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Pro and Con of Single Subject Research in Adapted Physical Education and the Guidance for an Appropriate Research Designing
Asian J Kinesiol. 2018;20(1):49-53
Asian J KinesiolJournal ArchiveAsian J Kinesiol. 2018;20(1)
Publication date (electronic) : 2018 January 31
doi : https://doi.org/10.15758/ajk.2018.20.1.49
Kihong Kim
Yongin University, Yongin, Korea
*Correspondence: Kihong Kim, Yongin University, 134 Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. E-mail adress: jamnikim@hanmail.net
Received 2018 December 5; Accepted 2018 January 20.
The purpose of this study was to describe pro and con related to the single subject research method in adapted physical education and to provide the guideline for checking the appropriateness by the checklist before setting the single subject design.
The research review based on using the single subject research method was applied in this study. The effectiveness of intervention for the single subject with disability could be appropriately interpreted based on the differences of disability level after adapted physical activity instruction. However, the variable threats to the experimental design and the cautions might be needed to avoid those traps of mistakes before setting up the single subject research design in the adapted physical educational instruction, therefore, the advantages and limitations at each single subject design were subscribed.
The checklist of experimental setting were provided to minimize the threats of internal and external validity such as history, maturation, testing, or measurement error.
The author of this article summarized the items to be checked for single subject research design based on the review of many studies done by Glass et al. (1975), Tawney and Gast (1984), Logan, Hickman, Harris, and Heriza (2008), Dixon et al. (2012), Byiers et al. (2012), and Haegele and Godge. (2015). It could help the researcher to conceptualize the reality of experimental setting and to reduce the misunderstanding and error in designing of single subject research prior to activating the experiment.
Keywords: AB design; ABAB design; Baseline; Intervention; Multiple Baseline design; Single subject research design
Single subject research design is one of the effective research methods in adapted physical education. There were many faculty and students who were interested about adapted physical activities and its effectiveness such as physical as well as mental improvements by the activities on the students with disabilities. To investigate the effects, the single subject research method was recommended for the researchers to identify the behavioral changes of people with disabilities (Haegele & Godge, 2015). Originally, Single subject designs could be traced back to the earlier period of applied behavior analysis (Dixon, Vogel, & Tarbox, 2012). Single subject research is not based on the statistical analysis such as correlational or descriptive methods but an experimental method compared by document causal relationships between independent and dependent variables to control the threats on the validity and reliability of the research (Martella, Nelson, & Marchand-Martella, 1999). Since Sidman (1960) operated the single subject design methodology first and proved the behavioral practices at different levels of the target learners in the educational settings. The target population with disabilities in the special education field were benefited by the research method to identify the relevance of their behavior characteristics. (Dunlap & Kern, 1997). Researchers in adapted physical education also concerned about identifying the effects of instructional treatments on the achievements of motor skills. However, the problems such as level differences by each individual disability type, performance, and behavioral practice made the research design difficult to generalize. The problems were seeded same as to the psychological research specially applied behavioral area and have met the single subject designs in which the internal and external validity as well as reliability could be threatened at minimum by causal related interpretation among the changes of an individual’s behavior (Birnbrauer, Peterson, & Solnick, 1974; Kratochwill, 1978). Because the evaluation of intervention effects for people with clinical conditions usually relied on individual effects, rather than group effects, a single-subject design would be necessary in adapted physical education research. (Baker & McLeod, 2011). In the review of article of Lee & Haegele (2015), the characteristics of heterogeneity of participants make single subject design more suitable to demonstrate the internal validity and experimental control comparing to the group experimental design (Byiers, Reichle, & Symons, 2012).
Pro and Con of Single Subject Research Design
AB Simple Time Series Design
AB single subject design is setting on the baseline logic under two experimental conditions, A as baseline and B as intervention, which commonly referred as reversal design and also called as a simple repeated time series by Glass, Wilson, & Gottman (1975). The baseline (A) phase is as usual condition same to the group designs in which no intervention is provided and then compared to the intervention (B) phase with the pattern of the performance of the target subject.
Pro The design can be applied to the clinical investigations and available to identify the rare phenomena such as the stereotyped behavioral changes of people with autistic spectrum disorder. The new technical skills could be developed and the results can provide the refinement of the techniques (Lazarus & Davison, 1971).
Con It is only possible to isolate the dependent and independent variable with the measurement target behavior under both A and B and very dependent on the behavioral changes. If no apparent outcomes would be shown, the researcher is only available to report on the level or the trend of the data based on the broadly defined condition. Many threats to internal and external validity such as history, maturation, or other experimental disruption effects can provide limitations of the research (Kratochwill, 1978).
ABAB Repeated Time Series Design
This design was called as reversal design, withdrawal design, operant design, and equivalent time series design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966; Glass, Willson, & Gottman, 1975; Leitenberg, 1973). The process of experiment using this design is consisted by the repeated phases of baseline, intervention, and withdrawal of intervention.
Pro The advantages of this design are to demonstrate the relationship between dependent and independent variables where a strategy by a reinforcement is used to handle the frequency of the target subject’s behavioral changes (Schleien, Kiernan, & Wehman, 1981). The most powerful exhibition of causality could be demonstrated. Many types of time series could be applied by baseline and intervention combination such as ABA, BABA and multi-treatment designs like ABABCBC in A as a baseline without intervention, B as an intervention, C as a different intervention in the research period. To control the internal validity threats such as history and maturation, this design could be used by setting up the baseline, intervention, and withdrawal of intervention followed by each condition in the repeated phases (Kratochwill, 1978).
Con The ethical concerns are main limitations in this design. Even though the withdrawal is brief for the intervention effectiveness, it is unethical during the durable behavior changes. In the case of checking the target behavior harmful to the subject or other students, counting such frequence is against the ethical concerns. The inability to care the variables not reversible is main disadvantage and order effect of intervention prohibit to interpret appropriately experimental pursue (Todd, 1996).
Multiple Baseline Design
The pioneer researchers who were using this design were Baer, Wolf, & Risley (1968). The researcher can use this design to test the effects of an intervention toward different behavior patterns, settings, or target population more than one. Therefore, it is available to treat a number of motor performance at same time during the experiment (Birnbrauer, Peterson, & Solnick, 1974). Many researchers are utilizing this design by replication of the intervention across subjects (Donder & Nietupski, 1981)
Pro The advantage of this design is to control the threats to internal validity such as history (Kazdin & Kopel, 1975). The one of characteristics of intervention in this design is related to the non-withdrawal of intervention required. The convenience in conceptualizing and implementing is another advantage for the teacher or parents who are conducting research (Murphey & Bryan, 1980). Therefore, many demands in the applied setting such as academic skill which is not irreversible could be handle by this design instead of ABAB design (Baer, Wolf, & Risley, 1968).
Con The problems in this design were existed by the baseline conditions which should be concurrently measured with multiple baselines. Also, prolonged baseline period can be problematic due to the practical effects. Those limitations make the researcher hard to decide the adequate baseline trials and consume time and expenses in the experimental setting (Scott & Goetz, 1980).
Checklist for Single Subject Research Design
The author of this article summarized the items to be checked before setting single subject research design based on the review of many papers done by Glass, Willson, & Gottman (1975), Tawney & Gast (1984), Logan et al. (2008), Dixon, Boge, & Tarbox (2012), Byiers, Reichle, & Symons (2012), and Haegele & Godge (2015). The following items are created to conceptualize the reality of experimental setting and to reduce the misunderstanding and error in designing of single subject research prior to activating the experiment.
• Is there any similarity in the target behavior when two subjects were placed?
• Is the level of age almost same to each other when two subjects were placed?
• Is direct observation utilized to identify the target subject's character?
• Is test instrument used to identify the target subject's character?
• Is there any relationship between target behavior and the notice of subject's character?
• Is there any standard to recruit subject?
• Is there any logical basis to recruit the subject?
• Is a definition of target behavior set in detail and operative?
• If the target behavior is related to the behavior problem, is functional test ready before the baseline trial?
• Is the description provided about advantage as well as resource added to the behavior problem of the target subject with disability or typical clinical condition?
• Is the intervention selected through behavior problem understanding?
• Is there comment related to the report sheet?
• Is the right reaction and wrong reaction defined in detail?
• If there is the score to be earned, is the gap within scores appropriately distributed?
• Are the record method and procedure described properly?
• Has the reliability been secured between observers?
• Is there comment related to 2nd or 3rd observer?
• Is the observer trained?
• Is there a standard to end of observation?
• Is the in-service training provided for the observer?
• Is there any notice when the reliability was secured?
• Is there a formula for the reliability calculation?
• Is the intervention described in detail to repeat?
• Is there comments about intervenor?
• Is the experimental setting familiar to the researcher?
• Is the environment of experimental setting described in detail?
• Is the social circumstance of experimental setting described in detail?
• Is the reason to choose test instrument was described in detail?
• Is there the procedure to select test instrument prior to the experiment?
• Is the faithfulness considered?
• Is there a formula to calculate the faithfulness?
• Is there a training plan for the intervenor to increase the faithfulness?
• Is there any description related to the social validity of the faithfulness?
• Is the experiment design explained?
• Is there an agreement between noted experimental design and real design?
• Is the reason explained why the experiment design is selected?
• Is the total period of experiment noticed?
• Is the explanation related to the condition and difference of baseline and intervention?
• Is the time of switching intervention from the baseline appropriate?
• If the training period set separately, is the reason described?
• Is the reason to end of intervention described?
• In the case of multiple baseline design, is the standard of intervention to different situation or target behavior described in detail?
• Is the explanation related to the intervention and withdrawal described with its difference?
In conclusion, the checklist could be used to prepare the single-subject research design and able to reduce the possible mistakes such as the weakness of data interpretation, internal and external validity, or reliability which could be happened by the vulnerable research structure. The checklist could be a method to preview the circumstances overall the research prior to beginning of the single subject research design, and the quality of data collection might be secured.
1. Baer D.M, Wolf M.M, Risley T.R. 1968;Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1(1):91–97.
2. Baker E, McLeod S. 2011;Evidence-based Practice for Children with Speech Sound Disorders: Part I Narrative Review, Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 42:102–139.
3. Birnbrauer, J, Peterson, C, Solnick, J. 1974;Designing and Interpretation of Studies of Single Subjects. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 79:191–203.
4. Byiers B.J, Reichle, J, Symons F.J. 2012;Single-subject Experimental Design for Evidence-based Practice. American Jounal of Speech-Language Pathology 21(4):397–414.
5. Campbell D.T, Stanley J.C. 1966. Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs for Research Chicago: Rand McNally.
6. Dixon, D, Boge, T, Tarbox, J. 2012. A Brief History of Functional Analysis and Applied Behavior Analysis. In : Matson J.L, ed. Functional Assessment for Challenging Behaviors, Autism and Child Psychopathology Series, Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2012.
7. Donder, D, Nietupski, J. 1981;Nonhandicapped Adolescents Teaching Playground Skills to Their Mentally Retarded Peers: Toward a Less Restrictive Middle School Environment. Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded 16:270–276.
8. Dunlap G, Kern K. 1997. The Relevance of Behavior Analysis to Special Education. In : Paul J.L, Churron M., Roselli-Kostoryz H., Morse W, Marfo K, Lavely C, Thomas D, eds. Foundations of Special Education: Basic Knowledge Informing Research and Practice in Special Education p. 279–290. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
9. Glass G.V, Willson V.L, Gottman J.M. 1975. Design and Analysis of Time-series Experiment of Mentally Retarded Children. (Cooperative Research Project No. 619) Cooperative Research Program of the Office of Education U.S: Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
10. Haegele J.A, Godge, S. 2015;The Applied Behavior Analysis Research Paradigm and Single-Subject Designs in Adapted Physical Activity Research. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 32(4):285–301.
11. Kazdin, A. E.l, Kopel, S.A. 1975;On resolving Ambiguities of the Multiple-baseline Design: Problems and Recommendations. Behavior Therapy 6:601–608.
12. Kratochwill T. R. 1978. Foundations of Time-Series Research. In : Kratochiwill T. R, ed. Single Subject Research: Strategies for Evaluating Change p. 2–100. New York: Academic Press.
13. Lazarus A.A, Davison G.C. 1971. Clinical Innovation in Research and Practice. In : Bergin A. E, Garfield S. I, eds. Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change: An Empirical Analysis New York: Wiley.
14. Lee, J, Haegele J.A. 2015;A Cross-disciplinary Comparison of Published Articles: Adapted Physical Activity and Special Education. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity 8(1):7–20.
15. Leitenberg H. 1973;The Use of Single-case Methodology in Psychotherapy. Research. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 82(1):87–101.
16. Logan L.R, Hickman R.B, Harris S.R, Heriza C.B. 2008;Single-subject Research Design: Recommendations for Level of Evidence and Quality Rating. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 50:99–103.
17. Martella, R, Nelson, J, Marchand-Martella, N. 1999. Research Methods: Learning to Become a Critical Research Consumer Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
18. Murphy R.J, Bryan A.J. 1980;Multiple-baseline and Multiple-probe Designs: Practical Alternatives for Special Education Assessment and Evaluation. The Journal of Special Education 4(3):325–335.
19. Schleien S.J, Wehman, P, Kiernan, J. 1981;Teaching Leisure Skills to Severly Handicapped Adults: An Age-appropriate Dart Game. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 14:513–519.
20. Scott, L, Goetz, E. 1980;Issues in the Collection of In-class Data by Teachers. Education and Treatment of Children 3(1):65–71.
21. Sidman, M. 1960. Tactics of Scientific Research: Evaluating Experimental Data in Psychology New York: Basic Books.
22. Tawney J.W, Gast D.L. 1984. Single Subject Research in Special Education Columbus OH: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company.
23. Todd J. T. 1996. Division 25: Experimental Analysis of Behavior. In : Dewsbury D. A, ed. Unification Through Division: Histories of the Divisions of the American Psychological Association Washington, DC: APA Books;
© The Asian Society of Kinesiology and the Korean Academy of Kinesiology
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Home / Game Engines / Game Engines: NeoAxis Engine
NeoAxis Engine 1.1 — Technical Details and Feature Descriptions
December 4, 2011 in
Game Engines: NeoAxis Engine
gamedev - game engines
This part is intended to provide an additional information about new features and give a little deeper insight into relevant technologies. If you are interested in game development and game engines — I highly encourage you to read the rest of the article, pretty sure that anyone will find something new and interesting in it. Also don't forget to check out the first part of this topic which is about the NeoAxis Engine 1.1 release.
Depth Buffer Access
One of the most long-expected and technically advanced new feature in NeoAxis 1.1 is the access to depth buffer as usual texture. This feature allows to integrate numerous modern rendering features such as Soft Particles, Depth of Field, Screen Space Ambient Occlusion ( SSAO ), etc. Technically this feature uses Multi Render Targets ( MRT ) for preparing depth buffer. Now, you have no need for special Z pre pass, as well as no need for rendering geometry twice. Currently, this feature is only available for Direct3D. At the picture to the right you can see the example of depth texture — dark areas is closest to the camera, gray and white are the furthest.
Soft Particles
As the result of access to depth buffer Soft Particles technology has been added. Now any particle system and any material in general ( because the "Soft Particle" is the property of the material ) can be "soft", significantly improving visual quality of the special effects like smoke, fire, explosions, etc. The purpose of Soft Particles is to get rid of graphic artifacts that appear when particle quad intersects scene geometry. In such places particles that aren't "soft" usually got "cut", resulting in bad-looking particle "edge" or "seam". There is many techniques to deal with this issue, and one of them that used in NeoAxis is to just fade the particle if it’s getting to close to the scene. To do this, the scene without particles has to be rendered first and the depth saved in a texture. When drawing the particles, the depth of the particle will be compared to the scene depth. The alpha should be increased by a smooth fade by this depth difference. As result we got particles that are smoothly blended with the environment and scene geometry, making in look better.
