicated his life to making the Chinatown-International District – the neighborhood he loved – a safe place for all."
Seattle Police Chief Kathleen O’Toole also issued the following statement:
“I was shocked and saddened to learn of Donnie Chin's death. He was a wonderful friend to the SPD and will be sorely missed. We join his family and friends in mourning this terrible loss. We will also work tirelessly to bring his killer to justice.”
Filed in: Crime, News
Leave a Reply to wani vinia fee fee monroe Cancel reply
Danny Rafael
Seattle, you have a problem.
tootietuttle
I’m sure the response will be more expensive signs saying, “please don’t use guns”.
They think their crime rates are decreasing.
Scot Kamimae
This is a result of the failed leadership of the City of Seattle and the SCIDPDA who encourages homeless people and gang members to roam the streets of the international District. I moved my office out that area due to the increasing issues and problems that fell on deaf ears.
I hope the IDEC was providing insurance for Donnie since I know he was paid much.
Hopefully this tragedy will spur change to remove those that harm the community and focus more on those that help the community.
Stephenlnelson
my best friend’s half-sister makes $81 /hour on the laptop . She has been out of a job for five months but last month her check was $12862 just working on the laptop for a few hours. try this web-site Read More
uniquedust
Go fu*ck yourself. Someone just died. Show some respect, you fu*cking bot.
There are a lot of street people and vagrants passing through that neighborhood. Some are dangerous and the hobo lifestyle provides a camouflage for the violent ones. They can hide and blend into the surrounding riff-raff. Remember the Shoreline college professor who was stabbed to death last year. The city is promoting the tent city lifestyle and that’s a big mistake. The city needs to discourage flaky people from moving here to live on the streets,
The city is not encouraging a life style these people are economic refugees. Corporate America pats itself on the back for hammering a few nails on habitat for humanity day picnics meanwhile they outsource every single job they can to undercut unions and wipe out the working class, now under the guise of immigration policy they flood the country with low wage workers. Who can buy a house these days, not anyone making 15 bucks an hour!
Yes, the city wants to create more tent camps around northend and the people are mostly bums. I see them everyday scattering their trash along the Burke Gilman trail, shopping carts filled with junk in Ballard, and illegal car camping near Lake Union. They are substance abusers mooching off the church shelters and soup kitchens. Unemployment figures are the lowest its been in 40 years.
What the HELL is going on in Seattle???? Seems like it’s a war zone after dark people that aren’t even involved in anything getting shot? When I moved here people called it a cow town but no cow town I’ve ever been in has heroine addicts tripping down the street, and mobs of pot smoking thugs roaming downtown!!! This place is OUT OF CONTROL!
wani vinia fee fee monroe
I agree and summer isn’t done yet since 2012 crime in Seattle has escalated…
Fu*cking Seattle is becoming Tacoma under the watch of Liberals. Haha, Karma is a bitch.
thuggy gets a dirt nap
The liberals will deny it, because it is “racist” and to them that is a bad thing, but Seattle has a huge “Black Problem” in that part of town and extending south off and on all the way to Tacoma. That is likely what killed this fine man. The problem will only get worse with time, as Seattle is dominated by the “let’s all hold hands and get along” PC crowd, who will continue to ignore proven facts and just stick their ignorant heads back in the sand while their friends and family members get murdered by these Thugs. Idiots.
Why don’t you crawl back into Adolph’s bunker and pop some pills you loser!
Doug F
This is the same guy who said the man killed by police for trying to stab the cop is black, turns out he was Asian so then he mocks Asians! Dude this Nazi crap is so dumb!
Hey dirt nap dude imagine the Seahawks with only dudes your color. Imagine never making the playoffs cuz that’s what would happen forget going to the Super Bowl. You need to chill with your anti-black obsession maybe your like Ann Coulter and need a shrink!
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Cheryl Tiegs blasts Sports Illustrated for putting ‘full-figured’ Ashley Graham on swimsuit cover
Posted 7:39 AM, February 26, 2016, by Tribune Media Wire
Former supermodel Cheryl Tiegs has graced the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue several times.
But she has an issue with one of this year’s cover models.
The popular magazine featured three women — Ronda Rousey, Ashley Graham, and Hailey Clauson — on three different covers.
Because one just wasn’t enough. Here are your THREE 2016 #SISwim cover models! https://t.co/Akav137QKh pic.twitter.com/doCJAKGkE0
— SI Swimsuit (@SI_Swimsuit) February 14, 2016
Graham is the first plus-size model to be featured on the cover of the magazine.
Tiegs told E! News she disagrees with that decision.
“I don’t like that we’re talking about full-figured women because it’s glamorizing them because your waist should be smaller than 35 [inches]. That’s what Dr. Oz said, and I’m sticking to it,” she explained in the interview. “No, I don’t think it’s healthy. Her face is beautiful. Beautiful. But I don’t think it’s healthy in the long run.”
Graham — who has not responded to Tiegs’ comments — took to Instagram after learning she would be featured on the cover of the iconic magazine.
“Truly speechless!!! This cover is for every woman who felt like she wasn’t beautiful enough because of her size. You can do and achieve anything you put your mind to,” she wrote on her post.
Truly speechless!!! This cover is for every woman who felt like she wasn't beautiful enough because of her size. You can do and achieve anything you put your mind to. Thank you so much to the entire @si_swimsuit team! I'm so excited to be a part of your family. I love you all!!! #siswim #beautybeyondsize
A post shared by A S H L E Y G R A H A M (@ashleygraham) on Feb 13, 2016 at 9:05pm PST
Fans slammed Tiegs on Twitter and other social media for her comments about Graham.
Thanks @CherylTiegs for taking us back to the 1950s. Seriously minds like ur cause eating disorders in our youth #thickisin #plussizehealthy
— sharon (@nocaresgiven11) February 26, 2016
@CherylTiegs Stop. You are not the standard anymore. Women come in all shapes and sizes, why not celebrate that? You are not a doctor.
— Artistic Wings (@artisticwings) February 26, 2016
I've tried to teach my daughters that sometimes you should just NOT say something. Apparently #CherylTiegs hasn't figured this out at 68.
— Alex Flinn (@Alex_Flinn) February 26, 2016
So @CherylTiegs is a hateful person….too bad, but Ashley is awesome….#nebraskaproud
— Aaron Juedes (@PoppaJoDice) February 26, 2016
Tiegs took to her Facebook page to try to clarify her comments.
“I would like to clarify my thoughts regarding bodyweight,” Tiegs wrote. “I don’t think being anorexic, bulimic or overweight are healthy. All of these can be connected to serious health issues. I want everyone to be as healthy as they can be.”
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Iloilo-Puerto Princesa leg
The Maria Matilde
The ferry Maria Matilde of Montenegro Shipping Lines Inc. (MSLI) of Batangas was in the news lately because of a mishap she suffered while in transit from Odiongan port to Romblon port when she tried the hardness and strength of her bow against what seems to an overhanging rock and she lost. Actually she was lucky because had there been more clearance below the overhanging rock, the bow would have been cleared and instead it will be the bridge of the ship which will strike the rock and it would have been a good comeuppance for her negligent bridge crew who have been too good in making ridiculous excuses after the accident happened. Scores of passengers have been hurt in the accident necessitating the bringing of several to hospitals. It was also reported that four vehicles aboard the ship also sustained damages (maybe it jumped the wheel chocks). Well, imagine a ship probably sailing at 12 knots or over 20 kilometers per hour coming to a halt in a split second without warning. Many would be hurtling forward then, unplanned and unwarned.
Taken from maritimebulletin.com. Credits to Romblon News Network.
The Maria Matilde was once thought by some as the biggest ferry of Montenegro Lines but actually it is not true as their ferry Maria Xenia from Shipshape/Safeship is actually a little larger than her. Whatever, when the Reina del Rosario came from Trans-Asia Shipping Lines of Cebu with its 82.8 meters length and over 2,000 of gross tonnage, there was no assertion anymore that the Maria Matilde was the biggest ship of Montenegro Lines and so the former Cebuano ship won.
Actually, the two ships are familiar with each other. Once upon a time, the Maria Matilde might have been the most distant ship of Montenegro Lines in terms of fielding. When she was first sailed in 2005, she was on the Cagayan de Oro-Cebu-Iloilo-Puerto Princesa route (imagine a route that long). Now I just can’t remember if the Surigao-Siargao ferries of Montenegro Lines came earlier but probably not. So, the Maria Matilde was an overnight ferry from the very start and might even qualify technically as a multi-day liner although it is really an effort for a passenger bound for Puerto Princesa as the ship spends the daytime in port waiting for the next leg of journey in the night. Well, that could be a lot of free tourism for the more adventurous but unlike true liners of the period then they will not be fed while on port.
A few years before the Maria Matilde came, the Negros Navigation Company (NENACO) and later through Jensen Shipping tried the same route and it bombed. So I was wondering if Montenegro Lines knew a secret that Negros Navigation did not know or if they have a better formula. After all in the different legs of the route the Maria Matilde will be experiencing tough competition especially in the first two legs and in the last leg (the Iloilo-Puerto Princesa leg) the traffic between its two ports is not really heavy and actually Montenegro Lines is already serving that route aside from the original holder of the route, the hardy survivor Milagrosa Shipping Lines.
Photo by Edsel Benavides
Apparently, Montenegro Lines did not know any better and they bombed out too. First, they cut the route to Cagayan de Oro. That is the prime Visayas-Mindanao route and competition there is very tough with the top competitors even fielding former liners aside from real liners from Manila holding the Manila-Cebu-Cagayan de Oro route (like the former SuperFerry 12 that is now known as the St. Pope John Paul II which is still plying the route). The Maria Matilde was severely outclassed in modernness of the competitors, in size, in the amenities and accommodations and in the speed when some can do almost twice her speed. And in passenger service there is almost no way for them to beat the liners (Montenegro Lines was never known for service especially since they have never experienced liner sailing). And the Maria Matilde does not even offer free food as that is the domain of the liners but not of the Batangas ferries. Additionally, some passengers bound for Iloilo or Bacolod can just take the liners doing the Cagayan de Oro-Iloilo-Manila or the Cagayan de Oro-Bacolod-Manila routes. If the passenger is still bound for Puerto Princesa he or she can just transfer to an Iloilo-Puerto Princesa ferry. In the Cebu-Iloilo leg the Cebu shipping companies also have good ferries and again that is another top route from Cebu. I felt then that the Maria Matilde was in a cul-de-sac especially since I know the Batangas people don’t know how good are the top overnight ferries of Cebu (all they know is beat the crappy Viva Shipping Lines standard).
In a span of a few years, Montenegro Lines gave up and brought back the Maria Matilde to Batangas to do their MIMAROPA Region overnight routes like their route to Romblon from Batangas. There, the Maria Matilde is not outclassed as Batangas barely know overnight ferries and in fact just have a few and it is one area where ROROs without bunks are used in night routes and so people use the benches as “bunks” leading to complaints by some and the crew there is not good in instilling discipline and unlike in the Visayas-Mindanao region the passengers are not averse to appropriating the whole bench for themselves. Well, that is the consequence of having no proper bunks. The Maria Matilde has been one of the longest overnight ships now in the Romblon route together with the biggest ship of Montenegro Lines, the Reina del Rosario. If they know each other in Romblon, they actually knew each other before in Cebu when the latter was still with Trans-Asia Shipping Lines.
The Maria Matilde is a not a new ship by any means and she belongs to the class that the haters of old ships love to jeer (because they have vested self-interest). She actually doesn’t show her age although she was built way back in 1971 or 46 years ago (well, Montenegro Lines is really good in refurbishing and maintaining old ferries). Her builder is the Taguma Zosen in Innoshima, Japan and she carries the IMO Number 7106126 which indicate when her keel was laid up.
Taken by John Michael Aringay from funekichimurase.lolipop.jp
Originally, she was known as the Ferry Goto of the Kyushu Shosen KK of Nagasaki, Japan. She must have been doing the Nagasaki to Goto route as her name is an obvious giveaway. As such she might have been familiar with the Ferry Fukue which also came to the Philippines that is now known now as the Filipinas Iligan of Cokaliong Shipping Lines Inc. (that is if she was sailing to the southern island of Fukue). However, when that ship came the Maria Matilde was no longer in Cebu.
The Maria Matilde has a steel hull and had car ramps at the bow and at the stern that led to the single car deck. She already has the modern semi-bulbous stem and the usual transom stern of a ROPAX (RORO-Passenger) ship. Her length is 73.6 meters with a beam of 14.3 meters (which is only declared as 12.0 meters here but international databases says otherwise and 12.0 meters breadth are for the smaller ferries) and a depth of 4.8 meters. Her declared gross tonnage is 1,266 which is just about the same as her original gross register tonnage of 1,262 (and that is after adding an additional passenger deck). Her declared net tonnage is 693 with a passenger capacity of 832 (that includes the old Jet Seater class of the ship) in two-and-a-half passenger decks. She is powered by two Hanshin marine diesels with a total of 4,000 horsepower and her original top speed (the design speed) was 16 knots (lately she is still capable of a cruising speed of 13 knots which is not that far off from her design speed). Hanshin is not a common engine for passenger ships.
Unlike most Batangas passenger ships, the Maria Matilde is equipped with two stern passenger ramps (in Batangas, in general, the passengers enter and exit through the car deck and ramp heightening the chance on an accident). Part of the car deck was once used converted for passengers but it was removed now. The ferry also has a forecastle and small poop deck aside from two funnels which signifies two engines.
Photo by Nowell Alcancia
The Maria Matilde might have remained an obscure ferry doing its job silently except when she was thrown into ignominy when she hit that overhanging rock last September 25, 2017 in Calatrava town of Tablas island, Romblon when the ferry was on the way from Odiongan to Romblon town (some reports said she grounded but that seems not to be the case as the stem of the ship is undamaged). Minor accidents and incidents are part of a ship’s life but the unusualness of the accident put this good ferry in a bad light due to the incompetence of the bridge crew. Nowadays, with pocket Wi-Fi and smartphones keeping lid on accidents on passenger ships with casualties is hard to do as it hits the public immediately. The only similar accident to this that I know was when the flagship of Escano Lines, the Fernando Escano II rammed the concrete battleship island in the mouth of Manila Bay in 1969 that also damaged the ship’s bow.
The crew when asked by media offered many lousy, unbelievable excuses. One said there was a steering failure (but then the ship was able to dock later in Romblon port and offload not only vehicles and passengers but also the wounded). Another said there was failure in the GPS instrument of the ship (but then there should still be nautical charts in the bridge and navigators that constantly plot the position of the ship). There is no question that there is bad visibility when the incident happened and it was still dark as it was just dawn yet and raining. But then if the radar is working and the bridge crew was not sleepy they should have seen that there was an obstacle ahead. Actually, the most likely thing that happened is the ship drifted because of the currents and the bridge crew failed to notice and correct it. In terms of familiarity of the course, the ship cannot give it as an excuse as they were on their regular route (and what are nautical charts for anyway?). Now, was there even a look-out or the look-out was busy stirring his cup of coffee?
With the accident, the length over-all of the ship shortened (although they will bring that to the shipyard for repairs and that is easy to remedy). However, the reputation on the crew and the ship is harder to repair now. With the Net, a search on Maria Matilde will always lead back to the accident in Romblon and that will be for years on end (what a disgrace). If we can search Fernando Escano II’s accident of almost half a century ago, imagine how long Maria Matilde’s accident will be searchable even if she is gone already. I don’t know if it is already time to change the ship’s name.
Credits to The Manila Chronicle and Gorio Belen
Even then this ship is still a reliable ship that is capable of sailing many more years unless some government device is approved to cull old ships like that signed agreement to cut carbon dioxide emissions (practically no old ship of ours will survive massive carbon cuts unless re-engined but that is not cheap). Her owner Montenegro Lines is really good in prolonging the lives of their old ships and will even resort to re-engining if needed (we really love and value old ships, don’t we?).
Now if only her crew had been more careful.
Posted in Information, overnight ferry, Ship FeatureTagged “free tourism”, bunks, Cagayan de Oro-Cebu-Iloilo-Puerto Princesa route, Calatrava town of Tablas island, Ferry Fukue, Ferry Goto, Filipinas Iligan, gross register tonnage, gross tonnage, Hanshin marine diesels, Iloilo-Puerto Princesa leg, IMO Number 7106126, Jensen Shipping, Kyushu Shosen KK, Manila-Cebu-Cagayan de Oro route, Maria Xenia, Milagrosa Shipping Lines, MIMAROPA Region overnight routes, Montenegro Shipping Lines Inc. (MSLI), multi-day liner, Negros Navigation Company (Nenaco), overnight ferry, prime Visayas-Mindanao route, Reina del Rosario, ROPAX (RORO-Passenger) ship, semi-bulbous stem, Shipshape/Safeship, Taguma Zosen, Trans Asia Shipping Lines, transom stern, Viva Shipping LinesLeave a comment
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Home Community Legal pros needed for county’s high school mock trial program
Legal pros needed for county’s high school mock trial program
Soon-to-be, practicing, and retired law professionals are encouraged to volunteer their time for the 38th Annual Contra Costa County High School Mock Trial Program.
The program is held on seven early weekday evenings during late January and early February, in the Martinez Court Rooms. Last year, close to 100 Bay Area practicing and retired attorneys and sworn judges, as well as third-year law students volunteered for the Mock Trials.
The hands-on educational program was created to help students acquire a working knowledge of the judicial system, develop analytical and communication skills, and more. It is coordinated by the Contra Costa County Office of Education (CCCOE).
This year’s case, People v. Klein, involves a young adult charged with two felony counts: making a false report of an emergency (in this case, commonly referred to as “swatting”) and making a criminal threat. Teams of high school students work with teachers and volunteer coaches to prepare their version of the criminal case, from both the prosecution and defense perspectives.
Students become trial attorneys, pre-trial motion attorneys, witnesses, clerks, bailiffs, artists, and court journalists. Mock Trial judges and attorneys score their performance and provide immediate feedback. Winning teams advance through seven rounds of competition, with the county’s champion advancing to the State finals.
Seventeen Mock Trial teams this year will represent high schools throughout Contra Costa County, including Richmond schools.
“This program is a great tool to ensure that our students understand the workings of the trial courts and thus the importance of an independent judiciary, says,” said Contra Costa County Presiding Judge Barry Baskin, a longtime volunteer.
Interested volunteers can learn more by visiting the CCCOE’s Mock Trial Web page, or contacting Jonathan Lance at jlance@cccoe.k12.ca.us or (925) 942-3429.
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Beliefs of people taking antidepressants about causes of depression and reasons for increased prescribing rates
Read, J., Cartwright, Claire, Gibson, Kerry, Shiels, Christopher and Haslam, Nicholas 2014. Beliefs of people taking antidepressants about causes of depression and reasons for increased prescribing rates. Journal of Affective Disorders. 168, pp. 236-242.
Read, J., Cartwright, Claire, Gibson, Kerry, Shiels, Christopher and Haslam, Nicholas
Public beliefs about the causes of mental health problems are related to desire for distance and pessimism about recovery, and are therefore frequently studied. The beliefs of people receiving treatment are researched less often.
An online survey on causal beliefs about depression and experiences with antidepressants was completed by 1829 New Zealand adults prescribed anti-depressants in the preceding five years, 97.4% of whom proceeded to take antidepressants.
The most frequently endorsed of 17 causal beliefs were family stress, relationship problems, loss of loved one, financial problems, isolation, and abuse or neglect in childhood. Factor analysis produced three factors: ‘bio-genetic’, ‘adulthood stress’ and ‘childhood adversity’. The most strongly endorsed explanations for increases in antidepressant prescribing invoked improved identification, reduced stigma and drug company marketing. The least strongly endorsed was ‘Anti-depressants are the best treatment’. Regression analyses revealed that self-reported efficacy of the antidepressants was positively associated with bio-genetic causal beliefs, negatively associated with childhood adversity beliefs and unrelated to adulthood stress beliefs. The belief that ‘People cannot׳ get better by themselves even if they try’ was positively associated with bio-genetic beliefs.
The convenience sample may have been biased towards a favourable view of bio-genetic explanations, since 83% reported that the medication reduced their depression.
Clinicians׳ should consider exploring patients׳ causal beliefs. The public, even when taking antidepressants, continues to hold a multi-factorial causal model of depression with a primary emphasis on psycho-social causes. A three factor model of those beliefs may lead to more sophisticated understandings of relationships with stigma variables.
Journal of Affective Disorders
168, pp. 236-242
doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.010
© 2014 Elsevier
https://repository.uel.ac.uk/item/859q2
Using Open Questions to Understand 650 People’s Experiences with Antipsychotic Drugs
Read, J. and Sacia, A. 2020. Using Open Questions to Understand 650 People’s Experiences with Antipsychotic Drugs. Schizophrenia Bulletin.
Bad things happen and can drive you crazy: The causal beliefs of 701 people taking antipsychotics
Read, J. 2020. Bad things happen and can drive you crazy: The causal beliefs of 701 people taking antipsychotics. Psychiatry Research.
The Positive and Negative Experiences of 342 Antidepressant Users
Read, J., Grigoriu, M., Gee, A., Diggle, J. and Butler, H. 2020. The Positive and Negative Experiences of 342 Antidepressant Users. Community Mental Health Journal.
Electroconvulsive Therapy for Depression: A Review of the Quality of ECT vs Sham ECT Trials and Meta-Analyses
Read, J., Kirsch, I. and Mcgrath, L. 2019. Electroconvulsive Therapy for Depression: A Review of the Quality of ECT vs Sham ECT Trials and Meta-Analyses. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry.
How common and severe are six withdrawal effects from, and addiction to, antidepressants? The experiences of a large international sample of patients
Read, J. 2019. How common and severe are six withdrawal effects from, and addiction to, antidepressants? The experiences of a large international sample of patients. Addictive Behaviors.
Learning How to Ask - Does a one-day training increase trauma inquiry in routine substance use disorder practice? Results of a cluster-randomized controlled trial
Lotzin, A., Buth, S., Sehner, S., Hiller, P., Martens, M., Read, J., Härter, M., Cowlishaw, S. and Schäfer, I. 2019. Learning How to Ask - Does a one-day training increase trauma inquiry in routine substance use disorder practice? Results of a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 107, pp. 8-16.
Antidepressant withdrawal – the tide is finally turning
Hengartner, M. P., Davies, J. and Read, J. 2019. Antidepressant withdrawal – the tide is finally turning. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences.
The Beliefs of Non-Psychiatric Doctors about the Causes, Treatments and Prognosis of Schizophrenia
Magliano, L., Citarelli, G. and Read, J. 2019. The Beliefs of Non-Psychiatric Doctors about the Causes, Treatments and Prognosis of Schizophrenia. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice.
Young Women’s Selfhood on Antidepressants: ‘Not Fully Myself’
Wills, C., Cartwright, C., Gibson, K. and Read, J. 2019. Young Women’s Selfhood on Antidepressants: ‘Not Fully Myself’. Qualitative Health Research. 30 (2), pp. 268-278.
Heterogeneity in psychiatric diagnostic classification
Allsopp, K., Read, J., Corcoran, R. and Kinderman, P. 2019. Heterogeneity in psychiatric diagnostic classification. Psychiatry Research. 279, pp. 15-22.
Clinical guidelines on antidepressant withdrawal urgently need updating
Davies, J., Read, J., Hengartner, M. P., Cosci, F., Fava, G., Chouinard, G., van Os, J., Nardi, A., Gøtzsche, P., Groot, P., Offidani, E., Timimi, S., Moncrieff, J., Spada, M. and Guy, A. 2019. Clinical guidelines on antidepressant withdrawal urgently need updating. BMJ. 365 (Art. 12238).
Authors' response to a critique by Jauhar and Hayes of ‘a systematic review into the incidence, severity and duration of antidepressant withdrawal effects: Are guideline evidence-based?’
Davies, James and Read, J. 2019. Authors' response to a critique by Jauhar and Hayes of ‘a systematic review into the incidence, severity and duration of antidepressant withdrawal effects: Are guideline evidence-based?’. Addictive Behaviors. 97, pp. 127-130.
An Independent Audit of Pharma Influence in Public Mental Health Trusts in England
Harrop, Christopher, Read, J., Geekie, Jim and Renton, Julia 2019. An Independent Audit of Pharma Influence in Public Mental Health Trusts in England. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry. 20 (3), pp. 156-168.
Positive and negative effects of antipsychotic medication: an international online survey of 832 recipients
Read, J. and Williams, James 2019. Positive and negative effects of antipsychotic medication: an international online survey of 832 recipients. Current Drug Safety. 14 (3), pp. 173-181.
Reducing barriers to trauma inquiry in substance use disorder treatment – A cluster-randomized controlled trial
Lotzin, Annett, Buth, Sven, Sehner, Susanne, Hiller, Philipp, Pawils, Silke, Metzner, Franka, Read, J., Härter, Martin and Schäfer, Ingo 2019. Reducing barriers to trauma inquiry in substance use disorder treatment – A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 14 (Art. 23).
Correspondence: Purpose, humility, civility, and science
Kinderman, Peter, Davies, James, Moore, James, Guy, Anne, Read, J., Timimi, Sami and Double, Duncan 2018. Correspondence: Purpose, humility, civility, and science. The Lancet Psychiatry. 5 (12), pp. 964-965.
Correspondence: Network meta-analysis of antidepressants
Timimi, Sami, Moncrieff, Joanna, Gøtzche, Peter, Davies, James, Kinderman, Peter, Byng, Richard, Montagu, Luke and Read, J. 2018. Correspondence: Network meta-analysis of antidepressants. The Lancet. 392 (10152), pp. 1011-1012.
Attempting to discontinue antipsychotic medication: withdrawal methods, relapse and success
Larsen-Barr, Miriam, Seymour, Fred, Read, J. and Gibson, Kerry 2018. Attempting to discontinue antipsychotic medication: withdrawal methods, relapse and success. Psychiatry Research. 270, pp. 365-374.
Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis: A Meta-analysis of Patient-Control, Prospective- and Cross-sectional Cohort Studies
Varese, Filippo, Smeets, Feikje, Drukker, Marjan, Lieverse, Ritsaert, Lataster, Tineke, Viechtbauer, Wolfgang, Read, J., van Os, Jim and Bentall, Richard P. 2012. Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis: A Meta-analysis of Patient-Control, Prospective- and Cross-sectional Cohort Studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 38 (4), pp. 661-671.
Contrarrestar el estigma hacia las personas con esquizofrenia en el ámbito sanitario: una experiencia piloto en una muestra de estudiantes italianos de medicina
Magliano, Lorenza, Read, J., Patalano, Melania, Sagliocchi, Alessandra, Oliviero, Nicoletta, D’Ambrosio, Antonio, Campitiello, Federica, Zaccaro, Antonella, Guizzaro, Lorenzo and Cerrato, Ferdinando 2012. Contrarrestar el estigma hacia las personas con esquizofrenia en el ámbito sanitario: una experiencia piloto en una muestra de estudiantes italianos de medicina. Psychology, Society, & Education. 4 (2), pp. 169-181.