Animation Tree System
Significant achievement was the addition of Animation Tree, that can be used to configure animations much easier. You don't need to write that much code for complex animation support anymore, like character animation, for example. Now you can do this by means of an animation tree file. This file is a scheme with operations and connections. Later visual editor will also be added.
In sum this will help to save a lot of time for adding your animations and setting them to work right. Animation tree systems is widely used by other modern and powerful AAA-class game engines, like Unreal Engine 3 from Epic Games. Now this feature also available in NeoAxis.
Navigation Mesh Pathfinding
There is a known difficult task in game development to implement fast and robust pathfinding system. NeoAxis 1.1 uses open-source Recast pathfinding system to implement powerful Navigation Mesh technology. Thus, in addition to previously available inside NeoAxis grid and waypoint-based navigation system, now it is possible to use third system — Navigation Mesh Pathfinding. One of the navigation mesh creation advantages is the fully automatic process — the system automatically created navigation mesh by defined settings.
The Recast process starts with constructing a voxel mold from a level geometry and then casting a navigation mesh over it. The process consists of three steps, building the voxel mold, partitioning the mold into simple regions, peeling off the regions as simple polygons.
1. The voxel mold is build from the input triangle mesh by rasterizing the triangles into a multi-layer heightfield. Some simple filters are then applied to the mold to prune out locations where the character would not be able to move.
2.The walkable areas described by the mold are divided into simple overlayed 2D regions. The resulting regions have only one non-overlapping contour, which simplifies the final step of the process tremendously.
3.The navigation polygons are peeled off from the regions by first tracing the boundaries and then simplifying them. The resulting polygons are finally converted to convex polygons which makes them perfect for pathfinding and spatial reasoning about the level.
In general, navigation mesh pathfinding is more up-to-date and "natural" way to create navigation possibilities for AI-controlled actors, rather than grid and waypoint navigation systems. Usage of navigation meshes technology provides additional benefits in terms of performance and speed due to reduced navigation graph density. With navmeshes one big open-space area can be represented by single navmesh polygon instead of dozen or even dozens of waypoints. This also reduces memory consumption because of decrease in the number of stored nodes, and can provide faster pathfinding through reduced overall navigation graph size.
Another advantage of Navigation mesh technology is the fact that it can be used for creation of multi-level pathfinding, when one level can be above or below another. With grid system pathfinding this option was unavailable. However, new system is not always the best one, and in some cases other systems can perform better — it is up to developer to use the most suitable pathfinding system in their projects.
New Vegetation Material
NeoAxis 1.1 is enhanced with new vegetation material. It can be used for realistic rendering of different vegetation, like grass, foliage and shrubs. New material uses combination of different approaches to achieve such results.
First, it uses Half-Lambert lightning, used by Valve in Half-Life 2. Translucency Maps support has been added to simulate effect of the passage of light through the vegetation material. Translucency maps in NeoAxis is the simple implementation of subsurface scattering effect that allows to achieve good results with good speed/quality ratio. Similar techniques for vegetation lightning was used in the most technically advanced PC first-person shooters of previous years — Crysis by the Crytek.
For even better results foliage and other vegetation can be animated, using values stored in vertex color attributes of the geometry. Finally, another major problem with the vegetation was the edge aliasing, where the edges can have graphic artifacts — so-called "ladders" on the edges. NeoAxis 1.1 now has new anti-aliasing effect to deal with this issue.
Fast Approximation Anti-Aliasing
Fast Approximation Anti-Aliasing ( FXAA ) — new anti-aliasing algorithm developed inside Nvidia by Timothy Lottes. FXAA advantages is the high speed and good quality. Technically FFXA is the single-pass pixel shader that applies to the image at post-processing stage. FXAA is less demanding in terms of resources , rather than FSAA ( full-scene anti-aliasing ) or MSAA ( Multisample anti-aliasing ).
That's it. Thanks for reading, hope you will enjoy using NeoAxis Engine!
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NeoAxis Game Engine Reached Version 1.0
NeoAxis + Awesomium = Web Browser Inside Game Engine
NeoAxis Game Engine Updated to Version 1.1 — New Features and Demos
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Pilot School
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Crown Jewel, Saudi Arabia, Eva Marie, Raw Rating, Sonny Kiss, WWE Videos, Chris Jericho, Crown Jewel, 205 - Wed. Latest #1
Date: 10/23 11:00 PM
Written by Stevie J
Tues. #2 is HERE. Please follow us on Tumblr or Twitter, subscribe to us on YouTube or like us on Facebook. Don't miss The Wrestling Nerdcast w/ Brian Logan this morning, Nickolye's 205 Live Recap this evening and Glove Up or Shut Up at 8 PM ET! With the cheap plugs out of the way here's Wednesday's latest wrestling news.
The YouTube subpocalypse is for real and my YouTube channel could use your support. I need 1,000 subscribers to survive and it's at 779 subscribers right now, an increase from when the bad news broke, but I still need 221 more. While the revenue generated is small compared to a Game Grumps or a NoDQ it's still very much necessary to keep our operation running. Please subscribe to Mistah MegaManFan and help me out!
I don't know his source so take this with a grain of salt but here's what Robbie Fox of Barstool Sports has to say about WWE Crown Jewel and Saudi Arabia: "WWE is currently in the process of frantically scouting locations to move Crown Jewel to. This is NOT definite confirmation that it's out of Saudi Arabia, but the location and date are unquestionably in major jeopardy right now."
In this interview Eva Marie says she has unfinished business in WWE (I disagree): "I feel like I do have unfinished business there. Ultimately, everyone - I think it would be silly if you didn't say this - but, you know, you want the title. And I feel right when I left, I was just about to arrive. So that is something still in me. No, I will not be appearing at Evolution. But ... that doesn't say that I won't be appearing later on. They need 'All Red Everything' to come back and spice things up."
This week's WWE Raw rating was a 0.92 rating in the 18-49 demo and 2.548 million viewers, up 7% and 6% respectively from last week. (SBD)
Here Sonny Kiss a/k/a Lishus talks about what's unique in Lucha Underground: "Well, they are sure paying me a hell of lot more. They have this cool, eccentric feel to it. It's very different. It's not a wrestling promotion per se, it's like a television show as well, and its this really unique thing to wrestling. And wrestling is kind of like secondary as opposed to the show being the show. Not secondary but a really awesome addition to the show."
New WWE related videos including (but not limited to) SmackDown Live highlights are available below.
Speaking to Sportskeeda, Chris Jericho talks about how he came up with his wrestling cruise: "Well it started when we did the Kiss Kruise in 2015, and it was such a great experience as a professional, as a fan, as a performer, all across the board I was just really impressed with how much fun it was and how easy it was. I mean, you get up in the morning, you hang for a bit, you do you gig, you go back to your cabin take a shower then you've got the rest of the night to do whatever you want to do. It was a great party, a great time and as soon as we got back from it I called my manager, Fozzy's manager and I said 'Dude, I want to do this, I want to do a cruise that's synonymous with Chris Jericho - Rock and Roll and wrestling' and that's where it all started, three years ago now. So it took quite a while to get it up and running but now we're almost ready to roll man, less than a week away!"
Assuming it still takes place on Nov. 2nd here's the Crown Jewel card. (WWE)
* WWE Universal Championship Triple Threat Match: Brock Lesnar vs. Braun Strowman.
* WWE Championship Match: Daniel Bryan vs. AJ Styles.
* Triple H and Shawn Michaels vs. The Undertaker and Kane.
* Smackdown Tag Team Championship Match: The New Day vs. The Bar (w/ Big Show).
* WWE World Cup Tournament! Raw Competitors: John Cena, Kurt Angle, Seth Rollins, Dolph Ziggler. SmackDown Competitors: Randy Orton, Jeff Hardy, Rey Mysterio, The Miz.
Michael Cole, Renee Young, and Beth Phoenix will call WWE Evolution this Sunday, October 28th. (WWE)
The first pre-sale code for WrestleMania 35 is MANIA35. The pre-sale begins on November 14th at 10 AM. (TM)
205 Live results are below so don't scroll down if you don't want to know. (wInc)
* Mike Kanellis defeated Lince Dorado.
* Mustafa Ali defeated Hideo Itami in a Falls Count Anywhere match.
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You Got Served
You Got Served is the 2000s version of dance films of the 1980s such as Breakin', Breakin 2, Flashdance, and Krush Groove, incorporating elements of 2000's Bring it On and mirrors the very recent 8 Mile and Honey. There is really nothing new, innovative, or fresh in this movie, except the soundtrack and dance routines. Writer and director Christopher B. Stokes seems to have created the movie by cutting and pasting from discarded scripts he rescued from the recycle bin.
The flick contains the perfunctory elements of these story types: It focuses on two seemingly inseparable best friends who share a common passion and goal -- willing to risk and lose everything in pursuit of a dream. Predictably, when that dream is shattered, so is the friendship and the ensuing conflict is the core of the film. There are the overly common subplots of one friend's falling for the other's younger sister, betrayal from within, money owed to a menacing crime boss, and the climatic battle which reunites the friends and vanquishes the bitter opposition—making everything righteous once again.
Set in Los Angeles, the story centers around two best friends Elgin (Marques Houston) and David (Omari Grandberry) who are brothers in every sense of the word, except by blood. The pair head a crew of urban street dancers who are the best in L.A. and win a weekly underground dance competition refereed by Mr. Rad (Steve Harvey). The two aspire to make a living using their talents and love of music, and hope to finance that dream by working at night making some secret deliveries for a shady patron (former footballer Michael "Bear" Taliferro). The friendship and the dance troupe are at the top of their game when two Orange County white kids (Christopher Jones & Robert Hoffman) challenge them for a huge cash bet of $5000 and the respect of the dance community. Looking and feeling unstoppable, the gang comes up with the cash and steps up to test; however it is David and Elgin's crew that gets served, on their own turf. They arragontly underestimated the abilities of the County Crew, never thinking that the Crew would steal their moves, or be good at dancing. They lose their status, respect, and money.
That's as far as I will go into the plot because, well, it's really not that interesting, and easily predictable. Further, the movie's strong point isn't the story or the acting. So much so, that I have to apply my porn-movie philosophy to this one: "Good action but too bad you have to sit through the acting and dialogue to get to it". Oh yeah, the acting...it's bad, and by bad, I mean I'd rather be raped by rabid goats than to have to watch these (ahem) actors awkwardly drone through the mediocre script. Compounding the problem, few of the principal characters had very little, if any, acting experience and barely seemed to take the acting seriously. They didn't get much help from the script, which does a lame job of stringing a series of excellent dance sequences with perfunctory discourse. Really, if it weren't for the dancing, I don't think this movie would be worthy of showing. My recommendation is that you rent the DVD so you can just fast forward to the dancing, and skip the torturous "acting".
What this movie is really about and does best, is showcase dancing—and the moves shown in You Got Served are off the fucking chain. The picture combines cutting edge pop n' lock moves of today with some updated "suicide" windmills and headspins from the 80s that make Turbo and Ozone and look like they were amateurs doing the Foxtrot.
One other thing that made You Got Served a little less than stellar was the heavy editing done on the dance sequences. Like Moulin Rouge the camera moves excessively and cuts in and out too often and too quickly. It causes a small loss of enjoyment because you are so busy keeping track of where you are, especially when each crew is having their turn dancing. It robs you of the benefit from watching things from your own perspective. Also, some of the sequences seem to be shot with a dancer-cam, since when the dancer lands, and the floor shakes, so do the camera and the picture.
However, where the stars failed in the acting department, they certainly compensate in the looks division. The movie is replete with hotties the lead characters, Houston, Omairon, and other members of B2K. Jennifer Freeman looks very lovely, as does Meagan Good who plays her best friend, aptly named Beautifull. Christopher Jones is hot as the blue eyed devil from Orange County and the girls who get down in his crew aren't too bad either. There are cameos by Lil' Kim, LaLa Vasquez, and Wade Robson.
This movie is for the most part fun to watch (when no one is talking). Speaking of which, the dialogue is heavy on Ebonics, so bring your Urban Dictionary.
Grade: A+ for dancing, C- for acting.
Notes: (Urban Dictionary) ~ to get served: To be completely owned or shown up by someone.
Czarina's Caustic Comment or Captious Compliment: Someone should serve the cast with some acting lessons.
You Got Czarina'd
Internet Movie Database Listing
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The lates. This new app targets to sell the mutual fund to around 25 million people in the next three to five years. This app is the only option to complete the paytm full KYC. Paytm Money, a subsidiary company of leading digital payments company Paytm, on Friday said it will offer mutual fund investment products at zero fee to its customers. PayPay Corporation reported it will team up with India's largest digital payment company Paytm, a SoftBank Vision Fund portfolio company, to utilize Paytm's technology and expertise in mobile. Paytm all set to enter into mutual fund industry. Know Your Client (KYC) Application Form (For Individuals only) (Please fill the form in English and in BLOCK Letters) Photo 2. Mobile-first fintech major Paytm is planning a major push in the financial services sector. 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Just like all other UPI based apps, this app also provides users amazing discounts and cashback when they transact using FreeCharge. Paytm seeks RBI licence to start money market fund - Paytm has applied for a licence to set up a money market mutual fund that will enable the company to expand its financial offerings to consumers. There will be an online portal as well as the mobile app through which you can buy mutual funds. On Nov 15 , 2016 Paytm said on Tuesday that its mobile interface will be available in 10 Indian languages, besides English, to boost adoption across the country. The BHIM Axis Pay UPI (Unified Payment Interface) App is an easy to use app with which you can link any bank account to your UPI Id and send or receive payments instantly and securely. Paytm is a leading online recharge website in India where you can recharge your mobile, DTH or Datacard and pay utility bills online on Paytm website or on paytm mobile app. Which is an investment fund that is characterized by diversification among two or more asset classes? – Hybrid fund; Which of the following constitutes the Task Force on Offshore Rupee Markets? – RBI – Covered in AC Which has become the 1,600th station in India to have fast and free public Wi-Fi access?. We are starting Cumulus Course for SBI PO 2019 Mains Exam and we are creating sample questions in GA section, this type of Question will be asked in SBI PO 2019!!!. On the sidelines of. Some of the names with which the fake apps were listed on Google Play Store were Modi Bhim, Bhim Modi App, BHIM Payment-UPI Guide, BHIM Banking guide, Modi ka Bhim, etc. New Delhi, Aug 25 Digital investment platform Paytm Money expects its market share in direct mutual fund subscriptions to go up to 50 per cent in six months with a 'Switch' option that it plans to. "The mutual fund industry is expected to grow exponentially and double its size within the next 4-5 years. We have already providing Paytm free Offers Today. India's Largest Online Mutual Fund Investment Platform to Buy or Invest in Direct Mutual Funds for free from Asset Management Companies. Kotak introduces Kotak Stock Trader app - a unique stock trading mobile based application that lets you trade, view latest quotes, track portfolio and market movements, analyse market trends, get live research calls, and do much more instantly. By Bhumika K. It works, like a charm. Read reviews, compare customer ratings, see screenshots, and learn more about Paytm Money Mutual Funds App. Sign up and get recommendations on best performing direct mutual funds. The risk in this fund is above average but the returns are above average. Track the latest NAV, AUM, ratings & returns for top performing mutual funds of 2019 in India. Paytm claims that within a few months of Paytm Money launch, it has witnessed over 1 million users making it the largest commission-free platform for mutual fund investments in India. Paytm announced during the launch of the new subsidiary that it was aiming to. The newly-launched feature will allow investors to start their SIPs without making the payment immediately or choosing to pay later. Paytm announced during the launch of the new subsidiary that it was aiming to. 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Know Your Client (KYC) Application Form (For Individuals only) (Please fill the form in English and in BLOCK Letters) Photo 2. 4 crore savings bank account with deposit of over Rs 400 crore; and there are as many as 26 crore wallet accounts. This app will be for Mutual Fund investments as the company aims to double. At the same time, the mutual fund gets an annual return of up to 15%. Paytm Money, a subsidiary of Vijay Shekhar Sharma's One97 Communications Limited, is finally here. It has raised 5. There has been a 16% growth on a year-on-year basis in the retail AUM while the overall AUM rose by 11%. Paytm, India's largest mobile-first financial services platform, is planning to launch a dedicated app- 'Paytm Money,' which will facilitate investments in mutual funds. Paytm Money app for mutual funds launched. Paytm Money competes with Bengaluru-based brokerage firm Zerodha which launched its direct mutual fund. Paytm's online mutual fund investments platform 'Paytm Money' has announced the launch of "Register SIP Now, Pay Later" feature for its users. On the sidelines of. The investment and wealth management platform, which is slated for launch in the next two weeks, has seen huge consumer interest with more than 7. 5 lakh users. Paytm will reportedly launch a mutual fund distribution app called Paytm Money by end of April. Paytm Money mutual fund app is launched yesterday. Paytm Money App: Mutual Funds, SIP, ELSS 1. SBI Dynamic Bond Fund is an Open-ended, dynamic bond category fund launched in 2004 by SBI Mutual Fund. Within a year of its launch, Paytm Money, the wholly owned subsidiary of One97 Communications that owns & operates Paytm, has been able to grow to a user base of over 3 million with its focus on simplifying the investment experience. For a prospectus, or a summary prospectus if available, containing this and other information for any fund, please call Putnam Dealer Marketing Services at 1-800-354-4000. NAV, dividends, returns, portfolio - complete track record of L&T Midcap Fund - Snapshot. However, it looks forward to increasing education content on its app for first-time users. Investment recommended plans offered by Paytm Money Advisory Aditya Birla Sun Life Mutual Fund ICICI Mutual Fund Morningstar & Reliance Mutual Fund Track, Manage & Automate SIP Investments Stay updated with your mutual fund investments real-time on the app, track your SIPs anytime through the day. Paytm new scheme that will give you more profit than bank. Paytm Money app: With an aim to double the mutual fund. Out of these 300 million customers, about half of them are from tier 2 and tier 3 cities. Paytm Money mutual fund app is launched yesterday. Vijay Shekhar Sharma said, "We started as a payments platform and expanded customer offerings to deposits with Paytm Payments Bank. Paytm claims to have around 300 million customers and is set to enter mutual fund distribution business. Without Golden Gate app, you cannot get full KYC update. BHIM is interoperable with other Unified Payment Interface (UPI) applications, and bank accounts for quick money transfers. 5000 on June 21, 2017 Sold it for Rs. Paytm Payments Bank to offer risk-free insurance, mutual fund products by June; savings accounts touch 4. This scheme was launched on 26 Feb 2015 and is currently managed by its fund managers Sohini Andani and Milind Agrawal. “To begin with, Paytm Money will offer mutual funds from top 10-12 AMCs. About Axis Pay UPI App. AmazonFresh Grocery Delivery Service Launched in Bengaluru With 2-Hour Deliveries : Amazon Prime Now will continue to serve the grocery needs of other major cities. It works, like a charm. The digital platform from Paytm Money Ltd, a. Increase your returns by ~1. Google may partner with Flipkart, Paytm to launch own shopping tab: Report - The shopping tab will be piloted soon, prior to a fullfledged launch before the end of the year. Vijay Shekhar Sharma, the founder of mobile payments company Paytm that is soon to launch its mutual fund distribution platform, said Paytm Money has set a target of adding 20 million customers in 1,000 days. Invest in Mutual Funds and SIP for free. You can now begin your mutual fund investment journey on the Paytm Money App with 100% paperless KYC verification. Paytm Money has registered with securities markets regulator SEBI (Securities Exchange Board of India) as an Investment Adviser (IA) to. including Paytm and MobiKwik, have started to. With most of its users investing via SIP. Paytm Money App: Mutual Funds, SIP, ELSS 1. Came August, Zerodha Coin decided to go free. It is a joint venture between the State Bank of India , an Indian multinational, Public Sector banking and financial services company and Amundi , a European asset management company. Mutual Fund Investments made Simple, Transparent and Accessible with Paytm Money. Download free reports. Visit Now, for new Fund offer (NFO) provided by FundzBazar. 1 Current / Permanent / Overseas Address Details (Please see instruction D at the end) Signature/. General Insurance - Health or Medical Insurance, Motor Insurance (Two wheeler Insurance and Car Insurance), Travel Insurance, and Life Insurance - Term Insurance Plan, Investment Plan - ULIP, Child Plans, Retirement. Mumbai: The mutual fund industry is set to get a massive boost as Paytm inches closer to make an entry in the industry with a new app, reported Mint. 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Stay updated with your mutual fund investments real-time on the app, track your SIPs anytime through the day. We have set up Paytm Money to focus on Investment and Wealth Management We are excited to set up 'Paytm Money Limited' to build Investment & Wealth India Broadband Forum Menu. #paytmmoneyapp #mutualfund. The investment and wealth management app offers mutual fund investment products at zero fees and. There has been a 16% growth on a year-on-year basis in the retail AUM while the overall AUM rose by 11%. Liquid, debt and equity funds have different cut-off timings. Digital wallet company Paytm on Tuesday launched 'Paytm Money' app for mutual fund investments. Paytm Adds Paytm Money Mutual Fund App to Wallet for its 850K Users Strong and Growing SoftBank & Yahoo Japan JV Collaborates With. PayPay Corporation reported it will team up with India's largest digital payment company Paytm, a SoftBank Vision Fund portfolio company, to utilize Paytm's technology and expertise in mobile. India's largest digital wallet firm Paytm is all set to enter India's trillion dollar mutual fund market by launching a new digital platform by end of this month. Mode of investment preferences is via SIPs (Systematic Investment Plans), that start from Rs 100. For example, if you invest in equity-oriented schemes through online SIP, then you might get copious returns while a moderate return will be generated through a debt fund. Paytm Digital Gold - Buy gold for as low as Rs. Welcome to Online GA Test in AffairsCloud. You may not have a user friendly experience by not having an updated browser. Start investing in mutual funds now!. Close to 1. Due to its convenience when it comes to online shopping, a server-side digital wallet is the first preference of the retailers wherein the organization can. The Scheme Comparison allows you to compare between a maximum of three Schemes across categories and fund houses. It may be noted that the Rs 22 lakh crore industry, where asset management companies manage almost 18 million investors, is about to get Paytm as a distributor, thus helping them extend services to a customer base 16 times bigger, added the report. and upgrades your existing app. Simple & transparent platform for Mutual Fund Investments. Since our launch last summer, we've experienced rapid growth. Mutual Fund Platform Paytm Money Sees 5 Lakh Signups Even Before Its Launch. You can make money by investing your money here. AmazonFresh Grocery Delivery Service Launched in Bengaluru With 2-Hour Deliveries : Amazon Prime Now will continue to serve the grocery needs of other major cities. Presenting, Paytm Money - India's Most Sincere Wealth Adviser. We are starting Cumulus Course for SBI PO 2019 Mains Exam and we are creating sample questions in GA section, this type of Question will be asked in SBI PO 2019!!!. Earn ~1% more by investing in Direct funds through Piggy Mobile App. Vijay Shekhar Sharma, the founder of mobile payments company Paytm that is soon to launch its mutual fund distribution platform, said Paytm Money has set a target of adding 20 million customers in 1,000 days. Do not access unknown website links. There will be an online portal as well as the mobile app through which you can buy mutual funds. With this, the digital payments platform will enter India's ₹ 22 trillion mutual funds industry. Mumbai: More than half a million users have signed up to buy mutual funds (MFs) on Paytm Money, which is nearing launch, a top company official said. Paytm Money helps you to invest in all categories of mutual funds. Since the majority of us are already exposed to the brand, PayTM Money becomes a favorable choice if you don’t want to risk with an unknown direct mutual fund platform. Download free reports. Mumbai: The mutual fund industry is set to get a massive boost as Paytm inches closer to make an entry in the industry with a new app, reported Mint. Paytm Money one of India's largest online platforms for mutual fund (MF) investments, on Friday announced a new offering which allows users to subscribe to NFOs (New Fund Offers) of mutual funds. You can make money by investing your money here. SIP (Systematic Investment Plan) is a smart, hassle-free method of investing a fixed sum in a mutual fund scheme. Paytm Money - India's largest online only platform for Mutual Fund investments & the wholly owned subsidiary of One97 Communications Limited which owns the brand Paytm, today announced that its. Earn ~1% more by investing in Direct funds through Piggy Mobile App. Find the list of all top performing mutual fund with details of structure, Nature, Sub Nature and min investment rupees. On Nov 15 , 2016 Paytm said on Tuesday that its mobile interface will be available in 10 Indian languages, besides English, to boost adoption across the country. Bengaluru: Paytm Money Ltd expects the number of mutual fund investors in India to more than double from the current 20 million to 50 million by 2023 and hopes that around half of them will be. There are no hidden commissions, no service fees, it’s truly free. A look at what’s on offer. SBI has more than 15,000 + branches available and lot of portfolio of product and services. Limitations of Paper-based Mutual Fund KYC. At the time of launch, Paytm founder and CEO. Check out NFO/New Fund Offers, NFO mutual funds, New NFO, NFO Date, NFO List, etc by SBI MF. Paytm crosses 200 million users; launches Paytm Mall app The Alibaba-backed company also announced the launch of Paytm Mall app, which will allow consumers to shop from 1. Trading Platforms; Mutual Fund App. This time is known as the cut-off time in a mutual fund. Paytm Money crossed over 1 million users mark to become the largest platform for mutual fund investments in India After getting the nod to start stock broking services, Paytm Money, the investment and wealth management platform of the mobile payments company Paytm, is hiring for leadership roles across all levels as part of expanding the team. The returns from mutual fund investment depend on the scheme in which you invest through it. Visit Now, for new Fund offer (NFO) provided by FundzBazar. Meenakshi Dawar manages 2 open-ended schemes of Reliance Mutual Fund. The month-end offer, which is valid till 1st February, allows the user to purchase laptops with EMI starting at Rs. Aug 21, 2019 · In the run up to launch in India, Tala began a 12-month pilot program in the country last year to conduct user research and understand the market. The new app will be launched in around six weeks. Paytm - One97 Communications Ltd. SBI has more than 15,000 + branches available and lot of portfolio of product and services. The fund manager name is Dinesh Ahuja. The newly-launched feature will allow investors to start. "The mutual fund industry is expected to grow exponentially and double its size within the next 4-5 years. There will be an online portal as well as the mobile app through which you can buy mutual funds. Amazon is aiming to launch the new service delivering from restaurants ahead of India's month-long festive season, which starts in September, one of the sources said. The Paytm Money platform will be offering systematic investment plans (SIPs), starting at RS s. 16 Jul'19 3 min read. There will be an online portal as well as the mobile app through which you can buy mutual funds. Liquid, debt and equity funds have different cut-off timings. Paytm Money debuted as a platform to offer mutual fund investments through its mobile app in September last year. The risk in this fund is above average but the returns are above average. What’s more, the registration and KYC. Mobile-first fintech major Paytm is planning a major push in the financial services sector. 01 May 2019: Reliance Jio to launch WeChat-like Super App with 100+ services Reliance Jio is working to launch a Super App which will provide over 100 services under one platform, according to a. Mumbai: More than half a million users have signed up to buy mutual funds (MFs) on Paytm Money, which is nearing launch, a top company official said. Track the latest NAV, AUM, ratings & returns for top performing mutual funds of 2019 in India. Paytm Money - India's largest online only platform for Mutual Fund investments & the wholly owned subsidiary of One97 Communications Limited which owns the brand Paytm, today announced that its. Franklin uses UPI for transfer, and other fund houses use IMPS for transferring instant redemption proceeds to your bank. Official Release: Paytm Money aims to double Mutual Fund investors in India; Launches dedicated app for Investment at Zero Charges. Download this app from Microsoft Store for Windows 10 Mobile, Windows Phone 8. Paytm Money app was launched recently which offers direct mutual fund investment services. In order to sell mutual funds, Paytm has created a new subsidiary 'Paytm Money', the launch date of the app is yet to be announced. Start investing in mutual funds now!. New Delhi, Aug 25 Digital investment platform Paytm Money expects its market share in direct mutual fund subscriptions to go up to 50 per cent in six months with a 'Switch' option that it plans to. Currently, its market share stands at around 40 percent of total. Paytm Money mutual fund app is launched yesterday. Paytm Money Vs Zerodha Coin Launch Date: Paytm Money - Q2 2018 ; Zerodha Coin - ~Q1 2017 Format: Both are offering Direct plans Cost: Paytm Money - Zero as of now ; Zerodha Coin - Zero as of now Zerodha Coin used to charge Rs. Presenting, Paytm Money - India's Most Sincere Wealth Adviser. Having started off as a digital wallet that continues to remain the leader in its category, Paytm has expanded into a number of new categories over the past few years. Within a year of its launch, Paytm Money, the wholly owned subsidiary of One97 Communications that owns & operates Paytm, has been able to grow to a user base of over 3 million with its focus on simplifying the investment experience. Mumbai: More than half a million users have signed up to buy mutual funds (MFs) on Paytm Money, which is nearing launch, a top company official said. Simple & transparent platform for Mutual Fund Investments. Paytm Money app: With an aim to double the mutual fund investor base in India to 50 million in the next 5 years, Paytm Money — a subsidiary of One97 Communications Limited owned digital payments company Paytm — announced the launch of its dedicated app for Mutual Fund investments on Tuesday. The Paytm bank has very few branches. The rising middle class has driven the growth of the online food delivery sector, with research firm RedSeer Consulting saying number of orders rose 176% in 2018. Download free reports. Kotak Stock Trader. Please do not believe any entity using Axis Bank logos & branding to request the public for money in exchange for opening a Customer Service Point. After BHIM's launch in December 2016, there were complaints to NPCI of numerous similar BHIM apps available on Google Play Store. Paytm Money app was launched recently which offers direct mutual fund investment services. For a prospectus, or a summary prospectus if available, containing this and other information for any fund, please call Putnam Dealer Marketing Services at 1-800-354-4000. Paytm Adds Paytm Money Mutual Fund App to Wallet for its 850K Users Strong and Growing SoftBank & Yahoo Japan JV Collaborates With. E-commerce major Amazon India on Thursday announced the launch of “AmazonFresh”, offering food and grocery items, for select pincodes in Bengaluru. Multiple leaks and rumours have been confirmed, now that we know exactly what the smartphone and its specifications sheet look like. Paytm all set to enter into mutual fund industry. Kotak Smart Solutions. Paytm's expansion into the financial sector today resulted in the launch of Paytm Money, which is built to give the netizens instant access to mutual fund schemes right on their mobile phones. Invest in mutual funds and SIP offered by all the fund houses in India. Paytm Money and PhonePe compete with Bengaluru-based brokerage firm Zerodha, which launched its direct mutual fund platform Coin in March 2017 and raked Rs 1,100 crore in assets under management after a year of launch. Also, applicant's signature needs to be provided in case of both Annexure A1 and Annexure B1 along with date and place information to ensure the validity of the mutual fund KYC form. Paytm Money has registered with securities markets regulator SEBI (Securities Exchange Board of India) as an Investment Adviser (IA) to. Protect your money from Inflation. Investors, It’s been over 5 years that SEBI made it mandatory for all mutual fund houses to offer direct plans. Download this app from Microsoft Store for Windows 10 Mobile, Windows Phone 8. But the launch date kept getting postponed. 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We have set up Paytm Money to focus on Investment and Wealth Management We are excited to set up 'Paytm Money Limited' to build Investment & Wealth India Broadband Forum Menu. Paytm has already acquired over 300 million users for its mobile wallet platform. Paytm claims to have over 150 million users, making it the biggest online payments platform in the country. The same year, Paytm launched an app for Canadian mobile phone, cable, Internet, electricity and water bill payments. There will be an online portal as well as the mobile app through which you can buy mutual funds. Visit Now, for new Fund offer (NFO) provided by FundzBazar. Paytm Money - India's largest online only platform for Mutual Fund investments & the wholly owned subsidiary of One97 Communications Limited which owns the brand Paytm, today announced that its. Kotak Stock Trader. Bengaluru: Paytm Money - India's largest online platform for mutual fund investments and the wholly owned subsidiary of One97 Communications Limited that operates Paytm, today announced the launch. 5 lakh users. For a prospectus, or a summary prospectus if available, containing this and other information for any fund, please call Putnam Dealer Marketing Services at 1-800-354-4000. Stay updated with your mutual fund investments real-time on the app, track your SIPs anytime through the day. Mutual fund investment platform Paytm Money is planning to launch ?Paytm Switch? in 10-15 days to allow users switch from regular mutual funds to direct mutual funds from banks, asset management. As on date, the Paytm Payments Bank has 4. Kotak Smart Solutions. The new app will be launched in around six weeks. Today, with Paytm Money, we have taken the next logical step in the direction of wealth management. 22 trillion mutual funds industry. Paytm’s expansion into the financial sector today resulted in the launch of Paytm Money, which is built to give the netizens instant access to mutual fund schemes right on their mobile phones. Mar 12, 2019 (Heraldkeeper via COMTEX) -- The newly released research at Market Study Report LLC titled "2019-2025 Global Mobile Wallet and Payment Technologies Market Report" provides data.