Les adversitats en la infància incrementen el risc de psicosi: metaanàlisi d’estudis pacient-control, prospectius i de tall transversal de cohort
Varese, Filippo, Smeets, Feikje, Drukker, Marjan, Lieverse, Ritsaert, Lataster, Tineke, Viechtbauer, Wolfgang, Read, J., Os, Jim van and Bentall, Richard P. 2013. Les adversitats en la infància incrementen el risc de psicosi: metaanàlisi d’estudis pacient-control, prospectius i de tall transversal de cohort. Revista de Psicopatología y Salud Mental del Niño y del Adolescente. 21, pp. 51-64.
Electroconvulsive Treatment: Hypotheses about Mechanisms of Action
Fosse, Roar and Read, J. 2013. Electroconvulsive Treatment: Hypotheses about Mechanisms of Action. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 4, p. Art 94.
Mandatory Reporting? Issues to consider when developing legislation and policy to improve discovery of child abuse
Davies, Emma, Mathews, Ben and Read, J. 2014. Mandatory Reporting? Issues to consider when developing legislation and policy to improve discovery of child abuse. IALS Student Law Review. 2 (1), pp. 9-28.
The traumagenic neurodevelopmental model of psychosis revisited
Read, J., Fosse, Roar, Moskowitz, Andrew and Perry, Bruce 2014. The traumagenic neurodevelopmental model of psychosis revisited. Neuropsychiatry. 4 (1), pp. 65-79.
Can poverty drive you mad? 'Schizophrenia', socio-economic status and the case for primary prevention.
Read, J. 2010. Can poverty drive you mad? 'Schizophrenia', socio-economic status and the case for primary prevention. New Zealand Journal of Psychology. 39 (2), pp. 7-19.
Hearing Voices and Listening to What They Say
Beavan, Vanessa and Read, J. 2010. Hearing Voices and Listening to What They Say. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 198 (3), pp. 201-205.
Schizophrenia and Borderline Personality Disorder
Kingdon, David G., Ashcroft, Katie, Bhandari, Bharathi, Gleeson, Stefan, Warikoo, Nishchint, Symons, Matthew, Taylor, Lisa, Lucas, Eleanor, Mahendra, Ravi, Ghosh, Soumya, Mason, Anthony, Badrakalimuthu, Raja, Hepworth, Claire, Read, J. and Mehta, Raj 2010. Schizophrenia and Borderline Personality Disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 198 (6), pp. 399-403.
Metaphoric and non-metaphoric use of the term “schizophrenia” in Italian newspapers
Magliano, Lorenza, Read, J. and Marassi, Riccardo 2010. Metaphoric and non-metaphoric use of the term “schizophrenia” in Italian newspapers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 46 (10), pp. 1019-1025.
The effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy: A literature review
Read, J. and Bentall, Richard 2010. The effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy: A literature review. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 19 (4), pp. 333-347.
Elektrokonvulsiv behandling ved alvorlig depresjon – i konflikt med den hippokratiske eden?
Fosse, Roar, Read, J. and Bentall, Richard 2011. Elektrokonvulsiv behandling ved alvorlig depresjon – i konflikt med den hippokratiske eden? Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Journal of the Norwegian Psychological Association). 48 (12), pp. 1160-1171.
An exploratory investigation of psychologists' responses to a method for considering "objective" countertransference
Cartwright, Claire and Read, J. 2011. An exploratory investigation of psychologists' responses to a method for considering "objective" countertransference. New Zealand Journal of Psychology. 40 (1), pp. 46-54.
The Roles of Gender and Coping Styles in the Relationship Between Child Abuse and the SCL-90-Subscales ‘Psychoticism’ and ‘Paranoid Ideation’
Barker-Collo, Suzanne and Read, J. 2011. The Roles of Gender and Coping Styles in the Relationship Between Child Abuse and the SCL-90-Subscales ‘Psychoticism’ and ‘Paranoid Ideation’. New Zealand Journal of Psychology. 40 (3), pp. 30-40.
The prevalence of voice-hearers in the general population: A literature review
Beavan, Vanessa, Read, J. and Cartwright, Claire 2011. The prevalence of voice-hearers in the general population: A literature review. Journal of Mental Health. 20 (3), pp. 281-292.
The Influence of Causal Explanations and Diagnostic Labeling on Medical Studentsʼ Views of Schizophrenia
Magliano, Lorenza, Read, J., Rega, Sonia, Oliviero, Nicoletta, Sagliocchi, Alessandra, Patalano, Melania and DʼAmbrosio, Antonio 2011. The Influence of Causal Explanations and Diagnostic Labeling on Medical Studentsʼ Views of Schizophrenia. Academic Medicine. 86 (9), pp. 1155-1162.
Childhood adversity and hallucinations: a community-based study using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Shevlin, Mark, Murphy, Jamie, Read, J., Mallett, John, Adamson, Gary and Houston, James Edward 2011. Childhood adversity and hallucinations: a community-based study using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 46 (12), pp. 1203-1210.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug companies and the internet
Mitchell, Jessica and Read, J. 2012. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug companies and the internet. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 17 (1), pp. 121-139.
Coping Strategies in Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse from Two Canadian and Two New Zealand Cultural Groups
Barker-Collo, Suzanne, Read, J. and Cowie, Sue 2012. Coping Strategies in Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse from Two Canadian and Two New Zealand Cultural Groups. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 13 (4), pp. 435-447.
Negative childhood experiences and mental health: theoretical, clinical and primary prevention implications
Read, J. and Bentall, Richard P. 2012. Negative childhood experiences and mental health: theoretical, clinical and primary prevention implications. British Journal of Psychiatry. 200 (02), pp. 89-91.
Dissociative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: relationships with childhood trauma and psychotic symptoms
Schäfer, Ingo, Fisher, Helen L., Aderhold, Volkmar, Huber, Barbara, Hoffmann-Langer, Liv, Golks, Dietmar, Karow, Anne, Ross, Colin, Read, J. and Harfst, Timo 2012. Dissociative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: relationships with childhood trauma and psychotic symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 53 (4), pp. 364-371.
Patterns of lifetime female victimisation and psychotic experiences: a study based on the UK Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007
Shevlin, Mark, O’Neill, Tara, Houston, James E., Read, J., Bentall, Richard P. and Murphy, Jamie 2012. Patterns of lifetime female victimisation and psychotic experiences: a study based on the UK Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 48 (1), pp. 15-24.
Drop the language of disorder
Kinderman, Peter, Read, J., Moncrieff, Joanna and Bentall, Richard P 2012. Drop the language of disorder. Evidence Based Mental Health. 16 (1), pp. 2-3.
Differences in views of schizophrenia during medical education: a comparative study of 1st versus 5th–6th year Italian medical students
Magliano, Lorenza, Read, J., Sagliocchi, Alessandra, Patalano, Melania, D’Ambrosio, Antonio and Oliviero, Nicoletta 2012. Differences in views of schizophrenia during medical education: a comparative study of 1st versus 5th–6th year Italian medical students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 48 (10), pp. 1647-1655.
Childhood adversity and psychosis: A literature review with clinical and societal implications
Skehan, Daniel, Larkin, Warren and Read, J. 2012. Childhood adversity and psychosis: A literature review with clinical and societal implications. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society. 17 (4), pp. 373-391.
A literature review and meta-analysis of drug company-funded mental health websites
Read, J. and Cain, A. 2013. A literature review and meta-analysis of drug company-funded mental health websites. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 128 (6), pp. 422-433.
Erectile Dysfunction and the Internet: Drug Company Manipulation of Public and Professional Opinion
Read, J. and Mati, Elizabeth 2013. Erectile Dysfunction and the Internet: Drug Company Manipulation of Public and Professional Opinion. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 39 (6), pp. 541-559.
Renaming ‘schizophrenia’: a step too far or not far enough?
Brabban, Alison, Morrison, Tony and Read, J. 2013. Renaming ‘schizophrenia’: a step too far or not far enough? Psychological Medicine. 43 (07), pp. 1558-1560.
Effect of diagnostic labeling and causal explanations on medical students' views about treatments for psychosis and the need to share information with service users
Magliano, Lorenza, Read, J., Sagliocchi, Alessandra, Patalano, Melania and Oliviero, Nicoletta 2013. Effect of diagnostic labeling and causal explanations on medical students' views about treatments for psychosis and the need to share information with service users. Psychiatry Research. 210 (2), pp. 402-407.
How much evidence is required for a paradigm shift in mental health?
Read, J., Dillon, Jacqui and Lampshire, D. 2013. How much evidence is required for a paradigm shift in mental health? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 129 (6), pp. 477-478.
Queer conversations: improving access to, and quality of, mental health services for same-sex-attracted clients
Semp, David and Read, J. 2014. Queer conversations: improving access to, and quality of, mental health services for same-sex-attracted clients. Psychology & Sexuality. 6 (3), pp. 217-228.
Adverse emotional and interpersonal effects reported by 1829 New Zealanders while taking antidepressants
Read, J., Cartwright, Claire and Gibson, Kerry 2014. Adverse emotional and interpersonal effects reported by 1829 New Zealanders while taking antidepressants. Psychiatry Research. 216 (1), pp. 67-73.
“Social dangerousness and incurability in schizophrenia”: Results of an educational intervention for medical and psychology students
Magliano, Lorenza, Read, J., Sagliocchi, Alessandra, Oliviero, Nicoletta, D’Ambrosio, Antonio, Campitiello, Federica, Zaccaro, Antonella, Guizzaro, Lorenzo and Patalano, Melania 2014. “Social dangerousness and incurability in schizophrenia”: Results of an educational intervention for medical and psychology students. Psychiatry Research. 219 (3), pp. 457-463.
From adversity to psychosis: pathways and mechanisms from specific adversities to specific symptoms
Bentall, Richard P., de Sousa, Paulo, Varese, Filippo, Wickham, Sophie, Sitko, Katarzyna, Haarmans, Maria and Read, J. 2014. From adversity to psychosis: pathways and mechanisms from specific adversities to specific symptoms. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 49 (7), pp. 1011-1022.
Patient-Centered Perspectives on Antidepressant Use
Gibson, Kerry, Cartwright, Claire and Read, J. 2014. Patient-Centered Perspectives on Antidepressant Use. International Journal of Mental Health. 43 (1), pp. 81-99.
Saving psychiatry from itself: will young psychiatrists choose authoritarian power or authoritative respect?
Read, J. 2014. Saving psychiatry from itself: will young psychiatrists choose authoritarian power or authoritative respect? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 131 (1), pp. 11-12.
The Twin Research Debate in American Criminology
Joseph, Jay, Chaufan, Claudia, Richardson, Ken, Shultziner, Doron, Fosse, Roar, James, Oliver, Latham, Jonathan and Read, J. 2015. The Twin Research Debate in American Criminology. Logos: A Journal of Modern Society & Culture. 15.
‘People with Problems, Not Patients with Illnesses’: Using Psychosocial frameworks to Reduce the Stigma of Psychosis
Longdon, Eleanor and Read, J. 2017. ‘People with Problems, Not Patients with Illnesses’: Using Psychosocial frameworks to Reduce the Stigma of Psychosis. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 54 (1), pp. 24-30.
“I Believe I Know Better Even than the Psychiatrists What Caused It”: Exploring the Development of Causal Beliefs in People Experiencing Psychosis
Carter, Lucy, Read, J., Pyle, Melissa and Morrison, Anthony 2018. “I Believe I Know Better Even than the Psychiatrists What Caused It”: Exploring the Development of Causal Beliefs in People Experiencing Psychosis. Community Mental Health Journal.
Are Causal Beliefs Associated With Stigma? A Test of the Impact of Biogenetic Versus Psychosocial Explanations on Stigma and Internalized Stigma in People Experiencing Psychosis
Carter, Lucy, Read, J., Pyle, Melissa and Morrison, Anthony P. 2018. Are Causal Beliefs Associated With Stigma? A Test of the Impact of Biogenetic Versus Psychosocial Explanations on Stigma and Internalized Stigma in People Experiencing Psychosis. Stigma and Health. 4 (2), pp. 170-178.
Ngā Whakāwhitinga (standing at the crossroads): How Māori understand what Western psychiatry calls “schizophrenia”
Taitimu, Melissa, Read, J. and McIntosh, Tracey 2018. Ngā Whakāwhitinga (standing at the crossroads): How Māori understand what Western psychiatry calls “schizophrenia”. Transcultural Psychiatry. 55 (2), pp. 153 -177.
Causal beliefs in people experiencing psychosis: The relationship to treatment accessed and the perceived helpfulness of treatment
Carter, Lucy, Read, J., Pyle, Melissa, Law, Heather, Emsley, Richard and Morrison, Anthony 2018. Causal beliefs in people experiencing psychosis: The relationship to treatment accessed and the perceived helpfulness of treatment. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 91 (3), pp. 332-344.
Making Sense of, and Responding Sensibly to, Psychosis
Read, J. 2018. Making Sense of, and Responding Sensibly to, Psychosis. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 59 (5), pp. 672-680.
How do mental health services respond when child abuse or neglect become known? A literature review
Read, J., Harper, D., Tucker, I. and Kennedy, Angela 2018. How do mental health services respond when child abuse or neglect become known? A literature review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 27 (6), pp. 1606-1617.
How many of 1829 antidepressant users report withdrawal effects or addiction?
Read, J., Cartwright, Claire and Gibson, Kerry 2018. How many of 1829 antidepressant users report withdrawal effects or addiction? International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 27 (6), pp. 1805-1815.
Attempting to stop antipsychotic medication: success, supports, and efforts to cope
Larsen-Barr, Miriam, Seymour, Fred, Read, J. and Gibson, Kerry 2018. Attempting to stop antipsychotic medication: success, supports, and efforts to cope. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 53 (7), pp. 745-756.
Staying on, and coming off, antidepressants: the experiences of 752 UKadults.
Read, J., Gee, Aimee, Diggle, Jacob and Butler, Helen 2018. Staying on, and coming off, antidepressants: the experiences of 752 UKadults. Addictive Behaviors. 88, pp. 82-85.
An audit of ECT in England 2011-2015: Usage, demographics, and adherence to guidelines and legislation
Read, J., Harrop, Christopher, Geekie, Jim and Renton, Julia 2018. An audit of ECT in England 2011-2015: Usage, demographics, and adherence to guidelines and legislation. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 91 (3), pp. 263-277.
A systematic review into the incidence, severity and duration of antidepressant withdrawal effects: Are guidelines evidence-based?
Davies, James and Read, J. 2018. A systematic review into the incidence, severity and duration of antidepressant withdrawal effects: Are guidelines evidence-based? Addictive Behaviors. 97, pp. 111-121.
Adverse Effects of Antidepressants Reported by a Large International Cohort: Emotional Blunting, Suicidality, and Withdrawal Effects
Read, J. and Williams, James 2018. Adverse Effects of Antidepressants Reported by a Large International Cohort: Emotional Blunting, Suicidality, and Withdrawal Effects. Current Drug Safety. 13 (3), pp. 176-186.
The interpersonal adverse effects reported by 1008 users of antidepressants; and the incremental impact of polypharmacy
Read, J., Gee, Aimee, Diggle, Jacob and Butler, Helen 2017. The interpersonal adverse effects reported by 1008 users of antidepressants; and the incremental impact of polypharmacy. Psychiatry Research. 256, pp. 423-427.
Predictors of Staff Attitudes Toward Schizophrenia Treatments
Magliano, Lorenza, Read, J. and Affuso, Gaetana 2017. Predictors of Staff Attitudes Toward Schizophrenia Treatments. Psychiatric Services. 68 (12), pp. 1321-1321.
Testing complex hypotheses using secondary data analysis: is the association between sexual abuse and psychosis moderated by gender in a large prison sample?
Shevlin, Mark, Murphy, Jamie and Read, J. 2015. Testing complex hypotheses using secondary data analysis: is the association between sexual abuse and psychosis moderated by gender in a large prison sample? Journal of Criminal Psychology. 5 (2), pp. 92-98.
The Impact of Causal Explanations on Outcome in People Experiencing Psychosis: A Systematic Review
Carter, Lucy, Read, J., Pyle, Melissa and Morrison, Anthony P. 2016. The Impact of Causal Explanations on Outcome in People Experiencing Psychosis: A Systematic Review. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 24 (2), pp. 332-347.
Mental health clinicians’ beliefs about the causes of psychosis: Differences between professions and relationship to treatment preferences
Carter, Lucy, Morrison, Anthony P., Pyle, Melissa and Read, J. 2017. Mental health clinicians’ beliefs about the causes of psychosis: Differences between professions and relationship to treatment preferences. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 63 (5), pp. 426-432.
Child abuse in England and Wales 2003–2013: Newspaper reporting versus reality
Davies, Emma, O’Leary, Erin and Read, J. 2015. Child abuse in England and Wales 2003–2013: Newspaper reporting versus reality. Journalism. 18 (6), pp. 754-771.
Conflict in Mens Experiences With Antidepressants
Gibson, K., Cartwright, C. and Read, J. 2016. Conflict in Mens Experiences With Antidepressants. American Journal of Men's Health. 12 (1), pp. 104-116.
‘Learning how to ask’: Effectiveness of a training for trauma inquiry and response in substance use disorder healthcare professionals
Lotzin, A., Buth, S., Sehner, S., Hiller, P., Martens, M., Pawils, S., Metzner, F., Read, J., Härter, M. and Schäfer, I. 2018. ‘Learning how to ask’: Effectiveness of a training for trauma inquiry and response in substance use disorder healthcare professionals. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 10 (2), pp. 229 -238.
Effects of the diagnostic label “schizophrenia”, actively used or passively accepted, on general practitioners’ views of this disorder.
Magliano, Lorenza, Strino, Antonella, Punzo, Rosanna, Acone, Roberta, Affuso, Gaetana and Read, J. 2017. Effects of the diagnostic label “schizophrenia”, actively used or passively accepted, on general practitioners’ views of this disorder. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 63 (3), pp. 224-234.
Childhood adversity and psychosis: generalised or specific effects?
Longden, Eleanor, Sampson, Maria and Read, J. 2015. Childhood adversity and psychosis: generalised or specific effects? Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 25 (4), pp. 349-359.
Improving community mental health services: The need for a paradigm shift
Longden, Eleanor, Read, J. and Dillon, Jacqui 2016. Improving community mental health services: The need for a paradigm shift. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 53 (1), pp. 22-30.
General practitioners' beliefs about people with schizophrenia and whether they should be subject to discriminatory treatment when in medical hospital: the mediating role of dangerousness perception
Magliano, Lorenza, Punzo, Rosanna, Strino, Antonella, Acone, Roberta and Read, J. 2016. General practitioners' beliefs about people with schizophrenia and whether they should be subject to discriminatory treatment when in medical hospital: the mediating role of dangerousness perception. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 87 (5), pp. 559-566.
Personal agency in women's recovery from depression: The impact of antidepressants and women's personal efforts
Cartwright, Claire, Gibson, Kerry and Read, J. 2018. Personal agency in women's recovery from depression: The impact of antidepressants and women's personal efforts. Clinical Psychologist. 22 (1), pp. 72-82.
Stressful events and circumstances reported by patients prior to being prescribed antidepressants
Hartdegen, Morgyn, Gibson, Kerry, Cartwright, Claire and Read, J. 2017. Stressful events and circumstances reported by patients prior to being prescribed antidepressants. New Zealand Medical Journal. 130 (1448), pp. 45-53.
Understanding the long-term effects of childhood adversities: Beyond diagnosis and abuse
Read, J. and Mayne, Rachael 2017. Understanding the long-term effects of childhood adversities: Beyond diagnosis and abuse. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma. 10 (3), pp. 289-297.
Is electroconvulsive therapy for depression more effective than placebo? A systematic review of studies since 2009.
Read, J. and Arnold, C. 2017. Is electroconvulsive therapy for depression more effective than placebo? A systematic review of studies since 2009. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry. 19 (1), pp. 5-23.
The Opinions of Italian Psychology Students About People Diagnosed with Depression and Schizophrenia: A Comparative Study
Magliano, Lorenza, Schioppa, Giustina, Costanzo, Regina, Petrillo, Miriam and Read, J. 2017. The Opinions of Italian Psychology Students About People Diagnosed with Depression and Schizophrenia: A Comparative Study. Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health. 4 (2), pp. 147-157.
Assessing the Impact and Effectiveness of Hearing Voices Network Self-Help Groups
Longden, Eleanor, Read, J. and Dillon, Jacqui 2017. Assessing the Impact and Effectiveness of Hearing Voices Network Self-Help Groups. Community Mental Health Journal. 54 (2), pp. 184-188.
Do English mental health services know whether they followed N.I.C.E. guidelines with patients who killed themselves?
Geekie, Jim, Read, J., Renton, Julia and Harrop, Christopher 2017. Do English mental health services know whether they followed N.I.C.E. guidelines with patients who killed themselves? Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 90 (4), pp. 797-800.
Do adult mental health services identify child abuse and neglect? A systematic review
Read, J., Harper, D., Tucker, I. and Kennedy, Angela 2017. Do adult mental health services identify child abuse and neglect? A systematic review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 27 (1), pp. 7-19.
Do GPs and psychiatrists recommend alternatives when prescribing anti-depressants?
Read, J., Gibson, Kerry and Cartwright, Claire 2016. Do GPs and psychiatrists recommend alternatives when prescribing anti-depressants? Psychiatry Research. 246 (Dec.), pp. 838-840.
Long-term antidepressant use: patient perspectives of benefits and adverse effects
Cartwright, Claire, Gibson, Kerry, Read, J., Cowan, Ondria and Dehar, Tamsin 2016. Long-term antidepressant use: patient perspectives of benefits and adverse effects. Patient Preference and Adherence. 10, pp. 1401-1407.
Understanding the non-pharmacological correlates of self-reported efficacy of antidepressants
Read, J., Gibson, K., Cartwright, C., Shiels, C., Dowrick, C. and Gabbay, M. 2015. Understanding the non-pharmacological correlates of self-reported efficacy of antidepressants. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 131 (6), pp. 434-445.
Assessing and Reporting the Adverse Effects of Antipsychotic Medication: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies, and Prospective, Retrospective, and Cross-Sectional Research
Longden, Eleanor and Read, J. 2016. Assessing and Reporting the Adverse Effects of Antipsychotic Medication: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies, and Prospective, Retrospective, and Cross-Sectional Research. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 39 (1), pp. 29-39.
In search of an evidence-based role for psychiatry
Read, J., Runciman, Olga and Dillon, Jacqui 2016. In search of an evidence-based role for psychiatry. Future Science OA. 2 (1).
Social Adversity in the Etiology of Psychosis: A Review of the Evidence
Longden, Eleanor and Read, J. 2016. Social Adversity in the Etiology of Psychosis: A Review of the Evidence. American Journal of Psychotherapy. 70 (1), pp. 5-33.
Improving Psychology Students’ Attitudes Toward People With Schizophrenia: A Quasi- Randomized Controlled Study.
Magliano, Lorenza, Rinaldi, Angela, Costanzo, Regina, De Leo, Renata, Schioppa, Giustina, Petrillo, Miriam and Read, J. 2016. Improving Psychology Students’ Attitudes Toward People With Schizophrenia: A Quasi- Randomized Controlled Study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 86 (3), pp. 253-264.
‘In my life antidepressants have been…’: a qualitative analysis of users’ diverse experiences with antidepressants
Gibson, Kerry, Cartwright, Claire and Read, J. 2016. ‘In my life antidepressants have been…’: a qualitative analysis of users’ diverse experiences with antidepressants. BMC Psychiatry. 16 (1).
The Influence of Causal Explanations and Diagnostic Labeling on Psychology Students’ Beliefs About Treatments, Prognosis, Dangerousness and Unpredictability in Schizophrenia
Magliano, Lorenza, Read, J., Rinaldi, Angela, Costanzo, Regina, De Leo, Renata, Schioppa, Giustina and Petrillo, Miriam 2015. The Influence of Causal Explanations and Diagnostic Labeling on Psychology Students’ Beliefs About Treatments, Prognosis, Dangerousness and Unpredictability in Schizophrenia. Community Mental Health Journal. 52 (3), pp. 361-369.
Are mental health services getting better at responding to abuse, assault and neglect?
Read, J., Sampson, Maria and Critchley, Christine 2016. Are mental health services getting better at responding to abuse, assault and neglect? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 134 (4), pp. 287-294.
Are older people prescribed antidepressants on the basis of fewer symptoms of depression, and for longer periods of time? A survey of 1825 New Zealanders
Read, J., Gibson, Kerry L and Cartwright, Claire 2016. Are older people prescribed antidepressants on the basis of fewer symptoms of depression, and for longer periods of time? A survey of 1825 New Zealanders. Australasian Journal on Ageing. 35 (3), pp. 193-197.
Are mental health staff getting better at asking about abuse andneglect?
Sampson, M. and Read, J. 2016. Are mental health staff getting better at asking about abuse andneglect? International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 26 (1), pp. 95-104.
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Social Prescribing in General Practice
Frostick, C. and Bertotti, M. 2019. Social Prescribing in General Practice. British Journal of General Practice. 68 (688), pp. 538-539.
Frostick, C. and Bertotti, M.
British Journal of General Practice
68 (688), pp. 538-539
Royal College of General Practitioners
doi:10.3399/bjgp19X706157
https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19X706157
© 2019 BJGP.
Under embargo until 31 Oct 2020
Investing resources to address social factors affecting health: The essential role of social prescribing
Jani, A., Bertotti, M., Lazzari, A., Drinkwater, C., Addarii, F., Conibear, J. and Gray, M. 2020. Investing resources to address social factors affecting health: The essential role of social prescribing. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 113 (1), pp. 24-27.
The impact of a social prescribing service on patients in primary care: a mixed methods evaluation
Carnes, Dawn, Sohanpal, Ratna, Frostick, C., Hull, Sally, Mathur, Rohini, Netuveli, G., Tong, Jin, Hutt, Patrick and Bertotti, M. 2017. The impact of a social prescribing service on patients in primary care: a mixed methods evaluation. BMC Health Services Research. 17, p. Art. 835.
The frontline of social prescribing – how do we ensure Link Workers can work safely and effectively within primary care?
Frostick, C. and Bertotti, M. 2019. The frontline of social prescribing – how do we ensure Link Workers can work safely and effectively within primary care? Chronic Illness.
The Impact of Academies on School Connectedness, Future Aspirations and Mental Health in Adolescents from Areas of Deprivation in London
Frostick, C., Tong, Jin, Moore, D., Renton, A. and Netuveli, G. 2018. The Impact of Academies on School Connectedness, Future Aspirations and Mental Health in Adolescents from Areas of Deprivation in London. Pastoral Care in Education. 36 (4), pp. 325-342.
A realist evaluation of social prescribing: an exploration into the context and mechanisms underpinning a pathway linking primary care with the voluntary sector
Bertotti, M., Frostick, C., Hutt, Patrick, Sohanpal, Ratna and Carnes, Dawn 2018. A realist evaluation of social prescribing: an exploration into the context and mechanisms underpinning a pathway linking primary care with the voluntary sector. Primary Health Care Research & Development. 19 (3), pp. 232-245.
A review of the evidence assessing impact of social prescribing on healthcare demand and cost implications
Polley, Marie, Bertotti, M., Kimberlee, Richard and Pilkington, K. 2017. A review of the evidence assessing impact of social prescribing on healthcare demand and cost implications. University of Westminster.
Workplace well-being in the London-Chinese business community
Bertotti, M., Dan-Ogosi, I. and Rao, Mala 2017. Workplace well-being in the London-Chinese business community. International Journal of Workplace Health Management. 10 (2), pp. 86-100.