Paytm Mutual Fund App Launch Date
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Home • Australasia • Australia • '17 Jul: Darwin+ and The Red Center Click HERE and all the pictures will get big.
Getting tired of this map yet?!
Following is the story of my time at The Top End (Darwin, Kakadu, Arnhemland) and The Red Center (Alice Springs, Uluru) July 8-17.
If you want to view previous segments you can click on these links:
Sydney June 11-16.
Canberra June 16-20 and Melbourne June 20-23.
Tasmania June 23-July 1.
Broome July 1-8.
After arriving in Darwin, one day late due to the unexpected extra overnight in Broome because of the canceled flight, I went out for a stroll. This place was packed inside and out with people cheering a game of Australian Rules Football.
I ate dinner at Hanuman, an Indian/Thai place. They have curry in common? There are many such combo places here. My goat curry on the Indian side was magnificent!
Carl and Lynn's friend Sally picked me up for a Sunday Brunch at the Art Museum...
...with a beautiful view. We had a great time, thanks for coming out Sally! And then Sally dropped me off (she having been already one too many times) at the...
...Lions Beer Can Regatta!
It is quite the event every year at Mindil Beach and I am so glad to have the chance to experience it for myself. It's a very family-friendly occasion.
Every component has to be hand made and so although this looks like they just stuck beer cans onto a row boat, not so. See the three guys standing behind the boat...
...I got all the details from them. The Electricals. They were so delighted with their creation.
I didn't ask! Really!! They said comm'on, get on in for a picture. So of course I did!
There's a panic button up front and that tnt blow-up looking thing on the bench is a take-off on a maritime safety device but the initials have their own not so family-friendly meaning. Those exit guys are funny too. They made everything even to cutting out the wood ribs. The body is made of some very thick rubber sheeting.
They were so fun and I even ended up with Laser Electrical logo beer cozies from a couple of the guys so this is clearly my team.
I called this boat The Wingers because of the tattoo you'll see later.
BTW, all the teams are proud to report that they did indeed drink all the beer out of those cans. Which isn't a stretch since Aussies really do love their beer.
And spoiler alert, this boat, The Rainbows, won!
Aussie Rules Football up-and-down and Cricket across.
Time to put the boats on the starting line! They had many events but this and the treasure hunt are the Main events.
There go my guys, load 'em up.
The Rainbows can't seem to get steady, and The Vikings are heading out strong.
From top around, The Baggies (they are floating on bags of beer cans!), The Stand-ups, The Wingers, and The Vikings.
I was wet to my shorts catching these shots and the water was CRAZY warm. I've never been in such warm sea water. So I looked it up: average sea temperature in July is 78 degrees so in the shallow water of the bay it would have been warmer.
Coming around and in for the final push!
The next two are closer-up of this picture.
The Rainbows are pulling ahead, knocking The Electricals out of the lead!
Everyone finished I think with no sinkers in this first round.
An hour and a half later (I didn't stay...sooo sunny) there is a treasure hunt called The Battle of Mindil. The boats go out to find the treasure and bring it back to shore. What happens is a melee of stealing the treasure and from what I understand all the boats are ruined in the effort and the winners running to shore are tackled from all sides.
The winners! They won the race and the battle too. Champions of the Beer Can Regatta!
There's also a big market with food and crafts. I had a wander through and then went to catch the bus to town.
A lively cricket game at the bus stop, if cricket can be lively, which for a few minutes it definitely is.
Good MORNING! I'm in the bus, taking these pictures out the front window (yup, front seat!). The guide mentions how rare it is to have clouds during the dry.
Quotes from the tour brochure:
"Today you’re up early to get started on a day that you’ll long remember. Travelling on one of the longest roads in Australia, the Stuart Highway, you’ll see some of the most amazing terrain this country has to offer. When we turn onto the Arnhem Highway, the Marrakai Plains will provide a beautiful backdrop for your onward journey."
More. Wow.
"Covering an area of more than 19,800 square kilometres, World Heritage listed Kakadu is the largest National Park in Australia. ((Not so true I heard as the Great Barrier Reef is larger.)) The combination of mangrove fringed coastal areas, expansive flood plains, lowland hills, open woodland and forest habitats make Kakadu one of the most diverse landscapes you’ll ever experience.
"Be amazed at the population of wildlife in the water, on the land and in the air – Kakadu is home to a myriad of animals, hundreds of bird species and thousands of different insects and plants. Marvel at the concentration of rock art sites that illustrates Aboriginal culture found at Kakadu, some dating back 50,000 years."
Road Train, you can see the name by the wheels and this is one of the bigger ones with a cab pulling four container beds, the maximum allowed.
These guys rule the road.
"Warradjan Aboriginal Cultural Centre. The Bininj people are the traditional custodians of Kakadu National Park and after lunch in Cooinda we visit the Warradjan Aboriginal Cultural Centre to introduce you to their way of life, a ‘must see’ for all visitors to the region. See artefacts and videos that illustrate stories the traditional owners wish to share with visitors, ranging from personal histories to bush tucker."
"Join your local guide for a cruise on the Yellow Water Billabong. The picturesque yellow water is home to thousands of saltwater crocodiles and up to 60 species of colourful birdlife."
Kakadu is a UNESCO listed World Heritage Site and according to the guide (I haven't checked this yet) of the approximately 1600 UNESCO sites it is one of 32 recognized for both cultural or natural values of international significance.
Regarding the name Kakadu, from wiki: "The name Kakadu may come from the mispronunciation of Gaagudju, which is the name of an Aboriginal language formerly spoken in the northern part of the park. This name may derive from the Indonesian word kakatuwah, (via Dutch kaketoe and German Kakadu) subsequently Anglicised as "cockatoo"."
Crocs REIGN and they are potentially in everywhere anywhere near water. This one is sunning himself on the shore.
These guys were like 6" tall and adorable! I found his name! He's a comb-crested jacana.
I have fuzzy pictures of so many birds, colorful and glorious. The boat was moving along slowly, but not slowly enough, and the birds don't want to just wait until we can get a shot off.
What is protected in the park:
Four major river systems: the East Alligator River, the West Alligator River, the Wildman River; and the entire South Alligator River
Six major landforms: estuaries and tidal flats, floodplains, lowlands, the stone country, the outliers; and
the southern hills and basins
A remarkable variety and concentration of wildlife: over 280 bird species, roughly 60 mammal species, over 50 freshwater species, over 10,000 insect species, over 1,600 plant species, some 117 species of reptiles
He's big and was sitting up in that tree drying his wings. He's an Australasian darter I learned much after writing this.
Brumbies - wild bush horses!
Nobody goes swimming. Nobody.
A pit stop. About 500 Indigenous people live in Kakadu and I don't think I saw a single one, not surprisingly as it is a huge area and all the businesses are operated by white people. It's a long story.
"Be mesmerised as you wander the Nourlangie rock art site. It provided shelter to indigenous people for many thousands of years – and while taking shelter, the rock evolved into a canvas that illustrates their deep spiritual culture. The 1.5km walk around the base of the rock, led by your Driver Guide, gives you the opportunity to see many different forms of Aboriginal rock art."
Wiki: "Aboriginal people have occupied the Kakadu area continuously for at least 40,000 years. Kakadu National Park is renowned for the richness of its Aboriginal cultural sites. There are more than 5,000 recorded art sites illustrating Aboriginal culture over thousands of years. The archaeological sites demonstrate Aboriginal occupation for at least 20,000 and possibly up to 40,000 years."
Our driver/guide leading the way.
I spent the night at the Crocodile Hotel, Jabiru in Kakadu. Crazy, right?
(internet pic)
I got picked up bright and early at the Crocodile hotel in Jabiru by a different tour company, one that had the necessary partnership agreement and ownership qualifications to go into Arnhemland.
It looked a lot like this for a couple of hours.
wiki: "A substantial proportion of the population, which is mostly Aboriginal, lives on small outstations. This outstation movement started in the early 1980s. Many Aboriginal groups moved to usually very small settlements on their traditional lands, often to escape the problems (alcohol, petrol-sniffing, idleness) on the larger townships.
"These population groups have very little western influence culturally speaking, and Arnhem Land is arguably one of the last areas in Australia that could be seen as a completely separate country. Many of the region's leaders have called and continue to call for a treaty that would allow the Yolngu to operate under their own traditional laws."
We stopped early for a pee break and again here, so far, as well as in Kakadu it's white people you see in the businesses.
...and then hit the rutted dirt road that is often impassible during the wet.
Our main focus for this tour was rock painting and art of modern day Aboriginal people living in this area.
We made a few stops, most having this type of landscape.
There were four young boys in my group including their two sets of parents, one other couple and one other solo traveler.
So as you might expect those four boys were clever and interested and a physical force of nature that the guide handled pretty well to the almost total exclusion of the adults until, after a lot of roaring around, the boys started touching the walls and that was it for the guide, he wasn't having any of That and he made the parents take control.
In the darkness of this picture under the reddest rock, are human bones. I didn't include them in the picture because although we can see and photograph the drawings, it is one of the forbiddens to take a picture of the bones.
Looking out the back of Injalak Arts "an Aboriginal owned and governed non-profit Association that has operated an art center since 1989. The center is located in Gunbalanya" and this must be Injalak Hill because it is so wonderful.
That strip of river you can see is full of crocodiles. One of the guys at the art center said that once the crocs got six dogs in one day.
Our main man there who was a delight. I did just let him and the four rambunctious boys and their wistful parents go off so I could hang around here in peace.
I kept myself still and admired the work and everyone was so sweet. Thumbs up for NYNY.
His totem is a serpent so he painted one on my hand. A future tattoo? Very tempting.
He's making paint with natural materials right there on the cement, painting with reeds.
I want this picture BAD although he isn't finished with it yet. I'm SOO close to writing with a request. I AM going to write (Glen Namundja - you can google him) and pretty soon too.
Visiting with this guy was one of the highlights of the whole trip.
Our lunch spot. The guide told us that all the good spots are called dinner...something...grrrr...I forgot but I hope it comes to me because it was delightful.
Oh yes! Dinner Camp, that was it. "Yea mate, I was by there before, it's good dinner camp."
I've seen a thousand termite hills but this is the first time I got around to taking a picture.
OK, let's climb up here x3.
It was worth it.
Wonderful stories go with all this. I might read a book.
Here we are crossing the crocodile infested waters of which the guide had many stories of crocodiles taking out tourists and locals alike, as we are heading back to Darwin.
As a side note, this river rises to the level of those marker poles rushing along and locking in the residents for months during the wet.
What we have here is the Darwin Airport where I've had plenty of time to take a picture because My Flight Was Canceled...AGAIN!
Broome-Darwin, canceled, mechanical problem in Darwin so the plane couldn't come to Broome.
Darwin-Alice Springs, canceled, mechanical problem in Alice Springs so the plane couldn't come to Darwin.
Not Good! It all took so long and the hotel Qantas is using is by the airport so there's no real time to see anything as all the attractions close at 5 and the hotel is smoky, old, and doesn't have internet in the rooms.
So I'm across the way at a pub enjoying an early grilled barramundi dinner. Barramundi and chips no surprise. Since coming up north I've been eating barramundi like it's the only fish in the sea.
Arriving in Alice Springs a day late due to the canceled flight in Darwin, I didn't even go into town but just got a car at the airport and started the drive for my first night in Curtin Springs, an old cattle station and a bump in the road just outside Uluru.
This is a google maps view of the drive. I was expecting a totally straight road running unbroken through a flat and featureless landscape but no, it was a varied and entertaining drive.
I just checked, The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert was set in the drive from Sydney to Alice while I've started in Alice so maybe that's where I got such a wrong impression.
UPDATE: I learned that The Red Center has had its wettest two years ever and this year is looking wet too which 'they' say is why it's so green.
The few stops along the way all had emus. Even Curtin Springs has emus. Here's a picture from one of the signs.
Mount Conner (not Uluru-notice the flat top) was peaking through the landscape for miles before I got a full look.
I swung into Curtin Springs with plenty of time to spare before dark.
A parrot tree.
The restaurant is on the left and the office and shop is on the right...
...and one of those doors leads to my room. It's true! They also had more luxurious accommodation also located in shipping containers.
The great majority of the folks milling around were set up in the free camping area. I've never seen so many campers on the road. They call camping trailers caravans and that's the majority, and everyone stays in caravan parks. You also see some van conversions but very few mobile homes.
Early in the evening. I had a very tasty spicy burger around 3 and then a bowl of very good soup around 6 and then I read for a while and then slept well after the 5am wake-up call this morning.
I've spent two days in the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park and I have an Ingalill number of pictures (10,000+/-) to go through and I'm going to merge the two days.
I wanted to see this particular sunrise because it's at the edge of Kata Tjuta which is, as you can see, some distance from Uluru.
This is wiki's aerial view, so you can get a perspective, Uluru in the foreground and Kata Tjuta in the distance.