Well London: Results of a community engagement approach to improving health among adolescents from areas of deprivation in London
Frostick, C., Watts, P., Netuveli, G., Renton, A. and Moore, D. 2017. Well London: Results of a community engagement approach to improving health among adolescents from areas of deprivation in London. Journal of Community Practice. 25 (2), pp. 235-252.
The Educational and Employment Aspirations of Adolescents from Areas of High Deprivation in London
Frostick, C., Phillips, G., Renton, A. and Moore, D. 2015. The Educational and Employment Aspirations of Adolescents from Areas of High Deprivation in London. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 45 (6), pp. 1126-1140.
Types of Social Capital and Mental Disorder in Deprived Urban Areas: A Multilevel Study of 40 Disadvantaged London Neighbourhoods
Bertotti, M., Watts, Paul, Netuveli, G., Yu, Ge, Schmidt, Elena, Tobi, P., Lais, Shahana and Renton, A. 2013. Types of Social Capital and Mental Disorder in Deprived Urban Areas: A Multilevel Study of 40 Disadvantaged London Neighbourhoods. PLOS ONE. 8 (12), p. e80127.
Brain responses and looking behavior during audiovisual speech integration in infants predict auditory speech comprehension in the second year of life
Kushnerenko, E., Tomalski, P., Ballieux, H., Potton, A., Birtles, D., Frostick, C. and Moore, D. 2013. Brain responses and looking behavior during audiovisual speech integration in infants predict auditory speech comprehension in the second year of life. Frontiers in Psychology. 4 (432).
Physical activity in deprived communities in London: examining individual and neighbourhood-level factors
Watts, Paul, Phillips, G., Petticrew, Mark, Hayes, Richard, Bottomley, Christian, Yu, Ge, Schmidt, Elena, Tobi, P., Moore, D., Frostick, C., Lock, Karen and Renton, A. 2013. Physical activity in deprived communities in London: examining individual and neighbourhood-level factors. PLOS ONE. 8 (7), p. e69472.
Key barriers to community cohesion: views from residents of 20 London deprived neighbourhoods
Bertotti, M., Adams-Eaton, F., Sheridan, K. and Renton, A. 2011. Key barriers to community cohesion: views from residents of 20 London deprived neighbourhoods. GeoJournal. 47 (2), pp. 168-183.
The contribution of a social enterprise to the building of social capital in a disadvantaged urban area of London
Bertotti, M., Harden, A., Renton, A. and Sheridan, K. 2012. The contribution of a social enterprise to the building of social capital in a disadvantaged urban area of London. Community Development Journal. 47 (2), pp. 168-183.
Reconsidering private sector engagement in subnational economic governance
Syrett, Stephen and Bertotti, M. 2012. Reconsidering private sector engagement in subnational economic governance. Environment and Planning A. 44 (10), pp. 2310-2326.
A multilevel analysis of the association between social networks and support on leisure time physical activity: evidence from 40 disadvantaged areas in London
Yu, Ge, Renton, A., Schmidt, Elena, Tobi, Patrick, Bertotti, M., Watts, P. and Lais, Shahana 2011. A multilevel analysis of the association between social networks and support on leisure time physical activity: evidence from 40 disadvantaged areas in London. Health & Place. 17 (5), pp. 1023-1029.
The Well London program - a cluster randomized trial of community engagement for improving health behaviors and mental wellbeing: baseline survey results
Phillips, G., Renton, A., Moore, D., Bottomley, Christian, Schmidt, Elena, Lais, Shahana, Yu, Ge, Wall, Martin, Tobi, P., Frostick, C., Clow, Angela, Lock, Karen, Petticrew, Mark and Hayes, Richard 2012. The Well London program - a cluster randomized trial of community engagement for improving health behaviors and mental wellbeing: baseline survey results. Trials. 13 (105).
During pregnancy, recreational drug-using women stop taking ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) and reduce alcohol consumption but continue to smoke tobacco and cannabis
Moore, D., Turner, J., Parrott, A.C., Goodwin, J.E., Fulton, S., Min, M.O., Fox, H.C., Braddick, F.M.B., Toplis, A.S., Axelsson, E.L., Lynch, S., Ribeiro, H., Frostick, C. and Singer, L.T. 2010. During pregnancy, recreational drug-using women stop taking ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) and reduce alcohol consumption but continue to smoke tobacco and cannabis. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 24 (9), pp. 1403-1410.
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Real Good Blog.
How Many Times Can You Use a K-Cup?
Not too long ago, coffee lovers had to wait for their pots of coffee to brew before enjoying a steaming cup of java. With the invention of the K-Cup, everything changed. Now, you can simply pop a K-Cup into a compatible machine and have a mug of the wonderful hot stuff in about a minute. Convenient? You bet! But the big question on many K-Cup lovers' minds is how many times they can use their K-Cups before they have to toss them. Obviously, this is a personal preference question on some...
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Light Roast vs. Dark Roast Coffee
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How to Grow a Coffee Plant at Home
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Cappuccino vs. Latte vs. Macchiato vs. Mocha vs. Americano vs. Espresso
We live in a world obsessed with coffee — and we love it! It's great to pop into a corner cafe and have the option to try out diverse blends and brews. There are plenty of people who know what they like, and that single cup of joe will always hit the spot. However, there are so many different types of coffee that we believe everyone should at least sample each variation once. At Real Good Coffee Co., we love the taste of coffee. While we're inspired by the different...
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Threatening with a Gun vs. Shooting at Someone
There are different legal standards for the two actions, the Michigan Court of Appeals correctly concludes (in the Siwatu-Salama Ra case).
Eugene Volokh |The Volokh Conspiracy | 8.22.2019 12:31 PM
(Photo 129133181 © Alexander Oganezov/Dreamstime.com)
American law generally has different rules for use of deadly force in self-defense than for use of non-deadly force:
By and large, you can use deadly force to defend yourself only if you're being threatened with death, serious bodily injury, rape, kidnapping, or, in many states, robbery (and, in some, burglary).
You can generally use nondeadly force, though, to defend yourself against any unlawful attack, and also to defend your property against theft or unlawful damage.
So you can hit someone to prevent them from punching you—but you can't shoot them, unless you're trying to prevent something much worse than just punching. (There are various twists on all this, but I'll omit them for now.)
But what if you threaten to shoot them? Is that deadly force, which can't be used unless you're trying to prevent very grave harm, or nondeadly force? In Monday's People v. Ra decision (nonprecedential), the Michigan Court of Appeals held that such threats are nondeadly force:
Our Supreme Court … has applied the term "deadly force" as defined as force used in a circumstance in which the natural, probable, and foreseeable consequence of the act is death. People v Couch (Mich. 1990). In People v Pace (Mich. App. 1980), this Court determined that a defendant's mere display of a knife during a fight, while implying a threat of violence, does not constitute deadly force…. [W]ithin the context of self-defense, "[m]erely displaying a knife implies a threat of violence, but, without more, it does not constitute deadly force."
This holding, that a threat of deadly force is itself nondeadly force, is consistent with Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed), which defines nondeadly force as "1. Force that is neither intended nor likely to cause death or serious bodily harm; force intended to cause only minor bodily harm. 2. A threat of deadly force, such as displaying a knife." Similarly, the treatise LaFave & Scott, Criminal Law (2d ed), § 5.7, pp 455, states in relevant part, that "merely to threaten death or serious bodily harm, without any intention to carry out the threat, is not to use deadly force, so that one may be justified in pointing a gun at his attacker when he would not be justified pulling the trigger."
That's correct, I think, and also consistent with the way other courts treat this, to my knowledge. For more on the case, which has been quite controversial, read this David French article at National Review Online.
UPDATE: Reader Noscitur a sociis notes:
For in illustration of the other position on this issue, Alaska's statutory definition of deadly force provides that "'deadly force' includes intentionally discharging or pointing a firearm in the direction of another person or in the direction in which another person is believed to be and intentionally placing another person in fear of imminent serious physical injury by means of a dangerous instrument." Alaska Stat. § 11.81.900(b)(16). The legislative commentary explains,
"During the legislature's consideration of the justifiable use of force, the issue whether deadly force could be threatened in situations when its actual use would be improper was frequently discussed. Because of the possibility that such threats could tragically escalate a conflict, the legislature concluded that only peace officers making an arrest should have the authority to threaten deadly force in situations where the actual use of deadly force was not justified."
Commentary and Sectional Analysis for the 1980 Amendments to Alaska's Revised Criminal Code, Senate Journal Supp. No. 44 at 20, 1980 Senate Journal 1436.
(Likewise, "Oklahoma law has long recognized that, absent a threat of felonious activity, the defense of property encompasses only the right to resist trespassers with reasonable non-deadly force and, thus, does not allow a landowner to threaten them with firearms.") I much appreciate the pointer, though the Michigan view seems to be the majority view. See also Model Penal Code § 3.11(2):
A threat to cause death or serious bodily injury, by the production of a weapon or otherwise, so long as the actor's purpose is limited to creating an apprehension that he will use deadly force if necessary, does not constitute deadly force.
For another case that takes the same view as Michigan, see State v. Williams (Me. 1981) ("'Intentionally or recklessly discharging a firearm in the direction of another person or at a moving vehicle constitutes deadly force.' Obviously, the threat of firing a gun in the direction of another person without actually doing so cannot be equated with the actual discharge of that weapon.").
NEXT: A major decision on the FTC and equitable restitution
Eugene Volokh is the Gary T. Schwartz Distinguished Professor of Law at UCLA.
Guns Self-Defense
So when someone attacks me on the street and starts throwing punches, am I required to punch back tit for tat until he knocks me on the ground and starts kicking me in the head – and THEN use deadly force? If I can’t properly defend myself until it’s too late, then I may as well lie down and die.
Martinned
No, you’re also allowed to defend yourself against imminent unlawful force. (I.e. before it happens.)
Or perhaps “Yes and No”: You are indeed allowed to defend yourself with deadly force if you reasonably fear that you’re going to get kicked in the head (since that’s likely to cause serious bodily injury) — but you also are limited to nondeadly force so long as your only reasonable fear is of mere punches.
I’ve got a little problem with that “mere” in “mere punches”. If somebody’s fit, and knows what they’re doing, one good punch could leave me in no condition to go for that gun. Zimmerman was darned lucky to be able to pull his out while being beat like a pinata.
OK, it’s got to be context dependent, if a 13 year old is throwing punches no way am I going to shoot him. But a physically fit guy? I’d certainly dispute the idea that I’m obligated to let him pummel me on the assumption he’s going to stop if it goes too far.
James Pollock
” Zimmerman was darned lucky to be able to pull his out while being beat like a pinata.”
Mr. Zimmerman should have considered the possibility of losing a fistfight before he went looking for one. That sort of thing is WHY there used to be a duty to retreat, if possible, before using deadly force.
RestoreWesternHegemony
Don’t you people ever get tired of lying about the Zimmerman case? Firstly, the duty to retreat never required doing everything possible to avoid the situation in the first place. It only required retreating, if you knew you were able, once the other party employed or threatened to employ imminent deadly force.
Secondly, he didn’t go “looking for one.” He followed Thugvon on foot (and no, he was not ordered by the dispatcher to not follow Thugvon, so please don’t trot out that lie as well), and eventually turned back toward his truck. Thugvon, wanting to impress the girl he had on the phone, doubled back and sucker punched Zimmerman.
At no point was Zimmerman looking for a fight, nor was he obligated to take a beating (and potentially, die) so that the “unarmed” 17-year-old “kid” could show off to his future baby momma.
“Don’t you people ever get tired of lying about the Zimmerman case?”
Don’t you ever get tired of sounding stupid?
santamonica811
Anyone who has an intellect where he/she finds the deliberate misspelling of “Thugvon” (or KKKlinton, etc etc) clever . . . well, don’t some questions answer themselves.?
The fact that he keeps on writing stupid stuff does not imply that he never gets tired of being treated as if he has written stupid stuff. This is, in fact, the point of treating people who say stupid stuff as if they keep saying stupid stuff.
Even if he were, hypothetically, sounding stupid, you’d still be lying.
Liberals have no compunction about lying if it advances their goals. The new “Trump accused Jews of disloyalty to America” is just the latest.
Ah. You’re a liberal?
“you’d still be lying.”
You, um, forgot to identify any lies I made. Was this an oversight on your part?
m1shu
Are you looking in a mirror when typing that?
Zimmerman was on the phone with police and giving them Travon’s description. After he gave police his description, he started his return to his truck after police informed him they will come out and investigate. How is that looking for a fistfight?
They’ve created a hypothetical scenario where somehow Martin was innocent and Zimmerman murdered him, and flatly refuse to accept that it contradicts the evidence. The Zimmerman case is just one example of how our reality is bifurcating, and the left is starting to live in a world of their own making.
Which would be pathetic, but they keep insisting that everybody else has to live in it, too!
” somehow Martin was innocent and Zimmerman murdered him, and flatly refuse to accept that it contradicts the evidence.”
Of what was Mr. Martin guilty before Mr. Zimmerman came onto the scene? Wearing a hoodie? Walking outside after dark?
Irrelevant what he was or wasn’t guilty of prior to that point. He was guilty the moment he began his unjustified assault on Zimmerman.
The duty to retreat is idiotic. Faced with the threat or use of deadly force, “safe” retreat is NEVER possible.
Nobody EVER got away from an active shooter?
WuzYoungOnceToo
– “Nobody EVER got away from an active shooter?”
“Nobody EVER drove while blind drunk with nothing adverse happening as a result?”
“Driving a motor vehicle while seriously intoxicated is never a safe option.”
Your accusations that others sound stupid gets more amusing with every post.
“Your accusations that others sound stupid gets more amusing with every post”
I’m glad your stupidity makes you easily amused, I guess?
Don’t let that loud ** WHOOOSH ** sound you just heard above your head frighten you.
Is that the sound your stupidity makes?
Don’t worry, I don’t find you frightening in the least. More pitiable, really.
Or rather, being assured of safe retreat is never possible. That’s why the point is so academic. The left really hates the idea of self-defense in general. Whining about SYG is just more lying.
“Whining about SYG is just more lying.”
The main problem with SYG is when you have TWO idiots, each certain they’re properly defending themselves, while there are other people nearby to catch the bullets.
In the movies, the good guy pulls his weapon and uses it against the bad guys, and the good guy is unambiguously the Good Guy and the bad guys are all unambiguously Bad Guys. In the real world, however, people don’t have a script to check to see which role they’re playing.
If the force you’re confronted with is a gun, you never have a duty to retreat anyway. That’s why I said it’s academic.
Your legal advice is as good as your observational skills.
TwelveInchPianist
Retreat? According to eyewitnesses, he was on his back with Martin on top of him.
Yes. Hopefully the Drejka jury sees the truth and acquits him of dispatching the thug McGlockton.
What eyewitnesses? My understanding is that there were no witnesses to that part of the confrontation other than Zimmerman himself.
Are you suggesting that Zimmerman-the-witness might have been biased in favor of Zimmerman-the-triggerman?
No, a neighbor saw it.
– “My understanding is that there were no witnesses to that part of the confrontation other than Zimmerman himself.”
Incorrect. There was a single witness – Jonathon Good – who testified to having seen the altercation. In spite of being a witness for the prosecution, his testimony suggested that Martin was on top of Zimmerman (who was on the ground) during the struggle, and that he thought the man on the ground was calling for help.
D-Pizzle
Yes, the prosecution ‘lost’ the case based on their first witness’s testimony. The prosecution should never have gone forward, but their hand was forced due to political pressure. And to reiterate what past posts imply but do not state explicitly, SYG had absolutely nothing to do with the Zimmerman prosecution, but could have been used by Martin had the outcome were different and Martin was instead prosecuted for assault and battery. Leftists are too vested in the narrative to understand the legal context of the case.
Zimmerman was darned lucky to be able to pull his out while being beat like a pinata.
Is there a video of the incident? I mean, anywhere outside your head?
There was a trial, with witnesses and evidence and the like.
Only one of the two parties involved in the altercation appeared at the trial, however.
Kazinski
The medical evidence both of Trayvon and Zimmerman’s injuries and the eyewitness all tell the same story as Zimmerman’s testimony.
The media narrative and the prosecution had a different perspective, but the jury went with the overwhelming evidence that was presented at the trial.
I certainly think Trayvon’s death was a tradgedy, and Zimmerman’s actions before the altercation were I’ll considered, but it he didn’t commit a crime when he defended himself.
Look, you’re free to believe that Zimmerman threatened Martin with a gun, that Martin jumped the gun, beat Zimmerman bloody, and then Zimmerman fired the one solitary shot of the evening, killing Martin. You’re even free to believe Zimmerman started out by shooting Martin, who then beat him bloody with his dying breath.
But that is only to say you’re free to be an idiot.
So, you’ve thought up all the things I think (without consulting me), and then gone ahead decided that all those things you thought up are stupid. Since you’re the one who thought up all those stupid things, you are stupid. QED.
B’bye, Brett.
Bruce Hayden
But, there was substantial forensic evidence that Martin was the assailant, Zimmerman was his victim, and Martin was reasonably threatening death or great bodily injury to Zimmerman at the time he was shot. All of the forensic evidence supported Zimmerman’s story, and none effectively countered it. Martin was sitting on Zimmerman MMA style, leaning over him, when he was shot. That is the only way that the bullet hole in Martin’s hoodie lines up with the one in his torso (and explains the different amount of GSR on each), as well as Martin’s blood on Zimmerman. Zimmerman’s blood on the concrete, and his head wound corroborated his story about Martin beating his head into the concrete walk. Zimmerman had defensive wounds, while Martin had offensive wounds. Etc.
And besides, what would Martin have said? That queer looked like he wanted to homo (bugger) me? According to Martin’s “girlfriend”, his seeking Zimmerman out and attacking him was probably in response to some pretty serious homophobia (not that uncommon in young males, and esp young black males, of Martin’s age).
“You are indeed allowed to defend yourself with deadly force if you reasonably fear that you’re going to get kicked in the head…”
Is it reasonable fear, or reasonable belief? The two seem to often get conflated, but they’re quite different. I notice that with respect to police shootings, people often talk about “reasonable fear”, but fearing that the black guy has a gun in his waistband, and believing that the black guy has a gun in his waistband are two very different things.
Noscitur a sociis
The two seem to often get conflated, but they’re quite different.
Perhaps I’m being obtuse, but I’m not appreciating the distinction. Could you elaborate?
Sure. It’s possible to be in reasonable fear of harm even when harm is quite unlikely. Imagine a situation were someone might reasonably be afraid, say being accosted by a suspicious person late at night, or having a girlfriend’s husband come home unexpectedly. It’s sometimes quite normal to feel fear in such circumstances.
Something like that strikes me a lower standard than a reasonably belief that you are in danger, such as if someone brandishes a weapon. Police responding to “furtive movements” for example, strike me as a situation where a cop might feel reasonable fear of imminent danger, but not a reasonable belief.
BadLib
From time to time, there are news reports of people being killed by a single punch. Often it is not the punch that kills the victim directly but the punch knocks them out (or nearly so) and they fall, without being able to break that fall, and strike their head on pavement and the secondary impact causes the fatal injury. Sometimes prosecutors charge these as a form of murder, sometimes as a lesser (even misdemeanor) crime – seemingly depending on if the prosecutor thinks that the suspect’s actions would reasonably be expected to cause death.
It would seem that if someone who is aware of such instances is threatened with a blow to the head by an aggressor with the likely ability to deliver that blow with sufficient energy to cause the loss of consciousness, that threat should justify use of lethal force in defense. When threatened with a gun one does not need to wait until that gun is fired to use lethal force in defense, it would similarly seem that one needs not wait for a blow to be struck to the head before using lethal force in defense — in both cases, delaying could well eliminate the possibility of mounting any defense and result in the victim’s death.
In the end I suppose it depends on how good your lawyer is and what sort of cultural biases jurors have…
Plus the mood of your prosecutor when the case file hits their desk, and the degree of public furor surrounding your case.
I think in most cases you aren’t required to wait and see how badly someone is going to beat you up with “mere punches” before using deadly force. Or defend yourself with punches and pretty much lose any chance of using a more lethal defense if it became necessary.
But circumstances vary, a fit male may indeed be expected to counter punches with punches before pulling a gun, while a woman in reasonable fear of being punched by an adult male wouldn’t be expected to either fight him or wait and see if he’s only going to punch her once. A couple of years ago a few blocks from my workplace in Seattle a woman got into a verbal altercation on a bus with a young male. As I recall after he spit on her, then she got off at the next stop, when she saw he was following her still swearing at her, she turned and shot him point blank in the chest, fatally. The police took her gun pending an investigation and released her, then returned her gun the next day.
Doug Huffman
Rules simple and memorable in the crux.
The common law elements of the defense of self-defense are four: Be innocent of instigation. Be in reasonable fear of bodily harm. Use sufficient force only to deliver oneself from evil. Attempt to withdraw.
In the instant hypothetical, kicks versus punches, I am 70 years old and many Septuagenarians are frail, fragile to a punch. That’s why I use no predicate with harm.
“Attempt to withdraw.”
With the exception, that most states have the castle doctrine; You aren’t obligated to attempt to withdraw if in your own home, sometimes property and place of work, too.
And half the states are stand your ground states, where you have no obligation to withdraw if in a place you have a right to be in.
“Duty to retreat” states are the decided minority, and always have been.
“With the exception, that most states have the castle doctrine”
Which is nice and all, but kind of irrelevant to the question of whether the person who starts a (non-deadly-force) altercation has a duty to at least try to retreat before escalating to deadly force because of running into slightly more fight than they expected to find.
In the sense that the common law they all had included that “duty to retreat”, and the states that decided to change it had to pass “SYG” statutes to change it, sure. They’ve always been the minority… a minority that included all the states.
You are nit picking. Yes, the common law had a duty to retreat. But most states have now abrogated the common law there through statute.
One of the big reasons that the duty to retreat was abrogated in most states is that it was used by prosecutors to convict people who were obviously defending their lives through the use of deadly force. The prosecutors could spend months identifying avenues of retreat that were not visible to the defendants, who often had seconds to respond to a deadly threat. Plus, the sort of survival instincts that occur in this sort of situation typically causes extreme tunnel vision, where their entire concentration is on the threat, and not on possible escape routes. (Just as blood flow leaves the extremities, in preparation for fight, flight, or being injured).
“One of the big reasons that the duty to retreat was abrogated in most states is that it was used by prosecutors to convict people who were obviously defending their lives through the use of deadly force.”
The main reason is that it can be very difficult to assess who was an instigator when you can only get one side of the story, because the dead guy isn’t telling his side.
“Plus, the sort of survival instincts that occur in this sort of situation typically causes extreme tunnel vision, where their entire concentration is on the threat, and not on possible escape routes”
It’s called “fight or flight” response, not “fight”. Adrenaline increases reflexes, strength, and stamina, but impedes higher-order analysis… of both sides of “fight or flight”. People with a high adrenaline load become poor at making decisions that involve any kind of thinking… they’ll ignore obvious weapons and attacks as well as obvious escape vectors, for the same reason… they didn’t think of it, because they were impaired. That’s why jobs that involve adrenaline have so much training, so that higher-order analysis isn’t required. You trained on what to do, and the training takes over.
The attempt to retreat requirement for aggressors is intended to achieve exactly the result you claim for its removal. Someone who goes looking for a fight, and finds more fight than they expected, can’t then claim “I was endangered!” as an excuse for using deadly force.
Joe the mugger accosts Sam Victim, demanding his valuables. Sam, however, despite his name, will not be victimized and strikes out, delivering several blows to Joe’s midsection and head, inflicting so much damage that Joe realizes he has selected the wrong person to try to rob. So Joe shoots Sam, claiming that Sam was severely beating him and he had no choice but to use his weapon to end the threat to his person. Sam, of course, does not object, choosing to remain eternally silent.
If Joe is the only witness, then he’s likely to win his murder trial, if he even gets one.
WJack
“Ra was put on trial for assault with a dangerous weapon and possessing a firearm while committing a felony after she brandished her unloaded pistol at Harvey during a heated confrontation outside Ra’s mother’s house.”
By way of perspective, it seems to me that brandishing an “unloaded pistol” is not much of an actual threat compared to, for example, brandishing a baseball bat. This case should not have gone to trial. Some prosecutors apparently don’t have enough to do.
How would you propose the victim determine whether or not the pistol is loaded in these circumstances?
What victim???
Okay, I’ll try again.
If you are in a stopped car and a person approaches you, points a gun at you, and orders you to drive away, how would you plan on evaluating whether or not the gun is loaded and thus how threatened you should feel?
Not to worry, just drive away.
You should have chosen an education, WJack.
Arthur, if you have an “education” those who don’t are indeed lucky.
Sarcastr0
Which is why carjackings never happen to people as smart as WJack.
?? Why wouldn’t carjackings happen to WJack? WJack is suggesting that the “victim” comply with the hypothetical gunperson’s demands.
– “Which is why carjackings never happen to people as smart as WJack.”
I’d say that someone who is being ordered to “drive away” isn’t in much danger of being carjacked.
LiborCon
You can’t outrun a bullet. A 9mm bullet takes about 0.003 seconds to accelerate to 350㎧. A fast sports car can accelerate to 27㎧ in about 4 seconds.
Might want to look up relevant.
Who said anything about out running a bullet?
It’s kind of implied in your advice to “just drive away” from a carjacker who threatens to shoot you.
– “It’s kind of implied in your advice to “just drive away” from a carjacker who threatens to shoot you.”
That you think pointing a gun at someone and ordering them to “drive away” describes a carjacking goes a long way toward explaining most of your posts here.
Hypothetical poorly stated? Approaching pointing a gun, indeed, drive away.
I was taught twenty years ago in personal defense, when the carjacker’s hand breaks the plane of the window, kill him.
One is innocent of instigation, in reasonable fear (see vast news reports), the gun is the only effective tool at hand, unless one is trained to leave escape space in traffic withdrawal is not possible.
Better tried by twelve men good and true than carried by six weeping and blue.
Are there states that do not allow deadly force if reasonably necessary to terminate a robbery or burglary of an occupied building? I can’t recall ever seeing any.
Robbery requires a threat of violence. Burglary does not. It is reasonable to assume that a robber is armed; it may or may not be reasonable to assume that a burglar is armed.
Plus, of course, there are cases where the guy is in your house, but is not a burglar. Shooting him might get you in trouble, if it turns out that your kid is having a sleepover and you forgot.
From New York Penal Law Sec. 35.20:
“3. A person in possession or control of, or licensed or privileged to be in, a dwelling or an occupied building, who reasonably believes that another person is committing or attempting to commit a burglary of such dwelling or building, may use deadly physical force upon such other person when he or she reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent or terminate the commission or attempted commission of such burglary.”
It only requires reasonable belief, not strict liability. If you reasonably the guy sleeping over was a burglar, you are justified in using deadly force.
So, you quoted a statute that doesn’t actually address what I said, and think that the question is dispositively answered. Does that about sum it up?
It actually does. Your comment implied that this type of statute doesn’t allow for a reasonable mistake. It does.
It actually doesn’t.
“Your comment implied that this type of statute doesn’t allow for a reasonable mistake. ”
It what now?
David Nieporent
It’s always reasonable to assume that a burglar is armed, but regardless, you didn’t answer his question.
He didn’t ask a question.
“It’s always reasonable to assume that a burglar is armed”
It’s possible that any burglar is armed in the same way it’s possible that any person, anywhere, is armed. It’s also possible that anyone who passes in front of my house is intending to return later, to rob me. Can I shoot them down on the street?
– “It’s possible that any burglar is armed in the same way it’s possible that any person, anywhere, is armed. It’s also possible that anyone who passes in front of my house is intending to return later, to rob me. Can I shoot them down on the street?”
You honestly don’t grasp the difference between the reasonable assumption that something is true vs the mere possibility that it’s true?
You honestly don’t realize that my opinion is the opposite of what you’re complaining about?
– “You honestly don’t realize that my opinion is the opposite of what you’re complaining about?”
LOL! You really suck at this whole internet troll thing. Or are you actually so brain dead that you’re seriously claiming…with a virtual straight face…that the likelyhood of of someone committing a criminal invasion of a likely occupied home is even remotely equal to the likelyhood of a random individual walking down the sidewalk past your house not only being armed, but also intending to return later to rob you? AND that both situations and possibilities are even remotely similar when it comes to the justification of the application of deadly force?
“that the likelyhood of of someone committing a criminal invasion of a likely occupied home”
…should have been…
“that the likelyhood of someone being armed while committing a criminal invasion of a likely occupied home”
“You really suck at this whole internet troll thing”
You just suck, at the Internet troll thing AND everything else you’ve demonstrated.
Come back after you’ve mastered 5th-grade English.
– “it may or may not be reasonable to assume that a burglar is armed”
It is quite reasonable to assume that someone who is in the process of invading an inhabited dwelling in order to commit a crime is likely armed, unless you have good reason to believe the s/he is not. In fact it would be downright stupid to not make that assumption.
It’s downright stupid to assume either way.
I notice this didn’t stop you from picking a side.
I’m not a fan of US gun laws, but this seems right. It also has the beneficial effect of preserving the incentive effect of having different punishment for threatening vs using deadly force. (I.e. the same reason as why you don’t want to have the death penalty for rape.)
For in illustration of the other position on this issue, Alaska’s statutory definition of deadly force provides that “‘deadly force’ includes intentionally discharging or pointing a firearm in the direction of another person or in the direction in which another person is believed to be and intentionally placing another person in fear of imminent serious physical injury by means of a dangerous instrument”. Alaska Stat. § 11.81.900(b)(16). The legislative commentary explains,
During the legislature’s consideration of the justifiable use of force, the issue whether deadly force could be threatened in situations when its actual use would be improper was frequently discussed. Because of the possibility that such threats could tragically escalate a conflict, the legislature concluded that only peace officers making an arrest should have the authority to threaten deadly force in situations where the actual use of deadly force was not justified.
Commentary and Sectional Analysis for the 1980 Amendments to Alaska’s Revised Criminal Code, Senate Journal Supp. No. 44 at 20, 1980 Senate Journal 1436.
Bob from Ohio
She waves an unloaded gun around, threatening to shoot someone.
Seems to me he could pull out an actual loaded gun and shoot her without liability since it would be a reasonable fear that he was in danger of being shot. Since you can only use deadly force to repel deadly force, her brandishing should be use of deadly force.
Seems to me he could pull out an actual loaded gun and shoot her without liability since it would be a reasonable fear that he was in danger of being shot.
I think you’re correct here (except that the victim in this case was a woman).
Since you can only use deadly force to repel deadly force, her brandishing should be use of deadly force.
I don’t think that necessarily follows, however. You can use deadly force to repel imminent deadly force: you don’t have to wait until the other person actually used it. So the fact that brandishing a gun might make it reasonable to infer that the other person is about to use deadly force against you doesn’t in and of itself prove that they’ve actually done so.
You can use deadly force to repel imminent
Rossami
re: “except that the victim in this case was a woman”
It’s probably also important to note that the “victim” in this case had already attempted to deliberately run over the defendant and her family members with a car. The facts (which are, as I recall, undisputed by both parties) are that the woman with the car attacked first and the other got her (empty) gun only in response to the vehicular attack.
Both women complained to the police. The local police rules are that the first to complain is automatically the “victim” regardless of who actually started the fight. It’s so much easier than, you know, actually investigating the incident.
Rossami: I should note that, though there were press accounts of such a first-to-complain policy, a National Review Online article reports that the police department has denied the existence of any such policy, https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/siwatu-salama-ras-self-defense-claims/ . I can’t speak to who’s correct on whether such a policy exists.
” a National Review Online article reports that the police department has denied the existence of any such policy”
That just means that it isn’t MANAGEMENT’s policy. Doesn’t mean the officers in the street don’t have that policy, or something like it.
The facts (which are, as I recall, undisputed by both parties) are that the woman with the car attacked first and the other got her (empty) gun only in response to the vehicular attack.
As described in the opinion, your recollection is mistaken:
Defendant told Harvey to leave, which appeared to anger Harvey more.
At trial, conflicting testimony was presented regarding the sequence of events that followed….
Harvey testified that she did not hit defendant’s car until after defendant pointed the gun at her, that she hit defendant’s car accidentally, and that after she hit the car defendant again pointed the gun at her.
I messed up the HTML tags, but everything following the colon is quote from the opinion.
Not true. You can use deadly or non deadly force to repel deadly force. What you can’t legally do is use deadly force to repel non deadly force.
And keep in mind that the mere display of a handgun does not, without more, reasonably show an imminent threat of death or great bodily injury. Guns are shown or displayed, and even drawn, many more times every year than they are used in confrontations. Contrast showing a holstered gun, or a drawn gun held in a low ready position, to one pointed directly at you.
It sounds to me like Alaska only considers it deadly force once pointed at someone: brandishing a firearm, without pointing it at the person, doesn’t sound like it would qualify.
In comparison, I would expect brandishing to qualify as threatening, so in Oklahoma you aren’t allowed to brandish when someone is trespassing.
Then again IANAL and could easily be wrong.
When I was in my teens, my grandfather said: don’t pull a gun on someone unless you are going to shoot them. Now I wonder if he did.
The rule is don’t point a gun at a person unless you intend to shoot them. (The idea being to avoid “oops, sorry about that”) Pulling a gun on someone does present some hazards (besides the fact that you might shoot them accidentally, you also run the risk that they are armed and you didn’t notice, that they have armed confederates, or that unknown third parties may arrive on scene and assume you are the bad guy, and they may shoot first and ask questions later.)
The other rule is that the gun is ALWAYS loaded. Way too many people get shot because a jackass was sure the gun was unloaded and decided to ignore the other rule.
The way I’ve heard the rule is, “Don’t point a gun at a person unless you’re willing to shoot them.” You’re not obligated to shoot them once you point the gun, if just pointing it gets the job done.
It has been a long time since I have heard the Four Rules of Gun Safety.
ALL guns are always loaded. Cover with the muzzle that only which will be destroyed. Keep your finger off the trigger. Keep YOUR finger off the trigger. Know your target and what’s beyond.
LOADED, MUZZLE, TRIGGER, TARGET.
“You’re not obligated to shoot them once you point the gun”
Where did you see, hear, or read anyone say otherwise, Brett?
– ““You’re not obligated to shoot them once you point the gun”
Has it occurred to you to try actually reading the posts you (and others) are responding to? For instance, this part:
– “When I was in my teens, my grandfather said: don’t pull a gun on someone unless you are going to shoot them.”
Not “unless you’re *willing* to shoot them”, but “unless you ARE going to shoot them”.
Learn how nested quotes work, and then come on back, ‘K?
Learn how to read…and stop being such a disingenuous coward. But you shouldn’t feel obligated to come back, even if you manage to accomplish both.
Still not clear on the nested quotes? How long do you need?
– “The rule is don’t point a gun at a person unless you intend to shoot them.”
Says who? Not anyone who is reasonably bright or moral. Even if I draw my weapon AND point it at an aggressor, my intent is not to shoot them, but rather to use my weapon to prevent/end an attack. Actually discharging the weapon at my attacker might be required, or it might not…depending his his/her actions once my weapon has been deployed.
A stranger is a fair distance from me (reasonably beyond the so-called Tueller Drill distance). He appears agitated and is holding a large knife. For reason or reasons unbeknownst to me he points the knife in my direction, shouts, “I’m going to gut you like a fish!” and begins to take a step in my direction. In response I draw my handgun from it’s concealed location and point it at my would-be assailant. He immediately thinks better of his threat and, rather than advancing in my direction he turns away from me and begins to leave the area, ceasing to be an immediate threat. At this point I do no shoot, because the situation does not call for that action.
When I drew my weapon and pointed it at the aggressor, my intent was not to shoot, but rather to give myself the ability to shoot if I needed to in order to end the imminent threat…or better still, end the threat by dissuading further pursuit of the attack.
When it comes to self-defense, saying, “Don’t point your gun at someone unless you intend to shoot them” is as dumb as saying, “If you shoot, shoot to kill.” Hopefully I don’t need to explain why that is.
“Says who? Not anyone who is reasonably bright or moral.”
It seems to me that “threatening with a gun” is ill-defined here. Does it require that the gun be pointed or brandished or is just yelling, “I’ve got a gun,” or displaying it holstered enough?
In this case the gun was apparently unloaded, and the safety was on. So Ra was not using deadly force because the gun was not deadly in its actual state. But had the gun been loaded it’s a closer call, IMO.
Of course pointing even a loaded gun is not “using deadly force,” but it’s more serious. All it takes is a moment of irrationality or a misjudgment and you are using force. Given the much greater risk of doing serious harm or killing someone I think the law ought to make some sort of distinction.
And even pointing an unloaded gun is tricky business, especially in a situation like this one, where there were third parties around. It would surely be reasonable for the person being pointed at to think their life was in danger, and start shooting their gun. IOW, the act may well prove deadly to someone.
Arizona 13-421, allows for the defensive display of a firearm to counter “unlawful physical force or deadly physical force.” If unlawful physical force is threatened, even if it doesn’t rise to a level that would justify the use of deadly physical force, a gun can be defensively displayed as part of a de-escalation attempt.
Defensive display doesn’t mean pointing it at someone. Defensive display includes verbally informing the other person, exposing the firearm or placing a hand on the firearm. This is often characterized as “tell, show, touch.”
The purpose was to prevent someone who was not justified in using deadly force from facing charges such as brandishing when attempting to use the knowledge that a gun could be used in self-defense.
That seems to make sense.
There is a big difference between that and actually having the gun in hand.
Even having it in hand might not be a threatened use of deadly force. Imagine, say, a scene when someone finds trespassing hunters on their property. The hunters are armed, but use of deadly force to expel them might or might not be justified (depending on how well the hunters take the news that they are trespassing).
So much depends on circumstance. If I’m showing someone that I have a firearm, it’s because I’ve determined that it might be necessary to shoot them. I think I’m a pretty reasonable guy, but I’ll concede that it is at least possible that I might reach that conclusion in error.
– “There is a big difference between that and actually having the gun in hand.”
There’s also a big difference between simply having the gun in hand and pointing it at someone. Otherwise going to a shooting range, or even a sporting goods store would be a lot more….interesting.
DavidWH
I am surprised nobody mentioned the court decision in Kansas before their legislature changed the law which was covered here 10 years ago. Where does the time go?
http://volokh.com/2009/10/23/defending-yourself-against-attack-by-threatening-force-is-a-crime-in-kansas/
Resisting trespass or burglary without a weapon is much easier if you are a large male than if you lack either of those characteristics. Another win for the patriarchy! (Amazing how we keep pulling this off, and the libs help us. Proof of how much smarter we are.)
Quote: “So you can hit someone to prevent them from punching you—but you can’t shoot them, unless you’re trying to prevent something much worse than just punching.”
Yet “one punch” can kill someone. Just the other day a 63 year old in Texas involved in a road rage incident was killed with “one punch”.
I would assume if someone is willing to assault me, they are trying to kill me.
Yep, deadly force is (or ought to be in any civilized society) a lawful response to any credible threat of serious injury.
All you did is kick the can down the street What, EXACTLY, is a “credible” threat, and how serious an injury does it have to be? “You hurt my feelings, so I had to shoot you”?
– “and how serious an injury does it have to be? “You hurt my feelings, so I had to shoot you”?”
“My days of not taking you seriously are definitely coming to a middle.”
~ Capt. Malcolm Reynolds
Presumably, those days will return when you learn how to form an argument, or at least understand one.
Just selecting randomly, I might suggest you start here:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum
For those with limited trial exposure, take a look at pattern jury instructions. Possible factual scenarios are practically endless. “Credible” and “serious” are obviously fact dependent and consequently are questions for the trier of fact, not questions of law.
The threat has to be both subjectively and objectively reasonable, from the point of view of the defendant claiming self defense.
If the defendant is the only survivor of the encounter, there may not be any competing interpretations of events. That can help tremendously.
Allan Walstad
Is there no difference legally between saying “I’m going to shoot you” versus “I’ll shoot if you come at me”? What I’m getting at is a difference between threatening versus warning that you will defend yourself if necessary. So for example, if I were walking at night to or from my car and one or more people follow me and continue to do so even as I try to move away, if I display a gun and say “Don’t come at me or I’ll shoot” does that constitute a threat or a proper warning? Depending on the distance, it could be just one second or less before a larger, younger, stronger person has me pinned.
” Depending on the distance, it could be just one second or less before a larger, younger, stronger person has me pinned.”
On the other hand, if one of THEM is armed, and perceives that you are threatening him, and he shoots you dead right there next to your car, is he guilty of a crime?
The fear of imminent death or great bodily has to be both objectively and subjectively reasonable (from the point of view of the person claiming self defense).
“The fear of imminent death or great bodily has to be both objectively [reasonable]”
True enough. But when only party survives to tell the story, the objective facts may be… difficult to establish, let’s say.
In the scenario as I described it, I am moving away and they are following. I am giving a warning, not shooting. How could they be justified in concluding that I am a threat?Unless there is a video and audio recording of the entire encounter, in court there will always be some uncertainty regarding the facts, but my question is of principle. In principle, the gun makes possible effective self-defense by the physically weaker person. (At 5-7, 72 years of age, I think I qualify in many instances.) But if I have to wait until I’m pinned and unable to access the weapon before accessing the weapon, then self-defense is impossible. That is a dilemma. Is there a generally understood and accepted solution?
“How could they be justified in concluding that I am a threat?”
You told them you were prepared to shoot them Some people find that threatening.
” Is there a generally understood and accepted solution?”
One solution is to not travel alone. I doubt it’s “generally understood and accepted”, except in a military context.
captcrisis
It’s a distinction without a difference. With the “stand your ground” rule the VC supports, the survivor gun owner will always say his life was threatened and the victim will not be around to say otherwise.
And how is that a function of “stand your ground” as opposed to self-defense generally? In every self-defense case, one party will not be around to contradict the one party who is around. What is your suggestion?
It has nothing to do with SYD (better known as the Retreat Doctrine, that has over the last several years become a distinctly minority position among the states).
Robert Beckman
And with a duty to retreat the survivor will always claim that they tried (or were otherwise unable) to retreat.
It’s a distinction without a difference.
For fun: I need both of my crutches to retreat, so if I’ve drawn I’m physically unable to retreat, does that mean I can always fire? Of course not, because my belief in the immanence of the attack must be reasonable based on the facts of the case, and the retreat is essentially immaterial, except to provide prosecutors an opportunity to persecute those whom they choose. That’s why we see police so rarely prosecuted even in jurisdictions with a duty to retreat, because the state always chooses to protect the powerful (note that’s a tautology).
It’s a distinction without a difference. ”
If it’s part of an affirmative defense, then the defendant has the burden of proving it.
ranrod
Supreme Despots..
The Odious Fiction Destroying America – The Doctrine of the Lesser Magistrates..
We now have social transformation without representation. And that is what the Supreme Court is in our day – despots.
And they are not the final arbiters – as Jefferson states, “The Constitution has erected no such single tribunal.”
They proffer Article 6, paragraph 2 of the U.S. Constitution – the ‘supremacy clause’ – for their notion of judicial supremacy. But when you read Article 6, paragraph 2, you realize that the Supreme Court isn’t even mentioned, nor are federal courts of any kind mentioned. Article 6, paragraph 2 – known as the supremacy clause actually gives supremacy to the Constitution!
Wholly opposite of this view of ‘judicial supremacy’ was the view held by America’s founders. They viewed the judiciary as being the weakest branch of the government.
At the establishment of our constitutions, the judiciary bodies were supposed to be the most helpless and harmless members of the government. Experience, however, soon showed in what way they were to become the most dangerous.”
If you are one that believes the Supreme Court is the final arbiter of what is lawful and constitutional, then you have believed a lie and a myth that Jefferson warned about. The States still retain their rights to this day to defy the federal judiciary, which has become an oligarcy. We just need strong statesmen as governors and legislatures to make that stand!
In writing to William Jarvis, Jefferson said, “You seem . . . to consider the judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions; a very dangerous doctrine indeed, and one which would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy.”
The germ of dissolution of our federal government is in the constitution of the federal Judiciary; an irresponsible body (for impeachment is scarcely a scare-crow) working like gravity by night and by day, gaining a little today and a little tomorrow, and advancing its noiseless step like a thief, over the field of jurisdiction, until all shall be usurped.”
” The States still retain their rights to this day to defy the federal judiciary”
But not the army. See, generally, 1861-1865.
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You are here: Home / Medicaid
January 8, 2020 /0 Comments/in Affordable Care Act, Medicaid /by Joseph Steinbock
In late December, PBS broadcast an interview with Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services administrator Seema Verma. Kaiser Health News has published a transcript of excerpts from that interview during which Verma discusses Medicaid – including enrollment, eligibility, services, and children – Medicare for all, administration attempts to reduce health care costs, protection for people with pre-existing conditions, and more. Read those excerpts in the Kaiser Health News article “One-On-One With Trump’s Medicare And Medicaid Chief: Seema Verma.”
https://safetynetalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/verma-latest.jpg 265 190 Joseph Steinbock https://safetynetalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/nasnh-logo.png Joseph Steinbock2020-01-08 06:00:142020-01-07 11:54:20Interview With Seema Verma
President, VP Attempt to Mediate HHS Feud
December 13, 2019 /0 Comments/in Medicaid, Medicare /by Joseph Steinbock
President Trump and Vice President Pence have stepped into a feud between Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services administrator Seema Verma.
Azar and Verma have apparently clashed on numerous occasions in recent months, with Verma criticizing at least one Azar proposal during an Oval Office meeting and Azar being overruled by the president on several occasions. According to Politico, President Trump “…instructed Azar to smooth things over.”
Verma, meanwhile, met with Vice President Pence, with whom she worked when Pence was governor of Indiana.
As head of CMS, Verma oversees the country’s Medicare and Medicaid programs but reports to Secretary Azar.
Learn more about the clash between Azar and Verma and the attempts of the president and vice president to address them in the Politico story “Trump pulled into feud between top health officials.”
https://safetynetalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/azar.jpg 300 425 Joseph Steinbock https://safetynetalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/nasnh-logo.png Joseph Steinbock2019-12-13 06:00:122019-12-11 16:50:22President, VP Attempt to Mediate HHS Feud
Improper Medicaid, CHIP Payments on the Rise
November 21, 2019 /0 Comments/in Medicaid /by Joseph Steinbock
The rate at which Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program made improper payments rose considerably in federal fiscal year 2019.
According to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, the Medicaid improper payment rate in FY 2019 was 14.9 percent, amounting to $57.36 billion in improper payments. The improper payment rate that year for CHIP services was 15.83 percent, representing $2.74 billion in improper payments. Both are significant increases over FY 2018, when the Medicaid improper payment rate was 9.7 percent, representing $36.25 billion, and the CHIP rate was 8.57 percent, for $1.39 billion.
CMS maintains that the improper Medicaid payment rate will decline in future years because it has introduced more rigorous enforcement of Affordable Care Act requirements to determine and periodically redetermine eligibility for Medicaid participants. Because each state is reviewed for improper payments only every three years, the agency maintains, it will take time before the full impact of the more rigorous review of beneficiary eligibility will be seen in annual statistics
Learn more about improper Medicaid and CHIP payments in the CMS fact sheet “2019 Estimated Improper Payment Rates for Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Programs.”
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Medicaid Block Grants Hit Bump in Road
November 20, 2019 /0 Comments/in Medicaid, NASH, National Alliance of Safety-Net Hospitals /by Joseph Steinbock
The drive toward encouraging states to implement Medicaid block grants hit a bump in the road last week when the formal guidance for states that Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services administrator Seema Verma suggested was imminent apparently became not-so imminent.
At the time Verma spoke, draft guidance from CMS to the states was under review by the federal Office of Management and Budget. Last week, however, CMS withdrew that draft, which also was to address state Medicaid per capita cap programs.
The bump in the road does not, however, appear to be more than a temporary detour. While CMS has not explained why the draft was withdrawn, Verma indicated that the agency still intends to provide guidance to state on Medicaid block grants and per capita spending limits.
NASH has long had concerns about Medicaid block grants, writing in its 2019 advocacy agenda that
Block grants, whether based on individual states’ Medicaid enrollment or on their past Medicaid spending, could impose unreasonable limits on Medicaid spending that could potentially leave private safety-net hospitals unreimbursed for care they provide to legitimately eligible individuals. NASH will work to ensure that any new approach that involves Medicaid block grant continues to give states the ability to pay safety-net hospitals adequately for the essential services they provide to the low-income residents of the communities in which those hospitals are located.
Learn more from the McKnight’s Long-Term Care News article “CMS withdraws proposed guidance on Medicaid block grants, funding caps.”
https://safetynetalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/cms-11-2019-2.jpg 150 334 Joseph Steinbock https://safetynetalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/nasnh-logo.png Joseph Steinbock2019-11-20 10:08:272019-11-20 10:08:27Medicaid Block Grants Hit Bump in Road
MACPAC Posts Meeting Transcript
November 15, 2019 /0 Comments/in MACPAC, Medicaid, Medicaid disproportionate share, Medicaid DSH /by Joseph Steinbock
The Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission met in Washington, D.C. earlier this month. The issues on MACPAC’s agenda were:
state readiness to report mandatory core set measures
analysis of buprenorphine prescribing patterns among advanced practitioners in Medicaid
Medicaid’s statistical information system (T-MSIS)
Medicaid disproportionate share hospital payment (Medicaid DSH) allotments
Medicaid policies related to third-party liability
Medicaid and maternal health
A transcript of the MACPAC meeting is now available. Find it here.
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Verma Addresses Medicaid Issues
November 13, 2019 /0 Comments/in Medicaid, Medicaid disproportionate share, Medicaid DSH, private safety-net hospitals /by Joseph Steinbock
Yesterday, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services administrator Seema Verma spoke at a conference of the National Association of Medicaid Directors.
In addition to discussing a proposed regulation posted earlier in the day that would introduce changes in the regulation of state financing of their Medicaid programs, Verma also addressed:
Medicaid demonstration programs
Medicaid work requirements
a shift toward value-based payments
better coordination of care for the dually eligible (individuals serve by both Medicaid and Medicare)
enrollment issues
improvements in the efficiency of the federal Medicaid bureaucracy
Because private safety-net hospitals care for so many more Medicaid patients than the typical hospital, these issues are especially important to them.
Read Verma’s complete remarks here.
https://safetynetalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/verma-latest.jpg 265 190 Joseph Steinbock https://safetynetalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/nasnh-logo.png Joseph Steinbock2019-11-13 13:00:142019-11-12 14:44:02Verma Addresses Medicaid Issues
November 7, 2019 /0 Comments/in MACPAC, Medicaid, Medicaid disproportionate share, Medicaid DSH, private safety-net hospitals /by Joseph Steinbock
The Commission devoted its Thursday morning discussion to integration of care for beneficiaries who are dually eligible for Medicaid and Medicare. Panelists Amber Christ, directing attorney at Justice in Aging; Griffin Myers, chief medical officer at Oak Street Health; and Michael Monson, senior vice president for Medicaid and complex care at Centene, presented beneficiary, provider, and health plan perspectives and a question and answer session followed.
After lunch, MACPAC staff briefed the Commission on challenges states face as they prepare for mandatory reporting of quality measures for children enrolled in Medicaid and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) and behavioral health measures for adults enrolled in Medicaid. Immediately following that session, the Commission reviewed a new MACPAC-commissioned study on the effects of federal legislation that provided new buprenorphine prescribing authority for nurse practitioners and physician assistants.
After a brief break, MACPAC staff updated the Commission on the status of the Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System (T-MSIS). The final Thursday session discussed disproportionate share hospital (DSH) allotments as required in MACPAC’s annual March reports to Congress.
MACPAC’s Friday agenda opened with a session on improving Medicaid policies related to third-party liability: specifically, coordination of benefits with TRICARE, the health coverage program for active duty military and their dependents. There are close to 1 million Medicaid beneficiaries with TRICARE coverage but Medicaid’s ability to collect from TRICARE is limited. The final session of the October meeting addressed Medicaid and maternal health.
Update on Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System (T-MSIS)
Required Analyses of Disproportionate Share Hospital (DSH) Allotments
Improving Medicaid Policies Related to Third-Party Liability
Medicaid and Maternal Health: Work Plan and Further Discussion
MACPAC is a non-partisan legislative branch agency that provides policy and data analysis and makes recommendations to Congress, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the states on a wide variety of issues affecting Medicaid and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program. MACPAC’s deliberations are especially important to private safety-net hospitals because those hospitals care for especially large numbers of Medicaid patients. Find MACPAC’s web site here.
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Knights of Columbus, Council 14360
St. Matthew Church, Norwalk, Connecticut
Knights Hold 9/11 Mass of Remembrance at Notre Dame Health & Rehabilitation Center in Norwalk
Knights in Action
Upcoming Ceremonies
Why join the Knights?
Fourth Annual Knights Fundraiser Macaroni Dinner Planned for Saturday, October 24
Posted on September 23, 2015 by Mr. O'Connor
On Saturday evening, October 24, 2015, Knights of Columbus Council 14360 will host its Fourth Annual Columbus Day Macaroni Dinner at 5:30 p.m. in the Great Room of St. Matthew Church in Norwalk. The fourth edition of the dinner, which is open to all, promises to be another fun and successful night, with delicious Italian food, great company, and a 50/50 raffle.
“Our Columbus Day Dinners have historically been complete sellouts,” reflected Grand Knight George Ribellino, Jr. “We have had well over 200 people attend the last two dinners, and we are looking forward to once again hosting a big crowd this time around.”
The Columbus Day dinners have enabled the council to raise much- needed funds over the last several years to help others in the area community. In addition, a tradition begun two years ago with attendees bringing canned goods on the night of the dinner has really helped keep the St. Matthew’s Food Pantry well stocked. Continuing this tradition, the Knights are asking all those attending this year’s dinner to consider bringing a non-perishable food item for the food pantry. Anyone who brings an item will also be eligible for a door prize.
The cost of the dinner is $18.00 for adults and $7.00 for children 10 and under.Those who cannot attend but would still like to help Council 14360 raise money to help others may also make a donation of any amount (checks should be made payable to Knights of Columbus Council 14360 and can be left in the St. Matthew Parish Office).
All are most welcome to attend this year’s dinner, but don’t wait; this is a very popular event! To reserve your space, click here for an order form. After completing it, return it with payment at your earliest convenience to the St. Matthew Parish office (no later than October 19).
See you at St. Matthew on October 24!