(wiki pic)
I had a car, I got up at 5, I drove myself, but still in this the most busy season one cannot avoid the crowds.
The glowing side of Kata Tjuta.
Excuse me, excuse me please, just a few seconds to catch a shot? Thank you. Excuse me.
It was so crowded I had to take this in two pieces.
My fault! I forgot to ask where the sun would be in relation to Uluru. Had I known the position would I have still come here instead of one of the other twenty-five sites for sunrise viewing? I wouldn't have had to get up so early anyway. I don't know!
Another view of Kata Tjuta.
I drove over to one of the premier walking sites at Kata Tjuta, The Valley of the Winds walk.
This picture is not from then...but now I can tell you that it was still cold in Kata Tjuta and the area for the walk was still dark. So I lay the seat back for just a little chance to rest my eyes and I Fell Asleep. So that was it, no Kata Tjuta for me because I had to get back to Uluru for a guided walk I was anxious to join.
From the road.
As I write this I've already returned the car and every time I return a rental car undamaged I feel enormous relief.
I wanted to drive just a little and I didn't want to drive in the mountains and I didn't want to drive in a city and I didn't want to miss anything by going too fast. This drive was perfect!
A look at the landscape near Uluru. I was going nuts thinking about how could I have been so wrong in my expectations of what the landscape would look like.
Turns out they've had two years of record rainfall and this year is looking like another one. Don't be misled everyone says. This green is not going to last.
It's especially green around Uluru where there are water reservoirs at the top that fill water holes around the base. I'll try not to mention it again. All this green is an anomaly.
Behind those trees is the Cultural Center.
There are displays, a café, and a couple of art shops with ladies doing dot paintings.
No photography allowed almost everywhere. That I was able to have those pictures of the artists in Arnhemland was a bit of a miracle. No photos allowed even in the Cultural Center, no photos allowed in any shop that has paintings, and no photos of Indigenous people of course. There were no photos signs in the gas stations. They hate photos around here. "Please don't steal our culture" the signs say. Even large sections of Uluru are off limits to photography due to the sacred nature of the stories associated with those places.
Dot paintings. "In 1971–1972, art teacher Geoffrey Bardon encouraged Aboriginal people in Papunya, north west of Alice Springs to put their Dreamings onto canvas. These stories had previously been drawn on the desert sand, and were now given a more permanent form. The dots were used to cover secret-sacred ceremonies."
So there were no dot paintings before 1971 and so many that I see around, in every shop, café, and gas station just don't feel 'right' to me. Like they're bangin' 'em out for the tourists.
And speaking of off-limits, the Indigenous people are begging that you not climb Uluru but so many do it anyway.
Some of what the signs say:
“That’s a really important, sacred thing that you are climbing, you shouldn’t climb, it’s not the proper thing.”
“We, the traditional Anangu owners have this to say. Uluru is sacred in our culture, a place of great knowledge. Under our traditional law climbing is not permitted. This is our home. Please don’t climb.”
I have some in my picture too in the tippy top right. I was planning to avoid that picture but then I thought to tell the story.
I visited with and heard stories from so many rangers and guides just as a coincidence of being around.
One of my favorite things that I learned today. What is often called Dreamtime story is more appropriately called Creationtime story because all the creatures featured are part of the creation of a particular place. It is by knowing these stories that you can find your way around the desert.
The Indigenous desert people have been making their life here in a similar way, responding to the natural environment, for at least 40,000 years, with current estimates being 50,000 and newly discovered evidence suggests 60,000. Whitefellas arrived less than 300 years ago and tried to change everything, but how do you give up 40,000 years of traditional life...you can't.
The Creationtime story of Kuniya and Liru.
The paths get wide for the guided tours.
This story must not be sacred because there are signposts and photos are welcome here. That's one of the serpents featured in the story.
"Kuniya walk to Mutitjulu Waterhole
"Another easy walk around part of the base of Uluru. From the Kuniya carpark, you can walk the short track to Mutitjulu waterhole, home of a wanampi, an ancestral watersnake. In the special times of rain, you can experience the magical waterfalls, while in the warmer months watch for noisy finches and nankeen kestrels soaring on the thermal winds."
I guess lens flare is my friend.
A view around the corner from the above picture.
"Guided Mala Walk to Kantju Gorge
"Park rangers guide a daily Mala Walk.
You'll learn where the Mala (rufous hare-wallaby) people camped when they first arrived at Uluru. Mala people are the ancestral beings of Anangu. You'll discover examples of Anangu rock art and learn about traditional Anangu culture and how the park is managed."
I stayed with the group, 75 members by the ranger's count, and there was another group of 75 that went before us, because the stories were interesting. But I punked out after an hour. Sooo many people.
Here's a good time to note that the weather was totally, utterly, spectacular, exactly the way I like. It was cool, crisp, bright, and I loved it as would anyone, and hence the unspeakable crowds. Plus it was the last week of school break so that added to the excitement.
There are a ton more rock paintings but I guess I had so many from Kakadu and Arnhemland that I didn't take more pictures here.
There are three pictures here that I'm saving, for when I remember, to tell a story.
Let's talk about breakfast.
Australia has hung on to The Full English Breakfast and you can get it everywhere. It is because of this that I have not been feeling deprived of beans.
A full English breakfast always has eggs, usually poached but you can get what you want; bacon, English style which can have flabby fat so if I'm feeling it for bacon I'll ask for extra-eXtra crispy and it comes out ok; sausage; grilled tomatoes and grilled mushrooms; hash browns; toast with jam and butter.
And you can get just the bits you want such as eggs on beans with grilled tomatoes and toast, my personal favorite.
I've been re-reading Bill Bryson's book "In a Sunburned Country" and enjoying it TOTALLY. It's my second time reading it but now having passed through many of the places he also visited I'm more impressed that before of his observations and stamina.
Welcome to the Field of Lights. I paid an extra $50 so I could have this view and...
...Champagne!
...and Hors d'oeuvres!
The champagne (Australian sparkling wine) was perfectly fine.
The hors d'oeuvres were...interesting. They were definitely not delicious but that didn't keep me from having two of each, and probably four of the goat cheese and prosciutto. Prawns on cucumber (that's what they called it and maybe even too fishy for me, and I love fishy); goat cheese and prosciutto in a filo cup (the least bad); beetroot puree in a pastry cup (runny, not much flavor, and doughy); tiny slivers of kangaroo on a bit of toast (maybe like a chunk of dried out mushroom and a super dried out piece of toast); crocodile quiche (all you could taste was overcooked eggs).
Oh yes I helped myself.
Surprise, people.
"The exhibition, aptly named Tili Wiru Tjuta Nyakutjaku or ‘looking at lots of beautiful lights’ in local Pitjantjatjara is Bruce Munro’s largest work to date.
"As darkness falls, the 50,000 glass spheres gently come to life. From this dune top panoramic perspective, take in the vast scale of the installation. Then, covered under a sky brilliant with stars, Field of Light beckons you to explore and lose yourself momentarily in the rhythms of coloured light."
I'm such a sucker for large-scale site-specific art projects.
Tripods were not allowed anywhere in the Field of Light but at some point some people must have done it which you can confirm with a google image search. Based on the available images, a tripod really helped.
A farewell to Uluru-Kata Tjuta, Australia's "most natural icon".
Better than wiki I think, read this if you are interested:
https://parksaustralia.gov.au/uluru/
Leaving my motel at the Erldunda Roadhouse I noticed this sign on my door.
I also transported four very large Indigenous people the 50 kilometers from Mt Ebenezer Roadhouse where I stopped for gas and some food to Erldunda. I couldn't believe they all fit. They also didn't offer a single word of conversation once it became clear I would take them, and I didn't attempt a picture either. It was something alright.
On the road again, leaving my stay at the Erldunda Roadhouse, there was a taste of what I had expected the whole journey to look like instead of all those plants you can see in the other pictures.
And speaking of the road, I did drive on the left side which I focused upon with laser intensity. I also signaled every turn with my windshield wipers.
I had a picture of a four-container Road Train earlier but it was turning a corner so you couldn't get the full effect. Put another container on this guy and you can try to imagine what it takes to pass one.
Adding to the length by the way is the fact that they are roaring down the road, fast. I never did get stuck behind one but I did have several pass me on the small two-lane road where the side of the road falls off into rocks, dirt, and bushes. WhoooooSH.
This was the route I chose to drive - Alice to Uluru and back, and I still would have chosen this bit, but little did I know of the near-total absence of roadside attractions.
And it's not that there weren't places to stop. There were frequent rest areas and every 80-100 kilometers there'd be a roadhouse for refreshments and gas but still, you could look at normal penned-up emus, or you could stop here...
...and look at camels. You could ride one if you wanted, which I didn't.
A café and rest stop with the camels.
On to Alice Springs, I returned the car and made my way here where I stayed in that little cottage back there, the only single room at this hostel, and it was fun.
I've got only one day in Alice Springs and I spent it strolling around.
The town is interesting...I just read Bill Bryson's travelogue on his visit and everything he wrote still feels true and more well-spoken than whatever I could say.
He ends his commentary on an instruction to the government to do better by the Indigenous people. He speaks in some detail (and how could there be enough detail) on how it got to be the way it is but I've been soaking up a perspective that says no one asks the people themselves what they want, or when they do ask, they don't like the answer.
I had given the car back (maybe in retrospect I would have gotten more out of my time if I'd kept the car) and decided to just see what I could on foot. Wow, I missed photos of a lot of it but here we have the Alice Springs Reptile Centre.
It was as modest as the sign suggests and packed with two tour groups arriving at the same time.
The groups hadn't made it here yet. For the nocturnal animals, they light up the area during the night so they can sleep and then do this moon-like environment during the day so people can see them move around.
To conclude my time here in the Red Center we have a poster of some of the creatures in Australia who want to kill you, available at the Reptile Centre.
I had to put this here because I want it for the cover. When you see art work in the galleries you never know, really, who did them but I saw with him while he worked and we visited and smiled at each other and I bought the piece he was working on because I wanted it BAD!
Home • Australasia • Australia • '17 Jul: Darwin+ and The Red Center
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Página 2 dos resultados de 62 itens digitais encontrados em 0.010 segundos
Blackwell Science Inc
World Bank, Washington, DC
Resultados filtrados por Publicador: Banco Mundial
Kenya’s Infrastructure : A Continental Perspective
Briceno-Garmendia, Cecilia M.; Shkaratan, Maria
Fonte: Banco Mundial Publicador: Banco Mundial
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
#ACCESS TO SERVICES#ACCESSIBILITY#ACCOUNTING#AIR#AIR TRANSPORT#AIRWAYS#ARTERY#AVIATION SECTOR#BANDWIDTH#BILL COLLECTION#BORDER CROSSINGS
In the past decade, infrastructure contributed 0.5 percentage points to Kenya's annual per capita GDP growth. Raising the country s infrastructure endowment to that of Africa's middle-income countries could increase that contribution by 3 percentage points. Several accomplishments are notable. More than 90 percent of the population has access to GSM cell signals. A successful public-private partnership in air transport has made Kenya's airline a top carrier in the region and its international airport a key gateway to Africa. Institutional reforms in the power sector have reduced the burden of subsidies on the public by approximately 1 percent of GDP. But the power sector continues to pose Kenya's greatest infrastructure challenge. Over the next decade, current capacity will have to double. A second challenge is to improve the efficiency of operations at the Port of Mombasa. Other concerns include low levels of access to household services, underfunding of road maintenance, and negative progress on the Millennium Development Goals for water supply and sanitation. Addressing Kenya's infrastructure deficit will require sustained expenditures of approximately $4 billion per year (20 percent of GDP) over the next decade. As of 2006...
Ethiopia’s Infrastructure : A Continental Perspective
Foster, Vivien; Morella, Elvira
#ACCESSIBILITY#AIR#AIR TRAFFIC#AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL#AIR TRANSPORT#AIRCRAFT#BANDWIDTH#BORDER CROSSINGS#BOTTLENECKS#BUDGET EXECUTION#CABLE
Infrastructure contributed 0.6 percentage points to Ethiopia's annual per capita GDP growth over the last decade. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries could add an additional 3 percentage points to infrastructure's contribution to growth. Ethiopia's infrastructure successes include developing Ethiopia Airlines, a leading regional carrier; upgrading its network of trunk roads; and rapidly expanding access to water and sanitation.The country's greatest infrastructure challenge lies in the power sector, where a further 8,700 megawatts of generating plant are needed over the next decade, implying a doubling of current capacity. The transport sector faces the challenges of low levels of rural accessibility and inadequate road maintenance. Ethiopia s ICT sector currently suffers from a poor institutional and regulatory framework. Addressing Ethiopia's infrastructure deficit will require a sustained annual expenditure of $5.1 billion over the next decade. The power sector alone requires $3.3 billion annually...
South Sudan’s Infrastructure : A Continental Perspective
Ranganathan, Rupa; Briceno-Garmendia, Cecilia M.
#ACCESS TO SAFE WATER#ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY#ACCESSIBILITY#ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS#ADSL#AIR#AIR SAFETY#AIR SERVICE#AIR TRANSPORT#AIR TRAVEL#AIRCRAFT
Newly independent South Sudan faces a challenge in making its own way in infrastructure development. Despite earning $6 billion in oil revenues since 2005, South Sudan's spending has not been proportional to its income, but rather has lagged behind North Sudan's development of infrastructure and social support. South Sudan benefitted from strong donor support during 2004-10, the interim period defined by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. It focused on reestablishing regional transport links and access to seaports as well as rehabilitating its ports, airstrips, and single rail line. South Sudan also successfully liberalized the ICT sector. Nonetheless, the new country's infrastructure remains in such a dismal state that it is difficult to pinpoint a single most pressing challenge. The transport sector accounts for half of the country's spending needs, and water and sanitation account for a further quarter of the total. But so many improvements are needed that the nation cannot realistically catch up with its neighbors within 10 years...
Tanzania’s Infrastructure : A Continental Perspective
Shkaratan, Maria
#ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY#ACCESS TO SAFE WATER#ACCESS TO SERVICES#ACCESSIBILITY#AIR#AIR ROUTES#AIR TRAFFIC#AIR TRANSPORT SECTOR#AIRPORT#AIRPORTS#APPROACH
Infrastructure contributed 1.3 percentage points to Tanzania's annual per capital GDP growth during the 2000s. If the country's infrastructure endowment were improved to the level of the African leader, Mauritius, annual per capita growth rates could increase by 3.4 percent. Tanzania has made great progress in reforming its trunk roads, improving the quality of the road network. The country has also seen significant gains in ICT networks, and has one of the most competitive domestic air transport sectors in Africa. The power sector poses Tanzania's most serious infrastructure challenge. Despite significant improvements in pricing and operational performance in recent years, inefficiency still absorbs about 1.4 percent of GDP. Moreover, due to heavy reliance on hydro-power the sector remains vulnerable to climate variability. The port of Dar es Salaam also suffers from performance problems as rapid traffic growth has increasingly exposed deficiencies in storage and access to the port. Poor access to safe water is another challenge...
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Overview – Sefer Shemot
Sefer Shemot recounts how the Israelites transformed from a nation of slaves serving Paroh to a nation of free people serving Hashem. It can be divided into three main sections:
"Slavery and Redemption" – The first unit, Chapters 1:1 – 15:21, speaks of the period of bondage and Israel's physical emancipation by Hashem.1
"A Nation in Transition" – The second section, Chapters 15:22 – 18:27, is a transition unit which describes the short period when the nation is already free, but has not yet covenantally bound itself to God. It describes the people's first challenges on the road to nationhood.