Knights of Council 14360 Join Notre Dame Convalescent Home Residents and Staff in Special Mass in Remembrance of 9/11
In a solemn outdoor ceremony held on Saturday morning, September 12 on the beautiful grounds of Notre Dame Convalescent Home in Norwalk, members of Council 14360 were joined by their families as well as residents and staff of Notre Dame at a special Mass in remembrance of those who lost their lives fourteen years ago on September 11, 2001.
On a bright, sunny morning, Notre Dame residents, along with staff, volunteers, and a Knights Color Guard, formed a procession across the Notre Dame grounds to a special area where the Mass was held.
Father Reggie Norman, Pastor of Our Lady of Fatima parish in nearby Wilton, was the celebrant of the Mass, with special assistance from Notre Dame resident and former St. Matthew Pastor Monsignor Joseph Kohut. Special American flags bearing the names of 9/11 victims were part of the ceremony as well.
The Mass was coordinated by Notre Dame’s Sister Lucie Monast, SSTV, with assistance from Knights of Council 14360 and members of Catholic Daughters, Court St. Matthew, #2640. Following the Mass, a special picnic was held for all attendees. It was truly a special and memorable morning for all.
St. Matthew Knights Proud to Salute Deserving Honorees at Annual Diocesan Blue Mass
On Sunday, September 13 at a Mass designed to honor those who put their lives on the line every day with little fanfare, celebrant Bishop Frank Caggiano commented that sadly, many Americans have lost their way in terms of unity and sacrifice. “As time recedes, many of us have forgotten to do what Jesus asks us to do, but not the Police, Fire and EMS,” the bishop said. “We gather to honor them today because they have never forgotten the meaning of 9/11. “
Over 1,000 supporters, including the host council St Matthew Knights of Columbus Council #14360, joined together at St. Matthew Parish Sunday for the Annual Diocesan Blue Mass. With a Norwalk Ladder Company fire truck hanging a massive American flag outside the church, police, firefighters and EMS workers from towns such as Norwalk, Bridgeport, Stratford, New Canaan and Ridgefield took a moment to remember those who perished on September 11, 2001. At the end of Mass, the Bishop and Msgr. Walter Orlowski, Pastor of St. Matthew Parish, presented certificates to this year’s honorees, while Fr. Charles Allen, Special Assistant to the President of Fairfield University and Blue Mass coordinator, read the citations from area police, fire and emergency chiefs who had each nominated individuals from their respective departments.
The final procession out of St. Matthew began with the flags of police, fire and emergency companies from throughout Fairfield County as well as an Honor Guard provided by the Fairfield County Knights of Columbus.
The Annual Blue Mass is sponsored by the Fairfield County Knights of Columbus and Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus. This is the second time in three years the Blue Mass was held in Norwalk, as St. Phillip Parish hosted the ceremony in 2013.
St Matthew Council 14360 had a high number of Fourth Degree members in the large Honor Guard on Sunday: George Ribellino, Scott Criscuolo, Anthony Armentano, Bill Berger, Scott Mazzo, Anthony Cossuto, AJ Cossuto, Bill Scholl, Mike Colaluca and Ed McGettigan who is also Assembly 100’s Faithful Navigator. Fellow fourth degree knights Dave McCarthy, Al Mathieu, Chris O’Connor, Hugo Moncayo, Peter Richter, George Uzwiak and Nick DeRosa helped usher and greet visitors and dignitaries into the church, including State Deputy Tom Vita and State Secretary John Macari.
“It was a wonderful and somber day at the same time,” said Grand Knight George Ribellino. “My father-in-law was a Norwalk police officer and volunteer firefighter, so it’s extra special for me to be participate every year. But this year in particular, to be able to host the Blue Mass, is an honor we at Council 14360 will never forget.”
The annual Blue Mass is sponsored by the Fairfield County Knights of Columbus and the Diocese of Bridgeport. It was started in 2002 by Bridgeport Knights Mike Basso, Angelo Fernandez and Herb Ramirez to honor those who lost their lives on 9/11. The Diocese began helping out a few years later and it’s now a yearly tradition in Fairfield County. “I want that thank Brother Knights Mike Basso, Angelo Fernandez and Herb Ramirez for their hard work in helping put together a beautiful tribute,” said Ribellino
Knights of Columbus Saint Matthew Norwalk Council #14360 was founded in 2007. The council currently does many fundraising activities and community outreach throughout the year, including its annual Macaroni and St Patrick Day Dinners, as well as its assistance to Notre Dame Convalescent Home (Norwalk, CT), Family & Children’s Agency of Norwalk, All Saints Catholic School, Malta House and Fisher House.
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Friends of Council 14360
AJ's Landscaping
Al's Angels
Costco Norwalk
Fairfield County Catholic
Lou's Pizza
PaulaCorrado.com
Peachwave of Norwalk
Saugatuck Sweets
Title Boxing Club- Norwalk
Diocese of Bridgeport
Family and Children's Agency (FCA)
Knights of Columbus main website
Knights of Columbus Museum site
Malta House
Notre Dame Convalescent Home
Our Lady of Solace
St. Matthew Church (parish website)
STAR, Inc.
Notre Dame cleanup
2013 Diocese of Bridgeport Blue Mass
Donating funds to Sr. Lucy of Notre Dame Convalescent Home
Bishop Caggiano visits St. Matthew Church, Thanksgiving 2013
Diocese 60th Anniversary Mass, 8/4/13
4th Degree Exemplification, April 2013, Milford
Enjoying a “Knight” at the ball game.
Bishop Frank Caggiano
Grand Knight George Ribellino, Jr. speaks at the 7/27/13 meeting in New Haven.
Members of Council 14360 were part of the Honor Guard at Installation of Bishop Caggiano
2013 Memorial Day Parade, Norwalk
Parish Picnic 2013
Grand Knight George Ribellino, Jr. enjoying a ballgame with his daughter.
Notre Dame Convalescent Home- landscaping and cleanup, May 2013
On December 30, members of St. Matthew Norwalk Knights of Columbus Council 14360, representing Assembly #100, Bishop Fenwick in Norwalk, attended Mass at Our Lady of Solace church in the Coney Island section of Brooklyn. The assembly members dressed in full color guard regalia and were led by Color Corps Commander Bill Berger, Faithful Navigator of Assembly #100. The Mass was celebrated by the Bishop of Brooklyn, Bishop Nicholas DeMarzio. Our Lady of Solace Parish was hit hard by Hurricane Sandy, and through St. Matthew’ Parish in Norwalk, the Knights have helped out with goods, Christmas gifts and other supplies to get parishioners through the holidays. In the picture with Bishop DeMarzio are Sir Knights Anthony Armentano, Scott Mazzo, Mike Colaluca, Bill Berger, George Ribellino and Scott Criscuolo.
Members of Council 14360 pose in front of a portrait of Fr. Michael McGivney, founder of the Knights.
Helping at our Tootsie Roll Drive
Past Grand Knight Mike Colaluca accepts an award for his years of service to the Council from current Grand Knight George Ribellino.
Knights of Council 14360 gather at the K of C Museum for a summer meeting (7/27/13)
George Ribellino, Jr. and Mike Colaluca, current and past Grand Knights of Council 14360.
Fun at the Rockland Boulders ball game
Knights purchase brick to help fund All Saints Catholic School Science Park
Knights meeting at the K of C Museum (7/24/13)
Nothing like a ball game with your friend!
Meeting at K of C Museum, 7/27/13
Father and son + Knights of Council 14360
Meeting at the K of C Museum, 7/27/13
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Building Museum Boards
Daryl Fischer and Laura B. Roberts
Templates for Trustees is a four-part series designed by the Museum Trustee Association to focus attention on key processes and tasks of governance. The books and web-based customizable templates include tools that collect information and then guide the board in using that information to organize their thoughts, identify their priorities, and plan their actions. All templates in the series have two parts: a printed guide and an on-line website. Purchasers of the books have access to the ongoing assistance of MTA staff.
Building Museum Boards examines emerging practices in nonprofit governance including diversifying board composition, improving board effectiveness, and strengthening the governance committee. The text and templates guide the governance committee through every step of the nomination and board-building process including identifying and cultivating board prospects; crafting job descriptions for members, officers, and committees; ensuring compliance with conflict of interest standards; and orienting and activating new board members. The entire process is summarized in an interactive calendar.
Pages: 90 • Trim: 8½ x 11
978-1-5381-0844-4 • eBook • April 2018 • $36.00 • (£24.95)
Series: Templates for Trustees
Subjects: Business & Economics / Museum Administration & Museology
TheMuseum Trustee Association was formed as a committee of the American Association of Museums (now known as the American Alliance of Museums) in 1971. The Museum Trustee Association broke away from AAM in 1986 and received its federal IRS 501(c)(3) status in 1991. Since then, MTA has been governed by an elected Board of Directors representing diverse regions of the United States, Caribbean, Canada, and Mexico, a variety of museum disciplines and sizes, and wide-ranging areas of expertise in trusteeship. All are current or former museum trustees, and several are founders of MTA.
Daryl Fischer founded Musynergy Consulting in 1993 to provide strategic and interpretive planning, audience evaluation, and board development services to museums and other cultural nonprofits. Her service on numerous nonprofit boards including the Urban Institute for Contemporary Arts (Grand Rapids, MI), the Visitor Studies Association, and the Progressive Women’s Alliance of the Lakeshore has given her a profound appreciation for passion, energy, and expertise board members bring to the organizations they serve.
Laura B. Roberts is principal of Roberts Consulting, working with cultural nonprofit organizations on strategic planning, assessment, and organizational development. She is the chair of the Central Square Theater in Cambridge MA and former chaired the boards of Tufts University Art Gallery, MassHumanities and First Night Boston. She teaches museum and nonprofit management at Harvard University Extension, Bank Street College of Education, and Northeastern University.
About Templates for Trustees
Using the Templates for Trustees Online App
Best Practices in Museum Governance
Building Museum Boards User’s Guide
Chapter 1: Understanding the Nominations Cycle
Chapter 2: Gathering Feedback from Current Board Members
Chapter 3: Identifying New Board Prospects
Chapter 4: Clarifying Board Roles
Chapter 5: Delineating Committees and Task Forces
Chapter 6: Securing Commitments from Board Members
Chapter 7: Assessing the Process
Chapter 8: Orientating New Board Members
Resource Guide for Building Museum Boards
Appendix One: Standing Committees and Ad Hoc Task Forces - Sample Purposes and
As soon as I got my hands on this nifty publication, I knew I could use it to re-fresh the responsibilities and expectations of senior board members AND have a great tool to help orient new board members to their important work. The 21st century museum trustee will be well-served by this handy publication.
— Cinnamon Catlin-Legutko, president & CEO, Abbe Museum
I can finally retire my earlier edition of Building Museum Boards, and its vintage compact disc. Daryl Fischer and Laura Roberts have brought an essential text and tools (now online!) completely up to date. Museums of every kind, size and stage of development will find clear, sympathetic guidance and advice for building their boards. Many thanks to the Museum Trustee Association for its continuous support of Building Museum Boards and the other guides in the Templates for Trustees series.
— Maureen K. Robinson, author, Nonprofit Boards that Work: The End of One Size Fits All Governance
The Museum Trustee Association series on working with Boards is a wonderful resource for them and the director. The templates lay out best practices for board members--participating in strategic planning, engaging in accreditation, and empowering them to work with the director ensure the museum’s financial stability.
— Nancy Doll, director, Weatherspoon Art Museum, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro
MTA’s templates have been extremely helpful to our Board of Trustees and our staff. They provide relevant and useful information that is easy to use. Their 'real world' orientation makes them essential tools for any museum.
— Bruce Eldredge, executive director, Buffalo Bill Center of the West, Cody, WY
The MTA templates are a most useful tool for governance and board development committees everywhere. They are simple to customize and to collate--great attributes for museums like ours. I've even used them for non-museum organizations wishing to survey the talents and skills on their boards.
— Lynn Homeier Rauch, vice president, Board of Trustees and chair of Governance and Board Development Committee, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD
The Building Museum Boards materials are a one-stop shop for organize the governance process. With minor rejiggering, I have made them work for my new organization outside the museum world. The Profile Summary has been particularly helpful not only for identifying areas that we need to fill, but has also broadened my knowledge of the skills and areas of influence of my new Board.
— Joy Peterson Heyrman, executive director, VCCA
The Museum Trustee Association templates are a conversation starter for any Board looking to transform or grow its governance process. The series balances best practice standards with customizable content to address the needs of museums of all sizes. As a new Executive Director I used the templates as a self-guidance tool to set priorities for my first year. They served as a catalyst for dialogue with my Board about how to most effectively implement mission and vision.
— Annette LeZotte, former executive director, Kauffman Museum
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Ducati Sport Classics (2005 – 2010): Future Investment
Author: Bike Social Investment Specialist Posted: 20 Mar 2015
2005 – 2010 Ducati Sport Classics
With all the hype currently surrounding the Scrambler, now is a great time to reflect back on the bikes that perfectly demonstrate the importance of timing in the motorcycle industry. If Ducati had unveiled their SportClassic range of bikes last year the whole world would be going SportClassic bananas, as it was they chose to release them in 2005…
Initially debuted on the limited edition 2002 Mike Hailwood replica MH900e, of which only 2000 were made, Ducati chose the Tokyo Motorshow of 2003 to unveil a whole new range of prototype machines under the ‘SportClassic’ banner. While the reaction of people at the shows was positive enough to encourage Ducati to push the production button, sadly they very quickly realised that people liking and people actually buying something are two very different prospects.
Designed by Pierre Terblanche, who was already under fire for the 999, the first of the SportClassic range were the limited edition 2005 Paul Smart replica and standard Sport. Styled on Smart’s 1972 Imola winning 750, it came with an air-cooled 992cc motor, silver half-fairing and cool sea green frame as well as Ohlins suspension and a price tag of £9495 that reflected its limited run of 2000 units. The Sport, which was launched alongside and cost £7495, took its styling from cafe racers and the 1973 750 Sport and although it shared a chassis (with lower spec suspension) and engine with the Smart, it had a single front headlight and yellow paintwork. Two great looking bikes that certainly pulled on the heartstrings, all should have been well for the SportClassic range, however it wasn’t to be.
In 2005 the motorcycle world was a very different place to what it is today. Fuelled by the technology war in the supersport and superbike classes, riders were demanding ever-increasing power and performance figures. While nowadays the litre bike class is going through a similar revival, it is offset by the emergence of the retro class with bikes such as the Scrambler and Bonneville appealing to both young and older riders who are after something different that can be ridden on a restricted licence.
Irritatingly for Ducati, in 2005 this subculture didn’t exist.
Despite looking cool, the SportClassics weren’t attracting younger riders and instead an older generation of Ducati fan was left to take them on test rides. These riders didn’t appreciate the Sport or Smart’s low clip-ons bars so aging wrists and creaky knees complained bitterly. Ducati responded by re-positioning the bars on the Sport, but the warning signs were there for all to see. Would the next SportClassic be the range’s saviour?
A year after the Sport was unveiled, Ducati released the GT1000. Taking inspiration from the 1971 750GT, this SportClassic introduced a more relaxed riding position with flat bars, twin chrome pipes and a spacious rider/pillion seat. This was the bike the older SportClassic fan was waiting for, however by this time Ducati had teased them for too long and they had run out of patience. Even the introduction of the Sport 1000S, which was essentially a cheaper Smart bike, wasn’t enough to save the SportClassic range and in 2010 production was stopped. Which is when, ironically, the market started to develop…
To be brutally honest, when talking a future investment and buying to make money that boat has well and truly sailed for the SportClassic range. If you were after one in 2009 you could have had your pick for under £4000, nowadays you will be lucky to find one for anything less than £6000 and if you want a Paul Smart rep then brace yourself for a shock. However what a dealer wants and what they get are two very different things and the arrival of the Scrambler will be causing a degree of concern within showrooms.
The SportClassic range owes its inflated price tag, not to mention its initial failure, to fashion and if you live by the sword you also die by it. Fashion conscious buyers won’t be bothered by the SportClassic’s extra 200cc over the Scrambler and may even be put off by its styling. The GT1000 is quite subdued and while the Sport 1000S is bang on current cafe racer trends, the standard Sport is a little wide of the mark. The problem for anyone trying to sell a SportClassic is that Ducati are now offering a cool looking brand new retro bike with an affordable finance package and easy customisation. If you weren’t really ‘into’ bikes in a geeky way, would you pick a ten-year-old used Ducati over that? And Ducati has also announced they are expanding the Scrambler range even further, it doesn’t take a genius to work out a cafe racer must be in the pipeline.
At the moment used dealers are chancing their arm, hoping that fashion will blind buyers and encourage them to pay over the odds for a SportClassic. But this situation won’t last. If you have a SportClassic and are considering parting with it then cash in now and be happy your investment has paid off. However if you are in the market for a used one the best advice is to hang on as it looks like the SportClassic bubble has burst thanks to Ducati getting their timing bang on this time around with the Scrambler.
Air-cooled, 4v, desmo V-twin
92bhp @ 8,000rpm
67.3lb.ft @ 6,000rpm
From £6995 - £9495
Ask the experts:
www.madeinitalymotorcycles.com - Made in Italy specialise in rare Italian motorcycles and if anyone can locate a SportClassic, or even an original 1970s Ducati, they can.
http://www.ducati.ms - An active Ducati forum with a section dedicated to the SportClassic range. Bikes occasionally pop up for sale here.
Do you own one? Did you own one and regret selling? Tell us your story.
/bikesocial/reviews/bikes/ducati/ducati-sport-classics
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DC Round-Up: Arrow, The Flash, Gotham, DC’s Legends of Tomorrow
There are first looks at The Flash’s Patty Spivot, two legendary Hawks, and more.
by Raissa Devereux September 12, 2015
In this edition of DC Round-Up, there are first looks at The Flash’s Patty Spivot, two legendary Hawks, and more.
In a recent TVLine overview, Marc Guggenheim touched upon Malcolm Merlyn’s story line on Arrow…
He may be the new leader of the League of Assassins, but Malcolm won’t be saying goodbye to his old life entirely: He’ll “get back into the hood for Episode 3,” executive producer Marc Guggenheim previews.
He elaborated for Entertainment Weekly…
For Arrow, anything Merlyn other than his connection to the resurrection? — Raissa
I’ll let EP Marc Guggenheim take this: “The best way to put it is its father knows worst,” he says. “Malcolm comes into the story very much more in the role of Thea’s father than in the role of the Head of the League of Assassins. It’s so much fun to play with Malcolm as dad because his choices are just very unusual. Much to the chagrin of Thea, he doesn’t handle things the way a typical father would.”
First, each character on The Flash is summed up in one word for Entertainment Weekly…
Anything on The Flash would be great, especially regarding Iris West or WestAllen, thank you! — What Other Girls?
How about scoop on everyone? Apparently I’m a big fan of lightning rounds because I got EP Andrew Kreisberg to give me a quick scoop for each Flash character. Ready? Set. Scoop! Barry: “New love.” Iris: “Face from the past.” Caitlin: “Brrrr.” Cisco: “Metahuman.” Wells: “Alive?” Joe: “Stalwart.” Ronnie: “Bravery.” Henry: “Heart.” Jay: “Broken.” Patty: “Delightful.”
Then, viewers get their first look at the “Delightful” Patty Spivot in this new extended trailer.
Finally, Kreisberg elaborated on Patty for Entertainment Weekly…
A police officer and potential love interest for Barry, Patty is eager to join Joe’s (Jesse L. Martin) anti-metahuman task force. “She’s got a very specific reason for wanting to fight metahumans, which we’ll learn about during the course of the season,” Kreisberg says. “She’s a science nerd, too. She really loves the science aspect of it, and she and Barry really bond on that level, but she also loves the action.”
“She earns her metahuman fighting stripes in the second episode,” Kreisberg continues. “One of the cool things about Patty is it’s one thing to take on bank robbers, it’s another to take on someone who can turn into poison gas, or another guy who can control the weather. At a key moment early on, Patty is the only cop who stands her ground, and that proves to Joe that she’s got what it takes.”
Entertainment Weekly also got scoop on Gotham…
Where does the new season of Gotham pick up? — Zac
There’s a mini-time jump in the season premiere, which finds Jim working the streets as a beat cop after being demoted. He may be down, but trust me when I tell you that he’s not out. In fact, we’ll see him go to great lengths to achieve his goals, even if that means being on the wrong side of the law and getting his hands a little (or a lot) dirty.
Variety has the first promo picture of Hawkman and Hawkgirl from DC’s Legends of Tomorrow in full costume. Hawkgirl (Ciara Renée) and Hawkman (Falk Hentschel) will make their debut together in crossover episodes of Arrow and The Flash before spinoff series DC’s Legends of Tomorrow premieres at midseason.
ArrowDC Legends Of TomorrowDCRoundUpFeatureGothamThe Flash
In Review: The X-Files: Season 11 #2
by Patrick Hayes - Sep 12, 2015
In Review: Starfire #4
Raissa Devereux
Raissa Devereux became a life-long genre fan at the age of four when she first saw The Wizard of Oz at a screening at Arizona State University. Years later, she graduated from A.S.U. as an English major, History minor, Whovian, and Trekkie. Now a Florida transplant, she loves the opportunity Sci-Fi Pulse has given her to further explore space travel, time travel, masked heroes, gothic castles, and good yarns.
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In Review: Stan Lee’s Lucky Man Season 3 Episode 2
Harry's forced underground as he tries to prove his innocence. But then Blake finds a way to make him look more guilty than ever.
by Ian Cullen July 27, 2018
Synopsis: Harry’s forced underground as he tries to prove his innocence. But then Blake finds a way to make him look more guilty than ever.
Review: Harry and Eve return to London and are hunted almost from the moment that they cut themselves free of a shipping container, which they have been living in for 3 weeks.
DSI Gray is determined to capture Harry and is not beyond getting Suri to exploit her relationship with Harry’s brother Rich for any lead that will get them. It seems Suri is happy to go along, but a part of her is still willing to give Harry the benefit of the doubt.
After giving Blake’s men the slip. Harry wastes no time in starting his own investigation in regards to clearing his name and getting evidence to incriminate Blake. His first port of call is his regular informant Kalim who hooks Harry up with a member of the Triad Society, which is connected to Blake.
Over the course of the episode, we learn that this Triad Society has an ongoing mission to find and destroy both the bracelets and will stop at nothing to do so.
Harry goes to expert forger called Barry to get a fake ID made and later uses Barry again in order to find out how the video of Harry shooting Isabella was altered. Unfortunately for Barry. Blakes people have been following Harry all along and seem to be a step ahead of him at each turn.
The episodes pivotal moment comes when Harry calls a meeting between himself and DSI Grey where he finds out that she has been working with Blake all along. It turns out Blake has been posing as an MI5 agent or is possibly a corrupt MI5 agent. Either way, it seems that Blake is enjoying the hunt because he seems quite happy to let Harry get away.
Overall. This was a packed episode in regards to both plot twists and action. You never quite knew where it was going to go from moment to moment.
James Nesbitt puts in a wonderful performance as always, but the stand out for me was Neve McIntosh in her role of DSI Gray. The scene where she meets Harry is full of tension, which builds up nicely to the reveal that Blake has been working with her all along, which quite honestly is the only thing in the episode that I did see coming.
Stan Lee's Lucky Man Season 3 Episode 2
FeatureJames NesbittLucky ManNeve McIntoshRupert Penry-JonesStan Lee
In Review: Star Wars #51
by Patrick Hayes - Jul 27, 2018
In Review: Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps #42
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In Review: The Gifted – Monsters
Reeva finally reveals her plan for the Inner Circle and it's darker than anyone could have imagined.
by Ian Cullen February 21, 2019
Synopsis: Lauren can’t access her powers when it matters most, leaving Caitlin to take matters into her own hands when they are being pursued. Reeva finally reveals her plan for the Inner Circle and it’s darker than anyone could have imagined.
Review: Things are looking really bad for Caitlin and Lauren.
Picking up from where last week left off. John is a mess after having seen Blink die he hates himself for having been completely and utterly helpless to save her. Reed and Eclipse have to remove John from their plans to rescue Caitlin and Lauren and very nearly get caught by some Purifiers. One of which Reed uses his mutant powers to kill.
Back at the Inner Circle. Lorna has learned the full plan and it is much darker than she thought it would be. Now fully aware she calls Reed and Eclipse to fill them in and is tasked with trying to talk Andy into returning to The Mutant Underground with her.
Elsewhere, Jace Turner is having doubts about his role as leader of the purifiers after having seen women and children in the Morlock camp, which he’d been lead to believe was a terrorist camp.
The Acting
Blair Redford puts in a solid performance as John as he grieves the loss of Blink and begins to doubt his ability to continue leading the Mutant Underground. He has a fantastic scene with Eclipse who tries to offer a little comfort while also motivating his friend to continue fighting.
Stephen Moyer and Percy Hynes White also put in strong performances this week. I especially liked the scene where Reed told Andy that he has also killed a man. So, therefore, he must also be a monster. It led nicely to the reconciliation scene at the close.
This was a solid episode, which reunites the strucker family and begins to bring this years season arc full circle.
Reeva is obviously not to impressed at losing Andy and Lorna. So it will be interesting to see what happens when The ragtag remains of the Mutant Underground go up against The Inner Circle in future episodes. Especially given how powerful Reeva actually is.
It was also cool to see Reed begin to figure out how to use his powers in a way that he was able to have an instrumental role in rescuing his wife and daughter with a bit of motivation from Eclipse.
The Gifted - Monsters
Amy AckerBlair RedfordCoby BellEmma DumontFeatureNatalie Alyn LindPercy Hynes WhiteSean TealeStephen MoyerThe Gifted
FREMANTLE PARTNERS WITH THE JIM HENSON COMPANY AND AUTHOR NEIL GAIMAN TO BRING A REIMAGINED VERSION OF THE STORYTELLER BACK TO TELEVISION
by Ian Cullen - Feb 20, 2019
In Review: Big Finish: Torchwood: God Among Us, Part 2
by Raissa Devereux - Feb 21, 2019
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'Lake Baikal, where the ice queen cast her spell'
Yeti reappears in Siberia after more than a year
Following a 'sighting' by local official, hunters reveal 'footprints' that do not belong to bear or any other known creature.
'Judging by the footsteps it walked strangely - toes inside, and the step is wide.' Picture: VN.ru
There has been a gap of almost 14 months since the last Yeti evidence in Siberia, an unusually long interval with no sightings of the mythical creature or its footprints.
But today there is news of footprints near the village of Eryomino, close to the Chyoka River, in the Kyshtovsky district, Novosibirsk region, regarded as a little off the beaten track for the abominable snowman aka Bigfoot and Sasquatch.
Alexei Kovalenko, a hunter and a fisherman, revealed these recent pictures of mysterious footprints, prompting the head of the village council in Kulyaba in the same district - Alexander Shadrin to disclose that on September 17 he came face to face with a yeti which had been terrorising cows at night.
'I was greatly scared,' he confessed, explaining the creature was 'all hairy' and 'light silver' in colour.
'The toe are pressed, and the trace of the heel is barely noticeable. Apparently, he is walking quietly, almost silently.' Picture: VN.ru
On the latest footprints, Kovalenko said: 'I was fishing, and ran out of earthworms. I went along the river to dig some, and I saw a footstep. I initially thought that it was a human's. I looked closer and realised that it did not look like a human's .