"Servants of Hashem" – The last section, Chapters 19:1 – 40:38, speaks of the nation's spiritual redemption and their entering into a covenantal relationship with Hashem.2
This division is based on the above thematic issues, the different settings of each unit,3 and the varying protagonists highlighted in each section.4 The Song of the Sea (Chapter 15) serves as a further literary marker, festively closing the first unit and dividing between the prose accounts which surround it. For elaboration on the book's structure and further subdivisions of each of its sections, see Structure – Sefer Shemot.
Names of the Book
Several titles have been given to the book:
The name "וְאֵלֶּה שְׁמוֹת" is derived from the opening words of the book, and dates back to antiquity.5
Sefer Dikdukei HaTeamimSefer Dikdukei HaTeamim #70 (p.57) records two additional and more descriptive titles, "ספר יציאת מצרים" ("Exodus")6 and "ספר הברית" ("The Book of the Covenant").7 These two names focus on different halves of the book and may express competing claims as to the book's central theme.8
RambanShemot IntroductionAbout R. Moshe b. Nachman entitles the book "ספר הגאולה" ("The Book of Redemption"), and contends that it encompasses the motifs of both halves of the book. According to Ramban, while the first part of the book recounts the people's physical redemption, it is only at the end of the book, with the completion of the Tabernacle, that the spiritual redemption occurs.
Nation Building: Becoming עם ישראל
R. D"Z HoffmannShemot IntroductionAbout R. David Zvi Hoffmann points out that just as Sefer Bereshit speaks of the creation of the world, Sefer Shemot speaks of the creation of the Nation of Israel. Indeed, much of the book revolves around this theme, making the reader ponder both how a nation is initially formed and how it successfully develops.
From family to nation – What defines nationhood? At what point do the tribes switch from being the sons of Yaakov to the "Children of Israel"? What role did the trials of exile and enslavement play in this transition? See Purposes of the Egyptian Bondage.
Preparing for autonomy – How does a nation of slaves ready itself for autonomous rule? Were the people prepared for freedom, let alone nationhood, when they left Egypt? How did the Wilderness experience contribute to the peoples' maturation and independence? See Ramban in A Three Day Journey and The Roundabout Route.
Challenges faced – The nascent nation faced many challenges, both in the physical and in the spiritual realm, including drought, hunger, war, and questioning of God. How did they deal with these? See Miracles and Mitzvot at Marah, The Manna in Art, Annihilating Amalek, and Sin of the Golden Calf.
Creating a legal system – Parashat Yitro and Mishpatim detail the initial laws given to the fledgling nation. How does Israel's law code set it apart from its neighbors? What are its underlying values and principles? See The Torah and Ancient Near Eastern Law Codes and Did Moshe Need Yitro's Advice?.
See also the section below on Leadership.
Servants of Hashem: Becoming 'עם ה
Through the events of the Exodus and Revelation at Sinai, the Nation of Israel begins to forge a covenantal relationship with Hashem. What does Sefer Shemot teach about Israel's religious journey?
Religiosity in Egypt – What did the Israelites know of Hashem before the Exodus? Did they keep a distinct lifestyle in Egypt, or had they acculturated into their surroundings? See Religious Identity in Egypt and The Exodus Narrative and the Four Children.9
Growth through suffering and salvation – How did the nation's experiences in Egypt, during both the suffering of the bondage and the miracles of the redemption, affect their religious identification and relationship with Hashem? See Purposes of the Egyptian Bondage and Purpose of the Plagues.
Doubts – Did the nation willingly follow Moshe and Hashem out of Egypt, or did some of them hesitate to venture into the unknown and take on the responsibilities of Judaism? See A Three Day Journey, The Roundabout Route, and The Exodus Narrative and the Four Children.
Marah – The nation's first stop in the Wilderness after attaining freedom is Marah. Here, we are told, the people received "חֹק וּמִשְׁפָּט". What were the first lessons that Hashem wanted to instill in the nascent nation? How did these help them develop as both a people and in their relationship with Hashem? See Miracles and Mitzvot at Marah.
Wilderness wanderings – During the nation's first months in the Wilderness, they encounter both lack of food and water and attacks by enemies, but also God's miraculous assistance. Did these events instill faith or diminish it?10
Revelation – What was the experience of revelation at Sinai like? Did the entire nation hear the entire Decalogue directly from Hashem or did Moshe act as intermediary for either part or all of the experience? What would be the purpose of having an intermediary? How would either scenario have affected the people's later belief and observance? For elaboration, see The Decalogue: Direct From Hashem or Via Moshe?
The Decalogue – Why were these ten statements chosen to be the ones revealed by Hashem to the nation at Sinai?
The Mishkan – Much of the second half of Shemot revolves around the building of the Mishkan. Why was such an edifice needed for Divine worship? Did it serve mainly as a vehicle for revelation or for atonement? Why was centralization of worship so important? See Purpose of the Mishkan.
Sin of the Golden Calf – All relationships have their ups and downs, and Israel and Hashem are no exception. Shortly after receiving the Decalogue, the people appear to revert back to idolatry when they make a Golden Calf. What prompts them to do so? Did they really try to replace God so soon after the Revelation at Sinai? How could Aharon have been a part of such a rite? See Sin of the Golden Calf.
Challenges of Leadership
Sefer Shemot introduces the first national head of Israel, Moshe, and in so doing touches upon many issues related to leadership:
What makes a leader? Why was Moshe chosen to lead the Jewish people? What do the incidents of Shemot Chapters 2-4 suggest?
Relating to God, relating to man – Are the qualities needed to become the greatest of prophets the same as those required to be a political and national leader? Did Moshe excel in both areas equally? Contrast the opinions of Ralbag and Abarbanel in Did Moshe Need Yitro's Advice?11
Moshe's early religiosity – What was Moshe's religious outlook before being appointed by Hashem at the Burning Bush? How knowledgable was he of his Israelite background? How aware was he of Hashem? What does Moshe's decision to marry the Midianite Zipporah suggest? See Moshe's Family Life and Mystery at the Malon.
Family life – What toll does leadership take on the quality of the leader's family life? How did Moshe's national duties affect his relationship with Tzipporah? See אחר שלוחיה, Mystery at the Malon, Moshe's Family Life, and Miryam's Critique of Moshe and his Cushite Marriage.
Impediments to leadership – Moshe is described as being "כְבַד פֶּה וּכְבַד לָשׁוֹן". Why would Hashem choose an orator with speech difficulties? How might this choice have affected Moshe's ability to lead? How might have it affected the nation's perception of him? See Moshe's Speech Impediment.
Responsibilities – What were Moshe's various responsibilities as Israel's leader? How much time did he spend on each of his judicial, administrative, military, and prophetic duties? Which of these was he willing to delegate to others? Which did he think only he could carry out? Why? See Moshe's Duties and Yitro's Advice.
Who gets to lead? Is it better to be led by a few or by the many? Yitro's system of judges of tens, fifties, hundreds, and thousands would suggested a very Bloated Bureaucracy; was that really efficient? Is it preferable that cultic roles be assigned to each family or be limited to just one tribe? Should leadership be related to lineage (and thus dynastic), or should it be a meritocracy? See Selection of the Priests and Levites.
Flawed leadership? Must our leaders be viewed as perfect role models, or is it legitimate to criticize some of their actions? Is Moshe's Killing of the Egyptian and taking the law into his own hands, an act to be emulated or a cause for concern? How are we to understand Aharon's role in the Sin of the Golden Calf?
Righteous Gentiles – Who were the midwives who risked their lives in disobeying Paroh? Were they Jewish or Gentile? What gives one the strength to stand up to authority and fight injustice? See Who are the Midwives.
Fulfillment of Patriarchal Promises
Much of the first half of Sefer Shemot constitutes a fulfillment of promises made to the forefathers in Sefer Bereshit.
The Legal Sections of Shemot
Sefer Shemot contains a significant amount of legal material. These units raise several important questions regarding the Torah's judicial code:
Law and order? – Is the purpose of the Torah's commands to lay down principles of right and wrong or to preserve law and order? Is it possible that certain commandments are only a concession to human foibles, or that others serve purely a practical or utilitarian purpose?12 What do the legal sections of the Torah suggest? Shemot topics which touch on these questions include: Purpose of the Pesach, "עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן" – An Eye for an Eye, Purpose of the Mishkan and The Incense Altar.
Divine civil law – One of the hallmarks of the Torah is that it incorporates both cultic and civil legislation. Not only are religious observances ordained by Hashem; secular law is as well. What are the advantages of such a system? How does it compare to a system which has a separation of church and state? [See the Akeidat Yitzchak in Did Moshe Need Yitro's Advice?]
Punishment – In setting penalties for crimes, which of the following objectives should take precedence: compensation to the victim, rehabilitation of the criminal, retribution, or deterrence? Which goals are accomplished through the Torah's choice of punishments? See An Eye for an Eye, Injury to Bystanders and the Meaning of "יהיה אסון", Arei Miklat – Cities of Refuge or Exile, and Annihilating Amalek.
טעמי המצוות – The Torah does not provide the reasoning for many of its commandments. Though most interpersonal laws are self-explanatory, many laws between man and God are not. Is it preferable to look into the reasons for mitzvot, or to simply accept them without questioning? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach? [For discussion of how different commentators understand various mitzvot, see the legal topics in the paragraphs above as well as Chametz and Matzah in Pesach Mitzrayim, Purpose of Shemittah, and Purpose of the Shulchan and Lechem HaPanim.]
Theological Issues
Many theological and philosophical issues are raised by the various stories of Sefer Shemot:
צדיק ורע לו – Sefer Shemot does not preface the description of the nation's bondage with mention of any sin, making one question what they did to deserve such a fate. Why was the decree of exile and enslavement necessary? In general, why is suffering sometimes part of the Divine plan? See Purposes of the Egyptian Bondage and, for a general discussion of the issue of theodicy, see צדיק ורע לו.
Free will – Throughout the story of the Plagues, we read how Hashem repeatedly hardened Paroh's heart, causing him to persist in the enslavement of the Israelites. Taken at face value, these verses suggest that Hashem actively made Paroh sin. Why would Hashem try to keep someone from repenting? Moreover, do these verses suggest that man does not always have free will? See Hardened Hearts and Divine Plans and Egyptian Free Choice for elaboration.
Divine deception? Twice in the early chapters of Shemot, Hashem seems to command the nation to deceive Paroh and/or the Egyptians. Hashem tells Moshe to ask Paroh for only a three day furlough in the Wilderness, while His real intent is for them to leave for good. Later, he instructs the nation to request items of gold and silver from their Egyptian neighbors even though the objects are not to be returned. How is such seeming duplicity to be understood?
Nature of prophecy – Who merits the ability to prophesy? Must one be chosen by God, or can one train one's self to receive Divine inspiration? How did Moshe's prophecy compare to others? See Requirements for Prophecy, and Rambam in The Decalogue: Direct From Hashem or Via Moshe.13
Nature of miracles – Miracles abound in Sefer Shemot, from the ten plagues to the splitting of the sea, water-spouting rocks, and heavenly manna. How are these to be understood? Are they purely supernatural phenomenon or does Hashem bring miracles by harnessing the laws of nature? See שְׂלָו – Fish or Fowl, The Plagues – Natural or Supernatural?, and Yam Suf – Natural or Supernatural?, and for a general discussion of the issue, see Miracles.
Prophetic autonomy – How much autonomy does a prophet have? Is he simply Hashem's mouthpiece, or is he allowed to act on his own? Is it possible for him to speak on his own initiative and to then attribute that speech back to Hashem? Can he declare a miracle on his own and expect that nature will be overturned at his word? These questions come up numerous times in Sefer Shemot as Moshe speaks in Hashem's name14 or declares miracles,15 seemingly without prior Divine communication.
Vicarious punishment? The verse "פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים" appears to suggest that, at least in certain circumstances, Hashem allows innocent children to be punished while their sinful parents get away scot-free. How does this manifest Divine justice? Is there any other way of understanding the verse? When, if ever, is collective punishment justified? Can the same reasoning apply to vicarious punishment? See Are Children Punished for Parents' Sins.
Troubling laws – Certain laws, taken at face value, sometimes trouble modern readers who view them as unjust. For example, the Torah puts forth a principle of "measure for measure" punishment as the penalty for certain forms of physical assault, declaring that one exacts an "eye for an eye". Is this the ultimate form of justice, or is it "cruel and unusual" punishment? How should the command to annihilate Amalek be understood? What was so terrible about the attack that we are directed to obliterate an entire nation?
Dating and Chronological Issues
The dating and chronology of several stories in Sefer Shemot is disputed:
Duration of the Egyptian Exile – Commentators disagree regarding the length of Israel's stay in Egypt, with opinions ranging from 210 to 430 years. The disagreement relates to the apparent contradictions between verses which speak of 400 or 430 years and others which speak of just four generations.
Chronology – Shemot 18 – Sources disagree regarding the timing of almost every event in Shemot 18, including Yitro's arrival in Sinai, his advice to Moshe, the implementation of that advice, and Yitro's departure. Some ramifications of the different approaches include whether or not Moshe's children participated in the Revelation at Sinai, the dating of the Decalogue, Yitro's motivations and religious identity, and which commandments were given at Marah.
Building the Tabernacle – While the commands to build the Mishkan are elaborated upon in Parshiyot Terumah and Tezaveh, before the Sin of the Golden Calf, they are implemented only afterwards. As a result, commentators disagree regarding when the command was given, with some taking the verses at face value and others positing achronology. The difference of opinion impacts greatly on how one understands the Purpose of the Mishkan.
Selection of the Priests and Levites – Parashat Tetzaveh opens with the directive to consecrate Aharon and his sons, suggesting that they were selected to serve as priests before the Sin of the Golden Calf. However, Devarim 10:8 suggests that both the Priests and Levites were chosen only in the aftermath of the sin. How are these verses to be reconciled? When were each of the Levites and Priests chosen, and what does this suggest about why they specifically were selected for these tasks?
Ancient Near East
Egyptian background – Several aspects of the Exodus narrative allude to Egyptian culture, beliefs, or practices and might be seen as a reaction against them. See Egyptian Background and the Exodus Narrative for how the phrases "יָד חֲזָקָה" and "כָּבֵד לֵב" as well as the choice of plagues might all be intended to mock Paroh and the Egyptian gods.
Hero legends – Numerous legends from both the ancient and classical periods share the motif of a hero being abandoned at birth, recalling the story of Moshe's infancy. The Mesopotamian legend of Sargon is perhaps one of the closest parallels. What does a comparison of the two stories reveal about how the Torah views its leaders and what prerequisites it requires of them? See Moshe's Birth and the Legend of Sargon.
Law codes – How does the Torah's legal system compare to other ancient near eastern law codes? Where do they overlap; where does Torah pave a new path? Most importantly, what might a comparison reveal about the different underlying values and principles of the cultures, and their different conceptions of justice and punishment? See The Torah and Ancient Near Eastern Law Codes for more.
1 It includes descriptions of the enslavement, Moshe's appointment by Hashem, his negotiations with Paroh and the ensuing plagues, and finally, the Exodus and the miracle of the Splitting of the Sea.
2 It begins with the Revelation at Sinai and ends with the building of the Tabernacle.
3 While the first section takes place in Egypt, the transition unit occurs en route in the Wilderness, and the final chapters take place while the nation is camped at Mt. Sinai.
4 While the first section focuses mainly on the interactions between Paroh and Moshe (and their respective nations), the second two speak of the relationship between Israel, Hashem and Moshe.
5 Eusebius cites Origen statment that this was the name used by the Jews. Its earliest appearance in Rabbinic sources is in Bereshit Rabbah 3:5 and 64:8.
6 This is also the book's name in the Septuagint, and this influenced the Christian tradition.
7 This name is based on the appearance of the term in Shemot 24:7 (and see Rashi there). Most commentators, however, identify "ספר הברית" as only a smaller section of the book (Shemot 19-23 or 21-23).
8 If the Exodus is the main focus of the book, the subsequent events may be viewed as merely its aftermath. Conversely, if the Covenant is seen as the core, the story of the Exodus can be seen as merely an enabling prelude. This latter possibility is essentially the view adopted by R. D"Z HoffmannShemot IntroductionShemot IntroductionAbout R. David Zvi Hoffmann.
9 Other topics which touch upon this issue include Where in Egypt Did the Israelites Live, Why Live in Goshen, Purposes of the Egyptian Bondage, Purpose of the Plagues, and Purpose of the Pesach.
10 See RashbamShemot 16:4About R. Shemuel b. Meir who discusses how the manna trained the people towards dependence on God, and see R. HirschShemot 15:25Shemot 16:2About R. Samson Raphael Hirsch who points to the trials and miracles as providing proof of Hashem's providence.
11 See Ralbag also in Moshe's Speech Impediment.
12 In other words, must the Torah's laws represent an ideal and be inherently valuable, or might they simply be addressing human needs and nature?
13 See also Moshe's Epitaph – Signs and Wonders, though this topic does not focus on issues in Sefer Shemot itself.
14 See Shemot 10 where Moshe, apparently on his own initiative, announces the Plague of Locusts in Hashem's name, Shemot 11 where he, independently, proclaims in the name of Hashem the plague of firstborns, and Shemot 32 where he invokes Divine authority and tells the Levites to kill all those who worshiped the Golden Calf (despite the text never sharing the existence of such a command).
15 See Shemot 8 where Moshe promises Paroh that the plague of frogs will cease at his requested time despite Hashem never directing him to make such a promise. See also Shemot 16 where Moshe declares to the people that Hashem will provide them with meat, even though Hashem had mentioned only "bread".
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Dr Jonathan Phillips
I am interested in how molecules move, how this underpins important biological functions and ultimately how we can direct those dynamics to create new opportunities for medicine and biosensing.
My background is in protein biophysics – developing physical and chemical methods to gain insight into molecular structure, folding and dynamics. I have experience in studying naturally occurring proteins and also in synthetic biology – designing and building protein switches and self-assembly systems. These dual skillsets were ultimately brought together to study and engineer protein drugs and drug targets.
The research in my lab is focused on three interwoven threads:
Studying the assembly and dynamics of protein systems in nature.
Creating new molecular systems for medicine and biosensing.
Advancing analytical methods to better understand protein dynamics.
Broad research specialisms
Protein biophysics
2007 PhD Molecular Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
2000 BSc Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham
Cellular and Chemical Biology
My background is in protein biophysics – developing physical and chemical methods to gain insight into molecular structure, folding and dynamics. Much of this has been in what are termed ‘structural mass spectrometry’ techniques. The core approach used in my lab is hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), which is experiencing something of a renaissance: it has unique advantages in being able to measure protein structure, dynamics and thermodynamics (stability) in arbitrarily large systems (e.g. antibody dimers of 300 kDa), rapidly (<= seconds) and with single amino acid resolution. We are active in developing experimental and computational methods and tools to advance the scope of this powerful analytical technique.
I have experience in studying naturally occurring protein structure, folding and dynamics and also in synthetic biology – designing and building protein switches and self-assembly systems. These dual skillsets were first brought together in a biomedical context with an industrial fellowship to study and engineer protein drugs and drug targets. This momentum is continued at The Living Systems Institute as we investigate naturally occurring biological control and the potential to design conscious control of molecular systems.
We welcome informal enquiries from prospective fellows and graduate students.
High-resolution antibody unfolding studies for developability and novel drug delivery
Biopharmaceutical HOS analysis by automated fast hydrogen deuterium exchange
Alpha synuclein structural dynamics ensemble in Parkinson’s disease mutants
Grants/Funding
InnovateUK grant 102612 “Biopharmaceutical HOS analysis by automated fast hydrogen deuterium exchange”
Medical Research Council Proximity to Discovery "An adaptive sampling tool for the analysis of protein drugs"
Borisov OV (2016). State-of-the-art and Emerging Technologies for Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Characterization Defining the next generation of analytical and biophysical techniques., ACS Symposium.
State-of-the-art and Emerging Technologies for Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Characterization Defining the next generation of analytical and biophysical techniques
Kish M, Smith V, Subramanian S, Vollmer F, Lethbridge N, Cole L, Bond NJ, Phillips JJ (In Press). Allosteric regulation of glycogen phosphorylase solution phase structural dynamics at high spatial resolution.
Allosteric regulation of glycogen phosphorylase solution phase structural dynamics at high spatial resolution
AbstractGlycogen phosphorylase (GlyP) was the first allosteric enzyme to be described. Yet, the precise dynamic changes in solution phase structure and stability that underpin functional regulation have remained elusive. We have developed a new fully-automated and highly flexible implementation of hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry, operating in the millisecond regime. This enabled measurements of the solution phase local structural dynamics involved in allosteric regulation of GlyP. Here, we quantify GlyP structural dynamics in solution, describing correlated changes in structure in the activated (pSer14) and inhibited (glucose-6-phosphate bound) forms of the enzyme. The sensitivity of these measurements discerned that the 250s’ loop is natively disordered in the apo T-state, adopting a more ordered conformation in the active state. The quantitative change in stability of the 280s loop is identified, providing the first direct evidence of the entropic switch that sterically regulates substrate access to the active site.Significance StatementWe have developed a new fully-automated and highly flexible implementation of hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry, operating in the millisecond regime. Measurements of glycogen phosphorylase quantify the solution phase stability of local structure at near-amino acid structural resolution and with no appreciable lower limit of stability. This uncovered the highly-resolved local alterations in stability which provides direct evidence of the entropic mechanism by which access to the active site is gated by the 280s loop.FootnotesAuthor contributions: M.K. V.S. S.S. N.L. F.V. N.B. L.C. and J.J.P. designed research; M.K. V.S. S.S. L.C. and J.J.P. performed research; M.K. V.S. S.S. L.C. and J.J.P. analyzed data; and M.K. and J.J.P. wrote the manuscript.
Stephens AD, Zacharopoulou M, Moons R, Fusco G, Seetaloo N, Chiki A, Hooper PJ, Mela I, Lashuel HA, Phillips JJ, et al (In Press). Extent of N-terminus exposure by altered long-range interactions of monomeric alpha-synuclein determines its aggregation propensity.
Extent of N-terminus exposure by altered long-range interactions of monomeric alpha-synuclein determines its aggregation propensity
AbstractAs an intrinsically disordered protein, monomeric alpha synuclein (aSyn) constantly reconfigures and probes the conformational space. Long-range interactions across the protein maintain its solubility and mediate this dynamic flexibility, but also provide residual structure. Certain conformations lead to aggregation prone and non-aggregation prone intermediates, but identifying these within the dynamic ensemble of monomeric conformations is difficult. Herein, we used the biologically relevant calcium ion to investigate the conformation of monomeric aSyn in relation to its aggregation propensity. By using calcium to perturb the conformational ensemble, we observe differences in structure and intra-molecular dynamics between two aSyn C-terminal variants, D121A and pS129, and the aSyn familial disease mutants, A30P, E46K, H50Q, G51D, A53T and A53E, compared to wild-type (WT) aSyn. We observe that the more exposed the N-terminus and the beginning of the NAC region are, the more aggregation prone monomeric aSyn conformations become. N-terminus exposure occurs upon release of C-terminus interactions when calcium binds, but the level of exposure is specific to the aSyn mutation present. There was no correlation between single charge alterations, calcium affinity, or the number of ions bound on aSyn’s aggregation propensity, indicating that sequence or post-translation modification (PTM)-specific conformational differences between the N- and C-termini and the specific local environment mediate aggregation propensity instead. Understanding aggregation prone conformations of monomeric aSyn and the environmental conditions they form under will allow us to design new therapeutics targeted to the monomeric protein, to stabilise aSyn in non-aggregation prone conformations, by either preserving long-range interactions between the N- and C-termini or by protecting the N-terminus from exposure.
Lautenschläger J, Stephens AD, Fusco G, Ströhl F, Curry N, Zacharopoulou M, Michel CH, Laine R, Nespovitaya N, Fantham M, et al (2018). C-terminal calcium binding of α-synuclein modulates synaptic vesicle interaction. Nat Commun, 9(1).
C-terminal calcium binding of α-synuclein modulates synaptic vesicle interaction.
Alpha-synuclein is known to bind to small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) via its N terminus, which forms an amphipathic alpha-helix upon membrane interaction. Here we show that calcium binds to the C terminus of alpha-synuclein, therewith increasing its lipid-binding capacity. Using CEST-NMR, we reveal that alpha-synuclein interacts with isolated synaptic vesicles with two regions, the N terminus, already known from studies on SUVs, and additionally via its C terminus, which is regulated by the binding of calcium. Indeed, dSTORM on synaptosomes shows that calcium mediates the localization of alpha-synuclein at the pre-synaptic terminal, and an imbalance in calcium or alpha-synuclein can cause synaptic vesicle clustering, as seen ex vivo and in vitro. This study provides a new view on the binding of alpha-synuclein to synaptic vesicles, which might also affect our understanding of synucleinopathies.
Stephens AD, Nespovitaya N, Zacharopoulou M, Kaminski CF, Phillips JJ, Kaminski Schierle GS (2018). Different Structural Conformers of Monomeric α-Synuclein Identified after Lyophilizing and Freezing. Anal Chem, 90(11), 6975-6983.
Different Structural Conformers of Monomeric α-Synuclein Identified after Lyophilizing and Freezing.
Understanding the mechanisms behind amyloid protein aggregation in diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, is often hampered by the reproducibility of in vitro assays. Yet, understanding the basic mechanisms of protein misfolding is essential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. We show here, that for the amyloid protein α-synuclein (aSyn), a protein involved in Parkinson's disease (PD), chromatographic buffers and storage conditions can significantly interfere with the overall structure of the protein and thus affect protein aggregation kinetics. We apply several biophysical and biochemical methods, including size exclusion chromatography (SEC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), to characterize the high molecular weight conformers formed during protein purification and storage. We further apply hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to characterize the monomeric form of aSyn and reveal a thus far unknown structural component of aSyn at the C-terminus of the protein. Furthermore, lyophilizing the protein greatly affected the overall structure of this monomeric conformer. We conclude from this study that structural polymorphism may occur under different storage conditions, but knowing the structure of the majority of the protein at the start of each experiment, as well as the factors that may influence it, may pave the way to an improved understanding of the mechanism leading to aSyn pathology in PD.
Phillips JJ, Buchanan A, Andrews J, Chodorge M, Sridharan S, Mitchell L, Burmeister N, Kippen AD, Vaughan TJ, Higazi DR, et al (2017). Rate of Asparagine Deamidation in a Monoclonal Antibody Correlating with Hydrogen Exchange Rate at Adjacent Downstream Residues. Analytical Chemistry, 89(4), 2361-2368.
Dobson CL, Devine PWA, Phillips JJ, Higazi DR, Lloyd C, Popovic B, Arnold J, Buchanan A, Lewis A, Goodman J, et al (2016). Engineering the surface properties of a human monoclonal antibody prevents self-association and rapid clearance in vivo. Scientific Reports, 6(1). Full text.
Millership C, Phillips JJ, Main ERG (2016). Ising Model Reprogramming of a Repeat Protein's Equilibrium Unfolding Pathway. Journal of Molecular Biology, 428(9), 1804-1817.
Ising Model Reprogramming of a Repeat Protein's Equilibrium Unfolding Pathway
© 2016 the Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Repeat proteins are formed from units of 20-40 aa that stack together into quasi one-dimensional non-globular structures. This modular repetitive construction means that, unlike globular proteins, a repeat protein's equilibrium folding and thus thermodynamic stability can be analysed using linear Ising models. Typically, homozipper Ising models have been used. These treat the repeat protein as a series of identical interacting subunits (the repeated motifs) that couple together to form the folded protein. However, they cannot describe subunits of differing stabilities. Here we show that a more sophisticated heteropolymer Ising model can be constructed and fitted to two new helix deletion series of consensus tetratricopeptide repeat proteins (CTPRs). This analysis, showing an asymmetric spread of stability between helices within CTPR ensembles, coupled with the Ising model's predictive qualities was then used to guide reprogramming of the unfolding pathway of a variant CTPR protein. The designed behaviour was engineered by introducing destabilising mutations that increased the thermodynamic asymmetry within a CTPR ensemble. The asymmetry caused the terminal α-helix to thermodynamically uncouple from the rest of the protein and preferentially unfold. This produced a specific, highly populated stable intermediate with a putative dimerisation interface. As such it is the first step in designing repeat proteins with function regulated by a conformational switch.
Edgeworth MJ, Phillips JJ, Lowe DC, Kippen AD, Higazi DR, Scrivens JH (2015). Global and Local Conformation of Human IgG Antibody Variants Rationalizes Loss of Thermodynamic Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 54(50), 15156-15159.
Global and Local Conformation of Human IgG Antibody Variants Rationalizes Loss of Thermodynamic Stability.
Immunoglobulin�
G (IgG) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a major class of medicines, with high specificity and affinity towards targets spanning many disease areas. The antibody Fc (fragment crystallizable) region is a vital component of existing antibody therapeutics, as well as many next generation biologic medicines. Thermodynamic stability is a critical property for the development of stable and effective therapeutic proteins. Herein, a combination of ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) approaches have been used to inform on the global and local conformation and dynamics of engineered IgG Fc variants with reduced thermodynamic stability. The changes in conformation and dynamics have been correlated with their thermodynamic stability to better understand the destabilising effect of functional IgG Fc mutations and to inform engineering of future therapeutic proteins.
Klein T, Vajpai N, Phillips JJ, Davies G, Holdgate GA, Phillips C, Tucker JA, Norman RA, Scott AD, Higazi DR, et al (2015). Structural and dynamic insights into the energetics of activation loop rearrangement in FGFR1 kinase. Nature Communications, 6(1). Full text.
Tavakoli-Keshe R, Phillips JJ, Turner R, Bracewell DG (2014). Understanding the relationship between biotherapeutic protein stability and solid-liquid interfacial shear in constant region mutants of IgG1 and IgG4. J Pharm Sci, 103(2), 437-444.
Understanding the relationship between biotherapeutic protein stability and solid-liquid interfacial shear in constant region mutants of IgG1 and IgG4.
Relative stability of therapeutic antibody candidates is currently evaluated primarily through their response to thermal degradation, yet this technique is not always predictive of stability in manufacture, shipping, and storage. A rotating disk shear device is proposed that produces defined shear conditions at a known solid-liquid interface to measure stability in this environment. Five variants of IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies were created using combinations of two discrete triple amino acid sequence mutations denoted TM and YTE. Antibodies were ranked for stability based on shear device output (protein decay coefficient, PDC), and compared with accelerated thermal stability data and the melting temperature of the CH2 domain (Tm 1) from differential scanning calorimetry to investigate technique complimentarity. Results suggest that the techniques are orthogonal, with thermal methods based on intramolecular interaction and shear device stability based on localized unfolding revealing less stable regions that drive aggregation. Molecular modeling shows the modifications' effects on the antibody structures and indicates a possible role for Fc conformation and Fab-Fc docking in determining suspended protein stability. The data introduce the PDC value as an orthogonal stability indicator, complementary to traditional thermal methods, allowing lead antibody selection based on a more full understanding of process stability.