'It also did not look like bear's footprint. 'I'm a hunter, and I know what a bear's mark is like. It has a different shape and claws... And this one has no claws. And judging by the footsteps it walked strangely - toes inside, and the step is wide.
'The footsteps were strongly pressed into the ground, obviously because of the weight of the creature. The footsteps went to the water. Obviously the creature had come from Bespyatovka [abandoned village], crossed the Chyoka River and went on to the creek on the other side.'
The trail led to a sandy area nearby. 'The footstep was clear as the sand was wet... The step width is big, meaning the creature was high. I rushed to my wife, she took a camera and we made pictures.'
'Obviously the creature had come from Bespyatovka [abandoned village], crossed the Chyoka River and went on to the creek on the other side.' Picture: VN.ru
The commotion led another fisherman Alexander Goloburdo, from Kyshtovka village, to cross the river to examine the evidence. He brought his friend Vladimir Sychyov.
'We crossed the river in our boat and he showed us the strange footsteps - wide, and without claws,' he said. 'I'm also experienced hunter, so I know that bear footsteps look different,' he said.
'And they are not human. The toe are pressed, and the trace of the heel is barely noticeable. Apparently, he is walking quietly, almost silently.'
The footprints led Mr Shadrin to open up on his earlier sightings of a yeti in the same region, but some 58 kilometres from the latest footprint sighting.
'I would never believe this if I had not seen with my own eyes,' he recounted. 'After work, it was already 10 pm. I was riding on a motorcycle in my district. I suddenly saw the cows running towards me. They should have been sleeping.
Footprints were spotted near the village of Eryomino, close to the Chyoka River, another evidence came from Kulyaba village, in 58 kilometre. Pictures: The Siberian Times
'After the cows ran away, I saw glowing eyes in the dark. At first I thought it was a calf that had lagged behind. And when I was some 15 metres from this creature and lit it with my headlight, I realised what it really was - and even my heels turned cold.
'Its height was roughly 2.5 metres, all hairy - light silver hairs ... I was greatly scared...'
Mr Shadrin's phone did not answer when The Siberian Times called for more information of his sighting, and further details on the footprints in his district. Local media reports do not state when he saw the alleged yeti.
Most purported Siberian sightings of yeti, or claims of the discovery of footprints, or hair, are in neighbouring Kemerovo region. The last footprints were sighted here in September 2015. There are plans to develop yeti-hunting tours here.
Novosibirsk Region
Yeti in Siberia
Best rated comments
Reading Igor Burtsev's comment I remember
Dr. Meldrum's view to the Yeti conference, organized by Burtsev and his guys in Siberia - maybe the first scientific
and critical voice from the US on the Russian Bigfoot research. Google for this:
American Bigfoot scientists and researchers felt hoodwinked by Russian Yeti event"
Mikola Sev, Kiev, Ukraine
A similar encounter happened in some 2007 in Kyshtovka. The reporter of Zhizn (Life) nespaper, Moscow, Grigory Telnov visited that place on my recomendation and investigated the case. One huntsman and a policman took part in that investigation, and they came to conclusion that it was a real human like creature who left the footprints.
And there were many reports from the neighbouring Kemerovo region for last several years about hominoids' activities there, and their foot prints were found there and even themselves were taken to the mobile phone cam by a school-boys in January, 2013
Igor Burtsev, Moscow, Russia
It's the Siberian amazonas patrolling keeping the Kim Kardashian fat ass religious movement at bay. ;)
Vaeltaja, Finland
Yes, I am very tall man. I am big and with much hair. Grey hair. I am old man. Sometimes I hunt mushrooms there. I like barefoot. Sorry. My wife is sometimes afraid also.
Igor, Eryomino, Russia
Doesn't quite fit the shape of a bear print
Mat, Bush
No Question it was Yeti
This is a race of Giant Wild Men with special Powers that exist all over the World
I believe that they are an Human Angelic Hybred
Michael Sprague, Markham , Ontario Canada
If it's a bear print what happened to it's claws.
Paddlebot 5000, Seattle, USA
Please don't let anyone harm this man. He is a human.
Morgan, Fairfax, California United States
Looks like a bear print to me. And I'm a believer.
Wee Liam, Henrico, USA
Cloned laika dog supermum gives birth to her second litter of 7 puppies in 7 months
Kerechene was laboratory-made in South Korea by scientists who also want to genetically engineer the return of the woolly mammoth.
Forgotten or abandoned at airport by owners, Malysh the black dog is looking for new home
The friendly stray was found by staff of Khabarovsk airport in the Far East of Russia.
Hunting dog helped find unconscious girl who left home after an argument with parents
Ten year old child was rescued dehydrated and frostbitten 30 hours after she vanished.
Armed man kills court official, wounds witness in Novokuznetsk
The shooter was invited to make a peace deal with his opponent minutes before the attack.
Doctors use strong magnet to rescue toddler who swallowed 31 magnetic beads
Medics call for ban on such toys, saying damage from them is similar to bullet wounds.
Huge Amur tiger filmed approaching fishermen’s car in the Far East of Russia
Inquisitive cat - the world’s largest - showed no sign of aggression of fear as it walked out of the woods.
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Sheilalovesnascar's Weblog
NASCAR opinions, race reviews, comments, NASCAR Racing
NASCAR Race Review: VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200
Welcome NASCAR race fans to my NASCAR blog. The NASCAR Nationwide Series raced their ninth race of the season, VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200 at Darlington Raceway in Darlington, SC. Friday night. Qualifying was earlier on Fast Friday, with Nationwide driver Ricky Stenhouse, Jr. on the Pole with a speed of 173.546 mph and 28.336 seconds around this 1.366 mile egg-shaped oval. Sprint Cup driver Denny Hamlin, in the Sport Clips car, starts next to him on the front row. The guys in the booth all pick their favorite Sprint Cup driver to win the race, even though this is a Nationwide race. There are many drivers here at Darlington Raceway for the first time at this track “too tough to tame”. 88 Cole Whitt and 99 Travis Pastrano crashed into the wall during qualifying and will start the race from the rear in backup cars.
6 Ricky Stenhouse, Jr. starts the race on the inside and moves past 18 Denny Hamlin to lead from the Pole. On Lap 2 the first caution comes out. 36 Ryan Blaney gets going too fast and slides up into the wall, and sends 51 Jeremy Clements sideways. Others get together behind them.
6 again restarts on the inside and moves up in front of 18. 38 Kasey Kahne and 31 Justin Allgaier race side by side and 38 gets by. 33 Brendan Gaughan and 22 Brad Keselowski race side by side and 22 gets by. 11 Brian Scott drives under 31. 22 drives under 31. 2 Elliott Sadler gets by 3 Austin Dillon for fourth. 18 challenges for the lead and 6 lets him by. 20 Joey Logano drives under 2 for fourth.
The second caution comes out when 01 Mike Wallace blows a tire in front of 6 and heads for the wall with much sparks. 31 makes a pit stop with the hood up. 18 and 20 come out of the pits first and they race for the lead at the restart. 20 takes the lead. 18 drives under 20 to take the lead.
The third caution comes out when 50 T. J. Bell was trying to get between 39 Josh Richards and 31. 39 wouldn’t let him in and 50 hits the outside wall, down the track and into the inside wall. 99 Travis Pastrano gets back onto the lead lap.
At the restart, 18 and 20 race each other for the lead and 54 Kurt Busch drives under them to take the lead. After a few laps 18 takes the lead back. 6 gets by 20 for third. 12 Sam Hornish, Jr. lets team mate 22 by for sixth. 6 gets by 54 for second. 6 gets sideways into a lapped car and 54 gets by. 22 and 6 start Green Flag Pitting. 18 pits and 54 leads. 54 pits and 20 leads. 20 pits and 33 leads. 33 pits and 31 leads. 18 takes the lead driving between a lap car and 31. 22 gets by 3. 2 is overheating.
20 drives under 54 for second as 54 has a tire going down. 54 smacks into the wall, bringing out the fourth caution. 2 takes two tires to lead the race. 20 drives under 18 for second. 08 Matt Frahm is smoking and heads for the garage. 18 and 20 race for second and 18 gets by.
18 challenges 2 for the lead as the fifth caution comes out with ten laps to go when 33 gets into the wall. 41 Timmy Hill gets his lap back. 2 restarts on the inside again as they restart with five laps to go. The sixth caution comes out at the restart. 20 in third, instead of pushing 2 to lead, turns left sending 2 across 18 into the wall. (Once again the Sprint Cup drivers take out the Nationwide championship contenders trying to win a Nationwide race.)
18 was leading at the last loop and is declared the leader, even though 20 took the lead when he crashed 2 out. 99 Travis Pastrano is again the Lucky Dog. This will be a Green White Checker Finish. 22 pushes 20 into the lead and he holds off 18 for the win. 20 Joey Logano wins the VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200 at Darlington Raceway, his second straight Nationwide victory. (Logano takes Elliot Sadler’s trophy. What a great Nationwide driver Joey is!)
So, Sprint Cup drivers finish the Nationwide race in the first three spots, with Logano winning, Hamlin second and Keselowski third. Sam Hornish, Jr. finished fourth, followed by Austin Dillon, Ricky Stenhouse, Jr., Brian Scott, (Sprint Cup driver) Kurt Busch, James Buescher and Cole Whitt for the top ten.
Logano’s taking Elliott Sadler out puts him 23 points behind Championship points leader, Ricky Stenhouse, Jr. (Hopefully other Sprint Cup drivers will not take him out and he can make up points in races to come.) Austin Dillon remains in third, Sam Hornish, Jr. remains in fourth, Cole Whitt stays in fifth, Michael Annette stays in sixth and Justin Allgaier remains in seventh. Mike Bliss, Joe Nemechek and Danica Patrick each move up a spot for the top ten, as Tayler Malsam falls three spots into eleventh.
And now my commentary. This race only had 43 cars entered. Five of them were Sprint Cup drivers. They say NASCAR race fans only watch Nationwide races if Sprint Cup drivers are in the race. This NASCAR race fan says fans do not come to Nationwide races instead of Sprint Cup races to see the Sprint Cup drivers. The fans that are there for the Nationwide race are fans that are there for the weekend and get to see the Sprint Cup drivers the following day. The Nationwide race should be about Nationwide drivers going for their Championship. Not about which Sprint Cup driver will win the Nationwide race. Nor about which Sprint Cup driver will take out Nationwide drivers to win these Nationwide races. Granted, it would not have been a full race this time without them, but I fail to understand why they have to take out Nationwide Championship contenders to win Nationwide races. Perhaps the Sprint Cup drivers should start these Nationwide races from the rear of the field, instead of taking over the Nationwide races. Joey Logano took out Elliott Sadler to win the Nationwide race. Sadler was leading the race. Had he gone on to win, he would be leading the points. Instead, Logano wins the race and Sadler falls way behind. Perhaps Logano should drop down to Nationwide so he can win races and Championships. I suppose Sprint Cup drivers liven up the Minor League races, but they should not be allowed to take out drivers racing for Championship points to win Minor League races. Have them start from the rear so we can watch these Pros race their way to the front. It’s no fun watching Sprint Cup drivers start out front, lead most of the laps and win these Minor League races. Especially if they take out championship points contenders to do so. Let them take each other out in Sprint Cup, not in the Minor Leagues.This NASCAR race fan would much rather see Nationwide drivers in these races. Perhaps Nationwide owners should find Nationwide drivers to drive their Nationwide cars, not Sprint Cup drivers.
Brought to you by Sheila Hawley. I Love NASCAR racing.
Tags:Darlington Raceway, Green Flag Pitting, Green White Checker Finish, NASCAR blog, NASCAR Nationwide Series, NASCAR race fans, NASCAR race review, NASCAR racing, Nationwide drivers, Nationwide race, Sprint Cup drivers, VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200
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Fast Friday At Darlington Raceway
Welcome NASCAR race fans to my NASCAR blog. NASCAR is racing close to home this Mothers’ Day weekend at the Darlington Raceway in Darlington, NC. Darlington Raceway is the “track too tough to tame” and the “Lady in Black”, as this track is shaped like an egg and very narrow. Most drivers end up with a “Darlington stripe” by the end of the race because you have to drive so close to the wall that most drivers get into the wall and get their Darlington stripe. By the end of the race, the wall is all black. At Darlington Raceway, the drivers must race the track and not each other.
The first practice session for the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race, the Bojangles’ Southern 500 was held on Fast Friday. Kevin Harvick was the fastest in the first practice. He will be the last one out for Coors LightPole Qualifying later on Fast Friday. A. J. Allmendinger was fastest in final practice.
The NASCAR Nationwide Series also had practice for the VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200 race. Kurt Busch was fastest in the first practice and will go out last in qualifying. 43 cars are entered in this race, so no one will have to go home.Ricky Stenhouse, Jr. captured the Pole position with a speed of 173.546 mph and 28.336 seconds around this 1.366 mile track Denny Hamlin will start next to him on the front row for the race Friday night.
Coors Light Pole Qualifying also took place on this Fast Friday for the Bojangles’ Southern 500 Sprint Cup race. Danica Patrick, who was slowest in the first practice, came out first. Kevin Harvick came out last and had a bad run. Greg Biffle captured the Pole with a speed of 180.257 mph and 27.281 seconds. Jimmie Johnson and Kasey Kahne timed in with the same speed and will start the race in second and third. Mike Bliss, Scott Riggs, Stephen Leicht and Michael McDowell failed to make the race.
The Nationwide race was also run on Fast Friday. I will give a review later. Cole Whitt and Travis Pastrano hit the wall while qualifying and will be starting the race from the rear in back-up cars.
Tags:Bojangles' Southern 500, Coors Light Pole Qualifying, Darlington Raceway, Fast Friday, NASCAR blog, NASCAR Nationwide Series, NASCAR race fans, NASCAR racing, NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200
Posted in Comments, NASCAR racing, NASCAR Tracks | 1 Comment »
NASCAR This Weekend
Welcome NASCAR race fans to my NASCAR blog. This weekend is Mothers’ Day and NASCAR will be racing close to home at the Darlington Raceway. This is a 1.366 mile egg-shaped oval track that is so hard to race, it has been given a couple of nicknames. “The Lady in black” is one of them. The track is so narrow, they drive close to the wall and Darlington Raceway seems to have a magnet to draw the cars to the wall. You aren’t racing if you don’t have your “Darlington stripe”. For most race tracks, you race 42 other drivers. At Darlington, you race the track. Darlington Raceway is also known as “the track too tough to tame”.
Back in “the day” there were two races at Darlington. One in the Spring and the Southern 500 on Labor Day weekend. The Southern 500 was one of the “Crown Jewels” of NASCAR. In it’s infinite wisdom, NASCAR decided to give that Labor Day weekend to California instead, as it was a better market in California. Supposedly NASCAR race fans would rather travel to California than stay close to the East coast. I guess to get more NASCAR race fans to the West coast. That didn’t work out. It turns out NASCAR race fans would rather go to Darlington Raceway, with it’s great racing and unique track.
Darlington Raceway used to be hard on the tires because the track was paved with seashells in it. It has since been repaved so that the tires last longer. Last year Regan Smith won the race by staying out on the track after the last caution and holding off Carl Edwards on old tires. That was Smith’s first NASCAR Sprint Cup victory.
This weekend the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series will race the Bojangles’ Southern 500 on Saturday night so the drivers can be with their wives and Mothers on Sunday. NASCAR Nationwide Series will be racing the VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200 on Saturday night. Somehow, for this NASCAR race fan, it just isn’t the same as it was on Labor Day weekend. Vivid Seats has NASCAR tickets and tickets for most Sporting Events.
I came across a site that reviews Sports Stadiums. Thought my readers might be interested.
Tags:Bojangles' Southern 500, Darlington Raceway, NASCAR, NASCAR blog, NASCAR Nationwide Series, NASCAR race fans, NASCAR racing, NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, Southern 500, VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200
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NASCAR Race Review: Aaron’s 499
Welcome NASCAR race fans to my NASCAR blog. The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was in Alabama this weekend for the Aaron’s 499 race at the Talladega Superspeedway. Talladega Superspeedway is a massive 2.66 mile track that lends itself to high speeds with no letting off of the throttle. It also lends itself to multi-car pile-ups because they are going so fast, inches apart. NASCAR mandates a restrictor-plate on the cars to cut horsepower and therefore, speed. They race around in large packs three wide, many deep. Which lends itself to spectacular crashing. The drivers figured out that if you get a partner to push you around the track, you can outrun the pack. NASCAR race fans like their crashing, so NASCAR is doing what it can to bring back the pack racing and not have them racing two by two for very long by changing the opening in the grill so they will overheat sooner. (I have to wonder how they will be able to race in a pack if they will be overheating in the middle of the pack.)
Coors Light Pole Qualifying took place on Saturday and 24 Jeff Gordon tried a different line around the track and captured the Pole with a speed of 191.624 mph and 49.973 seconds around the track. 22 A. J. Allmendinger will start on the front row with him. J. J. Yeley was the lone driver that did not qualify for the Aaron’s 499 race. Every six years on May 6, Dale Earnhardt, Jr. wins the race. This race is on May 6. Can he keep this record up? You don’t want to be leading on the last lap, as the driver pushing you will let go and beat you to the Line. There have been a lot of first time winners at Talladega Superspeedway. Will another driver win for the first time? They are drying the track as the race is set to start. Comedian Ron White starts the engines.
So, here we go! 24 Jeff Gordon starts the race on the outside, 9 Marcos Ambrose with 39 Ryan Newman pushing gets by 24. 17 Matt Kenseth pushes 14 Tony Stewart to lead the first lap. 39 leads the outside lane. 29 Kevin Harvick is on the outside, moving forward.
The first caution comes out when 78 Regan Smith, running in a tight pack, has the engine let go. 17 and 14 come out of the pits first. 22 A. J. Allmendinger is too fast on pit road. 15 Clint Bowyer stalls the car and has to reset everything to get it going. 38 David Gilliland is caught speeding. 93 Travis Kvapil and 27 Paul Menard each led a lap before heading to pit road.
17 restarts on the outside with team mate 16 Greg Biffle right behind. They move down to lead the race. 9 pushes 14 and 14 drops behind leader 17. They are racing four wide in the pack! 48 Jimmie Johnson is leading the middle line. 9 gets stuck on top with no help. 11 Denny Hamlin pushes 55 Michael Waltrip into the lead. 11 gets out of line and finds himself in 14th place. 39 is overheating and heads for the pits. It is an oil pump, so he goes to the garage. 48 and 55 race for the lead with the two lines coming together. 88 Dale Earnhardt, Jr. pushes 48 into the lead and they both move to the inside lane. 17 takes the lead, moves up to 24 and they both go down in front of 48. 11 makes a pit stop by himself. The stop is too slow and he goes a lap down.
Others pit together to start Green Flag Pitting. 31 Jeff Burton leads a lap before pitting. 48 leads after the pitting. 48 is blowing up with another oil pump problem and heads for the garage. 88 leads the way to the delight of the fans. 17 drives under 88 to take the lead. 24 is in the middle of the pack with the water gage flashing. (Looks like trying to get rid of the tandem racing is only causing problems in the pack.)
5 Kasey Kahne takes the lead and they are back to pack racing. 17 takes the lead. 5 takes the lead back. 42 Juan Pablo Montoya takes the lead. 2 Brad Keselowski and 22 pit together to start Green Flag Pitting again. 27 leads a lap before pitting. 29 is leading after the pitting. 16 takes the lead. 51 Kurt Busch in the Ricky Bobby paint scheme takes the lead. (The crew chief announces: new leader, Ricky Bobby.) 17 takes the lead. 16 gets by 51 for second. 51 retakes the lead and moves down. 17 and 16 get by 51 for the lead. 16 gets shuffled back. 29 is on top slowing down. 31 runs out of fuel. They start another round of Green Flag Pitting. 51 is on the apron, out of fuel.
The second caution is The Big One. 47 Bobby Labonte runs out of gas with 18 leading. Everyone bunches up. 43 Aric Almirola is on the bottom and moves up into 36 Dave Blaney and 42. 56 Martin Truex, Jr. gets caught in it and slides down into 24 who is low to avoid the mess. 20 Joey Logano, 32 Terry Labonte, 93, 83 Landon Cassill and 99 Carl Edwards are also caught up in it. 43 was out of fuel on the apron and tried to get back up onto the track. (Are you happy now, NASCAR race fans?) 27 comes off pit road as the caution comes out to lead. 17, 9 and 51 pit before pit road is open and will have to restart dead last.
They restart with 38 laps to go. 2 takes the lead. 11 takes the lead. 17 pushes 13 Casey Mears into the lead. 11 retakes the lead. 13 leads. 11 is back in the lead. 15 takes the lead. 11 takes the lead back. 2 pushes 17 into the lead. The third caution comes out when 13 has a tire going down and wobbles in front of 9, spins and comes down the track and clips 21 Trevor Bayne. 5 manages to get by. 29 Kevin Harvick gets his lap back. 31 stays on the lead lap.
They restart with nine laps to go and 17 leading. 29 pushes 14 on the outside. The fourth caution comes out when 51 gets bumped in the corner by 2. He slides down the infield and into the wall. The caution comes out while he is sliding. He drives down pit road, going the wrong way. The B-post holding the window net on 17 is cracked.
They restart the race with four laps to go and the fifth caution comes out on the restart. 17 is on the outside with 16 right behind. 11 moves to the middle and 22 tries to block, spinning 27. 29 gets into 1 Jamie McMurray. 55 gets into 20. 15 and 55 get together. 88 gets by. 5 once again gets by, his third miss. 2 is worried about fuel and drives on the apron. 11 car is falling apart from a tire rub. 17 has fender damage.
This will be the first attempt at a Green White Checker Finish with 17 leading on the outside. 16 pushes 17 and they both go to the bottom. 18 pushes 2 on the outside past 17 and 16 who get disconnected, so aren’t close enough to each other to try to fight for the lead.
The White Flag comes out with 2 leading. 18 figures he will win, as he is pushing the leader and can pull out at the last second to win. (Like Joey did to him on Saturday.) As they come around the fourth corner, 2 turns left to break the connection and takes off, leaving 18 too far away to challenge.
2 Brad Keselowski wins the Aaron’s 499 at Talladega Superspeedway. No one remembers who finished second. Nineteen cars were taken out in this race. So, I guess it was a great show for the fans. There were sixteen different leaders, with 17 Kenseth leading the most. 194 laps had to be raced, making it the Aaron’s 516!
2 Keselowski was followed by 18 Kyle Busch, 17 Matt Kenseth, 5 Kasey Kahne, 16 Greg Biffle, 15 Clint Bowyer, 34 David Ragan, 21 Trevor Bayne, 88 Dale Earnhardt, Jr. and 31 Jeff Burton for the top ten. In Championship points, Greg Biffle remains in first place, seven points ahead of Matt Kenseth who moved up two spots after leading the most laps and finishing third. Dale Earnhardt, Jr. and Denny Hamlin each fall a spot to third and fourth, while Kevin Harvick climbs two spots into fifth. Martin Truex, Jr. and Tony Stewart swap sixth and seventh places. Jimmie Johnson falls two spots into eighth. Kyle Busch and Clint Bowyer each move up two spots into ninth and tenth. Carl Edwards falls two spots, out of the top ten, into eleventh and Brad Keselowski moves up one place into the top twelve.
Tags:Aaron's 499, Coors Light Pole Qualifying, Green Flag Pitting, Green White Checker Finish, NASCAR blog, NASCAR race fans, NASCAR race review, NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, Talladega Superspeedway
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Welcome NASCAR race fans to my NASCAR blog. The NASCAR Nationwide Series raced the Aaron’s 312 race on Saturday at the Talladega Superspeedway in Alabama. This massive 2.66 mile track is known for spectacular crashing while they race in packs three wide, many deep. Lately, the drivers figured out that if they double up, they can go much faster than the pack can. And that leads to less crashing. So NASCAR made changes to the grill so that the cars would heat up more quickly so that they would not be able to push another car for as long.
Qualifying for the Aaron’s 312 was canceled when rain came on Thursday, leaving more time on the track for practice. The lineup is owner points, putting Elliott Sadler and Ricky Stenhouse, Jr. on the front row. There was a short rain before the race so that the start had to be delayed to dry the track. 117 laps around the 2.66 mile Talladega Superspeedway is 312 miles.
So, here we go! 2 Elliott Sadler and 6 Ricky Stenhouse, Jr. race for the lead and 2 leads the first lap with 18 Joey Logano pushing. When they make the switch, 33 Kevin Harvick takes the lead with help from 38 Brad Sweet. 54 Kyle Busch pushes 30 James Buescher into the lead. 87 Joe Nemechek pushes 3 Austin Dillon into the lead. 5 Dale Earnhardt, Jr. pushes 30 into the lead. 01 Mike Wallace pushes brother 99 Kenny Wallace. 1 Kurt Busch pushes brother 54.99 pushes 01 into the lead.
70 Johanna Long overheats and heads for the pits, bringing out the first caution a few laps later to check the track for fluids. 6 stays out to lead. (Allen Bestwick says this is “the first and only caution so far”!) In the pits 1 takes off with the gas can still attached and has to start in the rear. 6 makes his pit stop after leading a lap and comes out of the pits above the yellow line instead of bellow it.
87 pushes 5 into the lead. 2 pushes 18 between other cars and into the lead. The second caution comes out when 1 turns 11 Brian Scott to spin him and collect 39 Josh Richards, 89 Morgan Shepherd and 81 Jason Bowles. 3 gets stuck in his pit and has to back up to exit. He came in to fix the nose damage. A few drivers come in to top off the fuel.
5 leads with 7 Danica Patrick right behind. 31 Justin Allgaier is the odd man out in the middle and falling back. 2 pushes 18 into the lead while the camera is on 1 coming up through the pack. The top ten are all single file. Team mates 12 Sam Hornish, Jr. and 22 Brad Keselowski are hanging out in the back, to avoid possible crashing. 2 hooks 18 sideways and he makes a great save as no one was there to crash into. 99 pushes 01 into the lead. When they separate, 5 takes the lead.
31 pits as the third caution comes out. 38 spins himself out with 01 behind him, collecting 14 Eric McClure and 24 John Wes Townley. 3 and 88 Cole Whitt are on the front row. 39 Josh Richards gets back onto the lead lap. 31 was caught speeding. 5 pushes 88 into the lead. 99 with 01 takes the lea. 2 takes the lead. 6 pushes 7 into the lead. 87 pushes 5 into the lead. 1 is in the pits with the hood up after overheating to add more water. 54 pushes 33 into the lead.
The fourth caution comes out when 39 blows a tire and spins. 12 stays out to lead a lap. 51 Jeremy Clements takes the wave around. 7 pushes 33 into the lead. 2 pushes 18 into the lead. 99 pushes 54 into the lead. 2 is overheating from pushing. 12 takes the lead with help from 22. When they separate 54 takes the lead by going between them with 5 right behind.
The fifth caution comes out when 2 is pushing 44 Mike Bliss. Damage on the 2 bumper snags 44 and he spins. 2 comes in for repairs. 31, in 16th comes to the pits while the top fifteen stay out. They restart with four laps to go. The sixth caution comes out when 15 Jeffrey Earnhardt gets loose and 4 Danny Efland and 01 spin behind him. 2 manages to maneuver around them. 1 Kurt Busch gets back onto the lead lap. (And they are all talking about how he can now win the race.)