Main ERG, Phillips JJ, Millership C (2013). Repeat protein engineering: creating functional nanostructures/biomaterials from modular building blocks. Biochem Soc Trans, 41(5), 1152-1158.
Repeat protein engineering: creating functional nanostructures/biomaterials from modular building blocks.
There is enormous interest in molecular self-assembly and the development of biological systems to form smart nanostructures for biotechnology (so-called 'bottom-up fabrications'). Repeat proteins are ideal choices for development of such systems as they: (i) possess a relatively simple relationship between sequence, structure and function; (ii) are modular and non-globular in structure; (iii) act as diverse scaffolds for the mediation of a diverse range of protein-protein interactions; and (iv) have been extensively studied and successfully engineered and designed. In the present review, we summarize recent advances in the use of engineered repeat proteins in the self-assembly of novel materials, nanostructures and biosensors. In particular, we show that repeat proteins are excellent monomeric programmable building blocks that can be triggered to associate into a range of morphologies and can readily be engineered as stimuli-responsive biofunctional materials.
Phillips JJ, Millership C, Main ERG (2012). Fibrous nanostructures from the self-assembly of designed repeat protein modules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 51(52), 13132-13135.
Fibrous nanostructures from the self-assembly of designed repeat protein modules.
Single-protein-chain superhelical filaments are obtained from monomeric repeat proteins by controlling the chemistry and solvent exposure at their terminal interfaces. The assembly was achieved in aqueous solution, at neutral pH value, and at room temperature. The building block was a recombinantly engineered designed tetratricopeptide repeat protein. Directed head-to-tail self-assembly was driven by genetically encoded orthogonal native chemical ligation.
Phillips JJ, Javadi Y, Millership C, Main ERG (2012). Modulation of the multistate folding of designed TPR proteins through intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Protein Sci, 21(3), 327-338.
Modulation of the multistate folding of designed TPR proteins through intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs) are a class of all alpha-helical repeat proteins that are comprised of 34-aa helix-turn-helix motifs. These stack together to form nonglobular structures that are stabilized by short-range interactions from residues close in primary sequence. Unlike globular proteins, they have few, if any, long-range nonlocal stabilizing interactions. Several studies on designed TPR proteins have shown that this modular structure is reflected in their folding, that is, modular multistate folding is observed as opposed to two-state folding. Here we show that TPR multistate folding can be suppressed to approximate two-state folding through modulation of intrinsic stability or extrinsic environmental variables. This modulation was investigated by comparing the thermodynamic unfolding under differing buffer regimes of two distinct series of consensus-designed TPR proteins, which possess different intrinsic stabilities. A total of nine proteins of differing sizes and differing consensus TPR motifs were each thermally and chemically denatured and their unfolding monitored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and CD/fluorescence, respectively. Analyses of both the DSC and chemical denaturation data show that reducing the total stability of each protein and repeat units leads to observable two-state unfolding. These data highlight the intimate link between global and intrinsic repeat stability that governs whether folding proceeds by an observably two-state mechanism, or whether partial unfolding yields stable intermediate structures which retain sufficient stability to be populated at equilibrium.
Phillips JJ, Yao Z-P, Zhang W, McLaughlin S, Laue ED, Robinson CV, Jackson SE (2007). Conformational dynamics of the molecular chaperone Hsp90 in complexes with a co-chaperone and anticancer drugs. J Mol Biol, 372(5), 1189-1203.
Conformational dynamics of the molecular chaperone Hsp90 in complexes with a co-chaperone and anticancer drugs.
The molecular chaperone Hsp90 is essential for the correct folding, maturation and activation of a diverse array of client proteins, including several key constituents of oncogenic processes. Hsp90 has become a focus of cancer research, since it represents a target for direct prophylaxis against multistep malignancy. Hydrogen-exchange mass spectrometry was used to study the structural and conformational changes undergone by full-length human Hsp90beta in solution upon binding of the kinase-specific co-chaperone Cdc37 and two Hsp90 ATPase inhibitors: Radicicol and the first-generation anticancer drug DMAG. Changes in hydrogen exchange pattern in the complexes in regions of Hsp90 remote to the ligand-binding site were observed indicating long-range effects. In particular, the interface between the N-terminal domain and middle domains exhibited significant differences between the apo and complexed forms. For the inhibitors, differences in the interface between the middle domain and the C-terminal domain were also observed. These data provide important insight into the structure of the biologically active form of the protein.
Remmele RL, Bee JS, Phillips JJ, Mo WD, Higazi DR, Zhang J, Lindo V, Kippen AD (2015). Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Aggregates and Emerging Technologies.
Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Aggregates and Emerging Technologies
Jonathan_Phillips Details from cache as at 2020-01-22 12:04:45
Rinky Parakra
Hannah Barnard (Joint PhD student with Prof. Geoff Nash and Dr Isaac Luxmoore, Dept. Engineering)
Heather Bottomley
Carolina Orozco (Joint PhD student with Dr Sophie Jackson, University of Cambridge)
Neeleema Seetaloo
Maria Zacharopoulou (PhD student at University of Cambridge with Dr Gabriele Kaminski Schierle)
Research Technicians
Denzel Gonzales
Monika Kish PhD student, University of Oslo
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UK Premiere of Violet Evergarden at MCM London Comic Con. Screening of first episode this week weekend ahead of its broadcast in 2018.
We’re just days away from MCM London Comic Con and we’ve got special news to share with you that’s hot off the press, so to speak. Today we’re delighted to announce that this Saturday at the event there will be a UK Premiere screening of the first episode of the upcoming anime series from Kyoto Animation, Violet Evergarden.
The series doesn’t start airing until early year and you’ll be able to watch it on Netflix in 2018, but you can catch the UK Premiere of the first episode in the Platinum Theatre at 1:30PM on Saturday, 28th October at MCM London Comic Con this weekend! Please note the screening will be in Japanese with English subtitles.
Key Visual for Violet Evergarden
ABOUT VIOLET EVERGARDEN
Synopsis: “A certain point in time, in the continent of Telesis. The great war which divided the continent into North and South has ended after four years, and the people are welcoming a new generation. Violet Evergarden, a young girl formerly known as “the weapon”, has left the battlefield to start a new life at CH Postal Service. There, she is deeply moved by the work of “Auto Memories Dolls”, who carry people’s thoughts and convert them into words. Violet begins her journey as an Auto Memories Doll, and comes face to face with various people’s emotions and differing shapes of love.
There are words Violet heard on the battlefield, which she cannot forget. These words were given to her by someone she holds dear, more than anyone else. She does not yet know their meaning but she searches to find it.”
Production Studio: Kyoto Animation (A Silent Voice, Miss Kobayashi’s Dragon Maid, Hyouka)
Director: Taichi Ichidate (director of Beyond the Boundary and episode director on Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, K-On!, Clannad)
If you’re at the event this weekend don’t miss your chance to be part of this unique opportunity!
Check out some Japanese preview videos below –
Worth noting, and likely to confirm what some suspect given this news, that we (Anime Limited / All The Anime) can confirm that we have acquired the home video rights to this series. But we want to stress that given the series has not started airing in Japan yet – and won’t be until early next year – so more than likely don’t expect to hear any news about our release until late 2018 at the absolute earliest.
We also want to make note of the fact this screening is not part of the current “World Tour” for the series; this is only a screening of the first episode specifically and no guests will be present.
For information on MCM London Comic Con visit their site HERE.
For more details on our activity throughout the event see THIS PAGE HERE.
Signing out~!
Oct 24, 2017 jeremy
All Posts, Events, Newswireanime, KyoAni, Kyoto Animation, mcm comic con, mcm london comic con, Violet Evergarden1,103
Books: Early Japanese Animation
[UNBOXING] Hyouka Part 1
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North Bridge House Senior School Students Celebrate best ever A Level results
SIXTH Form students from North Bridge House Senior Canonbury in Islington are celebrating another year of excellent A Level results with 32% of A*/A grades and 20% of all students scoring straight As or higher.
These impressive results buck the national trend which declined from 26.2% to 25.2% for A*/A this year.
Founding members of the school, students Aleksandr Markov and Georgia Prentice achieved A*A*A and AAA respectively. Georgia will read Philosophy at Bristol and Aleksandr will read Neuroscience at Edinburgh.
The pair both celebrated success in Maths, representing the school’s overall outstanding performance in this subject with 46% A*/A grades. Similarly, Bertie Lyhne-Gold, Jacob Honig-Rozario were also among the students who joined the school when it first opened in September 2014, and each were celebrating securing an A* and two A grades. Laith Gergi, also part of the founding cohort, secured straight AAA.
The high-achieving school also celebrated top grade success in English Literature with 40% A*/A grades (vs 24.8% national average) and 44.4% A*/A grades in Biology (vs 24.4% national average).
Many North bridge House Senior Canonbury students have gained a place to study at their first-choice university, including top leaver destinations, all of which are Russell Group universities, such as Bristol, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, University College London (UCL) and York.
The 2019 A Level grades build on the excellent results seen in previous years, continuing to see a rise in the number of top grades achieved.
This year, 32% of grades were at A*/A and 57% of grades were at A*-B. At North Bridge House School, it isn’t just about purely academic success.
Students are offered extra-curricular activities in a wide range of areas, including Sport, Drama and Art, and enjoy the rounded education this variety brings. Sadie Tomlinson, who gained an A in Art and a B in Photography will continue to pursue her passion for the creative subjects while taking up a place at City & Guilds of London Art School next year.
Jonathan Taylor, outgoing Head of North Bridge House Senior Canonbury, said, “These results, across a wide range of academic and creative subjects, are testimony to the hard work of both students and staff.
“I have always been immensely proud of our attainment as non-selective school, with students typically exceeding predicted grades and achieving more than they thought possible at the outset.
I could not have hoped for better results for our founding cohort who are now celebrating one in three A*/A grades in just five years.” •
Pictured: Head Jonathan Taylor and Head of Sixth Form Alex Margerison celebrate the best ever A Level results at North Bridge House, Canonbury.
For more information on the school, log onto: www.northbridgehouse.com
Think again on Carlton Primary School closure, urges arts leader
10 January — By Helen Chapman
Do the right thing, headteacher tells Ocado
‘Victory’ as school scraps expansion
Carlton: Former head backs campaign to save school
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CANDDID Conference 2019
170 health professionals from all over the UK came to Chester to take part in the first inaugural conference for the Centre for Autism, Neuro-Developmental Disorders and Intellectual Disability (CANDDID) earlier this month.
CANDDID, based in Chester, and hosted by Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust (CWP) brings together, education, training and research in the fields of neuro-developmental disorders and intellectual disabilities.
National thought leaders discussed autism spectrum conditions and encouraged a wider conversation about how people of all ages live with autism and how it can affect their lives on a daily basis.
It was pleasure to welcome all the delegates to the conference and it's been great to see an overwhelmingly positive response to the day.
This is just the beginning of the CANDDID journey and we will continue to work towards delivering academic excellence through various activities of CANDDID.
Dr Ken Courtenay, Consultant Psychiatrist in London and Chair of the Faculty of Psychiatry of Intellectual Disabilities in the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said:
“I was delighted to be part of the launch of CANDDID. Such initiatives by colleagues in CWP leads the way in developing and delivering high-quality care to people with Autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. I look forward to CANDDID growing from a local group to one with a national impact. Well done.”
Discussion topics covered a wide range of areas including:
Neurodevelopmental co-morbidities in Autism
Suicide and Autism Specturm Conditions
Using Mindfulness in Therapeutic Situations
Working with Families in Supporting Children with Autism
Engaging service users and carers in Research
Sensory Reactivity
If you missed the event you can see out full list of speakers, including their biographies in the delegate pack.
We've also compiled some of the presentations from throughout the day, including a special video from Gordon Cairns.
Dr Ken Courtenay FRCPsych MRCGP, Consultant Psychiatrist in Intellectual Disabilities
Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust.
Presentation: Autism and Transforming Care: what does the future hold?
Dr Ceri Woodrow, Clinical Psychologist
Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust
Presentation: Using Mindfulness in Therapeutic Situations
Caron Coxon, Occupational Therapist and Nicky Ng
Presentation: Sensory Processing in people with Autism: Making Therapeutic Sense
Jane Forrest, Autism Support Coordinator with special guests:
Mark Simpson and James Muirhead, Autism Peer Mentors
Presentation: Support for autistic adults living in Trafford
Dr Lorcan Kenny, Discover Lead
Autistica
Presentation: Involving autistic people and their families in research
Clair Haydon, Occupational Therapist and Consultant in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust with special guest Gordon Cairns.
Presentation: Autism and Vulnerability
Read a transcript of Gordon's speech from the day here.
WATCH: Gordon's story
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Need M.U.S.C.L.E. figure information? The University of M.U.S.C.L.E. has all of it.
UofMUSCLE.com – M.U.S.C.L.E. Figures from Mattel
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Anthropology 200 – MUSCLEMANIA
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Archeology 100 – The 2003 M.U.S.C.L.E. investigation
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History 100 – M.U.S.C.L.E. Figures (4, 10, and 28 packs)
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Literature 500 – Other M.U.S.C.L.E. Publications
Philosophy 100 – Unlocking the M.U.S.C.L.E. Color Figure Code
Philosophy 200 – Theories About Non-Poster M.U.S.C.L.E. Figures
Sociology 100 – Childhood Pictures of M.U.S.C.L.E. Toys
Sociology 200 – Contemporary Children Playing with M.U.S.C.L.E. Figures
Sociology 300 – M.U.S.C.L.E. Collector Profiles
« Stir Up Saturday – Cake
M.U.S.C.L.E. Figure #154 »
M.U.S.C.L.E. Figure #155
All Manufactured Colors
Original Retail Availability: This figure was available in both 4- and 10-packs.
Kinnikuman Part: Eight
English Translated Kinnikuman Name: Shaneruman or Chanel Man
Anecdotal Collector Name(s): The Cowboy Muscleman
Versions Available: Flesh, Dark Blue, Light Blue, Green, Red, Salmon, Orange, Purple
Other Notes: This is Muscleman in disguise.
#155 - Front
#155 - Back
#155 – Dark Blue
#155 – Light Blue
#155 – Red
#155 – Green
#155 – Orange
#155 – Salmon
#155 – Purple
Related M.U.S.C.L.E. Figures:
Non-Poster Figure
Muscleman Ring Figure
#155, 10-pack, 4-pack, Human-Like, M.U.S.C.L.E. Figure Guide, Muscleman, One Fist (Right Hand), One Hand Open (Left Hand)
This entry was posted on August 28, 2017, 6:00 am and is filed under History, Research, UofM News. You can follow any responses to this entry through RSS 2.0. You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.
#1 by Zero on August 28, 2017 - 12:02 pm
This is my personal favorite MUSCLE. I recently picked up the purple Class A. Big thing for me.
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Editorial: M.U.S.C.L.E. Prices December 19, 2019
Auction Watch #294 December 6, 2019
M.U.S.C.L.E. Figure #86 November 27, 2019
Auction Watch #293 November 26, 2019
Epilogue – Week of November 3rd November 8, 2019
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