The restart is the first Green, White, Checker attempt. 54 is on the top and 87 on the bottom. Before they get to the White Flag there is a seventh caution. 18 is pushing 54, leading. They block 43 Michael Annett, who turns 33 and collects 23 Robert Richardson, 19 Tayler Malsam and 7. 14 hits hard into the inside wall and has to be extracted from the car and air lifted to the Hospital, after barrel rolling 6 1/2 times and landing on his side. (Is this the kind of excitement the NASCAR race fans long to see?) There is a Red Flag to get Eric out of the car. 18 ran 43 out of room to start the excitement.
This restart is the second attempt at a Green White Checker Finish. (There can be up to three.) 54 and 87 are leading. 12 runs 7 into the wall. 18 pushes 54 ahead. 12, 87 and 3 get together. 18 gets next to 54 at the tri-oval, 54 goes below the yellow line to try to beat 18 to the Finish Line.
18 Joey Logano wins the Aaron’s 312 by inches over 54 Kyle Busch. 6 Ricky Stenhouse, Jr. comes in third, followed by 88 Cole Whitt, 5 Dale Earnhardt, Jr., 1 Kurt Busch, 30 James Buescher, 31 Justin Allgaier, 99 Kenny Wallace and 2 Elliott Sadler for the top ten. In Championship points, Ricky Stenhouse, Jr. takes over the lead by 5 points over Elliott Sadler. Austin Dillon and Sam Hornish, Jr. stay in third and fourth. Cole Whitt and Michael Annett trade fifth and sixth. Justin Allgaier and Tayler Malsam stay in seventh and eighth while Mike Bliss and Joe Nemechek trade ninth and tenth.
The NASCAR race fans wanted pack racing and all the spectacular crashing and NASCAR did what they had to, to give it to them. But, as you see, the drivers still raced two by two. The spectacular crashing still took place in the pack. But all the lead changes were two by two racing. So, this NASCAR race fan has to ask. Was it a great race with all the crashing, or a boring race with all the lead changes and only seven cautions?
Tags:Aaron's 312, Green White Checker Finish, NASCAR blog, NASCAR Nationwide Series, NASCAR race fans, NASCAR race review, NASCAR racing, Talladega Superspeedway
Posted in Comments, NASCAR racing, NASCAR Tracks, opinion, Race Review | 1 Comment »
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Vehicle Model: MX6 Remove This Item
Quaife ATB Differentials (1)
Differentials (1)
Differential Type
Quaife ATB (1)
Tran-X LSD (0)
Vehicle Manufacturer
Call the Quaife Team on +44 (0) 1732 741144 Mon to Thu 9am-5.30pm, Fri 9am-3.30pm
Supplied as original equipment to the Ford Motor Company for the 300bhp Ford Focus RS, the Quaife automatic torque biasing (ATB) helical gear limited slip differential (LSD) is a direct replacement for your car’s factory ‘open’ unit.
Backed with the peace of mind of a lifetime warranty*, the Quaife ATB helical gear limited slip differential is fully automatic and progressive in operation and unlike plate style units the Quaife ATB never locks, but seamlessly and smooth transfers power and torque away from a spinning wheel to the wheel enjoying the most traction.
In practice this significantly reduces torque steer, understeer and steering ‘snatch’ in front wheel drive applications compared to a plate style limited slip differential.
On the road and track this translates into reduced wheelspin and torque steer, less understeer during cornering and improved straight line acceleration. On the track the Quaife ATB cuts lap times dramatically and improves standing quarter performance.
Perfectly suited to high power front drive cars, but equally at home in rear and four wheel drive vehicles, the Quaife ATB helical gear limited slip differential is a direct replacement for the original factory ‘open’ unit and requires no special oils or servicing.
Successfully used in all forms of motorsport including F1, rallying, circuit racing, truck racing, rallycross and drifting, the Quaife ATB helical gear limited slip differential has been chosen by Ford, General Motors and Daimler-Chrysler as original equipment fitment on some of the finest high performance front wheel drive passenger cars of recent years.
CAD designed and CNC machined in the UK to ISO9001 standards using Corus steel billets, over 100,000 Quaife ATB units have been sold since the mid 1980’s and are still in circulation globally.
*Warranty excludes any differential purchased and used anywhere in the United States of America, (including its territories and dependencies), Canada or Mexico.
1 Item(s) View 6 12 24 All per page
G-Type Trans QUAIFE ATB Helical LSD Differential
ex.VAT | QDF6F
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News Roundup: Sharrows
Posted on October 6, 2009 October 6, 2009 by Martin H. Duke
"Beautiful Lobby", by Mike Bjork
A whole bunch of stories we didn’t get to over the past week:
Sharrows are supposed to make the road safer for cyclists, but if SDOT has to explain what they mean perhaps they’re not doing the job.
Bellevue plans 80 miles of bike lanes. No money is attached.
Everybody except Richard Conlin thinks the SLUT was a mistake. Go Richard!
Incongruously, Seattle City Council approves First Hill Streetcar agreement.
The TNT has an excellent primer on the Tacoma berm controversy. Ben offered his opinion here.
Sherwin Lee has the definitive rebuttal of Kemper Freeman’s anti-rail arguments.
U-Pass alledgedly no longer a good deal for most UW students, but that’s if you don’t take the bus very much. At $33/month it’s still considerably cheaper than even a $1.75 bus pass ($63).
Four new Community Transit board members.
Post-mortems on the Southeast Seattle transit forum. I previewed this meeting here.
Intercity Transit opened the Martin Way Park and Ride on September 30.
Burien Transit Center to get 503-stall parking garage by end of next year to replace the 334 currently there.
Lance Dickie is excited about Swift. I agree, but it is not a “train on rubber tires.”
Man hit by bus in Everett, sues Sound Transit. More proof that buses should only be allowed to operate in grade-separated roadways.
Ferry fares going up to $6.90/$11.85.
Vancouver, BC looking at at-grade light rail for the Evergreen Line.
Des Moines and Seatac fighting over their preferred Link alignments.
CategoriesUncategorized TagsMetro, News roundup, Seattle, Sound Transit, Sounder
53 Replies to “News Roundup: Sharrows”
evergreen line: first planned as skytrain, then LRT, then skytrain, now LRT
RobertSeattle says:
Noticed there is a mini “early bird” parking garage price war going on downtown at 2nd and Union – early bird parking is only $8 at Benaroya and the Chase Building as well as the really old above ground parking garage across the street.
John Jensen says:
What a gorgeous picture of the Beacon Hill station. That thing is a marvel.
Martin H. Duke says:
Yeah, I hadn’t noticed the indirect lighting and the matching colors in the floor.
Thank you! I regret not moving the cone.
Andrew Smith says:
I hope BC doens’t go with the at-grade line. The Canada Line is mind-blowingly great, and since it’s all automatic, it has relatively low operating costs.
Aleks says:
I’m curious: why are any newly-constructed lines (LINK, for example) not automatic? Clearly the technology is there, and it scales (it’s used to good effect in both medium-sized airports and Paris). Is it just much more expensive to build? Do unions protest?
I think at-grade alignments and automatic don’t work well together. Human beings need to be there to see whats happening and to brake.
It’s exactly because of the Rainier Valley alignment and any other at-grade segments we’ll have with ST2. If some maniac decides to ignore train priority and cross, the operator will have a few nanoseconds to hit the brakes. I’m not sure how far automated trains go in detecting objects littered along the right-of-way (and using automatic braking) but that would probably compromise our system here because of those blasted grade crossings.
Oran Viriyincy says:
SkyTrain and Canada Line have sensors that detect intruders on the track, at platforms at least. The sensors were pretty obvious on the Canada Line. They were at the ends of platforms. I heard that they had to disable that system during last years’ snow.
They also have a ton of cameras and a control center, obviously not looking at everything all at once, but I saw a video of it on a BC local TV show once.
I wonder if there is any benefit to partially automate some aspects. It’s like cruise control. You push the button to accelerate smoothly back to speed. You can always hit the brakes to cancel. I know Link has speed control but having assisted acceleration would help. I think SF Muni Metro does this.
I was under the impression that the tukwila section was automated.
Brian Bundridge says:
Nope, it’s all manual/operated. Very few use the cruise control feature.
Oh that’s too bad. Cruise control on a train sounds like great fun! The segment is pretty short, though.
Fun fact!
Certain Amtrak locomotives have cruise control. Freight locomotives also have this feature but I believe it is only good for below 5mph.
If they built it to be cheap now, they’ll really regret it in the future. The forced transfer to the SkyTrain and slow at-grade running will really make it unappealing.
Ben Schiendelman says:
What’s especially astounding is that the stub and switches *are already installed* from the Millennium Line. Interlining would be simple, and provide direct service to the Broadway corridor as that line is built, as well as a single transfer to downtown instead of either a long out-of-the-way loop or two transfers.
I had no idea that was the case! Seems like a no brainer.
alexjonlin says:
First of all, I’ve found that sharrows have helped. Although they don’t give you your own lane, they show the drivers that you have a right to be there.
The biggest news that I saw in here is that they say the S. 200th Station could open in 2013. I know they briefly mentioned something like that last year, but I thought that was no longer on the table.
Chris Stefan says:
That will be terribly cool if it is the case. A nice little extension opening between Airport Link and U Link.
Phantom says:
If the purpose of sharrows is to remind cars and bicyclists to “share the road”, then they should be mandatory any time SDOT paints a street, anywhere, on any arterial.
joshuadf says:
I agree. They just sharrowed Ravenna Pl, a little road north of the Burke near 25th Ave NE. I swear drivers have been less aggressive because they see that bike painted on the road. Now if only they could sharrow Brooklyn and 20th Ave NE.
I’m guessing you mean Ravenna Ave. I looked it up on Google Maps and there is a Ravenna Pl but it’s a half-block long right-turn lane from 55th to Ravenna Ave
Nope, that’s the one. Diagonal from 55th to Blakeley. The new bike map has it the right color and everything. Ravenna Pl is arguably the best way to get from the Burke-Gilman up the hill through Ravenna Park, but you have to cross 55th at that awful 5-way intersection.
Huh. Does this mean stops along the route to Federal Way are going to open as they’re built (and the track is laid)? I don’t know why, but I was always under the impression they were all opening at once, in 10-15 years or whatever. Opening piecemeal would certainly do wonders for increasing ridership and generating support for more lines (West Seattle, etc.) in the short term.
Thanks for linking to my rebuttal, Martin. I just updated it to cite John’s last post about transit share, which I didn’t quite explain enough. It came at an opportune time!
Gordy says:
Nice work there, Sherwin.
I notice John Niles is still flailing around on the comment thread.
http://blog.seattlepi.com/progressivelyunsuburban/archives/181021.asp
What to do about rush hour(s) congestion? Why not follow the John Niles / Kemper Freeman method? Just dump thousands of more 60 foot articulated buses on already jammed streets, arterials, ramps and freeways!
If Niles supported REAL BRT, he would support at least minimal grade separation. But since Niles is all about “on the cheap transit” + “build my boss’ mega-freeway$”, his ideas are relegated to the ridiculous / disingenuous bin.
Niles opposed the DSTT before it was built, which gives you an idea of what his notion of BRT really is.
Kenneth Parker says:
I like on the cheap transit, done right. HOV diamonds are cheap.
Kemper is just missing the next step.
Add thousands of 60 foot articulated buses on already jammed streets, arterials, ramps, and freeways.
Start converting lanes to HOV until the busses aren’t stuck in traffic.
Tim Whittome says:
Buried in the piece on the SLUT above is that both Mallahan and McGinn also think it was a silly idea. Why can’t they and others who oppose it withold judgement until both the South Lake Union Park is complete next summer and construction is complete on the Amazon.com headquarters. In addition, wait for the Mercer Mess to be resolved. Until such time, none can say that the streetcar has been a disaster. The TOD isn’t fully complete yet in that corridor.
I was at the Seattle Library forum debate last night but had to leave early to catch Bob Dylan playing at the WAMU Center and as I would have predicted, McGinn was at his worst and Mallahan at his best on the tunnel option to replace the viaduct. Beyond this issue, neither candidate had anything special or interesting to say and sorry, Ben, but this is not shaping up to be a great year for Seattle politics.
As I said on a previous comment thread, the SLUT is in no way a failure anyways, as if you put it in with the bus routes, it would have the 6th or 7th highest ridership per mile. When the park, MOHAI, and Amazon open it’ll be the top.
I think there’s a good reason none of the transit agencies use ridership per mile as a published metric or a way to determine route effectiveness. Try running the numbers for the Beacon Hill Station elevator. You’d come to the conclusion you need a hundred of them; which would make them about as cost effective and under utilized as the SLU streetcar. The McLaren F1 isn’t a failure but it’s not a cost effective way to get from point A to point B.
I don’t understand the elevator thing… But I think ridership per mile in this instance does make sense. If you took the bus boardings in that area each day, it would be much less.
nah, walking from the Westlake station will still be faster for most people working for Amazon. And the tracks they laid are a disaster for the bicycle riding employees. The SLUT is a complete failure when you judge it by cost/service.
Walking might end up being faster including the wait time but still lots of people take it because a lot of people don’t like walking for whatever reason. The tracks laid are only a disaster for bicycle riding employees if they insist on riding on Westlake/Terry. There are plenty of alternatives.
Zed says:
The tracks are only a disaster for really poor cyclists who probably shouldn’t be riding in the street anyways. I routinely ride on Westlake and it’s really not that big of a deal.
Thank you, Zed. As someone who bikes that area once or twice a week (with 700×25 tires), I fail to see what the hullabaloo is all about.
Well the tracks are kind of annoying to deal with as you try to keep the idiots in the SUV’s from running you down. In the future I’d like to see one of the following done with any rail laid in mixed traffic lanes:
1. Center running
2. Bikeways/lanes as proposed in some of the streetcar planning documents.
3. Some form of rubber groove or gap fillers.
FYI, depending on where you’re going, 9th (one block west) is a much nicer ride once north of Denny.
I totally agree that any future streetcar lines should be center running. In addition to interfacing better with cyclists, it is better for the streetcar because it keeps the streetcar from getting stuck behind right-turning vehicles or illegally parked vehicles.
Yeah, I wasn’t saying there isn’t room for improvement next time around, I just don’t see how anyone could call the tracks a “disaster” for cyclists. Based on what I had heard before riding over there, I half expected the road to open up and swallow my front wheel whole or something. What I encountered was perhaps less than ideal, but certainly manageable.
And +1 on center-running streetcars, unless they have a separated lane to the side.
Walking is not faster, and yes I sometimes do either walk or take the SLUT to get to work from Westlake Station. Assuming you’re an abled person, it’s about the same amount of time if you have a short wait. If you just missed a trolley it might be faster to walk. They’re also closing one block of Westlake to traffic which should help quite a bit.
There are also the intangible benefits of level boarding, a clear route, and being out of the weather. I remember the first meeting I had at SBRI on Westlake a few years ago and I thought it would just take a couple minutes to walk down there. Looks so close on the map. Wrong! On the other hand, this summer I did often walk for the benefit of being out in the nice weather.
And again, over 1300 riders per day makes it a middling Metro route but by no means low performing. As alexjonlin pointed out it’s very short so per mile it’s impressive. However as I’m sure Bernie will mention again it is expensive because there’s a streetcar base supporting just one route, and it doesn’t look like we’ll be getting the Central Streetcar extension any time soon.
The South Lake Union Streetcar line (I refuse to call it the you-know-what) needs an extension west to reach main commercial venues – Pike Place Market, Westlake Mall – and cross main transit corridors. The terminus on Westlake is just plain dumb and looks bad.
I favor one westbound track up Stewart, turn south on 1st or 2nd Ave, turn east on Pike, turn north on 6th and reconnect, about 1 mile of track with 4 stops. This would triple ridership overnight and necessitate one or two more streetcars. SDOT plans show a two-track extension on Stewart, but includes a tie-in to the proposed line on 1st Ave. Just do the simple extension. Turning south on 2nd would simplify those turns – they wouldn’t have to cross traffic.
Mike McGinn is entirely correct to oppose the Deep-bore. It’s not the best tunnel option for managing traffic, for creating the best new Alaskan Way and most construction jobs, etc etc. Mike has the courage to fight for what’s right. Mallahan is the heir apparent, replacement CEO boss.
Yes, we could call the extension the Central Streetcar and it could run on 1st.
It’s unreasonable to expect sharrows (or any other symbolic pavement marking) to be self-explanatory. If “triangle means yield” weren’t firmly established in every driver’s mind from triangular yield signs, the triangular pavement markings SDOT has taken to painting lately would be just as mysterious to drivers. It’s going to take some time before the meaning of sharrows is understood by most drivers.
Sharrows have NO meaning which make them even more mysterious to drivers. My position to the Bellevue Transportation Board is that they are “paint on the pavement.” No more, no less. Focus on dedicated climbing lanes. Sharrows are fine when you’re descending and can keep up with traffic. OK to put cyclists in the GP lanes on a steep decent but please leave a climbing lane on the up hill side.
David in Burien says:
…meanwhile, quietly under the radar, a close-in suburb looks poised to become the model for TOD rather than the in-city Valley. Only makes sense now to extend a trunk of Central Link from Tukwila/International Blvd to downtown Burien as part of ST3.
The problem with the “TOD” at downtown Burien is that it’s two blocks of parking lots away from the transit center, and they’re new parking lots so they’re not that likely to be developed that soon… I wouldn’t consider it the model for TOD.
serial catowner says:
This is what I’m saying about McGinn. He doesn’t think a streetcar linking downtown with a waterfront park, and with a maritime museum where you can rent rowboats (human powered! totally green!) is a good idea? This is a man who clearly does not understand “green”, or the experience of being a pedestrian in Seattle.
Then what does that say about Mallahan, who also opposes it but also opposes voter-supported and funded transit? And who is in league with those opposing East Link?
Mickymse says:
I’m not sure I would make the leap from candidates responding YES to the question “Was the South Lake Union Streetcar a good idea?” to saying that everyone thinks it’s a failure.
I was at the Forum, and it was just one of the strange questions/responses that evening (which will be broadcast at some point on the Seattle Channel). I did not take their answers to mean that they all thought it was a failure.
Unfortunately, stupid Yes/No/Waffle questions where one waves a sign don’t offer much room for comment. I was equally surprised when everyone who had just said how much they support the Waterfront Tunnel also said that they think the North Portal needs to be reconfigured for NW access. I don’t disagree, but I expect that would drive up costs. As would the responses that we should look into adding Downtown entrances/exits, which would be impossible.
Worker Bee says:
Slightly off-topic, but is anyone else as frustrated as I am with the City’s handling of the King Street Station renovation?
Here, they have an opportunity to really engage the community, and build excitement and support for both this magnificent structure, and our new transit options, but all they have is a lame website, and a project manager who refuses to return calls (and when she finally does, she has all the personality of a dust rag).
When is the escalator coming out? What is the plan for the surface space that the odor control facility construction site was occupying? When is the ceiling in the waiting room coming down? What is the long-range plan for the upper floors? Are they accepting proposals for businesses who might want a presence in the station?
I work for the city myself, so I am not expecting much, but this project is particularly poorly run from a public input standpoint.
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We Now Know Where Donald Trump Got His Claim That French Protesters Are Shouting 'We Want Trump' and Yeah, That Didn't Happen
Amelia Mavis Christnot
President of France Emmanuel Macron and U.S. President Donald Trump talk during the family photo on the opening day of Argentina G20 Leaders' Summit 2018 at Costa Salguero on November 30, 2018 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. (Photo by Daniel Jayo/Getty Images)
As news and images of the riots in France made the world's airwaves, many reacted to what they saw. People speculated on what the riots were really about.
Was it the fuel tax hike that had been canceled? Or was that merely a tipping point for the "yellow vest" protesters?
President Donald Trump, however, had his own version of what the rioters wanted. While many found the President's claim absurd, they still wondered where he got the idea.
On Saturday, Trump took to Twitter and posted:
"The Paris Agreement isn’t working out so well for Paris. Protests and riots all over France. People do not want to pay large sums of money, much to third world countries (that are questionably run), in order to maybe protect the environment. Chanting 'We Want Trump!' Love France."
But people in Paris and those watching the events unfold did not hear what the President claims he heard. So where did Trump get this absurd idea?
Right-wing provocateur Charlie Kirk, who got the idea from watching a far right-wing protest in London, England. Where they speak English and Kirk can understand what they were saying as opposed to Paris, France where protesters tend to protest in French.
The phrase to listen for would be "on voudrais Trump" or "nous voulons Trump" for those curious to see if they can hear these phrases in the protests. Thus far, no one has.
Kirk posted his claim on Twitter on Monday, December 3. It took five days to reach the President for him to make his own absurd claim.
Kirk posted:
"There are riots in socialist France because of radical leftist fuel taxes"
"Media barely mentioning this"
"America is booming, Europe is burning"
"They want to cover up the middle class rebellion against cultural Marxism"
“We want Trump” being chanted through the streets of Paris"
Both men's claims received considerable pushback from those actually in Paris as well as the rest of the world.
People responded directly to Charlie Kirk's absurd Twitter claim.
People had similar responses for the President.
Including many from France.
Who accused the United States President of making a joke and senility.
In reality, French protesters were chanting the name of their own president, Emmanuel Macron. They yelled:
"Macron où es-tu?" and "Nous allons te baiser! Démissionner!"
No mention was made of President Trump or the Paris climate agreement. As the old ad goes, "Sorry Charlie [Kirk]." Nice try though.
The necessity for changes to slow or halt devastating climate change remains a point of contention between the United States president and the president of France as well as most of the rest of the world. Trump continues along the path of denial, while Macron and most other world leaders opt for action.
Donald Trump France
PBS News Hour/YouTube
The White House Counsel is a staff appointee of the President and Vice President of the United States. Their role is to advise the President on all legal issues concerning the President and their administration.
Pat Cipollone has served as the current White House Counsel for President Donald Trump since December 2018.
pat cipollone donald trump white house counsel senate trial lies Impeachment
In the current political landscape of the United States, you'd be hard-pressed to find any issue that Americans on which both sides of the ideological spectrum agree.
But it turns out that even on an issue as divisive as the impeachment of President Donald Trump, Republicans and Democrats agree on something.
republicans gop donald trump mitch mcconnell senate impeachment
President Donald Trump's impeachment trial began in earnest in the Senate on Tuesday afternoon.
Shortly after House impeachment manager, Congressman Adam Schiff (D-CA), laid out the evidence against the President unveiled by House Democrats, one of Trump's defense attorneys—Jay Sekulow—asked a question in his rebuttal.
donald trump jay sekulow senate impeachment trial ukraine impeachment
Things are heating up in the Senate as the long-awaited Senate trial in the impeachment of President Donald Trump is set to begin on Tuesday.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell will officially propose a resolution that will set the rules for the trial. He released the proposed rules Monday afternoon.
donald trump mitch mcconnell chuck schumer lev parnas senate impeachment
Trump Tried to Make MLK Day All About His Own Economic Record and Martin Luther King Jr's Son Just Called Him Out
Drew Angerer/Getty Images // Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images
To commemorate the life and legacy of civil rights icon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on the holiday named after him, many lawmakers participated by volunteering in their communities as a day of service.
President Donald Trump was not one of those people.
donald trump gop republicans unemployment obama martin luther king
As millions of Americans commemorated the legacy of civil rights icon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., presidential counsellor Kellyanne Conway railed against the impeachment trial of President Donald Trump, set to begin in the Senate on Tuesday.
The President, who leaves for the World Economic Forum in Davos on Monday night, has no public plans to commemorate Martin Luther King Day, prompting reporters to ask Kellyanne how he intended to celebrate.
martin luther king kellyanne conway donald trump gop republicans impeachment
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Home/ Focus/ Agra’s footwear industries: A heritage that contributes to India’s economy
Agra’s footwear industries: A heritage that contributes to India’s economy
The hub of footwear manufacture in India since Mughal era, Agra is slowly losing in edge to more business-friendly ecosystems […]
Anushruti Singh January 7, 2019
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Tags: AgraAgra tanneriesASSOCHAMfootwear sectormsmeMSME initiativesshoemakingTaj Trapezium zoneTTZ
The hub of footwear manufacture in India since Mughal era, Agra is slowly losing in edge to more business-friendly ecosystems in neighbouring states, not very effective implementation of the central Government’s MSME policies, the Taj trapezium, and exports from China. With its army of highly skilled leather processing and footwear manufacturing workers and artisans, Agra still accounts for 65 per cent and 28 per cent of all domestic consumption and export of footwear, respectively, but the city’s ease of business doing ranking has slipped to the current 14, from 10 in 2015. “Shoe making started (in Agra) in the Mughal era with leather mushaks which were used to carry hing, converting it into shoes,” we were informed by Puran Dawar, Chairman, Dawar Footwear Industries, and President, Agra Footwear Manufacturers and Exporters Chamber (AFMEC). He also told us that it was from the 1960s and 1980s that the city’s footwear industries flourished the most, thanks primarily to footwear exports to the erstwhile Soviet Union. According to conservative estimates, 13 per cent of all shoe trade in Agra in 1963 was with Russia and its satellite countries. Shoe exports to the Soviet Union in the early 1980s was worth ₹1,200 crores from the 150 odd shoe exporters in Agra. It was after the fall of the Soviet Union that the decline started and other factors that followed, such as the Taj Trapezium, added to the worrisome slowing down of the industry’s growth. Currently, industry watchers say that Agra’s leather and footwear industries need help more sooner than later. According to our sources in the industry, Agra is still one of the biggest clusters in the footwear sector in India among Kolkata, Kanpur and Chennai. “There are around 10,000 micro-size units; 150 small-scale industry units; around 30 medium-scale units; and, around 15 large-scale units in the city,” says Dawar. He also added that, currently, more than 2 lakh pairs are manufactured in the city everyday day and there are over 3.5 lakh people employed in the footwear segment in Agra. Agra’s huge potential to impact the global footwear market has been recognized by the government, which released a special package of ₹2600 crore last year for implementing its Indian Footwear, Leather & Accessories Development Programme. In tandem, MSME Development Institutes are working on imparting business and technical knowledge of the sector to already-existing entrepreneurs as well as those who want to work in this sector.
ALSO READ FM Nirmala Sitharaman to address delay in disbursal of MSME loans
Though these, and other similar efforts, have started making a difference, it is not much. Government statistics show a dip over the past few years in the numbers of students that enroll for entrepreneurship and skill-development programmes. The 2017 Central Footwear Training Institute, Agra, annual report shows that the number of students in the institute in 2014–15, 2015–16 and 2016–17 was 9,210, 4,573 and 2,697, respectively. The only reason that comes to mind here is that the average daily earnings of a skilled footwear worker is a pittance compared to the earnings of even an unskilled daily labourer in nearby New Delhi, and this situation will change only once the sector regains its old glory and becomes as profitable as it once was. An skilled worker I spoke with in Agra said his daily earnings were in the range ₹200–₹250, compared to the minimum wage of ₹485 of his New Delhi counterpart. Another red flag is India’s declining footwear export, which is negatively impacting revenues in even the Agra footwear sector. World footwear data states that in year 2016, India exported 236 million pairs out of 2.26 billion pairs manufactured i.e. 1.7 per cent share in worldwide exports. While in 2017 first semester, Indian exports went down again by 2.8 per cent reaching only 97 per cent of the amount registered in similar period last year. India exports mainly leather footwear, representing a 73 per cent share in total, and these have declined 8.2 per cent in the first six months of 2017, driving the overall fall in exports value. Although we could not come across specific data on how much Agra is losing in terms of revenue as a result of the decline in exports, the exporters and manufacturers we spoke with confirmed that they are facing problems in exporting the finished goods. Ajay Pratap Singh, one such exporter, told us that “There are number of reasons which can be accountable for decline in export orders such as competitive prices from other countries like Bangladesh, importers have been migrating there. Diminishing manufacturing units is also a reason; even government policies are not giving us much relief.”
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A 2016 ICRA report on the Indian footwear sector confirms the trend. The report says that appreciation in Rupee value against major currencies; regulations and restrictions on slaughter houses and tanneries that impacted availability of raw material; and reforms such as demonetisation and GST have had adverse effects on the sector. The report also stated current consumer trends shifting away from traditionally made shoes to global brands. ICRA figures show a decline for two consecutive years by ~9 per cent in FY16 and ~5 per cent in FY17. Further in April–June 2017–2018, the overall export in leather footwear and leather goods dipped by 4.89 per cent when compared to April–June 16–17 cycle. Despite many government initiatives and budget notifications for the sector, footwear manufacturers and exporters think that a lot still remains to be done. Dawar underscored the importance of putting a single-window system in place. He says that the sector in Uttar Pradesh is not getting much benefits from the much-touted initiatives. “The initiatives for the sector are totally on paper. Single window system is not effective at all for us,” according to him. Footwear manufacturers are also questioning the ambitious target of $10 billion in export revenues by 2024–25 at the time when government has shut down many (unauthorised) tanneries and the many footwear factories in the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) have been sealed. “Tanneries are banned in TTZ and manufacturers are facing issues in procuring raw hides. Due to this, manufacturing is suffering and resulting in the decreasing trend in the exports,” Singh told us. Another challenge which manufacturers are facing is rising capital costs, which small manufacturers cannot easily bear on account of the high interest rates on commercial loans which are in the range 9%–14%. “Capital cost is really high in India. Other countries in spite of the best of the infrastructure compare to us are funded at 2%–3%. But here interest rates are quite high which is sometimes unaffordable for small manufacturers” says Singh. “We can’t compete fairly even in in-house clusters when there is a gap of supply on the raw material front. That’s why small manufacturers are moving rapidly towards synthetic leather manufacturing,” says one shoe manufacturers in Agra, on conditions of anonymity. For countering the issue of raw material unavailability, Dawar say the two measures that will be effective are: (i) An effective single-window system; (ii) Independent compliance audits.
ALSO READ FY19 and beyond can belong to MSMEs if govt backs them to take on big players
Other major roadblocks for small shoe vendors and manufacturers are competition from e-commerce and premiumization drives by global and national brands that are resulting in a shift in consumer trends. With rise in in incomes of middle-class households and those in younger age brackets, demand for premium brands have eaten up a major chunk of traditional footwear’s share. According to Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industries of India (ASSOCHAM) data, domestic footwear sales registered around ₹4.5 billion in 2017, of which 26 per cent was sales of global and national brands and this number, the data says, is expected to rise to 29 per cent by end of fiscal 2020. E-commerce platforms are also giving brick-and-mortar retailers stiff competition. Due to predatory pricing, low-tech knowledge and lack of digital presence, small businesses are lagging much behind online marketplaces. Buyers are also gravitating towards online shopping because of the convenience and heavy discounts on offer. The footwear sector in Agra needs to establish an online presence in order to compete with e-commerce and needs government help to do so. Despite the many challenges, Agra’s footwear sector is slowly but surely transforming into a more technology and innovation driven sector, thanks to the collective efforts of Agra Footwear Association and the MSME Development Institute. Moreover, players in the sector have also started enhancing their channel strategies by participating in footwear expos both in India and abroad. “Agra is definitely growing, thanks to international expos we have now expanded our presence from Central Europe to the US, through New Zealand and Caribbean countries,” Dawar told us. He also informed us about the annual Meet At Agra event which has now become an effective platform for networking. Reviving Agra’s footwear industry and raising it up to the level it was at just a couple of decades ago is not an easy task. But no matter how tough the job is or how long it takes, the government should focus on it very hard and work along with entrepreneurs and workers not only because it is a heritage worth preserving but also because it is an industry that has the potential to contribute significantly to the nations GDP, along with providing livelihood and employment to many.
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Home › 11) Monetary & Fiscal Policy › Helicopter Money against Animal Spirits and our Critique
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Helicopter Money against Animal Spirits and our Critique
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The newest paper by McCulley and Poszar “Helicopter Money: or how I stopped worrying and love fiscal-monetary cooperation” is often cited by leading economists, e.g. Eurointelligence or Paul Krugman in “Shinzo and the helicopters”. It presents fiscal policy and monetary policy divided in four areas along these two criteria. These two criteria correspond to fiscal and private spending, which is not by coincidence. The final aim of the authors is so-called “monetary and fiscal policy cooperation”.
From McCulley, Poszar (2012)
The essentials:
No distinction between households and firms: both are “private sector”. The reason for this is that firms do not invest if households do not spend enough. That both private sector components are leveraging does not imply deficit spending; in the sum they are leveraging. Still it holds that households finance investments and current account surpluses.
“MM”: the Minsky Moment distinguishes between leveraging of the private sector (conventional business cycle with positive animal spirits) and de-leveraging (private sector prefers to pay down debt, negative animal spirits).
“BB” Balanced Budget separates fiscal surpluses – or more austerity to fiscal stimulus.
The purple area:
Is part of the conventional business cycle (private leveraging) during which, via positive animal spirits, private debt could increase and inflation slowly emerges.
The rest of the world must have current account surpluses, otherwise these twin deficits would not be possible.
The yellow area:
Is part of the conventional business cycle during which public debt is reduced – through sufficient growth and private leveraging.
If leveraging becomes too big and inflation is high, rate hikes are required – with the extreme case of Sargent Wallace’s “Policy-ineffectiveness proposition” / “Some Unpleasant Monetarist Arithmetic”
or the “Volcker moment” where fighting against inflation is more important than growth. Policy maker would accept even a recession.
The blue area:
Both fiscal austerity and private deleveraging lead to economic depression, a debt deflation/ deflationary spiral.
Except in a special case – typically when being in a (near) fixed currency environment – policy makers will avoid the blue area at all costs.
Fiscal policy remains the sole measure to get out of the blue area because monetary policy can only influence the price but cannot create demand.
The ECB’s OMT allows for “crowding in” despite austerity measures.
The green area:
Since the private sector wants to reduce debt, the government remains the principal bidder for funds.
Unconventional measures, called quantitative easing (QE1, QE2), asset purchases of securities are used to stimulate private borrowing.
Radical measures (e.g. QE3): the policy makers continue with unconventional measures even if the economic recovery has started. This reverse Volcker moment (El Erian, 2012) is exactly the opposite of the Volcker moment above.
Nuclear measures: both monetary policy and fiscal policy used to raise nominal demand, “helicopter money”: in this case more fiscal debt is monetized.
Measures mentioned only in a footnote, are foreign asset purchases and a limitation of the exchange rate by the central bank, only a small arrow associated with “SNB” is shown. The arrow shows that this measure goes even further. It is beyond nuclear.
Opposed to the graph and what the authors suggest, the Swiss private sector is not de-leveraging, but actually leveraging.
Our extension: ECB’s and SNB’s monetary dilemmas
There are two central banks with clear policy mismatches.
ECB: While Germany is seeing fiscal surpluses and its private sector is leveraging (yellow sector), the periphery sees deleveraging and austerity (blue debt deflation sector). This leads to the policy dilemma in which Germany needs tightening but the periphery needs helicopter money. Therefore, the periphery and France cannot be printers and cannot apply monetary and fiscal cooperation.
SNB: While the Swiss private sector is strongly leveraging – as opposed to what McCulley and Poszar are describing.
With twin surpluses, Switzerland is actually in the yellow sector, but the SNB is doing a “beyond nuclear” monetary/fiscal policy mix. However printing is not possible when the private sector is leveraging, because it will eventually cause inflation. This mixture is only sustainable in the longer term if the U.S. and the periphery come far into the purple sector again and end the private deleveraging, with the effect that the EUR/CHF will rise again. Even in this case, Swiss inflation is possible; however, the SNB will be able to sterilize and/or sell its reserves higher than 1.20.
Monetary Fiscal cooperation extended with Switzerland, Germany, Periphery (G. Dorgan based on McCulley, Poszar (2012)
Richard Koo Details
McCulley, Poszar compared to Richard Koo
It is most interesting to compare McCulley, Poszar with Richard Koo’s “New General Theory of Macro Economics”.
Yang = Leveraging of private sector
Yin = Deleveraging
As opposed to McCulley/Poszar, Richard Koo claims that monetary policy is ineffective and only the fiscal part of “helicopter money” works.
Monetary policy ineffectiveness during QE2
Monetary expansion is only useful, when the recipients are ready to use the new printed money for leveraging and when markets are ready to give them the monies and do not want to export them because investment opportunities abroad are better. Twin deficits are only possible when the rest of the world has current account surpluses. With the sinking Chinese and Japanese surpluses, this might stop in the next years. If growth and productivity gains are not sufficient, then many developed countries will continue deleveraging.
One major issue is the question of who obtains the newly printed monies. According to Austrian economists, the first to obtain newly printed money are the quickest, like investment banks, who are then able to generate nice margins. For the real recipient, the underwater home owner, not much remains.
In 2010 (QE2), the Fed bought U.S. treasuries, unlike in 2008/2009 when it was mortgage-backed securities (QE1). In 2010, China and other emerging markets were still in the purple sector, they were leveraging and still under the Chinese and other governments’ stimulus packages of 2008/2009. This led to big growth, whereas U.S. households were not ready yet for leveraging, especially when they saw gas prices soaring. The newly printed monies left the U.S. and went into emerging markets, during the so-called “currency war”.
As reaction to the currency war and resulting high inflation, emerging markets needed to go into the “Sargent Wallace” sector and hiked rates. Together with the unfolding European debt crisis, this destroyed growth especially in South America and partially also in China. To fight against inflation and the currency war, the PBoC had to revalue the Renmimbi by 15%. Together with wage inflation, this led to lower Chinese competitiveness, the current account surplus (when compared to GDP) strongly decreased. The euro zone debt crisis and austerity caused a typical Austrian boom-bust cycle in the emerging markets. The U.S. won the currency wars.
China Current Account and Real Exchange Rate - Click to enlarge
The second issue is the availability of current account surpluses in the rest of the world. These surpluses must be there, otherwise there would not be anybody to finance the U.S. in the purple sector, nobody that would finance the twin deficits. Unfortunately the Chinese current account surplus is far smaller now when compared to GDP, countries like India, Australia or New Zealand are even in the red.
Only countries like Russia, Germany, South Korea and Switzerland still have high current account surpluses. Germans, however, are supposed to spend, to leverage, so that the European periphery comes out of the woods. Germany’s surplus is too small to finance both the U.S. and the periphery.
Who will finance helicopter money, if not China?
With far smaller future current account surpluses, it is open to debate if China will continue to buy U.S. treasuries. China is already switching more and more to gold, an investment, that is neutral and does not help any country in particular, some speak of the implicit introduction of a new gold standard, at least a third reserve currency. On the contrary, gold is associated with the growth of emerging markets. With time, the consumption of more and more parts of the population increases and with rising oil prices, one day, China will not have a current account surplus any more. Then it is time for other countries to do austerity and leave the purple sector into either the yellow, green or even blue ones.
If the U.S. continues to run twin deficits, we also see the risk that China or Japan will change existing treasury holdings into gold and direct investments that yield far more than US treasuries. In a decade, the Renmimbi might become the fourth major reserve currency with the euro and the U.S. dollar. This will reduce the holding of U.S. treasuries at central banks and increase yields.
Once all emerging markets reduce their savings rate and no longer have current account surpluses, but start consuming, the purple sector will not be available any more for developed economies. Depending on their productivity, certain developed economies will be situated in the yellow sector and tighten monetary policy. Two such countries are Germany or Switzerland, they have twin surpluses and will need higher interest rates when finally the Chinese produce for the local market and less for export.
Using fiscal stimulus when monetary policy is ineffective
Hence, monetary expansion is only useful when the recipients are ready to use the monies for leveraging and when markets are ready to give them the monies and do not want to export them because investment opportunities abroad are better.
Fiscal stimulus is a solution that is not handicapped by a missing wish to leverage and the possibility to export the monetary expansion. In particular, during phases of de-leveraging and low spending, the stimulus mostly remains in the local economy.
Hence, with the combination of fiscal and monetary policy, helicopter money does not always work.
About George Dorgan
George Dorgan (penname) predicted the end of the EUR/CHF peg at the CFA Society and at many occasions on SeekingAlpha.com and on this blog. Several Swiss and international financial advisors support the site. These firms aim to deliver independent advice from the often misleading mainstream of banks and asset managers. George is FinTech entrepreneur, financial author and alternative economist. He speak seven languages fluently.
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See more for 8e Helicopter Money
Permanent link to this article: https://snbchf.com/monetary-fiscal-policy/helicopter-money-against-animal-spirits-critique/
DorganG
2013-01-23 at 09:11 (UTC 2) Link to this comment
None the less, there are voices that China will continue to finance the U.S. because Chinese leaders are too cautious to promote a social safety net and consumer spending and that Chinese savings rate remains high – maybe also because Chinese live in an authoritarian regime.
GrkStav
You appear to have misunderstood (or, worse purposefully misconstrued) the “helicopter money” policy option, as presented in the paper by McCulley and Poszar that you are critiquing..QE2, and 3 are irrelevant as examples of the policy mix advocated by McCulley and Poszar as they were not accompanied by fiscal expansion. You also seem to operate under the assumption that the U.S. government, for example, literally borrows its own dollars back from e.g. China to finance its operations. Clearly, it does not, and it need not. The “Helicopter Money” policy-mix option is to be used by e.g. the U.S., the U.K. and Japan in the face of continuing private sector de-leveraging. It is not meant to spark private-sector leveraging.
China is not currently financing the U.S. anyway; it is choosing to exchange non-interest bearing (Federal Reserve Notes) for default-risk-fee liquid interest-bearing (T-bills) US$ denominated financial assets. “It” acquires the former as a result of maintaining a substantial trade surplus with the U.S.. Why it would choose to use them to buy Gold, e.g., instead of T-bills is a mystery.
Thanks, QE3 is still in the green sector (monetary/fiscal expansion), but no explicit “helicopter money” like Abenomics. The U.S. is still running fiscal deficits, just less than before.
I adopted the title for the critique, you are right, I criticize the effectiveness of monetary expansion in a global context.
You are right, I have corrected things a bit, because they got misunderstood. Please reread.
Be aware that the U.S. was doing rather neutral fiscal policy, 4% deficit is less than previously, but still a lot.
McCulley and Poszar put the U.S. into the green sector.
The U.S., by all accounts, has not (yet) attempted the combined monetary&fiscal policy options #6 (“helicopter money”) or #12. The ineffectiveness of unconventional, radical, and even ‘nuclear’ monetary policy (as such) in the face of a deleveraging private sector and non-aggressively expansionary fiscal policy was a major point of McCulley and Poszar, if I understood them correctly. Given current “political” and ‘ideological’ realities, it is unlikely that policy option #6 will be pursued anytime soon. On the other hand, option #12 may become a reality, so long as there are no further net fiscal contractions (no net government spending reduction, no net tax increases). By the way, the (new) last sentence does not make sense to me. It appears that the conclusion ought to be: “Hence, with the private sector deleveraging, the combination of monetary and fiscal policy denoted as ‘Helicopter Money’ works for the kinds of countries and economies (relatively large and relative ‘closed’) McCulley and Poszar specified”.
US dollar hits new low against Swiss franc | Wall Street Stocks
[…] half of the year. Switzerland's jobless rate stood at 2.8 percent in July, his office said Monday. Mon Aug 08 05:43:41 CDT 2011 (AP) GENEVA (AP) – The U.S. dollar hit a record low against the Swiss …centimes – a drop of almost 30 percent from a year ago – before rising above 0.76 centimes by late […]
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Sodalitium Christianae Vitae
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“A sign and bearer of the Love of God to all men”
Santiago, 11/11/14 (Sodalitium News – Chile). On Friday, November 7th, the eve of the day when the Church in Chile begins the month of Mary, Sebastián Correa Ehlers, deacon of the Sodalitium of Christian Life, was ordained a priest by Cardinal Ricardo Ezzati, Archbishop of Santiago.
In the Church of the Blessed Sacrament in downtown Santiago, family, friends and members of the Sodalit Family gathered to celebrate Sebastián Correa Ehlers, the first Chilean priest in the Sodalitium Christianae Vitae. The ceremony was attended by the Superior General of the Sodalitium, Alessandro Moroni, as well as members of his Superior Council.
During his homily Cardinal Ricardo Ezzati highlighted God’s action among men, reminding those present that the family is a domestic Church where the first signs of God’s presence are received through the sacraments, and also where one first learns to live love. He then explained how the Church is a larger family – a sign of communion among human beings -, in which it continues to grow as we learn to live love. “In the Church, (Sebastián) has learned that the Lord gives a special gift, a vocation. He has discovered a charismatic community as a special way to follow Jesus, an original way to emphasize the Gospel of Jesus. And in the Sodalit community he has found direction.”
“Here we have before us not only Sebastian, but also the Church, who has accompanied him from childhood and now as an adult and servant of the Lord – he said speaking to those present. This is his community that discovers in his vocation a gift from the Lord, and a Church who wants to be for him a gift and the help that he needs to faithfully live his priestly ministry. This is the community, the Sodalit community, a small part of the universal Church, present as a gift of the Spirit at the service of the People of God. Here is the local Church of Santiago, the Church of his parish, the Church represented by priests and their pastor. It is a Church with a universal face. Here is the Church, present in Mary and the saints.”
Emphasizing that the protagonist of this story is God, he reminded Sebastian that “the Spirit of God is here; He is sending you, and He gives you a mission. You are an ambassador of Christ. In your life as a priest love will not lack, but neither will the cross.”
Fr. Sebastian Correa, SCV, next to the Card. Ricardo Ezzati
Cardinal Ezzatti ended his homily urging Sebastian to “be a living sign of the love that you are called to give to your brothers, always following the example and guidance of Jesus to give love especially the most needy. May the Mother of Jesus accompany you, as She gave the world Jesus and stood at the foot of the Cross.”
After the ceremony Fr. Sebastian, deeply touched by the experience of being chosen despite being a sinner, thanked God, the Church, his family and his community by their accompaniment, and he asked them to help “bridge the gap between God and our brothers, to be a sign of reconciliation.” Sharing aspects of the experience of his ordination, he pointed out the positive response that his vocation had among his friends, and he highlighted how the grace of God works in those chosen. “I have my trust placed in God today, because He chose me and He keeps me strong,” he said. He also recalled as being chosen to the Sodalitium was because of a call, which was followed by the voice of the Lord, in which there has been a very special Marian experience. “I have great moms, and they have always been with me,” he said with deep gratitude.
Alessandro Moroni thanked God for the gift of a vocation for the Church and at the service of the community. Recalling the years in which Sebastian encountered the Sodalitium, he explained that we are celebrating the faith, because the generosity of a young man who responds to a call today must be celebrated. Finally he also thanked everyone for their support, generosity and accompaniment, asking for everyone’s prayers.
Carlos José, Sebastián’s brother, said a few words on behalf of the entire Correa Ehlers family, which also has a consecrated sister among the Servants of the Plan of God. Describing Sebastian’s journey, he recalled that it was not always easy to understand his vocation, but it has ultimately been cause for great joy. “Eventually Sebastian became the heart of the family concluded Carlos José. I thank God for choosing one of our own. I thank the Sodalitium, by wanting and being a support to his vocation.”
The Sodalit Family in Chile celebrates the erection of ‘Mother of the Apostles’ Parish
Sodalit Mother: “Being a priest is the best thing that could have happened to my son.”
New Sodalit priests, “a joy for all of the Church”
“The same ideal and the same mission encourage us and unite us”
The Sodalit Family in Chile holds “Youth Solidarity Day”
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Message from the V Assembly: Gratitute towards the Sodalit Family
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Home»Vintage»Gelas Armagnac 1902
Gelas Armagnac 1902 Vintage
Please note that Shipping will take between 1 and 2 weeks. We do not stock any of the Vintage ranges, as they are bottled, and shipped upon request.
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Gelas Armagnac 1902 quantity
Gelas 1902:
These are essentially Baco with a little Ugni Blanc. Here we are at the apex of exchanges and the wood has provided its full quota of tannins and its aromas; it is time to decant the eaux-de-vie into glass demijohns in a place out of the light, where these Bas-Armagnacs Gélas will continue to age in storehouses—chais—built by Baptiste Gélas in 1875: Their development in glass demijohns will help to harmonize the aromas and preserve the rancio.- Oldest Bas Armagnac : slow development in glass demijohns enables the eau-de-vie to evolve – it is said to “digest” its elevage in wood. The various Bas Armagnacs differ in the way the wood works (type of heating) and the original degree of distillation. In very old eaux-de-vie (more than 100 years old) we can find the painstaking work of the cooper who used to dry the dowels (for about 12 years) and also wash the casks to remove the wood’s toxins. Today, modernity enables us to dry the dowels earmarked for the manufacture of 400 liters barrels in 18 months.
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Fruit Liqueur Cordialor: a revolutionary recipe! In France, during the reign of Louis XIV (17th century), the traditional liqueurs were “Popula” and “Rossolis” made by his apothecary Fagon. Chamomile, aniseed, fennel, dill, coriander and caraway were macerated in “eau-de-vie” and sweetened water. In 1775, the manufacture of many liqueurs was listed by Jacques-François Demachy (1728-1803), master apothecary in Paris, along with major brands appearing such as Chartreuse or Benedictine. Demachy created the 'cordial potions', (good for all hearts[Coeurs]), from which the word 'cordial' was created. Thus, Thomas Gélas developed in 1798, his first recipe by blending distilled orange and neutral alcohol. His grandson, Baptiste Gélas, founder of the Armagnacs Gélas in 1865, refined the recipe by substituting neutral alcohol with Armagnac: The “Cordialor” was born. Gelas was born into liqueurs before it became one of the best houses of Armagnac with a collection of many old vintages, to make Armagnac Castarede jealous. Gelas is also famous for its single varietal Armagnacs defining the big differences between Baco, Ugni Blanc, Folle Blanche. He also experiments with great success one year or more cask finished Armagnacs in Jurançon, Marsala, Pacherenc, Port, Sauternes, Sherry, and lately in the famous Australian De Bortoli Noble One and Black Noble casks.
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Norwegian club IK Start battle to keep Lowe - Defender target of numerous clubs during window
By Sports Desk July 30, 2019
Jamaica defender Damion Lowe.
Norwegian division one club IK Start has refused to entertain offers for Jamaican international Damion Lowe, despite several proposals put on the table for the player this transfer window, reports have claimed.
The 26-year-old defender has been a standout performer in recent times and played a crucial role for Jamaica in a third straight run to the CONCACAF Gold Cup semi-finals.
The defenders outstanding performances have not escaped the attention of scouts, with sources claiming the player has already received offers from Turkey, Belgium, Russia, Germany, Norway and the United States MLS.
According to the club’s Sporting Director Tor-Kristian Karlsen, who earlier this year outlined a plan for the team becoming one of Norway’s elite in three-years, the club is not inclined to easily part with one of its prized assets.
“I can confirm that there has been great interest in Damion both from the Elite series and from abroad but we want to keep him,” Karlsen said.
“I can confirm that there have been bids that we have rejected, but I do not want to go into which clubs they are from,” he added.
Lowe, the son of former Jamaica international Onandi Lowe, has made 17 appearances for Jamaica’s national team.
jamaica football
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Madrid's Odriozola loaned to Bayern for rest of the season
Bayern Munich have bolstered their defensive options by signing Alvaro Odriozola on loan from Real Madrid for the remainder of the season.
The 24-year-old was a target of head coach Hansi Flick, who himself is under contract until the end of the season, and will give the Bundesliga champions more defensive flexibility as they seek to defend their crown.
Odriozola, capped four times by Spain, has only made four LaLiga appearances for Madrid this term, with the most recent of those coming in October.
While he is behind Dani Carvajal in the Madrid pecking order for right-backs, Odriozola could feature regularly for Bayern given their injury problems in defence.
His arrival may lead to Benjamin Pavard reverting inside to centre-back, where Bayern are short of options with Javi Martinez, Lucas Hernandez and Niklas Sule all sidelined.
In a statement on Bayern's website, chief executive Karl Heinz-Rummenigge said: "Following internal discussions, we decided to follow the wishes of our head coach Hansi Flick in strengthening the defence and decided to go for Alvaro Odriozola.
"We are delighted about the signing and thank Real Madrid for the friendly and cooperative talks."
Former Real Sociedad defender Odriozola joined Los Blancos in 2018 for a reported €40million and he featured in 14 LaLiga games in his debut term in the capital.
BREAKING NEWS: Madrid's Odriozola loaned to Bayern for rest of the season
My son wants Atletico move - Cavani's mum
Edinson Cavani's mother has accused Paris Saint-Germain of "not behaving well" and outlined her son's desire to join Atletico Madrid.
Uruguay international Cavani is PSG's record goalscorer but is expected to leave the Parc des Princes either in January or at the end of the season when his contract expires.
Atletico Madrid have been repeatedly linked with the 32-year-old and he is keen to try his luck in LaLiga.
His mother Berta Gomez told Spanish newspaper AS: "There is an open negotiation. PSG have rejected three proposals from Atletico but my son has asked to leave and we are waiting for an agreement to be reached by both clubs.
"It's complicated but he wants to play at Atletico, if not now, then in the summer. We have been wishing it for years but it does not now depend on my son but on PSG and Atletico."
PSG are believed to be reluctant to sanction Cavani's departure as they continue to chase a maiden Champions League crown - a stance Berta understands - although she remains unimpressed with how little playing time her son is currently getting.
Cavani has not played since coming on as a late substitute in PSG's 3-3 draw with Monaco on January 12 with the club citing a groin injury.
Berta added: "They are not behaving well with him, [especially] with everything he has given to PSG in the near seven years he has been there."
"If you don't use him, let him go to a club that needs your goals like Atletico Madrid."
Chelsea, Manchester United and Tottenham have also been linked with Cavani, who has been restricted to just nine Ligue 1 appearances this term due to injuries and the form of Mauro Icardi.
PSG coach Thomas Tuchel, speaking on Tuesday ahead of the Coupe de la Ligue semi-final against Reims, understands Cavani's frustration but insists the forward is still a key part of his squad.
"For now he is on the bench and lacking game time. He is lacking rhythm and confidence," Tuchel said.
"[Confidence] is the most important thing, especially for goalscorers, but that's the way it is. In big clubs, there are players with a lot of quality but there is tough competition and it is not easy for him.
"I am aware of it and I understand it completely and I am very happy to see that he is still professional. If someone is injured, we will have a wonderful substitute.
"If he is able to find a rhythm again, we will be able to put him on the pitch and someone else on the bench. But he is lacking it, so it is really difficult to only help during one game.
"We still have this in mind but this is why it would be better for him to be part of the group, but he still has problems with his groin."
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